query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug of choice for pregnant female suspected of having a baby with congenital adrenal hyperplasia | [
"Refer Goodman Gilman 12/e p 123 To suppress fetal androgen production effectively band consequent virilization Dexamethasone must be initiated before 10 weeks of gestation To treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia is baby hydrocoisone is used."
] | [
"Placental steroid sufatase deficiency is an X-linked disorder (affects only males) that does not lead to ambiguous genitalia in a female child.\n'Placental steroid suflatase deficiency is a rare X-linked disorder and all affected fetuses are males' William's 22nd/81\nCongenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most comm... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is : | [
"Ans. is a i.e. Ritodrine Pulmonary edema is a serious complication of beta-adrenergic therapy (ritodrine) and MgSO4. This complication occurs in patients receiving oral or (more common) intravenous treatment. It occurs more frequently in patients who have excessive plasma volume expansion, such as those with twins... | [
"Indomethacin acts by decreasing fetal urine production and thereby reduces amnionic fluid volume. This is presumed due to an increase in vasopressin levels and vasopressin responsiveness However, it may cause constriction of fetal ductus aeriosus, resulting in pulmonary hypeension. Hence, should not be used beyond... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A patient presents with diarrhoea. analysis of stool on wet mount shows mobile protozoa without RBCs and pus cells. The diagnosis is - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Giardiasis . Mobile protozoa with absence of RBC's and pus cells in stools in a patient with diarrhoea suggests giardiasis. . In balantidum cob and entomoeba histolytica infections, pus cells and RBC's will be present in stools. Trichomonas hominis is considered as non-pathogenic"
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Complement fixation test is diagnostic; 'b' i.e., Stools contain only cysts; `c' i.e., Habitat is colon . Amongst the given option, only option 'd' is true i.e., trophozoites and cysts are found in duodenum. About other options . The gold - standard for diagnosis of giardiasis is microscopic demo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
A clinical study involves patients diagnosed with carcinoma whose tumor stage is T4N1M1. The patients' survival rate 5 years from the time of diagnosis is less than 50%, regardless of therapy. Which of the following clinical findings is most likely to be characteristic of this group of patients? | [
"Cachexia is a common finding in advanced cancers, and weight loss without dieting in an adult is a \"red flag\" for malignancy. The exact cause for this is unknown, but increases in circulating factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) may play a role. Cardiac murmurs may occur in the development of nonbacterial... | [
"Survival rates are increased in patients with gastric ulcer. The 5-year survival rate for all types of gastric carcinoma is about 12%, but it is 35% if the nodes are clear and 7% if the nodes are involved. It is important that the cut edges are clear of tumor to avoid almost certain recurrence."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Thiopentone is absolutely contraindicated in | [
"(Porphyria): (381 -- KDT 7th edition; 536- Goodman 12th7or variegate)Thiopentone can precipitate acut intermittent or variegate porphyria in susceptible individuals therefore contraindicated. The abnormal synthesis of protoporphyrin (important in hemoglobin production) results in excess porphobilinogen. Barbiturat... | [
"Gallamine is the muscle relaxant that entirely depends on renal excretion. and metocurine is also contraindicated in renal failure."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
True regarding the rubens valve is | [
"Rubens valve is a non – rebreathing valve used in self inflating resuscitation bags. It jams in inspiratory position occasionally. It allows spontaneous breathing ."
] | [
"A i.e. Hea beat USG of umbilical aery is done to know about hea beatQ."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Loeffler's medium is- | [
"Enriched media The media containing ingredients which enhance their growth-promoting qualities E.g. Blood agar, Chocolate agar and Loeffler medium. The usual media employed for cultivation of the diphtheria bacillus are Loeffler's serum slope and tellurite blood agar. Diphtheria bacilli grow on Loeffler's serum sl... | [
"Cullen's sign"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All are true about halothane except - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tachycardia o Halothane causes bradycardia.Halothaneo It is a volatile liquid with sweet odour, nonirritating and noninflammable.o It is a potent anaesthetic with poor analgesic and muscle relaxant properties,o Halothane causes direct depression of myocardial contractility by reducing intracellul... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Thalidomide * Has been explained in previous sessions"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
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"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A man coming from a mountain whose wife died 6 months prior says that his wife appeared to him and asked him to join her. The diagnosis is | [
"B i.e. Grief psychosis Bereavement, Grief, or Mourning is a psychological reaction of those who survive a significant loss. Differences between normal & abnormal grief:Identifying with a deceased person such as taking on ceain admired traits or treasuring ceain possessions is normal; believing that one is the dece... | [
"There are many beliefs which are false and are shared by whole communities e.g. black magic, witches, etc. These beliefs are considered as superstitions. In comparison, delusions are not shared by members of the same sociocultural background. For example, if a villager stas claiming that he is lord Hanuman, no one... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Ocular manifestation in giant cell arteritis? | [
"Ans. a. Arteritic AIONAION occurs due to interference of blood supply to anterior part of optic nerve (posterior ciliary artery)AION can be clinically differentiated into:Arteritic AIONNonarteritic AION*. Due to giant cell arteritis*. Due to occlusion of short posterior ciliary artery*. Sudden, severe visual loss ... | [
"Behcet&;s syndrome The condition has an immunological basis in which severe iridocyclitis characterised by a hypopyon, is associated with evidence of obliterative retinal vasculitis. It is accompanied by ulcerative lesions in the conjunctiva, oral and genital mucosa, together with neurological and aicular manifest... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
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"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 43-year-old man suddenly develops odynophagia. Which organism is most likely to be isolated on throat culture? | [
"Odynophagia is a sensation of sharp retrosternal pain on swallowing. It is usually caused by severe erosive conditions such as Candida, herpes virus, and corrosive injury following caustic ingestion."
] | [
"Ans: b (Seen in elderly using crack cocaine)Ref: Dhingra, 5th ed. pg. 309, Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics, 18th ed. pg. 1763,1764, www.wikipedia.comFirst statement that it is common in infant is a wrong one. Epiglottitis typically affects young children, and is associated with fever, difficulty in swallowing, droo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
Which disease is associated with the Father of Public Health? | [
"Dr. John Snow was the first to associate Cholera to a sewage-affected drinking water pump in London Ref: 25th edition Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 25"
] | [
"Here the carrier, infected people over a period of time and hence there was no explosive rise in patient cases. But over a long duration many people were affected. So it is a Common source continuous or repeated exposure epidemic. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive Medicine, 17th Edition, Page 56."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Caloric test is done for | [
"Ans. (a) Semicircular canalRef. Dhingra's ENT 5th ed. / 48* Caloric test is used to assess vestibular function. The basis of this test is to induce nystagmus by thermal stimulation of the vestibular system.* Done by taking water of 2 temperatures, cold (30degC) and hot (44degC).* Position of the test: Supine then ... | [
"Sugar assimilation test is done for Candida."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In humans, effective renal blood flow is ? | [
"C i.e., 625 ml"
] | [
"At rest, the cutaneous blood flow is approximately 450 ml/min in the average ... It accounts for 5% of the total body oxygen consumption."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
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Typhoid carriers are detected by following except ? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Widal test"
] | [
"Ans. (a) Till three consecutive negative urine/stool culture samples are obtained from patient Control of Typhoid Fever Lontrol of reservoir: Reservoir may be case or carrier: A. Cases: Early diagnosis and treatment: With early diagnosis and treatment, carrier stage can be prevented. Isolation: Owing to the infect... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statements regarding live vaccines is false? | [
"When the administration of two live vaccines is mandatory, it can be given simultaneously but either: ? at different sites of injection or ? at an interval of at least 3 weeks Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine By K. Park, 19th Edition, Page 97; Immunology for The Health Sciences By Nicholas J.... | [
"There will be more false positive cases in a community where prevalence is low, because the predictive accuracy of the test is decreased. This predictive value however depends on the prevalence of a disease (besides its sensitivity and specificity). The more prevalent a disease in a given population, the more is t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
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"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Magnan's symptom is seen in: | [
"Altered tactile sensation: the person feel that some insects are crawling on his skin. This is known asMagnan's symptomorcocaine bugs(formication). Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from plantErythroxylon coca."
] | [
"Gas in great vessels and chambers of heart ( Robert's sign) is seen in maceration, which is a sign of dead born."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
The earliest manifestation of increased intrcranial pressure following head injury is | [
"In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP include altered level of consciousness, headache, vomitingwithout nausea, ocular palcies, back pain and papilledema. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances, optic atrophy, and eventually blindness. The headache is classically a mor... | [
"cranial nerve VI is most commonly affected during spinal Anaesthesia. Dural puncture - a critical step in performing spinal anesthesia - was first introduced by Quinke in 1891, and sholy thereafter, Bier repoed the first case of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH). Bier proposed that ongoing leakage of cerebrospin... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
True about Bochdalek hernia is - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Differential diagnosis for pleuropericardial cyst Differential diagnosis of CDH o Pulmonary sequestration o Cystic adenomatoid malformation o Pleuropericardial cysts"
] | [
"Le dance sign is empty right iliac fossa, seen in Intussusception."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which bone do not contributes to the medial wall of the orbit? | [
"ANSWER: (D) ZygomaREF: Grays anatomy 39th edition, page 688-690 style=\"font-size: 1.04761904761905em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif\">part_8/chapter_45.htmlIndirect repeat in December 2010WALLS OF THE ORBIT:The orbit possesses four walls; a roof, lateral wall, floor, and medi... | [
"Pneumatic bones are one which contain large air spaces lined by epithelium e.g.: maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, Frontal etc. They make the skull light in weight, help in resonance of voice, and act as air conditioning chambers for the inspired air."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Swan neck deformity - | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Extention at PIP and Flexion at DIP joint * Boutonniere deformity: Flexion contracture of PIP joint and extension of DIP joint.* Swan neck deformity: Hyperextension of PIP joint and flexion at DIP joint."
] | [
"*Abduction, flexion and internal rotation deformity with shoening of limb is characteristic of posterior dislocation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
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A 55-year-old man with recent onset of atrial fibrillation presents with a cold, pulseless left lower extremity. He complains of left leg paresthesia and is unable to dorsiflex his toes. Following a successful popliteal embolectomy, with restoration of palpable pedal pulses, the patient is still unable to dorsi- flex h... | [
"This case illustrates two (among many) conditions that lead to the anterior compartment syndrome, namely, acute arterial occlusion without collateral inflow and rapid reperfusion of ischemic muscle. Treatment for a compartment syndrome is prompt fasciotomy Assessing a compartment syndrome and proceeding with fasci... | [
"Description:.In the lower limbs, patients often present with unilateral leg pain, swelling, and erythema. On physical examination, the affected leg is often tender and warm, and there may be dilation of superficial veins. Additionally, some patients may have a positive Homan sign on physical examination, whereby t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Which of the following is not a CT feature ofAdrenal adenoma – | [
"Adrenal adenoma on contrast-enhanced CT/MRI shows rapid uptake and relatively rapid washout of contrast material than do non adenomasQ.\nAdenoma: CT features\n\nWell defined/sharply defined \n<5 cm in size\nLow attenuation (<10 HU) due to lipid content\nMild homogenous enhancement\nRelatively rapid washout of cont... | [
"ACTH dependent Cushing syndrome is caused by : ACTH producing pituitary adenoma Ectopic ACTH Bronchial or pancreatic carcinoid Small cell cancer of lung Medullary carcinoma of thyroids Pheochromocytoma ACTH Independent Cushing syndrome is caused by : Adrenocoical adenoma/ carcinoma Primary pigmented nodular adrena... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
Most common cause of death in primary amyloidosis is? | [
"ANSWER: (B) Cardiac failureREF: Harrison's Internal Medicine 17th edition chapter 324. AmyloidosisThe kidneys are the most frequently affected organ (80%), Renal amyloidosis is usually manifested by proteinuria, which is often in the nephrotic range and associated with significant hypoalbuminemia and edema or anas... | [
"TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY HARSH MOHAN 6THEDITION PG NO 86 Secondary/Reactive (AA) Systemic Amyloidosis The second form of systemic or generalised amyloidosis is reactive or inflammatory or secondary in which the fibril proteins contain AA amyloid. Secondary or reactive amyloidosis occurs typically as a complication o... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
Which of the following is false about mucocele of gallbladder | [
"Mucocele(Hydrops) Mucocele results from Prolonged obstruction of the cystic duct, usually by a large solitary calculus Obstructed GB lumen is progressively distented by mucus (mucocele) or by clear transudate(hydrops) produced by mucosal epithelial cells Clinical features A visible, easily palpable, non tender gal... | [
"Ans. (a) PigmentedRef: Harrison 19th ed. 12078* Pigmented gall stones have composition of Calcium Bilirubinate and are seen in hemolytic anemia like hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia.* The pigment stones are themselves of 2 types.Black and brown pigment gallstones.* Black and brown pigment gallstones ar... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
Most Common Tumour of Eyelid is: | [
"BCC"
] | [
"Lung carcinoma is the most common cause of metastasis to orbit in adult Most common orbital tumor in adults Primary Benign: Cavernous hemangioma Primary Malignant: Lymphoma Metastatic Tumor: Carcinoma Lung (male) , Carcinoma Breast (Female)"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
Intolerance to loud sound, nerve affected is | [
"Clinical features of the 7th nerve palsy: Eyeball turns up and out Saliva dribbles Tears flow down Pain in the ear Noise intolerance Loss of taste Ref: Dhingra 7e pg 104."
] | [
"(B) Vibration > Vibration sense is the most common to be lost in old age."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Thyroid hormone formation involves many steps. Which of the following amino acid is the precursor for thyroxine? | [
"Tyrosine: Tyrosine is the precursor of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Neural cells conve tyrosine to epinephrine and norepinephrine. While dopa is also an intermediate in the formation of melanin, different enzymes hydroxylate tyrosine in melanocytes. Dopa decarboxylase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, fo... | [
"Catecholamines are epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. L-DOPA is the precursor of all catecholamines The diagram given below shows the synthesis of L-DOPA and the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis is tyrosine hydroxylase."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Sputum positive patient who should be quarantined: | [
"Ans. (d) Children below 6 yearsRef: K. Park 23rd ed. /182-84* About national TB program, if a person is smear positive for TB:# All the family who is in close contact with the patient is given prophylaxis# Children under age 6 is given prophylaxisNote: India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP... | [
"Ans. is `c' i.e., No risk in negative . Persons who have never had contact with tubercle bacilli are tuberculin negative. It means they are susceptible to T.B. infection as they have not developed cell mediated immunity against M. tuberculosis. About other options Option 'a' Indication for chemoprophylaxis by ATT.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
Which of these pathologies is the most common benign tumour of the parotid gland? | [
"Mumps causes the classic bilateral parotitis, but it can present as a unilateral enlargement in rare cases. Heerfordt syndrome includes sarcoidosis.\nTuberculosis historically was associated with ‘cold abscess’. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacterium that does not stain with Gram stain.... | [
"While the paired parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands comprise the major salivary glands, the minor salivary glands include approximately 500-1,000 simple tuboalveolar glands distributed throughout the submucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. These glands are predominately mucous secreting. The minor s... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A patient has ecchymosis and petechiae all over the body with no hepato-splenomegaly. All are true except | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bleeding into the joints Features of Acute and Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Feature Acute ITP Chronic ITP Peak age of incidence Children 2-6 year Adults, 20-40 year Sex predilection None 3:1 female to male Antecedent infection Common 1-2 week Unusual Onset of bleeding Before Abrupt... | [
"Peripheral smear shows schistocytes. there is reduced platelet count, petechial spots over body, history of diarrhea was 2 days prior to oliguria. All these points towards hemolytic uremic syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
Which body pa is represented superiorly and medially within the postcentral gyrus? | [
"In the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory area) of each hemisphere, the sensory information from the opposite side of the body is received. The lower limb representation is found in the superior and medial poion of the postcentral gyrus (see the figure below). The lateral poion of the postcentral gyrus receives soma... | [
"- lateral surface of cerebrum receives supply from middle cerebral aery. -medial surface of cerebrum is majorly supplied by anterior cerebral aery. - The upper limb and head are represented on the lateral surface of the coex in homunculus, whereas pelvis and lower limb are on the medial surface of the hemispheres.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
A 62 year old man has a 25 year history of alcoholism and liver disease. He visits his physician complaining of pain and swelling of his legs. A decrease in which of the following is the most likely cause of the peripheral edema? | [
"The plasma colloid osmotic pressure is often low in alcoholics with chronic liver disease (cirrhosis). The diseased liver cannot produce adequate amounts of albumin, which leads to a decrease in the concentration of albumin in the plasma, i.e., hypoalbuminemia. Because about 75% of the plasma colloid osmotic press... | [
"DM is a syndrome consisting of hyperglycemia, large vessel disease, micro vascular disease, and neuropathy. The classic presenting symptoms are increased thirst, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss. In type 2 diabetes, the presentation can be more subtle and is often made when the patient is asymptomatic. While ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
Most common cause of dissecting hematoma is | [
"Aoic dissection occurs when blood splays apa the laminar planes of the media to form a blood-filled channel within the aoic wall.Aoic dissection occurs mainly in two age groups: (1)men aged 40 to 60 with antecedent hypeension (more than 90% of cases); and (2) younger patients with connective tissue abnormalities t... | [
"The patient presents with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, or Kawasaki disease. It is often a self-limiting condition, although as many as 20% of patients develop an aneurysm of the coronary vessels. Dissection of the thoracic aoa is associated with hypeension. Rupture of a berry aneurysm can result in a subarac... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Charcot's triad include | [
"Charcot's triad is a feature of ascending cholangitis secondary to CBD stones.Intermittent symotoms are produced as the stone moves proximally & floats with relieving of obstruction and subsiding of symotoms.The triad includes fever,jaundice and pain(maybe colicky). SRB's manual of surgery,5th edition,page no:651.... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Nerve injury Sunderland is an extension of the seddon classification and includes 5 types of nerve injuries."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Die is commonly seen in - | [
"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (M3) may be associated with a serious coagulation abnormality ,disseminated intravascular coagulation.Reference :Davidson's principles & practices of medicine 22nd edition pg no 383."
] | [
"Iris bombe is seen in ring synechiae."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Humans become infected by M.tuberculosis commonly by | [
"M.tuberculosis is mainly transmitted by direct inhalation of aerosolised bacilli contained in the droplet nuclei of expectorated sputum. Generated while coughing. sneezing,or speaking of infected patients. There may be as many as 3000 infectious nuclei per cough. The tiny droplets may remain suspended in the air f... | [
"The yellow fever virus is transmitted by the bite of female mosquitoes (the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. After transmission of the virus from a mosquito the viruses replicate in the lymph nodes and infect dendritic cells in paicular. Hepatitis-A and Cholera are transmitted through feco-oral route. Leprosy... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Umbilical cord usually separates in newborns on: | [
"Ans. C. Day 7-10Umbilical cord is the connection between the mother and the fetus in the intrauterine stage and includes two arteries and one vein. It usually separates in children between day 7-10, either by dry gangrene or a residual moist base."
] | [
"Functional closure happens 10-12 hours after birth. Anatomical closure takes place at 2-3weeks after birth."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
Delayed pubey is when primary amenorrhea is seen without development of secondary sexual characters beyond the age of? | [
"Delayed pubey: Girls: Absence of secondary sexual characters by 13 yrs of age / Absence of menarche by 16 years of age / within 5 yrs of onset of pubey Boys: Lack of pubeal changes by 14 yrs of age"
] | [
"In boys, first visible sign of puberty and hallmark of SMR2 is testicular enlargement, beginning as early as 9½ years. This is followed by penile growth during SMR3. Peak growth occurs when testis volumes reach approximately 9-10 cm3 during SMR4. Under the influence of LH and testosterone, and prostate enlarge. Th... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause of central precocious pubey in girls: | [
"- MCC of central precocious pubey in girls is Idiopathic. - Organic causes are more common in boys. - OTHER CAUSES: Infections - TB, meningitis Injuries - Trauma, neurosurgery, Radiotherapy Tumors - Hypothalamic hamaoma (Gelastic seizures)- MCC of organic central precocious pubey CNS malformations like arachnoid c... | [
"vaginoplasty should be done before onset of sexual activity sex of rearing should be female gonadectomy is to be done for Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and not for MRKH as it has a normal functioning ovary child bearing is possible through assisted reproduction as the patient has normally functioning ovaries, th... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which test is used to compare kapian-meier survival curve- | [
"Ans. is 'C' i.e., Log rank test o The Kaplan-Meier estimator is an estimater for estimating the survival function from life time data. o A plot of the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival function is a series of horizontal steps of declining magnitude which, wrhen a large enough sample is taken, approaches the tr... | [
"ref: Park&;s 23rd edition pg 58 note: propoional moality rate measures the burden of disease others are crude death rates."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Apoptotic bodies are | [
"In H&E-stained tissue sections, the nuclei of apoptotic cells show various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation and, ultimately, karyorrhexis; at the molecular level, this is reflected in fragmentation of DNA into nucleosome-sized pieces. The cells rapidly shrink, form cytoplasmic buds, and fragment in... | [
"NOD - like receptors recognise products of necrotic cells, Ion disturbancer microbial products."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
According to Hellin's law chances of twins in pregnancy are: | [
"According to Hellin’s rule\nThe mathematical frequency of multiple pregnancy is:\n\nTwins 1 in 80\nTriplets 1 in (80)2\nQuadruplets 1 in (80)3 and so on"
] | [
"The number of veebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. The number of those in the cervical region however is only rarely changed."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are true about OPSI (Overwhelming Postsplenectomy Infection), Except: | [
"Ans is A (Maximum risk is within 1 year of splenectomy) Overwhelming Postsplenectomy Infection (OPSI) Splenectomised patients are likely to suffer from severe infections. This syndrome is called overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). OPSI is among the more devastating sequelae of asplenia and is the most c... | [
"Answer is C (PNH) PNH is not associated with necrotizing papillitis or papillary necrosis Diabetes milletus, analgesic abuse (salicylate poisoning) and Renal vein thrombosis are documented causes for renal papillary necrosis Renal Papillary Necrosis Renal papillary necrosis is typically caused by ischaemic necrosi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
"La-facies sympathique" is a condition seen in cases of | [
"* La facies sympathique occurs in hanging* On postmortem examination, in hanging, usually the eyes are closed or partly open and the pupils are usually dilated.Sometimes, when the ligature knot presses on the cervical sympathetic, the eye on the same side may remain open and its pupil dilated (La, facies sympathia... | [
"Maceration of fetus is a sign of dead born."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
In acute inflammation the tissue response consists of all except | [
"Ref Robbins9/e p97 Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of acti- vated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes. Granulo- mas are characteristic of ceain specific pathologic states; consequently, recognition of the granulomatous pattern is impoant be... | [
"Transient vasoconstriction of aerioles at the site of injury is the earliest vascular response in acute inflammation. This process is mediated by both neurogenic and chemical mediator systems and usually resolves within seconds to minutes. Followed by, Vasodilation first involves the aerioles and then leads to the... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
This condition is best treated by: | [
"Ans. (a) Intra-keloidal injection of triamcinolone.Diagnosis based on the image is Keloid scar* Characterized by overgrowth of scar tissue beyond the margins of original wound* Occur more commonly in females over sternum, shoulder and face, Black people are more prone for it* Treatment is with intralesional inject... | [
"As the condition for the patient shows to escape from the situation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which joint is commonly involved in osteochondritis dissecans? | [
"Kness is the most commonly affected joint. Other joints such as hip, ankle , elbow and shoulder can also be involved. Definition : * Localized condition affecting the aicular surface of a joint with separation of a segment of cailage and subchondral bone * Knee by far the most common joint involved (75% of all OCD... | [
"The arthritis of Bechet's syndrome is not deforming and affects knees and ankles.\nRheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, neuropathic arthropathy etc. cause deforming arthritis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
renal papillary necrosis is caused by ? | [
"Etiology # Pyelonephritis # Obstruction of the urinary tract # Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell trait # Tuberculosis # Cinhosis of the liver, chronic alcoholism # Analgesic abuse # Renal transplant rejection, Radiation, Renal vein thrombosis # Diabetes mellitus # Systemic vasculitis Renal papi... | [
"Nephrotic syndrome is an unusual presentation ground glass appearance of lungs, pleural effusion are of IgA nephropathy. Patients mainly present with hematuria, impoant features. after pharyngeal or gastrointestinal infection, vaccination or Pulmonary fthrosis leads to restrictive ventilatory defect and strenuous ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Bilateral spider leg sign on IVP is suggestive of: | [
"Ans. Polycystic kidney"
] | [
"Extensive involvement of deep white matter with bilateral hyperdense thalami on CT scan suggests the diagnosis of Krabbe's disease."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which is the only living pa of Hydatid cyst? | [
"Hydatid cyst is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It has a thick opaque white outer cuticle / laminated layer and an inner thin germinal layer containing nucleated cells. The germinal layer is the site of asexual reproduction. It also secretes the hydatid fluid which fills the cavity. The fluid is clear, colourle... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Reduvid bug Chaga's disease is transmitted by Reduvid bug."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Von Langenbeck repair is used for treatment of: | [
"Von Langenbeck Repair: Two-stage palate repairs were originally described as a means of treating wide clefts; soft palate repair was done at the same time as lip repair, with the hard palate repaired later after the cleft width had diminished. In a way, this is analogous to lip adhesion; the surgeon is committed t... | [
"Transperitoneal approach of repair is preferred in complex large fistulas."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not recommended in the treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: | [
"B. i.e. Bed rest for 3 months In low back ache (lumbago) bed rest should not exceed 2 (to 4) daysQ, because bed rest for longer period may lead to debilitating muscle atrophy and increased stiffness. Therefore bed rest > 2 days (Harrison)/>4 days (CDTF) is not recommended."
] | [
"Marriage counseling is a type of primary prevention. Primary prevention: Action taken prior to the onset of the disease which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. Amniocentesis, Pap smear, and self-breast examination are screening tests to detect disease in the early phase which comes under seco... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Fatty acid synthase complex contain the following enzymes except: | [
"Ans. C. Acetyl: CoA carboxylase(Ref: Harper 31/e page 217)Six enzyme activities of fatty acid synthase complex are:Ketoacyl SynthaseMalonyl-acetyl transacylaseHydrataseEnoyl reductaseKetoacyl reductaseThioesterase (Deacylase)"
] | [
"Isoenzymes are different enzymes catalysing the same chemical reaction - option b is correct. Allosteric regulators bind to a site other than the active site - option c is correct. Translational regulation means inhibiting/activating the synthesis of enzyme/protein (protein translation) to stop/increase the reacti... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which is false regarding Gram positive cocci ? | [
"Unlike streptococci enterococci are not reliably killed by penicillin or ampicillin alone at concentration acheived clinically in the blood or tissues.\n\nAntimicrobial susceptibility testing should be performed routinely on enterococcal isolates.\n\nOther options\nOption ‘a’ • Staph. saprophyiticus specially caus... | [
"Differences between Cell Wall of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Brugada syndrome is characterized by | [
"Brugada syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by >0.2 mV of ST-segment elevation with a coved ST segment and negative T wave in more than one anterior precordial lead (V1-V3) and episodes of syncope or cardiac arrest due to polymorphic VT in the absence of structural hea disease.Harrison 19e pg: 1497"
] | [
"Answer is A (Lev's Disease) Progressive idiopathic fibrosis of the proximal bundle branch fibres is termed as LEV Disease. Lev's Disease Progressive idiopathic fibrosis of the proximal bundle branch fibres (usually occurs in relatively older population) Lenegre's Disease Progressive idiopathic fibrosis of the more... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Malaria causing nephrotic syndrome - | [
"It would appear that quaan malaria causes an immune complex nephritis in some individuals that, once established, is sustained by mechanisms not yet fully explained but which may involve an autoimmune process. Evidence to suppo an immunologic pathogenesis of the renal lesions is provided by the presence of immunog... | [
"Most common cause of glomerulonephritis is Berger disease. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is most common cause of nephrotic syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Drug of choice for acute severe asthma is: September 2006 | [
"Ans. A: Sho acting beta 2 agonists Severe asthma (Continuous symptoms; activity limitation; frequent exacerbations/hospitalization) requires: Regular high dose of inhaled steroid (800-2000 microgram/ day) through a large volume spacer device and inhaled long acting beta2 agonist (Salmeterol). Additional treatment ... | [
"Symptomatic HIV infected children should not be given oral polio and BCG vaccines Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 877"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
False statement regarding myocardial infarction and depression is: | [
"The first three options are correct. Depression and myocardial infarction are risk factors for each other. The treatment of depression after MI involves both medications and CBT."
] | [
"Low resting pulse rate is the constant predictor of conduct and antisocial behavior."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Regarding Fanconi anemia, the wrong statement is: | [
"Fanconi's anemia is an autosomal recessive disease Characterized:- Progressive pancytopenia Increased risk of malignancy (solid tumors and AML) Congenital developmental anomalies like sho stature, cafe au lait spots, abnormalities affecting thumb, radius and genitourinary tract. Fanconi's anemia is associated with... | [
"Answer is A (PNH) Amongst the options provided PNH is the single best answer of choice."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
According to WHO, what is given to prevent PPH by active management of third stage of labour? | [
"WHO recommendations for prevention of PPH by active management of third stage of labour Components of Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour (WHO)Administration of uterotonic soon after bih of baby.Delayed cord clamping and cutting.Controlled cord traction for delivery of the placenta (Brandt Andrew&;sMeth... | [
"The patient in the question has BP 170 / 110 mm of Hg (i.e. > 160 / 110 mm), Urine albumin +++, Headache, Blurring of vision and fundal examination shows areas of retinal hemorrhage. All these features point towards severe preeclampsia. Now there is a lot of controversy regarding this question. Some feel cesarean ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A multipara with 34 weeks pregnancy tachycardia, fever, hepatospleenomegaly, pallor has : | [
"Malaria"
] | [
"Peripoal hemorrhagic necrosis (characteristic hepatic lesion in pre eclampsia)in the liver periphery with some degree of hepatic infarction accompanied with hemorrhage Clinical presentation: moderate to severe right-upper quadrant or midepigastric pain hepatic region tenderness. raised liver enzymes, hemolysis and... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Osmotic fragility is increased in ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hereditary spherocytosis Osmotic fragility of Red blood cells. Red blood cell osmotic fragility is the resistance of RBC hemolysis to osmotic changes. o Normally RBC maintains osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding medium i.e., with serum that has 0.9% NaCl. o As the surrounding medium becomes ... | [
"Absorption atelactasis, decreased vital capacity and endothelial damage are the side effects of the oxygen therapy"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which drug is not used to prevent contrast nephropathy - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Fenoldopam Summary And Recommendations for prevention of contrast induced nephropathy (uptodate recommendation )o Optimal therapy to prevent contrast-induced acute renal failure remains uncertain. Patients with near-normal renal function are at little risk and few precautions are necessary other ... | [
"Ans. B: Treatment of type II lepra reaction Thalidomide is a sedative-hypnotic, and multiple myeloma medication. The drug is a potent teratogen. Thalidomide was chiefly sold during the late 1950s and early 1960s to pregnant women, as an antiemetic to combat morning sickness. Children were born with severe malformi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Aminoacyl t-RNA is not require for - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hydroxylysine o The initial step in protein synthesis is the activation of amino acid in which each of the 20 amino-acids is covalently attached to their respective t-RNA, forming specific amino acyl t-RNA.o The reaction is catalyzed by ami noacyl t-RNA synthase.o Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine... | [
"C i.e. t RNAThe TN/ C arm of tRNA has sequence of thymidineQ, Pseudouridine, and cytosine.The Tyr C arm of tRNA is involved in binding of amino acyl - tRNA to the ribosomal surface at the site of protein synthesis.hn RNA is heterogenous nuclear RNA, they are processed to generate the mRNA, which then enter the cyt... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Intermediate host for hydatid disease: | [
"Man"
] | [
"Refer KDT6/e p435-436 Praziquental is the drug of choice for all trematode and cestode infestations except Fasciola hepatica bad hydatid disease"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Episodes of depression in major depressive disorder tend to: | [
"Episodes of major depression tend to increase in both length and frequency with age. When treated, episodes of major depression last for about 3 months. If untreated, depression lasts from 6 to 12 months. Episodes of major depression often have a gradual onset and occur an average of 5 to 6 times over a 20-year pe... | [
"Psychotic features (delusions, hallucination) can occur in endogenous depression (not in reactive / neurotic depression) and occurs later in life (involutional depression).\nMajor endogenous depression on top of dysthymia is called double depression → Psychotic features may occur."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following does cause epidemic kerato conjuctivitis - | [
"adeno virus cause epidemic keratoconjuctivitis REF:<\\p> MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHA NARAYANAN NINTH EDITION PAGE.482"
] | [
"Ropy (stringy) discharge is seen in vernal keratoconjunctivitis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Sacrococcygeal teratoma is associated with: | [
"Ans: A (Menigocele) Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease: 8th editionExplanation:Sacrococcygeal TeratomasMost common teratomas of childhoodAccounts for 40% or more of casesFour times more common in girlsApproximately 10% of sacrococcygeal teratomas are associated with congenital anomaliesPrimarily d... | [
"The finding of right arm and leg to be longer suggests hemihyperophy. This is a feature of Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome associated with Wilms tumor."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which poisoning causes 'pink disease'? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e. Mercury Pink disease or Acrodvniao It is thought to be an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction particularly seen in children. This can be caused by chronic mercury exposure in any form usually in children. The onset is insidious with anorexia, insomnia, sweating, skin rash and photophobia. Hand... | [
"Blisters are not a feature of lead poisoning.\nEncephalopathy, Burtonian line and constipation are seen in lead poisoning."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
What is the treatment of threshold ROP? | [
"Ans is 'a' i.e. Laser Photocoagulation Threshold disease in ROP is defined as stage 3+ ROP in Zones 1 or 2 occupying at least five contiguous clock-hours or eight noncontiguous clock-hours of retina.Treatment of threshold disease is Laser Photocoagulation.'Laser therapy has largely replaced cryotherapy because vis... | [
"The main aim of the treatment of dry socket is pain control."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Diplopia is usually seen in ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Paralytic squint"
] | [
"Both Eale's disease and Retinal detachment are causes of painless sudden loss of vision, however Eale's disease is a much more common cause than RD in a young male. Ocular and systemic examinations in both the conditions may be normal."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which is the most common lymphoma in adults? | [
"DLBCL - Most common lymphoma in adults Follicular lymphoma - Most common indolent lymphoma in adults Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - Most common leukemia in adults"
] | [
"Primary hypothyroidism is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Mooning is a form of | [
"Flashing: The act of momentarily exposing or revealing sexual body pa by quickly moving the clothing. Streaking: The act of running naked through a public place. Mooning: The act of displaying one's bare buttocks, by lowering the pants and bending over"
] | [
"It is claimed to be the most successful treatment"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All are seen in vitamin C deficiency except: | [
"Vitamin C/Ascorbic acid deficiency leads toScurvy Clinical manifestation of scurvy: Swollen and bleeding gums Subcutaneous bleeding and brushing into skin/joints Delayed wound healing Anemia Weakness."
] | [
"Celiac disease - The proximal pa of the gut > distal pa. Hence vitamin B12 levels are rarely ever low. Due to maximum damage to duodenum and jejunum iron and folic acid deficiency is common Vitamin A deficiency can develop in celiac disease on account of steatorrhea."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A person had injury to right upper limb he is not able to extend fingers but able to extend wrist and elbow. Nerve injured is - | [
"Posterior interosseous emerges from the supinator on the back of the forearm .Here it lies between the superficial and deep muscles.At the lower border of the extensor pollicis brevis, it passes deep to extensor pollicis longus.it then runs on the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane up to the wrist wher... | [
"Median nerve injury at wrist is commonly subjected to pen test. This test is for the function of abductor pollicis brevis (Draw thumb forwards at right angle to palm) supplied by median nerve. Pen test A pen is kept at a level higher than the thumb and the pt is asked to touch the tip of the pen"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The patient with least risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during induction of anesthesia is:- | [
"NPO is same for obese and normal. NPO guidelines - 6hrs for liquid and semisolid, 2 hours NPO for clear fluids. Subset of patients who are at high risk for aspiration - pregnant women, morbidly obese (rapid sequence induction), full fatty meal - 8 hours NPO."
] | [
"Airway management in obese Excess fatty tissue tends to make access (intubation, tracheostomy) worse than in lean patients. Proper planning and preparation of airway management is essential: Elevation of the patient's upper body, head and neck. Preoxygenation is mandatory in morbidly obese patients and should be f... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following enzyme uses citrate in fatty acid synthesis? | [
"Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition"
] | [
"Alpha oxidation: It is a process by which fatty acids are oxidised by removing carbon atoms from the carboxyl end. The fatty acid does not need activation. This process occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, does not require CoA, but does not generate energy. Some fatty acids undergo alpha oxidation in peroxisomes a... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following changes does not occur in malignant hypeension : | [
"Answer is D (Hyaline Aeriosclerosis) : Hyaline aeriosclerosis is a feature of Benign Nephrosclerosis associated with benign phase of Hypeension. It is not a ,feature of Malignant Hypeension."
] | [
"* Hyperophy: increase in size of cells. There are no new cells just bigger cells containing increased amount of structural proteins and organelles * Hyperplasia: increase in cell number Both results in enlarged organ * Hyperplasia occurs in cells capable of replication * Hyperophy occurs in cells which have limite... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following nerves has the best prognosis for repair after injury - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Radial nerveRecovery potential after nerve repairExcellent :- Radial, Musculocutaneous, femoral, digital nervesModerate :- Median, Ulnar, TibialPoor :- Common peroneal (lateral popliteal)"
] | [
"Ans. D: Reversible physiological nerve conduction block Neurapraxia is pa of Seddon's classification scheme used to classify nerve damage. It is a transient episode of motor paralysis with little or no sensory or autonomic dysfunction. Neurapraxia describes nerve damage in which there is no disruption of the nerve... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Treatment in post operative shivering? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pethidine Post-anaesthesia shivering (PAS) Post anaesthesia (post operative) shivering occurs in 40% of patients recovering from general anaesthesia. Some time it is preceded by central hypothermia and peripheral vasoconstriction, indicating that it is a thermoregulatory mechanism Pethidine is mo... | [
"Above clinical feature seen in cushing's syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Birbeck’s granules in the cytoplasm are seen in: | [
"Birbeck granules are rod Shaped/Tennis-racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles with a central linear density and a striated appearance.\nThey are diagnostic microscopic feature in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X)"
] | [
"Granulosa cell tumors Call-Exner bodies are seen in Granulosa cell tumour. The cell in granulosa cell tumour are arranged either in cords or trabeculae and are often surrounded by structureless hyaline tissue which resembles the glass membrane of the aeic follicle. Call-Exner bodies are seen in some pas of the tum... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Crural index is: | [
"Ans. Length of tibia/femur x 100"
] | [
"A i.e. Lower end of radius & ulna"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Primordial prevention is done to prevent development of ? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Risk factors LEVELS OF PREVENTION There are four levels of prevention :? Primordial prevention Primary prevention Secondary prevention Teiary prevention Primordial Level of Prevention: Is primary prevention (see below) in purest sense It is the prevention of the emergence or development of risk f... | [
"This is an example of primary prevention since we are trying to prevent the occurrence of the disease though the risk factors are present. Since use of condom will provide protection only against STI and not other conditions, it is specific protection."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Anakinra is a - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., IL-1 antagonisto Anakinra is an IL-1 antagonist.o It is used for some rare syndromes dependent on IL-1 production :Neonatal - onset inflammatory diseaseMuckle - Wells syndromeFamilial cold urticariaSystemic juvenile - onset inflammatory arthritisRA"
] | [
"Apa from omalizumab, Reslizumab is the new drug, anti IL-5 for asthma. Ref: KK Sharma 3rd ed."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of the extrahepatic biliary atresia is | [
"Biliary atresia Evaluation of biliary anatomy begins with ultrasound Other imaging modalities such as HIDA scintigraphy, MRCP and ERCP have been used with varying success Although these are useful adjuncts, liver biopsy is gold standard for the diagnosis of biliary atresia and can safely be done percutaneously und... | [
"Ans is c i.e. Caroli's disease Caroli's disease is a rare congenital abnormality in which there is communicating cavernous ectasia of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. Caroli's disease is equivalent to type V choledochal cyst. It is commonly associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis and cystic lesions of the kidne... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following passes through lesser sciatic foramen, except ? | [
"The lesser sciatic foramen is formed by the lesser sciatic notch of the pelvic bone, the ischial, the sacrospinous ligament and the sacrotuberous ligament. It transmits the following structures: The tendon of the Obturator internus Internal pudendal vessels Pudendal nerve Nerve to the obturator internus"
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., VII o Retroauricular incision especially in young children may cause damage to facial nerve as it runs very closely"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Increased osmotic fragility is characteristic of:September 2009 | [
"Ans. A: Hereditary spherocytosisThe normal red blood cell is a relatively impermeable biconcave disc which maintains osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding medium. As the surrounding medium becomes hypotonic, fluid will be taken into the cell to maintain stability. Eventually under very hypotonic conditions the ... | [
"Refer to question no 242(explanation is given there ) Cystatin C or cystatin 3, a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain dis... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A three year old child is brought to the emergency depament having just ingested a large overdose of an antihistaminic drug. This drug is a weak base capable of entering most tissues including the brain. On physical examination the hea rate is 100/ minute, blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg and the respiratory rate is 20/ ... | [
"This question can be solved by the knowledge that basic drugs are ionized in the acidic medium and vice-a-versa. This antihistaminic drug is a weak base and will be highly ionized in the acidic urine. As ionized drugs cannot be reabsorbed in the nephron, urinary acidifying agents like NH4Cl will accelerate the exc... | [
"Digitalis dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea; a cardiac glycoside. All drugs prepared from this digitalis leaf are members of the same group and principles of administration are the same, although they vary according to speed of action and potency. Digitalis in its many forms is one of the most frequently prescribed... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A patient on t/t for psychiatric disorder takes overdose of a drug, develops bradycardia, hypotension, decreased sweating and salivation. The likely drug is | [
"A i.e. Amitryptilline"
] | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Dizziness Symptoms of hypoglycemia are attributable to :- i) Sympathetic stimulation : Sweating, tremor, tachycardia palpitations and anxiety. These are the warning signs. ii) Cerebral glucose deficiency : Decreased cognitive functions, dizziness and decreased concentration. Use of beta-blockers,... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is an absolute indication for surgery in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia - | [
"Absolute indications for surgical treatment of BPH 1) Refractory urine retention (failing at least one attempt at catheter removal 2) Recurrent UTI from BPH 3) Bladder stones d/t BPH 4) Renal insufficiency d/t BPH 5) Large bladder diveicula secondary to BPH 6) Recurrent gross hematuria from BPH Ref : Cambell's Uro... | [
"Cholecystectomy only if she develops biliary colic * Symptomatic gallstones are the main indication for cholecystectomy. * Absolute contraindications for the procedure are uncontrolled coagulopathy and end-stage liver disease."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Phenylketonuria caused by deficiency of | [
"(C) Phenyalanine hydroxylase # Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder inherited from a person's parents.> It is due to mutations in the PAH gene which results in low levels of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.> This results in the build up of dietary phenylalanine to potentially toxic levels. It is autosomal re... | [
"MULTIPLE CARBOXLASE DEFICIENCY - BIOTIN is coenzyme in carboxylase reaction. Defects in the ability to add or remove biotin from carboxylases result in multiple carboxylase deficiency. It is autosomal recessive Developmental delay Treatment is biotin supplement Tomcat Urine odour"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Telefono is: | [
"Simultaneous beating of both ears with the palms of the hands is known as TELEFONO. This may lead to rupture of the tympanic membrane causing pain, bleeding and hearing loss. It is difficult to detect this. The external ear may also get torn during pulling of the ears."
] | [
"D i.e. Inseion of one base"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are direct causes of maternal moality except: | [
"Ans. is c i.e. Hea disease"
] | [
"Common causes of abortion"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
who introduced ECT | [
"HISTORY * Medunna ====IM injection of camphor to induce seizures * Ugo cerletti and lucio bini==== ECT in a catatonic patient INDICATIONS * DEPRESSION SUICIDAL IDEAS-------------- first choice * CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA * SCHIZOPHRENIA * MANIA * ELECTRODE PLACEMENT * Most commonly used=== bi fronto temporal * More ... | [
"Ans. Less sensitive than the EOG"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
MELD score includes all except | [
"Serum albumin is not a part of MELD SCORE.\nIt is a part of child - pugh classification."
] | [
"BALTHAZAR score 1s used to know the severity of pancreatitis using CT."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All are hypercoagulable states, except ? | [
"Ans. is 'None' o All are hypercoagulable states."
] | [
"Dysfibrinogenemia produces hypercoagulable state and leads to thrombus formation in some patients. Other causes have already been discussed."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is the most common cause of meningoencephalitis in children: | [
"Answer is D (Enterovirus): Enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningoencephalitis. Arboviruses, HSV and Mumps virus are all impoant agents associated with viral meningoencephalitis, but Enteroviruses are the most commonly associated agents and the answer of choice. 'Enteroviruses are the most common ... | [
"- Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common sequelae of bacterial meningitis, - It is a result of cochlear infection and occurs in as many as 30% of patients with pneumococcal meningitis, 10% with meningococcal, and 5-20% of those with H. influenzae type b meningitis. - So hearing evaluation with BERA should b... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Pneumocystic carnii infects: | [
"Ans. c. Rat"
] | [
"Ans. A i.e. Malaria Man is an intermediate host in Plasmodium Echinococcus Tinea solium Toxoplasma gondi"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are true about Roll back malaria except:(AIIMS November 2013, Nov 2012) | [
"Ans. c. Development of newer insecticide (Ref; Harrison 19/e p14,18/e p14 WHO Roll Back Malaria Document] HTM_ MAL 2005. 1101.pdf (Roll Back Malaria)Roll Back Malaria:Messages on malaria case management, intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy and insecticide- treated netsQ (ITNs) were promoted using vo... | [
"ANSWER: (D) CurvulariaREF: Ananthnarayan 8th Ed Page 157, 231, 588, 600, 603, Chakraborty 2nd edition page 211Repeat Microbiology December 2011, December 2010, 2008, 2007, 2000 (Different options)"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
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