query stringlengths 19 300 | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Why do pimples not hurt, but the ones on your side or back can suddenly feel like you’re gonna die? | [
"It hurts more the closer it is to bones and stuff. It hurts less when it’s in the blubbery skin"
] | [
"You sure as shit can when you have a kidney infection, such an eerie fucking feeling. Like bouncing water balloons with nerves attached that send shooting pain when you move...never again do I want to feel my organs."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title about Health and Wellness:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document about Health and Wellness:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why is alcohol so good at providing relief from loneliness in the short term? | [
"Gaba and Glutamate: alcohol ramps up gaba and diminishes glutamate. both are neurotransmitters. the experience of gaba is one of singular focus and being in the moment. glutamate excites your awareness of whats going on around you and leads to different considerations based upon the simulation it causes. you arent... | [
"If you drink coffee every day to wake yourself up in the morning, you will eventually become addicted. How would this contribute to you becoming addicted to alcohol, tobacco or methamphetamines? They're completely different drugs with different effects, different feelings and, most importantly, different chemistry... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title about psychology:",
"pos": "Represent the document about psychology:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why are root vegetables so intense? | [
"Roots are the vital organs of the plant. Plants can survive just fine if you remove the flowers or fruits, and many will come right back if you cut the stems off. Some plants can even grow a new root system if you plant cut-off bits immediately. Root vegetables aren't just roots, they're the plant's store of nutri... | [
"Carrots have stored energy as sugar potatoes have stored energy as starch You can eat raw potatoes they just taste starchy which is not particularly enjoyable raw."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the passage:",
"neg": "Represent the passage:"
} |
Why dont oasis in deserts get filled by nearby sand over time | [
"An Oasis gets its water from underground aquifers. So the water would just push any sand away. Also the presence of plant life around it helps keep the terrain stable, reducing the amount of stuff that'd disrupt things."
] | [
"I believe it has alot to do with winds, and the minerals blown from the deserts into these fertile lands"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why are Europe and Asia considered to be separate continents? | [
"Pull up a map. [Take a look at Greece.](_URL_0_) From a Greek perspective, you've got three landmasses with water between them: * Greece and lands further to the north. That's Europe. * Turkey, separated from Europe by the Bosporus and Hellespont around the Sea of Marmara. That's Asia. * Libya and Egypt, separated... | [
"When used in the context of being a continent it includes Australia. Otherwise it just refers to a region of islands and not a continent."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit answer:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit answer:"
} |
Why is long eye contact with others seen as abnormal? | [
"In most mammals/birds a long look is seen as predatory, which is the same reason that its creepy when people dont blink. Source: Falconer, Me"
] | [
"Winking or small gestures is associated with covertness; sharing of personal secrets and a sign of closeness and relationship. This suggests intimacy and is a physical form of say, calling someone by their nickname."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
When you board a plane to a different country, which country are you technically in for law/regulation purposes? For example if I board a plane from Canada to USA, is the drinking age on the plane 18 or 21? | [
"Generally planes, like ships, will follow the laws of whatever country the plane is registered in. & #x200B; On the ground the local laws still apply but once in the air it's a lot like international waters and international law applies. & #x200B; With alcohol service though it's pretty much up to the airlines t... | [
"Not sure how to say this without just saying it. They exist because they can exist. Basically, if you're in an airport terminal, your status in that country can be sort of in flux. If I'm going from DC to Munich via London, I'm not technically in the UK during my time in Heathrow, so I can use that status to buy i... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
How have salt and pepper become the world's most popular spices? | [
"> The royal chefs of Louis XIV's court that elevated black pepper to its current status. Louis the XIV was a notoriously picky eater and preferred his food as lightly seasoned as possible—he considered seasoning a vulgar act. In fact, he banned outright the use of all eastern spices beyond salt, pepper, and parsle... | [
"It's common because they are delicious, easy to preserve, and cheap. Pickles have been popular for a few thousand years."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit answer:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit answer:"
} |
What is the goal of bacteria when they infect human? | [
"Same as with any other organism, to breed and continue their bloodline. Making the host ill might be a side-effect or a method to propagate the disease to other hosts."
] | [
"Generally viruses have very specific molecular targets inside the human body. If the viruses are pathogenic that means you will likely get both diseases. Viruses are much smaller than cells, that means many of them can infect the same cell. Some viruses were shown to interact with bacteria. Also, some viruses wer... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
Why do homes get dusty over time? | [
"Most domestic dust is dead skin particles, together with hair, pollen, textile fragments, and atmospheric dust (depending on local environment could be wind blown soil, volcanic ash, particles from vehicle or industrial exhausts, etc)."
] | [
"It's drier in your climate during the winter, leading to more static buildup."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Why does asphalt on the highway sound different on different sections of road? | [
"Higher air voids in the asphalt mix make it quieter to ride on as the air is not forced through the tire thread. This is a function of the different aggregate sizes and % of those sizes in the mix In contrast, concrete is pretty much solid and is very loud"
] | [
"The asphalt of the road is a lot less dense than the concrete of the sidewalk, making it less painful to run on!"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
why did our brain evolve to dream during sleep time? | [
"There's no real consensus on why most mammals dream, but it's suggested that our brain didn't really evolve with the purpose of dreaming in mind, but that it would just be a side effect of the remains of the old, primitive brain activating the newer, more sophisticated brain areas we use to learn and remember duri... | [
"why do we yawn when we read about yawning?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post about Psychology:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit argument about Psychology:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit argument:"
} |
If two different bombs exploded in the same place, would the result be the same as one bomb that's twice as powerful exploding? | [
"This is not only related to the power released in the blast. Most probably two similar bombs placed together and going off at the same time will make a greater bang, but not twice the damage. Some seasoned experts would suggest blasting several devices in series for maximum effect - but that it's not feasible if s... | [
"For a nuclear bomb to truly explode, it requires that the fissile material be *smashed* into itself. This can be done one of two ways. 1)Lump A is \"shot\" down a chamber within the bomb into Lump B. Boom! 2)A lump has bombs rigged all the way around it that go off at once causing it to implode. boom! How it **can... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do cars have unique power outlets instead of a standard one? | [
"Those were originally designed as cigarette lighters, but because they were powered, accessories were developed that could use them. So it became standardized for auto accessories needing power."
] | [
"Some plugs act as an AC/DC adapter and are larger than regular plugs because they have a built-in transformer. This results in sockets becoming blocked by the adapter."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document about Electrical plugs and their design:"
} |
Why is fluoride the main ingredient for toothpaste? | [
"Fluoride is useful for dental health because it binds to the minerals in your teeth, which are made of Hydroxyapatite, and the Flouride turns it into *Fluor*apatite, which is more resistant to erosion. So it makes your teeth stronger. This was discovered because flouride is present naturally in water in some plac... | [
"The people who say fluoride is bad are conspiracy theorists. There is no scientific evidence that fluoride is bad. It is actually very important for maintaining the health of the enamel in your teeth. Without any fluoride you would end up with very sensitive, damaged teeth. For this reason some councils/government... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How are beekeepers able to put loads of bees on themselves? | [
"They are experienced with bee-havior and know how bees act and what kinds of things will trigger certain responses. Also, they do get stung from time to time but are used to it."
] | [
"Bee keepers know how many bees they used to have, and how many bees they have now. Commercial bee keeping is a huge industry (many bee keepers rent their bees out to farmers, for example), and when commercial bee keepers, amateur bee keepers and people who plain notice bees notice colonies are collapsing, it's wor... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
What is this so-called 'virtue signaling' and why is it considered a bad thing? | [
"That's a phrase that gets thrown around a lot today. It's basically when you make a big show of doing or saying something good but really you're just doing it so that everybody sees you doing something good and thinks you're a good person rather than doing it to just be a good person."
] | [
"Basically when someone is accused of using identity politics, they are accused of saying \"vote for me because I'm black and you're black too\". As compared to saying \"vote for me because I support these ideas and you do to\". You'll spark a fierce debate if you ask for examples because it's a really touchy subje... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit sentence:"
} |
How does HIV/Aids work, and why does it damage the immune system so severely? | [
"Your immune system fights off infection via white blood cells and many other pathways. HIV is the virus that attacks your immune systems white blood cells called CD4 cells. As a result these cells begin to die off and your immune system gets worse. Past a certain threshold, your immune system can no longer functio... | [
"People can live with HIV if properly medicated with antiviral drugs. In some cases a person might never develop AIDS despite being HIV positive. In short he's been fortunate enough to have been able to manage his illness."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
What’s the difference between sound level and sound intensity? | [
"Loudness is how you perceive the sound, intensity is how your meter measures the sound Many human senses are logarithmic where it takes a 10x increase in the measured value for you to perceive a 2x change. This gives you a much much better dynamic range and let's you hear a 20 dB sound as 1/64th the volume as a 80... | [
"No, there is two reasons for this. Firstly the decibel scale is logarithmic. Doubling the volume will only add 3 Db. 100 times louder would only be 20 Db higher on the decibel scale. Secondly if you have multiple sound sources you will get destructive interference. Depending on where you are located relative to th... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
How do radio staions find out ratings? | [
"Nielsen tracks this, mostly using a device called a [ portable people meter](_URL_0_). Its like a small pager-like device that listens for radio. This is how it works in most big markets. It listens for what radio is on wherever you are (its not big brother, it only hears specialized inaudible tones embedded in th... | [
"Because they're popular and most people don't listen to the same station all day every day. Popular songs = more listeners = more ad revenue or in XM's case, more subscribers."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the comment:",
"neg": "Represent the comment about Music:"
} |
What forces are responsible for water heaving upward well ahead of a moving ship? | [
"The answer is inertia. The boat pushes water in front of it as it moves. The water doesn't get out of the way fast enough so bunches up."
] | [
"The movement of the water causes a low pressure area which pulls air from the other side of the curtain, making the curtain float towards you"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
Why is the standard resolution for printing 300 dpi ? | [
"The original Apple LaserWriter had 1.5MB of memory, a large amount for 1985. 300dpi requires 1MB for the frame buffer of an A4 or US letter page. So there are was strong pressure to minimise the resolution to keep the device affordable. 300dpi is pretty good for text and line art. Its main issue was for shades of ... | [
"If we say that \"eye definition\" is *\"the ability to see detail in an image surface - like a computer screen or a magazine - at a specific distance,\"* we can do a pretty good job of answering your question. We'll be measuring in dpi (dots per inch). **Maximum resolution** Imagine you held a photograph up four i... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post about Science:"
} |
Why and how do ears start ringing out of the blue? | [
"There’s no explanation for this phenomenon, though it’s experienced by many(loud ringing which fades away). Happens permanently to people with hearing damage although the cause of the ringing isn’t fully understood. That’s my understanding of the situation. I’m no expert but I have tinnitus and that’s what was ex... | [
"A lot of nerves in your ear canal link to most of your body. Tickling them makes your blood pressure drop and thus leads to pleasure. At least that's what I read. Correct me if I'm wrong."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query about Health:",
"pos": "Represent the answer about Health:",
"neg": "Represent the answer about Health and wellness:"
} |
What is the difference between "Frames Per Second" (FPS) and "Refresh Rate" (Hz)? | [
"Refresh rate - how often the screen itself is refreshed. It is completely independent of frames per second since you still have refreshes even with a static image. & #x200B; FPS - How many frames per second of a moving picture are displayed."
] | [
"1080p is a resolution, 1920x1080 pixels. 1080p60 is the same resolution + 60 frames per second."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:"
} |
When huge companies don’t pay tax, is it illegal? If not, what are they doing wrong? | [
"It is not illegal. If it were illegal, you'd hear \"Executives from {name of big company} jailed for corporate tax violations.\" They are doing what the IRS code tells them to do. The US tax laws are structured to incentivize investment, particularly where it creates jobs. There are also provisions to carry forwar... | [
"They provide services that the public requires and their failure might mean bad things for society as a whole. That's the argument at least. Not sure if I agree with it."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:"
} |
How does magnesium help to prevent cramps ? | [
"Magnesium is one of the ions that is used to conduct electrical signals through your muscles in order to contract them. A magnesium deficiency is theorized to predispose someone to cramps, which are an involuntary electrical discharge in your muscles causing involuntary contraction."
] | [
"There is many things that can cause muscle cramps. Dehydration which can cause a decreased bloodflow to a muscle can cause cramps. Nerves getting pinched or compressed can do it too. A lack of certain nutrients such as potassium can trigger cramps as well."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Do our brains have infinite storage for memories of will we run out of room eventually? | [
"Great minds think alike. I've sailed far and returned ta port with this booty. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Does the human brain have a capacity limit? Is there a limit to the amount of knowledge, memory, and data a single human brain can contain? ](_URL_2_) ^(_28 comments_... | [
"Memories, abilities, personality, speech and all the other things stored in the brain aren't stored in the same place. Think of it like your computer hard drive, you don't store every single file on your desktop, you keep them in folders. The brain has different locations (folders) that deal with different functio... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument about Neuroscience:"
} |
How am I able to blur my vision on demand | [
"Your eyes have a squishy, clear disk called the crystalline lens. When you need to look at something up close, muscles around the lens contract, causing the disk to get more squished and curved. The more curved shape allows things up close to be in focus. This can cause eye strain if you stare at close things (com... | [
"It would be nice if there was someway to block these signals."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do our noses stuff up? | [
"Your body thinks something bad has happened to your nose, so it's sending extra helpers up there to fight infection. This swells your tissues (inflammation) and causes stuffiness."
] | [
"When you breathe cold dry air the nose will release mucus to protect the sensitive spots on your lungs and some of that mucus will run out your nose which is what causes runny noses. On the other-hand your nose dries up because there is no need for this in the temperature you are used to. Hope that answers your qu... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title about Health:",
"pos": "Represent the passage about Health:",
"neg": "Represent the passage about Health:"
} |
Why Are Wild Orca's and Dolphins So Chill Around Humans? | [
"Wild dolphins aren't as stressed out around humans as those are which have been captured and forced to do tricks. They're as smart and as social as we are, and the biggest difference is that they don't have thumbs. They get bored same as we do."
] | [
"Being Black Does Actually Have (Relatively Minor) Health Consequences, It's Just That They're Obviated By Modern Life. There's An Energy Cost To Have Extra Melanin, Even A Small One, So If You Don't Need It It Won't Be Selected For. Melanin Reduces Vitamin-D Uptake From The Sun If Sunlight Is Lower Than You're Ada... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why is the abbreviation of Thursday "R"? | [
"Personal preference. I’ve seen Tuesday abbreviated with Tu and Thursday with Th on the same calendar."
] | [
"I read this as \"What is an erection?\""
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do projectiles move along with the Earth's rotation? | [
"Because as the cannon was on the planet's surface, it was already moving 1500 km/h in the same direction as the surface. This velocity is added to the velocity from the projectile firing. That said, if you shoot a cannon shell a long way north or south, you *do* see an effect from Earth's rotation, called the Cori... | [
"You won't notice it for two reasons. 1) You are rotating at the same speed as the earth, so when you jump, you will continue to rotate with the Earth rather than staying still. 2) You are being pushed on by the atmosphere in the direction of rotation, so there is no drag to slow you down once in the air. The air a... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why do muscles shake when they get tired or weak? | [
"Muscles are made up of tons of tiny fibers that have like an \"on/off\" switch. Relaxed muscles are \"off\" but a chemical reaction in the body turns them \"on\" and causes them to pull tight. They all work together and allow you to do things like lift weight, however they require fuel to do this. As things like e... | [
"Because your diaphragm stomach muscles contract while you are laughing. After enough time contracting/relaxing they get tired and begin to hurt, just like any other muscle"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
What are the differences between the different "caines," co, pro, benzo, xylo, lido, etc. and why might one be better in a certain situation than another? | [
"Cocaine is still used in some Dentistry. “Caine’s” are generally used to dull pain but Lidocaine can also be used in the bloodstream to calm down a irritable heart. Some are milder than others and some last longer. Benzocaine is very mild. Procaine can be combined with Penicillin when giving medicine for Gonorrhea... | [
"what type of medication? what type of problem? is there a maximum toxicity level across all patients? does the dosage work? yes, there are medications that are moderately tailored. combinations that work better in some than others. however, they are still mass produced and given limitations by the FDA and DEA."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the paragraph:"
} |
What is blood plasma? | [
"Medical Lab Scientist here. Basically plasma is all the part of the blood tissue (yes, blood is a type of tissue) which is not cellular, as in the RBC, WBC and platelets. While in normal conditions it is about 90% water, it also contains the nutrients your cells needs, like vitamins, minerals, sugar, fat, aminoa... | [
"Maybe let's start with: what is ring tone rap?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question about science:",
"pos": "Represent the post about science:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
Why is it that when rotors spin and increase speed, there is a point where they look to slow down and change direction? | [
"It's an effect termed 'spatial aliasing'. Imagine you've got a rotor spinning 30 times per second. Now, what happens if you take a picture of that rotor 30 times per second? If you think about it for a moment, you'll realize that every one of your pictures will have the rotor in the same position - the interval be... | [
"Why should stuff rotate? Only the outermost molecules have contact with the bowl and experience a force due to friction. If you keep turning the bowl long enough you will see that the motion will eventually translate onto the inner content but it will take quite a while."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
How much difference in biology makes it a different species? | [
"Scientists still argue over this topic. The unified species concept incorporates aspects of numerous species concepts and attempts to solve the debate about what differentiates species. Here a link to an article: _URL_0_ In your example scientists would likely use DNA to determine your relationship. Sorry I wish I... | [
"In short because they appear more biologically similar than they are. Do you have a specific case in mind?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
What makes different cheeses taste different? | [
"Different seasonings, different animal milks, different aging periods, and different added ingredients."
] | [
"Salt & Pepper season our food. They make it taste better. Spices & Herbs flavor our food. They make it taste different. Season everything. source: Chef."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit argument:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit argument:"
} |
If dental amalgam contains mercury why is it "safe" to use for dental fillings? | [
"Even toxic substances can be used with humans if (1) the quantity is small, and (2) they are bound up in an object that will release only a tiny amount per day."
] | [
"There are a variety of materials used for fillings, the most common being amalgam (silver) and composite (white). Pretty much it's just what it sounds like, there is a cavity (hole) in the tooth and the dentist cleans it out to remove any bacteria and smooth the tooth. In the case of amalgam fillings, a shelf is ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
Why India is the only place commonly called a subcontinent? | [
"India is it's own land mass and sits on it's own tectonic plate. That plate smashed into another continental plate. So while it is part of the continent of Asia, it would also be it's own continent if it had not smashed into another one. So they call it a sub continent. & #x200B; Edit: Its. Also, why do all othe... | [
"Paris - Capital City of a First World Country, also known as the City of Lights, a premier tourist destination. Brussels - Capital City of a First World Country, also HQ of the EU Compare those places to... Syria. A god forsaken hell hole in a god forsaken region that most people probably can't pinpoint on a map."... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the post:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
Why do nosebleeds happen so suddenly and bleed so profusely as composed to other kinds of cuts or wounds of similar sizes? | [
"Because unlike any other mucous membrane laden orifice on your body, your nose is the only one you've been fingering without abandon for the past 20 years. This has resulted in the expansion of superficial capillaries along a layer of tissue with a fairly thin epithelial layer. So all that mining for nose gold mea... | [
"First, your gums have thin, delicate skin and blood vessels very close to the surface, so it only takes a very small nick for them to bleed. Outside of your body needs a deeper cut to bring blood. Tiny cuts heal much faster than deeper cuts. Second, your saliva has clotting properties, which helps stop the flow of... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence about Health and Medicine:"
} |
How do clip on guitar tuners work? | [
"It has a contact microphone that picks up the guitar string's vibrations through the guitar, rather than the vibrations in air. A \"[contact microphone](_URL_0_)\" is almost completely insensitive to air vibrations and only picks up structure-borne vibrations."
] | [
"Do you know how a fan works? If so just turn it around"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the passage:",
"neg": "Represent the passage:"
} |
If boiling something for a few minutes is effective at disinfecting it, why can’t we safely eat spoiled meat, as long as it’s cooked at high temperatures? | [
"You can kill the bugs but you don't necessarily destroy the toxic chemicals that they've already produced by their metabolic processes. On of the most poisonous substances is the toxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum. In minuscule doses under the name Botox, it is used to paralyze facial mu... | [
"Chicken is really, really bad about carrying certain diseases, most notably salmonella, that beef isn't prone to. Thus, chicken has to be cooked very thoroughly to ensure that any trace of the disease is eradicated by the cooking process."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How do sports odds work? | [
"7-4 means that for every seven games lost, four will be won. when you convert it to a fraction you want to compare wins or losses against the total (whereas odds compare them to each other), so with 7-4 odds the team will win 4/(7+4)4/11=36% of the time edit: these are statistical odds, the way mathematicians desc... | [
"The bookie always gets a cut, so no matter who wins at whatever odds, they win too. Just like with realtors."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
What is an Internet Sequencing Machine? | [
"It's Reddit's thing for 1Apr. Check [here](_URL_0_) for all the details."
] | [
"Next Week's Theme: 'Royalty, Nobility, and the Exercise of Power' To be followed by: \"Eastern Europe\""
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
What makes humans perceive water as "crisp"? | [
"It's an arbitrary phrase, but there are usually three things that go into the definition. 1. Cold temperature 2. Dissolved minerals (e.g., calcium, sodium, magnesium) 3. Dissolved glasses (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen) So the most crisp water would be in a mountain river. It's cold, has picked up minerals from the river... | [
"Color indicates the (lack of) water. Meaning you evacuated stuff that wasn't water. Meaning dehydration."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query about Science:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit paragraph about Science:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit paragraph about biology:"
} |
Why and how did Old English change to the English we speak today? | [
"All languages mutate and change over time. Modern English, in a form that we can understand is around 500 years old (give or take). Before that we had medieval English which composed of a mixture of English, medieval French and Latin. Before that we had Old English as it's called. This was primarily a mixture of G... | [
"So when and where did playing cards as we know them come into being anyways?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
why doesn’t Earth get hit with meteors like the moon? | [
"1. The moon intercepts a lot of meteors and takes one for the team. 2. Earth has an atmosphere that causes many meteors to burn up before they reach land, or at least shrink to an insignificant size. 3. Meteorites still hit earth all the time. 4. Because there's no atmosphere on the moon, there's nothing to cover ... | [
"Yep, the moon, like the Earth, is constantly getting pummeled by stuff from space and, indeed, without an atmosphere much more of the stuff ends up hitting the surface."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How is the earths weight calculated? | [
"You can’t really tell the “weight” of the earth. Remember, weight is dependent on the gravity of the environment as well as it’s mass (weight=mass*acceleration of gravity, where the acceleration of gravity is different for each planet) so since the earth is sitting in space, it doesn’t technically weigh anything. ... | [
"Yes, although the effect is quite small. The same occurs on Earth, and on every other planetary body."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the answer:",
"neg": "Represent the answer:"
} |
What is recursive in programming ? | [
"A recursive function is a function that calls itself. If you're familiar with the [factorial function](_URL_0_), here's a recursive implementation of it. factorial(n): if (n == 0): return 1 return n*factorial(n-1)"
] | [
"Programmer is to construction worker as software engineer is to architect."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Why do eyes vibrate when they are closed tightly | [
"I think OP is talking about the eyelids themselves in which case it’s just a tension thing. Like any other muscle, your eyelids struggle to use their full strength or be taut continuously. If you make a fist tight enough, you should see your hand vibrating as well"
] | [
"Looking at the sun or other bright lights cause you to sneeze because it's your body's way of forcing you to close your eyes so they aren't damaged by staring into light. You cannot sneeze with your eyes open"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why does warm salt water help sore throats? | [
"The heat and osmolarity difference draws out fluids (infectious shit) from the nooks and crannies"
] | [
"Sometimes, it burns a lot after eating spicy foods. That is the same reason it burns going down. LPT: After eating spicy foods and when you're anticipating a painful poop, put some petroleum jelly on your anus first. It helps coat it and soothes the pain"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
How do technological devices that use magnets not ruin the circuits within the same device? (E.g Airpods, laptops.. etc.) | [
"Because magnets do not(*) disrupt electrical circuits. This misunderstanding came about because magnets *do* disrupt storage devices like hard disks and tapes that store information on tiny magnetized particles. These devices used to be very common, but nowadays we use SSDs and flash memory that are basically immu... | [
"For electric cars, rare earths are used in magnets to make efficient motors, not in the batteries. In phones, rare earths are used in the display and also in magnets in the speakers, microphones, and the motor that makes it vibrate."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why is solitary confinement not considered cruel and unusual punishment? | [
"[In some places it is. ](_URL_0_) As with most situations in prisons, some people believe that prisons *should* be cruel and unusual punishment. Most people don’t really think about it. The people who do care have a hard time being heard, because others tell them to worry about more important things or to stop be... | [
"Because in the U.S., that would be classified as cruel and unusual punishment, which is forbidden by the 8th Amendment. Unless they volunteered for it, it's illegal."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
why do people look straight up when trying to remember or think about something? | [
"For me, it is minimizing distraction, by looking up at nothing. It's easier to focus when you don't have all kinds of other information invading the senses, and using up the brain's resources. Looking up at a blank ceiling helps in that way."
] | [
"you might be like me in that you don't know the best way to put what you are trying to say into words because of all the thoughts running through your head. that's my 2 sense"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit sentence about Speech and Language:"
} |
Why do people get tired after eating? | [
"It's your body's way of tell you to rest and not move around too much, so that blood flow can go to your stomach and help with digestion. If you are active after eating, blood flow is going to go to your muscles and your food won't digest properly"
] | [
"Why do the glands in my neck burn like high hell when I'm holding back tears?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
What does water actually do for your body? | [
"Our bodies are mostly water. It's a requirement for *all life* as we know it, not. just humans. It's the solvent that allows the chemical process that are life to even take place. It's what makes up most of our blood, which carries oxygen and nutrients to our cells and removes waste. It does countless other things... | [
"What source says that alcohol is bad for your teeth?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
How and why can the color of individuals eye’s change throughout the course of a day? | [
"There are no actual blue or green pigments in anybody's eyes. The color comes about from the structure of the pigments inside of there and how the light gets scattered through it. The only pigment in your eye is melanin, the same thing that changes the color of your skin. depending on your eye structure the light ... | [
"There's a theory that it happens as a reaction from the removal of heat from the body."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit sentence:"
} |
Why can peppers cause blisters without being temperature hot? | [
"> So why does this happen? The \"heat\" in peppers is a chemical called capsaicin. Capsaicin is a chemical irritant (plants use it to deter mammals from eating their fruit) and it can cause contact dermatitis in some people which can present as small painful blisters. It can also penetrate through the skin with pr... | [
"It could be caused by a rough texture of the candy you are eating. Sour candy is often coated with sugary crystals which are rough, and if you rub that against your tongue, it can cause irritation or damage to the tongue. It isn't something that happens due to sourness in general. If it persists or is painful, see... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit answer:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit answer:"
} |
Why does the picture in the view finder and the final photo change when we rotate out cameras from vertical to horizontal ?? I mean, camera lenses are circular.. it shouldn't make any difference as to the way we hold our phones.. | [
"Lenses are circular, but it is largely unimportant in how they are shaped. All the lens does is focus light onto a sensor, which is actually capturing the image. Sensors come in all sizes, but stick to a few aspect ratios. The one in your phone is probably 16:9 or a similar size. That size sensor results in that ‘... | [
"It's not that far out there, but as someone mentioned, the sensor is an issue. Sensors are rectangular, not square (assuming they are doing what most cameras do). So to shoot landscape while holding portrait, you'd need a bigger sensor. Then you'd need UI controls to determine when you wanted to do this, because ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the paragraph:"
} |
How Calories Are Calculated for Nutritional Labels | [
"A Kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of water by 1 Celsius, so the old way was pretty cool: 1) Dry it out 2) Set it on fire in a specially-made apparatus called a Bomb Calorimeter that's got water in it 3) See how much it raises the water temperature within *the apparatus* Boringly, nowadays t... | [
"Being Black Does Actually Have (Relatively Minor) Health Consequences, It's Just That They're Obviated By Modern Life. There's An Energy Cost To Have Extra Melanin, Even A Small One, So If You Don't Need It It Won't Be Selected For. Melanin Reduces Vitamin-D Uptake From The Sun If Sunlight Is Lower Than You're Ada... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
How are electromagnet waves converted into sound? | [
"There's a magnet attached to something like the part of a drum you hit called a diaphragm. The current makes the magnet go back and forth. The magnet makes the diaphragm go back and forth. The diaphragm going back and forth makes sounds. Amplification (making it louder) is done by making the magnet travel ... | [
"No, they are radio waves. Sound waves are matter moving and compressing, just like a physical water wave. Light, radio waves, and the like, are electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the comment:",
"neg": "Represent the comment:"
} |
why does government need foreign investments? | [
"\"The Country\" isn't taking foreign investments. Individuals/company inside the country are taking on foreign investors for a business venture - maybe because nobody domestically likes the idea, everyone thinks it's too much risk or you can get a better deal from somebody foreign who wants to get their money inve... | [
"If we stop paying the fee, the terrorists win."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
how do colds and flus strike with similar symptoms in geographically differing locations? | [
"Flu works in a wave that starts from East Asia and works its way into Europe during the \"flu season\". It infects people in one town, then the next, then the next as people and animals move around. That is how it was explained to me."
] | [
"Simply put, they came from the same way the flu or any other virus originated. At various points in history, viruses mutated such that they could be transmitted sexually."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query about Medical:",
"pos": "Represent the document about Medical:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
What is r/place, why did it stop and what is that pixel GIF thing? | [
"Place was an April fools reddit made two years ago. Place was essentially a canvas consisting of 1 million pixels (1000x1000). Users could change one pixels colour every 5 minutes or so (the delay between placements changed). As it progressed over the next couple of hours users started to make drawings and images ... | [
"I'm confused... Is this a fictional AMA or what? If so, what is it doing here?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
- How does a gun silencer manage to suppress a gunshot so well ? Why is it never actually completely silent either ? | [
"The principle of operation of a firearm suppressor is that it provides a lot of room for the hot gases to expand inside the suppressor, before it exits the barrel. The more expansion the gas undergoes, the lower its velocity gets and the cooler it becomes. Both of these characteristics reduce the noise signature w... | [
"The sound of a sonic boom comes solely from the object breaking through the sound barrier. A bullet does the same thing, which is why a silencer doesn’t actually silence the whole thing. The bullet is still going to break through the sound barrier, and make a cracking sound. Any object that accelerates through the... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the answer:",
"neg": "Represent the answer:"
} |
Why aren't babies allowed to sleep on their side? | [
"Okay, not a native speaker here, so please excuse wrong terms or anything. Laying on it's back is the safest way to prevent sudden infant death syndrome. Your fear of choking is good, but know that newborns have enough reflexes to prevent it - also the esophagus is underneath the trachea, which helps a lot. What y... | [
"The theory is that it simulates being carried around in the womb. Barring that, it's a regular, soothing sensation that can give their little brains something to process other than whatever was making them fuss. People have been doing it to babies as long as there have been people and babies."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
What makes a conscious person conscious? | [
"We don't understand consciousness very well. What makes a conscious person conscious? I'd say the knowledge they exist at that moment or have thought manual processes at that time. Honestly, I'm making this up but I hope it helps."
] | [
"What do you mean by downfall? This is still a dominant part of current culture."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the passage:",
"neg": "Represent the passage:"
} |
Why fighting in Hockey is considered 'essential to the sport' | [
"Besides the \"people like to watch fights\" argument, there's a few others. 1. Letting players fight keeps them from being dirty during the game. If they get pissed at another player, they can fight it out in a fistfight which rarely results in long lasting injury, instead of hitting them hard while they're skati... | [
"Professional \"cheer leading\" is very different than high school/college. At the high school level it's considered a sport. At the pro level it's considered entertainment."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
How is 'Selective Perception' different from 'Confirmation Bias'? | [
"Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. So they are... | [
"Can someone explain the difference between Dementia and Alzheimer's, please?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the answer:",
"neg": "Represent the answer:"
} |
Why is it so much easier to learn new things when you're young than when you're older? | [
"A child's brain is like a big sponge, which is necessary to allow the child to learn basic skills like walking, talking etc. As we get older, the adult brain, like the rest of the body, doesn't function as well and thus it becomes harder to learn new things"
] | [
"It means pretend like you know what you're doing until you actually know what you're doing."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Why are germs so difficult to wash off, and yet so easy to spread? | [
"Because even a tiny bit that gets off or that remains can then apread to cover the whole surface in a relatively small timeframe, since when bacteria multiplies, its population size basically just straight up doubles."
] | [
"They're a gimmick to make germaphobes feel safer. However, they do not protect against any germs being that they're just too thin."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
How do they add color to black and white videos? | [
"Colorization is the process of manually or digitally painting black and white film. Early short films, like the 1902 \"A Trip To The Moon\" were hand colored directly on copies of the black and white film. Later, animated shows like Betty Boop or Looney Tunes would be essentially redrawn for color film. And then i... | [
"What color is the skin of most of the people who make and utilize those drawings? Theres your answer"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
What’s happening to fat cells as a body uses them during weightloss? | [
"They shrink in size. You still have (around) same number of fat cells as before, they’re just smaller. That’s why gaining weight after weight loss is not uncommon. The fat cells can just store more fat & grow in size again. Edit: this link explains it pretty well _URL_0_"
] | [
"Initially it would, but the way your body processes, stores, and disposes of the waste is where the difference lies."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
How the data transits online from USA to EU (for example) | [
"There are routers. Routers are made to connect to each other and to your regular everyday computers. They keep a list of who they are directly connected to. So when you send a message, it gets split into little chunks, goes to your local router, who then passes it to the next router, who does the same, until it ge... | [
"Your ISP (Internet Service Provider) also gives location to the requested URL. It's more general though.. Like will distinguish between being in different countries."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
why does months have names and not just number? | [
"Some of the names are actually just numbers, September, October, November and December mean the seventh, eighth, nineth and tenth month. Some of the other months are named after roman gods and emperors. Over time, some emperors changed the calander a bit (and named a month after themselves) which is why the number... | [
"I call this an apple what do you call it? This is how I write apple how do you write it. Same idea for grammar"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
What shape does a hanging rope or chain make and why? | [
"It's called a [catenary](_URL_0_). I'm sure an actual physicist can explain more about the \"why\" part."
] | [
"Imagine the shape of the letter 'U'. This is the shape the ribbon makes over the blade of the scissors. However, the ribbon has thickness, so imagine a bubble letter, [like this](_URL_0_). Notice how the outside curve is longer. When you stretch the ribbon over the blade, you are pulling the far side of the ribbon... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
Where do new quarks come from? | [
"When you pull quarks apart, you have to put energy into the system in order to separate them. By the time you have put enough energy into the system to do so, you also have put enough energy into the system to produce a new quark. Particles are just a form of energy, so as long as all laws of conservation (charge,... | [
"If magnets are magic, is gravity magic too? Fundamental forces, yo. They run the universe."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the post:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
How does KT Tape work? | [
"Placebo effect, most likely. There's been a lot of studies on KT tape and there isn't any compelling evidence that it's effective, while there's plenty of evidence that it's not. But treating pain with even \"ineffective\" methods can reduce the pain; that's the placebo effect. But there's nothing special about KT... | [
"We can. And we did. It's called CAR-T cell therapy."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How does the LEGO company decide which pieces should they include duplicates of in a set? | [
"As a long time legoist, this seems to be almost exclusive to very small pieces and fairly random. I've never seen a set be short, but duplicate or triplicate of *some* small pieces is basically guaranteed. Other equally small pieces are not duplicated, which suggests this is a packing error they simply live with r... | [
"Product numbers (AKA model number) refers to one particular style or model of product. Every product from that line will be (presumably) identical. Serial numbers, on the other hand, are unique to each individual product, useful in determining when and where something was made."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
how is the neo nazi movement treated in modern day Germany? | [
"Non-parody, non-historically educating displays of Nazi imagery in Germany are completely illegal. If you go out with a swastika on your arm, you are the one that will go to jail. While there might be some slapwrist charges for people that attack you (and there will be) you will be the one in deeper shit. But don'... | [
"more like ELI5 why is there so much tension between ethnic groups all over the world"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit text:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit text:"
} |
- How does a step up / step down transformer work. | [
"A gearbox. A small gear [in picture](_URL_0_) pushing a big gear multiplies the speed 4x but at the cost of 1/4 the torque. Similar process with electromagnetic fields, and numbers of wires. You trade volts for amps, and vice versa"
] | [
"Those sockets are running Direct Current, what the entire power system uses in automobiles. Our Alternating Current devices would not run without converter$."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How did the name 'Dick' become shorthand for 'Richard'? | [
"Rick is short for Richard and dick rhymes with Rick. Alot of nicknames are based on this pattern. Like Rob and Bob and Meg and Peg."
] | [
"Because we needed a way to distinguish between people with the same given name. \"Did you see John?\" \"Which John? John, Robert's son; John, over the hill, or John, the Baker?\" \"John, Robert's son.\" Over time, \"John, Robert's son\" becomes \"John Robertson\"; \"John, over the hill\" becomes \"John Overhill\";... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How do vector graphics work? | [
"They're represented as data points, rather than pixels. Think of it like a mathematical equation. They can be interpolated as much as they need to be."
] | [
"It has a few different meanings in different contexts. What setting are we talking about?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence about finance:"
} |
what is a magnetic monopole? | [
"Every magnet we know and you know has two sides: north and south. Opposite sides attract, likes repel. If you break a magnet into two - every piece will now have a north and south poles. Even if you continue to break it, you won’t get a magnet that’s only south or north - which is what we mean by magnetic monopole... | [
"Ultra simple answer is that moving electrons create changing magnetic fields. These magnetic fields can be used to physically move an object like a motor. Longer more complicated answer: Check out the lorentz force."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit answer:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit answer about Science:"
} |
How do we know what dinosaurs sound like? I mean I know it’s not 100% accurate but still how do we even guess what they sounded and acted like? | [
"There’s an exhibit in the Chicago Field Museum with a bellows and a metal tube roughly the size and shape of the air passage of one of the crested duckbills. It’s a fantastic hands-on experiment, you can make all sorts of grunts and calls with it."
] | [
"When people found giant fossils of dinosaurs, their imaginations took hold and filled in all the missing pieces. That's about as simple an explanation as I can give."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question about Linguistics:",
"pos": "Represent the document about Linguistics:",
"neg": "Represent the document about English iconography and heraldry:"
} |
Is the value of fat created by my body affected by what I ate to create it? | [
"In a word, no. Fat has the same basic chemical formula no matter what you eat. Liken it to melting down a car to make something new from the metal. It wouldn’t matter whether you started with a Ford or a Mercedes, because after you melted it down you’d be left with the same metal."
] | [
"You won't gain weight if you eat fewer calories than your body burns, then you'd be creating new energy out of thin air. If eating less causes someone to gain weight then chances are the food is more dense in calories then one would think and/or they don't burn nearly as much as they think."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
What causes the visual disturbances in a migraine? | [
"[imaging studies have revealed changes in blood flow to the brain during ocular migraines and migraine auras. But why this happens and what brings about the spontaneous resolution of ocular migraines and visual migraines remain unknown.](_URL_0_) I get them. Have looked into it before, and there's just no actual p... | [
"A migraine is a very specific type of headache, often identified by the symptoms \"POUND\"; P: Pulsating O: onset of several hours U : unilateral N: nausea D: debilitating Many people get extremely sensitive to lights and sounds and need to stay in dark rooms until the migraine goes away. Some people get changes i... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the passage:",
"neg": "Represent the passage:"
} |
how can one keep losing weight by doing CICO without having to avoid reaching a plateau by having a bigger and bigger caloric deficit? | [
"No matter how small you are, you require energy to exist every day, even if you were in a coma. As you lose weight, that \"existence\" energy requirement DOES go down. However it does not approach zero the way you are thinking. So, if you eat 1300 calories a day, and start off at 200 pounds, you will lose weight f... | [
"Also, your metabolism adapts to be more efficient with less food. Not survival mode, just adapts. Plus, your body is smaller, which generally requires less energy to function. Hormonal levels tend to shift with weightloss if you cut too far, but research shows these are subdued when the high quality protein and ve... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Why did various edible garden weeds not get cultivated and farmed by humans? | [
"Basically all the grain crops were \"weeds\" which have been bred and developed to be the useful crops they now are, they bear very little resemblance to the original plants."
] | [
"There are several advantages plants could gain from strong flavors. Some plants depend on animals eating them and partially digesting and then spreading their seeds in order to reproduce. Having a strong and *desirable* flavor/odor would help attract animals. When it comes to plants that humans eat, we've been cul... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:"
} |
What makes spicy food spicy? | [
"A chemical called capsaicin. It is an irritant to most mammals. Humans are just weird and enjoy it. Peppers are often brightly colored to attracted birds who will eat the pepper (seeds included) and poop out the seeds to propagate the species of plant. Birds do not feel the effects of capsaicin."
] | [
"Answer me this: why is pizza so delicious?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How does a helicopter pilot bail out if he is going down? Clearly they can’t use an ejector | [
"They don't. If a helicopter is going down, so are the crew and passengers. The pilot(s) need to do everything in their power to arrest speed prior to impact with the ground. Fortunately, unless the rotors are completely wrecked, there is usually a lot that the pilot can do to minimize the impact."
] | [
"A decent number of people will pass out the first time they jump from a plane. Stress like a life or death situation only makes this worse. So a lot of people would never pull their chute and fall to their deaths. Compare this to a jet that, even without power, is designed with a 30:1 glide ratio. For every foot t... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
IF 1 g fat = 9 calories so 1 kg of fat = 9000 calories why is it that 1 kg of body mass is = 7700 calories? | [
"Because humans tissue even if it is fat cells are not just fat but other stuff. Proteins and Carbohydrates have 4kcal/g and water has 0. & #x200B; Fat tissue contain \\~10% water. Sop if you solve the equation 9\\*x+4\\*(900-x)=7700 you could get the 82% fat, 8% proteins/Carbohydrates and 10 % water. & #x200B; S... | [
"Technically, if you eat one pound of food, you will temporarily be one pound heavier - until the food digested, broken down, some converted to energy and some expelled as waste. If you're talking about sustained weight gain, like adding a pound of fat, then (basically) you need to ingest 3500 calories that are no... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the post:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
What is a “visa” when people talk about traveling to a different country? | [
"So a visa is a document which allows you to stay in a specific country for a specific timeframe. The stamp ypu get is just your entry and exit date."
] | [
"They just get work visas. A Visa is essentially a little piece of paperwork that gives you the ability to work in an area for a specific amount of time. And are relatively easy to get if you have any sort of sway (which Top Gear does) It's no different than the survival shows, cooking shows or travel shows that go... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:"
} |
Time, Space Time, and what it means to "bend" space time | [
"Picture space (not outerspace, but literally all space, including the space you're occupying right now) as a trampoline or net you can stand on. When you stand on a trampoline, you sink down as your mass pushes down on the trampoline. If someone bigger than you stands right beside you on the same trampoline, they ... | [
"Because time itself is a relative construct based on the perception of time from an observer. The faster an object moves, the slower the perceived passage of time over a distance. Check out \"Time Dilation\" on wikiperia. Its neat."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How can light travel in the vacuum of space? | [
"Unlike sound, a wave that needs a medium to travel through, light itself consists of photons that can travel by themselves, independent of a medium. Just like a big line of marbles can roll in a vacuum chamber just as well as they can in open air (ignoring any air resistance and things like that)."
] | [
"Galaxies are not travelling faster than the speed of light. This is because nothing can move through space faster than light."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit text:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit text about Physics:"
} |
why do animals such as pigs, cows, and zebras have spots and stripes even when it's not beneficial for camouflage? | [
"For zebras its an optical illusion. Large horse like animals aren't really known for their discretion, and zebras are very social herd animals. When you have a bunch of zebras together moving quickly it's hard for predators to discern indivudals. Big cats especially tend to attack the back of the neck to get their... | [
"The only reason reptiles like snakes are brightly colored is to alert predators that they are poisonous. Birds are brightly colored to attract mates. Fish are brightly colored to attract mates and alert predators they are poisonous. Amphibians like frogs are brightly colored to alert predators they are poisonous. ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
If solids are more dense than liquids, why does freezing a liquid cause it to expand rather than shrink? | [
"Almost all substances do sink when they freeze. Water is just exceptionally special. It gets a bit beyond an ELI5, but water is what is known as a polar molecule - if you think of it like a Mickey Mouse, the \"ears\" are positively charged and the \"chin\" is negatively changed. This makes it do all sorts of unusu... | [
"It's less dense. It's literally your oil/water situation. Because the water is more dense than the oil, is sinks to the bottom while the oil sits on top. The only difference is, oil isn't water soluble, so it doesn't mix and instead you see a visible difference. When air heats up, the molecules become more energiz... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
Why is minus times a minus plus? | [
"Other posters covered the math reasons, notation etc. But I'll cc'ing the basic physical meaning. A negative sign and a positive sign are simply directions. So -3 means the same as 3, but you go back there other way. So if you normally go right, - means go left. If it's forward, go backwards. So if you go backward... | [
"In simple terms, the negative of something is the opposite of itself. So the negative of a negative is a positive."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
What does 'Congruence Bias' actually mean? | [
"Congruence Bias is when you rely too much on what you think is the answer and ignore other testing. For instance, lets say you've always driven to your office the same way because that's how someone once showed you. In your mind that is the correct way to go. You believe this strongly enough that you neglect to te... | [
"Can you better explain what you are asking about? My google searching doesn't exactly explain what \"The Three Liars Paradox\" is."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
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