query stringlengths 19 300 | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Why do commercials for prescription medications exist? | [
"The commercials are not for doctors. They are for patients. The goal it to convince patients to go to their doctor and see if the drug prescribed might fix some problem they have, rather than just continue to ignore it. It takes a huge amount of advertising to drive enough sales to pay for itself, but alas adverti... | [
"You can't flat out lie in commercials either. Its called false advertising."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the post:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
Can someone please explain to me why brands like Guess and Calvin Klein have “(Name of brand) Jeans” on their T SHIRTS?! | [
"You've seen them haven't you? There's your answer. Dopes will pay to advertise for other people all in the name of looking cool."
] | [
"These answers were largely true years ago, but not so much today. The large outlet shopping centers you see all over are not selling off quality, or outdated goods. The manufacturers make other specifically for the outlet markets, usually of slightly lower quality. Source: worked for Levi Strauss and they have doz... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How do concussions lead to depression and suicide? | [
"A concussion is a minor brain injury. Brains are delicate things, and perhaps there are mood interactions. Are you talking about [CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)](_URL_0_ what’s been noted in some retired football players? Because that’s thought to be a cumulative effect of multiple concussions over a long... | [
"Suicide. Chronic depression, especially when combined with other mental illness, drastically increases a person's chances of attempting suicide."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Dry Sand vs Wet Sand | [
"Basically the water molecules stick to each grain of sand and form these “liquid bridges” form between each sand molecule which holds it in place"
] | [
"Sleep - Shake Unconscious - Splash Coma - Wait and Hope Vegetative State - Wait and Bury"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
Why does fire, or any heat source, produce light particles/waves? And why do some non-heat or low-heat sources produce light? Do they work differently? | [
"Deep down it's all the same. First, electrons are given energy. But they don't like to have extra energy, so they emit light to get back to a lower energy state. Electrons can receive energy in different ways. In a fire pit old-school light bulbs, that energy is in the form of heat. In LEDs, the energy comes from ... | [
"Plasmas are gasses where some of the electrons have been pulled completely away from the nucleus of the individual atoms, whereas an ionized gas is one where the atoms have metely gained or lost an electron. The free flowing electrons in a plasma give it electrical and magnetic properties that simply ionized gasse... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
Advancements in audio technology have led to the development of incredible microphones, speakers, etc. We also crank out new generations of cell phones. Why do cell phone speakers and microphones sound like phones from 30 years ago? | [
"They don't? Do you mean the audio quality when calling someone? That's because communicating through actual calls *hasn't* really changed in the last 30 years. But as you can quite clearly tell if you ever call someone through VoIP, or just watched a youtube video, speakers and microphones are much better on newer... | [
"Audio quality is already capable of being excellent. However, most people watch videos on devices with shitty speakers, like their phone, tablet, or flatscreen TV. There is no way to improve these speakers without simply replacing them with bigger, better speakers, and people care about size more. Screens on the o... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
What is radioactive fallout and why is it so dangerous? | [
"In a nuclear explosion or fire involving nuclear materials, radioactive particles gets thrown into the atmosphere and the fallout is when the radioactive particles fall back to earth. It's dangerous because it is airborne (breathing in radioactive material is very hazardous) and is nearly impossible to contain."
] | [
"The amount of radioactive substance being released into the water is negligible when compared to the amount of water in the oceans. Locally to the power plant it's an issue, but for most of the rest of the world, it's not a big deal. Any radioactivity should be very diluted before it gets too far."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How does the electrical grid, respond so quickly to power being turned on/off all the time all over the place, if they generate just enough power in real-time for the demand? | [
"On the timescale of seconds, it's an automatic consequence of how generators work. On longer timeframes, the power stations are manually or computer-controlled. Every generator has a lot of weight spinning at high speed, so it stores a fair amount of kinetic energy. When there's no demand for power, the generator ... | [
"There is no such thing as unused electricity (unless you're talking about a capacitor, which is like a very temporary storage device, or a battery, which converts chemical energy into electrical energy, but I won't get into that here). By definition, electricity is only \"being used\" when there is a complete circ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post about Technology:",
"pos": "Represent the text about Technology:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
How was Lil Pump’s Gucci Gang music video produced? | [
"Is there really much of a mystery to it? They rented out a school, hired a bunch of extras to dance, and added in a CGI tiger."
] | [
"He has an engineer named Sean Paine who has several hard drives filled with Gucci verses. Everything you are hearing was recorded before he went to jail."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why are humans so drawn to the Water? (SRivers, Seas, Ocean,...) | [
"I don't think its so much the view that attracts people as it is the activities available there. Fishing, boating, jet skiing, sunbathing, parasailing, seafood, swimming, the wildlife, the list goes on and on. The change of scenery is nice every once in a while. If you live in a big city with the constant traffic... | [
"Unrelated, but the \"Big Cat Rescue\" channel on YouTube answers a lot of questions like this. Q: Do TIGERS like catnip?? _URL_7_ Do BIG Cats Like Catnip? *PART 2 - The \"Science\"... _URL_6_ Big Cats + Mirrors = Funny! _URL_4_ BIG CATS like boxes too! _URL_5_"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
How do trees transport water from the roots to each of the leaves so many meters high? | [
"There is a good video on YouTube by Veritasium which will explain far better (and hopefully I’m remembering right) but the general idea is that water evaporates out of the leaves, this in turn sucks water along the branches from the trunk and roots. It uses the surface tension of the water to climb up the capillar... | [
"A pant usually grows taller so it can outgrow all other plants and catch the most sunlight, which it needs. However, growing and keeping all those leaves healthy and hydrated costs a lot of energy, which is why a tree loses its leaves in winter, when it's not energy efficient to keep its leaves alive. Now, the tal... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
what happens during food poisoning ? How long does it take for the body to notice and what is its « strategy » to fight it ? | [
"The body only has so many ways to purge the stomach and intestines when it detects the bacteria that causes food poisoning. It has to purge. The problem is if the bacteria is extensive, you could die of dehydration or malnourishment. But nobody dies from food poisoning very often. Your body digests you food in abo... | [
"It's your body's attempt at flushing the virus out. It may seem ineffective to you, but it does improve your body's internal condition against the viral war."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage about Health and Wellness:"
} |
If wind is caused by earth’s rotation, why doesn’t the whole earth get windy at the same times? | [
"Wind isn't caused by earth's rotation. The coriolis force, which is a result of the earth's rotation, *influences* wind, but wind is mostly a result of convection, which is caused by sunlight heating the Earth."
] | [
"> if you had a floating object of any kind high above the surface of the earth, and it stayed in that one place, would the earth eventually move underneath it? No. Because the atmosphere is rotating along with the Earth. If it weren't, there would be constant 1,000 mph winds at the equator. Your floating object wi... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Why is it that some food tastes stay longer in your mouth (curry, garlic...) and others don’t? | [
"a lot of those flavors are very oil soluble (Go saute some garlic in olive oil then strain out the garlic then taste the olive oil) and even cooking oils are some of those things that virtually require an agent to fully clean off of any surface, even a mouth."
] | [
"Your taste buds can taste both sour and sweet things. Toothpaste has a compound in it whose name I forget, which stops the sweet tasting taste buds from working. So when you drink orange juice all you taste is the acidic sour taste which would normally be balanced out by the natural sugars and the like. Incidental... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the paragraph:"
} |
Why do Doctors occasionally put patients in a medically induced coma after a major accident? | [
"To “freeze” the patient so they are relaxed, and the doctors can monitor them more easily. After a big trauma (like a near fatal car accident), they’ll usually hook the patient up to lots of machines. These machines and cords can be really uncomfortable and patients can try to pull them out. Patients may also be r... | [
"Do they use this in an emergency room when someone is suffering from some form of toxicity? Nope."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
Do our bodies really have pressure points that can paralyse certain parts like our arms for example, only if for a couple of minutes? | [
"they're called nerves, have you ever sat on you leg till it goes numb and then you feel like what can only be described as \"TV static\". This happens because you nerves send electricals signals to and from the brain but when pressure is applied it disrutps this procces untill they can relax. & #x200B; but gettin... | [
"\"Knocking someone out\" is not a simple affair. The dosage of the knock-out agent has to be administered very precisely, or you risk knocking them out for good. It's also not instantaneous, so the assailant could be alerted while still having enough control over their bodily functions to cause mayhem."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
What is coma? How does one feel when in coma? | [
"I've been in 3, when I was a kid, due to my diabetes. You aren't aware of anything. Closest I can do is ssy it's the same as when you are asleep. Think about how you feel when you are asleep. Then you wake up, and everyone rushes around you, checking pulses, and breathing, and you are hooked up to various machine... | [
"Normally a vegetative state is when the cognitive functions of your brain stop working, but your subconscious functions are still going (breathing, heart beating etc). That's controlled by your brain stem. You can be in a vegetative state and still appear to be conscious, however. Alternatively, you can be in a ve... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
What is the middle class that important to an economy? | [
"They are the people that spend the majority of the money. When the middle class suffers it results in them spending less, which results in businesses hiring less people due to the downturn in revenue, which results in the middle class having less money. Before you know it the economy collapses."
] | [
"What do you mean by downfall? This is still a dominant part of current culture."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
What are the knots in your muscles? | [
"There are lots of theories. One of them that seems likely is that the chemicals in between our cells can become more or less viscous/thick depending on temperature or heat. That’s why applying heat or massage often helps to reduce or relieve knots."
] | [
"What do you mean on them? The signs, the walls, floors?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
How do they figure out how many calories are in food? | [
"They have an instrument called a “bomb calorimeter.” You put the food in and the instrument burns it and measures all the energy released until there’s nothing left but ash. That’s how we did it in Chemistry lab in college, it’s pretty cool!"
] | [
"How much fat, protein and carbohydrates are there in water?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit text:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit text:"
} |
Why do our fingers naturally curl up when at rest rather than lay flat open? | [
"We have stretchy cords in our fingers that keep our hand slightly curled when relaxed, so when we straighten our fingers we have to pull those stretchy cords out."
] | [
"You can absolutely relax your tongue. It just happens to be anchored. That's like asking why you can't relax your hand, because even when you put it down on a table it doesn't roll up your arm."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
How do services like 23 & me know who your ancestors are? Do they somehow have access to the DNA of people long dead? | [
"They (sorta) do. Genes are weird and complex things. There's the obvious ones - hair colour, eye colour and the like - but there's also some that only have subtle effects, or none at all. Importantly, some of the genes have small mutations in them. Some of these mutations are only seen in certain populations - Mut... | [
"Charlemagne founded a big empire in the 8th century that spanned much of modern France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Germany, and Italy. He also had a bunch of kids and is a pretty famous character in history. The catch here is that there's nothing that really makes charlemagne special in terms of... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How does a phone make itself vibrate when a call or text comes in? | [
"There is a small motor that spins with an off-center weight that make the phone vibrates. So when someone calls the motor activates and the weight makes the phone shake that we feel as vibrations."
] | [
"I'm pretty sure there's no known physical explanation for that. Maybe when you put your phone next to your head, it's because you're anxious about getting an important call/text, or hearing your alarm in the morning, or checking something as soon as you wake up? In which case, could it be the anxiety causing your ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query about Technology:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment about Technology:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
Why are records still made of vinyl? I know they're more of a collector's item nowadays, but haven't we invented any materials that are more durable or would otherwise be better for the job? | [
"Audio for records is recorded to a surface that is scratched, then a mold is made, then a metal cast is made, called a master, then that metal mold is used to press vinyl into the shape of the recording. Vinyl is used because it is easier to get a good copy of the mold without sticking to the metal. It's just ch... | [
"From how my grandpops explained it, part of the process of \"coloring\" the vinyl record with the black tint both strengthens and reinforces its material. Black vinyl records last longer over time (which is the biggest selling point of a record, it's an antique) and apparently retain a better sound quality. People... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
Why do humans like music? | [
"I think it’s because we respond to music the same way we respond to sex and great food. It hits the same pleasure centres in the brain. It floods your brain with dopamine. Which is why you might feel those shivers through your skull, spine, body when you’re listening to a song that really gets to you. Also we’re d... | [
"Why do people in Western countries use forks?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post about Science:",
"pos": "Represent the document about Science:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How do over the air transmissions (tv,radio) know how many are listening/watching to gauge the popularity/success of songs/programs? | [
"They don’t. However polling, streaming services, and in home devices like the Nielsen program allow statistics to be computed and extrapolated to the larger population set."
] | [
"AM radio was developed before FM radio. AM radio modulates the height of the signal transmitted (amplitude modulation), where as FM modulates the distance between peeks/valleys (frequency modulation). AM can transmit farther and isn't as blocked by physical barriers as FM is. However, it's very prone to interefere... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How does Powerline Ethernet work, how can Data transfer over electricity cable? | [
"Data transfer is nothing more than something being sent from a sender to a receiver in a meaningful way. In the case of copper cables the information you are sending is sent as electrical pulses over the physical cable. An Ethernet cable is purpose built for this task, but inside the cable is just copper wires tha... | [
"Ethernet has much, much lower error rates than wireless."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question about Technology:",
"pos": "Represent the argument about Technology:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
How does supermarket sandwiches has 10days expiration date when homemade sandwiches spoils the next day? | [
"Believe it or not they are usually packed in a low oxygen environment."
] | [
"You don't have to refrigirate a bottle of creamer if it's factory sealed. You do whenever you open and bad bacteria from the outside comes in and makes it go bad a lot faster when it's cozy warm. The little creamers are all factory sealed and you use them up in one go - so no fridge is needed."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Whenever we are embarrassed in public, why do our faces get red? And a get huge lump of saliva in our throats ? | [
"Well, blushing is due to a release of adrenaline, making your heart beat faster. Same as the fight-or-flight response. Your blood vessels dilate to help this blood flow. Facial veins seem to react to this shot of adrenalin and this extra flow of blood makes your face red. As to why, embarassment triggers this resp... | [
"It's your salivary glands going into overdrive. Next time you eat something sour, pop it into your mouth only briefly and leave your mouth open. You will produce a lot of drool all at once. Also, you can google images of where your salivary glands are and see that the sensations match their locations."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Why can't helium be in solid form? | [
"Helium can be put into solid form. At extremely low temperatures and high pressures, it forms a solid."
] | [
"3 atoms, It's H2O, two Hydrogen one Oxygen. It forms a larger, heavier molecule. Keep in mind a water molecule can be a gas, liquid, or solid, and it just happens to be liquid at the kinds of temperatures and pressure we're used to on Earth. There is gaseous water vapor in the atmosphere all around you (unless y... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit argument:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit argument:"
} |
how do you explain that depak chopra and other woo woo new age pseudo science/medicine is bogus to someone that is deeply invested in them? | [
"Sounds like it is trying to take advantage of the placebo effect, a real phenomenon. Honestly, people who are deeply invested in these pseudosciences usually will not listen to reason and they will reject any evidence that doesn’t support their belief, much like a person who is delusional with a psychiatric illnes... | [
"Because you can placebo yourself into curing measles and erectile disfunction /s. I would say that there aren't any reasons at all; Aromatherapy, just like homeopathy, is a pseudoscience"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How can pregnant women do Fentanyl (epidural) during labor without harming the baby? | [
"Because it's a local anesthetic, not ingested. Same as when you go to the dentist and get a shot of Novocaine. It numbs the area being worked on, but you don't get high. There's no connection between the mother's spine and the baby to deliver the Fentanyl through. Spilling a glass of Vodka on a pregnant woman doe... | [
"Since it is excreted via the kidneys, prolonged use can result in a condition known as chronic interstitial nephritis. Its a type of kidney disease. Please consult a doctor regarding long term medication useage to prevent possible complications."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit argument:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit argument:"
} |
When a part of your skin with a mole gets wounded, will the regenerated skin grow the same mole? | [
"It depends on the wound, but generally it will regrow as long as some of those tissues survive. *Think of it similarly to a weed, as long as the root cells live... the whole thing will regrow everytime.* A professional will usually freeze it, and then cut under the mole with a sharp scalpel. It might get some basi... | [
"Moles are basically a tumor. The unusual cell cluster pushes on the follicle, making it grow hair faster than usual. They're darker because of the extra melanin in the area from the mole. It's actually a good thing if your mole grows hair because that's a sign it's not cancerous."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
In an episode of "That 70's Show", one of the characters modifies the game "Pong" so the paddles were smaller by tinkering with the hardware of the console. Would this have actually been possible? Was there no software involved in the earliest computer games? | [
"Yes, Pong was entirely in hardware. It was notoriously complex; schematics were provided in some cases, but extremely hard to read and spotty. A huge amount of the circuitry was devoted to handling the vertical & horizontal sync of CRT screens; this formed the basis of the logic for the rest of the machine. This m... | [
"A video game console is essentially a computer/pc that just outputs a visual image on a tv to display the video game being run on the console, the same way a pc does this with software on a monitor. So if you look at it like that, you can imagine 'hackers' just using a similar approach and exploiting weaknesses in... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the passage:",
"neg": "Represent the passage:"
} |
Why are number keypads on keyboards and phone dialpads oriented oppositely? | [
"The theory I have heard is that telephone keypads are based on the layout of a rotary telephone. On a rotary dial, 1 is at the top right and zero is on the bottom. When designing the new touch-tone keypad, putting the 1 on the top-right didn't make much sense, because Western writing is read from left to right. Bu... | [
"In the days of typewriters, the keys were alphabetically ordered. However this caused some keys to get jammed up, or more frequent typos (remember, typewriter, you cant just hit backspace), due to frequently used letters being too close together. So they rearranged the letters into the qwerty board to space the w... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit sentence:"
} |
If the water cycle is a closed system, why does it matter that a pound of beef takes 1800 gallons of water to produce? | [
"It's a matter of clean/potable water. The water used to produce beef must be potable, and ends up non-potable, so that puts an enormous strain on the availability of clean water in an area. Yes, it does go back into the water cycle, but it takes a long while for it to make its way back to a drinkable state."
] | [
"Drinking seawater straight is a bad idea because your body must expel the salt by urinating more water than it actually gains. Seawater contains roughly 130 grams of salt per gallon. Desalination has to reduce salt levels to below 2 grams per gallon, which is the limit for safe human consumption. even with membra... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Sometimes movie trailers show shots that are then reversed in the actual film, why is this? | [
"Many times, they want disparate clips in a trailer to appear to be part of the same scene when in actuality they have nothing to do with each other. Manipulating these clips with editing (such as mirroring the clip) can help create that illusion."
] | [
"Sometimes when movies are broadcast on TV they add in scenes that were cut from the theatrical release."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
The different kinds of pain; e.g Sharp, shooting, stabbing, dull, pulsating, etc. | [
"Those words are subjective descriptions of how that pain feels. They can be associated with different kinds of causes as well. For example, just saying you have abdominal pain really doesn't narrow it down. But a cramping pain versus a stabbing pain could be the difference between a stomach ache and appendicitis."... | [
"A migraine is a very specific type of headache, often identified by the symptoms \"POUND\"; P: Pulsating O: onset of several hours U : unilateral N: nausea D: debilitating Many people get extremely sensitive to lights and sounds and need to stay in dark rooms until the migraine goes away. Some people get changes i... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
in biological terms what causes car sickness? | [
"Not a scientist in any way, but I read its line a disconnect between what your mind sees and your body feels. Like your body feels like your staying still but your eyes show that you're moving"
] | [
"electricity plays a role in nerves transmitting messages, which control muscles, so there you go"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the paragraph:"
} |
Why is it impossible for the phone company to identify the origin of a call? | [
"Phone numbers are not unique to people, they are easily changed if desired and can't be used to clearly identify who placed a call (only who is currently registered to a number, assuming fake information wasn't used). Managing a system to identify and block spam/scam/etc would take more time and resources than th... | [
"Sounds like some form of caller ID. Perhaps even if you don't pay for such a service, the company pays for a version of it where their name will show up instead of their number, for advertising purposes. Out of curiosity, which company's name came up?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How to prevent antibiotic resistance | [
"Typically we use a mix of drugs to help stop this. A bacteria colony may have a few mutant members resistant to drug A and a few resistant to drug B, but it's unlikely that there will be members resistant to both at once. By mixing drugs, you ensure that the entire population is killed instead of leaving resistant... | [
"Extensive use of antibiotics in domesticated animals contributes to antibiotic resistant diseases, much as it does in humans. Encouraging the practice then can increase the potential for food to be affected by incurable strains, with all the expenses and risks that entails."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit answer:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit answer:"
} |
Why are roads made of asphalt instead of something more durable? | [
"You can repair cracks and holes ,remove exactly how much you need to to do repairs under the road ,it is easy to make in small or larger amounts ie)tar,sand,gravel a bucket a torch and a shovel . Cheap in the grand plan compared to most other options . It is also flexible so with weather changes it gets less damag... | [
"In states like California, the wooden homes can withstand earthquakes (and is cheaper than the other earthquake code approved material, steel reinforced concrete) because they're flexible and can bend a bit. So what homes are made of is going to depend on where you are. Are you on Long Island in New York? The hous... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How did the dinosaurs that lived underwater become extinct? | [
"First, a nomenclature nitpick: there are no underwater dinosaurs. Dinosaurs by definition are land-dwelling (or amphibious at best) reptiles with a certain physiology. Aquatic reptiles are technically not dinosaurs, but we all know that you mean \"large, extinct aquatic reptiles.\" Let's look at a few of them! * I... | [
"65 million years ago a comet wiped out all the dinosaurs on earth. Well, almost all of them. A small group of feathered dinosaurs survived, and eventually evolved into all the birds of today."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
What is MLM/Pyramid scheme and why is it considered a scam? | [
"MLM is a business model where there are (in general) two means of income: 1) A cut of the products you sell directly. 2) A portion of the pay recieved to salesmen that you recruited, which includes a cut of the pay they recieved from the people they recruited. While not *inherently* a scam, it generally is conside... | [
"Nearly all scams *are* against the law, and intentionally advertising an unlawful scam is *also* usually against the law. The problem is discovering, and proving, that it's a scam."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question about Finance:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document about Finance:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How is money (physically) transferred between banks? | [
"Have you ever seen a Brinks truck or van (there may be other companies in your area)? They are full of cash and driven by armed guards. Yes, there are logistical problems and expenses involved, but that's what they do. They try to keep these deliveries to a minimum which is one reason banks have big vaults. Get a ... | [
"It doesn't exist physically. Most money nowadays is completely digital. I believe it is only 10 - 20% of our money that is actually available in physical form, the rest is all numbers in a computer system."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Why are camera lenses round instead of the same shape as the photo they produce? | [
"Lenses typically use spherical surfaces in order to not get any distortion. Historically, the easiest way to do this is to use a round piece of glass when grinding the lens. This is the same reason many early eyeglasses have round lenses. While you could then cut the lenses into a rectangular shape, there isn't re... | [
"A camera has two main parts: - A circular glass called a lens, which focuses light. - A rectangular light catcher, called a sensor. The first is a circle and so the angle does not change. The second is a rectangle. When you flip your phone sideways, you flip the rectangle sideways, too."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
how come breathing is the only autonomous system we have direct control of? | [
"There is no reason to have conscious control of heart rate and metabolism so humans never developed that. However, there are very good reasons to have conscious control of breathing. Vocalization is one example that requires a lot of complex control."
] | [
"actually the reason you need an anesthesiologist is because if the dosages are just slightly off it totally can shut down things like your lungs and kill you. but i mean... i think what you were getting at, the functions of your heart beating etc, are controlled by a different part of the brain than the part that... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post about Psychology:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence about Psychology:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
In Computer Architecture, what is the difference between Core and a Microarchitecture? | [
"A multi-core processor is a way to say that you have multiple independent processing unit on the same physical chip. Each is called a core and they will be identical in the chip for computers but in a cellphones the might have 4 energy efficient but slower cores and 4 faster that use more energy to give you both l... | [
"Datasheet volume 1, section 2.1.1, table 3: 8. Max Capacity (GB) = (DRAM Die Gb Technology * Total Number of DRAM Dies) / 8 a. Memory Down Example: i. Channel A = LPDDR3 QDP 2-16-32 = 2 QDP DRAM 16Gb Packages = 8 Total DRAM 4Gb Dies ii. Channel B = LPDDR3 QDP 2-16-32 = 2 QDP DRAM 16Gb Packages = ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How can countries report GDP growth (like US was around 2.2% growth in 2018) that is different than the % change in GDP (like US GDP was 1 trillion dollars higher in 2018, compared to 2017, which is 5% higher) | [
"Growth has two parts, increased production/consumption, and increased prices. Prices isn't what we care about in growth, so inflation is removed from it."
] | [
"Most EU countries have a higher tax rate than the US, combined with significantly lower military spending and smaller populations than the US. In 2011, Germany had a tax revenue of $1.551 trillion. In that same year, the US had a tax revenue of $4.218 trillion The US had a population of 311.6 million. Germany had ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
When testing a fluid sample of something to see if contains something specific, e.g. a blood test for a disease - how can we know 100% that this specific sample has the exact same contents as the rest of the liquid? I.e. are we 100% sure that every molecule has the same makeup? | [
"Over time, the composition of a fluid will even out and become homogeneous. Imagine putting a drop of food dye in a glass of water. It starts out concentrated where you put it in, but after enough time, it will be evenly spread out. This process is only sped up if the liquid is mixed or otherwise disturbed (as wit... | [
"> Can they not use the same blood for different tests? The blood is stored differently depending on the test being done, and even the vials can be coated with different preservatives and other agents. For example a test which requires the plasma to be separated requires the vial to be stored in a centrifuge. Diffe... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question about Chemistry:",
"pos": "Represent the post about Chemistry:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
Why are some medications in higher doses only with a prescription? | [
"As doses increase so do things like the risk associated with taking those doses, normally they would expect people to not decide for themselves what dose is appropriate as improperly dosing yourself can be fatal. 600mg of ibuprofen for example runs a much higher risk of side effects and as such are more likely to ... | [
"The medicine that is in the name brand and generic are exactly the same. The filler that is used by name brands are a bit more high quality and a little more expensive than the filler used by generics."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do records sound better than digital? | [
"Vinyl is a direct transfer of the sound waves to the disc. There isn't any conversion other than sounds waves to physical motion. Digital files are a conversion of the sound into a series of numbers. At it's core, it's a record of the volume and time of a part of a sound wave. No matter what bitrate or other facto... | [
"They re-edit the tracks to modern day standard of mastering. Which is much louder than a few decades ago. I'd also suggest you learn about the loudness wars, that is destroying the quality in modern music as we know."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:"
} |
Tow truck drivers, when you have to use your tow bar (I think that's what it's called) under the middle of a car to flip it around, how does that not damage a car's exhaust and other undercarriage parts? | [
"It’s called an underlift or stinger, depending on who you ask. Like the other commenter said, you can lift from jack points, or the frame if it’s a body on frame vehicle. This only really happens when you’re getting towed for illegal parking/repo, if it’s a normal breakdown the driver should be able to put it in n... | [
"Any car can be towed, the real question is if it can be towed without damage. Most modern passenger cars are front wheel drive, so if one of those doesn't have the parking brake set it can be safely towed by picking it up by the front wheels. If the parking brake is set it's really only safe to drag onto a flatbed... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Can a person in a come undergo surgery without anesthesia? If not, why? | [
"People in a coma are often able to hear, and feel pain, so anesthesia would be used. Its also why Doctors will encourage you to talk to a loved one in a Coma."
] | [
"Flying( or any form of travel ) isn't an excellent idea while recovering from major surgery."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
you know that feeling when you really like a song, what happens in our body that determines our love for that song? is it like some kind of mix of chemicals? | [
"Peoples taste for music, and the reasons they feel the way they do is highly individual. There are chemicals involved, or course. Every feeling that you've ever had is because of some combination of chemicals. But the internal systems that produce those feelings are incredibly complicated, and different people are... | [
"Music, i think, is like the second half of a loop: we put music, to put us in a loop, sometimes to feel more of how we already feel, or sometimes less. I would guess that it is whatever captivates your heart and or mind, you will choose the music to \"complete\" it, if you are sad, you might want to feel a deeper ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query about Science:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document about Science:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How did we first figure out that light even had a speed that could be measured? | [
"Ole Rømer figured it out. He watched how Io, one of Jupiter's moons, acted when eclipsed. From earth if you see it, the moon seems to either disappear or reappear instantly. you don't see it fading out in phases or anything. This should happen once every 42.5 hours. But during different parts of the year it would ... | [
"Because that's the way the universe works. Don't look at science, scientists are just as baffled as you are. Scientists tested the speed of light from distant stars, from lasers on trains, from orbiting satellites and it was always the same. That's why we needed special relativity in the first place, to explain wh... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title about Physics:",
"pos": "Represent the document about Physics:",
"neg": "Represent the document about Physics:"
} |
How can a game on Xbox/PSN freeze if its a digital download and doesn’t require a disc? | [
"You think freezes only happen when the disc is scratched and can't be read. They also happen when the logic of the code encounters a bug and doesn't know how to proceed or loops a logical sequence that doesn't end and doesn't show anything to the player."
] | [
"For the newest consoles where the data is installed to the hard disk, it's just to make sure you own the game. The disc is essentially a licence key. They could have gone with a system like Steam where even if you buy something on a disc, you get a license key that links the game to your account. But that would ma... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit paragraph:"
} |
what are fourier transforms and how does it work? | [
"In practical usage related to audio: All sounds are composed of waves. **All** waves can be expressed in terms of simply adding sine waves together. Fourier transform breaks down any wave form into its constituent sine waves. If you’ve ever seen an audio frequency spectrum graph, that is using an FFT to display t... | [
"They're used in a lot of math that has real world applications since they can be used to denote the x and y axes of a sinusoidal function. For example the function F = cos(theta) + i sin(theta) has tons of practical applications in electric circuits, mechanism analysis, and in a fluid analysis technique called pot... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why do buses stop on railroad tracks and open their doors? Wouldn't this just increase the time they're exposed to the risk of being hit by a train? | [
"They don’t stop on the tracks. Rail road crossings have this white box you have to stop in before the tracks. They open the doors and put on their hazards because they are required to stop look and listen for trains. Truckers hauling hazmat have to do this as well."
] | [
"Small subway style trains might be able to stop within a .25 mile or so depending on their speed. A large freight train with hundreds of cars, some of of which maybe be carrying tankers of flammable or hazardous chemicals can not stop quickly. It can easily take a mile or more for them to safely stop. An emergency... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
After a woman has had a c-section, why can they no longer give birth naturally? | [
"They can but doctors avoid VBACs (vaginal birth after cesarean) because their is a slightly increased risk of uterine rupture due to the scar tissue after a c-section. The benefits of a c-section outweigh the risks of a VBAC in most doctors opinion."
] | [
"In most cases (usually very early miscarriages, where there is not a lot of baby), it 'resolves itself', meaning the baby, along with other tissues, just passes through like a heavy menstrual cycle. In some cases, they might use drugs to induce labor, and in some cases, doctors may perform a D & C, just like an ea... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit comment:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit comment:"
} |
Why do fires go out if they’re blown by hard enough wind? | [
"The flame itself isn't blown out: You're blowing the fire away from it's source of fuel. Without a direct line of fuel, the flame dies. This is why after a candle is blown out, you can reignite it by putting an open flame over the wick: The paraffin vapor that is the fuel for the flame will ignite again."
] | [
"Putting the fan on you causes a breeze which cools you down. Pointing the fan out is blowing the hot air out, thereby causing negative air pressure inside the house and forcing fresh air to flow in. So, if it is hotter outside than in, point your fan at you. If it is hotter inside than out, point your fan out."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post about Natural Disasters:",
"pos": "Represent the text about Natural Disasters:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
how does a timer work on really small, usually cheap , electronic items? | [
"In general there are 2 types of clocks in use today: 1. RC oscillator. This is usually integrated into an integrated circuit, and usually has something like 2% accuracy. So it is sufficient for running a system that doesn't require very precise clock frequencies. It is ultra cheap and reliable. 2. A crystal oscill... | [
"My understanding is that they are expensive to make, easy to break (burn in) and have greater energy needs when compared to the LED TV."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why do all animals have natural animal instincts that allow them to nurture a child but humans need parenting classes and support when raising a child? | [
"In traditional village (or nomadic) living conditions, children frequently see nearby parents raising other children. They learn by watching, and—when they are asked to help—they learn by doing. Often they were helping with their own younger siblings, or maybe with cousins, or maybe even the children of their olde... | [
"Its a natural instinct which causes you to do this, look at animals in the wild they have these instincts from the moment they are born and it works for Humans too :)"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post about Biology:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit argument about Biology:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit argument:"
} |
how does wifi work on transport? | [
"They have routers too. Which is simply connected usually via sattelite to \"somewhere else\""
] | [
"They put a kind of set top box in select peoples homes which sends them the data. Source: worked for a market research firm."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How do animals (and humans) know what food is? | [
"My dogs operate on the theory that they should eat whatever they find because they can always throw it up later."
] | [
"It means the animals no longer fear humans and might even see us as a source of food (ie our food and/or our flesh). Once it's learned that, it's likely to attack again."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
why do most people get cranky when they’re hungry? | [
"A sugar crash leads to physical discomfort, especially if you're also dehydrated. Very few people outside a very specific community are particularly fun to be around when it hurts."
] | [
"A better question might be: why is your grammar worsens when you're drunk?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question about Health and Wellness:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document about Health and Wellness:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why arent our eyes reflective in the dark the way animal eyes are? If you see an animal in the dark, it looks like their eyes are glowing. | [
"It's called the [tapetum lucidum.](_URL_0_) Some animals have it, some animals don't. It's essentially a mirror at the very back of the eye, so the cells which you use to see get a second chance to catch the photons, and improves night vision. If you shine a bright light at an animal with one, then the mirrors in ... | [
"There IS light reflecting off of them. If you are in absolute darkness, you can't see at all. Neon colors reflect more light than other colors so they are easier to see in the dark."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question about Science:",
"pos": "Represent the argument about Science:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Why will my phone battery drop from 80% to 70% very quickly, but stay at 70% for a long time. | [
"Lots of phones (possibly all of them) use an ADC (analog to digital converter) to measure battery voltage, then the CPU says \"oh hey at this battery voltage the battery is has x% of it's useable charge left\". Voltage of a battery slowly drops as the charge of the battery is used. They also degrade slowly over ti... | [
"Not really, most modern phones have a feature where they deactivate charging until they drop to like 97%. Since most phones have a decent standby time, it doesn't get charged for more than like 20min in 8hr."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do humans vary in skin colors? | [
"The melanin which acts as pigment for the skin also blocks some ultraviolet light. In places where a lot of UV light reach the surface, more melanin means less skin damage like melanoma (along with other harmful effects of too much UV light), so people there tend to have darker skin. UV light is actually needed to... | [
"So what is it about human physiology that makes this work differently for us?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the post:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
How do planes fly for so long?? | [
"The engine stays powered as long as there is gasoline in the tanks. And if you're unlucky like me, you'll have the plane run out of fuel mid flight. See: Gimli Glider."
] | [
"Those are just normal jet airplanes, like the ones people get into at airports. They take people and things from one place to another very quickly."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
Why does eating expired meat make you sick even if you cook it well enough to kill all the germs? | [
"Certain bacteria produce spores when they're within certain temperature ranges. Like when you cook meat and let it sit out at room temp for a while. This is when those spores go wild. When you reheat the food the bacteria is killed but the spores are resistant to cooking temperatures and will survive, eventually m... | [
"humans can in fact eat fresh raw meat without any ill effect at all. ever heard of steak tartar? If the meat is NOT fresh, it can have bacteria growing on it that can possibly make you ill. but even that USUALLY won't happen unless the meat has started to rot to the point where it smells bad."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How and why do limbs lock up after trauma? | [
"Medical person here. Is this before or after a cast? People underestimate how strong muscles are. After a trauma, the muscles tend to spasm due to inflammation and to self-splint and protect the dislocated or fractured limb. Basically, your arm is trying to protect itself from further injury while the fracture hea... | [
"Are you on pain medication? Was anything else injured? Could also just be caused by inflammation in your body."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
if you need to have signed consent to audio/video record people, how do cops and investigative journalists not get sued for secret cameras and wire recordings? | [
"1 - These laws vary by state. In some states it's OK for one party to record the other without informing the other party (called \"one party consent statutes\"). In 2014 there were 38 states and one federal district that had such laws. 2 - If a police is recording someone without informing them, then it is almost ... | [
"It depends on your local and state laws. Awhile back I found a website that has a list of each state and breaks down what their local laws mean. Having trouble finding it now but I'll edit it in if I find it. For example, in Michigan, you can record in public, but in private homes and over the phone both parties m... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the answer:",
"neg": "Represent the answer:"
} |
Why do our eyes strain when we look up instead of down when we're awake, even though they automatically rest looking upwards when we're asleep? | [
"It's not the eyes straining when looking up, but your upper eyelid trying to stay above your pupil."
] | [
"Closing our eyes protects them and stops them from drying out and also we don't need to be able to see when we are asleep. There are however, some people who don't close their eyes when they are asleep (and they are definitely asleep) so it is possible to sleep with your eyes open."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post about Biology:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document about Biology:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
After an organ transplant how do the blood vessels and nerves integrate with the rest of the recipients vascular and nervous system? | [
"For a more dumbed down version, the human body is insanely powerful at adapting. If town nerves are close to each other they can learn to communicate. Furthermore, it will learn what signals need to go to the new organ from the brain. If they're are no capillaries connecting a host to the new organ they will grow ... | [
"Limbs are originally formed from stem cells, which are only present in the womb. Stem cells are unique because they have the ability to develop into any type of cell in the body; i.e. they could be the veins or the muscle or the skin or the bone. Because full grown adults do not have the stem cells in their limbs,... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the comment:",
"neg": "Represent the comment about biology:"
} |
why does a recording played back in slow motion lower the tone of somebody’s voice? Also, why does playing it back faster raise the tone? | [
"Sound is made of vibrations, and the frequency determines the tone. Faster playback speeds increase the frequency that you hear, raising the tone. The opposite happens when slower playback occurs — the frequencies decrease, lowering the tone of the voice being played back. For example — if I have a 500 Hz (on ave... | [
"When you speak, the 'voice box' in your neck area vibrates to make sound come out your mouth. While it does this, it also vibrates the rest of your head (ears and eardrums). So what you hear when you talk out loud sounds really rich compared to what you hear in a recording. When you talk, other people hear you as ... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query about Language and Communication:",
"pos": "Represent the document about Language and Communication:",
"neg": "Represent the document about Language and Communication:"
} |
why do plants in nature not need to be watered? | [
"In nature, plants grow in environments that suit them. Plants that need a lot of water grow where water is abundant, either where the water table is high or where there is a lot of precipitation. Plants that don't need as much water can grow in dryer places. House plants need to be watered frequently because they ... | [
"They also take in nutrients from the dirt. That's how you can get things like iron etc."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the post:",
"neg": "Represent the post:"
} |
Why do people sweat in their sleep when they are sick or detoxing, but not sweat when walking around (moving vs laying down)? | [
"Your brain is trying to cool itself off. More importantly, your body is eradicating the infection by literally cooking it in the body. When you are up and walking, your body continues to fight the infection, but other resources are being used now so a fever might not be what the body will respond with until it is... | [
"Your body continues to function while you are asleep. Then, you add on the fact that you are not actively suppressing the symptoms (i.e, node stuffy? blow it. Throat kinda scratchy, go grab a drink. etc) and you wake up feeling worse than you went to bed"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question about Health and Wellness:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document about Health and Wellness:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How do we measure the distance between two galaxies or any astro bodies? | [
"First we measure their distance *from us* by measuring their red shift, which since the universe is expanding gives us a good estimate of how far away in the universe they are. Knowing both their distances, we need only to observe the difference in *angle* from one to the other, then apply some geometry math to co... | [
"The effects of gravity between local objects outweighs the overall expansion. Local can be quite a long distance away when dealing with the gravity of huge masses like the total mass of stars in a galaxy."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the comment:",
"neg": "Represent the comment:"
} |
Why are Americans called Yanks (by foreigners) in so many movies? Who are the Yanks/Yankees? | [
"There are a lot of competing theories about the etymology, but essentially it was a word that originated early in the history of the country to describe what would become Americans. It's just sort of a slang word, like Brit, Ozzie, or Canuck or anything like that. It's an old enough word by now so it has kind of a... | [
"Because British accents sound foreign yet understandable to american audiences."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
My girlfriend has not defecated in 8 days and has been eating normal. Where is her waste going? What is the worst possible outcome from this? | [
"The waste isn't going anywhere. It backs up in the lower intestine where moisture is reclaimed before it is expelled. If it isn't expelled it just dehydrates into a firm blockage. Worst reasonable outcome is the constipation gets bad enough without treatment that part of the bowel starts to die. She gets emergency... | [
"Go to the doctor right away. The appendix will grow and grow until it bursts, and you develop a severe immune response. There is not enough blood penetration to the appendix, and it is filled with so much crap that you would need to manually clean it out. That's a lot harder than just taking it out, and never havi... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the argument:",
"neg": "Represent the argument:"
} |
Why can’t you bring meat across international borders? | [
"It's to stop certain diseases/parasites/insects/etc from being carried into regions where they typically aren't found. Different countries have different requirements for proving the food is safe, and it's simplest for them to just ban the transport across borders."
] | [
"Why do some parts of the world call gasoline petrol?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
How does a liver regenerate? | [
"Adult liver cells are closer in design to their \"immature\" natal cells and can be triggered to regress to this state to allow for regeneration. Other organs, in the process of becoming functional as they develop in the womb and immediately after birth, take on a design that is too different from this origin stat... | [
"They get digested or metabolized in the liver. Some are excreted via feces."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit sentence:"
} |
How does the Nitrous Oxide in like every car movie ever actually make the car faster? How does it affect the engine? | [
"The secret is oxide. More oxygen means more fire means more energy to drive the pistons. It is used in short bursts as the engine isn't designed to run that hot or hard all the time. And hence why they sometimes pop pistons or blow a head gasket"
] | [
"It's kind of like asking \"if our cars run on gas, why doesn't filling the entire car with gas make it go faster\". You just need enough fuel, excess doesn't help and may actually hurt."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
If clouds are made of water vapour, how is it they maintain shape even when being blown through the sky? | [
"They don't, necessarily. If you watch big lumpy clouds you'll see individual air currents moving fingers of cloud around within the larger bulk. That said, they retain their shape if all of the air they're in is moving the same direction at the same speed. In that case, there's nothing that's trying to move differ... | [
"I assume you mean droplets in clouds, not larger ones like rain. The little droplets are so small, they can effectively float on the air currents. For an analogy closer to the ground, think of tiny dust particles that, when viewed against a shaft of sunlight, appear to float in the air."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title about Meteorology:",
"pos": "Represent the document about Meteorology:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do some drinks taste different after you brush your teeth? | [
"This has been asked many many times on ELI5, here's a gilded response from /u/thatcasiegirl > You can thank sodium laureth sulfate (SLS). This chemical is known as a surfactant. It is a wetting agent that lowers the surface tension of a liquid. It does two things, suppresses the sweet tastes buds and also enhance... | [
"Bacteria eats sugar and poops acid into your mouth which burns your teeth. Brush and floss and see a dentist."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post about Science:",
"pos": "Represent the paragraph about Science:",
"neg": "Represent the paragraph:"
} |
; How do cold pack / heat packs help heal injuries? | [
"Short answer: Cold helps reduce swelling and inflammation. Heat helps relax tense or tight muscles. So yes, good for different types of injuries."
] | [
"R: obviously good to stay off an injury I: reduces swelling around the injured area, and relieves pain C: also reduces swelling E: helps with resting the injury"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the passage:",
"neg": "Represent the passage:"
} |
How does the electron transfer chain work? | [
"The electron transport chain is a set of chemical reactions that bounce electrons back and forth between various molecules, ending at oxygen. Each time, the electrons move to a energetically preferred state (flowing downhill) and the resultant energy is used to move protons across a membrane (pumping them uphill, ... | [
"Out of the 36 ATP molecules (energy) made during aerobic respiration, 34 are made by the electron transport chain segment in the mitochondria. So in conclusion a lot of power."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do people not hear themselves snoring while they sleep? | [
"They do. Loud snorers will wake themselves up many times over a night, but only for a fraction of a second, not long enough to become conscious or remember it the next day."
] | [
"There are about a thousand different reasons why someone might sweat while they are asleep. i.e. the answer is going to vary from person to person."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document about Sleep and fatigue:"
} |
Why do planets in the solar system orbit the sun in almost the same axis? | [
"When the solar system was forming, it was made out of gas, and at some point the gas started spinning. Gravity caused the gas to continue to spin, and over time, particle collisions canceled out upward and downward spin, resulting in a single flat disk of gas that was spinning in the same direction. That planets f... | [
"> does the moon orbit the sun and the earth, or just the earth? Both. The moon orbits Earth but Earth orbits the sun which means the moon must also circle around the sun along with Earth."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the comment:",
"neg": "Represent the comment about Astronomy:"
} |
When people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations does it activate the parts of the brain we use when taking in and processing sound? Or is it more like an inner voice that has dissociated, and they are unable to control? | [
"As a side note, it was learned that schizophrenics who were deaf didn't hear voices, but had hallucinations of disembodied hands signing at them."
] | [
"One possible explanation has to do with brain functioning and how we hear our own \"inner voice\". When we relay a conversation or play a tune in our head or think via inwardly talking to ourselves, brain imaging studies (and brain stimulation studies which can relay information on causation as well as correlation... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why censoring the eyes (and not others parts of the face) in a persons picture is enough to make them unidentifiable? | [
"It is definitely not enough to make someone unidentifiable, but it does make it more difficult."
] | [
"It's very very vague. And the only way to know if you're safe is to bring your porn collection to the local police station and ask the police to examine it with you to see what is and isn't illegal. I think it's deep down a conspiracy to embarass the police force to death."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the query:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
Why do stores shift products around | [
"My understanding is that when you get accustomed to the layout, you tend not to pick up new things as you go into the store knowing what you want and you know where you need to walk to. By moving it around you are forced down different aisles and new things catch your eye. & #x200B; Basically a ploy to get you bu... | [
"Given how long the dates are and now quickly they turn over stock and stores get new shipments, and the production cycles of such products, it’s easy enough to simply reduce or pause a delivery so as to prevent overstock and items approaching their expiration date. There are always channels like dollar stores as w... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit title:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit passage:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit passage:"
} |
How does the transmission speeds across twisted pair cables keep getting faster with each new category (Cat5, Cat6, Cat7, etc...) When it is still essentially just four twisted pair copper cables? | [
"The copper cables themselves haven't really changed much, but the insulation between them and shielding around them reduce interference and noise. The data doesn't get from one end of the cable to the other any faster, but you can squeeze it tighter without electrical interference mucking it up by the other end. T... | [
"Ethernet cables are just a catch all term for eight-wire cables. They can be CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6, even CAT7. CAT5/CAT5e/CAT6/etc. is a designation for the type of wire used in the cable, with higher numbers capable of handling higher speed with less interference issues at longer distances. RJ45 is the designation of... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit query:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
How did Silicon Valley become the "mecca" of computer technology? Could this have happened anywhere like New York or Chicago or is there something specific about the geographic or political climate that allowed Silicon Valley to become what it is? | [
"I’m not a Silicon Valley expert, but from what i do know, it was the culmination of a number of things that basically helped to create a snowball effect of “right place, right time” that made it what it is today. Most notably being that US military spent a lot of money on R & D in the early 20th century in the Bay... | [
"Part of the reason New York is so expensive is because of it's unique economic position. It's the home of the New York Stock Exchange, which causes it to be a central location for all kinds of financial and trade corporations. The people that work in those industries make a lot of money, and people with lots of mo... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the question:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
Why can't they do full eye transplants, only corneas? | [
"Eyes are extremely complicated. So many nerves and muscles and tiny blood vessels that all have to be connected just right. You're constantly moving them, several times per second. There's really no room for error. That they connect directly to your brain doesn't help matters. It's just too complex for modern surg... | [
"I believe it's because surgeons can't hook up nerves together. Otherwise we would be able to have many other arms. Surgeons would be able to hook up nerves ti mechanical devices to act as arms."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the post:",
"pos": "Represent the document:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
How is our brain "wired" to know things? Ex. Wider hips are attractive to men. Is this genetic? | [
"My understanding is that it really is about wiring inside the brain. Some stimuli and reactions are faster and easier to process because the neural pathway are already paid down due to genetic blueprints. Basically the decision paths your brain uses are big wide interstates for certain cues, like please smells tha... | [
"My guess is that attractiveness should correlate with fertility because that would help make the most babies. The traits we perceive as young are similar for other species too. Big eyes. Smoother skin. Good hair. Good health. In a good mood. Attractive dogs really have a lot in common with attractive humans."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document about Animal behavior:"
} |
How do open world games go without interstitial loading screens? | [
"Yes, that's exactly what it is doing. The open world is split in to sections, and only the section the player is close to is loaded. You notice if you die in open world games it will take a bit of time to load the area you respawn in."
] | [
"1) Because they aren't linear. Traditional games generally are, so developers know what you are going to be looking at pretty much all the time, so they make sure it's beautiful. 2) More going on. Often in MMORG's there are a lot of people in play at one time, and displaying very detailed characters and animations... | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit question:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit post:"
} |
How does the directional system work in space? | [
"It doesn't. I find it's helpful to find the direction of the sun and go by that. The sun revolves around everything, so you can still have some sense of direction if you plan buildings around that, and a few well placed GPS tags can help, and/or a compass or a few, made of 2 armor blocks, 1 grey and 1 red to point... | [
"Is it possible to get a better picture with a little more light?"
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the title about Physics:",
"pos": "Represent the document about Physics:",
"neg": "Represent the document:"
} |
why does hot asphalt appear to reflect the image of cars from a distance? | [
"It's not the asphalt itself doing it, it's the air. Asphalt just happens to absorb so much heat that it gets hot enough to see the effects. It's a mirage, basically; different temperatures of air refract light a little bit differently, and if there's a big enough temperature difference it can produce weird things ... | [
"They have more density due to the water which blocks out the light, causing a shadow on the underside. If you were looking down onto the same cloud it’ll still be white."
] | eli5_question_answer | {
"query": "Represent the Reddit post:",
"pos": "Represent the Reddit document:",
"neg": "Represent the Reddit document:"
} |
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