query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Postponing paying attention of conscious impulse or conflict is a mature defence mechanism known as - | [
"Suppression is pushing of unwanted feelings into unconscious which has reached conscious awareness."
] | [
"C i.e. Secondary depression In OCN failure to control ego-alien impulse leads to development of depression, as the patient is unable to control the behaviour about which he knows that it is irrational & absurd."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The commonest site of perforation during colonoscopy is - | [
"• Risks of colonoscopy: Perforation and hemorrhage\n• MC site of bleeding after colonoscopy: Stalk after polypectomy.\n• MC site of perforation during colonoscopy: Sigmoid colon\n• Perforation can be caused by excessive air pressure, tearing of the antimesenteric border of the colon from excessive pressure on colo... | [
"MC cause of peritonitis in adult male: Peptic ulcer perforation * The most common cause is a perforation of the abdominal viscus-most commonly, a perforated ulcer, may occur as a result of perforation of any pa of the bowel; other causes include a benign ulcer, a tumor, or trauma.* MC cause of peritonitis in adult... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 74-year-old woman develops occipital headache, vomiting, and dizziness. She looks unwell, her blood pressure is 180/100 mm Hg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 30/min. She is unable to sit or walk because of unsteadiness. Over the next few hours, she develops a decline in her level of consciousness.For the above patient with altered level of consciousness, select the most likely diagnosis. | [
"Cerebellar hemorrhage, when mild, may present with only headache, vomiting, and ataxia of gait. Patients may complain of dizziness or vertigo. The eyes may be deviated to the side opposite the hemorrhage. Nystagmus is not common, but an ipsilateral sixth nerve palsy can occur. This is the only type of intracerebra... | [
"Anisocoria, decoicate posturing, and decerebrate posturing, all are mentioned as the ominous signs of severe head injury so development of diabetes insipidus is the answer of choice by exclusion here. Normally are equal in size, round and briskly reactive to light. Brain injury and pressure on the nerves leading t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which is an uricosuric drug- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Probenecid Uricosuric drugs are probenacid, sulfinpyrazone and benzbromarone."
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., IV furosemide o A loop diuretics, e.g. furosemide is the mainstay of therapy."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
After an incised wound ,new collagen fibrils are seen along with a thick layer of growing epithelium.The approximate age of the wound is | [
"Ref Robbins 9/e p106 Incised wound for the formation of collagen and new tissue, thick layer of epithelial ,and granulation tissue formation along with new blood vessels requires atleast 4_5 days"
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Liquefactive necrosis o Abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis and ischemic infarct in brain is also a type of liquefactive necrosis \"For obscure reasons, hypoxic death of cells within CNS often involes liquefactive necrosis\" o Healing of ischemic brain occurs by gliosis, (there is no colla... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
After delivery, a 28 year old pre ecclamptic primigra has a soft uterus with moderate-to-heavy bleeding. There is no laceration and there is PPH diagnosed due to uterine atony. Which of the following is the best management option? | [
"Ergot derivatives should not be given in patients with hypeension since this is classically known to increase blood pressure. A high BP may provoke a post paum ecclampsia Oxytocin is not orally effective . Prostaglandin F2-alpha is given IM."
] | [
"In the question patient at 34 weeks of gestation is involved in a car accident. (Note: trauma is a risk factor for APH).\nHer BP is 150/90 mm (High BP is a Risk factor for abruptio).\nOn vaginal inspection - bleeding is present along with strong uterine contractions so the diagnosis of abruptio confirmed. DIC due ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Trendlenburg's test done for varicose veins is for detection of: | [
"Ans: C (Saphenofemoral incompetency) Ref : 74 A Manual on Clinical Surgery S. DasExplanation:Clinical Examination of Varicose VeinsBrodie-Trendelenherg TestDone to determine the incompetency of Saphenofemoral valve.Patient is placed in recumbent position.Limbs are raised to empty the veins. Veins are milked proxim... | [
"Injection sclerotherapy is useful for dealing with minor varicosities and recurrence in the calf and lower leg. Though it's a treatment option for varicose vein, but for a patient of varicose vein with saphenofemoral incompetence and normal perforator, this will be least preferred amongst the given options Treatme... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Specific poison for succinate dehydrogenase is ? | [
"B i.e. Malonate"
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., a ketoglutarate DehydrogenaseArsenite binds to the sulfhydryl group and hence inhibits the activity of enzymes which have lipoamide in the active site, Hence Arsenite inhibits Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase of citric acid cycle, It is an example for non competitive inhib... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most common widespread zoonotic disease in the world is - | [
"<p> Leptospirosis is the most wide zoonotic disease in the world. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:291. <\\p>"
] | [
"Ans-D i.e., Hepatitis E o Hepatitis E has the highest risk of maternal mortality among all the types of hepatitis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Blood stained sputum may be the only symptom in? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Adenoma bronchus"
] | [
"Facial pallor is the earliest and most consistent symptom. However, among the given options, punctate basophilia is the earliest manifestation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Inherited hyperammonemia is a result of deficiency of which enzyme of Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle? | [
"Inherited hyperammonemias are a group of six diseases caused by inborn deficiencies of the enzymes of the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle. The enzymes involved are: 1. N-acetyl glutamate synthetase 2. Arbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) 3. Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) 4. Argininosuccinic acid synthetase (citrullinem... | [
"It is co-enzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase Thiamine has a central role in energy-yielding metabolism and especially the metabolism of carbohydrates. Thiamine diphosphate is the coenzyme for: A) 3 multi-enzyme complexes that catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation reactions. - pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (catalyzes ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Punishment for infanticide comes under - | [
"Ref:Textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology (V.V.Pillay) 17th edition, page no.377 Infanticide refers to the deliberate killings of chlid below the age of one year.In England, Germany, UK, there is a clear-cut distinction between homicide and infanticides. In India, no such distinction exists, and accuse is p... | [
"IPC section Sections in deal with 377 unnatural sexual offence 497 adultery 510 misconduct in public by drunken person A five judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Cou deals with adultery Refernce :Textbook of Forensic medicine and toxicology page number 211"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Carotid artery stenosis screening invivo choice is - | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Doppler o Color doppler ultrasonography is the screening method of choice (not simple USG : option a is incorrect),o Carotid angiography is the investigation of choice for diagnosis,o MRI is the investigation of choice for demyelinating disorder, e.g. multiple sclerosis.Investigations in nervous ... | [
"Rectal biopsy is defn diagnosis. Affected part has no ganglions."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Proposed guideline value for Radioactivity in drinking water is: | [
"Key guidelines aspects of WHO recommended drinking water quality: Colour <15 true colour units (TCU) Turbidity <1 nephlometric turbidity units (NTU) pH: 6.5-8.5 Total dissolved solids (TDS) <500 mg/Litre Zero pathogenic microorganisms Zero infectious viruses Absence of pathogenic protozoa and infective stages of h... | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., 150-200 litres Water o The basic physiological requirements for drinking water have been estimated at about 2 litres per head per day. o A daily supply of 150-200 litres per capita is considered as an adequate supply to meet the needs for all urban domestic purposes. o In India, 40 litres of wate... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Lens develops from? | [
"Ans. c (Surface ectoderm). (Ref. Human Embryology by IB Singh, 6th/352)LENS# LENS develops from surface ectoderm.# Compared to the cornea, it has a much lower converging power of 17 diopters because of the relatively similar refractive indices of aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous body (cornea 42 D).# However, the ... | [
"C i.e. Develops from midgut"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Palm of one hand is placed horizontally across the mouth and nostrils in | [
"palmar strangulation Here the palm of one hand is placed horizontally across the mouth and nostrils, it's pressure being reinforced by placing the other palm on the top of it at right angles, the heel of the palm above pressing upon the front of the neck. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN ... | [
"MUGGING : It is a type of strangulation caused by holding the neck of the victim in the bend of the elbow. Pressure is exeed either on front of the larynx, or at one or both sides of the neck by the forearm and upper arm."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In RDS all of the following statements are true except | [
"Administration of 100% oxygen may increase the O2 load on fetal lung tissue. Hence, it is not given . Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition"
] | [
"Ans. All options are correct"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
National program for prevention and control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease and stroke (NPCDCS), true is - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., District hospital has specialised facilities Sational program for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke (NPCDCS1 Introduction Single centre fi- cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke. 100 districts in 21 states being covered in 1 1 th live year p... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e. Dental caries o No National programme for oral health is under implementation. About other options o There is Pilot Programme for prevention & control of DM. CVD and deafness. o The National Programme for control of blindness includes screening for refractive errors. o Cervical cancer screening pr... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are ACTH independent Cushing syndrome except : | [
"ACTH dependent Cushing syndrome is caused by : ACTH producing pituitary adenoma Ectopic ACTH Bronchial or pancreatic carcinoid Small cell cancer of lung Medullary carcinoma of thyroids Pheochromocytoma ACTH Independent Cushing syndrome is caused by : Adrenocoical adenoma/ carcinoma Primary pigmented nodular adrena... | [
"Answer is option 3 - TSH The enhanced sensitivity and specificity of TSH assays have greatly improved laboratory assessment of thyroid function. Normal TSH excludes primary abnormalities of thyroid mostly Harrison 19 /2283"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Hereditary spherocytosis is characterized by: March 2004 | [
"Ans. D i.e. All of the above"
] | [
"IgM is decreased in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, not increased . Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome characterized by X-linked recessive Thrombocytopenia Infections Eczema It is associated with decreased IgM, increased IgA, and increased IgE levels . Ref: Nelson textbook of pediatrics 21st edition Pgno: 1117"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Ketamine can be given by all of following routes except- | [
"Ketamine has been administered intravenously, orally , rectally, intramuscularly and epidural route and very rare intranasal but not subcutaneous"
] | [
"Nalmefene is a derivative of Naltrexone and is orally effective and longer acting. Naltrexone, is a medication primarily used to manage alcohol or opioid dependence. An opioid-dependent person should not receive naltrexone before detoxification. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle. Effects begin wit... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are features of Devic's syndrome (neuromyelitis optica), except? | [
"Devic's disease is a variant of multiple sclerosis. Fulminant demyelinating process is seen with another variant called Marburg's variant."
] | [
"(A) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) # JC virus (JCV): JCV is a type of human polyomavirus (formerly known as papovavirus) and is genetically similar to BK virus and SV40. It was discovered in 1971 and named after the two initials of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopa:hy (PML). ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 7 years old boy presented with painful boggy swelling of scalp, multiple sinuses with purulent discharge, easily pluckable hairs and lymph nodes enlarged in occipital region. Which one of the following would be most helpful for diagnostic evaluation? | [
"Ans. c. KOH mount"
] | [
"Answer is A (Temporal Aeritis): The symptom and the laboratory examination of the patients almost confirms the diagnosis of temporal aeritis. In an elderly patient who presents with headache, visual symptoms (blindness), malaise, fever, weakness with or without pain or tenderness over temporal aery (thick cord lik... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All the following are seen in Hyperparathyroidism except | [
"Calvarial thickening is a feature of Hypoparathyroidism."
] | [
"Answer is C (Hypocalcemia): Addison's disease is associated with Hypercalcemia and not Hypocalcemia"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Spore forming anaerobic gram positive bacilli ? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Clostridia There are two medically impoant spore forming bacteria. Both of them are 'gram positive' `bacilli' :-Aerobic : BacillusAnaerobic (obligate anaerobes) : Clostridia."
] | [
"Metronidazole undergoes reduction reaction by receiving single electron from Microaerophilic and Anaerobes pathogens which conves into a highly reactive Nitroradical Anion and damages the pathogen DNA . Metronidazole manifests antibacterial activity against all Anaerobic cocci; Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli(incl... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Drug of choice for Falciparum Malaria is:- | [
"DOC for Falciparum Malaria - ACT.( Aemisinin based Combination therapy ) In Noh Eastern states:- ACT-AL co-formulated tablet of Aemether-20 mg / Lumefantrine - 120 mg. Primaquine 0.75 mg/ kg Body weight on day 2. 2. In Other States:- ACT-SP -Aesunate 50 mg tablet for 3 days and Sulphadoxine (500mg) - Pyremethamine... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Chloroquine Chloroquine can be used for treatment of malaria during pregnancy : no aboifacient or teratogenic effects have been repoed. Treatment in pregnant women o If plasmodium is sensitive to chloroquine --> chloroquine is the DOC. o For chloroquine resistant strains --> Quinine o Pyrimethami... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All are causes of white-dot syndrome except: | [
"Ans. Sympathetic ophthalmitis"
] | [
"The findings in the question are suggestive are Iron deficiency anemia. Hookwarm infections can cause this among the given options."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Platypnea is seen with? | [
"Platypnea: Increase dyspnea on sitting position Seen in 1. Atrial myxoma 2. Hepatopulmonary syndrome"
] | [
"Edema of the feet occurs late."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Factor V Leiden is caused due to a mutation that results in a substitution at position 506 glutamine to which of the following: | [
"Mutation in factor V (called the Leiden mutation, after the city in the Netherlands where it was discovered) causes recurrent DVTs. The mutation results in a glutamine to arginine substitution at position 506 that renders factor V resistant to cleavage by protein C. As a result, an impoant antithrombotic counter-r... | [
"In this mutation, stop codon - UAG is replaced by another stop codon- UAA. So, this is silent mutation. In silent mutations, there is no change in primary structure of protein. OTHER QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED ON THIS TOPIC: Silent Mutation:The codon containing the changed base codes for the same amino acid.For ex... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Kunkel's test is done to demonstrate presence of ................. in blood. | [
"Carbon monoxide (CO)"
] | [
"Guthrie's bacterial inhibition test:- Screening test for phenylketonuria (PKU) Used to detect the abnormal presence of phenylalanine metabolites in blood i.e. Phenyl pyruvate Phenyl alanine Phenyl lactate. Procedure: A small amount of blood sample is taken from heel of the infant and placed in a medium with a stra... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In which case cystometric study is indicated - | [
"Cystometric studies are urodynamic studies in which the pressure changes in the bladder is simultaneously measured with bladder filling and during micturition.\nIt helps in accurate assessment of detrusor and sphincter activity especially if a neurogenic abnormality is suspected.\nThough it is also used in stress ... | [
"(a)-AP view will show changes only in last stages-inverted Napoleon hat sign all other are more important for diagnosis and management. CT and MRI are required in all cases."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Fish tank granuloma is seen in - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., M. Marinum o Fish tank granulomaalso called ' swimming pool granuiomaf is caused by M. marinum.Principal types of opportunist mycobacterial disease in man and the usual causative agents.DiseasesUsual causative agentLymphadenopathyM. avium complexM. scrofulaceumSkin lesionPost-trauma abscessSwimmi... | [
"Soft granuloma (soft tubercle) is seen in TB."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 49-year-old female taking ibuprofen for increasing joint pain in her hands presents with increasing pain in her midsternal area. Gastroscopy reveals multiple, scattered, punctate hemorrhagic areas in her gastric mucosa. Biopsies from one of these hemorrhagic lesions reveal mucosal erosions with edema and hemorrhage. No mucosal ulceration is seen. | [
"Gastritis is a nonspecific term that describes any inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Acute gastritis refers to the clinical situation of gastric mucosal erosions (not mucosal ulcers). Acute gastritis is also known as hemorrhagic gastritis or acute erosive gastritis. Acute gastritis is associated with the use of ... | [
"Esophagitis may be caused by infections, reflux of gastric juice, or exogenous irritants. Of these, the most common type is reflux esophagitis, which is often found in conjunction with a sliding hiatal hernia but may also arise through an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter without any demonstrable anatomical l... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Sedimentation coefficient of Ig E is: | [
"Ans : b 8S Ref: Ananthanarayanan 8th editionSvedberg unit - a sedimentation constant of 1 x 1013sec. Sedimentation unit is studied by ultracentrifugation - for diversity of antibody moleculeIgG -7IgA -7IgM -19Ig D -7IgE -8"
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Affinity to binding to DPG is different in fetal Hb"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
DNA dependent RNA synthesis is inhibited by: | [
"Rifampicin"
] | [
"Reverse transcription - synthesis of DNA from RNA template Reverse transcriptase is RNA dependent DNA polymerase Reverse transcriptase is responsible for the formation of DNA from RNA"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Iliac crest involvement is common in which condition: March 2007 | [
"Ans. A: Ankylosing Spondylitis The basic pathologic lesion of ankylosing spondylitis occurs at the entheses, which are sites of attachment to bone of ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules. Enthesopathy results from inflammation, with subsequent calcification and ossification at and around the entheses. Inflammati... | [
"Diveicular disease is the most common cause of colovesical fistula, followed by colon cancer and Crohn disease. Diveicular disease and colon cancer are rare in people younger than 40 years. Here this patient is young; hence the most suitable answer is Crohn's disease. Ref: ACP Medicine: Volume 1, 2007, Page 816."
... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 40-year-old man presents with a 2-week history of recur- rent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, intermittent arthritic pain of the knees, and abdominal pain. Physical examination reveals shallow ulcerations of the mucosa of the glans penis, as well as oral aphthous ulcers and conjunctivitis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | [
"Behget disease is a systemic vasculitis characterized by oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulceration, and ocular inflammation, with occasional involvement of the nervous, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. The mucocutaneous lesions show a non-specific vasculitis of arterioles, capillaries, and venules. The... | [
"HHV 8 is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma. Kaposi's sarcoma is a spindle cell tumor derived from endothelial cell lineage. It is characterised by the presence of cutaneous lesions mostly on the lower extremities and in the head and neck regions. The lesions may be macular, papular, nodular or plaque like wi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
About biotransformation not true ? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Polar to less polar"
] | [
"A i.e. Involves ATPase activity"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In which phase of cell cycle, proof reading occurs? | [
"EVENTS PHASE of cell cycle Proofreading S phase Most repairs G1 phase Mismatch repair G2 phase"
] | [
". There are many cyclin inhibitors which prevent cell to enter into S phase in adult"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The number of ATPs generated in krebs cycleare ? | [
"Ans. is 'b' > b' i.e., 24 One turn of the TCA cycle, staing with acetyl CoA produces 10 ATPs. When the staing molecule is pyruvate, the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate yields 2.5 ATPs and therefore, 12.5 ATPs are produced when staing compound is pyruvate. Since, two... | [
"Trace B is indicative of a process not limited by an intrinsic Vmax -excludes active transpo and facilitated diffusion. Therefore, of the choices provided, only the rate of transpo of O2 across an aificial lipid bilayer simple diffusion would be accurately reflected by trace B."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Child with mild squint. Intrauterine, bih history, developmental history till date all normal. Corneal reflex normal. All other eye parameters normal except exaggerated epicanthal fold. Diagnosis ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pseudostrabismus Epicantnic fold causes Pseudoesotropia (Pseudostrabismus)."
] | [
"Paralytic squint- Ocular detion resulting from complete or incomplete paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles. Type of Incomitant Squint Secondary detion is greater than primary. Diplopia (more often binocular) - it is main symptom of paralytic which is more marked in the field of action of paralyzed muscle. ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Pain-sensitive intracranial structure is: | [
"C i.e.Duramater"
] | [
"Arousal response in cerebral cortex is activated by stimulation of Reticular activating system."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Not used for iron poison in: FMGE 09; NEET 13 | [
"Ans. Penicillamine"
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Bullous pemphigoid See explanation- 1 of session- 10 of Skin of All India 2014-15 pattern of this book."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Posterior relations of the head of the pancreas include all of the following, except: | [
"The posterior relations of the head of the pancreas include the common bile duct, inferior vena cava and the right and left renal veins terminating into it. The first pa of the duodenum is an anterior relation of the head of the pancreas.Ref: Clinical Anatomy, By Richard S. Snell, 6th edition, Page 230; Clinical A... | [
"(b) Source: GAS 388; GA 158 Paraumbilical pain progressing into the right iliac fossa is a sign of appendicitis. The CT scan is one of an inflamed appendix. The structures in the scan that lie to the right of the vertebral body are part of the psoas muscle. Transverse section of this muscle signifies that it is a ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following events is involved in cleavage of the zygote during week 1 of development? | [
"Cleavage is a series of mitotic divisions by which the large amount of zygote cytoplasm is successively paitioned among the newly formed blastomeres. Although the number of blastomeres increases during cleavage, the size of individual blastomeres decreases until they resemble adult cells in size."
] | [
"Formation of the notochord is a third week event, occurring as a relatively early pa of development of the trilaminar disc. More specifically, notochord formation begins about day 16 and the neurenteric canal forms on about day 18. Two days after conception, implantation has not yet occurred. By seven days after c... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A female child with virilization, hypertension with low plasma renin diagnosis is : | [
"9] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia represents a group of autosomal recessive inherited, metabolic errors,\neach characterized by decency or total lack of a particular enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cortical steroids,\nSteroidogenesis is then channelled into other pathways leading to increased production of ... | [
"Primary adrenal hyperplasia leads to increased mineralocoicoid activity and hence sodium and water retention with increased potassium excretion. Primary adrenal hyperplasia (PAH) is a clinical finding that can only be realized after surgery. Findings of PAH include severe hypokalemia and hypeension responsive to s... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
'Patterned' abrasion is variety of: | [
"Ans. is 'b' ie pressure abrasion (Ref: Parikh; 6/e, p4.3).An abrasion is a superficial injury involving only the superficial layers of the skin (epidermis only), caused by friction and / or pressure between the skin and some rough object or surface. It bleeds very slightly, heals rapidly in a few days and leaves n... | [
"These rusty deposits are arrested radially in a ring ---- Earliest manifestation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Pimozide belongs to class of: | [
"Thioxanthenes are flupenthioxol. Butyrophenones are haloperidol, trifluperidol , penfluridol. Phenothiazines are Chlorpromazine, triflupromazine , thioridazine, flufenazine. Promazine belongs to the group of other of other hetero cyclics that is diphenyl butyl piperidine. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed."
] | [
"Clobazam and divalproex are antiepileptic drugs Rasagiline is a MAO-B inhibitor useful for Parkinsonism Flupenthixol is a typical antipsychotic drug."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Following poisoning retards putrefaction: NEET 13 | [
"Ans. Arsenic"
] | [
"A i.e. 5-6 weeks of gestation"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
True statements about parotid gland | [
"The duct runs forwards for a sho distance between the buccinator and the oral mucosa. Finally, the duct turns medically and opens into the vestibule of the mouth(gingivobuccal vestibule)opposite the crown of the upper second molar tooth. Notes: Parotid abscess may be caused by spread of infection from the opening ... | [
"Newman and Seabroocks operation is reconstruction of duct done for parotid fistula."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statement is false about hydrocele? | [
"Treatment of Hydrocele Congenital Hydrocele: Usually spontaneous obliteration by 2 years age. If persists then Herniotomy. Treatment of Vaginal Hydrocele 1. Small hydrocele: Lord's procedure (Plication of sac)Q 2. Medium hydrocele: Jaboulay's procedure (Eversion of sac)Q 3. Large hydrocele: Excision of sacQ"
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e. There is an increased incidence of stones in diabetics"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A normally developing 10 months old child should be able to do all of the following except – | [
"A child starts trying to build a tower of cubes (2 cubes) by the age of 1 year.\n\nAbout other options\n\nChild can stand with support by 9 months.\nChild can play peak-a-boo game by 10 months.\nChild can pick up a pellet with thumb and index finger (pincer grasp) by 9 months."
] | [
"Age of appearance of the given milestones is: Mirror play: 6 months Pincer grasp: 9 months Crawling: 8 months Creeping: 10 months, So the 1st to appear out of these is mirror play"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Lines of Blaschko&;s are along | [
"Blaschko&;s lines, are lines of normal cell development in the skin. These lines are invisible under normal conditions."
] | [
"Microscopic pathological study in Retinoblastoma shows various patterns like Homer-wright Flexner wintersteiner Fleurettes Refer khurana 6/e"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All the teeth in patient’s mouth are similarly affected as shown in the radiograph. What is the most likely anomaly? | [
"Dentinal dysplasia\nDentinal dysplasia is an inherited condition affecting both dentitions. It is divided into two types: Type I (radicular dentinal dysplasia) and Type II (coronal dentinal dysplasia). It occurs less frequently than dentinogenesis imperfecta.\nClinical features\nType I is the more frequent type. T... | [
"Suspected lymph node may have metastases from the upper aerodigestive tract. Since no lesion is found on physical examination of head and neck, triple endoscopy would be justified next. Supravital staining helps in selecting the site of biopsy in a lesion. As no lesion is discovered, it will not be very useful."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Middle aged female with mass in sella turcica hormone increased is - | [
"The sella turcica is a saddle shaped depression of the sphenoid bone.\nIt forms the caudal border of the pituitary gland. Sella turcica is an anatomically complex area with a number of different potential pathologies especially neoplastic process.\nPathologies of sella turcica can lead to important clinical presen... | [
"Rectal biopsy is defn diagnosis. Affected part has no ganglions."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Hyoid bone fracture most common occurs in ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Manual strangulation As manual strangulation (throttling) is among the most violent form of asphyxia, hyoid fracture and other injury to neck structures is more common."
] | [
"D i.e. Union almost always occurs Hangman's Fracture It occurs when a fracture line passes through the neural arch of the axis (C2) veebraeQ (or rarely into veebral body) It is sometimes known as the injury between cervico - cranium and the rest of cervical spine. Because of its association with judicial execution... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
"Acute Meningoencephalitis" is caused by: | [
"Nageleria"
] | [
"A i.e. Histoplasmosis; B i.e. Sarcoidosis; C i.e. Secondaries from CA colon"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All are major symptoms of sinusitis except | [
"According to Rhinosinusitis task force definition of sinusitis,Major criteria-Facial pain, pressure, congestion, nasal obstruction, nasal/postnasal discharge, hyposmia and feverMinor criteria- Headache, halitosis, and dental painRef: Hazarika; 3rd ed; Pg 328"
] | [
"All of the above can cause frontal sinusitis by obstructing the frontal sinus drainage and ventilation but acute rhinitis is most common."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Most sensitive nerve fiber to hypoxia | [
"Question repeated"
] | [
"Electrodes can be kept over the promontory,EAC or outside,the signals are better as much it is kept close to source. Different waves are cochlear microphonic:produced from outer hair cells action potential is produced by all the nerve fibers Used in diagnosis and monitoring the meiners disease and endolymphatic hy... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Nasal septum is formed except by | [
"The bony pa is formed by: 1.Vomer 2.Perpendicular plate of ethmoid 3.Nasal spine of frontal bone 4.Rostrum of sphenoid 5.Nasal crest of nasal, palatine and maxillary bones. NOTES: The cailaginous pa is formed by; 1.Septal cailage 2.Septal process of inferior nasal cailages The cuticular pa is formed by; 1.Fibrofat... | [
"In the area of rugae, the palate is set to an angle and is covered by thin tissue, making it a secondary stress bearing area."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Metoprolol is preferred over Propranolol as it: September 2010 | [
"Ans. A: Is more potent in blocking beta-1 receptors Metoprolol is cardioselective beta blocker, more potent in blocking beta-1 than beta-2 adrenergic receptors."
] | [
"Answer is A (They should be initiated at the effective doses) Beta blocker should be initiated at lower than effective doses in CHF Beta blockers should be initiated at lower than effective doses in CHF and be 'Beta blockers should be initiated at low doses followed by gradual increments in the dose if lower doses... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All will predispose to atherosclerosis, except | [
"Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, thrombosis and hypertension.\nLipoprotein A inhibits fibrinolysis, therefore predisposes to atherosclerosis.\nAtherosclerosis (Greek athere-mush) is a complex disease characterized by thickening or hardening of arterie... | [
"In brain it will give rise to aneurysms due to hyertension."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most serious complication seen in other eye after traumatic injury to one eye: March 2005, September 2008 | [
"Ans. C: Sympathetic ophthalmia Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a condition in which serious inflammation attacks the sound eye after injury (including intraocular surgeries) to the other. It is the most dreaded complication of unilateral severe eye injury, as it can leave the patient completely blind. Symptoms may ... | [
"Diveicular disease is the most common cause of colovesical fistula, followed by colon cancer and Crohn disease. Diveicular disease and colon cancer are rare in people younger than 40 years. Here this patient is young; hence the most suitable answer is Crohn's disease. Ref: ACP Medicine: Volume 1, 2007, Page 816."
... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Least commonly seen in conduct disorder seen in girls:- | [
"Conduct disorder - Persistent pattern of antisocial behavior in which the individual repeatedly breaks social rules and carries out aggressive acts.in conduct disorder they do it deliberately usually characterized by aggression and violation of the rights of others boys with conduct disorder show physical & relati... | [
"C i.e. PICA ADHD, SLD and childhood anxiety disorders lead to poor academic/school/ scholiastic performanceQ but PICA by itself is not associated with poor scholiastic performance. However, conditions a/w pica eg ID or lead intoxication may cause the same."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Familial adenomatous polyposis is characterized by all except | [
"Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) Is a rare, inherited condition caused by a defect in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene - located in 5q 21 chromosome. FAP is autosomal dominant- >50% chance of inheritance in family members Has > 100 adenomatous polyps 100% RISK of malignancy Polyp formation - by 15 yrs... | [
"Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma, also known as Lynch syndrome, presents as an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation of colon cancer, usually early in life. The disorder is associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer gene and with the formation of multiple colonic... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
In Steiner's analysis, SNA demonstrates: | [
"Relating the Maxilla to the Skull: The angle SNA is formed by joining the lines S-N and N-A . The mean reading for this angle is 82°.\nSteiners analysis demonstrates the position of maxilla and mandible in relation to the cranial base. \nIf the angular reading is more than 82°, it would indicate a relative forward... | [
"Ans. Misinterpretation of real objects"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
. Sulphasalazine is NOT used for the treatment of- | [
"Sulhasalazine is not used for treatment of sarcoidosis As a treatment for sarcoidosis, these drugs are most likely to be effective in people who have skin symptoms or a high level of calcium in their blood. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and chloroquine (Aralen) are antimalarial drugs that are used to treat sarcoi... | [
"Methotrexate is used for the management of:"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Post traumatic stress disorder is differentiated from other anxiety disorders by which of the following symptoms? | [
"This question is not about the diagnostic features of PTSD. This is about the differential diagnosis. PTSD is an anxiety disorder and it shares symptoms with other disorders. Impoant features in distinguishing the condition are given below. Differential diagnosis: Point 1: Etiologically significant trauma should b... | [
"(D) Adjustment disorder is a... # ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS:> Adjustment disorders are one of the commoner psychiatric disorders seen in the clinical practice.> They are most frequently seen in adolescents and women.> Although adjustment disorder is often precipitated by one or more stressors, it usually represents a m... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which muscle is responsible for unlocking of knee? | [
"Ans. A PopliteusRef: BDC, vol II pg. 155* Quadriceps femoris is the main and only extensor of knee.* It produces locking action as a result of medial rotation of the femur during the last stage of extension.* To reverse this lock popliteus muscle comes into action and does so by the lateral rotation of femurRememb... | [
"It has been explained that ACL is taut in extension, and prevent anterior gliding of tibia an femur. When one walks downhill, he tries to keep the knee in extension to maintain the balance and In extension, ACL is required to prevent anterior gliding of tibia. Therefore a person with ACL deficient knee will have d... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia can occur when terfenadine(antihistaminic): | [
"Torsades de pointes (polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) occurs when terfenadine is taken in higher doses or when hepatic metabolism is impaired by disease or by drugs which inhibit the cytochrome P450 responsible for metabolism of terfenadine. Drugs include erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole and itracona... | [
"Ans. (C) Cisapride(Ref: KDT 8th/e p715)Cisapride is a 5HT4 agonist that is useful as a prokinetic agent. At high plasma concentration, it can block cardiac K+ channels leading to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsades de pointes). It is manifested in the ECG as QT prolongation. Therefore, cisapride should n... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which component transfers four protons: | [
"A i.e. NADH-Q Oxidoreductase; C i.e. Cytochrome C-Q oxidoreductase"
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Binds to receptor and causes opposite action"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are true about Asthma, Except: | [
"Answer is D (Small airways are not involved): Asthma involves both large and small airways but alveoli are not involved Charcot Leyden crystals may be seen in sputum: Pathology by woolf lsr (1998)/434 Sputum from Asthmatics show ceain characteristic features, including charcot leydencrystas The microscopically ide... | [
"Option A, B, C are all risk factors for Angiosarcoma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In emergency, which aery can be safely ligated ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e. Internal iliac"
] | [
"C i.e. He should be turned on his back and a suppo should be placed behind his neck and transpoed to the nearest hospital"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Late metabolic acidosis is seen in- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Preterm baby getting cow milk Late metabolic acidosis (LMA) o Late metabolic acidosis is a special type of acidosis in apparently healthy premature infant. o This hyperchloremic acidosis appeares during second and third week of life, and resolves spontaneously within a couple of weeks. Definition... | [
"Hypotension (shock) causes tissue hypoxia leading to production of lactic acid and this lactic acidosis is th6 most common cause of metabolic acidosis seen during anaesthesia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Chemotherapeutic drugs can cause? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Both necrosis and apoptosis o Injurious stimuli, e.g., radiation, cytotoxic anticancer durgs, heat and hypoxia, can induce apoptosis if the insult is mild, but large doses of same stimuli result in necrotic cell death."
] | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p824 Diarrhea most common adverse effect of 5-FU It can also cause hand and foot syndrome and bone marrow suppression"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following nerve is involved in Frey's syndrome? | [
"Syndrome (Gustatory Sweating) aka auriculotemporal syndrome: Frey's syndrome arises as a complication of parotid surgery usually manifesting several months after the operation. lt is characterised by sweating and flushing of the preauricular skin during mastication causing nuisance to the person or social embarras... | [
"It is caused by damage to the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic innervation, ciliary ganglion, of the eye, usually by a viral or bacterial infection which causes inflammation and affects the pupil of the eye and ANS Adie Tonic Pupil: Mc in young women, 80 % u/l A/w loss of deep tendon reflex (Adie's syn... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Opening of mouth is caused by: | [
"Ans. A Lateral pterygoidRef: Grays, 41st ed. pg. 507-508* The primary function of the lateral pterygoid muscle is to pull the head of the condyle out of the mandibular fossa along the articular eminence to protrude the mandible.* The effort of the lateral pterygoid muscles acts in helping lower the mandible and op... | [
"A i.e. Constricted pupil in response to light"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All are true about streptococcus Except | [
"Mucoid colonies are due to the production of the capsule of hyaluronic acid not due to M-protein. Growth characteristic of Strep. pyogenes: On blood agar, virulent stains form matt or mucoid colonies while avirulent from glossy colonies. M, T, R are proteins found on the outer pa of the cell wall and forms the bas... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Staphylococci from streptococci"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
What is monitored in a patient of Pre eclamsia ? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e. All of the abov Investigations in a case of Pre eclampsia* URINE for proteins/albumin. 24 hours urine protein* CBC: There is hemoconcentration so HB values are false elevated. Low platlets indicate HELLP syndrome* Sr uric acid: It is a biochemical marker of preeclampsia. Raised levels (>4.5 mg/dl)... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Renal disease FHW estimates hemoglobin to detect anemia Refers cases of abnormal pregnancy (I-Iydroamnion, Malpresentation) and cases with medical and gynaecological problems to PHC."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In a young female of reproductive age an absolute contraindication for prescribing oral contraceptive pills is: | [
"Ans-D i.e., Impaired liver function Repeat Q No 173 (Nov. 2004)Absolute contraindications include:A personal h/O thromboembolic venous, arterial or cardiac disease or severe or multiple risk factor for these. Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks without a headache.Infective hepatitis, until 3 months after liver fu... | [
"Griseofluvin is known to reduce efficacy of combined oral contraceptive pills."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A tracheostomised patient, with poex tracheostomy tube, in the ward, developed sudden complete blockage of the tube. Which of the following is best next step in the management? | [
"Immediate removal of the tracheostomy tube is best next step in the management in the above case -Suction of tube with sodium bicarbonate is done to avoid the blockage. -Suction of the tube with saline can't be used when there's a complete obstruction. - Jet ventilation is done below the level of larynx, when we'r... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Confirm the position of endotracheal tube This is a case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia The clinical features suggesting this are:- Respiratory distress after bih with decreased air entry on the left side Scaphoid abdomen Mediastinal shift o In the above question, mediastinal shift occurred a... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are well recognised predisposing factors for adult respiratory distress syndrome, except: | [
"Status asthmaticus is an example of type 2 respiratory failure while ARDS is type 1 respiratory failure. All other choices lead to cytokines release and damage the alveoli leading to ARDS."
] | [
"Risk factors for pulmonary embolism are thrombophilias like factor V leiden mutation, protein C, S deficiency, APLA syndrome. Other common predisposing factors include cancer, systemic aerial hypeension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, long-haul air travel, air pollution, obesity, cigarette smoking, eating ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Gottron papules is seen in ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dermatomyositis"
] | [
"Answer is 'a' i.e. Burns Curling ulcer is seen in Burn Cushing ulcer is seen in head injury."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which among the following is the BEST irrigating fluid during ECCE? | [
"BSS plus a balanced salt solution enhanced with bicarbonate, dextrose and glutathione. It is specially used for surgeries requiring prolonged irrigation such as phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy and automated extracapsular cataract extraction. Balanced sterile solution is a sterile physiologically balance... | [
"- The most appropriate course of management in this case would be Conservative management - CECT | Depending upon the findings proceed for surgery"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Acute Gouty ahritis is seen early in treatment following - | [
"All of the above Rapid lowering of urate level in chronic gout, by any means, may precipitate an attack of acute gout, probably by causing the dissolution of tophi. o It is therefore usual to give prophylactic suppressive treatment with indomethacine, colchicine or steroid cover during first 2 months of allopurino... | [
"Most patients with an increased serum uric acid do not have a gouty ahritis, though some do. Gouty tophi can develop in gout."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Chandler's index is associated with: September 2006 | [
"Ans. B: Hook worm Morbidity and moality from hookworm infection depend much on the worm load. Chandler worked out an index on the basis of an average number of hookworm eggs per gram of feces for the entire community, Chandler's index is still used in epidemiological studies of hookworm disease. By this index, wor... | [
"Excision of all po sites Repeat from May 2011"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Heparin is the commonly used anticoagulant in cardiac surgery. All of the following are true about heparin except- | [
"Ans. is 'a' Weakest acid found in living organism Heparin is a direct acting anticoagulant Chemical nature and preparationHeparin is a sulfated mucopolysaccharide which occurs in the secretory granules of mast cells.It is the strongest organic acid in the body and in the solution it carries an electronegative char... | [
"Ans is 'c' i.e. Prophylactic Heparin Patients are at increased risk for developing venous thromboembolism after: - Major abdominal surgery - Major ohopaedic surgery - Has sustained major trauma - Has prolonged immobility (>3 days) These patients need some form of prophylaxis. The prophylaxis can be mechanical or p... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
One of the following is the first enzyme to be released at the site of wound? | [
"Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 202"
] | [
"Phadebas Test:: A chemical reagent called Phadebas is used to detect the enzymatic activity of the alpha amylase enzyme, which is found in saliva"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Sign of diabetic ketoacidosis is- | [
"Physical findings of diabetic ketoacidosis are tachycardia, dehydration/hypotension, hypothermia, tachypnea/Kussmaul respirations/ respiratory distress, abdominal tenderness (may resemble acute pancreatitis or surgical abdomen), lethargy/obtundation/cerebral edema/possibly coma. Reference : page 2418 Harrison's Pr... | [
"Hers disease:due to deficiency of liver phosphorylase benign course and present with hepatomegaly and growth retardation in early childhood; Hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperketosis of variable severity are seen."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following drug is used in scabies as single oral dose agent: March 2011 | [
"Ans. C: Ivermectin Ivermectin is used as single oral dose of 200 microgram/ kg body weight It can be repeated after 2 weeks It is indicated in epidemics of scabies in orphanages and Norwegian scabies Scabies: Incubation period: 4 weeks Pathognomic lesion: Burrow, which lies in stratum corneum MC site in infants: S... | [
"After vaccination it takes about 5-7 days for the immunity to develop. So it should be carried out at least a week before the expected outbreak. This vaccination is only used for prevention and not control of outbreak. Also know: Tetracycline is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis against plague. Ref: Park, Ed... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most common complication after ERCP is | [
"Complication perforation(1.3%)/hemorrhage (1.4%),pancreatitis (4.3%) and sepsis (3-30%). Bailey & Love 26th, 208"
] | [
"Ans is 'b' ie ERCP and stenting If there is small leak after CBD surgery they are well managed by placing a stent in the bile duct through ERCP. A drain is placed in the subhepatic space percuntaneously. Small leaks resolve spontaneously. As explained in previous answers, a small leak may resolve by itself and nee... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following clinical situations is associated with an increase in predominantly conjugated ("direct") bilirubin? | [
"Of the conditions listed, only pancreatic head tumors are associated with an increase in conjugated (\"direct\") bilirubin (obstructive jaundice). Increased levels of unconjugated (\"direct\") bilirubin result from hemolysis over liver defects that impair uptake or conjugation mechanism in liver cells (Gilbe's syn... | [
"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is characterized by antibody-mediated erythrocyte destruction and may lead to severe anemia, as in this case. Intravascular hemolysis produces increased serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin, which exceed the capacity of the hepatocyte to conjugate bilirubin. In most cases, the disease... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Regarding carcinoma Gallbladder true statement | [
"Clinical features Most commonly presents with right upper quadrant pain often mimicking cholecystitis and cholelithiasis Weight loss, jaundice and abdominal pain are less common presenting symptoms Chronic cholecystitis with a recent change in quality or frequency of the painful episodes in 40% patients Malignant ... | [
"Rectal biopsy is defn diagnosis. Affected part has no ganglions."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which anaesthetic agent increases intracranial tension among the following | [
"All inhalational anaesthetics directly act on cerebral blood vessels→vasodilatation→increase cerebral blood flow→ increase intracranial tension"
] | [
"The use of spinal anesthesia is discouraged in severe preeclampsia. Epidural anaesthesia is preferred since it has more hemodynamic stability. Regional anaesthesia spinal /epidural preferred over general anaesthesia for cesarean delivery since in pregnant female there are many risk associated with general anaesthe... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Granules of Eleidin are present in which of the following layer? | [
"Stratum Lucidum - Also called clear cell layer. Present only in skin of palms and soles. Translucent due to presence of refractile Eleidin granules"
] | [
"Ans. It is the seat of formation of aqueous humour"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Antidepressant drug used in nocturnal enuresis is: | [
"Sleep related enuresis- Treatment Bed alarms (behavioral therapy)- TOC Desmopressin (DOC) Imipramine (TCA Antidepressant)"
] | [
"Benzodiazepines like alprazolam and clonazepam are preferred for acute panic attack whereas SSRI like fluoxetine are drug of choice for long term management of panic disorder. Eszopiclone is a hypnotic. Propranolol is commonly used to treat performance anxiety (stage fright). Flumazenil is used in benzodiazepine p... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Five days after an uneventful cholecystectomy, an asymptomatic middle-aged woman is found to have a serum sodium level of 125 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate management strategy for this patient? | [
"The initial, and often definitive, management of hyponatremia is free-water restriction. Symptomatic hyponatremia, which occurs at serum sodium levels less than or equal to 120 mEq/L, can result in headache, seizures, coma, and signs of increased intracranial pressure and may require infusion of hypeonic saline. R... | [
"Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by a serum glucose level greater than 250 mg per dL, a pH less than 7.3, a serum bicarbonate level less than 18 mEq per L, an elevated serum ketone level, and dehydration. Insulin deficiency is the main precipitating factor. Diabetic ketoacidosis can occur in persons of all a... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Reversible cause of dementia is - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hypothyroidism Causes of dementiaReversible causesSurgically treatableMedically treatableo Normal pressure hydrocephaluso Brain tumors (frontal lobe tumor)o Meningiomao Subdural hematoma (Head injury)o Hydrocephaluso Hypothyroidismo Depressiono HIV infectiono Alcohol abuseo Vitamin B12, Folate, N... | [
"A i.e. Memory loss Aphasia, Agnosia, Dyslexia are characteristic features of coical dementia. So we are only left with memory loss for sub coical dementia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A obese female having hirsutism on laboratory investigation has high level of LH and androgens. Likely cause is- | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., PCOS o The clinical and laboratory features of the patient described in the question match with those of PCOS as depicted in the table. So the most appropriate answer is PCOS.Clinical features of polycystic ovarian diseaseClinical featureHannonalSequelaeo Young womano | E2. levelo Diabaetes (15%)... | [
"(A) PCOD# Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS):> it was earlier known as Stein Leventhal syndrome. 1% female population suffers from PCOS, and the patients are mostly 15-25 years age.> PCOS includes chronic non-ovulation and hyperandrogenemia associated with normal or raised oestrogen (E2), raised, LH & low FSH/LH r... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All are used in the management of head injury patient except? | [
"Glucocoicoids are useful for management of vasogenic edema from tumor or brain abscess. In contrast glucocoicoids are avoided in case of head trauma, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Norepinephrine or pressor therapy is used to maintain a MAP to maintain CPP> 60 mm Hg. Sedation is done with propofol or midazolam. ... | [
"The main aim of the treatment of dry socket is pain control."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.