query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
27-year-old white man presents to his family doctor complaining of being tired all the time and having a slight fever for the past two weeks. He recently returned from a trip to Las Vegas, where he indulged in some of the infamous nightlife. His physical exam is unremarkable except for a macular rash over his trunk and... | [
"Treponema pallidum Transmitted through unprotected sexual activity with an infected individual. Presents with the symptoms of secondary syphilis, which includes malaise, mild fever, and rash on the palms and trunk. The primary lesion (chancre) may go unnoticed because it is painless and subsides in a few weeks."
] | [
"The patient's initial symptoms- low-grade fever, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, and abdominal pain. Older children and adults are more likely to repo pain in the right upper quadrant. Diarrhea may occur in young children, whereas constipation is more common in adults. Jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is having a 90% associated with HLA B27 | [
"Ref Robbins 9/e p205 A positive result meansHLA-B27 was found in your blood. You may have a higher-than-average risk of ceain autoimmune diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis and reactive ahritis."
] | [
"Failure rate is equal to that seen with OCP's"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Growth of oral structures is mainly influenced by factors: | [
"Van Limborgh after review of the sutural theory, cartilaginous theory and functional matrix theory has summarized the following features:\n1. Intrinsic genetic factor controls chondrocranial growth.\n2. Epigenetic factors originating from skull cartilages and head tissues control desmocranial growth.\n3. Local env... | [
"Mineralization and root formation is the characteristic feature of Advanced bell stage."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Foramen of Morgagni refers to an opening in? | [
"The sinus of Morgagni or ventricle of the larynx is a narrow fusiform cleft between the vestibular and vocal folds. the anterior pa of the sinus is prolonged upwards as diveiculum between the vestibular fold and the lamina of the thyroid cailage .this extension is known as the saccule of the larynx. The saccule co... | [
"Onodi cell \"Onodi cell\" is the posterior most posterior ethmoid cell extending lateral to the sphenoid sinus. While removing disease from the Onodi cells there are chances of injury to optic nerve and internal carotid which lie in the vicinity. The posterior ethmoidal cells in the floor of orbit are known as \"H... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 10-year-old boy presents with increase bilirubin, increased bilirubin in urine and no urobilinogen Diagnosis is: | [
"Ans. D. Obstructive jaundiceLaboratory tests in three different types of JaundiceConditionSerum BilirubinUrine UrobilinogenUrine BilirubinNormalDirect: 0.1-0.4mg/dL Indirect: 0.2-0.7mg/dL0-4mg/24hAbsentHemolytic anemiaIndirectIncreasedAbsentHepatitisDirect and indirectDecreased if micro-obstruction is presentPrese... | [
"Urobilinogen is formed from degradation of bile pigments by bacterial action. In case of obstruction to bile flow as happens in cholelithiasis or any kind of biliary obstruction,There will be no urobilinogen in urine. So, No formation of stercobilinogen and the patient passes clay colored stools. Option analysis: ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All are true regarding fetal BBC's except – | [
"Fetal RBC contains less 2, 3 DPG."
] | [
"(a)-AP view will show changes only in last stages-inverted Napoleon hat sign all other are more important for diagnosis and management. CT and MRI are required in all cases."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
NREM sleep is associated with:- | [
"NREM sleep generation is associated with 5 anatomical sites: * Basal forebrain area Thalamus Hypothalamus Dorsal raphe nucleus Nucleus tractus solitaries of the medulla Preoptic lesions produce hyposomnia, whereas electrical and thermal stimulation of this area produces sleep changes. Thalamus (especially reticula... | [
"SBP increases (both awake and sleep) during hot flushes."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is the most specific test for Rheumatoid ahritis | [
"to establish diagnosis of rheumatoid ahritis are * Clinical criteria * ESR and CRP * Ultrasound or MRI * Rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies DAVIDSON&;S 22nd EDITION;PAGE NO 1100"
] | [
"Answer is A (Erosion): SLE is characterized by non erosive ahritis while bone erosions are characteristic in Rheumatoid Ahritis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A young male presents with ear discharge since three years; recently developed swelling in the neck below and behind the angle of mandible, toicollis; on the examination, the external auditory canal was filled with granulation tissue. What is the diagnosis? | [
"Bezold's abscess It can occur following acute coalescent mastoiditis when pus breaks through the thin medial side of the tip of the mastoid and presents as a swelling in the upper pa of the neck. The abscess may Lie deep to sternocleidomastoid, pushing the muscle outwards. Follow the posterior belly of digastric a... | [
"Keratosis Obturans: Also known as canal wall cholesteatoma. It is seen commonly in younger age groups, due to defective epithelial migration from the tympanic membrane to posterior meatal wall, which results in collection of pearly white epithelial debris in deep meatus. It can cause pressure effects, enlargement ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Not a pa of kangaroo mother care - | [
"The 4 components of kangaroo mother care are all essential for ensuring the best care option especially for low bih weight babies. This include: Skin to skin contact on mothers chest Adequate nutrition through breast feeding Ambulatory care as a result of earlier discharge Suppo for mother and family in caring bab... | [
"Ans. Impotent towards a paicular woman"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 6-year-old child has an accident and had elbow, after 4 years presented with tingling and numbness in the ulnar side of finger, fracture is | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e.lateral condyle humerus This child had lateral condyle of humerus 4 yrs back. He is now presenting with symptoms of tardy ulnar palsy. Lateral condyle of humerus may lead to cubitus valgus deformity because of diminished growth at the lateral side of distal humeral epiphyses. Cubitus valgus deformi... | [
"Ans. B: Ulnar Nerve Ulnar Nerve I. Lesion at the elbow The term cubital tunnel syndrome is often used for ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Total paralysis of the nerve, including those branches of the nerve serving the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles, causes wasting along medial si... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following can be used to treat alcohol dependence except | [
"Naltrexone is orally effective opiod antagonist useful in alcohol withdrawal. Acamprosate an NMDA receptor antagonist is useful in preventing relapse. Disulfiram is used to make alcohol consumption an unpleasant experience. It inhibit the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed."
] | [
"Blackout occurs during acute intoxication (not during withdrawal). All the other options can occur in alcohol withdrawal."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 26 years old G2P1L1 at 10 weeks complains of pain abdomen and bleeding per vaginum. On examination products of conception are seen paially extruding through the cervix. What is your diagnosis? | [
"Bleeding follows paial or complete placental separation and dilation of the cervical os in incomplete aboion. The fetus and the placenta may remain entirely within the uterus or paially extrude through the dilated os.Management is Evacuation or medical termination (if stable).Reference: William's Obstetrics; 25th ... | [
"Ans. is b i.e. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy The picture given in the question classically represents a case of ruptured ectopics pregnancy. Symptom In Ectopic pregnancy triad of : Amenorrhea (seen in 75% cases) followed by : Abdominal pain (seen in 100% cases, it is the most consistent symptom of ectopic pregnancy).... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Initial ECG change in Hyperkalemia is? | [
"Ans.(a) Tall tented T wavesRef: Harrison 19th ed. / 310Serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L is associated with repolarization abnormalities:* Peaked T waves (usually the earliest sign of hyperkalemia) Serum potassium >6.5 mEq/L is associated with progressive paralysis of the atria:* P wave widens and flattens* PR segment l... | [
"ECG Changes in Hypothermia Hypothermia may produce the following ECG abnormalities: Bradyarrhythmias (see below) Osborne Waves (= J waves) Prolonged PR, QRS and QT intervals Shivering aefact Ventricular ectopic Cardiac arrest due to VT, VF or asystole Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1445"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
ANCA positive vasculitis include all of the following Except: | [
"Answer is D (Good pasture's syndrome): Goodpasture's syndrome is not classified as an ANCA positive vasculitis."
] | [
"Answer is C (Renal failure is common): Churg Strauss Syndrome is not prominent and renal failure is rare. The Renal disease in Churg Strauss Syndrome is less common and generally less severe than with granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegener's) and microscopic polyangitis '- Harrison's 18th/2793 'Renal failure is ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The type of estrogen found in highest concen- tration in adult female is- | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e.. Estradiol f Ref: Principles of medical physiology p. 216]o Estradial, estrone and estrial, all three are found in blood, but estradiol is the most potent estrogen.o Major estrogen in normal adult women - Estradiolo Major estrogen in postmenoapusal women - Estroneo Major estrogen in pregnant women... | [
"Ans. B. Conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone5 a -Reductase is the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. 5 a -Reductase is associated with increasing the most potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, and reducing LH secretion. Estrogens are associated with female secondary sex characte... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Pro - inflammatory cytokine is? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., IL-1 Proinflammatory cytokinesi) Major:- IL-1, TNF- a, IL-6ii) Other:- IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, IL-23, IFN- g, GM-CSFAnti-inflammatory cytokines* IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b)."
] | [
"Main cytokine in ENL reaction is TNF-a."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Direct standardization is used to compare the moality rates between two countries. This is done because of the difference in - | [
"ref: Park&;s 23rd edition pg 58 A standard population is defined as the one for which the numbers in each age and sex group are known."
] | [
"The diagnostic and eligibility criteria of the disease must be defined beforehand; this will depend upon the availability of reliable methods for recognizing the disease when it develops. The groups are followed, under the same identical conditions, over a period of time to determine the outcome of exposure in bot... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in an ICU patient? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Sepsis Thrombocytopenias in ICU patients :* Thrombocytopenia is a common laboratory abnormality that has been associated with adverse outcomes in ICU patients.* Thrombocytopenia is defined as platelet count < 150 X 103 cells / mcL.* Following table depicts the probable mechanisms and the causes f... | [
"Hemorrhage is the main complication of fibrinolytic therapy, so it is contraindicated in all situations where the risk of bleeding is increased - recent trauma, surgery, biopsies, stroke, peptic ulcer, aneurysms, bleeding disorders, diabetes, acute pancreatitis etc.)"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which is not primary amenorrhea? | [
"Ans. is a, i.e. Sheehan's syndromeRef: Shaw 14th/ed, p256-257* Kallmann's sydnrome is due to hypothalamic dysfunction characterized by a deficiency of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) causing a hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. This is associated with anosmia. It can occasionally be associated with optic proble... | [
"A i.e. Drug may be the cause and discontinuation may improve the skin condition"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A female undergone surgery for left breast cancer 3 yrs back now developed blue nodule on same side | [
"Answer- A. LymphangiosarcomaAngiosarcoma is a vascular tumor which may arise de novo in the breast or as a complication of the radiation therapy."
] | [
"The lady in above question has cancer spread to inguinal lymph nodes i.e. stage IVB."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Day care anesthesia is best achieved with | [
"Propofol"
] | [
"Intravenous induction is faster, smoother and less anxiety causing mode of induction. inhalational induction is only done when intravenous is not possible."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Not true about post-transcriptional modification of RNA- | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Glycosyiution.m-RNA processingo Prokaryotic mRNA is functional immediately upon synthesis, i.e. prokaryotic primary transcript of mRNA is functional. Thus it does not require post-transcriptional modification. In Eukaryotes the primary transcript of mRNA is the hn RNA (hetrogeneous nuclear RNA). ... | [
"In liver cell, Apo B 100 gene gives rise to Apo B 100 protein. ButApo B 48 proteinis made inintestinal cellsfrom the gene encoding Apo B 100, by the process ofRNA editing, which is also known as Differential RNA processing or chemical modification of RNA. This is apost transcriptional modification. OTHER OPTIONS: ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Rigor mois not seen in: AIIMS 13 | [
"Ans. Fetus < 7 months of age"
] | [
"C i.e. 7 months of age"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Most commonly used tuning fork in ear examination is | [
"512Hz is used normally Note: These tests are performed with tuning forks of different frequencies such as 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048 and 4096 Hz, But for routine clinical practice, tuning fork of 512 Hz is ideal. Forks of lower frequencies produce a sense of bone vibration while those of higher frequencies have a s... | [
"Implosion therapy mainly comprises of HOME, voice control and physical restraints"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur can be treated by all of the following methods except | [
"Smith Peterson Nail is a cannulated tri-flanged nail that was used for internal fixation of fracture neck of femur Results obtained by S-P nail were dissatisfactory and it is no more recommended for use these days.\nOther three options are used for the treatment of the subtrochanteric fracture."
] | [
"Zygoma is the second most common bone to be fractured after the nasal bone. Direct trauma is the usual cause. Treatment is required only for the displaced fractures. Open reduction and internal wire fixation is the best option."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following side effects are produced by Cisplatin except | [
"Cisplatin can cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, coasting effect (peripheral neuropathy) and severe nausea and vomiting.\nPulmonary fibrosis is seen with Bleomycin and Busulfan."
] | [
"All the given symptoms are due to anticholinesterase action."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Depressor reflex, Bezold-Jarisch reflex, produced by the following stimulus: | [
"Ventricular distension can produce a powerful depressor reflex called the Bezold-Jarisch reflex; vagal afferents of this cardiopulmonary reflex are also activated by chemical stimulation (eg, prostanoids, cytokines, serotonin, and classically, Veratrum alkaloids). The central connections for this reflex are in the... | [
"Bainbridge reflex: When the hea rate is slow, intravenous infusions of blood or electrolyte solutions usually accelerate the hea. Both atria have receptors that are affected by changes in blood volume and that influence the hea rate. These receptors are located principally in the venoatrial junctions: in the right... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Shape of birbeck granules is - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tennis racket o Under the electron microscope, Birbeck granules have a pentalaminar, rodlike, tubular appearance and some- times a dilated terminal end resembling tennis-racket appearance."
] | [
"m/c structure huniating is pre - perituneal fat."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Extremely low birth weight - | [
"Ans. (a) <1000 gmRef : OP Ghai 8th ed./125* Normal birth weight - 2800 gm- 3000gm* Low birth weight(LBW) - < 2500 gm* Very low birth weight(VLBW) - < 1500 gm* Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) - < 1000 gm."
] | [
"Diagnosis of lead poisoning:"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Memory T cells can be identified by using the following | [
"Ref Harrison 17/e p2021 CD45 (lymphocyte common antigen) is a receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed on all leucocytes, and which plays a crucial role in the function of these cells. ... These CD45-associated molecules may play an impoant role in regulatingCD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity... | [
". Cells which are not able to express MHC 1"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 4-month-old infant has undergone surgical treatment for meningomyeloencephalocele. At bih, an operation was carried out in the posterior cranial fossa to paially replace brain cerebellar contents to an intracranial position. In investigations for progressive hydrocephalus, it is noted that there is herniation of the ... | [
"Abnormal elongation of the medulla and lower cranial nerves may be evident in Arnold-Chiari syndrome. Additional features include fusion of the corpora quadrigemina, leading to a \"beaked\" tectum; paial or complete absence of the corpus callosum; and microgyria."
] | [
"PHACES syndrome (posterior fossa malformations, haemangioma, aerial anomalies, cardiac anomalies and coarctation of the aoa, eye abnormalities, sternal cleft and/or supraumbilical raphe) An association between posterior fossa brain abnormalities and large facial infantile haemangiomas is now well recognized, and t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A patient of RHD developed infective endocarditis after dental extraction. Most likely organism causing this is - | [
"Viridans streptococci Commensals in the mouth and upper respiratory tract. Cause transient bacteremia following tooth extraction or other dental procedures; -MC cause of subacute endocarditis: Streptococcus Viridans - MC Streptococcal species in Viridans group causing endocarditis: S. sanguis mc cause of Native va... | [
"Aspiration of organisms present in oropharynx is the most common route of infection, which classically leads to anerobic lung abscess."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Disease highly transmitted during incubation period is - | [
"Whooping cough is most infectious during the catarrhal stage. The infective period may be considered to extend from a weak after exposure to about 3 weeks after the onset of the paroxysmal stage although communicability diminishes rapidly after the catarrhal stage. (refer pgno:163 park 23 rd edition)"
] | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Secondary attack rate is less than that of rubella SAR of some impoant infectious diseases o Measles 80% o Rubella 90 - 95% o Chicken pox - 90% o Peussis - 90% o Mumps - 86% About other options o The measles virus cannot survive outside the human body for any length of time. But it retains infect... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Uveitis is associated most commonly with : | [
"Ans. is 'c' ie Pauciarticular JRA Uveitis can be seen in both pauciarticular and polyarticular JRA but is much more commonly associated with pauciarticular JRA.It is seen in about 20-25% of cases of pauciarticular and only 5% of polyarticular JRA."
] | [
"Ans. A: Affects the injured eye Sympathetic ophthalmitis is a condition in which serious inflammation attacks the sound eye after injury to the other eye."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are seen in deep vein thrombosis except | [
"Claudication occurs in arterial occlusion"
] | [
"Pulmonary embolism and surgery Blood pools or collects in the veins and blood clots can form. Less common causes include bone marrow from a long, broken bone, as well as tissue from a tumor, and even air bubbles. The veins are the blood vessels that return blood to the hea. And those undergoing day surgery are unl... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) intiative was taken to prevent morbidity and moality from all of the following except - | [
"Ans. is `d' i.e., Neonatal tetanus Integrated management of childhood iliness.tIMCD The extent of childhood morbidity and moality caused by following diseases is substantial. i) Diarrhea iii) Malaria v) Malnutrition ii) ARI (pneumonia, otitis media) iv) Measles o Most sick children present with signs and symptoms ... | [
"Ans. c (Two months) (Ref. Park's textbook of PSM 22nd /423, 532, 552)# The major highlights of the Indian adaptation of IMNCI are:0- Inclusion of 0-7 days age in the programme.- Incorporating national guidelines on malaria, anemia, vitamin-A supplementation and immunization schedule.- Training of the health person... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Hostile witness is covered under IPC section | [
"Sec 191 IPC states that whoever, being legally bound by an oath or by an express provision of law to state the truth, or being bound by law to make a declaration upon any subject, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false or does not believe to be true, is said to give f... | [
"Sodomy, Bestiality are some examples of unnatural sexual offences, they are punished under 377 IPC."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All statements are true except remifentanil is true except | [
"Refer Goodman Gilman 11/e p 572 Remifentanil is shoest acting opioid due to its metabolism by plasma esterases Due to its sho duration of action, it is indicated for sho term painful procedures Intravenous bolus dosing is not practical Potency is equal to fentanyl"
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Octreotide Among the given options, only octeride is used (otherwise vasopressine analogue terlipressine is the DOC). Has been explained in previous sessions."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
EMLA constituent is – | [
"Eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) is a mixture of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5 prilocaine."
] | [
"C i.e. USG has replaced it"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Keratic precipitates are most commonly seen in - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Uveitis o Keratic precipitates (KPs) are proteinaceous cellular deposits occurring at the back of cornea (corneal endothelial deposits). Keratic precipitates are formed by the aggregation of polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, and epitheloid cells. In the setting of uveitis, the bimicrosopic ap... | [
"Sunflower cataract characterised by yellowish brown dots may be observed rarely in such patients due to the deposition of cuprous oxide in the anterior lens capsule and subcapsular coex in a stellate pattern. Chalcosis refers to the specific changes produced by the alloy of copper in the eye. REF IMG"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Regarding glutathione which of the following is/are true: | [
"Ans:C.)It helps in membrane transpo. GLUTATHIONE: Glutathione is a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine and glycine (T-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine). Glutathione is present in all mammalian cells except neurons. The sulphydryl (-SH) group of cysteine residue is the reactive poion of glutathione which can underg... | [
"Ans. (c) MethionineRef K. Park 23rded. i628* Pulses protein are poor in methionine and to a lesser extent in cysteine.* Since option C and D both are correct, we have to choose single best answer and that will be Methionine. Literatures clearly states that cysteine is deficient only up to a lesser extent."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Presenting symptom of nasal myiasis is | [
"Clinical features of nasal myiasisInitial symptoms (3-4 days maggots):- Intense irritation, sneezing, headache, blood stained discharge, lacrimationLater:- Maggots may crawl out of the nose and there is a foul smellRef: PL Dhingra, Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat, 7th edition, pg no. 181 - 182"
] | [
"Unilateral purulent nasal discharge and bleeding from the nose in a child indicate a foreign body.In antrochoanal polyp and unilateral choanal atresia, the epistaxis is absent. Similarly unilateral maxillary sinusitis can cause purulent discharge but no significant bleeding."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Fouh ventricle develops from? | [
"Lateral ventricle develops from the cavity of telencephalon. Third ventricle develops from diencephalon. Cavity of mesencephalon remains narrow and forms the aqueduct, while the cavity of rhombencephalon forms the fouh ventricle."
] | [
"C. The proximal pa of the internal carotid aery is derived from aoic arch 3."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Diabetic neuropathy is a | [
"Diabetic neuropathy causes substantial morbidity and increases moality. It is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and signs, after the exclusion of other causes of neuropathy . Depending on the criteria used for diagnosis, it affects between 50% and 90% of patients with diabetes, and of these, 15-30% will have pain... | [
"The extent and severity of atherosclerotic lesions in medium-sized and large arteries are increased in patients with long-standing diabetes. Leg pain during walking or exercise, which forces the patient to stop or limp (intermittent claudication) is typically a complication of atherosclerosis involving the major a... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Chronotrophic means: March 2010 | [
"Ans. B: Drugs affecting hea rate Chronotropic effects are those drugs that change the hea rate. Chronotropic drugs may change the hea rate by affecting the nerves controlling the hea, or by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node. Positive chronotropes increase hea rate; negative chronotropes decrease ... | [
"Low prevalence Repeat from May 10"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
For pericardial calcifications, which is the best investigation- | [
"Calcification anywhere in the body - IOC is CT scan Except for gall stones - IOC is USG So, for pericardial calcifications, the best investigation is CT scan. Figure: An incidental discovery of focal calcific plaque within the visceral pericardium. The patient was asymptomatic."
] | [
"Angel sign and prehn sign are not reliable.color Doppler is investigation of choice"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Most specific test for organophosphorous poisoning is: | [
"B i.e. Plasma cholinesterase level"
] | [
"Intermediate syndrome with muscle weakness is characteristic of organophosphates poisoning."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Lambda is meeting point of: | [
"The lambda is the meeting point between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. In the foetal skull, this is the site of the posterior fontanelle which closes at two to three months of age."
] | [
"C i.e. Vestible is the central chamber"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
CSF examination in a one day old term male infant with convulsions reveals cell count -- 10 RBCs/HPF, 50 cells; protein -- 70 mg/dl.; sugar -- 30 mg/dl/Blood sugar 40 mg/di The child is likely to be suffering from | [
"(B) Intracranial bleed # RBCs are normally not present in the CSF and their presence indicates traumatic tap or subarachnoid hemorrhage.# CSF characteristics:> Idiopathic seizures --Clear CSF with normal protein, normal glucose, no WBC's, no RBC's, normal opening pressure and normal % Gamma globulin.> Bacterial me... | [
"Ans:C.)Low opening pressure. CSF Findings in Tubercular Meningitis CSF typically is clear or slightly turbid. If the CSF is left to stand, a fine clot resembling a pellicle or cobweb may form. This faintly visible \"spider's web clot\" is due to the very high level of protein in the CSF (ie, 1-8 g/L, or 1000-8000 ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Feature of osteoahritis is - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Heberden node Joint involvement in OA Common joints : Knee, Hip, Spine (cervical, lumbosacral), Hand (PIP, DIP, first carpometacarpal), first tarsometatarsal. Uncommon joint : Shoulder Spared : Wrist, elbow, ankle, metacarpophalangeal. In osteoahritis of hand : Distal interphalangeal joint :- Heb... | [
"Looser's zone are seen in Osteomalacia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause of UTI in a neonate is | [
"Causative agents of UTI:Uncomplicated UTIComplicated UTI*E.coli *Klebsiella*Proteus species*Enterobacter*Staphylococcus saprophyticus*Enterococci *Chlamydia , Neisseria *Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma . Adenovirus *E.coli *Klebsiella*Proteus species*Serratia marcescens*Pseudomonas *Enterococci Staphylococci Ref:Harrison's... | [
"Asymptomatic bacteriuria is used when a bacterial count of the same species over 10^5/ml in midstream clean catch specimen of urine on two occasions in women or on a single occasion in men is detected without symptoms of urinary infections. E.coli is the offending organism in over 90% cases. Other pathogens are Kl... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
In Patey's mastectomy all the following are removed except | [
"Ans. (a) Pectoralis major(Ref. Bailey and Love 26th edition Page 813)Structures removed in Patey's mastectomy:* Breast, nipple, areola including the skin overlying the tumor* Level 1,2,3 Lymphnodes* Fascia over Pectoralis major* Pectoralis minor muscle"
] | [
"B i.e. The appearance of the foot drop indicate early surgical intervention"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Axis is the name for: | [
"Second cervical vertebra (axis)\n\nPresence of odontoid process.\nTransverse processes are small and lack the anterior tubercle.\nAnterior margin of the inferior surface of the body projects downwards to a considerable extent.\nForamen transversarium is directed superolaterally (expand in typical vertebrae it is d... | [
"All of these"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Reed sternberg cells are found in- | [
"Hodgkin&;s lymphoma is characterised by the presence of neoplastic giant cells called Reed Sternberg cells.These cells release factors that induce the accumulation of reactive lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes, which typically make up greater than 90% of tumour cellularity. RS cells are derived from the g... | [
"Through batson plexus cancer spreads through bone."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
16 yr unmarried girl came for vaccination against cervical cancer. Which vaccine to he given: | [
"Ans. (A) Gardasil(Ref: Shaw's Textbook of Gynecology 16th Ed; Page No 495)Gardasil is the vaccine of choice in this situation.Other options:Biovac: It is freeze-dried live attenuated vaccine indicated for the prevention of Hepatitis A in persons of age 1 year or older.Rabivac: It is monovalent inactivated rabies v... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tuberculine or none o All live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated in pregnancy. o Pregnancy is not a contraindication for immunization by toxoid and killed (inactivated) vaccines. o Lets see each option Typhoid vaccine o There are two ypes of typhoid vaccines i.e., killed and live attenuated... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Insulin stimulated glucose entry in seen in- | [
"Insulin stimulated glucose entry in seen in Cardiac muscles. Name Location Features GLUT-1 & GLUT-3 Brain, RBC, placenta Concerned with basal uptake of glucose GLUT-2 Liver, kidney, b-cells of pancreas Allows both entry & release of glucose GLUT-4 Skeletal muscles, adipocytes, cardiac muscles Insulin dependent tra... | [
"A i.e. Increased release of alanine from muscle:"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Cribriform hymen is seen - | [
"Ref: Textbook of Forensic medicine and toxicology (V.V.Pillay) 17th edition, page no.354 Hymen is a thin fold of connective tissue, covered by mucous membranes, about 1 mm in overall thickness, situated at the vaginal orifice. They are of different types. cribriform is one of them, characterized by many small hole... | [
"CT Scan picture shows Crescent sign or Dodd's Sign seen in Antrochoanal Polyp Adenoid hyperophy: Dodd's Sign is negative JNAF- Epistaxis in adolescent males NPC- Old age, presents generally with Neck node metastasis"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In metabolic alkalosis, which Is true about excretion in urine | [
"The NH3 production is greatly increased in metabolic acidosis and negligible in alkalosis. It is also observed that activity of renal glutaminase is enhanced in acidosis. The NH3 mechanism is a valuable device for the conservation of fixed base. Under normal conditions, 30 to 50 mEq of H+ ions are eliminated per d... | [
"The patient is having a panic attack (due to driving in tunnels) and is hyperventilating, causing an acute respiratory alkalosis. The loss of CO2 pushes the carbonic anhydrase reaction in the direction of CO2 production, reducing the proton concentration (and thereby raising the pH). The patient would lose conscio... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In which of the following condition local excision in rectal carcinoma can not be done? | [
"Suggested criteria for local excision in rectal cancer: Physical examination Imaging Histology Tumor <3 cm Tumor <30% of bowel circumference Tumor within 15 cm of dentate line Tumor freely mobile Tumor limited to submucosa (T1) No lymph node involvement (N0) Well to moderately differentiated Absence of lymphovascu... | [
"Treatment of rectal cancer: Surgical and oncological management varies greatly depending on the stage of the tumor within the rectum. Superficially invasive, small cancers may be managed effectively with local excision. However, most patients have more deeply invasive tumors that require major surgery, such as low... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Electron microscopy finding indicating irreversible cell injury is: | [
"Irreversible injury is associated morphologically with:- Mitochondrial swelling Plasma membrane damage which forms myelin figures Lysosomal swelling. Large, flocculent, amorphous densities develop in the mitochondrial matrix"
] | [
"Absorption atelactasis, decreased vital capacity and endothelial damage are the side effects of the oxygen therapy"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following excludes painful stimuli from awareness? | [
"Repression is the defense mechanism which removes painful memories or unacceptable desires away from the consciousness or awareness."
] | [
"The frontal lobe syndrome, consists of poor judgement, slowed thinking, decreased curiosity, social withdrawal, and irritability. The frontal lobe is the region that determines how the brain acts on its knowledge. Frontal lobe injury Impairs the executive function: motivation, attention, and sequencing of actions.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Risk factor for suicide - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Unmarried Causes/Risk factors for suicidePsychiatric disorders : - Depression (most common), alcoholism (2nd me), Drug/Substance dependence, Schizophrenia, Dementia.Physical illness : - Cancer, AIDS, Multiple sclerosis, Head trauma.Psychosocial factors : - Failure in love, marital difficulties, f... | [
"Unstable relationships suicidal attempts & mood swings are suggestive of Borderline personality disorder."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
At the level of Arch of aoa, the relationship of left vagus nerve and left phrenic nerve? | [
"Phrenic nerve anterior, vagus nerve posterior"
] | [
"Abdominal aoa branches- - Gonadal aeries ( testicular aery) Superior supra renal aery is a branch of inferior phrenic aeries. All other branches of abdominal aoa are given in treasure attached."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
ACE inhibitor contraindicated in which of the following condition: | [
"Ans. (a) Bilateral renal artery stenosisRef. Katzung's pharmacology 10th ed. Ch 11* ACEI inhibits the converting enzyme peptidyl dipeptidase that hydrolyzes angiotensin I to angiotensin II and (under the name plasma kininase) inactivates bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, which works at least in part by stimulating... | [
"Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers are contraindicated in sick sinus syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Nipple retraction in Ca breast due to infiltration of | [
"Answer- B. Lactiferous ductsIt is seen in breast carcinoma due to infltration of the lactiferous ducts by carcinoma.It is due to extention of the growth along the lactiferous ducts and subsequent fibrosis.Nipple retraction is circumferential in carcinoma and slit like in periductal mastitis."
] | [
"Breast Conservation Surgery (BCS)- Performed for early invasive breast cancer (Stage I, IIA, IIB)Treatment options- Excision of lump - Lumpectomy- Wide local excision with 1 cm margin- Whole quadrant excision (Quadrantectomy) Lobular carcinoma is frequently multifocal, multicentric and bilateral and is contraindic... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Regarding spring catarrh, all of the following are true, except: | [
"Limbus conjunctival thickening"
] | [
"The question does not mention as to what is the extent of involvement by the disease. Thus exact answer is difficult. However, out of choices, only chemotherapy is used in treatment of Hodgkins disease. Hence this can be the only best answer."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All the following malignancies are associated with HIV, except- | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Astrocytoma Neoplastic disease in AIDS o Kaposi sarcoma (most common tumor) o Non Hodgkin lymphoma Immunoblastic lymphoma (most common lymphoma) Primary CNS lymphoma (associated with EBV) Burkitt's lymphoma Other less common neoplasm are Hodgkin's disease Leukemia Cervical Ca Brain tumor Testicul... | [
"four most common cancers among immuno suppressant patients more commonly in these individuals than in the general population are non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cancers of the skin. NHL can be caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and liver cancer by chronic infection with the hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Genetic material is transferred from one bacteria to another by all except | [
"Transfection is the method by which DNA is transferred into eukaryotic cell."
] | [
"(A) Transduction[?]TRANSDUCTIONoTransfer of genetic information from one cell to another by means of a viral vector.oRefers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vectoroTransduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
True about Hodgkin's lymphoma are all except? | [
"HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA : - HL arises in lymphoid tissue & spreads to adjacent lymph node areas in a relatively orderly fashion. -Patients commonly present with painless, non-tender, firm, rubbery, cervical or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and usually some degree of mediastinal involvement. HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY IS A FE... | [
"Refer Harrinson 19th/1269 Steroids are used in CLL Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple myeloma However these should be avoided in Kaposi sarcoma"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
25 years old female has palatal ulcer and skin blister most likely diagnosis is – | [
"Skin blister\nOral mucosa involvement (palatal ulcer)"
] | [
"Ans- (Ulcerative lesion in the tonsil) (202-D) (87-LT)Ulcerative gingivitis - is a highly infectious and ulcerative lesion of the tonsils.It was common during the first world war, being called Trench mouth of Vincent's angina ."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Concerning contraction of the diaphragm: | [
"When the diaphragm contracts, it becomes flatter The phrenic nerves that innervate the diaphragm come from high in the neck, that is, cervical segments 3, 4, and 5. Contraction of the diaphragm causes the lateral distance between the lower rib margins to increase and anterior abdominal wall to move out. The intrap... | [
"Loss of sensation in the pericardium and mediastinal pleura because Phrenic nerve supply (sensory) central pa of diaphragm, pain from pericardium, mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleurae and peritoneum in the undersurface of diaphragm. Difficulty in inspiration on injury to phrenic nerve."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Infants of diabetic mothers are likely to have the following cardiac anomaly: | [
"Ans. is d, i.e. Transposition of great arteriesRef. Fernando Arias 3/e, p 454As VSD is not given in the options, transposition of great vessels is the single best answer."
] | [
"Most adverse outcomes associated with cocaine result from its vasoconstrictive and hypeensive effects. Maternal complications cerebrovascular hemorrhage myocardial damage placental abruption preterm labour, PPROM, precipitous labour Fetal complications cleft palate cardiovascular abnormalities urinary tract abnorm... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Congo red staining of abdominal fat has confirmed a diagnosis of Amyloidosis in a 28-year-old man. Which is the most common cause of death in primary AL Amylodosis? | [
"Cardiac failure is the most common cause of death in primary or AL amyloidosis. Cardiac involvement is seen in 40% of patients with AL amyloidosis. Amyloid involvement of myocardium, intramural coronary aeries and conduction system may cause congestive hea failure, ischemic syndrome and rythm disturbances. Diagnos... | [
"Rectal biopsy REF: Robbin's pathology 7th edition page 264 Diagnosis of Amyloidosis depends on demonstration of amyloid deposits in tissue. The most common sites biopsied are the kidney, when renal manifestations are present, or rectal or gingival tissue in patients suspected of having systemic amyloidosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 38-year-old woman complains to her physician of chronic pelvic pain that is much worse during her menstrual periods. Pelvic examination demonstrates an enlarged uterus with multiple palpable masses. Ultrasound shows that a large number of ball-like masses up to 6 cm diameter are present in the uterus. Most cases of t... | [
"The vast majority of leiomyomas are found in the uterine fundus or body; with only 3% being found in the cervix. Of the leiomyomas in the fundus or body, 95% are intramural, with the remainder being located subserosally or submucosally."
] | [
"- Adenomyosis is a condition in which normal endometrial glands grow into the myometrium. Symptomatic disease primarily occurs in multiparous women over the age of 35 years, compared to endometriosis, in which onset is considerably younger. - Patients with adenomyosis complain of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, and ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 9-month-old girl is brought with PR bleed, vomiting, mass in right lumbar region with masked liver dullness. She is in shock like condition. Management should include all of the following EXCEPT? | [
"* In patients with prolonged intussusception with signs of shock, peritoneal irritation, intestinal perforation, reduction (with barium, saline or air) should not be attempted * Urgent laprotomy should be planned * But the first priority is urgent resuscitation ie A, B, C (airway, breathing, circulation). Hence in... | [
"In the question again patient at 34 weeks of gestation is involved in a car accident and presented with high B/P and abdominal pain. Her USG shows placental abruption. As discussed in the previous question. DIC is a complication of abruptio. In this patient INR is 2.5 and fibrin degradation products are raised whi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not a feature of consolidation | [
"Answer is D (Tracheal shift to side of consolidation): Trachea stays in midline in consolidation (no mediastinal shift). Consolidation is usually caused by pneumonia. In this situation alveoli are full of inflammatory exudates but the size of the lung is unaffected so the trachea remains in its normal midline posi... | [
"Among the given options, dentition is the best method for age determination."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Cadaveric position of vocal cords ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., 3.5 mm from midline Position of vocal cords The position of the vocal cords may be described as being in various positions. These are : ? 1. Median position The vocal cords are in midline. This is the position of normal larynx during phonation and in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. 2. Paramedian... | [
"Arterial supply of tonsil."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which one of the following phenomena is closely associated with slow wave sleep: | [
"C i.e. Sleep walking"
] | [
"Beta waves has high frequency and low amplitude Delta waves has low frequency and high amplitude"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
2-year-old child presents with sho stature and cafe-au lait spots. Bone marrow aspiration yields a little material and mostly containing fat. What is your diagnosis: | [
"- All features given in the question suggests the diagnosis of Fanconi anemia Common physical findings in Fanconi Anemia (FA): - Skin pigment changes including Cafe-au-lait spots (55% cases) - Sho stature (in 50% cases) - Microcephaly - Thumb and radial malformations - Renal and cardiac malformations - Hypogonadis... | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Myeloperoxidase o The symptoms and laboratory finding of the patient confirms the diagnosis of AML. o Let us discuss each findings ? 1-1/o fever weakness and bleeding gum ? o Most of the books agree that patients of acute leukenia present with nonspecific symptoms as fatigue, fever, weight loss. ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
The following statements are true regarding Chlamydia except: | [
"Unique properties of Chlamydia are\nChlamydia is an obligate intracellular parasite. This means they can survive only by establishing residence inside\nAnimal cells\nThey need their host's ATP as an energy source for their own cellular activity. They are energy parasites using a\nCell membrane transport system tha... | [
"Having multiple sex paners is not a contraindication for the use of diaphragm. Contraindications to use of diaphragm: Proplapse, cystocele, rectocele because accurate fitting is not possible. Recurrent urinary tract infection Allergy to rubber or spermicidal agent. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) may occur if the diaph... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following tests is best for differentiating ACTH secreting pituitary tumour from Ectopic ACTH production? | [
"24 hour urinary coisol levels are elevated in both subsets: ACTH secreting pituitary tumour and Ectopic ACTH secretion. Overnight Dexamethasone suppression test involves overnight 1mg dexamethasone tablet and measurement of 8am morning serum or urinary coisol. It is used to diagnose hypercoisolism but cannot ident... | [
"MC cause of Cushing's syndrome is iatrogenic exogenous administration of steroids. MC endogenous cause of Cushing's syndrome is bilateral adrenal hyperplasia secondary to hypersecretion of ACTH from pituitary or from an ectopic non-pituitary source"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Forceps delivery is done in all except: | [
"Option ‘a’\nMentoposterior: Before going on to mentoposterior, lets see mentoanterior.\nMentoanterior\nDutta Obs. 7/e, p 390\nIn mentoanterior face presentation there is place for spontaneous vaginal delivery and liberal episiotomy is all that is required. In case of delay, forceps delivery is done.\nIn mentopost... | [
"In transverse lie shoulder presentation is seen"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Pentamidine therapy causes all, EXCEPT ? | [
"Ans. is None o Patients who receive aerosolized pentamidine have increased frequency of upper lobe infiltrates. Pneumothorax also occurs. o Risk factor for extrapulmonary spread in patients with HIV is the administration of aerosolized pentamidine. o In patients with PCP who have been receiving aerosolized pentami... | [
"(Loss of visual acuity) (701-KDT) (742-43-KDT 6th)ETHAMBUTOL - It is distributed widely but penetrates meninges incompletely and is temporarily stored in RBC's* * Loss of visual acuity/ colour vision, field defects due to optic neuritis is the most important dose and duration of therapy dependent toxicity.* It sho... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
True about hepatitis C virus are all except - | [
"Ans. is 'b1 i.e., Has live attenuated vaccineHEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)o The hepatitis 'C' virus has been classified as a new' genus Hepacivirus in the family flaviviridae.o The virus can not be cultured but can be cloned in Escherichia coli.o It is the commonest cause of post transfusion hepatitis and chronic hepati... | [
"Read retts syndrome in detail potential for lots of questions"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Digestion of disaccharides occurs at ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Small intestine Digestion of disaccharides (maltose, sucrose and lactose) occurs by the enzymes present in brush border os small intestinal epithelial cells. Maltase (a-glucosidase) breaks 1: 4 linkages in maltose and maltotriose and releases glucose (two molecules of glucose from maltose and thr... | [
"Hexose absorption is twice as fast as pentose absorption. The absorption rate of hexoses in intestine is : Galactose> Glucose > Fructose. Glucose & Galactose are absorbed by SGLT-1 (Sodium dependent glucose transpo), against the concentration gradient (active transpo). But Fructose is absorbed by GLUT-5, along the... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A person's X-ray chest showing homogenous opacity on right side with shifting of mediastinum on opposite side. Most probable diagnosis is/are: | [
"Answer- (B) Pleural effusionPneumonectomy chest (Early sip: within 24 hr): Paial filling of thorax, ipsilateral mediastinal shift & diaphragmatic elevation.Homogenous opacityShift of mediastinum to the opposite sideConcave upper border (Ellis's curve)"
] | [
"i.e. (Bronchogenic carcinoma with upper lobe collapse): (Internet) Golden S sign is a sign seen on imaging of the chest that suggests a central lung mass or lung collapse. It was first described by Golden in 1925 in association with bronchial carcinoma, but it is also seen in metastatic cancer, enlarged lymph node... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following causes coloured halos except | [
"Halos can sometimes be a normal response to bright lights. Halos can also be caused by wearing eyeglasses or corrective lenses (contact lenses), or they can be a side effect of cataract or LASIK surgery. ... Thehalos are a result in diffraction of light entering your eye"
] | [
"As a general rule, muscle markings are more prominent an male skeleton."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not a function of liver ? | [
"Ans. (c) Production of vitamin KRef: Robbin's pathology 9th ed. Z821* Vitamin K is produced by the bacteria of gut and is used by liver for gamma carboxylation of factor 2/7/9/10.# Liver produces albumin which falls in liver cirrhosis producing ascites/edema.# Ammonia is combined with carbon dioxide to produce ure... | [
"Ans. It is the seat of formation of aqueous humour"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
An elderly woman suffering from schizophrenia is on antipsychotic medication. She developed purposeless involuntary facial and limb movements, constant chewing and puffing of cheeks. Which of the following drugs is least likely to be involved in this side effect - | [
"Purposeless involuntary facial and limb movements, constant chewing and puffing of checks suggest the diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia (an extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotics).\nClozapine does not produce extrapyramidal side effects."
] | [
"Although tardive dyskinesia (above said patient) often emerges while patients are taking a steady dosage of medication, it is even more likely to emerge when the dosage is reduced. This is called withdrawal dyskinesia. Although it is indistinguishable from tardive dyskinesia, once tardive dyskinesia is recognized,... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Cluster testing is used in the detection of- | [
".Cluster testing is used in the detection of of STD S.here the patients are asked to name other persons of either sex ho move in the same socio-sexual environment.these persons are then screened .this technique ha been shown almost to double the number of cases found ref:park&;s textbook,ed22,pg no 312"
] | [
"Latex agglutination test is most likely used among the three."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Ethmoidal polyp is ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Recurrent"
] | [
"CT Scan picture shows Crescent sign or Dodd's Sign seen in Antrochoanal Polyp Adenoid hyperophy: Dodd's Sign is negative JNAF- Epistaxis in adolescent males NPC- Old age, presents generally with Neck node metastasis"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not seen in Tuberous sclerosis ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., McCollon Plaques"
] | [
"Seizures, mental retardation and hypopigmented patches on face (Ash - leaf spot) suggest the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 35 yr old pregnant female at 40 weeks gestational age presents with pain and regular uterine contractions every 4-5min . On arrival the patient is in a lot of pain and requesting relief immediately. Her cervix is 5 cm dilated. What is most appropriate method of pain control for this patient | [
"When complete relief of pain is needed throughout labor epidural analgesia is safest and simplest"
] | [
"This is a nulliparous patient and is in latent phase of labor. Latent phase duration normally in a nulliparous female is less than 20hrs and in a multiparous female its is 14 hours. The optimal treatment for this patient is administer sedation and observe the patient. Prolonged latent phase occur when the duration... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Schistosomiasis is an example of - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Meta-zoonoses Zoonoseso Zoonoses are diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animal and man.o The zoonoses may be classified according to the direction of transmission of disease : -AnthropozoonosesInfection is transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animals.Ex... | [
"(D) Neurocysticercosis > Neurocysticercosis is a predominant manifestation of T. solium Infection"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Treatment of hydatid cyst | [
"Puncture - aspiration- injection -reaspiration (PAIR) done percutaneously because it is safe, less invasive, easier to do with low morbidity and moality. Reference: SRB 5th edition page no. 604"
] | [
"Parasitic cysts occurs in subconjunctival cysticercus, hydatid cyst and filarial cyst."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
The structure damaged in the given condition is responsible for all except: | [
"The condition given here is Bell's palsy i.e. LMN (lower motor neuron) lesion of Facial nerve . In this the ipsilateral half of the face is affected. The facial nerve emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls: Muscles of facial expression, and Carries taste sensations from the anterior two-third of the tong... | [
"As the condition for the patient shows to escape from the situation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
H. pylori has been implicated in all, except | [
"H pylori infection is almost always present in the setting of active chronic gastritis and is present in most patients with duodenal (80% to 95%) and gastric (60% to 90%)ulcers. Most patients with gastric cancer have current or past H. pylori infection.There is also a strong association between mucosa-associated l... | [
"Medullary ca is least common and it is associated with SCD"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 41 year old man presented with swelling over parotid area. He has only mild pain. Which is the commonest tumor of the parotid? | [
"Pleomorphic adenomas or benign mixed tumors, are the most common neoplasms of the salivary glands. They represent approximately 60-70% of all parotid tumors and 90% of submandibular benign tumors. These neoplasms affect females more than males and are commonly seen in the third to sixth decades of life. Histologic... | [
"SALIVARY CALCULI Calculi may form in the ducts of submandibular or parotid glands. They are formed by the deposition of calcium phosphate on the organic matrix of mucin or cellular debris. About 90% of the stones are seen in submandibular and 10% in the parotid. Stones may form in the duct or parenchyma of the gla... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Depression is not a side effect of | [
"Answer is option4, flupenthisol. The antidepressive and anxiolytic efficacy of flupenthixol has been investigated in numerous controlled and open trials involving patients with endogenous, reactive as well as senile depressions. When administered at a mean daily single or multiple dose of 1-2 mg, flupenthixol prov... | [
"Ans. Pain is not a prominent feature"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
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