query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States : over 35,000 women are diagnosed each year . | [
"Endometrial cancer may sometimes be referred to as uterine cancer ."
] | [
"The prognosis is poor , with fewer than 5 % of those diagnosed still alive five years after diagnosis ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Medicine:",
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Endometrial cancer is a condition involving the endometrium ( lining of the uterus ) . | [
"Endometrial cancer refers to several types of malignancies that arise from the endometrium , or lining , of the uterus ."
] | [
"The term prostatitis refers , in its strictest sense , to histological ( microscopic ) inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Medicine:",
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This cancer is usually diagnosed during its early stages , resulting in a better survival rate than most cancers . Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States : over 35,000 women are diagnosed each year . | [
"Endometrial cancers are the most common gynecologic cancers in the United States , with over 35,000 women diagnosed each year ."
] | [
"The prognosis is poor , with fewer than 5 % of those diagnosed still alive five years after diagnosis ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers and the Dominican Republic . | [
"Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers ."
] | [
"It is said that he was the guardian angel of Esau and a patron of the Roman empire ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Saint Dominic ( Spanish : Domingo ) , ( 1170 â `` August 6 , 1221 ) was the founder of a Catholic religious order , the Friars Preachers , often called the Dominicans or the Order of Preachers ( OP ) . | [
"Saint Dominic , also known as Dominic of Osma , often called Dominic de Guzmà n and Domingo Fà lix de Guzmà n ( 1170 â `` August 6 , 1221 ) was the founder of the Friars Preachers , popularly called the Dominicans or Order of Preachers ( OP ) , a Catholic religious order ."
] | [
"Francesco Petrarca ( July 20 , 1304 â `` July 19 , 1374 ) , known in English as Petrarch , was an Italian scholar , poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He was born in Caleruega , half-way between Osma and Aranda in Old Castile , Spain . He is sometimes called Dominic of Osma or Dominic de Guzmà n. | [
"Dominic was born in Caleruega , halfway between Osma and Aranda de Duero in Old Castile , Spain ."
] | [
"In 1260 , Alfonso X of Castile conquered the city from the Moors and renamed it Santa Marà a del Puerto ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ) is an arboreal colubrid snake the lives in parts of coastal Australia , Papua New Guinea , and islands in northwestern Melanesia . | [
"The brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ) is an arboreal rear-fanged colubrid snake native to eastern and northern coastal Australia , Papua New Guinea , and a large number of islands in northwestern Melanesia ."
] | [
"The Trumpet Manucode is widely distributed throughout lowland rainforests of northeastern Australia , New Guinea and nearby islands ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The venom appears to be weakly neurotoxic and possibly cytotoxic . | [
"The venom appears to be weakly neurotoxic and possibly cytotoxic with localized effects , but these effects are trivial for adult humans , and serious medical consequences have been limited to children due to their low mass. ."
] | [
"There is little evidence that vanadium or vanadium compounds are reproductive toxins or teratogens ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Females make up to two groups , called clutches per year depending on season , climate . and amount of prey . | [
"Females may produce up to two clutches per year depending upon seasonal variations in climate and prey abundance ."
] | [
"Generally it is only about 1 % or less of all monarchs , but has maintained populations as high as 10 % on Oahu in Hawaii , possibly due to selective predation ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Brown tree snake eats birds , lizards , and bats . | [
"The brown tree snake preys upon birds , lizards , bats and small rodents in its native range ."
] | [
"Young monitors may be more arboreal but adults mainly hunt on the ground preying mainly on arthropods but also taking small terrestrial vertebrates , ground birds , eggs and fish ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It also eats birds and shrews at Guam . | [
"It preys on birds and shrews on Guam ."
] | [
"Soon , most of the Charonosaurus follow to drink at the watering hole ."
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The female places the eggs in hollow logs , rock cracks , and other places where they are likely protected from drying and high temperatures . | [
"The female deposits the eggs in hollow logs , rock crevices , and other sites where they are likely protected from drying and high temperatures ."
] | [
"During the summer they can be found around damp areas such as near sinks and in bathrooms . Earwigs tend to gather in shady cracks or openings or anywhere that they can remain concealed during daylight ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The female makes 4-12 eggs , 42-47 mm long and 18-22 mm wide with a leathery shell . | [
"The female is known to produce 4-12 oblong eggs , 42-47 mm ( 1 â long and 18-22 mm ( â"
] | [
"Corms are small brown globules up to 4.5 c in diameter and are shrouded in a dense mat of parallel fibers ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This snake is known for being an invasive species , responsible for killing the bird population on Guam . | [
"This snake is infamous for being an invasive species responsible for devastating the majority of the native bird population in Guam ."
] | [
"The island 's animals are mainly of the avian variety , although rabbits are long established here ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Due to the amount of prey and lack of predators in habitats such as Guam , they have been known to grow to larger sizes than their normal 1 to 2 meters in length . | [
"Due to the availability of prey and lack of predators in introduced habitats such as Guam , they have been known to grow to larger sizes than their normal 1 to 2 meters ( 3.3 to 6.6 feet ) in length ."
] | [
"Historically , it has been known to attain heights over 100 m and is one of the tallest tree species in the world ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The fangs are grooved rather than hollow fangs , the poison is hard to place into a bite on a human , in this way , is only given in small amount . | [
"Due to the placement of the fangs and grooved rather than hollow fangs , the venom is difficult to convey into a bite on a human , thus is only given in small doses ."
] | [
"His original horns recede and are now white in color , erupting in pairs along the length of his head ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The longest recorded length of this species is one found on Guam was three meters . | [
"The longest recorded length of this species is one found on Guam measuring three meters ( 9.8 feet ) ."
] | [
"The longest known lifespan in the wild of an American Robin is 14 years ; the average lifespan is about 2 years ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text about Fish characteristics:",
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The Battle of Leipzig was a battle between Napoleon I and his army and an allied force of several nations . It happened on October 16-19 on 1813 . | [
"The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations , on 16 â `` 19 October 1813 , was fought by the coalition armies of Russia , Prussia , Austria and Sweden against the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte ."
] | [
"Choron is also remembered for his dishes served during the Siege of Paris by the Prussians in which began on September 19 , 1870 ."
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It was the largest battle before World War I. It involved about 600,000 soldiers . | [
"The battle involved over 600,000 soldiers , making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I."
] | [
"Some 175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and casualties were estimated at over 85,000 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Feistel construction is iterative in nature which makes implementing the cryptosystem in hardware easier . | [
"Like other components of the DES , the iterative nature of the Feistel construction makes implementing the cryptosystem in hardware easier ( particularly on the hardware available at the time of DES ' design ) ."
] | [
"A key feature of RC5 is the use of data-dependent rotations ; one of the goals of RC5 was to prompt the study and evaluation of such operations as a cryptographic primitive ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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A large set of block ciphers use the scheme , including the Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) . | [
"A large proportion of block ciphers use the scheme , including the Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) ."
] | [
"In cryptography , an SP-network , or substitution-permutation network ( SPN ) , is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES ( Rijndael ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Specifically , Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel block cipher construction , and proved that if the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function , with Ki used as the seed , then 3 rounds is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation , while 4 rounds is sufficient to make it a `` strong '' pseudorandom permutation ( which means that it remains pseudorandom even to an adversary who gets oracle access to its inverse permutation ) . | [
"Specifically , Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel cipher construction , and proved that if the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function , with Ki used as the seed , then 3 rounds is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation , while 4 rounds is suffi... | [
"A ( full ) adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack is an attack in which ciphertexts may be chosen adaptively before and after a challenge ciphertext is given to the attacker , with only the stipulation that the challenge ciphertext may not itself be queried ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Decryption requires only reversing the order of the subkey using the same process ; this is the only difference between encryption and decryption : | [
"Note the reversal of the subkey order for decryption ; this is the only difference between encryption and decryption ."
] | [
"To avoid these problems , practical RSA implementations typically embed some form of structured , randomized padding into the value before encrypting it ."
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Many modern symmetric block ciphers uses Feistel networks , and the structure and properties of Feistel ciphers have been extensively explored by cryptographers . | [
"Many modern and also some old symmetric block ciphers are based on Feistel networks ( e.g. GOST 28147-89 block cipher ) , and the structure and properties of Feistel ciphers have been extensively explored by cryptographers ."
] | [
"In cryptography , truncated differential cryptanalysis is a generalization of differential cryptanalysis , an attack against block ciphers ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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For example , the Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding ( OAEP ) scheme uses a simple Feistel network to randomize ciphertexts in certain asymmetric-key encryption schemes . | [
"For example , the Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding ( OAEP ) scheme uses a simple Feistel network to randomize ciphertexts in certain asymmetric key encryption schemes ."
] | [
"It also entails two-way explicit key confirmation , making it an authenticated key agreement with key confirmation ( AKC ) protocol ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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One advantage of this model is that the round function does not have to be invertible , and can be very complex . | [
"One advantage of the Feistel model compared to a substitution-permutation network is that the round function does not have to be invertible ."
] | [
"One special but common case is block matrices , which may be considered as matrices whose entries themselves are matrices ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In cryptography , a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers , named after the German IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel ; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network . | [
"In cryptography , a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers , named after the German-born physicist and cryptographer Horst Feistel who did pioneering research while working for IBM ( USA ) ; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network ."
] | [
"In cryptography , truncated differential cryptanalysis is a generalization of differential cryptanalysis , an attack against block ciphers ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Further theoretical studies generalized the construction , and defined more precise limits for security . | [
"Further theoretical work has generalized the construction somewhat , and given more precise bounds for security ."
] | [
"There are norm maps whenever , and this gives us the data of an inverse system ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The diagram illustrates the encryption process . | [
"The diagram illustrates both encryption and decryption ."
] | [
"An installation performed in absence of such interfering factors ( which may vary from program to program ) is called a clean installation ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Masanori Kizawa ( born 2 June 1969 ) is a former Japanese football player . | [
"Masanori Kizawa ( born June 2 , 1969 ) is a retired Japanese football player ."
] | [
"Tadao Horie ( September 13 , 1913 -- March 29 , 2003 ) was a Japanese football player and manager ."
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The 1955 Formula One season was the 6th of the championship . | [
"The 1955 Formula One season was the sixth season of FIA Formula One motor racing . It featured the 1955 World Championship of Drivers , which commenced on January 16 , 1955 and ended on September 11 after seven races ."
] | [
"The Japanese Grand Prix is a race in the calendar of the FIA Formula One World Championship ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles . | [
"Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles , and adopt the characteristics of the surface below them ."
] | [
"The largest and highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau , called the `` roof of the world '' , which is still being formed by the collisions of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates . In all the Tibetan plateau covers an area of some 2.5 million square kilometres which is approximately 5000 ... | SimpleWiki | {
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An air mass is a small volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapor content . | [
"In meteorology , an air mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapor content ."
] | [
"A weather front is a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities , and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles . Colder air masses are called polar or arctic , while warmer air masses are called tropical . | [
"Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses ."
] | [
"The monsoon trough is that portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) which extends into or through a monsoon circulation , as depicted by a line on a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure , and as such , is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and nort... | SimpleWiki | {
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Colder air masses are called polar or arctic , while warmer air masses are called tropical . | [
"Colder air masses are termed polar or arctic , while warmer air masses are deemed tropical ."
] | [
"The monsoon trough is that portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) which extends into or through a monsoon circulation , as depicted by a line on a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure , and as such , is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and nort... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Proteobacteria are a major phylum of bacteria . | [
"The Proteobacteria are a major group ( phylum ) of bacteria ."
] | [
"Acinetobacter baumannii is a species of pathogenic bacteria , referred to as an aerobic gram-negative bacterium , that is resistant to most antibiotics ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens , such as Escherichia coli , Salmonella , Vibrio , Helicobacter , and many other notable genera . | [
"They include a wide variety of pathogens , such as Escherichia , Salmonella , Vibrio , Helicobacter , and many other notable genera ."
] | [
"Acinetobacter baumannii is a species of pathogenic bacteria , referred to as an aerobic gram-negative bacterium , that is resistant to most antibiotics ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) are herbivore marsupials that live in eastern Australia . They are the only species of the family Phascolarctidae . | [
"The koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia , and the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae ."
] | [
"The long-beaked echidnas make up one of the two genera ( genus Zaglossus ) of echidnas , spiny monotremes that lives in New Guinea ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The koala is also often called the koala bear because it looks like a small bear or teddy bear . | [
"Although the koala is not a bear , English-speaking settlers from the late 18th century first called it koala bear due to its similarity in appearance to bears ."
] | [
"Like other tree-kangaroos , Goodfellow 's Tree-kangaroo is quite different in appearance from terrestrial kangaroos ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The study , by the Australian Koala Foundation , estimates that there are only about 50,000 koalas left . | [
"The Australian Koala Foundation estimates there are around 100,000 koalas left in the wild ."
] | [
"An example of how the ivory trade causes poaching pressure is in the eastern region of Chadâ '' elephant herds where as recently as 1970 there was an estimated population of 400,000 ; however , by 2006 the number had dwindled to about 10,000 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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However , it is not a bear . | [
"Other descriptive English names based on `` bear '' have included monkey bear , native bear , and tree-bear ."
] | [
"However , there 's no standard on how this should be achieved ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Mega Man X6 , called ã ã ã ã ã X6 in Japan , is a platform video game made by Capcom for the PlayStation game console . It is the sequel to Mega Man X5 . | [
"Mega Man X6 , known as in Japan , is a video game developed by Capcom ."
] | [
"Pokà mon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire is a pinball game based on Pokà mon Ruby and Sapphire , and is the sequel to Pokà mon Pinball for the third generation of Pokà mon games . It was developed by Jupiter and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console ."
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It was the first in the Dirty Harry series . Clint Eastwood plays the main role . | [
"Although Dirty Harry is arguably Clint Eastwood 's signature role , he was not a top contender for the part ."
] | [
"After that , he tried to sell the script with the intention of playing the lead role ."
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Dirty Harry was followed by four sequels : Magnum Force in 1973 , The Enforcer in 1976 , Sudden Impact in 1983 ( directed by Eastwood ) , and The Dead Pool in 1988 . | [
"The film was followed by four sequels : Magnum Force in 1973 , The Enforcer in 1976 , Sudden Impact in 1983 ( directed by Eastwood himself ) , and The Dead Pool in 1988 ."
] | [
"During this period De Laurentiis made a number of successful and acclaimed films , including The Scientific Cardplayer ( 1972 ) , Serpico ( 1973 ) , Death Wish ( 1974 ) , Mandingo ( 1975 ) , Three Days of the Condor ( 1975 ) , The Shootist ( 1976 ) , Drum ( 1976 ) , Ingmar Bergman 's The Serpent 's Egg ( 1977 ) , ... | SimpleWiki | {
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Dirty Harry is a 1971 American crime film produced and directed by Don Siegel . It was the first in the Dirty Harry series . | [
"Dirty Harry is a 1971 American crime thriller produced and directed by Don Siegel , the first in the Dirty Harry series ."
] | [
"S1m0ne ( also spelled Simone ) is a 2002 science fiction drama film written , produced and directed by Andrew Niccol ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Clint Eastwood plays the main role . Eastwood acts as a San Francisco Police Department Inspector `` Dirty '' Harry Callaghan . | [
"Clint Eastwood plays the title role , in his first outing as San Francisco Police Department Inspector `` Dirty '' Harry Callahan ."
] | [
"The last film featured his most successful character , Virgil Tibbs , a Philadelphia , Pennsylvania detective whose subsequent career was the subject of two sequels : They Call Me MISTER Tibbs !"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Quinkana is a extinct genus of large land crocodile that reached up to lengths of 7m , that lived in Australia from 24 million years ago to 40,000 years ago . | [
"Quinkana is an extinct genus of mekosuchine crocodile that lived in Australia from ~ 24 million years ago to ~ 40,000 years ago ."
] | [
"The first symbols of abstract thinking in humans can be traced to fossils dating between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago in Africa ."
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Saulcy is a municipality of the district of Delà mont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland . | [
"Saulcy is a municipality in the district of Delà mont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland ."
] | [
"Courfaivre is a municipality in the district of Delà mont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland ."
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Pat Benatar ( born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski on 10 January 1953 ) is a four-time Grammy Award-winning American rock singer with seven platinum and three gold albums to her credit , as well as 19 Top 40 singles . | [
"Pat Benatar ( born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski January 10 , 1953 ) is an American singer and four time Grammy winner ."
] | [
"Davis 's name became well-known to a younger audience when Kim Carnes 's song `` Bette Davis Eyes '' became a worldwide hit and the best-selling record of 1981 in the U.S. , where it stayed at number one on the music charts for more than two months ."
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It was first called `` Chant de guerre pour l'arm à e du Rhin '' ( `` Marching Song of the Rhine Army '' ) . | [
"The name of the song was originally Chant de guerre pour l'Arm à e du Rhin ( `` War Song for the Army of the Rhine '' ) ."
] | [
"The order 's motto is ' ( `` Honour and Fatherland '' ) , and its seat is the Palais de la LÃ gion d'Honneur on the left bank of the River Seine in Paris ."
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La Marseillaise is the national anthem of France . | [
"`` La Marseillaise '' ( `` The Marseille ( Song ) '' ; ) is the national anthem of France ."
] | [
"Aegukga is the national anthem of South Korea ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It was written by Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 26 , 1792 . | [
"It was written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in 1792 and adopted in 1795 as the nation 's first anthem ."
] | [
"It was first performed on 14 October 1903 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Composers have often quoted La Marseillaise in their music , for example Tchaikovsky uses it in the 1812 overture . | [
"In 1882 , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky quoted `` La Marseillaise '' to represent the invading French army in his 1812 Overture ."
] | [
"Some important oboe solos in this key in the orchestral literature include the second movement of Tchaikovsky 's Symphony No. 4 , which depicts `` the feeling that you get when you are all alone '' , in Tchaikovsky 's words . Tchaikovsky 's Piano Concerto No. 1 is also in B-flat minor ."
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Belper is a town on the A6 road , in Derbyshire , England . | [
"Belper is in the Amber Valley district of Derbyshire . It also has a town council ."
] | [
"Long Eaton is a town in Derbyshire , England ."
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Bagas , Gironde is a commune . | [
"Bagas is a commune in the Gironde department in south-western France ."
] | [
"Sallaumines is a commune of northern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Prophase II : The chromosomes become visible , the nuclear envelope disappears and the centrioles form the spindle fibers . | [
"In prophase II we see the disappearance of the nucleoli and the nuclear envelope again as well as the shortening and thickening of the chromatids . Centrioles move to the polar regions and arrange spindle fibers for the second meiotic division ."
] | [
"Although classified as eukaryotes , the dinoflagellate nuclei are not characteristically eukaryotic , as they lack histones , nucleosomes and maintain continually condensed chromosomes during mitosis ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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As there are 46 chromosomes in a human cell , 23 end up on either side . | [
"A regular diploid human cell contains 46 chromosomes and is considered 2N because it contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes . However , after meiosis I , although the cell contains 46 chromatids , it is only considered as being N , with 23 chromosomes ."
] | [
"A zygote is always synthesized from the union of two gametes , and constitutes the first stage in a unique organism 's development ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The two cells prepare to divide again in a stage known as Interkinesis or Interphase II . | [
"Cells may enter a period of rest known as interkinesis or interphase II ."
] | [
"In a cell , DNA replication begins at specific locations in the genome , called `` origins '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Meiosis is a special type of cell division . | [
"Meiosis uses many of the same mechanisms as mitosis , a type of cell division used by eukaryotes like plants and animals to split one cell into two identical daughter cells ."
] | [
"A zygote is always synthesized from the union of two gametes , and constitutes the first stage in a unique organism 's development ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Just like Mitosis , meiosis includes Prophase , Metaphase , Anaphase and Telophase . | [
"Therefore , meiosis includes the stages of meiosis I ( prophase I , metaphase I , anaphase I , telophase I ) , and meiosis II ( prophase II , metaphase II , anaphase II , telophase II ) ."
] | [
"Protein biosynthesis , although very similar , is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Meiosis can be divided into Meiosis I and Meiosis II . | [
"Interphase is followed by meiosis I and then meiosis II ."
] | [
"Cytokinesis is technically not even a phase of mitosis , but rather a separate process , necessary for completing cell division ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact that they have lepidotrichia or `` fin rays '' . Their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ( `` rays '' ) . | [
"The ray-finned fishes are so called because they possess lepidotrichia or `` fin rays '' , their fins being webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ( `` rays '' ) , as opposed to the fleshy , lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii which also , however , possess lepidotrichia ."
] | [
"However , unlike in modern-style rectrices ( tail feathers ) , the vanes were not branched into individual filaments but made up of a single ribbon-like sheet ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates . There are nearly 25,000 species . | [
"In terms of numbers , actinopterygians are the dominant class of vertebrates , comprising nearly 95 % of the 25,000 species of fish ."
] | [
"They belong to the class of ray-finned fish and comprise over 7,000 species found in almost all aquatic environments ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Actinopterygii is the class of ray-finned fishes . | [
"The Actinopterygii or ray-finned fishes constitute a class or sub-class of the bony fishes ."
] | [
"In most classification systems the Osteichthyes are paraphyletic with land vertebrates . That means that the nearest common ancestor of all Osteichthyes includes tetrapods amongst its descendants ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams . | [
"They are ubiquitous throughout fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams ."
] | [
"Paradoxically it is also one of most well-watered parts , having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks found in Switzerland ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of  # 100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household , under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain . | [
"As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of 100 GBP per year and is a member of the Royal Household , under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain ."
] | [
"The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod ; he does not , unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent ( the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ) , perform any duties related to the House of Lords ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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There are two officers , the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from June 22 , 1675 , and the second the Astronomer Royal for Scotland , which dates from 1834 . | [
"There are two officers , the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 1675 ; the second is the Astronomer Royal for Scotland dating from 1834 ."
] | [
"Young 's father 's business partner Alderman Sir John Henry Corke ( 1850 -- 1927 ) , who served as Mayor of Portsmouth from 1912 to 1915 , helped to smooth the way for Young by securing him an initial placement in the Chief Constable 's office ( the post of Cadet Clerk was specially created for him ) in December 1... | SimpleWiki | {
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The 5th century Syriac Book of Medicines prescribes pepper ( or perhaps long pepper ) for illnesses such as constipation , diarrhea , earache , gangrene , heart disease , hernia , hoarseness , indigestion , insect bites , insomnia , joint pain , liver problems , lung disease , oral abscesses , sunburn , tooth decay , and toothaches . | [
"Black Pepper ( or perhaps long pepper ) was believed to cure illness such as constipation , diarrhea , Limonene , Safrole , earache , gangrene , heart disease , hernia , hoarseness , indigestion , insect bites , insomnia , joint pain , liver problems , lung disease , oral abscesses , sunburn , tooth decay , and to... | [
"Helps with circulatory problems , epilepsy , fever , gout , and weight problems ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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For a long time , people believed pepper is the cause for sneezing ; this is still believed true today . | [
"Pepper is known to cause sneezing ."
] | [
"Recently , it has become more widespread in the West , where black tea is traditionally consumed ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Various sources from the 5th century onward also say pepper is good to treat eye problems . Often special ointments made with pepper have to be applied directly to the eye . | [
"Various sources from the 5th century onward also recommend pepper to treat eye problems , often by applying salves or poultices made with pepper directly to the eye ."
] | [
"Pregnant women were bathed in an infusion of it ; a lotion of it was used as a skin cleanser ; and it was used medicinally as a blood purifier ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Like all eastern spices , pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine . | [
"Like many eastern spices , pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine ."
] | [
"Green cardamom is one of the most expensive spices by weight , but little is needed to impart the flavor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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It is therefore eliminated from the diet of patients having abdominal surgery and ulcers . The replacement is usually called a bland diet . | [
"Also , it is eliminated from the diet of patients having abdominal surgery and ulcers because of its irritating effect upon the intestines , being replaced by what is referred to as a bland diet ."
] | [
"They can also contain milk and yogurt and a small number of smoothies do use ice cream ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Some sources say that piperine irritates the nostrils , which will cause the sneezing ; some say that it is just the effect of the fine dust in ground pepper , and some say that pepper is not in fact a very effective sneeze-producer at all . Few if any controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question . | [
"Some sources say that piperine , a substance present in black pepper , irritates the nostrils , causing the sneezing ; Few , if any , controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question ."
] | [
"Like other organs of the lymphatic system , some believe them to be involved in helping fight off pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract infections , but there is no conclusive evidence to that effect ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Sir George Biddell Airy ( 27 July 1801 â `` 2 January 1892 ) was an English mathematician and astronomer , Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881 . | [
"Sir George Biddell Airy PRS KCB ( 27 July 1801 â `` 2 January 1892 ) was an English mathematician and astronomer , Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881 ."
] | [
"James Challis FRS ( 12 December 1803 â `` 3 December 1882 ) was an English clergyman , physicist and astronomer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Boswil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland . | [
"Boswil is a municipality in the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ."
] | [
"Attelwil is a municipality in the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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They started in 1863 as `` Stoke Ramblers '' which makes them the second oldest Football League club in the world . | [
"Founded in 1863 , Stoke are the oldest club in the Premier League , and are considered to be the second oldest professional football club in the world , after Notts County ."
] | [
"Blackburn has had a particular strong history of football . Rovers were not the town 's only side in the 19th century ; rivals included Blackburn Olympic F.C. ( 1883 winners of the FA Cup ) and Blackburn Park Road F.C. , among others ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Stoke City F.C. is an English football club based in Stoke-on-Trent . | [
"Stoke City Football Club is an English Premier League association football club based in Stoke-on-Trent , Staffordshire ."
] | [
"Glossop North End A.F.C. are an English football club based in Glossop , Derbyshire ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Suddenly Galerius had the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius . | [
"The ambitious spirit of Galerius was only just gotten over this disappointment when he beheld the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius ."
] | [
"He ordered Maximian , who had attempted to return to power after his retirement , to step down permanently ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The last years of Galerius saw him keep the position of first among equals . | [
"The last years of Galerius saw him relinquishing his aspirations towards being the supreme emperor of the empire , though he managed to retain the position of first among equals ."
] | [
"The subsequent campaigns were more or less successful , and an Imperial Exarchate was established for Italy , but imperial influence was limited ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lactantius gives the text of the edict in De Mortibus Persecutorum ( ` On the Deaths of the Persecutors ' , chapters 34 , 35 ) . | [
"Lactantius gives the text of the edict in his moralized chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came , De Mortibus Persecutorum ( `` On the Deaths of the Persecutors '' , chapters 34 , 35 ) ."
] | [
"His stance against morally corrupt clergy was initially manifested in his poem on the destruction of the world entitled De Ruina Mundi ( On the Downfall of the World ) , written at the age of 20 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Galerius ( Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus , ~ 260 â `` 5 May 311 ) , was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311 . | [
"Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus ( c. 260 - April or May 311 ) , commonly known as Galerius , was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311 ."
] | [
"John XIX ( born in Rome , died October 1032 ) , born Romanus , was Pope from 1024 to 1032 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Diocletian came to Antioch , where the official version of events was made clear : Galerius was to take all the blame . | [
"Diocletian may or may not have been present at the battle , but would present himself soon afterwards at Antioch , where the official version of events was made clear : Galerius was to take all the blame for the affair ."
] | [
"But when he had time to reconsider his position , he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine was doubtful at best , especially given that he was well aware of Constantineâ s strengths as Constantine had been his guest for some time at Nicomedia , not to mention the attachment of the tr... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Galerius only discovered this when he got a letter from Constantine , who told him of his father 's death , modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession , and respectfully lamented that the enthusiasm of his troops had not allowed him to get the Imperial purple in a regular manner . | [
"Galerius only discovered this when he received a letter from Constantine , who informed him of his father 's death , modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession , and respectfully lamented that the enthusiastic violence of his troops had not allowed him to obtain the Imperial purple in the regular and co... | [
"He ordered Maximian , who had attempted to return to power after his retirement , to step down permanently ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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He moved down the Tigris , taking Ctesiphon , and looking at the ruins of Babylon , before returning to Roman territory via the Euphrates . | [
"He moved down the Tigris , taking Ctesiphon , and gazing onwards to the ruins of Babylon before returning to Roman territory via the Euphrates ."
] | [
"651 : Last Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd III then fled eastward from one district to another , until at last he was killed by a local miller for his purse at Merv ( present-day Turkmenistan ) , ending the dynasty ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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But in in April 311 he issued the general edict of toleration , from Nicomedia in his own name and in those of Licinius and Constantine . | [
"It was at the insistence of Galerius that the last edicts of persecution against the Christians were published , beginning on February 24 , 303 , and this policy of repression was maintained by him until the appearance of the general edict of toleration , issued from Nicomedia in April 311 , apparently during his ... | [
"After thirty years of this work , he was summoned by Valentinian to the imperial court to teach Gratian , the heir-apparent ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The offers of Galerius were rejected with firmness , his friendship refused . Unless he retreated , he might meet the fate of Severus . | [
"The offers of Galerius were rejected with firmness , his friendship refused , and it was not long before he discovered that unless he retreated , he might have succumbed to the fate of Severus ."
] | [
"However , the following year , a detachment of soldiers from Britain ( they had been drafted to Italy to suppress brigands ) also denounced Perennis to the emperor as plotting to make his own son emperor ( they had been enabled to do so by Cleander , who was seeking to dispose of his rival ) , and Commodus gave th... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East , he entered Italy , determined to revenge the death of Severus and to punish the rebellious Romansp122 But due to the skill of Maximian , Galerius found every place hostile , fortified , and inaccessible ; and though he forced his way as far as Narni , within sixty miles of Rome , his control in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp . | [
"At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East , he entered Italy , determined to revenge the death of Severus and to punish the rebellious Romans . But due to the skill of Maximian , Galerius found every place hostile , fortified , and inaccessible ; and though he forced his way as far as Na... | [
"Pompey 's two sons , the most important of whom was Sextus Pompeius , and the Pompeian faction , led now by Labienus , survived and fought for their cause in the name of Pompey the Great ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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p18 Narseh 's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne , a suburb of Antioch , serving to the Persians as a constant reminder of Roman victory . | [
"Narseh 's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne , a suburb of Antioch , serving to the Persians as a constant reminder of Roman victory ."
] | [
"But when he had time to reconsider his position , he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine was doubtful at best , especially given that he was well aware of Constantineâ s strengths as Constantine had been his guest for some time at Nicomedia , not to mention the attachment of the tr... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
p293 Galerius advanced into Media and Adiabene , winning victories , particularly near Erzurum , p151 and securing Nisibis ( Nusaybin , Turkey ) before 1 October 298 . | [
"Galerius advanced into Media and Adiabene , winning continuous victories , most prominently near Erzurum , and securing Nisibis ( Nusaybin , Turkey ) before October 1 , 298 ."
] | [
"Detachments from Cappadocian legions are attested at Echmiadzin , beneath the southern face of Mount Ararat , 400 km east of Satala ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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He spent the rest of his time enjoying himself , and ordering some important public works , such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso , and cutting down the immense forests around it . . | [
"He spent the remainder of his years enjoying himself and ordering some important public works , such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso , and the cutting down the immense forests that encompassed it ."
] | [
"There , the sandy , open strip on which the Romans could march easily was constricted by the hill , so that there was a gap of only about 100 m between the woods and the swampland at the edge of the Great Bog ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
Therefore , without commenting on the choice of the British army , Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps ; but he gave him only the title of Caesar , and the fourth rank among the Roman princes , whilst he conferred the vacant place of Augustus on his favorite , Severus II . | [
"Therefore , without either condemning or ratifying the choice of the British army , Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps ; but he gave him only the title of Caesar , and the fourth rank among the Roman princes , whilst he conferred the vacant place of Au... | [
"One of the two praetorian prefects , Tarrutenius Paternus , had actually been involved in the conspiracy but was not detected at this time , and in the aftermath , he and his colleague Sextus Tigidius Perennis were able to arrange for the murder of Saoterus , the hated chamberlain ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Christian houses of assembly were destroyed , for fear of secret gatherings . | [
"Christian houses of assembly were destroyed , for fear of sedition in secret gatherings ."
] | [
"Mixing religion and private concerns , he invoked the worst anger of God against his city and suggested several particular targets that coincided with his personal enemies ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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When Galerius began his withdrawal from Italy , it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him . | [
"When Galerius finally began his withdrawal from Italy , it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him ."
] | [
"In Spain he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as imperator by his troops , reformed the law regarding debts , and completed his governorship in high esteem ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
But when he had time to reconsider his position , he realized his chances of winning a war against Constantine was doubtful . . | [
"But when he had time to reconsider his position , he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine was doubtful at best , especially given that he was well aware of Constantineâ s strengths as Constantine had been his guest for some time at Nicomedia , not to mention the attachment of the tr... | [
"Despite this , he says the idea of murder , `` haunted me day and night '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Seeing that he was facing difficulties , Galerius made the first advances towards reconciliation . and dispatched two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference . | [
"Seeing that he was facing ever-greater difficulties , Galerius made the first advances towards reconciliation , and dispatched two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference , and the declaration of his paternal regard for Maxentius , reminding them that they would obtain much more from his willing ... | [
"Shapur II , seeing that brute force was not going to subjugate Arshak II , he turned to treachery . Arshak was invited by the Persian king for peace talks ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation , but Galerius ignored this . | [
"Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation , but Galerius ignored this precedent , and the officers of the revenue already began to number the Roman people , and to settle the proportion of the new taxes ."
] | [
"As such , the nobility and the clergy sometimes accepted communes , but other times did not ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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} |
Galeriusâ need for additional revenue led him to make a strict and rigorous examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of taxation . | [
"Galeriusâ need for additional revenue had persuaded him to make a very strict and rigorous examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of a general taxation ."
] | [
"In Spain he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as imperator by his troops , reformed the law regarding debts , and completed his governorship in high esteem ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Therefore , Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome , so that , by his unexpected arrival , he would easily suppress the rebellion . | [
"Therefore , Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome , in the full confidence that , by his unexpected arrival , he would easily suppress the rebellion ."
] | [
"He ordered Maximian , who had attempted to return to power after his retirement , to step down permanently ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about History:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence about History:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The persecutions that began with an edict of 24 February 303 , were credited by Christians to the influence of Galerius . | [
"The persecutions that began with an edict of February 24 , 303 , were credited by Christians to Galerius ' work , as he was a fierce advocate of the old ways and old gods ."
] | [
"According to Eutropius , around 60 or more men participated in the assassination ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
The rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry , but unfavorable to Sassanid cavalry . | [
"Narseh retreated to Armenia to fight Galerius ' force , to Narseh 's disadvantage : the rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry , but unfavorable to Sassanid cavalry ."
] | [
"Such new weaponry , furnished to a proto-hoplite model of infantry which was able to withstand attacks of massed chariotry , would destabilize states that were based upon the use of chariots by the ruling class and precipitate an abrupt social collapse as raiders and\\/or infantry mercenaries began to conquer , lo... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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