query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
a child gets good marks in his exam and his father got a bicycle, he staed to read well, what is the line of therapy | [
"Behavioral therapy is learning given by BF Skinner , according to him all behaviors are learned phenomenon and thus can be unlearned Positive reinforcement a type of reinforcement when a behavior is rewarded there is more chance that the behavior is repeated Negative reinforcement is that when a behavior is done a... | [
"Delusion are only for sho time so transient in nature. It is the most characteristic feature of the delision. But they may be frightening in nature. So option A is the best answer."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The most important action of Secretin is to | [
"Main Action of Secretin:\nSecretin increases the secretion of bicarbonate by the duct cells of the pancreas and biliary tract. It thus causes the secretion of a watery, alkaline pancreatic juice (with high content of bicarbonate). Its action on pancreatic duct cells is mediated via cAMP.\nSecretin causes alkaline ... | [
"It is claimed to be the most successful treatment"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which is NOT used in treatment of heroin dependence? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Disulfiram o Heroin is diamorphine and is 3 times more potent than morphine.Treatment of morphine or heroin poisoningo Treatment can be divided into:-A. Treatment of toxicity (overdose)# Overdose is a medical emergency, and is treated with opioid antagonist to reverse the complications (respirato... | [
"Marriage counseling is a type of primary prevention. Primary prevention: Action taken prior to the onset of the disease which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. Amniocentesis, Pap smear, and self-breast examination are screening tests to detect disease in the early phase which comes under seco... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Aldosterone acts at: | [
"Ans. A Collecting ductRef: Ganong, 23rd ed. pg. 648* Aldosterone is secreted from adrenal cortex.* Action of aldosterone is localized to distal tubule are collecting duct.* Mechanism: Stimulates Na+K+ ATPase at basolateral end which generate gradient for movement of sodium ion from apical membrane causing an incre... | [
"Excretory and Renal Hemodynamic Effects of Diuretics: Na+ K+ H+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- HCO3- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | || I NC V | || Osmotic diuretics || | I | || | | Loop Diuretics || || | || || || | Thiazides | || | | | | | Epithelial sodium channels blockers | | | | | | | Aldosterone antagonists | | | I | | | |: ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
DNA enzyme for aging: | [
"Ans. (c) TelomeraseRef: Harper's Biochemistry, 30th ed. pg. 374, 732, 26th ed. Pg- 318* The ends of each chromosome contain structures called telomeres.* Telomeres consist of short, repeat TG-rich sequences. Human telomeres have a variable number of repeats of the sequence 5'-TTAGGG-3', which can extend for severa... | [
"Clinical target for radiation induced cell death is DNA"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Maternal mortality is maximum in which period – | [
"Maternal death mostly occur from the third trimester to the first week after birth. Studies show that mortality risks for mothers are particularly elevated in the first two days after birth."
] | [
"MCC of IMR India - LBW & prematurity. IMR of India - 33. IMR is a rate. IMR is the best indicator of availability of health services, utilization of health services, effectiveness of health services in given community."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Cataract blindness is: | [
"Ans. Curable"
] | [
"Renal Failure is common"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Investigation of choice for intramedullary SOL is - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., MRI o Investigation of choice for intramedullary space occupy lesion is MRI."
] | [
"Patient in question has infected non-union (multiple discharging sinuses & various pukered scar) with shortening of 4 cms. Ilizanov fixation with distraction osteogenesis will be the best option."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Daclizumab acts through ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., IL 2 receptor blocker Monoclonal antibodies (daclizumab and basiliximab) that block the interleukin 2 receptor and are used in prevention of graft rejection as immunosuppresant."
] | [
"Zileuton It is a 5-LOX inhibitor, blocks LTC4/D4 as well as LTB4 synthesis. It therefore has the potential to prevent all LT induced responses including those exeed by activation of cysLT1 receptor. Durationof action of zileuton is sho side effects:. HEPATOTOXIC Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-229"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Actinomycetoma is caused by- | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Actinomyces; 'b' i.e., Nocardia; 'c' i.e., Streptomyces"
] | [
"S.aureus is the most common agent for botryomycosis. It is a mycetoma-like condition."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Glycosylated hemoglobin in a normal pregnant lady should be less than: | [
"The cut off for glycosylated hemoglobin in a pregnant lady is less than 6.5 %."
] | [
"Serum fructosamine is formed due to non-enzymatic glycosylation of serum proteins mainly albumin. It represents glycemic control for preceding 1-2 weeks. Normal values are 200-285mcmol/L. Advantages of serum fructosamine are: Useful in Haemolytic states which affect interpretation of glycosylated haemoglobin. Eval... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
'Bird beak' appearance on barium swallow is feature of? | [
"Ans. A. Achalasia cardia. (Harrison's Medicine, 18th ch. 292; /Fig. 292-5).Achalasia cardia- Megaesophagus/sigmoid esophagus- \"Bird beak\" deformity- Absence of primary peristalsis below level of cricopharyngeus- Hurst phenomenon (temporary transit through cardia when hydrostatic pressure of barium column is abov... | [
"Menetrier disease associated with loss of proteins and diarrhoea so there will be weight loss"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which is the first organ to be affected in left ventricular failure? | [
"Ans. (a) LungsRef: Robbin's pathology 9th ed. /529-30* In left ventricular failure, the pooling of blood in lungs will result and will lead to development of pulmonary edema which causes hypoxia and findings of dysnea, orthopnea, pink frothy sputum and death. Hence lungs are immediately affected following LVF.* Su... | [
"Cardiac output with exercise increases unless there is severe left ventricular failure"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Neurofibromatosis 1 criteria include all except: | [
"In Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), two or more of the following clinical manifestations are present: Six or more Cafe-au-lait macules Axillary and inguinal freckling Two or more iris Lisch nodules Two or more neurofibromas or 1 plexiform neurofibroma A distinctive osseous lesion such as sphenoidal and tibial dysplasia ... | [
"B/L acoustic neuromas are a hallmark of Neurofibromatosis 2 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 is an autosomal dominant highly penetrant condition Gene for NF-2 is located on chromosome 22q. Patients with NF2 present in second and third decade of life, rarely after the age of 60. M/C symptom/Presenting symptom = Hearing los... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In rectus sheath which branch of aoa make anastmosis with superior epigastric aery | [
"The external iliac aeries are two major aeries which bifurcate off the common iliac aeries anterior to the sacroiliac joint of the pelvis. They proceed anterior and inferior along the medial border of the psoas major muscles. They exit the pelvic girdle posterior and inferior to the inguinal ligament about one thi... | [
"Celiac trunk arises from abdominal aoa at the level of T12 veebra. It supplies foregut derivatives. Branches of celiac trunk: Left gastric aery Splenic aery Common hepatic aery"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Pain sensations from the ethmoidal sinus are carried by- | [
"As discussed in preceeding text, nasociliary nerve–branch of opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve carries pain sensation from ethmoid sinus."
] | [
"Sluder's neuralgia or the anterior ethmoidal syndrome is pain around the bridge of the nose radiating into the forehead. It is said to originate from the middle turbinate (pa of ethmoid bone) pressing on the deted septum. This is a rare cause of headache and also k/a contact point headache."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Conjunctiva epithelium is: | [
"C i.e. Stratified non keratinized epithelium Conjunctival epithelium is stratified non keratinized squamous epitheliumQ. Conjunctiva has palpebral (marginal, tarsal, orbital), bulbar & fornix pas. Marginal palpebral conjunctiva has transitional zone (not epithelium) covered with stratified epithelium with characte... | [
"Lining of urinary bladder is Transitional epithelium."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is the national level system that provides annual national as well as state level reliable estimates of fertility and mortality? | [
"Sample Registration System (SRS) was initiated in 1964–65 (on a pilot basis; full scale from 1969–70) to provide national as well as state level reliable estimates of fertility and mortality\n• SRS is a dual record system:\nField Investigation: continuous enumeration of births and deaths by an enumerator.\nIndepen... | [
"Global Reference list is a standard set of 100 core indicators prioritized by global community to provide concise information on the health situation and trends, including responses at National and Global levels."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
How much Potassium is present in the Ringer Lactate solution - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., 4 mEq/L SolutionVolumebNa+K+Ca2+Mg2+Cl-hco3 (as la- ctate)Dext rose(g/L)mOsm/LExtracellular fluid--14245310327 280-310Lactated ringer's--13043--10928--2730.9% NaCl--154------154----3080.45% NaCl--77------77----154D5W--------------50252D5/0.45% NaCl--77------77--50406D5LR--13043--10928505253% NaCl... | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Normal saline Fluid used in severe dehydration o Best IV fluid for severe dehydration is Ringer's lactate. o An ideal preparation would be Ringer's lactate with 5% added dextrose, However, it is not available. o If Ringer's lactate is not available, normal saline solution (0.9% NaCI) can be used.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Sex worker with discharging ulcer, gram negative diplococci & growth on modified Thayer main media. Diagnosis ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., N. gonococci Information in this question are ? Gram negative diplococci. Growth on modified Thayer-main media. o Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram negative diplococci and Thayer-main medium is the selective medium for gonococci. Lab diagnosis of gonorrhea Urethral discharge is the most impoant spe... | [
"Citron bodies - Boat or leaf-shaped pleomorphic bacilli with irregular staining on gram stained smears in a suspected case of gas gangrene suggests Cl. septicum"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are true regarding diuretics except:- | [
"Name Site of action Example Mechanism Loop diuretics Thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle Furosemide Torsemide Na-K-2Cl sympoer inhibition Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors PCT Acetazolamide Dorzolamide Brinzolamide Carbonic anhydrase inhibition Thiazides DCT Hydrochlohiazide Chlohalidone Na-Cl sympoer inhibition Osm... | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p823 Folic acid is used to reverse the adverse effect of methotrexate. Folic acid is ineffective. All of the statements are true as discussed earlier"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
In case of hypothyroidism which investigation is most informative and most commonly used: | [
"TSH* Most informative among thyroid function test parameters because of ultra-sensitivity* Can detect subclinical hypothyroidism & subclinical hypehyroidism* Hypothyroidism - TSH |* Hypehyroidism - TSH |"
] | [
"Screening tests do not form the basis for treatment as a specific diagnostic test will need to be performed to confirm the diagnosis suggested by a screening test in order to start a specific treatment.\nFor example, in HIV infection screening is done by ELISA. If the ELISA comes to be positive, western blot is do... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Mobile medical care constitutes all except | [
"Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed"
] | [
"Large hospitals cater to make number of patients and hence called ivory towers of disease."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Monozygotic twins do not have same- | [
"Ans. is \"a' i.e., Fingerprints o Monozygotic twins are a result of the division of the single fertilized egg into two embryos. Thus, they have exactly identical DNA, except for the generally undetectable micromutations that begin as soon as the cell starts dividing.o Fingerprints of the identical twins start thei... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Fingerprints Monozygotic twins are a result of the division of the single feilized egg into two embryos. Thus, they have exactly identical DNA, except for the generally undetectable micromutations that begin as soon as the cell stas dividing. Fingerprints of the identical twins sta their developm... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
What is approx fetal weight, if height of uterus is above pubic symphysis is 35 cm and station of head -2? | [
"Ans. is c, i.e. 3.5 kgRef. Dutta Obs. 9/e, p 68Estimation of fetal weight can be done using Johnson formula:If station of head below ischial spine x 155If fetal head is at or above ischial spine- x 155 Here fetal head is at - 2, i.e. above ischial spine, so it will be (35 - 12) x 155 = 3.5 kg.Also Know:USG measure... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Fetal ageo Hess's rule (Haase's rule): It is a rough method for calculating the age of fetus by measuring the length from crown to heel. Upto 5th month of gestation, length of foetus in cm is square of the month of gestation and beyound 5 months, length in cm is 5 times the month of gestation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 44-year-old businessman presents to a physician because of a markedly inflammed and painful right great toe. He states that he just returned from a convention, and had noticed increasing pain in his right foot during his flight back home. Physical examination is remarkable for swelling and erythema of the right great... | [
"The patient has gout, which is due to precipitation of monosodium urate crystals in joint spaces (notably the great toe) and soft tissues (causing tophi, which are often found on the external ears). Colchicine reduces the inflammation caused by the urate crystals by inhibiting leukocyte migration and phagocytosis ... | [
"The patient has PMR. A relatively common disease of the elderly, PMR presents as morning stiffness and pain in the shoulders, neck, and hip girdle. Diagnosis is mainly clinical; improvement of symptoms throughout the day and an absence of joint findings on physical examination provide clues to the diagnosis. Most ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not a feature Eustachian tube in children | [
"The Eustachian tube in children is shoer (16-18mm), wider and more horizontal. It is also less taut due to lack of elastin. The above differences make the infant more prone for retrograde reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions and milk while feeding in supine position. Differences between Infant & adult ET INFANT ET ... | [
"Head's paradoxical reflex is paradoxical to Hering- Breuer inflation reflex This reflex might be the cause for inflation of the lungs in the newborn when the newborn takes the first breath"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Platelet aggregation is blocked by aspirin due to its action on: | [
"Ans. c. Thromboxane A2 (Ref: Goodman Gilman 12/e p868; Katzung 12/e p638; KDT 7/e p195, 6/e p186, 609)Aspirin causes several different effects in the body, mainly the reduction of inflammation, analgesia, the prevention of clotting, and the reduction of fever. Much of this is believed to be due to decreased produc... | [
"Paracetamol or acetaminophen has antipyretic and analgesic activities but it lacks anti-inflammatory action. It is presumed to become inactive by peroxides generated at the site of inflammation. Some theories suggest that PCM acts on COX-3 receptors."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Medium used for antibiotic sensitivity: | [
"Antibiotic sensitivity testing Antibiotic sensitivity testing is carried out to determine appropriate antibiotic to be used for a paicular strain isolated from clinical specimens. Antibiotic testing can be carried out by two broad methods a) Disc diffusion tests b) Dilution tests REF : ananthanarayana 10th ed"
] | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p719,720 Aminoglycoside require oxygen for transpo in the bacterial cell. This hardware for ineffective against anaerobic organism"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A person working in an abattoir presented with pustule on hand which turned into ulcer. Which of the following will best help in diagnosis? | [
"Cutaneous anthrax generally occurs on exposed surfaces of the arms or hands. A pruritic papule develops 1-7 days after entry of the organisms and rapidly changes into a necrotic ulcer. The lesion is called a malignant pustule. The anthrax bacillus is Gram positive and nonacid fast. The spores do not stain by ordin... | [
"It is a non suppurative inflammation spreading along the subcutaneous tissue planes and across intercellular spaces. The term is a misnomer, as the lesion is one of the connective and interstitial tissue and not of the cells. The causative organism is mostly the streptococcus pyogenes, through a variety of aerobic... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which is the cause of hemolysis in G6-PD deficiency? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Oxidative stress * Normally RBCs are protected from oxidant injury by reduced glutathione. Reduced glutathione is generated from oxidized glutathione and the reducing equivalent for this reaction is provided by NADPH. This NADPH is generated in HMP shunt by enzyme Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenas... | [
"The possession of the sickle cell allele protects these individuals against malaria because the parasite dies when potassium leaks out of RBCs as they become sickle-shaped.\nTypes of anemia that have protective effect against P. falciparum malaria : -\nG6PD deficiency, Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia, HbC, Pyruvat... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Bitemporal hemianopic field defect is characteristic of: | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e. Pituitary tumour Bitemporal hemianopia results due to central (sagittal) lesion of the optic chiasma, common causes of which are tumors of the pituitary gland, craniopharyngioma, suprasellar meningioma, glioma of third ventricle, chiasmal arachnoiditis, third ventricular dilatation.Sites of lesion... | [
"(A) Hippocampal gyrus # Occlusion of the distal PCA causes> Infarction of the medial temporal and occipital lobes.> Contralateral Homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing is the usual manifestation.> Occasionally, only the upper quadrant of visual field is involved.> If the visual association areas are spared and... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 31-year-old woman has new-onset headaches and blood pressure elevation. She also notices that the symptoms come episodically and consist of palpitations, headache, anxiety, and marked blood pressure elevation. She undergoes a workup for secondary causes of hypertension, and is found to have elevated free catecholamin... | [
"Focal myocardial necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration caused by high circulating levels of catecholamines are seen in about 50% of patients who die with pheochromocytoma.Hypertension can further impair left ventricular function."
] | [
"Ans. D: All of the above Symptoms of phaeochromocytoma include the following: Headache Diaphoresis Palpitations Tremor Nausea Weakness Anxiety, sense of doom Epigastric pain Flank pain Constipation Weight loss The classic history of a patient with a pheochromocytoma includes spells characterized by headaches, palp... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Macewan's sign is seen in: | [
"Alcoholism"
] | [
"Fraying is seen in Rickets."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Phenol red thread test is used for dry eye. This test- | [
"*Phenol red dye test measures the production of tears without topical anesthesia, as the dye changes its color to red on contact with tears. It doesn't require pH meter for reading the result. Ref: Ophthalmology Yanoff and Duker 4th/e p.277"
] | [
"Phosphatase test - widely used test."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Vallecula sign is seen in | [
"Depressing the tongue with a tongue depressor may show red and swollen epiglottis. Indirect laryngoscopy may show oedema and congestion of supraglottic structure. This examination is avoided for fear of precipitating complete obstruction. It is better done in the operation theatre where facilities for intubation a... | [
"A i.e. Trachoma Aril's line is a fine linear scar in sulcus subtarsalis and is seen in trachoma Q"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Devic's disease is associated with | [
"(D) Aquaporin 4 # NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA (NMO) or Devic's disease or Devic's syndrome, is a heterogeneous condition consisting of recurrent and simultaneous inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis).> Currently at least two different causes are proposed based o... | [
"Collapsing variant has the worst prognosis.\nIt is also associated with HIV."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Melanin is formed from which aminoacid? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., TyrosineAmino acidsBiological important compoundTyrosineCatecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine), thyroxine, triiodothryonine, melanin.(Note : - Phenylalanine is the precursor of tyrosine, thus it can also give rise to all these compounds through tyrosine (phenylalanine - Tyrosine -... | [
"Transamination, a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids. This pathway is responsible for the deamination of most amino acids."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
An obese 50-year-old woman undergoes a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In the recovery room she is found to be hypotensive and tachycardic. Her arterial blood gases reveal a pH of 7.29, partial pressure of oxygen of 60 kPa, and partial pressure of CO2 of 54 kPa. The most likely cause of this woman's problem is | [
"Because of the ease with which carbon dioxide diffuses across the alveolar membranes, the PaCO2 is a highly reliable indicator of alveolar ventilation. In this postoperative patient with respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia, the hypercarbia is diagnostic of alveolar hypoventilation. Acute hypoxemia can occur with pu... | [
"Anticipation and early aggressive treatment of pulmonary insufficiency by mechanical ventilatory support are critical in managing the seriously ill patient. Readily measured changes that can be used to determine either the need for intubation or the appropriate time for weaning from mechanical respiratory support ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
During intraoperative period following capnograph waveform is seen. What does it signify. | [
"Above ETCO2 curve depictsSpontaneous effos It signifies return of spontaneous ventilation and the patient is coming out of the anaesthesia The cleft is K/ACURARE CLEFT Repeat a dose of neuromuscular blocker if you want to maintain the muscle paralysis ??\"Malignant hypehermia:Progressive rise in ETCO2 ??\"Bronchos... | [
"Amongst the given options cold extremities is the best answer.\nProlongation of physiological jaundice is the earliest sign."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 3 year old child presents with a history of repeated sinopulmonary infections caused by encapsulated organisms. Which of the following is most likely to be deficient in this case? | [
"Deficiency of IgG2 results in recurrent sinopulmonary infections with encapsulated organisms. Deficiency of IgG1 - Bacterial infections (Diptheria, tetanus) Deficiency of IgG3 - Viral infections Deficiency of IgG4 - Parasitic infections IgG is the only maternal immunoglobulin that is normally transpoed across the ... | [
"(a) Source: (Hay et al, pp 512-513. Kliegman et al, pp 1456-1459. McMillan et al, pp 699-700, 1391-1394. Rudolph et al, pp 962, 963, 966.) Of the choices given and with the findings on the radiograph (patchy infiltrates with flat diaphragms), monitoring oxygenation and hydration status is the most appropriate cour... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Glucose transpo occur with the help of following ion in absorption in gut region | [
"Glucose is absorbed into the epithelial cells lining the mucous membrane of the small intestine from their brush border surface by an active transpo mechanism Sodium co-transpo mechanism. Binding of glucose & Na+ to carrier protein: The carrier protein in cell membrane has 2 binding sites, one for sodium & another... | [
"Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells has a thickness of about 5 nm, constituted by lipid bilayer and embedded proteins. Hence, option B is the answer. It is selective for the transpo of substances into or out of the cells - for active as well as passive transpos It consists of Na+-K+ pump. It causes active transpo ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Thomas splint most troubling is: | [
"(a) Ringbecause it impinges against proximal thigh."
] | [
"Convent girl appearance seen in CLL College girl appearance also called garden pay appearance seen in CML"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Aziththromyan prophylaxis in trachoma is given when prevalence is above? | [
"<p> Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma District level prevalence is >10% in 1-9 years old children: mass treatment with azythromycin Reference:WHO Trachoma control:A guide for programme managers,2006;page no:21-22. <\\p>"
] | [
"Ans. B: Superior palpebral conjunctiva In trachoma, a characteristic white conjunctival scar (Arlt line) is usually formed at the junction between the lower third and upper two-third of the superior tarsus Trachoma/ Granular conjunctivitis/ Egyptian ophthalmia It is an infectious disease causing a characteristic r... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Does not include in strand field's "seven I" principles of health education | [
"\"SEVEN I\" principle of strandfield :\n\nIdentification.\nIndigenization.\nInvolvement.\nIndoctrination.\nIntegration.\nInfluencess.\nInnovation."
] | [
"A i.e. Only used in head & neck"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin in gram negative bacteria:- | [
"MECHANISM OF FLUOROQUINOLONES (FQ) In gram negative bacteria, FQ inhibit DNA gyrase by binding to its A subunit and interfere with cutting and resealing function. In gram positive bacteria, FQ inhibit similar enzyme DNA topoisomerase IV."
] | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p729 Rifampicin and ciprofloxacin are used for the prophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most common tumor to extend from intracranial to orbit is – | [
"\"Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumor to extend to the orbit\".......... Ophthalmic oncology\n\nMeningiomas commonly arise from the dura of sphenoid wing, i.e. sphenoid wing meningioma."
] | [
"Answer is D (Meningioma): Meningiomas are not listed as a cause of metastatic tumors causing spinal cord compression. Tumors causing compression of spinal cord, include the following two major categories: Retroperitoneal tumors which extend , interveebral foramen into the spinal cord and thus cause compression. Ex... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
What is the generation time of Mycobacterium leprae? | [
"Generation time of bacteria refers to the doubling time. Mycobacterium leprae is the slowest growing human bacterial pathogen, it has a doubling time of 14 days. It grows best at 30 degree C, at a temperature lower than body temperature, therefore it grows preferentially in the skin and superficial nerves. Mycobac... | [
"Mutational drug resistance plays a major role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 35 year old male presents to the urologist for an infeility evaluation. A biopsy of his testis is performed to check sperm production and maturation. A microscopic section reveals only a few germ cells near the basal lamina in the seminiferous tubule. Which of the following cells is the germ cell closest to the basal... | [
"Maturation of germ cells (spermatogenesis) within the seminiferous tubules occurs in a concentric pattern with the less mature spermatogonia near the basal lamina and the mature forms near the tubule center. Spermatogonia are 2N cells and mature into larger primary spermatocytes (4N) . These mature into secondary ... | [
"Seminoma A seminoma typically has a cut surface that is homogeneous and pinkish cream in colour. It appears to compress neighbouring testicular tissue. It corresponds to dysgerminoma of ovaries. It consists of oval cells with clear cytoplasm and large, rounded nuclei with prominent acidophilic nucleoli. Sheets of ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A child has mid-crown fracture in a permanent
maxillary central incisor several months ago, the pulp is now necrotic, radiographic examination reveals an incompletely formed root with an open apex. The treatment of choice is: | [
"Apexification is the process of inducing the development of the root and the apical closure in an immature pulpless tooth with an open apex.\nThe main aim of apexification is to preserve the Hertwig’s root sheath and apical pulp tissue.\n\nRef: Textbook of endodontics, Nisha Garg and Amit Garg, 3rd edition, pg no:... | [
"Conditions for a root to be left in the alveolar process:\n\nThe root fragment must be small, usually no more than 4 to 5mm in length.\nThe root must be deeply embedded in bone.\nThe tooth involved must not be infected, and there must be no radiolucency around the apex.\nWhen the risk is too great, if removal of t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
In Chronic Viral Hepatitis: | [
". Grading refers to the extent of necrosis andinflammations"
] | [
"The most common causes of hepatic granuloma are tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, drug reactions and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatic granuloma can be caused by a number of other causes such as: Systemic Diseases Infections Drugs ? Idiopathic ? Berylliosis ? Sarcoidosis ? Crohn's Disease ? Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ? W... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
The double decidual sac sign (DDSS) is the best method for ultrasound diagnosis of | [
"Double decidual sac sign on USG - Intra-uterine sac (Eccentrically placed) Outer layer - Decidua Parietalis Inner layer - Decidua Capsularis Indicates - Intrauterine pregnancy Intradecidual ring sign is the first sign of pregnancy on USG."
] | [
"Ultrasonography is recommended because its sensitivity and specificity are close to 100% for this disease. Ultrasound is reliable and easily performed and has replaced barium studies as the main investigation.There is a normal variation of pylorus muscle measurements with age and gestation but ultrasound has a ver... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following predisposes to placenta previa? | [
"Ans: D"
] | [
"Ans. (a) Obstetric complications(Ref: Harrison 18th ed/pg 1390)The most common causes are bacterial sepsis, malignant disorders such as solid tumors or acute promyelocytic leukemia, and obstetric causes. DIC is diagnosed in almost one-half of pregnant women with abruptio placentae, or with amniotic fluid embolism"... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All are true regarding Crohn's disease except: | [
"Ref: Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg 2486 Explanation: Crohn's disease- MC site-terminal ileum with rectal sparing, skip areas + It is transmural, hence more of fistula formation More of systemic symptoms, pain, abdominal mass Toxic megacolon - Perforation Intraabdominal abscess, fallo... | [
"(C) Smoking # Risk factors are: Old age, positive family history, head injury, Down's syndrome, low education level, female sex, etc"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Nucleic acids absorb UV light maximally at the wavelength of | [
"Nucleic acids absorb UV light maximally at the wavelength of 260 nm 260/280 ratio of pure DNA/RNA is in the range of 1.8 to 2. Amino acids absorb U.V light (not visible light)- colorless. Aromatic amino acids absorb U.V light at 250-290 nm (maximum absorption is at 280nm) because of conjugated double bonds."
] | [
"Melting temperature or Tm Temperature when half (50%) of the helical structure is denatured. At lower temperature, the melted strands are re-associated; this is called annealing. When DNA is denatured, unstacking of bases occur resulting in increased absorbance at 260 nm-hyperchromicity"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus are likely to have one of the following anomalies: | [
"d. Complete heart block(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2171-2174, Ghai 8/e p 457-461)Congenital complete AV blockIt is presumed to be caused by autoimmune injury of fetal conduction system by maternally derived anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/ La antibodies in a mother with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sjogren syndromeAutoim... | [
"Multiple fetal losses earlier in gestation suggest the likelihood of a chromosomal abnormality - the mother or father may be the carrier of a balanced translocation. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations may lead to cystic fibrosis, and like most inborn errors of metabolism, wit... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following cause hyperventilation except | [
"Arterial hypoxemia is defined as an arterial P02 (partial pressure of oxygen) less than 80 mmHg, who is breathing room air at sea level. And because the partial pressure of a gas is determined by the soluble fraction of gas and not by the amount carried chemically bound to hemoglobin - the Hb does not determine P0... | [
"All other options are commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy except hypothyroidism"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Stem cells are present where in cornea - | [
"Answer- A. LimbusLimbal stem cells (also called corneal epithelial stem cells) are stem cells located in the basal epithelial layer of the corneal limbus.Proliferation of limbal stem cells maintains the cornea; for example, replacing cells that are lost tears.Limbal stem cells also prevent the conjunctivalepitheli... | [
". There is no germ cells in this condition"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A child brought to casualty with reports of violent shaking by parents. The most likely injury is? | [
"Violent shaking (by parent) may cause subdural hematoma; whereas ruptured spleen occurs due to compression of abdomen; long bone fracture due to compression, bending, direct blow, pulling and twisting; and skull fractures due to direct blow.\nCaffey (1974) described the effects of shaking as a major cause of subdu... | [
"This patient had a sudden onset of neurological symptoms , and the symptoms and clinical examination findings are inconsistent. This is a strong pointer towards conversion disorder. Please note that there is no la belle indifference (lack of concern for the symptoms) in this patient. La belle indifference is not s... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
"Inflation of lungs induces fuher inflation" this is explained by | [
"Head's paradoxical reflex is paradoxical to Hering- Breuer inflation reflex This reflex might be the cause for inflation of the lungs in the newborn when the newborn takes the first breath"
] | [
"Non pressure or mucostatic theory was given by Page, who wrote that, interfacial surface tension was the best way to retain dentures."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause of Acute Aseptic Meningitis in children is | [
"(C) Enterovirus # VIRAL CAUSES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: Enteroviruses - coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) Varicella-zoster virus. Arboviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, Influenza virus types A and B, Mumps virus.> Many different viruses can cause meningitis... | [
"Rash appearing on 1st day of fever suggests Chickenpox Ataxia can occur as a complication of varicella infection."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Reids index is increased in: March 2007 | [
"Ans. C: Chronic bronchitisThe Reid Index is a mathematical relationship that exists in a human bronchus section observed under the microscope. It is defined as ratio between the thickness of the submucosal mucus secreting glands and the thickness between the epithelium and cailage that covers the bronchi.It isn't ... | [
"D i.e. 10-12 days"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In psychoanalytic terms, obsessive-compulsive disorder is fixed at - | [
"OCD results from a regression from the oedipal phase to anal phase of psychosexual development, i.e. In OCD fixation occurs in anal stage (Note - Regression is reversion from higher level of development to lower level of development)."
] | [
"Reaction formation, Undoing, Isolational affect, Displacement and Inhibition are the defense mechanisms associated with obsessive compulsive disorder.\nDissociation is seen with Dissociative disorders."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Subconjunctival cyst is seen in? | [
"Ans. is b i.e., Cysticercosis Parasitic cysts occurs in subconjunctival cysticercus, hydatid cyst and filarial cyst."
] | [
"Ref: Clinical ophthalmology 5th/e p.670 *Cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign, intraconal tumor in adults. *Hemangiopericytoma is also retrobulbar intraconal lesion found in adults but is a rare tumor. Moreover owing to its tendency to invade the adjacent tissues, its margins are less distinct than caver... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
"Antihistone" antibodies are detectable in: | [
"Drug induced Lupus"
] | [
"Immunoglobulins typically K light chains are persistently elevated in multiple sclerosis"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The best method of teaching an urban slum about ORS is - | [
"A demonstration is a carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill or procedure.Here a procedure is carried out step by step before an audience or the target group,the demonstrator asceaining that the audience understands how to perform it (refer pgno:864 park 23 rd edition)"
] | [
"Routine, as a pa of screening"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Tardy ulnar nerve palsy occur as a delayed sequele of | [
"C i.e. Fracture lateral condyle humerus"
] | [
"Ulnar claw hand is seen in lower ulnar nerve palsy not in high ulnar nerve palsy. It is called ulnar paradox."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Characterstic X Ray finding in ASD is: | [
"C i.e. Pulmonary plethora"
] | [
"Given X ray shows prominent descending right pulmonary aery- giving \"Jug handle\" appearance Aoic Dissection - seen on CT COA - 3 sign TOF - Boot shaped hea"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Pain relief in chronic pancreatitis can be obtained by destruction of | [
"Chronic pancreatitis Pain from the pancreas is carried in sympathetic fibres that traverse the Celiac ganglion, reach the sympathetic chain through the splanchnic nerves, and then ascend to the coex Celiac plexus nerve blocks performed either percutaneously or endoscopically have been employed to abolish this pain... | [
"Multiple sclerosis is often associated with trigeminal neuralgia. Remaining options are not associated with trigeminal neuralgia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All are true about peritoneal folds except | [
"Urachus fistula is a remnant of allantoic diveiculum. It is a diveiculum of hind gut and connects umbilicus to urinary bladder. The lumen of allantoic duct-is obliterated at the time of bih. Median Umblical Ligament is the remanant of urachus. It covers allantois. Urine keeps on dribbling in urachal fistula Figure... | [
"All other options are commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy except hypothyroidism"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The principal characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? | [
"Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity are the key behaviors of ADHD. Some people with ADHD only have problems with one of the behaviors, while others have both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Most children have the combined type of ADHD.\nIn preschool, the most common ADHD symptom is hyperactivity.\... | [
"(B) More frequently seen in boys # Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or AD/HD or ADD) is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder. It is primarily characterized by \"the co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone\"\" and symptoms starting be... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
21st tooth erupts at:- | [
"Eruption is defined as the superior pa of crown of the tooth appearing level with the surface of the alveolar bone.Temporary dentition: total 20 number of teeth, stas at 6 months till 2 years.Permanent dentition: total 32 number of teeth, stas at 6 years completed by 17 - 25 years.1st to erupt is molar 1 (M1) and ... | [
"10th day after delivery"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most common viral cause of Fulminant hepatic failure in pregnancy? | [
"HEV- increases risk of fulminant hepatic failure in pregnancy"
] | [
"Mumps virus is the most common cause of parotid gland enlargement in children. Transmission:-respiratory route droplets, saliva, and fomites. Clinical Manifestations of Mumps: 1. Bilateral parotitis: It is the MC manifestation (70-90%). 2. Epididymo-Orchitis is the next MC manifestation (15-30%). of mumps. 3. Asep... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
True about diabetic nephropathy - | [
"Beta islet cell/ pancreatic transplantation can improve proteinuria in early stages.. Strict control of blood glucose retards the progression of any diabetes related complication Early pathological change and albumin excretion abnormalities is reversible with normalization of plasma glucose Administration of ACE i... | [
"Causes of contracted kidney *chronuc glomerulonephritis *chronic pyelonephritis *benign nephrosclerosis causes of enlarged kidney Ammyloidosis Diabetic renal disease Polycystic kidney disease Hydronephrosis"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is an adrenergic drug preferred for arresting labour? | [
"(Ref: KDT 6/e p323) Isoxsuprine and ritodrine are selective b2 agonists useful as tocolytic agents for arresting labour. Pulmonary edema is an impoant adverse effect of these agents."
] | [
"Sympathomimetic drugs are indicated in all types of shock except secondary shock. In this condition, there is reflex vasoconstriction. Alpha blockers are useful in this type of shock."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Sixth cranial nerve palsy causes of left eye causes? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Diplopia in left gaze o Sixth nerve supplies lateral rectus, therefore its palsy results in abduction weakness (not adduction weakness)o In left gaze, there is abduction of left eye and adduction of right eye. If there is paralysis of lateral rectus of left eye (6th nerve paralysis), abduction of... | [
"One-and-a-half syndrome is due to a lesion of MLF combined with PPRF of same side. Loss of all horizontal movements except contralateral abduction, which shows abduction nystagmus. One and One half syndrome (right sided lesion) Eight and half syndrome consists of one and half syndrome with 7th nerve palsy."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Father of modern toxicology - | [
"orfila is known as father of modern toxicology Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 397"
] | [
"Ans. Young passive victim of sodomy"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
5-year-old male brought to casualty by his mother because of episode of sudden vomiting. He has been behaving strangely according to mother. Laboratory findings showed microcytic hypochromic anemia with the above finding. The most probable poisoning is: | [
"Ans. (B). Chronic lead poisoningThe above blood picture shows basophilic stippling of RBCs.Basophilic stippling (dots in the red blood cells) is due to the inhibition of 5 pyrimidine nucleotidase enzyme resulting in aggregation of ribosomes.Other findings in blood: Microcytic hypochromic anemia, anisocytosis, poik... | [
"Peripheral smear shows schistocytes. there is reduced platelet count, petechial spots over body, history of diarrhea was 2 days prior to oliguria. All these points towards hemolytic uremic syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Submandibular gland is crossed by which nerve? | [
"Submandibular duct is thin-walled and is about 5 cm long.it emerges at the anterior end of the deep pa of the gland and runs forwards on the hyoglossus between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves.at the anterior border of the hyoglossus, the duct is crossed by lingual nerve.it opens on the floor of the mouth on the... | [
"Tonsillar branch of facial artery is the main arterial supply of tonsils."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Patient with fixed dilated pupil, with iris atrophy and secondary glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty is suggestive of: | [
"Ans. d. Urrets Zavalia syndrome (Ref: style=\"font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif\">icles/PMC1770988)A fixed dilated pupil following penetrating keratoplasty is a well recognized if rare postoperative complication.The mydriasis following penetrating keratoplasty was first desc... | [
"Painful red eye with diminution of vision along with evidence of aqueous flare, hypopyon and loss of normal red reflex, three days after cataract surgery suggests a diagnosis of Acute Postoperative Endophthalmitis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Treatment of acute asthma include all except- | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Salmeterol o Long acting Beta - 2 agonists have no role in acute attack of asthma. They are useful in persistent asthma."
] | [
"Ans. (A) Magnesium sulphate(Ref: Harrison 17th/e p1605)Magnesium sulphate by i.v. or inhalational route has been used for the treatment of acute severe asthma. All other drugs mentioned in the options are used for prophylaxis of asthma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Characteristic visual field defect in optic chiasma lesion - | [
"Ans, is 'b' i.e,. Bitemporal hemianopia Site of lesionVisual field defectOptic nerveBlindnessOptic cbiasmaBitemporal hemianopiaOptic tractIncongruent homonymous hemianopiaLateral geniculate bodyHomonymous hemianopiaOptic radiation (Total)Homonymous hemianopia, sometimes with macular sparingOptic radiation lower fi... | [
"The patient has :-\n\n\nRight superotemporal quadrantanopia\nLeft superotemporal quadrantanopia\nLeft centrocecal scotoma → Left optic nerve involvement e.g. toxic opic neuropathy\n\n\nIt has also been explained that early central chiasmatic lesion due to pituitary adenoma can cause upper temporal quadrantanopia.\... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Ehrlich's test is done to detect: | [
"D Harper, 26th ed, p. 283 & 25th ed, p. 370"
] | [
"Latex agglutination test is most likely used among the three."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Millenium development goals formulated in 2000 were to be achieved by - | [
"- During September 2000, representatives of 189 countries met at Millennium Summit in New York to adopt United nations Millennium Declaration. - the goals in the area of development and povey eradication are now referred as Millennium Development Goals. - Governments have set date of 2015 by which they would meet ... | [
"The MDGs place health at the hea of development and represents commitments by governments throughout the world to do more to reduce povey hunger and to tackle ill-health.Three of the 8 goals ,8 of the 18 targets required to achieve them and 18 of the 48 indicators of progress are health related (refer pgno:893 par... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
In the stage of Grey hepatization- | [
"Ref:Textbook of pathology (Harsh mohan)6th edition,page no. 469 GREY HEPATISATION: LATE CONSOLIDATION This phase lasts for 4 to 8 days Grossly, the affected lobe is firm and heavy. The cut surface is dry, granular and grey in appearance with liverlike consistency .The change in colour from red to grey begins at th... | [
"It is performed in in type 4b witches only extrahepatic biliary tree dilation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Twin pregnancy, but due to two different men is called: NEET 14 | [
"Ans. Superfecundation"
] | [
"Rh negative mother with Rh positive in 2nd child"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Low bih weight baby is defined as baby weighing: September 2006 | [
"Ans. D: 2500 gm Low bih weight (LBW) is defined as a fetus that weighs less than 2500 g (5 lb 8 oz) regardless of gestational age. Other definitions include Very Low Bih Weight (VLBW) which is less than 1500 g, and Extremely Low Bih Weight (ELBW) which is less than 1000 g. Normal Weight at term delivery is 2500 g ... | [
"Average bih weight in India: 2.8 kg. (2.7-2.9 kg) Bih weight doubles at 5 months, triples by 1 year and quadruples by 2 years of age. Minimum expected weight gain per month: 500 grams. Height- average bih length in India- 50 cm Height at the end of infancy- 75 cm height doubles by 4 years"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Drug of choice for OCD is? | [
"ANSWER: (B) FluoxetineREF: Kaplan 9th ed p - 622OCDTreatment of choice: behaviour therapyDrug of choice: SSRI2nd drug of choice: comipramine"
] | [
"Treatment of choice for suicidal depression is ECT."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
PAS positive are all the following except - | [
"Ans-DThe basement membrane of bacteria"
] | [
"(a)-AP view will show changes only in last stages-inverted Napoleon hat sign all other are more important for diagnosis and management. CT and MRI are required in all cases."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Increased serum amylase in pleural effusion is seen in | [
"(Malignancy) (269- CMDT-08) (1658-H17th)Serum amylase level in PE - suggest pancreatits, pancreatic pseudocyst, adenocarcinoma of the lung or pancreas or esophageal rupture, - MalignancyGlucose < 60 mg/ dL - occurs in Malignancy, Bacterial infections, Rheumatoid pleuriticIncreased amvlase acids are found in perfor... | [
"PANCREATIC ENZYMES LEVEL IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS A three fold or higher elevation of amylase & lipase levels confirms the diagnosis. Amylase's serum half-life is shoer as compared with lipase. Lipase is also a more specific marker of AP because serum amylase levels can be elevated in peptic ulcer disease, mesenteric... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Pyrogens act on which site of brain ? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hypothalamus PyrogenesPyrogenes are substances that cause fever.Pyrogens may be exogenous or endogenousExogenous - Bacterial toxinsEndogenous - IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6, Interferons, Ciliory's neurotropic factorThese pyrogenes increase the level of PGE, in the hypothalamus that elevates the thermoregula... | [
"C REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) Annular pentameric protein seen in blood plasma. First identified in the serum of patients which reacted with capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The levels of CRP increases in inflammatory states (acute phase protein). Activates the complement system by binding to phosphocholine expr... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Hypertrophy means - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Increase in size of cells Hypertrophy o Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells without increase in the number, resulting in an increase in the size of tissue. Hypertrophy involves cell enlargement without cell division. So, hypertrophied organ has just larger cells, but no new cel... | [
"A i.e. Increases hea rate with exercise"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia and was staed on haloperidol 5mg. On 3rd day he presented with uprolling of eyes. A complete neurological examination revealed no spasticity or any other abnormalities except uprolling of eyeballs. Visual acuity was found to be normal. What is your likely diagnosis? | [
"* <48 hours of staing antipsychotics * M.C in======Younger black males * If a patient develops dystonia he is more prone for eps Patient considers this as an Allergic reaction , thereby may stop drugs Layryngeal dystonia is a Psychiatric emergency, should be treated with IV lorazepam TREATMENT * Diphenhydramine * ... | [
"The clinical picture in a patient with hypermetropia is as follows: Symptoms In patients with hypermetropia, the symptoms vary depending upon the age of the patient and the degree of refractive error. These can be grouped as under: 1. Asymptomatic 2. Asthenopic symptoms: These include tiredness of eyes, frontal or... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Risk factor prevention at which level | [
"(A) (Primordial) (39 - Park 22nd)PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION* Special attension is the prevention of chronic disease* Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared* For example, many adult health problems (eg obesity hypertension) have th... | [
"The facilities is not effective at the given particular treatment centers."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Venous drainage of upper pa of uterus and placenta is through : | [
"Ovarian vein"
] | [
"Poosystemic anastomosis is also seen in the bare area of liver and posterior abdominal wall."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is true about venous thrombosis? | [
"Answer- B. Most impoant factor for development of deep venous thrombosis is hospital admissionVenous thrombosis is the formation of a semi-solid coagulum within the venous system and may occur in the superficial system.Patients are at risk of dweloping a post-thrombotic limb and venous ulceration Virchow triad-Cha... | [
"Old age and post operative period are risk factor for deep vein thrombosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Gateway of tears is: | [
"Killians dehiscence is also called 'gateway of tears'"
] | [
"3rd stage of labour."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 27 year old sexually active male develops a vesiculobullous lesion on the glans soon after within 8hrs taking tablet diclofenac for viral fever. The lesion healed with hyperpigmentation.The most likely dignosis is- | [
"Fixed drug eruption It characteristically recur at the same site following administration of offending drugs or occasionally a member of the same group of drugs. They occur 30min to 8hrs after drug administration Most common drugs: Sulfonamides NSAIDS Dapsone Batbiturates Ciprofloxacin Phenytoin Griseofulvin Metro... | [
"The incidence of CA cervix is low amongst woman whose partners use condom because of prevention of transmission of viral infection (HPV) causing CA cervix. Similarly it can also reduce the risk of CA vulva because it is common in women suffering from STD. Herpes genitalis is a DNA virus. It is transmitted sexually... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Isotope (s) used in high dose rate brachytherapy – a) lr192b) Co–60c) Cs–l33d) Ra 226 e) Pd103 | [
"\"Although cobalt - 60 and cesium - 137 have been used in the past, iridium - 192 is the most commonly used radioisotope in HDR brachytherapy\". — The physics of radiation therapy\nNote - Cs-137 is used in HDR brachytherapy, while option c i.e. ... | [
"A i.e. 6 hours Half life (tin) of radium (Ra226)is 1602-1626 years (longest)Q; Cesium (137Cs) is 30 yearsQ; Cobalt (60Co) is 5.2 yearsQ; iridium (1921r)is 74.5 daysQ; Iodine (P31)is 8 daysQ; 1123 is 13 hoursQ; technitium (Tc99) is 6 hoursQ; and 1132 is 2.3 hoursQ."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A patient presents with erythematous scaly lesions on extensor aspect of elbows and knee. The clinical diagnosis is got by : | [
"Ans. is 'a' ie Auspitz signErythematous scaly lesions on extensor aspect of elbow and knee favours the diagnosis of Psoriasis.The clinical diagnosis of psoriasis can be made by demonstrating Auspitz sign.It is a characteristic finding of psoriasis in which removal of scale leads to pinpoint bleeding.Tzanck testis ... | [
"Lupus vulgaris is the most common type of cutaneous TB. Presence of apple jelly nodules at the edge of a plaque. Apple jelly nodules on diascopy- erythematous lesions will turn from pink to golden brown. They do not exhibit this color on Indian skin. In European cases the lesions occur on face paicularly about the... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
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