query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
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He will become eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013 . | [
"In a recent interview with ESPN Deportes , Sosa said he would `` calmly wait '' for his induction into baseball 's Hall of Fame , for which he will become eligible in 2013 ."
] | [
"Grant Fuhr was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 2 , 2003 ."
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Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer , Calvados is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France . | [
"Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | [
"Blangy-le-Ch à cents teau is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendà e department in the west of France . | [
"Le Mazeau is a commune in the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ."
] | [
"Chà cents teau-d ` Olonne is a commune of the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ."
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Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all types of gastrointestinal ailments . | [
"Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments ."
] | [
"Blue mass , a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient , was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation , depression , child-bearing and toothaches ."
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During the 14th century Black Death , there was a huge increase in demand for saffron-based medicine . Much saffron had to be imported by Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes . | [
"During the 14th century Black Death , demand for saffron-based medicine skyrocketed , and much saffron had to be imported via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes ."
] | [
"The empire had strong trading links with China and Southeast Asia ."
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From 150 flowers , the farmer can get about 1 g of dry saffron threads . To produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) would take about 1 kg of flowers ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) . | [
"Roughly 150 flowers yield 1 g of dry saffron threads ; to produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) , 1 kg of flowers are needed ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) ."
] | [
"The product was shipped in over two thousand chests , each containing 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) of opium ."
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Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles , . They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes , perfumes , medicines , and body washes . | [
"At such sites , saffron threads were woven into textiles , ritually offered to divinities , and used in dyes , perfumes , medicines , and body washes ."
] | [
"Until the invention of synthetic sponges , they were used as cleaning tools , applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives ."
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For example , Buddhist monks in India started wearing saffron-coloured robes after the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama 's death . | [
"Buddhist monks in India adopted saffron-coloured robes after the Gautama Buddha 's death ."
] | [
"According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha , a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly , and she is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha 's own mother , Maya Devi ."
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In Europe , saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire 's fall . | [
"European saffron cultivation plummeted following the Roman Empire 's fall ."
] | [
"They evolved gradually from the 6th century onward to accommodate for an increase in trade ( mainly with Arab merchants ) , population growth , and further centralised urbanisation ; developing into what would later become known as the Swahili City-States ."
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Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg , where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code . Under this law under saffron adulterers were fined , imprisoned , and executed . | [
"Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg , where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code , under which saffron adulterators were fined , imprisoned , and executed ."
] | [
"Those who left their parishes in order to locate work were termed vagabonds and could be subjected to punishments , including whipping , burning , execution and putting at the stocks ."
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Some forty hours of labor are needed to pick 150,000 flowers . | [
"Forty hours of labor are needed to pick 150,000 flowers ."
] | [
"The product was shipped in over two thousand chests , each containing 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) of opium ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The theft of one such shipment by noblemen started the 14 week long `` Saffron War '' . | [
"The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week long `` Saffron War '' ."
] | [
"Vertià res is the site of the Battle of Vertià res - the last and defining battle of the Haitian Revolution ."
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Saffron 's aroma is often described to be something like metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes . Its taste has also been noted as hay-like and somewhat bitter . | [
"Saffron 's aroma is often described by connoisseurs as reminiscent of metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes , while its taste has also been noted as hay-like and sweet ."
] | [
"It is valued for its unique flavor compared to other limes , with the key lime usually having a more tart and bitter flavor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Saffron is widely used in Iranian ( Persian ) , Arab , Central Asian , European , Indian , Turkish , Moroccan and Cornish cuisines . | [
"Saffron is widely used in Iranian ( Persian ) , Arab , Central Asian , European , Pakistani , Indian , and Turkish cuisines ."
] | [
"Amomum is used as a spice and as an ingredient in traditional medicine in systems of the traditional Chinese medicine in China , in Ayurveda in India , Pakistan , Japan , Korea and Vietnam ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime before 500 BC , saying it was either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir . | [
"Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime prior to 500 BC , attributing it to either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or to a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir ."
] | [
"Originating in the eastern Mediterranean coast of the Middle East ( modern Israel and Palestine ) , it quickly spread to Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor and Egypt , it grew in size and influence over a few decades , and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion within the Roman Empire ."
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Saffron gives a light yellow-orange coloring to foods . | [
"Saffron also contributes a luminous yellow-orange coloring to foods ."
] | [
"Apple wood gives off a pleasant scent when burned , and smoke from an apple wood fire gives an excellent flavor to smoked foods ."
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Traditional Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900 â `` 2500 years ago . | [
"Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900 â `` 2500 years ago ."
] | [
"Silent bartering was mainly used during the period 500 to 1500 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to a lot of artificial selection by growers who wanted plants with longer stigmas . | [
"The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to extensive artificial selection by growers seeking longer stigmas ."
] | [
"A strain is a designated group of offspring that are descended from a modified plant , produced by conventional breeding , by biotechnological means , or result from genetic mutation ."
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They are often planted in raised beds , to help with drainage . | [
"Traditional raised beds promote good drainage ."
] | [
"This wet area is used to grow sugarcane , as the wet climate is well suited for the crop ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Saffron types are graded by quality according to laboratory measurements of such characteristics as crocin ( color ) , picrocrocin ( taste ) , and safranal ( fragrance ) content . | [
"Saffron is graded via laboratory measurement of crocin ( color ) , picrocrocin ( taste ) , and safranal ( fragrance ) content ."
] | [
"They should be dried quickly , away from bright sunlight in order to preserve their aromatic ingredients and prevent oxidation of other chemicals ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms ; indeed , many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe . | [
"Europeans introduced saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms ; indeed , many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe ."
] | [
"In the early 18th century , many Amish and Mennonites immigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons ."
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These can grow to up to 40 c in length . The number of leaves is between five and eleven . | [
"After aestivating in spring , the plant sends up five to eleven narrow and nearly vertical green leaves , each up to 40 c in length ."
] | [
"The skin , deeply ribbed and slightly roughened , can grow to be 3 t thick , making them favorable for storage ."
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Ancient Mediterranean peoples -- including perfumers in Egypt , physicians in Gaza , townspeople in Rhodes , and the Greek hetaerae courtesans -- used saffron in their perfumes , ointments , potpourris , mascaras , divine offerings , and medical treatments . | [
"Ancient Mediterranean peoples -- including perfumers in Egypt , physicians in Gaza , townspeople in Rhodes , and the Greek hetaerae courtesans -- used saffron in their scented waters , perfumes , ointments , potpourris , mascaras , divine offerings , and medical treatments ."
] | [
"Until the invention of synthetic sponges , they were used as cleaning tools , applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives ."
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Saffron samples are then assigned to one of these grades by gauging the spice 's crocin content , which is revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance . | [
"Samples are assigned grades by gauging the spice 's crocin content , revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance ."
] | [
"Some chemical compounds ( notably chlorine compounds ) and highly colored samples can interfere with the counting process ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Each prong has a crimson `` stigma '' of between 25 and 30 mm in length at the end of it . | [
"Each prong terminates with a vivid crimson stigma 25 - in length ."
] | [
"The skin , deeply ribbed and slightly roughened , can grow to be 3 t thick , making them favorable for storage ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Saffron has been used as a traditional medicine for a long time . Modern medicine has also discovered itas having anticarcinogenic ( cancer-suppressing ) , anti-mutagenic ( mutation-preventing ) , immunomodulating , and antioxidant-like properties . | [
"Medicinally , saffron has a long history as part of traditional healing ; modern medicine has also discovered saffron as having anticarcinogenic ( cancer-suppressing ) , anti-mutagenic ( mutation-preventing ) , immunomodulating , and antioxidant-like properties ."
] | [
"In addition to products to contain the menstrual flow , pharmaceutical companies likewise provide products -- commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) -- to relieve menstrual cramps ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Other metrics include floral waste content ( i.e. the saffron spice sample 's non-stigma floral content ) and measurements of other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ( `` ash '' ) . | [
"Determination of non-stigma content ( `` floral waste content '' ) and other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ( `` ash '' ) are also key ."
] | [
"Being insoluble in water , they can be purified by washing away the associated starch ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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At the time of flowering , the plant is usually less than 30 c in height . | [
"Upon flowering , plants average less than 30 c in height ."
] | [
"At 140 â `` 150 cm ( 55-60 inches ) high , the crane does not make easy prey , for all that it stands out in its natural habitat of marshes and swamps ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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A pound of dry saffron ( 0.45 kg ) requires 50,000 â `` 75,000 flowers . These flowers would need about a football field 's area of cultivation . | [
"A pound ( 454 grams ) of dry saffron requires 50,000 â `` 75,000 flowers , the equivalent of a football field 's area of cultivation ( 110,000-170 ,000 flowers or two football fields for a kilogram ) ."
] | [
"The world 's largest cashew tree is located in the state ; it has a circumference of 500 centimetres and occupies an area of 7,300 cm , making it 70 times the size of average cashew trees ."
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Namely , ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron . It establishes four empirical grades of color intensity : IV ( poorest ) , III , II , and I ( finest quality ) . | [
"ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron and establishes four empirical color intensity grades : IV ( poorest ) , III , II , and I ( finest quality ) ."
] | [
"As an adjective , the word vegetable is used in scientific and technical contexts with a different and much broader meaning , namely of `` related to plants '' in general , edible or not â '' as in vegetable matter , vegetable kingdom , vegetable origin , etc. . The meaning of `` vegetable '' as `` plant grown for... | SimpleWiki | {
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Alexander 's troops copied their leader 's actions and brought the habit of saffron-bathing back to Greece . | [
"Alexander 's troops imitated the practice from the Persians and brought saffron-bathing to Greece ."
] | [
"Soon they responded by attacking advancing tanks with `` Molotov cocktails '' which were `` a drink to go with the food '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Minoans had pictures of saffron in their palaces as long ago as 1500 â `` 1600 BC , showing how it could be used as a medicine . | [
"Minoans portrayed saffron in their palace frescoes by 1500 â `` 1600 BC , showing saffron 's use as a therapeutic drug ."
] | [
"But there is no doubt that Soest has been inhabited for a long time ; excavations in the last two decades have uncovered signs of habitation stretching back more than 4000 years ."
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Gradually , a form of C. cartwrightianus , C. sativus , came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete . | [
"Thus , a sterile mutant form of C. cartwrightianus , C. sativus , emerged in late Bronze Age Crete ."
] | [
"Its name comes from the Greek words ( ' , â lessâ ) and ( ' , â newâ ) and means `` less recent '' because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$ 500\/pound to US$ 5,000 \/ pound ( US$ 1100 â `` US$ 11,000 per kilogram ) â '' equivalent to  # 250 \/ â 350 per pound or  # 5,500 \/ â 7,500 per kilo . | [
"Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$ 500 to US$ 5,000 per pound ( US$ 1,100 â `` 11,000 \\/ kg ) â '' equivalent to  # 2,500 \\/ â 3,500 per pound or  # 5,500 \\/ â 7,500 per kilogram ."
] | [
"Although Neumà 1\\/4 nster Zoo set a price of â 700,000 , the Berlin Zoo stated that they would not pay `` a cent more '' than â 350,000 ( $ 488,145 ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Absorbance is defined as , with as absorbance ( Beer-Lambert law ) . It is a measure of a given substance 's transparency ( , the ratio of light intensity passing through sample to that of the incident light ) to a given wavelength of light . | [
"Absorbance is defined as , with as absorbance ( Beer-Lambert law ) and indicates degree of transparency ( , the ratio of light intensity exiting the sample to that of the incident light ) to a given wavelength of light ."
] | [
"The `` electromagnetic spectrum '' of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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A uniform set of international standards in saffron grading was established by the International Organization for Standardization , which is an international federation of national standards bodies . | [
"Grading standards are set by the International Organization for Standardization , a federation of national standards bodies ."
] | [
"The PEGI system is now used in more than thirty countries and is based on a code of conduct , a set of rules to which every publisher using the PEGI system is contractually committed ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It does not grow wild , and is now a triploid form of the eastern Mediterranean plant called Crocus cartwrightianus . | [
"It is a sterile triploid form , possibly of the eastern Mediterranean autumn-flowering Crocus cartwrightianus that originated in Central Asia ."
] | [
"Other studies go as far as 55 species including the domesticated Orchard Apple , or Table apple as it was formerly called ( M. domestica , derived from M. sieversii , syn ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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A corm lives for only one season , reproducing by splitting into up to ten `` cormlets '' that will grow into new plants . | [
"A corm survives for one season , reproducing via this division into up to ten `` cormlets '' that yield new plants ."
] | [
"Water lilies ' flowers make a fruit that floats in the water for a while and then drops down to the bottom to take root on the floor of the pond ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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By 1730 , the Pennsylvania Dutch were growing saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania . | [
"By 1730 , the Pennsylvania Dutch were cultivating saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania ."
] | [
"By 1830 there were 36 and Native Americans still occupied large areas of land in northeast and far western Alabama ."
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The cultivated saffron ( saffron crocus C. sativus ) flowers in the autumn and comes up every year , so it is known as a perennial plant . | [
"The domesticated saffron crocus ( C. sativus ) is an autumn-flowering perennial plant unknown in the wild ."
] | [
"It is short-lived , and the plants will need to be replaced every few years ."
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During his Asian campaigns , Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea , rice , and baths to help heal his battle wounds . | [
"During his Asian campaigns , Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his infusions , rice , and baths as a curative for battle wounds ."
] | [
"The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an abortion ; Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy ; and medieval beekeepers used it to increase honey production ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron ( Crocus sativus ` Hausknechtii ' ) in Derbena , Isfahan , and Khorasan by the 10th century BC . | [
"Ancient Persians cultivated Persian saffron ( Crocus sativus ` Hausknechtii ' ) in Derbena , Isfahan , and Khorasan by the 10th century BC ."
] | [
"It was called Lake Rezaiyeh in the early 1930s after Reza Shah Pahlavi , but the lake was renamed ` Urmia ' in the late 1970s ."
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Only in southern France , Italy , and Spain , did significant cultivation continue . | [
"Only in southern France , Italy , and Spain , did significant cultivation endure ."
] | [
"It is situated in a mountainous region and , as a result , has been isolated for most of its history from the rest of the country , making the local culture and language very different from those of neighbouring areas ."
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The corms are small brown balls up to in diameter and are covered in thick parallel fibers . | [
"Corms are small brown globules up to 4.5 c in diameter and are shrouded in a dense mat of parallel fibers ."
] | [
"Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground , forming a rosette ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Higher absorbances at this wavelength imply greater crocin concentration , and thus a greater colourative intensity . | [
"Higher absorbances imply greater crocin concentration , and thus a greater colourative intensity ."
] | [
"In these animals , photoreceptive vesicles have been found that control the contrast of this illumination to create optimal matching ."
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Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` assafroa '' ) and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) . | [
"Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` aà afrà # o '' ) , annatto , and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) ."
] | [
"Roughly 150 flowers yield 1 g of dry saffron threads ; to produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) , 1 kg of flowers are needed ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beet , pomegranate fibers , red-dyed silk fibers , or the saffron crocus 's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens . | [
"Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beets , pomegranate fibers , red-dyed silk fibers , or the saffron crocus 's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens ."
] | [
"The powder contains powdered gelatin and flavorings including sugar or artificial sweeteners ."
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This means that reproduction needs human help . The corms ( underground bulb-like starch-storing organs ) must be dug up , broken apart , and planted again . | [
"Being sterile , the plant 's purple flowers fail to produce viable seeds ; reproduction depends on human assistance : corms , underground bulb-like starch-storing organs , must be dug up , broken apart , and replanted ."
] | [
"After harvesting the fruit , the plantain plant can be cut and the layers peeled ( like an onion ) to get a cylinder-shaped soft shoot ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization `` Al-Andalus '' spread to Spain , France , and Italy . | [
"The spread of Islamic civilization allowed saffron 's reintroduction to Spain , France , and Italy ."
] | [
"Historically , when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region ( i.e. the Roman Empire ) , everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe , including Germany , the Low Countries , and Austria ."
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The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years . | [
"The history of saffron cultivation reaches back more than 3,000 years ."
] | [
"The archaeological sites demonstrate Aboriginal occupation for at least 20 000 and possibly up to 40 000 years ."
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Another legend tells how someone named Crocus was bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus . | [
"Another legend tells of Crocus and Smilax , whereby Crocus is bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus ."
] | [
"Many groups have myths about the animal ; one myth explains that it was created when a group of hungry young men went hunting at night and stumbled across a wombat ."
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Upon extraction , stigmas are dried quickly and ( preferably ) sealed in airtight containers . | [
"Stigmas are dried quickly upon extraction and ( preferably ) sealed in airtight containers ."
] | [
"After fermentation , the beans are dried , then cleaned , and then roasted , and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs ."
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Confectioneries and liquors also often include saffron . | [
"Confectionaries and liquors also often include saffron ."
] | [
"American schnapps , however , are liqueurs ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called Crocus cartwrightianus . | [
"The wild precursor of domesticated saffron crocus was Crocus cartwrightianus ."
] | [
"Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` aà afrà # o '' ) , annatto , and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In Western countries , the average retail price is $ 1,000 \/ Â # 500 \/ â 700 per pound ( US$ 2200 \/ Â # 1100 \/ â 1550 per kilogram ) . | [
"In Western countries , the average retail price is $ 1,000 \\/ Â # 500 \\/ â 700 per pound ( US$ 2,200 \\/ Â # 1,100 \\/ â 1,550 per kilogram ) ."
] | [
"In 1920 , the British offered a bounty of  # 10,000 ( equivalent to GB # 300,000 \\/ â 360,000 in 2010 ) for information leading to the capture or death of Collins ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Thus , in India , high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold mixed with cheaper Iranian imports ; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron , a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income . | [
"Thus , in India , high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold and mixed with cheaper Iranian imports ; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron , a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income ."
] | [
"By the 1930s , the silk industry was in worldwide decline , as synthetics were taking the place of silk ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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In late Hellenistic Egypt , Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good . | [
"In late Hellenistic Egypt , Cleopatra used saffron in her baths so that lovemaking would be more pleasurable ."
] | [
"His lyrics loosen up enough to sing about skin creams and powder advertised as being able to lighten dark skin ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Later , Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia , where adventurers hoped to find the world 's most valuable saffron . | [
"Later , Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia . There , adventurers hoped to procure what they believed was the world 's most valuable saffron ."
] | [
"The only means of ridding the tree of its poison is the Golden Fleece , which is located on the island of Polyphemus , in the Bermuda Triangle ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Essex town of Saffron Walden , named for its new specialty crop , became England 's main saffron growing and trading center . | [
"The Essex town of Saffron Walden , named for its new specialty crop , emerged as England 's prime saffron growing and trading center ."
] | [
"Renamed Kings town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299 , the town and city of Hull has served as market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling center , and industrial metropolis ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about History:",
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Phoenicians then sold Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy . | [
"Phoenicians then marketed Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy ."
] | [
"Like many eastern spices , pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about History:",
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Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia . | [
"Some historians believe that saffron came to China with Mongol invaders from Persia ."
] | [
"During the 13th century , it was brought to Sweden by German immigrants ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about History:",
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Saffron has a bitter taste and smells like hay . This smell is caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal . | [
"Saffron 's bitter taste and an iodoform - or hay-like fragrance result from the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal ."
] | [
"The flower , which contains the non-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid thesinine , has a sweet honey-like taste and as one of the few truly blue-colored edible things , is often used to decorate dessert ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Vivid crimson coloring , slight moistness , elasticity , recent harvest date , and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron . | [
"Vivid crimson coloring , slight moistness , elasticity , and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron ."
] | [
"After harvesting , if the leaves are rolled out before drying as usual , the result will be gyokuro ( jade dew ) tea ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Later , people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their medicines and magical potions . | [
"Later , the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions ."
] | [
"Along the banks of the river , the presence of swamps and lakes provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes , chillies , mustard , sesame , sugarcane , and jute ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Saffron ( Persian : Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ) is a spice made from the stigma of the flower of the saffron plant . | [
"Some argue that it ultimately came from the Arabic word Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ( za ` farÄ n ) , which is itself derived from the adjective Ø # Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø ( aá # far , `` yellow '' ) . However , some give an alternative derivation arguing that Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ( za ` farÄ n ) is the arabicized form of the P... | [
"( Sindhi : Ø Ù Ø Ø Ø cents Ø Ø Ø , Urdu : Ø Û Ø Ø Ø cents Ø Ø Ø HaidarÄ bÄ d ) is the second largest city in the Sindh province of Pakistan ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Around fifty-five minutes later after the loss of the aircraft , a suitcase which was checked in by one of the accused perpetrators in the bombing exploded at Japanâ s Narita Airport and killed two baggage handlers and injured four other people nearby . | [
"Fifty-five minutes after the loss of the aircraft , a suitcase checked in by one of the accused perpetrators exploded at Japanâ s Narita Airport , killing two baggage handlers and injuring four other individuals nearby ."
] | [
"The deluge created a 66 foot ( 20 m ) wave of water that caught many off guard due to the time of night and only about 15 minutes to prepare , according to eyewitnesses who criticized the decision ; the flooding killed at least 35 people and left homes in seven towns flooded ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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Lon Chaney , Jr. ( February 10 , 1906 â `` July 12 , 1973 ) was an American character actor , known mainly for his roles in horror movies and as the son of famous silent film actor Lon Chaney . | [
"Lon Chaney , Jr. ( February 10 , 1906 â `` July 12 , 1973 ) , born Creighton Tull Chaney , was an American character actor . He was best known for his roles in monster movies and as the son of famous silent film actor , Lon Chaney ."
] | [
"Joan Geraldine Bennett ( February 27 , 1910 â `` December 7 , 1990 ) was an American stage , film and television actress . Besides acting on the stage , Bennett appeared in more than 70 motion pictures from the era of silent movies well into the sound era ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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When he began making movies in 1932 he was known by his original name Creighton Chaney , but starting in 1935 he used the name `` Lon Chaney , Jr. '' | [
"Originally credited in films as Creighton Chaney , he was first credited as `` Lon Chaney , Jr. '' in 1935 ."
] | [
"Ronald Sinclair ( 21 January 1924 - 22 November 1992 ) , born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes credited as Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair , was a child actor from New Zealand , turned film editor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Chaney died in California of heart failure when he was 67 years old . | [
"At the age of 67 , Chaney died on July 12 , 1973 , of heart failure in San Clemente , California ."
] | [
"For several days Dudley was able to attend to his duties from his home , until he unexpectedly died on April 4 , 1925 at the age of 65 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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Chaney was born in Oklahoma . | [
"Married twice , Chaney had two sons , Lon Ralph Chaney ( born July 3 , 1928 ) and Ronald Creighton Chaney ( born March 18 , 1930 ) , both now deceased . He is survived by a grandson , Ron Chaney , who attends film conventions and discusses his grandfather 's life and film career ."
] | [
"Hilson was born in Decatur , Georgia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Yuta Minami ( born 30 September 1979 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Roasso Kumamoto . | [
"Yuta Minami å -- é å ( born 30 September 1979 ) is a Japanese football player who currently plays for Roasso Kumamoto of the J-League ."
] | [
"Choi Tae-Uk ( ; born 13 March 1981 ) is a South Korean football player who plays for FC Seoul ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Sports:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Sports:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
DrÄ goteÅ ti is a commune found in Dolj County , Romania . | [
"DrÄ goteÅ ti is a commune in Dolj County , Romania with a population of 2,630 people ."
] | [
"Crasna ( formerly TurbaÅ # i ) is a commune in Gorj County , Romania ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
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Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands at about 196 km and contains the capital George Town . | [
"Grand Cayman is an island that is part of the Cayman Islands ."
] | [
"It comprises two horseshoe-shaped islets , Manuae to the west and Te Au O Tu to the east , with a total area of 6.17 km on either side of a lagoon about 7 km x 4 km ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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It was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan in 1986 for the Nintendo Entertainment System . | [
"First released in Japan on June 3 , 1986 , it is the direct sequel to the second best-selling video game of all time , Super Mario Bros. ."
] | [
"Super Castlevania IV , known as AkumajÅ Dracula in Japan , is a platform game developed and published by Konami and the first Castlevania game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console . That game had the other three Super Mario Bros. games with better graphics and a save function . | [
"A full remake , entitled Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels , was included as part of the Super Mario All-Stars collection for the Super NES ."
] | [
"Pokà mon Yellow , a special edition version , was released roughly a year later ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Nintendo of America thought the game was too hard and took another game , called Doki Doki Panic , and released that instead under the Super Mario Bros. 2 name . | [
"They found one in Yume Kojo : Doki Doki Panic ( Dream Factory : Heart-Pounding Panic ) , another Nintendo game developed by Miyamoto , which he had actually spent more time developing than The Lost Levels , which was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in North America and Europe and later as Super Mario Bros. ."
] | [
"The Wario Land series is a platforming series that started with Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 , a spin-off of the Super Mario Land series , following Wario 's first appearance in Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels is a Mario video game made by Nintendo . | [
"Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels , known as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan , is a platforming video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Family Computer Disk System ."
] | [
", known in Japan as Mawaru Made in Wario is a video game for Game Boy Advance by Nintendo ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console . | [
"A remake of The Lost Levels was released in 1993 as part of the Super Mario All-Stars collection for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ."
] | [
"Harvest Moon 64 is a farm simulation video game developed by Victor Interactive Software and published by Natsume Co. , Ltd for the Nintendo 64 video game console , and the third game in the Harvest Moon series ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
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Charlottesville is a city of Virginia in the United States . | [
"Charlottesville is served by the Charlottesville City Public Schools ."
] | [
"Radford is a city in Virginia , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Omsk is a city in Russia . | [
"Omsk is a Russian city located in southwestern Siberia , it is the administrative center of Omsk Oblast ."
] | [
"Stende is a town in Latvia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The Halberd is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican . | [
"The halberd has been used as a court bodyguard weapon for centuries , and is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican ."
] | [
"A shield and sword-wielding mermaid ( Syrenka ) is on the official Coat of arms of Warsaw ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The halberd is a two handed pole weapon that has a axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft and a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade . | [
"The halberd consists of an axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft . It always has a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade for grappling mounted combatants ."
] | [
"Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden , fibreglass , carbon fiber or metal rod ( the shaft ) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet ( the blade ) on the other end ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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The 6th century is the century from 501 to 600 . | [
"The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian\\/Common Era ."
] | [
"Articles and events specifically relating to the 20th century , which began in 1901 and ended with the year 2000 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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The company is known for the Anno series ( also by Max Design ) , Knights of Honor ( by Black Sea Studios ) and ParaWorld ( by SEK ) . | [
"Games released by Sunflowers include the Anno series ( Anno 1602 , Anno 1503 , and Anno 1701 ) , Black Sea Studios ' Knights of Honor , Holiday Island ( 1996 ) and SEK 's ParaWorld ."
] | [
"A Windows Vista version of the game was released on May 31 , 2007 , developed by an internal team at Microsoft Game Studios referred to as `` Hired Gun '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software is a German company that develops and publishes video games . | [
"Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software GmbH was a German company that developed and published computer games ."
] | [
"2 in Japan ) is a platform video game developed by Sony and published by Sony in Japan and Europe , while Ubisoft published it in North America for the PlayStation 2 video game console ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
It is located in Heusenstamm , Germany . It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi . | [
"Sunflowers was based in Heusenstamm and was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko , president of the company , and Wilhelm Hamrozi , CEO of the company ."
] | [
"In 2003 , Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Ralph Steadman is a British cartoonist and illustrator . He is best known for his artwork for the books and articles of Hunter S. Thompson . | [
"Ralph Steadman ( born Wallasey , 15 May 1936 ) is a British cartoonist and caricaturist who is perhaps best known for his work with American author Hunter S. Thompson ."
] | [
"Townshend has also been a contributor and author of newspaper and magazine articles , book reviews , essays , books , and scripts , as well as collaborating as a lyricist ( and composer ) for many other musical acts ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Luanda is the capital and the largest city of Angola . Its former name was Loanda . | [
"Luanda ( formerly spelled Loanda ) is the capital and largest city of Angola ."
] | [
"The City of San Salvador is the capital and largest city of El Salvador ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
Antonio Carbajal ( born 7 June 1929 ) is a former Mexican football player . | [
"Antonio Fà lix `` Tota '' Carbajal Rodrà guez ( born June 7 , 1929 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican former football goalkeeper ."
] | [
"Fernando Ruiz Hierro ( ; born March 23 , 1968 ) is a former Spanish footballer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description about Sports:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence about Sports:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence about Sports:"
} |
In practice it is the locomotive which decides where trains may operate , although many high capacity four axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded . | [
"In practice it is the locomotive which governs where trains may operate , although many high capacity 4 axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded ."
] | [
"The 1983 stock proved to be unreliable and troublesome in service , with single-leaf doors making passenger loading and unloading a slower process than on other stock with wider door openings ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Transportation:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Transportation:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
All routes are given an RA number between 1 and 10 . | [
"All routes are allocated an RA number between 1 and 10 ."
] | [
"Twenty single-car driving motor vehicles , called `` Bubble Cars '' , were built , numbered 55000 â `` 55019 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The RA is mainly about the axle load of the vehicle , although axle spacing is also taken into thought . | [
"The RA is primarily related to the axle load of the vehicle , although axle spacing is also taken into consideration ."
] | [
"However , despite its simplicity , it suffers from a secondary imbalance which causes minor vibrations in smaller engines ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Transportation:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Transportation:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Route Availability ( RA ) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works ( bridges , embankments , etc ) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded . | [
"Route Availability ( RA ) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works ( bridges , embankments , etc. ) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded ."
] | [
"The term train operating company ( often abbreviated to TOC ) is used in the United Kingdom to describe the various businesses operating passenger trains on the railway system of Great Britain under the collective National Rail brand ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Transportation:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Transportation:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Rolling stock is also given an RA ( again between 1 and 10 ) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of the supporting elements . | [
"Rolling stock is also allocated an RA ( again between 1 and 10 ) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of its elements ."
] | [
"Taking any particular station as the origin , the other stations fall into fare `` zones '' depending on the distance from the origin ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Transportation:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Transportation:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Diana Wynne Jones ( August 16 , 1934 â `` March 25 , 2011 ) was an author from England . She wrote fantasy novels . | [
"Diana Wynne Jones ( 16 August 1934 â `` 26 March 2011 ) was a British writer , principally of fantasy novels for children and adults , as well as a small amount of non-fiction ."
] | [
"Theodore Crawford Cassidy ( July 31 , 1932 â `` January 16 , 1979 ) , known as Ted Cassidy , was an American actor who performed in television and films ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
It was the tallest building in the world for over 200 years ( 1300 â `` 1549 ) , but the central spire fell down in the sixteenth century and was not rebuilt . | [
"It was reputedly the tallest building in the world for 249 years ( 1300 -- 1549 ) . The central spire collapsed in 1549 and was not rebuilt ."
] | [
"Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 â `` 1590 ) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome 's prostitutes , though this proposal fell through with his premature death ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
Lincoln Cathedral is an Anglican church in Lincoln , England . | [
"Lincoln Cathedral ( in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln , or sometimes St. Mary 's Cathedral ) is a historic Anglican cathedral in Lincoln in England and seat of the Bishop of Lincoln in the Church of England ."
] | [
"Oakham is the county town of Rutland , England ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
People who began comparing each others ' playing skills through videos exchanged over the Internet started speedruns . People want verifiability to see whether a person followed the rules and thus see whether the run counts as a valid attempt to beat the record . | [
"Entertainment has traditionally been the reason for the creation of speedruns , as the phenomenon was originally devised by enthusiasts who began comparing each others ' playing skills via movies exchanged over the Internet , while verifiability stems from the necessity to provide evidence that one 's playthrough ... | [
"The game was critically acclaimed , but its abstract style did not allow the player to give a `` performance '' as in other games and thus proved difficult to market ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
A speedrun is a play-through , or a recording of this play-through of a whole video game or a part of it . The player tries to complete this game as fast as possible . | [
"A speedrun is a play-through , or recording thereof , of a whole video game or a selected part of it ( such as a single level ) performed with the intent of completing it as fast as possible , optionally under certain prerequisites , mainly for the purposes of entertainment and competition ."
] | [
"Chess boxing is now growing in popularity . Participants must be both skilled boxers and chess players , as a match may be won either way ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
Speedruns are usually recorded on video tapes ( mainly where consoles are concerned ) , or as a digital file , by the people ( `` players '' ) who make them . It is recorded for entertainment . | [
"Commonly , speedruns are recorded on either an analog media such as a video tape ( predominantly when games on consoles are concerned ) , or as a digital file , by the people ( `` players '' ) who make them , for entertainment , time refinement , or verifiability purposes ."
] | [
"Floppy disks are also , unlike hard disks , handled and seen ; even a novice user can identify a floppy disk . Because of all these factors , the image of the floppy disk has become a metaphor for saving data , and the floppy disk symbol is ( as of 2011 ) still used by software on buttons and other user interface ... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
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