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He will become eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013 .
[ "In a recent interview with ESPN Deportes , Sosa said he would `` calmly wait '' for his induction into baseball 's Hall of Fame , for which he will become eligible in 2013 ." ]
[ "Grant Fuhr was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 2 , 2003 ." ]
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Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer , Calvados is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .
[ "Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ." ]
[ "Blangy-le-Ch à cents teau is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ." ]
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It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendà e department in the west of France .
[ "Le Mazeau is a commune in the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ." ]
[ "Chà cents teau-d ` Olonne is a commune of the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ." ]
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Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all types of gastrointestinal ailments .
[ "Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments ." ]
[ "Blue mass , a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient , was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation , depression , child-bearing and toothaches ." ]
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During the 14th century Black Death , there was a huge increase in demand for saffron-based medicine . Much saffron had to be imported by Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes .
[ "During the 14th century Black Death , demand for saffron-based medicine skyrocketed , and much saffron had to be imported via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes ." ]
[ "The empire had strong trading links with China and Southeast Asia ." ]
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From 150 flowers , the farmer can get about 1 g of dry saffron threads . To produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) would take about 1 kg of flowers ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) .
[ "Roughly 150 flowers yield 1 g of dry saffron threads ; to produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) , 1 kg of flowers are needed ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) ." ]
[ "The product was shipped in over two thousand chests , each containing 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) of opium ." ]
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Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles , . They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes , perfumes , medicines , and body washes .
[ "At such sites , saffron threads were woven into textiles , ritually offered to divinities , and used in dyes , perfumes , medicines , and body washes ." ]
[ "Until the invention of synthetic sponges , they were used as cleaning tools , applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives ." ]
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For example , Buddhist monks in India started wearing saffron-coloured robes after the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama 's death .
[ "Buddhist monks in India adopted saffron-coloured robes after the Gautama Buddha 's death ." ]
[ "According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha , a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly , and she is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha 's own mother , Maya Devi ." ]
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In Europe , saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire 's fall .
[ "European saffron cultivation plummeted following the Roman Empire 's fall ." ]
[ "They evolved gradually from the 6th century onward to accommodate for an increase in trade ( mainly with Arab merchants ) , population growth , and further centralised urbanisation ; developing into what would later become known as the Swahili City-States ." ]
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Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg , where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code . Under this law under saffron adulterers were fined , imprisoned , and executed .
[ "Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg , where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code , under which saffron adulterators were fined , imprisoned , and executed ." ]
[ "Those who left their parishes in order to locate work were termed vagabonds and could be subjected to punishments , including whipping , burning , execution and putting at the stocks ." ]
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Some forty hours of labor are needed to pick 150,000 flowers .
[ "Forty hours of labor are needed to pick 150,000 flowers ." ]
[ "The product was shipped in over two thousand chests , each containing 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) of opium ." ]
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The theft of one such shipment by noblemen started the 14 week long `` Saffron War '' .
[ "The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week long `` Saffron War '' ." ]
[ "Vertià res is the site of the Battle of Vertià res - the last and defining battle of the Haitian Revolution ." ]
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Saffron 's aroma is often described to be something like metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes . Its taste has also been noted as hay-like and somewhat bitter .
[ "Saffron 's aroma is often described by connoisseurs as reminiscent of metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes , while its taste has also been noted as hay-like and sweet ." ]
[ "It is valued for its unique flavor compared to other limes , with the key lime usually having a more tart and bitter flavor ." ]
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Saffron is widely used in Iranian ( Persian ) , Arab , Central Asian , European , Indian , Turkish , Moroccan and Cornish cuisines .
[ "Saffron is widely used in Iranian ( Persian ) , Arab , Central Asian , European , Pakistani , Indian , and Turkish cuisines ." ]
[ "Amomum is used as a spice and as an ingredient in traditional medicine in systems of the traditional Chinese medicine in China , in Ayurveda in India , Pakistan , Japan , Korea and Vietnam ." ]
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Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime before 500 BC , saying it was either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir .
[ "Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime prior to 500 BC , attributing it to either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or to a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir ." ]
[ "Originating in the eastern Mediterranean coast of the Middle East ( modern Israel and Palestine ) , it quickly spread to Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor and Egypt , it grew in size and influence over a few decades , and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion within the Roman Empire ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Saffron gives a light yellow-orange coloring to foods .
[ "Saffron also contributes a luminous yellow-orange coloring to foods ." ]
[ "Apple wood gives off a pleasant scent when burned , and smoke from an apple wood fire gives an excellent flavor to smoked foods ." ]
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Traditional Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900 â `` 2500 years ago .
[ "Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900 â `` 2500 years ago ." ]
[ "Silent bartering was mainly used during the period 500 to 1500 ." ]
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The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to a lot of artificial selection by growers who wanted plants with longer stigmas .
[ "The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to extensive artificial selection by growers seeking longer stigmas ." ]
[ "A strain is a designated group of offspring that are descended from a modified plant , produced by conventional breeding , by biotechnological means , or result from genetic mutation ." ]
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They are often planted in raised beds , to help with drainage .
[ "Traditional raised beds promote good drainage ." ]
[ "This wet area is used to grow sugarcane , as the wet climate is well suited for the crop ." ]
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Saffron types are graded by quality according to laboratory measurements of such characteristics as crocin ( color ) , picrocrocin ( taste ) , and safranal ( fragrance ) content .
[ "Saffron is graded via laboratory measurement of crocin ( color ) , picrocrocin ( taste ) , and safranal ( fragrance ) content ." ]
[ "They should be dried quickly , away from bright sunlight in order to preserve their aromatic ingredients and prevent oxidation of other chemicals ." ]
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Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms ; indeed , many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe .
[ "Europeans introduced saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms ; indeed , many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe ." ]
[ "In the early 18th century , many Amish and Mennonites immigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons ." ]
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These can grow to up to 40 c in length . The number of leaves is between five and eleven .
[ "After aestivating in spring , the plant sends up five to eleven narrow and nearly vertical green leaves , each up to 40 c in length ." ]
[ "The skin , deeply ribbed and slightly roughened , can grow to be 3 t thick , making them favorable for storage ." ]
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Ancient Mediterranean peoples -- including perfumers in Egypt , physicians in Gaza , townspeople in Rhodes , and the Greek hetaerae courtesans -- used saffron in their perfumes , ointments , potpourris , mascaras , divine offerings , and medical treatments .
[ "Ancient Mediterranean peoples -- including perfumers in Egypt , physicians in Gaza , townspeople in Rhodes , and the Greek hetaerae courtesans -- used saffron in their scented waters , perfumes , ointments , potpourris , mascaras , divine offerings , and medical treatments ." ]
[ "Until the invention of synthetic sponges , they were used as cleaning tools , applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives ." ]
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Saffron samples are then assigned to one of these grades by gauging the spice 's crocin content , which is revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance .
[ "Samples are assigned grades by gauging the spice 's crocin content , revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance ." ]
[ "Some chemical compounds ( notably chlorine compounds ) and highly colored samples can interfere with the counting process ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:" }
Each prong has a crimson `` stigma '' of between 25 and 30 mm in length at the end of it .
[ "Each prong terminates with a vivid crimson stigma 25 - in length ." ]
[ "The skin , deeply ribbed and slightly roughened , can grow to be 3 t thick , making them favorable for storage ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Saffron has been used as a traditional medicine for a long time . Modern medicine has also discovered itas having anticarcinogenic ( cancer-suppressing ) , anti-mutagenic ( mutation-preventing ) , immunomodulating , and antioxidant-like properties .
[ "Medicinally , saffron has a long history as part of traditional healing ; modern medicine has also discovered saffron as having anticarcinogenic ( cancer-suppressing ) , anti-mutagenic ( mutation-preventing ) , immunomodulating , and antioxidant-like properties ." ]
[ "In addition to products to contain the menstrual flow , pharmaceutical companies likewise provide products -- commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) -- to relieve menstrual cramps ." ]
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Other metrics include floral waste content ( i.e. the saffron spice sample 's non-stigma floral content ) and measurements of other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ( `` ash '' ) .
[ "Determination of non-stigma content ( `` floral waste content '' ) and other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ( `` ash '' ) are also key ." ]
[ "Being insoluble in water , they can be purified by washing away the associated starch ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the description:", "pos": "Represent the description:", "neg": "Represent the description:" }
At the time of flowering , the plant is usually less than 30 c in height .
[ "Upon flowering , plants average less than 30 c in height ." ]
[ "At 140 â `` 150 cm ( 55-60 inches ) high , the crane does not make easy prey , for all that it stands out in its natural habitat of marshes and swamps ." ]
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A pound of dry saffron ( 0.45 kg ) requires 50,000 â `` 75,000 flowers . These flowers would need about a football field 's area of cultivation .
[ "A pound ( 454 grams ) of dry saffron requires 50,000 â `` 75,000 flowers , the equivalent of a football field 's area of cultivation ( 110,000-170 ,000 flowers or two football fields for a kilogram ) ." ]
[ "The world 's largest cashew tree is located in the state ; it has a circumference of 500 centimetres and occupies an area of 7,300 cm , making it 70 times the size of average cashew trees ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Namely , ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron . It establishes four empirical grades of color intensity : IV ( poorest ) , III , II , and I ( finest quality ) .
[ "ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron and establishes four empirical color intensity grades : IV ( poorest ) , III , II , and I ( finest quality ) ." ]
[ "As an adjective , the word vegetable is used in scientific and technical contexts with a different and much broader meaning , namely of `` related to plants '' in general , edible or not â '' as in vegetable matter , vegetable kingdom , vegetable origin , etc. . The meaning of `` vegetable '' as `` plant grown for...
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Alexander 's troops copied their leader 's actions and brought the habit of saffron-bathing back to Greece .
[ "Alexander 's troops imitated the practice from the Persians and brought saffron-bathing to Greece ." ]
[ "Soon they responded by attacking advancing tanks with `` Molotov cocktails '' which were `` a drink to go with the food '' ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The Minoans had pictures of saffron in their palaces as long ago as 1500 â `` 1600 BC , showing how it could be used as a medicine .
[ "Minoans portrayed saffron in their palace frescoes by 1500 â `` 1600 BC , showing saffron 's use as a therapeutic drug ." ]
[ "But there is no doubt that Soest has been inhabited for a long time ; excavations in the last two decades have uncovered signs of habitation stretching back more than 4000 years ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence about History:", "pos": "Represent the sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Gradually , a form of C. cartwrightianus , C. sativus , came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete .
[ "Thus , a sterile mutant form of C. cartwrightianus , C. sativus , emerged in late Bronze Age Crete ." ]
[ "Its name comes from the Greek words ( ' , â lessâ ) and ( ' , â newâ ) and means `` less recent '' because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$ 500\/pound to US$ 5,000 \/ pound ( US$ 1100 â `` US$ 11,000 per kilogram ) â '' equivalent to  # 250 \/ â 350 per pound or  # 5,500 \/ â 7,500 per kilo .
[ "Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$ 500 to US$ 5,000 per pound ( US$ 1,100 â `` 11,000 \\/ kg ) â '' equivalent to  # 2,500 \\/ â 3,500 per pound or  # 5,500 \\/ â 7,500 per kilogram ." ]
[ "Although Neumà 1\\/4 nster Zoo set a price of â 700,000 , the Berlin Zoo stated that they would not pay `` a cent more '' than â 350,000 ( $ 488,145 ) ." ]
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Absorbance is defined as , with as absorbance ( Beer-Lambert law ) . It is a measure of a given substance 's transparency ( , the ratio of light intensity passing through sample to that of the incident light ) to a given wavelength of light .
[ "Absorbance is defined as , with as absorbance ( Beer-Lambert law ) and indicates degree of transparency ( , the ratio of light intensity exiting the sample to that of the incident light ) to a given wavelength of light ." ]
[ "The `` electromagnetic spectrum '' of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
A uniform set of international standards in saffron grading was established by the International Organization for Standardization , which is an international federation of national standards bodies .
[ "Grading standards are set by the International Organization for Standardization , a federation of national standards bodies ." ]
[ "The PEGI system is now used in more than thirty countries and is based on a code of conduct , a set of rules to which every publisher using the PEGI system is contractually committed ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the sentence:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
It does not grow wild , and is now a triploid form of the eastern Mediterranean plant called Crocus cartwrightianus .
[ "It is a sterile triploid form , possibly of the eastern Mediterranean autumn-flowering Crocus cartwrightianus that originated in Central Asia ." ]
[ "Other studies go as far as 55 species including the domesticated Orchard Apple , or Table apple as it was formerly called ( M. domestica , derived from M. sieversii , syn ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
A corm lives for only one season , reproducing by splitting into up to ten `` cormlets '' that will grow into new plants .
[ "A corm survives for one season , reproducing via this division into up to ten `` cormlets '' that yield new plants ." ]
[ "Water lilies ' flowers make a fruit that floats in the water for a while and then drops down to the bottom to take root on the floor of the pond ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the description:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
By 1730 , the Pennsylvania Dutch were growing saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania .
[ "By 1730 , the Pennsylvania Dutch were cultivating saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania ." ]
[ "By 1830 there were 36 and Native Americans still occupied large areas of land in northeast and far western Alabama ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the description about History:", "pos": "Represent the sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the sentence:" }
The cultivated saffron ( saffron crocus C. sativus ) flowers in the autumn and comes up every year , so it is known as a perennial plant .
[ "The domesticated saffron crocus ( C. sativus ) is an autumn-flowering perennial plant unknown in the wild ." ]
[ "It is short-lived , and the plants will need to be replaced every few years ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
During his Asian campaigns , Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea , rice , and baths to help heal his battle wounds .
[ "During his Asian campaigns , Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his infusions , rice , and baths as a curative for battle wounds ." ]
[ "The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an abortion ; Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy ; and medieval beekeepers used it to increase honey production ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the text:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron ( Crocus sativus ` Hausknechtii ' ) in Derbena , Isfahan , and Khorasan by the 10th century BC .
[ "Ancient Persians cultivated Persian saffron ( Crocus sativus ` Hausknechtii ' ) in Derbena , Isfahan , and Khorasan by the 10th century BC ." ]
[ "It was called Lake Rezaiyeh in the early 1930s after Reza Shah Pahlavi , but the lake was renamed ` Urmia ' in the late 1970s ." ]
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Only in southern France , Italy , and Spain , did significant cultivation continue .
[ "Only in southern France , Italy , and Spain , did significant cultivation endure ." ]
[ "It is situated in a mountainous region and , as a result , has been isolated for most of its history from the rest of the country , making the local culture and language very different from those of neighbouring areas ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:" }
The corms are small brown balls up to in diameter and are covered in thick parallel fibers .
[ "Corms are small brown globules up to 4.5 c in diameter and are shrouded in a dense mat of parallel fibers ." ]
[ "Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground , forming a rosette ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the sentence:", "pos": "Represent the text:", "neg": "Represent the text:" }
Higher absorbances at this wavelength imply greater crocin concentration , and thus a greater colourative intensity .
[ "Higher absorbances imply greater crocin concentration , and thus a greater colourative intensity ." ]
[ "In these animals , photoreceptive vesicles have been found that control the contrast of this illumination to create optimal matching ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` assafroa '' ) and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) .
[ "Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` aà afrà # o '' ) , annatto , and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) ." ]
[ "Roughly 150 flowers yield 1 g of dry saffron threads ; to produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) , 1 kg of flowers are needed ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) ." ]
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Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beet , pomegranate fibers , red-dyed silk fibers , or the saffron crocus 's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens .
[ "Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beets , pomegranate fibers , red-dyed silk fibers , or the saffron crocus 's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens ." ]
[ "The powder contains powdered gelatin and flavorings including sugar or artificial sweeteners ." ]
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This means that reproduction needs human help . The corms ( underground bulb-like starch-storing organs ) must be dug up , broken apart , and planted again .
[ "Being sterile , the plant 's purple flowers fail to produce viable seeds ; reproduction depends on human assistance : corms , underground bulb-like starch-storing organs , must be dug up , broken apart , and replanted ." ]
[ "After harvesting the fruit , the plantain plant can be cut and the layers peeled ( like an onion ) to get a cylinder-shaped soft shoot ." ]
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Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization `` Al-Andalus '' spread to Spain , France , and Italy .
[ "The spread of Islamic civilization allowed saffron 's reintroduction to Spain , France , and Italy ." ]
[ "Historically , when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region ( i.e. the Roman Empire ) , everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe , including Germany , the Low Countries , and Austria ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years .
[ "The history of saffron cultivation reaches back more than 3,000 years ." ]
[ "The archaeological sites demonstrate Aboriginal occupation for at least 20 000 and possibly up to 40 000 years ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text about History:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:" }
Another legend tells how someone named Crocus was bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus .
[ "Another legend tells of Crocus and Smilax , whereby Crocus is bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus ." ]
[ "Many groups have myths about the animal ; one myth explains that it was created when a group of hungry young men went hunting at night and stumbled across a wombat ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
Upon extraction , stigmas are dried quickly and ( preferably ) sealed in airtight containers .
[ "Stigmas are dried quickly upon extraction and ( preferably ) sealed in airtight containers ." ]
[ "After fermentation , the beans are dried , then cleaned , and then roasted , and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs ." ]
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Confectioneries and liquors also often include saffron .
[ "Confectionaries and liquors also often include saffron ." ]
[ "American schnapps , however , are liqueurs ." ]
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{ "query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:", "neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:" }
The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called Crocus cartwrightianus .
[ "The wild precursor of domesticated saffron crocus was Crocus cartwrightianus ." ]
[ "Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` aà afrà # o '' ) , annatto , and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) ." ]
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In Western countries , the average retail price is $ 1,000 \/ Â # 500 \/ â 700 per pound ( US$ 2200 \/ Â # 1100 \/ â 1550 per kilogram ) .
[ "In Western countries , the average retail price is $ 1,000 \\/ Â # 500 \\/ â 700 per pound ( US$ 2,200 \\/ Â # 1,100 \\/ â 1,550 per kilogram ) ." ]
[ "In 1920 , the British offered a bounty of  # 10,000 ( equivalent to GB # 300,000 \\/ â 360,000 in 2010 ) for information leading to the capture or death of Collins ." ]
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Thus , in India , high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold mixed with cheaper Iranian imports ; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron , a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income .
[ "Thus , in India , high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold and mixed with cheaper Iranian imports ; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron , a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income ." ]
[ "By the 1930s , the silk industry was in worldwide decline , as synthetics were taking the place of silk ." ]
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In late Hellenistic Egypt , Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good .
[ "In late Hellenistic Egypt , Cleopatra used saffron in her baths so that lovemaking would be more pleasurable ." ]
[ "His lyrics loosen up enough to sing about skin creams and powder advertised as being able to lighten dark skin ." ]
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Later , Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia , where adventurers hoped to find the world 's most valuable saffron .
[ "Later , Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia . There , adventurers hoped to procure what they believed was the world 's most valuable saffron ." ]
[ "The only means of ridding the tree of its poison is the Golden Fleece , which is located on the island of Polyphemus , in the Bermuda Triangle ." ]
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The Essex town of Saffron Walden , named for its new specialty crop , became England 's main saffron growing and trading center .
[ "The Essex town of Saffron Walden , named for its new specialty crop , emerged as England 's prime saffron growing and trading center ." ]
[ "Renamed Kings town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299 , the town and city of Hull has served as market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling center , and industrial metropolis ." ]
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Phoenicians then sold Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy .
[ "Phoenicians then marketed Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy ." ]
[ "Like many eastern spices , pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine ." ]
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Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia .
[ "Some historians believe that saffron came to China with Mongol invaders from Persia ." ]
[ "During the 13th century , it was brought to Sweden by German immigrants ." ]
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Saffron has a bitter taste and smells like hay . This smell is caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal .
[ "Saffron 's bitter taste and an iodoform - or hay-like fragrance result from the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal ." ]
[ "The flower , which contains the non-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid thesinine , has a sweet honey-like taste and as one of the few truly blue-colored edible things , is often used to decorate dessert ." ]
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Vivid crimson coloring , slight moistness , elasticity , recent harvest date , and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron .
[ "Vivid crimson coloring , slight moistness , elasticity , and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron ." ]
[ "After harvesting , if the leaves are rolled out before drying as usual , the result will be gyokuro ( jade dew ) tea ." ]
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Later , people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their medicines and magical potions .
[ "Later , the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions ." ]
[ "Along the banks of the river , the presence of swamps and lakes provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes , chillies , mustard , sesame , sugarcane , and jute ." ]
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Saffron ( Persian : Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ) is a spice made from the stigma of the flower of the saffron plant .
[ "Some argue that it ultimately came from the Arabic word Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ( za ` farÄ n ) , which is itself derived from the adjective Ø # Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø ( aá # far , `` yellow '' ) . However , some give an alternative derivation arguing that Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ( za ` farÄ n ) is the arabicized form of the P...
[ "( Sindhi : Ø Ù Ø Ø Ø cents Ø Ø Ø , Urdu : Ø Û Ø Ø Ø cents Ø Ø Ø HaidarÄ bÄ d ) is the second largest city in the Sindh province of Pakistan ." ]
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Around fifty-five minutes later after the loss of the aircraft , a suitcase which was checked in by one of the accused perpetrators in the bombing exploded at Japanâ s Narita Airport and killed two baggage handlers and injured four other people nearby .
[ "Fifty-five minutes after the loss of the aircraft , a suitcase checked in by one of the accused perpetrators exploded at Japanâ s Narita Airport , killing two baggage handlers and injuring four other individuals nearby ." ]
[ "The deluge created a 66 foot ( 20 m ) wave of water that caught many off guard due to the time of night and only about 15 minutes to prepare , according to eyewitnesses who criticized the decision ; the flooding killed at least 35 people and left homes in seven towns flooded ." ]
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Lon Chaney , Jr. ( February 10 , 1906 â `` July 12 , 1973 ) was an American character actor , known mainly for his roles in horror movies and as the son of famous silent film actor Lon Chaney .
[ "Lon Chaney , Jr. ( February 10 , 1906 â `` July 12 , 1973 ) , born Creighton Tull Chaney , was an American character actor . He was best known for his roles in monster movies and as the son of famous silent film actor , Lon Chaney ." ]
[ "Joan Geraldine Bennett ( February 27 , 1910 â `` December 7 , 1990 ) was an American stage , film and television actress . Besides acting on the stage , Bennett appeared in more than 70 motion pictures from the era of silent movies well into the sound era ." ]
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When he began making movies in 1932 he was known by his original name Creighton Chaney , but starting in 1935 he used the name `` Lon Chaney , Jr. ''
[ "Originally credited in films as Creighton Chaney , he was first credited as `` Lon Chaney , Jr. '' in 1935 ." ]
[ "Ronald Sinclair ( 21 January 1924 - 22 November 1992 ) , born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes credited as Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair , was a child actor from New Zealand , turned film editor ." ]
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Chaney died in California of heart failure when he was 67 years old .
[ "At the age of 67 , Chaney died on July 12 , 1973 , of heart failure in San Clemente , California ." ]
[ "For several days Dudley was able to attend to his duties from his home , until he unexpectedly died on April 4 , 1925 at the age of 65 ." ]
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Chaney was born in Oklahoma .
[ "Married twice , Chaney had two sons , Lon Ralph Chaney ( born July 3 , 1928 ) and Ronald Creighton Chaney ( born March 18 , 1930 ) , both now deceased . He is survived by a grandson , Ron Chaney , who attends film conventions and discusses his grandfather 's life and film career ." ]
[ "Hilson was born in Decatur , Georgia ." ]
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Yuta Minami ( born 30 September 1979 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Roasso Kumamoto .
[ "Yuta Minami å -- é å ( born 30 September 1979 ) is a Japanese football player who currently plays for Roasso Kumamoto of the J-League ." ]
[ "Choi Tae-Uk ( ; born 13 March 1981 ) is a South Korean football player who plays for FC Seoul ." ]
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DrÄ goteÅ ti is a commune found in Dolj County , Romania .
[ "DrÄ goteÅ ti is a commune in Dolj County , Romania with a population of 2,630 people ." ]
[ "Crasna ( formerly TurbaÅ # i ) is a commune in Gorj County , Romania ." ]
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Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands at about 196 km and contains the capital George Town .
[ "Grand Cayman is an island that is part of the Cayman Islands ." ]
[ "It comprises two horseshoe-shaped islets , Manuae to the west and Te Au O Tu to the east , with a total area of 6.17 km on either side of a lagoon about 7 km x 4 km ." ]
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It was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan in 1986 for the Nintendo Entertainment System .
[ "First released in Japan on June 3 , 1986 , it is the direct sequel to the second best-selling video game of all time , Super Mario Bros. ." ]
[ "Super Castlevania IV , known as AkumajÅ Dracula in Japan , is a platform game developed and published by Konami and the first Castlevania game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ." ]
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The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console . That game had the other three Super Mario Bros. games with better graphics and a save function .
[ "A full remake , entitled Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels , was included as part of the Super Mario All-Stars collection for the Super NES ." ]
[ "Pokà mon Yellow , a special edition version , was released roughly a year later ." ]
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Nintendo of America thought the game was too hard and took another game , called Doki Doki Panic , and released that instead under the Super Mario Bros. 2 name .
[ "They found one in Yume Kojo : Doki Doki Panic ( Dream Factory : Heart-Pounding Panic ) , another Nintendo game developed by Miyamoto , which he had actually spent more time developing than The Lost Levels , which was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in North America and Europe and later as Super Mario Bros. ." ]
[ "The Wario Land series is a platforming series that started with Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 , a spin-off of the Super Mario Land series , following Wario 's first appearance in Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins ." ]
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Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels is a Mario video game made by Nintendo .
[ "Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels , known as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan , is a platforming video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Family Computer Disk System ." ]
[ ", known in Japan as Mawaru Made in Wario is a video game for Game Boy Advance by Nintendo ." ]
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The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console .
[ "A remake of The Lost Levels was released in 1993 as part of the Super Mario All-Stars collection for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ." ]
[ "Harvest Moon 64 is a farm simulation video game developed by Victor Interactive Software and published by Natsume Co. , Ltd for the Nintendo 64 video game console , and the third game in the Harvest Moon series ." ]
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Charlottesville is a city of Virginia in the United States .
[ "Charlottesville is served by the Charlottesville City Public Schools ." ]
[ "Radford is a city in Virginia , United States ." ]
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Omsk is a city in Russia .
[ "Omsk is a Russian city located in southwestern Siberia , it is the administrative center of Omsk Oblast ." ]
[ "Stende is a town in Latvia ." ]
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The Halberd is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican .
[ "The halberd has been used as a court bodyguard weapon for centuries , and is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican ." ]
[ "A shield and sword-wielding mermaid ( Syrenka ) is on the official Coat of arms of Warsaw ." ]
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The halberd is a two handed pole weapon that has a axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft and a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade .
[ "The halberd consists of an axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft . It always has a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade for grappling mounted combatants ." ]
[ "Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden , fibreglass , carbon fiber or metal rod ( the shaft ) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet ( the blade ) on the other end ." ]
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The 6th century is the century from 501 to 600 .
[ "The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian\\/Common Era ." ]
[ "Articles and events specifically relating to the 20th century , which began in 1901 and ended with the year 2000 ." ]
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The company is known for the Anno series ( also by Max Design ) , Knights of Honor ( by Black Sea Studios ) and ParaWorld ( by SEK ) .
[ "Games released by Sunflowers include the Anno series ( Anno 1602 , Anno 1503 , and Anno 1701 ) , Black Sea Studios ' Knights of Honor , Holiday Island ( 1996 ) and SEK 's ParaWorld ." ]
[ "A Windows Vista version of the game was released on May 31 , 2007 , developed by an internal team at Microsoft Game Studios referred to as `` Hired Gun '' ." ]
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Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software is a German company that develops and publishes video games .
[ "Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software GmbH was a German company that developed and published computer games ." ]
[ "2 in Japan ) is a platform video game developed by Sony and published by Sony in Japan and Europe , while Ubisoft published it in North America for the PlayStation 2 video game console ." ]
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It is located in Heusenstamm , Germany . It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi .
[ "Sunflowers was based in Heusenstamm and was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko , president of the company , and Wilhelm Hamrozi , CEO of the company ." ]
[ "In 2003 , Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald ." ]
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Ralph Steadman is a British cartoonist and illustrator . He is best known for his artwork for the books and articles of Hunter S. Thompson .
[ "Ralph Steadman ( born Wallasey , 15 May 1936 ) is a British cartoonist and caricaturist who is perhaps best known for his work with American author Hunter S. Thompson ." ]
[ "Townshend has also been a contributor and author of newspaper and magazine articles , book reviews , essays , books , and scripts , as well as collaborating as a lyricist ( and composer ) for many other musical acts ." ]
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Luanda is the capital and the largest city of Angola . Its former name was Loanda .
[ "Luanda ( formerly spelled Loanda ) is the capital and largest city of Angola ." ]
[ "The City of San Salvador is the capital and largest city of El Salvador ." ]
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Antonio Carbajal ( born 7 June 1929 ) is a former Mexican football player .
[ "Antonio Fà lix `` Tota '' Carbajal Rodrà guez ( born June 7 , 1929 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican former football goalkeeper ." ]
[ "Fernando Ruiz Hierro ( ; born March 23 , 1968 ) is a former Spanish footballer ." ]
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In practice it is the locomotive which decides where trains may operate , although many high capacity four axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded .
[ "In practice it is the locomotive which governs where trains may operate , although many high capacity 4 axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded ." ]
[ "The 1983 stock proved to be unreliable and troublesome in service , with single-leaf doors making passenger loading and unloading a slower process than on other stock with wider door openings ." ]
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All routes are given an RA number between 1 and 10 .
[ "All routes are allocated an RA number between 1 and 10 ." ]
[ "Twenty single-car driving motor vehicles , called `` Bubble Cars '' , were built , numbered 55000 â `` 55019 ." ]
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The RA is mainly about the axle load of the vehicle , although axle spacing is also taken into thought .
[ "The RA is primarily related to the axle load of the vehicle , although axle spacing is also taken into consideration ." ]
[ "However , despite its simplicity , it suffers from a secondary imbalance which causes minor vibrations in smaller engines ." ]
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Route Availability ( RA ) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works ( bridges , embankments , etc ) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded .
[ "Route Availability ( RA ) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works ( bridges , embankments , etc. ) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded ." ]
[ "The term train operating company ( often abbreviated to TOC ) is used in the United Kingdom to describe the various businesses operating passenger trains on the railway system of Great Britain under the collective National Rail brand ." ]
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Rolling stock is also given an RA ( again between 1 and 10 ) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of the supporting elements .
[ "Rolling stock is also allocated an RA ( again between 1 and 10 ) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of its elements ." ]
[ "Taking any particular station as the origin , the other stations fall into fare `` zones '' depending on the distance from the origin ." ]
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Diana Wynne Jones ( August 16 , 1934 â `` March 25 , 2011 ) was an author from England . She wrote fantasy novels .
[ "Diana Wynne Jones ( 16 August 1934 â `` 26 March 2011 ) was a British writer , principally of fantasy novels for children and adults , as well as a small amount of non-fiction ." ]
[ "Theodore Crawford Cassidy ( July 31 , 1932 â `` January 16 , 1979 ) , known as Ted Cassidy , was an American actor who performed in television and films ." ]
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It was the tallest building in the world for over 200 years ( 1300 â `` 1549 ) , but the central spire fell down in the sixteenth century and was not rebuilt .
[ "It was reputedly the tallest building in the world for 249 years ( 1300 -- 1549 ) . The central spire collapsed in 1549 and was not rebuilt ." ]
[ "Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 â `` 1590 ) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome 's prostitutes , though this proposal fell through with his premature death ." ]
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Lincoln Cathedral is an Anglican church in Lincoln , England .
[ "Lincoln Cathedral ( in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln , or sometimes St. Mary 's Cathedral ) is a historic Anglican cathedral in Lincoln in England and seat of the Bishop of Lincoln in the Church of England ." ]
[ "Oakham is the county town of Rutland , England ." ]
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People who began comparing each others ' playing skills through videos exchanged over the Internet started speedruns . People want verifiability to see whether a person followed the rules and thus see whether the run counts as a valid attempt to beat the record .
[ "Entertainment has traditionally been the reason for the creation of speedruns , as the phenomenon was originally devised by enthusiasts who began comparing each others ' playing skills via movies exchanged over the Internet , while verifiability stems from the necessity to provide evidence that one 's playthrough ...
[ "The game was critically acclaimed , but its abstract style did not allow the player to give a `` performance '' as in other games and thus proved difficult to market ." ]
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A speedrun is a play-through , or a recording of this play-through of a whole video game or a part of it . The player tries to complete this game as fast as possible .
[ "A speedrun is a play-through , or recording thereof , of a whole video game or a selected part of it ( such as a single level ) performed with the intent of completing it as fast as possible , optionally under certain prerequisites , mainly for the purposes of entertainment and competition ." ]
[ "Chess boxing is now growing in popularity . Participants must be both skilled boxers and chess players , as a match may be won either way ." ]
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Speedruns are usually recorded on video tapes ( mainly where consoles are concerned ) , or as a digital file , by the people ( `` players '' ) who make them . It is recorded for entertainment .
[ "Commonly , speedruns are recorded on either an analog media such as a video tape ( predominantly when games on consoles are concerned ) , or as a digital file , by the people ( `` players '' ) who make them , for entertainment , time refinement , or verifiability purposes ." ]
[ "Floppy disks are also , unlike hard disks , handled and seen ; even a novice user can identify a floppy disk . Because of all these factors , the image of the floppy disk has become a metaphor for saving data , and the floppy disk symbol is ( as of 2011 ) still used by software on buttons and other user interface ...
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