query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
The battlefield had more than 7,500 bodies of dead soldiers and 5,000 horses . | [
"The battlefield was left with the bodies of more than 7,500 soldiers and 5,000 horses of the Army of the Potomac and the Confederacy 's Army of Northern Virginia , and the stench of rotting bodies in the humid July air was overpowering ."
] | [
"At least seventy towns and over 200,000 people were affected ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text about History:",
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It was delivered on the afternoon of Thursday , November 19 , 1863 . This speech was made during the American Civil War , at the dedication of the Soldiers ' National Cemetery in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . | [
"It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War , on the afternoon of Thursday , November 19 , 1863 , at the dedication of the Soldiers ' National Cemetery in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg .... | [
"Louis died of a heart attack in Desert Springs Hospital on April 12 , 1981 , just hours after his last public appearance viewing the Larry Holmes-Trevor Berbick heavyweight championship . Ronald Reagan waived the eligibility rules for burial at Arlington National Cemetery , and Louis was buried there with full mil... | SimpleWiki | {
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Cintas liked to collect art and manuscripts . He had bought the Bliss Copy for $ 54,000 at a public auction in 1949 . | [
"Cintas , a wealthy collector of art and manuscripts , purchased the Bliss Copy at a public auction in 1949 for $ 54,000 ( $ as of ) , at that time the highest price ever paid for a document at public auction ."
] | [
"This copy remained in the Bancroft family for many years , was sold to various dealers and purchased by Nicholas and Marguerite Lilly Noyes , who donated the manuscript to Cornell in 1949 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In an 1894 article , Nicolay wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written in ink . Nicolay also said that Lincoln had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before November 19 . | [
"In an 1894 article that included a facsimile of this copy , Nicolay , who had become the custodian of Lincoln 's papers , wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written in ink on Executive Mansion stationery , and that he had written the second page in pencil on lined paper befor... | [
"It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Another source of the Gettysburg Address is the copy from the Associated Press . It was copied from the notes taken by reporter Joseph L. Gilbert . | [
"Another contemporary source of the text is the Associated Press dispatch , transcribed from the shorthand notes taken by reporter Joseph L. Gilbert ."
] | [
"After appearing in facsimile in an article written by John Nicolay in 1894 , the Nicolay Copy was presumably among the papers passed to Hay by Nicolay 's daughter Helen upon Nicolay 's death in 1901 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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If the election were to occur now , the result would be extremely doubtful ( not sure ) , and although most of our discreet friends are sanguine of the result , my impression is , the chances would be against us . | [
"If the election were to occur now , the result would be extremely doubtful , and although most of our discreet friends are sanguine of the result , my impression is , the chances would be against us ."
] | [
"Admitting some of the statements were indeed humorous , he said he tries not to take any of them seriously , and he hopes that such statements will interest people in real facts about him contained in his literary works ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The National Public Radio ( NPR ) discovered a copy during a `` Quest for Sound '' project in 1999 . | [
"A copy wound up at National Public Radio ( NPR ) during a `` Quest for Sound '' project in 1999 ."
] | [
"Global podcasts in 2007 and 2008 featured a variety of music , the African Children 's Choir , Hip Hop artists , and reading of the Flight series `` Declaration of Party . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Webster also said , `` This the independent offspring of the popular will . | [
"Webster also noted , `` This government , Sir , is the independent offspring of the popular will ."
] | [
"Paes summarises the king 's attitude to matters of law and order by the sentence , `` The king maintains the law by killing . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It is not the creature of State the whole truth must be told , the people brought it into existence , established it , and have hitherto ( until now ) supported it , for the very purpose , amongst others , of imposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties '' . | [
"It is not the creature of State legislatures ; nay , more , if the whole truth must be told , the people brought it into existence , established it , and have hitherto supported it , for the very purpose , amongst others , of imposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties . ''"
] | [
"Buchanan believes that a constitution , intended for use by at least several generations of citizens , must be able to adjust itself for pragmatic economic decisions and to balance interests of the state and society against those of individuals and their constitutional rights to personal freedom and private happin... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Democratic Chicago Times said , `` The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly , flat and dishwatery utterances ( remarks ) of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States '' . | [
"The next day the Democratic-leaning Chicago Times observed , `` The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly , flat and dishwatery utterances of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States . ''"
] | [
"Specifically , in this January 26 , 1830 speech before the United States Senate , Webster described the federal government as : `` made for the people , made by the people , and answerable to the people , '' foreshadowing Lincoln 's `` government of the people , by the people , for the people . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In The American Monthly Review of Reviews , it is suggested that the writings of William Herndon , Lincoln 's law partner , much influenced Lincoln . William Herndon wrote in Abraham Lincoln : The True Story of A Great Life that he had brought some of the sermons of abolitionist minister Theodore Parker to Lincoln , wh... | [
"In a discussion `` A more probable origin of a famous Lincoln phrase , '' in The American Monthly Review of Reviews , Albert Shaw credits a correspondent with pointing out the writings of William Herndon , Lincoln 's law partner , who wrote in the 1888 work Abraham Lincoln : The True Story of A Great Life that he ... | [
"Craig R. Smith , in `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' , suggested Lincoln 's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster , the `` Second Reply to Hayne '' , in which Webster famously thundere... | SimpleWiki | {
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Gopnik felt that `` Lincoln had mastered the sound of the King James Bible so completely that he could recast ( make again ) abstract issues of constitutional law in Biblical terms ( words from the Bible ) , making the proposition ( suggestion ) that Texas and New Hampshire should be forever bound by a single post offi... | [
"Lincoln had mastered the sound of the King James Bible so completely that he could recast abstract issues of constitutional law in Biblical terms , making the proposition that Texas and New Hampshire should be forever bound by a single post office sound like something right out of Genesis . ''"
] | [
"He recalled the story of Moses descending from Mount Sinai with God 's Ten Commandments , including `` thou shalt not kill '' , and could not bring himself to kill the German ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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There was no applause when he stopped speaking '' . | [
"There was no applause when he stopped speaking . ''"
] | [
"He died soon after the crash , on ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Also , Wills 's letter `` made it equally clear to the president that he would have only a small part in the ceremonies '' . | [
"Furthermore , Wills ' letter `` made it equally clear to the president that he would have only a small part in the ceremonies '' , perhaps akin to the modern tradition of inviting a noted public figure to do a ribbon-cutting at a grand opening ."
] | [
"The Republican predicted that Lincoln 's brief remarks would `` repay further study as the model speech '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lincoln 's 1863 drafts were not popular , and people became angriest with them around the time of the New York Draft Riots . This was just ten days after the Battle of Gettysburg . | [
"Hatred for Lincoln 's draft climaxed just ten days after the Battle of Gettysburg with the New York Draft Riots ."
] | [
"It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The reporters who were there at that time included Joseph Gilbert , Charles Hale , John R. Young . There were also reporters from the Cincinnati Commercial , New York Tribune , and New York Times . | [
"The reporters present included Joseph Gilbert , from the Associated Press ; Charles Hale , from the Boston Advertiser ; John R. Young ( who later became the Librarian of Congress ) , from the Philadelphia Press ; and reporters from the Cincinnati Commercial , New York Tribune , and New York Times ."
] | [
"After the war , Robert became the editor of the Mail and Advertiser newspaper in Montgomery , Alabama ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lincoln 's `` few appropriate remarks '' summarized the war in ten sentences . | [
"With a `` few appropriate remarks '' , he was able to summarize the war in just ten sentences ."
] | [
"During this time Strong also lectured widely and became well known as an authority on `` soft news '' ( e.g. How to get an apartment ) about the USSR ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Battle of Gettysburg was an important influence on the American Civil War and on the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , where only 2,400 people lived . | [
"The battle also had a major impact on the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , which numbered only 2,400 inhabitants ."
] | [
"It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War , on the afternoon of Thursday , November 19 , 1863 , at the dedication of the Soldiers ' National Cemetery in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg .... | SimpleWiki | {
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`` Every stenographic report , good , bad and indifferent ( poor ) , says ` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . ' | [
"`` Every stenographic report , good , bad and indifferent , says ` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '"
] | [
"Webster also noted , `` This government , Sir , is the independent offspring of the popular will ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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There are several early copies on Executive Mansion paper , and reports of Lincoln finishing his speech while he was a guest of David Wills at Gettysburg . | [
"This story is at odds with the existence of several early drafts on Executive Mansion stationery as well as the reports of Lincoln 's final editing while a guest of David Wills in Gettysburg ."
] | [
"It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Wills was allowed to buy 17 acres ( 69,000 m ) for a cemetery to honor the people who died in the battle . He paid $ 2,475.87 for the land . | [
"Wills was authorized to purchase 17 a for a cemetery to honor those lost in the battle , paying $ 2,475.87 for the land ( $ as of ) ."
] | [
"On September 4 , not long after the birth of his and Peggy 's second son , Arnold 's force of over 1,700 men raided and burned New London and captured Fort Griswold , causing damage estimated at $ 500,000 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Everett Copy is also known as the `` Everett-Keyes Copy '' . It was sent by President Lincoln to Edward Everett in early 1864 . | [
"The Everett Copy , also known as the `` Everett-Keyes Copy , '' was sent by President Lincoln to Edward Everett in early 1864 , at Everett 's request ."
] | [
"Potts was instructed to write his account by the trial judges , and had completed the work by 16 November 1612 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lincoln 's short speech became known in history as one of the best examples of English public speeches . Everett 's two-hour oration was called the `` Gettysburg address '' that day , but his oration is not well-known today . | [
"While it is Lincoln 's short speech that has gone down in history as one of the finest examples of English public oratory , it was Everett 's two-hour oration that was slated to be the `` Gettysburg address '' that day ."
] | [
"While the bell could not have been rung on that Fourth of July , as no announcement of the Declaration was made that day , the tale was widely accepted as fact , even by some historians ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Republican said that Lincoln 's short remarks would `` repay further study as the model speech '' . | [
"The Republican predicted that Lincoln 's brief remarks would `` repay further study as the model speech '' ."
] | [
"She commented that the novel `` is the most probable fiction I have ever read '' and had become `` at present the fashionable novel '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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One year before he died in 1939 , Rathvon 's remarks were recorded on February 12 , 1938 . It included his reading the address itself . | [
"One year before his death in 1939 , Rathvon 's reminiscences were recorded on February 12 , 1938 at the Boston studios of radio station WRUL , including his reading the address , itself , and a 78 rpm record was pressed ."
] | [
"Potter embraced the suggestion , and , borrowing her complete correspondence ( which had been carefully preserved by the Moore children ) , selected a letter written on 4 September 1893 to five-year-old Noel that featured a tale about a rabbit named Peter ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are inside the Library of Congress . They are inside specially designed , temperature-controlled , sealed containers with argon gas . | [
"Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are within the Library of Congress , encased in specially designed , temperature-controlled , sealed containers with argon gas in order to protect the documents from oxidation and continued deterioration ."
] | [
"Some used pens on ordinary paper , while others used light beams to expose photosensitive paper ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The organizing committee agreed , and the dedication was moved to Thursday , November 19 . | [
"The committee agreed , and the dedication was postponed until Thursday , November 19 ."
] | [
"The public celebration was on 18 April 2008 , while the private family one was on 20 April 2008 , her actual birthday ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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But Lincoln wrote on both sides of the paper , so he could not use it for this purpose . Therefore , Bancroft was allowed to keep it . | [
"As this fourth copy was written on both sides of the paper , it proved unusable for this purpose , and Bancroft was allowed to keep it ."
] | [
"In 1931 , the printed recollections of 87-year-old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers , who at the age of 19 was present , suggest a dignified silence followed Lincoln 's speech : `` I was close to the President and heard all of the Address , but it seemed short ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lincoln 's speech was short , but he and others sat for hours during the rest of the program . | [
"While Lincoln 's speech was short and may have precluded multiple pictures of him while speaking , he and the other dignitaries sat for hours during the rest of the program ."
] | [
"It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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But some of the words and expressions in the Nicolay Copy do not match modern transcriptions of Lincoln 's speech . Because of this , some people believe that the text used at Gettysburg has been lost . | [
"Others believe that the delivery text has been lost , because some of the words and phrases of the Nicolay Copy do not match contemporary transcriptions of Lincoln 's original speech ."
] | [
"Both of these drafts were written around the time of his November 19 address , while the other three copies of the address , the Everett , Bancroft , and Bliss copies , were written by Lincoln for charitable purposes well after November 19 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The `` Hay Copy '' was probably made on the morning of the delivery of the Address . It could also have been made shortly after Lincoln came back to Washington . | [
"The `` Hay Copy '' was made either on the morning of the delivery of the Address , or shortly after Lincoln 's return to Washington ."
] | [
"It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Moving all the bodies to the graves in the cemetery was less than half complete on the day of the ceremony . | [
"Reinterment of the bodies buried from field graves into the cemetery , which had begun within months of the battle , was less than half complete on the day of the ceremony ."
] | [
"They are waiting for the others at the train platform when the accident happens ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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John Nicolay kept this copy of the Gettysburg Address until he died in 1901 . When he died , it was passed on to his friend John Hay . | [
"This copy of the Gettysburg Address apparently remained in John Nicolay 's possession until his death in 1901 , when it passed to his friend and colleague John Hay ."
] | [
"An orphan after the death of her father when she was 11 years old ( her mother had died two years earlier ) , she requested that her favorite uncle , James Buchanan , be appointed her legal guardian ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Among the five copies , it is the only one to be privately owned . | [
"It is the only one of the five copies to be privately owned ."
] | [
"Unusually , the publishers of winning works are honored with a certificate ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Wills ' letter said , `` It is the desire , as Chief Executive of the nation , formally ( officially ) set apart these a few appropriate ( proper ) remarks '' . | [
"Wills 's letter stated , `` It is the desire that , after the Oration , you , as Chief Executive of the nation , formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks . ''"
] | [
"The `` Hay Copy '' was made either on the morning of the delivery of the Address , or shortly after Lincoln 's return to Washington ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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`` Standing beneath this serene sky , overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year , the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before us , the graves of our brethren beneath our feet , it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break of God and Nature . | [
"`` Standing beneath this serene sky , overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year , the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before us , the graves of our brethren beneath our feet , it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break the eloquent silence of God and Nature ."
... | [
"`` But they , I am sure , will join us in saying , as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr-heroes , that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of this great warfare are read , and down to the latest period of recorded time , in the glorious annals of our common country , there will be no b... | SimpleWiki | {
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The other three copies of the address ( the Everett , Bancroft , and Bliss copies ) were written a long time after November 19 . They were written by Lincoln for charitable purposes . | [
"Both of these drafts were written around the time of his November 19 address , while the other three copies of the address , the Everett , Bancroft , and Bliss copies , were written by Lincoln for charitable purposes well after November 19 ."
] | [
"It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Its text is different , however , from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech . | [
"Its text differs , however , from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech ."
] | [
"With a `` few appropriate remarks '' , he was able to summarize the war in just ten sentences ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Illinois State Historical Library in Springfield , Illinois has it on display . It is in the Treasures Gallery of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum . | [
"The draft Lincoln sent became the third autograph copy , and is now in the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library in Springfield , Illinois , where it is currently on display in the Treasures Gallery of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum ."
] | [
"He became incorporated as an independent town in 1792 and was named for John Quincy , just as John Quincy Adams had been . The John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public ."
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The Bliss copy has become the most widely accepted text of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . This is partly because Lincoln gave it a title and signed and dated it . | [
"In part because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated the Bliss Copy , it has become the standard text of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ."
] | [
"His two-hour formal oration preceded the much shorter , but now far more famous Gettysburg Address of President Lincoln ."
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Bancroft wanted to put this copy in Autograph Leaves of Our Country 's Authors and sell it at a Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore . | [
"Bancroft planned to include this copy in Autograph Leaves of Our Country 's Authors , which he planned to sell at a Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore ."
] | [
"In 1879 the people of Mount Pleasant got their first library , The Library , Literary , and Musical Association of Mount Pleasant ."
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In Lincoln at Gettysburg , Garry Wills notes the similarity between Lincoln 's speech and Pericles 's Funeral Oration during the Peloponnesian War ( James McPherson and Gore Vidal also note this ) . | [
"In Lincoln at Gettysburg , Garry Wills notes the parallels between Lincoln 's speech and Pericles 's Funeral Oration during the Peloponnesian War as described by Thucydides . ( James McPherson notes this connection in his review of Wills 's book ."
] | [
"Craig R. Smith , in `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' , suggested Lincoln 's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster , the `` Second Reply to Hayne '' , in which Webster famously thundere... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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In 1931 , 87-year-old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers suggested that there was a dignified silence after Lincoln finished his speech . She had been there when she was 19 years old . | [
"In 1931 , the printed recollections of 87-year-old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers , who at the age of 19 was present , suggest a dignified silence followed Lincoln 's speech : `` I was close to the President and heard all of the Address , but it seemed short ."
] | [
"George Washington spoke at the school in its first year and was so impressed that he recommended that his nephews go there , which they did ."
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It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery '' . | [
"It will not do to say that ( Secretary of War ) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington , for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery . ''"
] | [
"The `` Hay Copy '' was made either on the morning of the delivery of the Address , or shortly after Lincoln 's return to Washington ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The people who believe it was completed on the morning of his address note that it has some expressions that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address and in later copies by Lincoln . It is likely , they say , that Lincoln used this copy when he delivered the address . | [
"Those that believe that it was completed on the morning of his address point to the fact that it contains certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln ."
] | [
"While the bell could not have been rung on that Fourth of July , as no announcement of the Declaration was made that day , the tale was widely accepted as fact , even by some historians ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
In the fall of 1863 , he grew very concerned about keeping up the Union 's spirits toward the war effort . | [
"In the fall of 1863 , one of Lincoln 's principal concerns was to sustain the Union 's spirits toward the war effort ."
] | [
"At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , organization continued as no one anticipated that the war would continue for several years ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Other public reaction to the speech was different according to each party . | [
"Other public reaction to the speech was divided along partisan lines ."
] | [
"Some version simply changed the political character of the song :"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Nicolay Copy is often called the `` first draft '' . This is because it is thought to be the earliest copy that exists . | [
"The Nicolay Copy is often called the `` first draft '' because it is believed to be the earliest copy that exists ."
] | [
"Of these versions , the Bliss version , written well after the speech as a favor for a friend , is viewed by many as the standard text ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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The title of the record was `` I Heard Lincoln That Day - William R. Rathvon , TR Productions '' . | [
"The title of the 78 record was `` I Heard Lincoln That Day - William R. Rathvon , TR Productions . ''"
] | [
"( The poster identifies the horse as `` Zanthus '' . )"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lincoln replied that he was glad the speech was not a `` total ( complete ) failure '' . | [
"Lincoln replied that he was glad to know the speech was not a `` total failure '' ."
] | [
"Accordingly , some skeptics maintain that Lincoln did not utter the words `` under God '' at Gettysburg ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Each of the five manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address are named for the person who received it from Lincoln . | [
"The five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address are each named for the associated person who received it from Lincoln ."
] | [
"The existence of the Hay Copy was first announced to the public in 1906 , after the search for the `` original manuscript '' of the Address among the papers of John Hay brought it to light ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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After Everett finished his speech , Lincoln spoke for two or three minutes . | [
"Shortly after Everett 's well-received remarks , Lincoln spoke for but a few minutes ."
] | [
"According to Dickinson , before running to his post , Crockett paused briefly in the chapel to say a prayer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Among these , the Bliss version , written some time after the speech for a friend , is seen by lots of people as the most reliable text . | [
"Of these versions , the Bliss version , written well after the speech as a favor for a friend , is viewed by many as the standard text ."
] | [
"In comparison , his adulthood , especially the week before his death , is well documented in the Gospels contained within the New Testament ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Because Everett 's speech was very long , and because it took a long time for 19th century photographers to prepare for taking a picture , it is likely that photographers were not prepared for how short Lincoln 's speech was . | [
"Given the length of Everett 's speech and the length of time it took for 19th century photographers to get `` set up '' before taking a picture , it is quite plausible that the photographers were ill prepared for the brevity of Lincoln 's remarks ."
] | [
"Thus , the entire audience and orchestra stood when the king stood during the performance , initiating a tradition that has lasted more than two centuries ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He added that it is hard to find any obviously classical references in all of his speeches . | [
"( It is difficult to find a single obviously classical reference in all of his speeches . )"
] | [
"His editorials for the paper were often political , and dismissed most of the contemporary political parties as broken in one way or another ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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However , David Willis , a rich 32-year-old lawyer , did not like this idea . He wrote to the Governor of Pennsylvania , Andrew Gregg Curtin , asking that a National Cemetery be supported by the states . | [
"However , David Wills , a wealthy 32-year-old attorney , objected to this idea and wrote to the Governor of Pennsylvania , Andrew Gregg Curtin , suggesting instead a National Cemetery to be funded by the states ."
] | [
"Arnold continued on to Philadelphia , where he met with members of Congress about his rank ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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For example , Everett spoke directly about Marathon and Pericles . But he said that `` Lincolnâ s rhetoric is , instead , deliberately Biblical '' . | [
"In contrast , writer Adam Gopnik , in The New Yorker , notes that while Everett 's Oration was explicitly neoclassical , referring directly to Marathon and Pericles , `` Lincolnâ s rhetoric is , instead , deliberately Biblical ."
] | [
"However , it did criticize some aspects of the book describing the prose as `` choppy and attitude-filled '' and complaining that '' ( t ) he characters are n't emotionally involving '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Lincoln later gave this copy to his other secretary , John Hay . Hay 's descendants gave it and the Nicolay Copy to the Library of Congress in 1916 . | [
"Lincoln eventually gave this copy to his other personal secretary , John Hay , whose descendants donated both it and the Nicolay Copy to the Library of Congress in 1916 ."
] | [
"One of the original collections of Frost materials , to which he himself contributed , is found in the Special Collections department of the Jones Library in Amherst , Massachusetts ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He honors the dead 's sacrifice : `` Thus choosing to die resisting , rather than to live submitting , they fled only from dishonor , but met danger face to face '' . He also warmly encourages the living to continue to fight for true democracy : `` You , their survivors , must determine to have as unfaltering a resolut... | [
"Pericles ' speech , like Lincoln 's , begins with an acknowledgment of revered predecessors : `` I shall begin with our ancestors : it is both just and proper that they should have the honor of the first mention on an occasion like the present '' ; then praises the uniqueness of the State 's commitment to democrac... | [
"Many new parks are currently being planned and legally passed by various Parliaments and Legislatures at the urging of dedicated individuals around the globe who believe that `` in the end , dedicated , inspired people empowered by effective legislation will ensure that the spirit and services of wilderness will t... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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"neg": "Represent the text about Department of Conservation services and facilities in parks:"
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But the ; -- grant me , I pray sympathy '' . | [
"But the duty to which you have called me must be performed ; â '' grant me , I pray you , your indulgence and your sympathy . ''"
] | [
"As an abstract noun , there was also ( ' ) , `` atheism '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Historian Shelby Foote said that the applause , which came after a long time , was `` barely polite '' . | [
"According to historian Shelby Foote , after Lincoln 's presentation , the applause was delayed , scattered , and `` barely polite . ''"
] | [
"In contrast , Pennsylvania Governor Curtin maintained , `` He pronounced that speech in a voice that all the multitude heard ."
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It is on permanent display as part of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. | [
"It used to be on display as part of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C."
] | [
"The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This included the governors of six of the 24 Union states . They were Andrew Gregg Curtin of Pennsylvania , Augustus Bradford of Maryland , Oliver P. Morton of Indiana , Horatio Seymour of New York , Joel Parker of New Jersey , and David Tod of Ohio . | [
"Approximately 15,000 people are estimated to have attended the ceremony , including the sitting governors of six of the 24 Union states : Andrew Gregg Curtin of Pennsylvania , Augustus Bradford of Maryland , Oliver P. Morton of Indiana , Horatio Seymour of New York , Joel Parker of New Jersey , and David Tod of Oh... | [
"It was named after William H. Seward , United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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On the morning of November 19 at 9:30 a.m. , Lincoln , riding a brown horse , joined the townspeople , and widows marching out to the grounds to be dedicated . | [
"On the morning of November 19 at 9:30 a.m. , Lincoln , astride a chestnut bay horse and riding between Secretary of State William H. Seward and Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase , joined in a procession with the assembled dignitaries , townspeople , and widows marching out to the grounds to be dedicated ."... | [
"The next day , late in the afternoon , a dozen men under the command of Maj. Allan Wilson were sent across the river to patrol the area ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Garry Wills felt that '' ( Lincoln ) had done what he wanted to do ( at Gettysburg ) '' . | [
"In Garry Wills 's view , '' had done what he wanted to do . ''"
] | [
"Accordingly , some skeptics maintain that Lincoln did not utter the words `` under God '' at Gettysburg ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Martin Luther King , Jr. 's famous speech of `` I Have a Dream '' spoke of the Gettysburg Address . | [
"Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address is itself referenced in another of those famed orations , Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech ."
] | [
"American Civil War scholar Garry Wills addresses the parallels of Pericles ' funeral oration to Abraham Lincoln 's famous speech the Gettysburg Address ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Craig R. Smith , In `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' , suggested that the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster . In his `` Second Reply to Hayne '' , Webster had famously cried out , `` Liberty and Union , now and forever , one and insep... | [
"Craig R. Smith , in `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' , suggested Lincoln 's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster , the `` Second Reply to Hayne '' , in which Webster famously thundere... | [
"Several theories have been advanced by Lincoln scholars to explain the provenance of Lincoln 's famous phrase `` government of the people , by the people , for the people . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln . | [
"The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and is one of the best-known speeches in United States history ."
] | [
"It was named after William H. Seward , United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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There has been some controversy about the two earliest drafts of the Address . | [
"The two earliest drafts of the Address are associated with some confusion and controversy regarding their existence and provenance ."
] | [
"Two notable exceptions are dedicated to the death of members of his family ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Everett , who was collecting the speeches at the Gettysburg dedication into one book to sell for hurt soldiers at New York 's Sanitary Commission Fair , had asked for it . | [
"Everett was collecting the speeches at the Gettysburg dedication into one bound volume to sell for the benefit of stricken soldiers at New York 's Sanitary Commission Fair ."
] | [
"This story is at odds with the existence of several early drafts on Executive Mansion stationery as well as the reports of Lincoln 's final editing while a guest of David Wills in Gettysburg ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Everett was a very famous orator at that time . | [
"At that time , Everett was a widely famed orator ."
] | [
"Wilhelm , nineteen years old at this time , was a quick student of the English language ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Hay Draft was different from the Gettysburg Address printed by Nicolay in 1894 in many important ways . For example , it was written on a different kind of paper , had a different number of words on every line , had a different number of lines , and had corrections in Lincoln 's handwriting . | [
"The Hay Draft differed from the version of the Gettysburg Address published by John Nicolay in 1894 in a number of significant ways : it was written on a different type of paper , had a different number of words per line and number of lines , and contained editorial revisions in Lincoln 's hand ."
] | [
"As this fourth copy was written on both sides of the paper , it proved unusable for this purpose , and Bancroft was allowed to keep it ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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At first , they planned to buy land for a cemetery and ask the families of the dead to pay for the burial . | [
"Initially , the town planned to buy land for a cemetery and then ask the families of the dead to pay for their burial ."
] | [
"From this point onward he began living a radical Christian life giving his property over to his wife , while the remainder of his belongings he distributed as alms to the poor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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Others , such as Allen C. Guelzo , suggested that Lincoln 's expression `` four score and seven '' was about the King James Version of the Bible 's . There , man 's life is described as `` threescore years and ten ; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years '' . | [
"Others , including Allen C. Guelzo , the director of Civil War Era studies at Gettysburg College in Pennsylvania , suggested that Lincoln 's formulation `` four score and seven '' was an allusion to the King James Version of the Bible 's , in which man 's lifespan is given as `` threescore years and ten ; and if b... | [
"The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number , as in `` Never in a million years '' and `` You 're one in a million '' , or a hyperbole , as in `` I 've walked a million miles '' and `` You 've asked the million dollar question '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Many years have passed after the Address was delivered , but it is still one of the most famous speeches in American history . | [
"In the many generations that have passed since the Address , it has remained among the most famous speeches in American history ."
] | [
"Acknowledged for the quality of her writing , her diary has become one of the world 's most widely read books , and has been the basis for several plays and films ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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NPR allows people to hear the record around Lincoln 's birthday . | [
"NPR continues to air them around Lincoln 's birthday ."
] | [
"They also mentioned Colbert 's role in making the word `` truthiness '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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That was the greatest purpose of Lincoln 's Address at Gettysburg . | [
"That goal was the chief aim of Lincoln 's Address at Gettysburg ."
] | [
"In Garry Wills 's view , '' had done what he wanted to do . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
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In 1906 , it was first announced that the Hay Copy had been discovered . It had been found among the papers of John Hay when people were searching for the `` original manuscript '' of the Address . | [
"The existence of the Hay Copy was first announced to the public in 1906 , after the search for the `` original manuscript '' of the Address among the papers of John Hay brought it to light ."
] | [
"The Bliss Copy , named for Colonel Alexander Bliss , Bancroft 's stepson and publisher of Autograph Leaves , is the only draft to which Lincoln affixed his signature ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
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The Castro government claimed Cintas ' properties after it became powerful in 1959 . But Cintas , who died in 1957 , had willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people , if it would be kept at the White House . | [
"Cintas ' properties were claimed by the Castro government after the Cuban Revolution in 1959 , but Cintas , who died in 1957 , willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people , provided it would be kept at the White House , where it was transferred in 1959 ."
] | [
"She also praised Rangel 's colony era work which was used `` to denounce colonial dictatorship '' , and pointed out that many of Rangel 's photographs had been banned until Mozambique 's independence ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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In August 1963 , King spoke of President Lincoln and his well-known words : `` Five score years ago , a great American , in whose symbolic shadow we stand today , signed the Emancipation Proclamation . | [
"Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in August 1963 , King began with a reference to President Lincoln and his enduring words : `` Five score years ago , a great American , in whose symbolic shadow we stand today , signed the Emancipation Proclamation ."
] | [
"Craig R. Smith , in `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' , suggested Lincoln 's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster , the `` Second Reply to Hayne '' , in which Webster famously thundere... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
`` But they , I am sure , will join us in saying , as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr-heroes , the glorious annals of our common country , there will be no brighter page than that which relates the Battles of Gettysburg '' . | [
"`` But they , I am sure , will join us in saying , as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr-heroes , that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of this great warfare are read , and down to the latest period of recorded time , in the glorious annals of our common country , there will be no b... | [
"`` Every stenographic report , good , bad and indifferent , says ` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '"
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The following day , Everett wrote a letter to Lincoln . In the letter , he praised the President for his speech , saying , `` I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central ( main ) idea of the occasion , in two hours , as you did in two minutes '' . | [
"In a letter to Lincoln written the following day , Everett praised the President for his eloquent and concise speech , saying , `` I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion , in two hours , as you did in two minutes . ''"
] | [
"Craig R. Smith , in `` Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '' , suggested Lincoln 's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster , the `` Second Reply to Hayne '' , in which Webster famously thundere... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
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Scholars are not sure if the Nicolay Copy was actually the copy Lincoln read from at Gettysburg on November 19 . | [
"Scholars disagree over whether the Nicolay Copy was actually the reading copy Lincoln held at Gettysburg on November 19 ."
] | [
"William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of both Lincoln 's arrival at Gettysburg and the address itself to have left an audio recording of his recollections ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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`` He took down what he declared was the exact language of Lincoln 's associates confirmed his testimony , which was received , as it deserved to be at its face value '' . | [
"His associates confirmed his testimony , which was received , as it deserved to be at its face value . ''"
] | [
"`` Every stenographic report , good , bad and indifferent , says ` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '"
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it ; some system require that such keys be in a specific format . | [
"The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it ; some system designs require that such keys be in a particular format ."
] | [
"On the other hand , block ASCII artists argue that if their art uses only characters of the computers character set , then it is to be called ASCII , regardless if the character set is proprietary or not ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
In cryptography , a pre-shared key or PSK is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used . | [
"In cryptography , a pre-shared key or PSK is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs to be used ."
] | [
"There are other types of cryptographic protocols as well , and even the term itself has various different readings ; Cryptographic application protocols often use one or more underlying key agreement methods , which are also sometimes themselves referred to as `` cryptographic protocols '' . For instance , TLS emp... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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He is the first official boss of the modern Genovese crime family . | [
"He was the first official boss of the modern Genovese crime family ."
] | [
"It is the precursor of the Holy Roman Empire ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano ( born Salvatore Lucania ; November 24 , 1897 â `` January 26 , 1962 ) was a Sicilian mobster . | [
"Charlie `` Lucky '' Luciano ( born Salvatore Lucania ; November 24 , 1897 â `` January 26 , 1962 ) was an Italian mobster born in Sicily ."
] | [
"Pearl `` Polly '' Adler ( April 16 , 1900 â `` June 11 , 1962 ) was a Russian-Jewish madam and author ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
As a historical region , it includes Parthia , Media and eastern Persia , the heartlands of Greater Persia ( mainly Iran , Afghanistan , and Pakistan west of the River Indus ) . | [
"As a historical region , it includes Parthia , Media and eastern Persia , the heartlands of Greater Iran ( mainly Iran , Afghanistan and Pakistan ) ."
] | [
"Tajik ( TÄ jÄ `` k ; ) is a general designation for a wide range of Persian-speaking people of Ariana origin , with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan , Tajikistan , and southern Uzbekistan ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The Stadium of Light is a football stadium in Sunderland , England . | [
"The Stadium of Light is an all-seater football stadium in Sunderland , England ."
] | [
"Maine Road was a football stadium in Moss Side , Manchester , England ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
It is the current home stadium of Sunderland A.F.C. . | [
"The stadium primarily hosts Sunderland A.F.C. matches ."
] | [
"It is notable as the nearest station to Stamford Bridge stadium , the home of Chelsea Football Club ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil ( petroleum ) which comes from under the ground . People use large oil wells to bring the oil to the top of the ground . | [
"The oil that is pumped from the ground is then shipped via oil tanker to an oil refinery ."
] | [
"Gasoline , coal , natural gas , diesel , minerals like copper , and other commodities derived from fossil fuels are non-renewable ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
Charles Bradford `` Brad '' Henry ( born June 10 , 1963 ) is the Governor of the U.S. state of Oklahoma . | [
"Charles Bradford `` Brad '' Henry ( born July 10 , 1963 ) was the 26th Governor of the U.S. state of Oklahoma ."
] | [
"Robert Renfroe `` Bob '' Riley ( born October 3 , 1944 ) is an American politician in the Republican Party ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Thus , the Postmaster General is no longer a member of the Cabinet and is no longer in line to be President . | [
"Thus , the Postmaster General is no longer a member of the Cabinet and is no longer in Presidential succession ."
] | [
"Initially , it was unclear whether the Vice President actually became the new President or merely an acting President ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
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Carmit Bachar ( born September 4 , 1974 ) is an American singer and actress . | [
"Carmit Bachar ( ; born September 4 , 1974 ) is an American singer , dancer , model and actress ."
] | [
"Erin Zariah Sanders ( born January 19 , 1991 ) is an American actress ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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Xiahou Dun was an important general under Cao Cao . | [
"His noted accomplishments included conquest of Xiaopei and the subsequent victory over a relief force led by Xiahou Dun , a prominent general under Cao Cao ."
] | [
"Dong Zhuo was assassinated in 192 by his foster son LÃ 1\\/4 Bu as part of a plot orchestrated by Interior Minister Wang Yun ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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In the later period of the Han dynasty , Gao Shun served LÃ 1\/4 Bu . | [
"Gao Shun ( died 198 ) was a military general serving under the warlord LÃ 1\\/4 Bu during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history ."
] | [
"China fell into civil war when Dong was killed in 192 by his foster son LÃ 1\\/4 Bu ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
Gao Shun was execution with his lord , LÃ 1\/4 Bu . | [
"The heads of LÃ 1\\/4 Bu , Chen Gong , Gao Shun and others were sent to Xuchang and subsequently were buried ."
] | [
"Ø Ø mard , meaning `` man '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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In the same year , however , Cao Cao himself came and attacked LÃ 1\/4 Bu 's base city , Xiapi . | [
"In the same year , however , Cao personally laid a siege on LÃ 1\\/4 Bu 's base in Xiapi , and defeated and captured LÃ 1\\/4 ."
] | [
"In 1621 ( Ming Dynasty ) , another short-lived kingdom of Daliang ( å æ cents ) was established by She Chongming ( å cents å æ ) with Chongqing as its capital ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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In the later period of the Han dynasty , Gao Shun served LÃ 1\/4 Bu . He grew to be known as one of LÃ 1\/4 Bu 's best commanders . | [
"Although LÃ 1\\/4 Bu knew Gao Shun was very loyal , his advice was not always welcome ."
] | [
"Perhaps the most popular story about Dong Zhuo was the fictional love triangle involving Dong Zhuo , LÃ 1\\/4 Bu and Diaochan , which eventually led to the death of Dong Zhuo in the hands of his own adoptive son , LÃ 1\\/4 Bu ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
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