query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
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John Calvin Coolidge ( July 4 , 1872 - January 5 , 1933 ) was the 30th President of the United States between 1923 to 1929 . | [
"John Calvin Coolidge , Jr. , ( July 4 , 1872 - January 5 , 1933 ) was the 30th President of the United States ( 1923 -- 1929 ) ."
] | [
"James Schoolcraft Sherman ( October 24 , 1855 -- October 30 , 1912 ) was a United States Representative from New York and the 27th Vice President of the United States ( 1909-1912 ) ."
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He was born into an Armenian family in Nor Nakhijevan ( now part of Russia ) . | [
"He was born into an Armenian family in Nor Nakhijevan ( now part of Rostov-on-Don , Russia ) ."
] | [
"Vahan Totovents was born in Kharpert ( modern Turkey ) ."
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In 1895 , he was 15 , he finished the Nakhichevan school and from 1897 to 1904 learned at the Moscow School of Arts , also in the workshops of Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin . | [
"In 1895 , aged 15 , he completed the Nakhichevan school and from 1897 to 1904 studied at the Moscow School of Arts , including in the workshops of Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin ."
] | [
"Vyacheslav Ivanov 's father was Vsevolod Ivanov , one of the most prominent Soviet writers ."
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To understand this is to comprehend Immortality -- the Apotheosis of the Human Race . | [
"To understand this is to comprehend Immortalityâ '' the Apotheosis of the Human Race ."
] | [
"Both describe God as the One Divine Person , Jesus Christ , who has a Divine Soul of Love , Divine Mind of Truth , and Divine Body of Activity ."
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He showed his works in various shows . | [
"He exhibited his works in various shows ."
] | [
"The circus often performed abroad and reached world fame ."
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Chà nedollà is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France . | [
"Chà nedollà is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | [
"Sept-Fr à res ( English : Seven Brothers ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
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Paradou is a commune of 1,162 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the Provence-Alpes-C à te d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rh à ne department in the south of France . | [
"Paradou ( also : Le Paradou ) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rh à ne department in southern France ."
] | [
"Cuges-les-Pins is a commune situated east of Marseille in the department of Bouches-du-Rh à ne in the Provence-Alpes-C à te d'Azur region in southern France ."
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Bonnieville is a city of Kentucky in the United States . | [
"Bonnieville is a city in Hart County , Kentucky , United States ."
] | [
"Meadowview Estates is a city in Jefferson County , Kentucky in the United States ."
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Mustapha Hadji ( born 16 November 1971 ) is a Moroccan football player . He has played for Morocco national team . | [
"Mustapha Hadji ( born 16 November 1971 ) in Ifrane , Morocco is a former Moroccan footballer ."
] | [
"Lorik Cana ( born 27 July 1983 ) is an Albanian footballer , who currently plays for Galatasaray as a defensive midfielder and the Albania national football team ."
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The cell is now no longer useful to the virus , therefore it must find a new host . | [
"The host cell is now no longer useful to the virus , therefore the cell often dies and the newly produced viruses must find a new host ."
] | [
"If a protein would increase the integrity of its parent bubble , that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list ."
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During this time , the virus will not produce any copies , it will remain inactive until external stimuli ( such as light or stress ) prompts it into activation , or the redtart of the life cycle . | [
"During this time , the virus will not produce any progeny , it will remain inactive until external stimuli ( such as light or stress ) prompts it into activation ."
] | [
"After infection with the disease , the body ( usually ) gains the ability of recognizing the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently ."
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It is only active when reproducing within a host , using a hosts ' resources and food . | [
"It is only active when replicating within a host , using a hosts ' resources and food ."
] | [
"These often must run at , or above , the security level of the browser itself ."
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One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to make more of themselves . | [
"One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to replicate and create progeny ."
] | [
"After infection with the disease , the body ( usually ) gains the ability of recognizing the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently ."
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A hole forms in the cell membrane , then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell , where viral reproduction may start . | [
"A hole forms in the cell membrane , then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell , where viral reproduction may commence ."
] | [
"When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria , the receptors on the phagocyte 's surface will bind to them . This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte ."
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Some viruses can `` hide '' inside another cell , either to defend itself against the host cell defenses or immune system , or because it is not in the best interest of the virus to make more copies at the time . | [
"Some viruses can `` hide '' within another cell , either to evade the host cell defenses or immune system , or simply because it is not in the best interest of the virus to continually replicate ."
] | [
"The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host 's immune system , resulting in the death of the host , while the II-R strain does n't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host 's immune system ."
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After a virus has made many copies of itself , it usually has used up the cell 's resources . | [
"After a virus has made many copies of itself , it usually has exhausted the cell of its resources ."
] | [
"If a protein would increase the integrity of its parent bubble , that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list ."
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Permissibility determines how the infection will progress . | [
"Permissibility determines the outcome of the infection ."
] | [
"An installation performed in absence of such interfering factors ( which may vary from program to program ) is called a clean installation ."
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Attachment , or adsorption , occurs between the viral part and the host cell membrane . | [
"Attachment , or adsorption , occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane ."
] | [
"Proteins within the membrane are key to the functioning of the overall membrane . These proteins mainly transport chemicals and information across the membrane ."
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In order for the virus to make copies and infect , it must enter cells of the host animal and use those cells ' materials . | [
"In order for the virus to reproduce and thereby establish infection , it must enter cells of the host organism and use those cells ' materials ."
] | [
"The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host 's immune system , resulting in the death of the host , while the II-R strain does n't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host 's immune system ."
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The process by viral copies are released to find new hosts , is called shedding . | [
"The process by which virus progeny are released to find new hosts , is called shedding ."
] | [
"An installation performed in absence of such interfering factors ( which may vary from program to program ) is called a clean installation ."
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After control is taken by the virus and the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself , replication occurs quickly . | [
"After control is established and the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself , replication occurs quickly ."
] | [
"After infection with the disease , the body ( usually ) gains the ability of recognizing the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently ."
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It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to cells in order to invade . | [
"It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to possible susceptible cells ."
] | [
"The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host 's immune system , resulting in the death of the host , while the II-R strain does n't have that protective capsule and is defeated by the host 's immune system ."
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This hiding is called latency . | [
"This hiding is deemed latency ."
] | [
"This was called `` free castling '' ."
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A virus can not survive on its own . | [
"However , unlike other organisms , a virus can not survive on its own ."
] | [
"It is highly contagious , even days or weeks after symptoms disappear ."
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Viruses are near the same to living organisms , however there are differences . | [
"Viruses are similar to living organisms , however there are differences ."
] | [
"The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3 : 3 general transfers ( believed to occur normally in most cells ) , 3 special transfers ( known to occur , but only under specific conditions in case of some viruses or in a laboratory ) , and 3 unknown transfers ( believed never to occur ) ."
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Once inside a host , a virus 's main purpose is to make as many copies of itself , and infect other host cells ; everything it does is to benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring . | [
"Once inside a host , a virus 's sole purpose is to make as many copies of itself , and infect other host cells ; everything it does is to benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring ."
] | [
"Under natural selection , a gene encoding a trait that enhances the fitness of each individual carrying it should increase in frequency within the population ; and conversely , a gene that lowers the individual fitness of its carriers should be eliminated ."
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It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendà e department in the west of France . | [
"La Merlatià re is a commune in the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ."
] | [
"Chà cents teau-d ` Olonne is a commune of the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ."
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Leuggelbach is a village in the canton of Glarus , Switzerland . | [
"Leuggelbach is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus , Switzerland ."
] | [
"Attinghausen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland ."
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He attempted to place his discoveries inside a theory of prehistoric development on a wider European and world scale . | [
"With new found emphasis on African history , he was one of the great archaeological synthesizers attempting to place his discoveries inside a theory of prehistoric development on a wider European and world scale ."
] | [
"In America , topography has recently become an additional synonym , though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place ."
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He was best known for his excavation of the unique Neolithic site of Skara Brae in Orkney . | [
"He was perhaps best known for his excavation of the unique Neolithic site of Skara Brae in Orkney ."
] | [
"Different pottery types such as Grooved ware appear during the later Neolithic ( c. 2900 BC -- c. 2200 BC ) whilst new enclosures , called henges were built , along with stone rows and the famous sites of Stonehenge , Avebury and Silbury Hill reached their peak ."
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He is also credited with coining the terms ` Neolithic Revolution ' and ` Urban Revolution ' . | [
"He is also credited with coining the terms `` Neolithic Revolution '' and `` Urban Revolution '' and combined with his innovative theories , he is recognized as a major contributor to the field of sociocultural evolution ."
] | [
"This period saw a burst of apparently rapid evolution , dubbed the `` Cambrian explosion '' ."
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Vere Gordon Childe ( Usually known as Gordon Childe ) ( Sydney , New South Wales , 14 April 1892 â `` Mount Victoria , New South Wales , 19 October 1957 ) was an Australian archaeologist . | [
"Vere Gordon Childe ( 14 April 1892 -- 19 October 1957 ) , better known simply as Gordon Childe , was an Australian archaeologist and philologist who specialised in the study of European prehistory ."
] | [
"James Edward Keeler ( September 10 , 1857 â `` August 12 , 1900 ) was an American astronomer ."
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Humeston is a city of Iowa in the United States . | [
"Humeston is a city in Wayne County , Iowa , United States ."
] | [
"Cairo is a city in Alexander County , Illinois in the United States ."
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More investigation of a second source of Neanderthal DNA supported these findings . | [
"Subsequent investigation of a second source of Neanderthal DNA supported these findings ."
] | [
"Interpretation is difficult due to a limited supply of evidence , based mainly on an incomplete fossil record and chemical signatures left in Cambrian rocks ."
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Huxley convincingly illustrated many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes in his 1863 book Evidence as to Man 's Place in Nature . | [
"Huxley argued for human evolution from apes by illustrating many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes , and did so particularly in his 1863 book Evidence as to Man 's Place in Nature ."
] | [
"Herbert Spencer first used the phrase â '' after reading Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species â '' in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin 's biological , evolutionary ones , writing , â This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought t... | SimpleWiki | {
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The specimen was called the Taung Child , an australopithecine infant discovered in a cave deposit being mined for concrete at Taung , South Africa . | [
"The type specimen was the Taung Child , an Australopithecine infant discovered in a cave ."
] | [
"A Homo habilis skull ( KNM ER 1470 ) and a Homo erectus skull ( KNM ER 3733 ) , discovered in 1972 and 1975 , respectively , were among the most significant finds of Leakey 's earlier expeditions ."
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There is an ongoing debate over whether H. floresiensis is indeed a separate species . | [
"However , there is an ongoing debate over whether H. floresiensis is indeed a separate species ."
] | [
"A study of the bones and joints of the arm , shoulder , and lower limbs also concluded that H. floresiensis was more similar to early humans and apes than modern humans ."
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Homo erectus lived lived from about 1.8 million to 70,000 years ago . | [
"Homo erectus ( H erectus ) lived from about 1.8 Ma to about 70,000 years ago ( which would indicate that they were probably wiped out by the Toba catastrophe ; however , Homo erectus soloensis and Homo floresiensis survived it ) ."
] | [
"The first symbols of abstract thinking in humans can be traced to fossils dating between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago in Africa ."
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In other words , H. floresiensis share a common ancestor with modern humans , but split from the modern human lineage and followed a different evolutionary path . | [
"In other words , H. floresiensis share a common ancestor with modern humans , but split from the modern human lineage and followed a distinct evolutionary path ."
] | [
"This further supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all squirrels living and fossil lived in North America , as these three most ancient lineages seem to have radiated from there â `` if squirrels had originated in Eurasia for example , one would expect quite ancient lineages in Africa , but African s... | SimpleWiki | {
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A consensus on which should count as separate species and which as subspecies has not been reached yet . | [
"There is not yet a consensus as to which of these groups should count as separate species and which as subspecies ."
] | [
"They are sensory organs , although the exact nature of what they sense and how they sense it is not the same in all groups , nor always clear ."
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Also , less usual , as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis : there is still some discussion if it was a separate species Homo neanderthalensis , or a subspecies of H. sapiens . | [
"Also proposed as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis ."
] | [
"In theory recent findings in Atapuerca ( Spain ) also suggest that H. heidelbergensis may have been the first species of the Homo genus to bury their dead , even offering gifts ."
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Then a subsequent migration within and out of Africa eventually replaced the earlier H. erectus . | [
"A subsequent migration within and out of Africa eventually replaced the earlier dispersed H. erectus ."
] | [
"Based on this research , Miller suggested a beginning of life involving freezing conditions and exploding meteorites ."
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H. floresiensis is intriguing both for its size and its age . It is a concrete example of a recent species of the genus Homo that shows derived traits not shared with modern humans . | [
"H. floresiensis is intriguing both for its size and its age , being a concrete example of a recent species of the genus Homo that exhibits derived traits not shared with modern humans ."
] | [
"Many paleoanthropologists now use the term Homo ergaster for the non-Asian forms of this group , and reserve Homo erectus only for those fossils that are found in Asia and meet certain skeletal and dental requirements which differ slightly from H. ergaster ."
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One line of attack on H. floresiensis is that it was found with tools only associated with H. sapiens . | [
"The other major attack on H. floresiensis is that it was found with tools only associated with H. sapiens ."
] | [
"Many paleoanthropologists now use the term Homo ergaster for the non-Asian forms of this group , and reserve Homo erectus only for those fossils that are found in Asia and meet certain skeletal and dental requirements which differ slightly from H. ergaster ."
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Many paleoanthropologists are now using the term Homo ergaster for the non-Asian forms of this group . They reserve H. erectus only for those fossils found in the Asian region that meet certain requirements ( as to skeleton and skull ) which differ slightly from ergaster . | [
"Many paleoanthropologists now use the term Homo ergaster for the non-Asian forms of this group , and reserve Homo erectus only for those fossils that are found in Asia and meet certain skeletal and dental requirements which differ slightly from H. ergaster ."
] | [
"The cranium was the smallest and most primitive Hominina skull ever discovered outside of Africa where typical Hominina , the Australopithecines and early Homo represent two distinctive evolutionary paths sharing a common ancestor ."
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In addition H. erectus was the first human ancestor to walk truly upright . | [
"In addition Homo erectus was the first human ancestor to walk truly upright ."
] | [
"Most Paranthropus species seem almost certainly not to have used language nor to have controlled fire , although they are directly associated with the latter at Swartkrans ."
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H. sapiens idaltu , from Ethiopia , about 160,000 years ago , is a proposed subspecies . | [
"H. sapiens idaltu , from Ethiopia , is an extinct sub-species who lived about 160,000 years ago ."
] | [
"The site of Frida Leakey Korongo North ( commonly known as FLK North and named after Louis Leakey 's first wife ) bears the distinction of having the oldest known evidence of Elephant consumption , attributed to Homo ergaster around 1.8 million years ago ."
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In this book , Darwin wrote about the idea of evolution in general , rather than the evolution of humans . Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history , was all Darwin wrote on the subject . | [
"Darwin 's book did not address the question of human evolution , saying only that `` Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history '' ."
] | [
"Herbert Spencer first used the phrase â '' after reading Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species â '' in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin 's biological , evolutionary ones , writing , â This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought t... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Some scientists believe that H. floresiensis was a modern H. sapiens suffering from pathological dwarfism . | [
"Some scientists presently believe that H. floresiensis was a modern H. sapiens suffering from pathological dwarfism ."
] | [
"Tocheri et al . ( 2007 ) ( including Morwood , Larson , and Jungers ) , compared three carpal bones believed to belong to LB1 with carpal bones of modern humans , some earlier hominids and African apes . They concluded that the carpals from the Liang Bua cave resembled ape carpal bones and were significantly diffe... | SimpleWiki | {
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Modern humans who live on Flores , the island where the skeleton was found , are pygmies . | [
"This hypothesis is supported in part , because some modern humans who live on Flores , the island where the skeleton was found , are pygmies ."
] | [
"They were not expecting to find a new species , and were surprised at the recovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a hominin they dubbed LB1 because it was unearthed inside the Liang Bua Cave ."
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Homo floresiensis , which lived about 100,000 â `` 12,000 years ago has been nicknamed hobbit for its small size . | [
"H. floresiensis , which lived from approximately 100,000 to 12,000 before present , has been nicknamed hobbit for its small size , possibly a result of insular dwarfism ."
] | [
"Additionally , the DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans started losing body hair , also about 2,000,000 years ago ."
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Also , the specimen exhibited short canine teeth , and the position of the foramen magnum was evidence of bipedal locomotion . | [
"Also , the specimen showed short canine teeth , and the position of the foramen magnum was evidence of bipedal locomotion ."
] | [
"Ruta & al . ( 2003 ) interpreted the long body and small legs as a possible adaption to burrowing , similar to that seen in modern skinks ."
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Today , there is only one species in the genus : Homo sapiens . | [
"Homo sapiens is the only extant species of its genus , Homo ."
] | [
"The family name is derived from the genus Vitis ."
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These adapted traits are a very small component of the Homo sapiens genome and include such outward `` racial '' characteristics as skin color and nose form in addition to internal characteristics such as the ability to breathe more efficiently in high altitudes . | [
"These adapted traits are a very small component of the Homo sapiens genome , but include various characteristics such as skin color and nose form , in addition to internal characteristics such as the ability to breathe more efficiently at high altitudes ."
] | [
"However , how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism 's environment varies widely : eyes have a wide range of structures and forms , all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules ."
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The remains were a remarkably well-preserved tiny skull and a cast of the inside of the individual 's skull . | [
"The child 's remains were a remarkably well-preserved tiny skull and an endocranial cast of the individual 's brain ."
] | [
"In 2008 , researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world 's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect , a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous Period ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Homo erectus was first discovered on the island of Java in Indonesia , in 1891 . | [
"The first fossils of Homo erectus were discovered by Dutch physician Eugene Dubois in 1891 on the Indonesian island of Java ."
] | [
"This conclusion has mostly been based on the Turkana Boy fossil discovered in 1984 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Between 400,000 years ago and the second warm period in the Middle Pleistocene , around 250,000 years ago , its skull grew and more sophisticated technologies based on stone tools developed . One possibility is that a transition between H. erectus to H. sapiens occurred . | [
"Between 400,000 years ago and the second interglacial period in the Middle Pleistocene , around 250,000 years ago , the trend in skull expansion and the elaboration of stone tool technologies developed , providing evidence for a transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens ."
] | [
"The main characters are Australopithecus afarenses , an extinct , mostly tree-dwelling hominid that existed before the use of tools and fire ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Anthropology:",
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called Homo ergaster , or Homo erectus ergaster ' . | [
"Often the early phase , from 1.8 to 1.25 Ma , is considered to be a separate species , Homo ergaster , or it is seen as a subspecies of Homo erectus , Homo erectus ergaster ."
] | [
"In 1925 , Raymond Dart described Australopithecus africanus ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In 1924 , Raymond Dart described Australopithecus africanus . | [
"In 1925 , Raymond Dart described Australopithecus africanus ."
] | [
"The Taung Child â '' or Taung Baby â '' is the fossilized skull of a young Australopithecus africanus individual ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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The australopithecines were originally classified as either gracile or robust . | [
"Reclassification of Australopithecines that originally were split into either gracile or robust varieties has put the latter into a family of its own , Paranthropus ."
] | [
"Tocheri et al . ( 2007 ) ( including Morwood , Larson , and Jungers ) , compared three carpal bones believed to belong to LB1 with carpal bones of modern humans , some earlier hominids and African apes . They concluded that the carpals from the Liang Bua cave resembled ape carpal bones and were significantly diffe... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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It was not until the 1920s that hominid fossils were discovered in Africa . | [
"It was only in the 1920s that such fossils were discovered in Africa ."
] | [
"Marsh and his many fossil hunters were able to uncover about 500 new species of fossil animals , which were all named later by Marsh himself ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Paleontology:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Paleontology:",
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} |
The discoverer , Eugene Dubois originally called it Pithecanthropus erectus based on its morphology that he considered to be intermediate between that of humans and apes . | [
"He originally gave the material the name Pithecanthropus erectus based on its morphology that he considered to be intermediate between that of humans and apes ."
] | [
"Tocheri et al . ( 2007 ) ( including Morwood , Larson , and Jungers ) , compared three carpal bones believed to belong to LB1 with carpal bones of modern humans , some earlier hominids and African apes . They concluded that the carpals from the Liang Bua cave resembled ape carpal bones and were significantly diffe... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Anthropology:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Anthropology:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
While the debate remains unsettled , evidence from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal DNA sequencing indicates that little or no gene flow occurred between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens , and , therefore , the two were separate species . | [
"Evidence from sequencing mitochondrial DNA indicated that no significant gene flow occurred between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens , and , therefore , the two were separate species that shared a common ancestor about 660,000 years ago ."
] | [
"Asian black bears are close relatives to American black bears , with which they share a European common ancestor which is thought to have diverged 3 million years ago , though genetic evidence is inconclusive ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
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Homo sapiens has lived from about 250,000 years ago to the present . | [
"H. sapiens ( the adjective sapiens is Latin for `` wise '' or `` intelligent '' ) have lived from about 250,000 years ago to the present ."
] | [
"The Bering land bridge is significant for several reasons , not least because it is believed to have enabled human migration to the Americas from Asia about 20,000 years ago ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Both australopithecines and Homo sapiens are part of the tribe Hominini , but recent data has brought into doubt the position of A. africanus as a direct ancestor of modern humans ; it may well have been a cousin . | [
"Both Australopithecines and Homo sapiens are part of the tribe Hominini . Recent data suggests Australopithecines were a diverse group and that A. africanus may not be a direct ancestor of modern humans ."
] | [
"There are many theories about the evolution of the atelines ; one theory is that spider monkeys are most closely related to the woolly spider monkeys ( Bractyteles ) , and most likely split from the woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix and Oreonax ) in the South American lowland forest , to evolve their unique locomotory sy... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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This list is in chronological order by genus . | [
"This list is in chronological order across the page by genus ."
] | [
"The year in the table below indicates the year the book was published ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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The evidence of Java Man suggests there was an initial migration of H. erectus out of Africa . Then , much later , a further development of H. sapiens from H. erectus in Africa . | [
"The direct evidence suggests there was a migration of H. erectus out of Africa , then a further speciation of H. sapiens from H. erectus in Africa ."
] | [
"The main characters are Australopithecus afarenses , an extinct , mostly tree-dwelling hominid that existed before the use of tools and fire ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Anthropology:",
"pos": "Represent the text about Anthropology:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
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In the Early Pleistocene , 1.5 â `` 1 mya , in Africa , Asia , and Europe , presumably , some populations of Homo habilis evolved larger brains and made more elaborate stone tools ; these differences and others are sufficient for anthropologists to classify them as a new species , H. erectus . | [
"In the early Pleistocene , 1.5 â `` 1 Ma , in Africa , Asia , and Europe , some populations of Homo habilis are thought to have evolved larger brains and made more elaborate stone tools ; these differences and others are sufficient for anthropologists to classify them as a new species , Homo erectus ."
] | [
"Most Paranthropus species seem almost certainly not to have used language nor to have controlled fire , although they are directly associated with the latter at Swartkrans ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Anthropology:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Anthropology:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
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The DNA of individuals is more alike than usual for most species . This may have resulted from their relatively recent evolution or from the Toba catastrophe . | [
"Current research has established that humans are genetically highly homogenous ; that is , the DNA of individuals is more alike than usual for most species , which may have resulted from their relatively recent evolution or the possibility of a population bottleneck resulting from cataclysmic natural events such a... | [
"Neither Charles Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the species problem : how multiple species could evolve from a single common ancestor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Genetics:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Genetics:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
In some cases this is because there are very few fossils , in other cases it is due to the slight differences used to classify species in the Homo genus . | [
"In some cases this is due to the dearth of fossils , in other cases it is due to the slight differences used to classify species in the Homo genus ."
] | [
"Systematics , in other words , is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Even some of Darwin 's supporters ( such as Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell ) did not like the idea that human beings have evolved their impressive mental capacities and moral sensibilities through natural selection . | [
"However , many of Darwin 's early supporters ( such as Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell ) did not agree that the origin of the mental capacities and the moral sensibilities of humans could be explained by natural selection ."
] | [
"Therefore , Darwin 's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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In 1997 , Dr. Mark Stoneking , then an associate professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University , stated : `` These results ( based on mitochondrial DNA extracted from Neanderthal bone ) indicate that Neanderthals did not contribute mitochondrial DNA to modern humansâ Neanderthals are not our ancestors . '' | [
"In 1997 , Mark Stoneking stated : `` These results ( based on mitochondrial DNA extracted from Neanderthal bone ) indicate that Neanderthals did not contribute mitochondrial DNA to modern humansâ Neanderthals are not our ancestors '' ."
] | [
"For some time , scientists have debated whether Neanderthals should be classified as Homo neanderthalensis or `` Homo sapiens neanderthalensis '' , the latter placing Neanderthals as a subspecies of Homo sapiens . Some morphological studies support that Homo neanderthalensis is a separate species and not a subspec... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Anthropology:"
} |
The australopithecines are now thought to be immediate ancestors of the genus Homo , the group to which modern humans belong . | [
"The gracile Australopithecines are now thought to be ancestors of the genus Homo , the group to which modern humans belong ."
] | [
"This further supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all squirrels living and fossil lived in North America , as these three most ancient lineages seem to have radiated from there â `` if squirrels had originated in Eurasia for example , one would expect quite ancient lineages in Africa , but African s... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
It is called the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu . | [
"The city is an important agricultural center located at the heart of the region , known as the rice bowl of Tamil Nadu ."
] | [
"This district is called `` SagorKonna '' , which means `` Daughter of Sea '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Ballà e is a commune of 719 people ( 2004 ) . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France . | [
"Ballà e is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France ."
] | [
"Chà cents teau-Guibert is a commune of the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the text about Geography:",
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He was principal ( main ) conductor until 1911 , when Edward Elgar took over for a year . | [
"He remained principal conductor until 1911 , when Edward Elgar took over for a year , leading six concerts as principal conductor ."
] | [
"However , after a couple of weeks Rostropovich found he was too busy and nominated Berlinsky in his place ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Music:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Music:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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The London Symphony Orchestra ( LSO ) is one of the most famous orchestras of the world . | [
"The London Symphony Orchestra ( LSO ) is a major orchestra of the United Kingdom , as well as one of the best-known orchestras in the world ."
] | [
"The Royal Ballet was one of the foremost ballet companies of the 20th century , and continues to be one of the world 's most famous ballet companies to this day ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Andrà Previn is the Conductor Laureate ( Honorary conductor ) . | [
"Previn holds the title of Conductor Laureate ."
] | [
"Haitink threatened to resign in protest , and the financial situation was eventually settled . In 1999 , Haitink was named the orchestra 's Conductor Laureate ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
In 1966 the London Symphony Chorus ( LSC ) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs . | [
"In 1966 , the London Symphony Chorus ( LSC ) was formed to complement the work of the LSO ."
] | [
"Coleridge-Taylor 's work was later championed by Malcolm Sargent , who between 1928 and 1939 conducted ten seasons of a costumed ballet version of The Song of Hiawatha at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Choral Society ( 600 to 800 singers ) and 200 dancers ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence about Arts and Music:"
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Since January 2007 Valery Gergiev has been the LSO 's Principal Conductor . | [
"On 1 January 2007 , Valery Gergiev became the LSO 's Principal Conductor ."
] | [
"Haitink threatened to resign in protest , and the financial situation was eventually settled . In 1999 , Haitink was named the orchestra 's Conductor Laureate ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Arts and Entertainment:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Arts and Entertainment:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904 with Hans Richter conducting . | [
"The LSO was founded in 1904 as an independent , self governing organization , the first such orchestra in the UK . It played its first concert on 9 June of that year , with Hans Richter conducting ."
] | [
"After listening to this tape , Rattle hired Harding as an assistant to him at the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra for a year , from 1993-1994 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Music:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Music:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Music:"
} |
The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS Titanic for a concert in New York . Fortunately they had to change the booking at the last minute . | [
"The LSO was due to sail on the for a concert in New York in April 1912 but fortunately had to change the booking at the last minute ."
] | [
"Fans queued overnight for a seat in the stadium , and the capacity was reached more than two hours before kick-off ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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In 2006 , Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas . | [
"In 2006 , Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor alongside Tilson Thomas ."
] | [
"Vladimir Ashkenazy is the radio orchestra 's music director and Charles Dutoit is music director emeritus ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Arts and Entertainment:"
} |
The LSO was the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906 . | [
"The LSO became the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906 , and the first to play in the United States , in 1912 ."
] | [
"He toured with the IPO in the spring of 1990 for their first-ever performance in the Soviet Union , with concerts in Moscow and Leningrad , and toured with the IPO again in 1994 , performing in China and India ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
Hearst sailed to Cuba , when the invasion began , as a war correspondent , providing sober and accurate accounts of the fighting . | [
"Hearst sailed directly to Cuba , when the invasion began , as a war correspondent , providing sober and accurate accounts of the fighting ."
] | [
"On June 16 , Arnold inspected West Point while on his way home to Connecticut to take care of personal business , and sent a highly detailed report through the secret channel ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
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The most famous example of the exaggeration is the story , which probably is not actually true , that artist Frederic Remington sent Hearst a telegram to tell him that not much was going on in Cuba and `` There will be no war . '' | [
"The most famous example of the exaggeration is the apocryphal story that artist Frederic Remington telegrammed Hearst to tell him all was quiet in Cuba and `` There will be no war . ''"
] | [
"Some say that the isolated valley town of Weaverville , California , in far northern Trinity County , was a source , but this is the result of a misinterpretation of a comment by Hilton in a 1941 interview , in which he said that Weaverville reminded him of Shangri-La ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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The island was in a bad economic depression , and Spanish general Valeriano Weyler , sent to crush the rebellion , herded Cuban peasants into concentration camps leading hundreds of Cubans to their deaths . | [
"The island was in a terrible economic depression , and Spanish general Valeriano Weyler , sent to crush the rebellion , herded Cuban peasants into concentration camps leading hundreds of Cubans to their deaths ."
] | [
"During the Barcelona May Days , as squads of Communist Party of Spain members ( apparently under orders from Joseph Stalin ) took to the streets in order to hunt down leading anarchists , Berneri was dragged from his home and murdered ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Hearst could be hyperbolic in his crime coverage ; one of his early stories , about a `` band of murderers , '' attacked the police for forcing Examiner reporters to do their work for them . | [
"Hearst could be hyperbolic in his crime coverage ; one of his early pieces , regarding a `` band of murderers , '' attacked the police for forcing Examiner reporters to do their work for them ."
] | [
"But while indulging in these stunts , the Examiner also increased its space for international news , and sent reporters out to uncover municipal corruption and inefficiency ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Charles Anderson Dana Charles Dana , editor of the New York Sun , attacked The World and said Pulitzer was `` deficient in judgment and in staying power . '' | [
"Charles Dana , editor of the New York Sun , attacked The World and said Pulitzer was `` deficient in judgment and in staying power . ''"
] | [
"Creelman later praised the work of the reporters for exposing the horrors of Spanish misrule , arguing , '' no true history of the war ... can be written without an acknowledgment that whatever of justice and freedom and progress was accomplished by the Spanish-American war was due to the enterprise and tenacity o... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Pulitzer , although he did not have Hearst 's resources , kept the story on his front page . | [
"Pulitzer , though lacking Hearst 's resources , kept the story on his front page ."
] | [
"Both were Democratic , both were sympathetic to labor and immigrants ( a sharp contrast to publishers like the New York Tribune 's Whitelaw Reid , who blamed their poverty on moral defects ) , and both invested enormous resources in their Sunday publications , which functioned like weekly magazines , going beyond ... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Just two years after Pulitzer took it over , the World sold more copies than any other newspaper in New York . Part of this was because he was connected to the Democratic Party . | [
"Just two years after Pulitzer took it over , the World became the highest circulation newspaper in New York , aided in part by its strong ties to the Democratic Party ."
] | [
"While the Chinese compradors used their knowledge of and connections with the local community to raise circulation and attract advertisements , they kept the price of the paper lower than that of its competitor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
Hearst then hired many people who were working for World in 1896 . | [
"In a counterattack , Hearst raided the staff of the World in 1896 ."
] | [
"Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
The most important part of this fight was from 1895 to about 1898 . | [
"The battle peaked from 1895 to about 1898 , and historical usage often refers specifically to this period ."
] | [
"The agreement was to run from January 1 , 1997 to 2002 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
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Hearst did not know of Bierce 's column and claimed to have pulled Brisbane 's after it ran in a first edition , but the incident would haunt him for the rest of his life and all but destroyed his dream to be president . | [
"Hearst did not know of Bierce 's column and claimed to have pulled Brisbane 's after it ran in a first edition , but the incident would haunt him for the rest of his life and all but destroyed his presidential ambitions ."
] | [
"Dougherty 's actions seem to contradict these claims : he remarried months after Monroe divorced him ; his sister told the December 1952 Modern Screen magazine that he left Monroe because she wanted to pursue modeling , after he initially gave her permission to do so ; he confirmed Monroe 's version of the beginni... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
These were Joseph Pulitzer 's and the New York World and William Randolph Hearst with the New York Journal . | [
"The term originated during the American Gilded Age of the late nineteenth century with the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal ."
] | [
"The approach worked , and as the Journal 's circulation jumped to 150,000 , Pulitzer cut his price to a penny , hoping to drive his young competitor ( who was subsidized by his family 's fortune ) into bankruptcy ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Having fought for a fight for two years , Hearst took credit for the conflict when it came : A week after the United States declared war on Spain , he ran `` How do you like the Journal 's war ? '' | [
"Having clamored for a fight for two years , Hearst took credit for the conflict when it came : A week after the United States declared war on Spain , he ran `` How do you like the Journal 's war ? ''"
] | [
"Pulitzer , haunted by his `` yellow sins , '' returned the World to its crusading roots as the new century dawned ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
He later ran for mayor and governor and even tried to get nominated for president , but his reputation was hurt in 1901 after columnist Ambrose Bierce and editor Arthur Brisbane published separate columns months apart that suggested that President William McKinley be assassinated . | [
"He later ran for mayor and governor and even sought the presidential nomination , but lost much of his personal prestige when outrage exploded in 1901 after columnist Ambrose Bierce and editor Arthur Brisbane published separate columns months apart that suggested the assassination of William McKinley ."
] | [
"He left home with his uncle and moved to West Helena , Arkansas finding Williamson there . For many years Cotton claimed that he told Williamson that he was an orphan , and that Williamson took him in and raised him ; a story he admitted in recent years is not true ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
Both were Democratic , both took the side of organized labor and immigrants ( unlike publishers like the New York Tribune 's Whitelaw Reid , who blamed their poverty on moral defects ) , and both spent a lot of money making their Sunday publications , which were like weekly magazines , going beyond just daily journalis... | [
"Both were Democratic , both were sympathetic to labor and immigrants ( a sharp contrast to publishers like the New York Tribune 's Whitelaw Reid , who blamed their poverty on moral defects ) , and both invested enormous resources in their Sunday publications , which functioned like weekly magazines , going beyond ... | [
"Moreover , journalism historians have noted that yellow journalism was largely confined to New York City , and that newspapers in the rest of the country did not follow their lead ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
Pulitzer believed that newspapers were important and had a duty to make society better , and he tried to do this with his newspaper . | [
"Pulitzer believed that newspapers were public institutions with a duty to improve society , and he put the World in the service of social reform ."
] | [
"Moreover , journalism historians have noted that yellow journalism was largely confined to New York City , and that newspapers in the rest of the country did not follow their lead ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
But Hearst did want the United States to go to war after a rebellion broke out in Cuba in 1895 . | [
"But Hearst became a war hawk after a rebellion broke out in Cuba in 1895 ."
] | [
"In 1912 , Spring-Rice was appointed as Ambassador to the United States of America where he influenced the administration of Woodrow Wilson to abandon neutrality and join Britain in the war against Germany ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
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