query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Not a premalignant condition: March 2005 | [
"Ans. A: Retinitis pigmentosaGIT premalignant conditionsOf the four major primary small-bowel tumors (adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, carcinoid, and leiomyosarcomas), adenocarcinomas and lymphomas are associated with diseases that seem to increase the risk of developing these malignancies.Immunoproliferative small inte... | [
"Skeletal connective tissue syndrome including clubbing is usually not seen in small cell carcinoma. Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 250"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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Which of the following is false about Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy | [
"Echo comes back to normal in two weeks."
] | [
"Answer- B. Toxic cardiomyopathyMost common cause of death in diphtheria cardiomyopathy"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) has an increased risk of all the following except | [
"Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome)Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is characterised by an increased risk of colorectal cancer and also cancers of the endometrium, ovary, stomach and small intestine.It is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation in one of the D... | [
"This is a case of Turcot's syndrome. 1st image shows the classical butterfly appearance of glioblastoma multiforme. Colonoscopy and CT images show multiple colonic polyps - suggestive of FAP. Turcot syndrome is a condition characterized by multiple adenomatous colon polyps, an increased risk of colorectal cancer, ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Iodine RDA is - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., 150 microgram o The RDA of iodine for adults is 150 microgram.GroupRecommended daily intakePreschool children (0-59 months)School children (6 - 12 years)Adults (>12 years)Pregnancy and lactation90 meg120 meg150 meg250 meg"
] | [
"A i.e. Decreased 2, 3 DPG concentration"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Spanish windlass was practices in Spain as a method of execution. It is a type of: | [
"Garrotting Garrotting: One of the methods of hemicidal strangulation The victim is attacked from behind without warning and strangled by grasping throat or by throwing a ligature over the neck and tightening it quickly. In this way a single assailant can kill a healthy robust adult. Garrotting was practices as a m... | [
"Lynching : Form of homicidal hanging. A suspect, an accused or an enemy is overpowered by several persons, acting jointly and illegally, and hung him by means of a rope from a tree or some similar object. It was prevalent in Noh America, where it was practiced by whites on blacks."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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Dispropoionately increased blood urea levels compared to serum creatinine (urea creatinine ratio 20:1) can be seen in the following except - | [
"Intrinsic or intrarenal acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when direct damage to the kidneys causes a sudden loss in kidney function. The most common causes of intrinsic acute renal failure are acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) . Ref Harrison20th edi... | [
"(30-300 mg/d) (249-H) (1077-8-CMDT-09)(272, 1533, 1792-H17th)* Currently, ultrasensitive dipsticks are available to measure microalbuminuria (30 to 300 mg/d), an early marker of glomerular disease that has been shown to predict glomerular injury in early diabetic nephropathy (249-H)* Normal subjects excrete less t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
For RNA, which blotting technique is used - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Northern blot TechniqueSample analyzedGel usedProbeSouthern blotDNAQYesRadioactive DNAAllele specific oligonucleotide (ASO)DNANoAllele specific oligonucleotideMicroarravm-RNA or c-DNANoDNA probeNorthern blotRNAQYesDNA probeWestern (immuno) blotProtein QYesLabeled antibody QSouth Western blotProte... | [
"Option analysis: * Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a protein denaturing agent - option a is excluded Heat coagulation result in loss of higher level of structures other than primary structure - option b is excluded 2-D electrophoresis is SDS-PAGE in one dimension and isoelectric focusing in other dimension - option c is... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which bacteria acts by inhibiting protein synthesis? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pseudomonas"
] | [
"The drug given to prevent Neisseria infection (used prophylaxically), which is common in crowded conditions such as freshman dormitory rooms or military barracks, is rifampin. Rifampin inhibits RNA polymerase, and also exhibits a red color. Loss of rifampin in the urine or tears would give a reddish tint to those ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Panthothenic acid is coenzyme of which of the following reaction (s): | [
"D i.e. Acetylation Pantothenic acid is necessary for synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)Q, which functions as a coenzyme for acetylation reactionsQ"
] | [
"Lipoic acid is a coenzyme (required for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase) but it is not a Vitamin (Option 3). Niacin is Vitamin B3 work as coenzyme in its active form Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) for a number of dehydrogenase enzymes in metabolism (Option 1). Coenzyme A is a ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Oesophageal motility disorder are best diagnosed by? | [
"Answer is B (Endoscopy): Dysphagia for solids alone suggests a probable mechanical cause for dysphagia such as carcinoma, stricture or esophageal web. The investigation of choice for such cases is Endoscopy."
] | [
"Symptoms and manometric findings of diffuse esophageal spasm can be caused by GERD. To differentiate between them it is mandatory to do 24 hour pH monitoring."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Quinine given to a patient of falciparum malaria caused sweating and palpitation, the likely cause is? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hypoglycemia o Sweating and palpitations suggest hypoglycemia; which can occur due to quinine. Cinchonism is characterized by ringing in ears, nausea, vomiting, veigo, headache, mental confusion, difficulty in hearing and vision. Hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias develop on rapid i.v. injection... | [
"- The nurse will give quinine infusion through 5% dextrose. - Hypoglycaemia is the most impoant side effect which can be prevented by infusing quinine in 5% dextrose. Note: Adverse effects of quinine infusion: Hypoglycemia is also common, mostly in the treatment of severe malaria, and can be life threatening if no... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Good pasture's syndrome is characterized by all of the following, except: | [
"Answer is B (Leucocytoclastic Vasculitis) Leucocytoclastic vasculitis is not a typical feature of Good pasture's syndrome Triad of Goodpasture's syndrome (Ferri 's Color Atlas & Text of Clinical Medicine) Glomerulonephritisdeg (RPGN; crescents) Pulmonary HaemorrhageQ (Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage) Antibodies to ba... | [
"Ans. C: 110 mg orally on two successive days Nearly all of the early stages of xerophthalmia can be reversed by administration of a massive dose (2,00,000 IU or 110 mg of retinol palmitate) orally on 2 successive days Xerophthalmia/ Dry eyes Condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. Xerophthalmia caused b... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Main source of energy derived from | [
"Glycogen is the reserve carbohydrate in animals. It is stored in liver and muscles.The phosphorylated enzyme is less sensitive to allosteric inhibitors. Thus even if cellular ATP and glucose-6-phosphate are high, Phosphorylase will be active. The glucose-1-phosphate produced from glycogen in the liver may be conve... | [
"You should know the site of absorption of the following:"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Reverse Coarctation is seen in | [
"Reverse Coarctation ;weak or absent pulse in upper limb + pulse present in lower limb."
] | [
"Left Atrial hypertrophy is never seen in ASD."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Measures involved in sentinel surveillance includes all of the following except. | [
"Ans. (d) Identifying cases free of disability* Surveillance: Is the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data and the provision of information which leads to action being taken to prevent and control a disease, usually one of an infectious nature* Surveillance is of many types:- Passive Surveillance: Data... | [
"screening Screening is defined as 'the search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests, examination or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals.\" Other terms Case finding : is the use of clinical and/or laboratory tests to detect disease in individuals seeking health care for... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following drug crosses placenta | [
"(Warfarin) (601-KDT6th)* WARFARIN - It crosses placenta and is secreted in milk however quantity of active form is generally insufficient to affect the suckling infants* HEPARIN - does not cross BBB or placenta**- It is the anticoagulant of choice during pregnancy*** Bleeding due to overdose is the most serious co... | [
"Glycopyrolate is the preferred anticholinergic over atropine and scopolamine because it does not crosses the blood-brain barrier so devoid of central side effects."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Thymic hypoplsia is seen in which of the following | [
"Ref Robbins 9/e p224 Thymic Hypoplasia: DiGeorge Syndrome DiGeorge syndrome results from a congenital defect in thymic development with deficient T cell maturation. T cells are absent in the lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood, and infants with this defect are extremely vulnera- ble to viral, fungal, and pro... | [
"Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition para neoplastic syndrome are a group of conditions developing in patients with advanced cancer which are neither explained by direct and distant spread of the tumor nor by the usual hormone elaboration by the tissues of origin of tumors. Cushing syndrome in about 10% pa... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Rett's syndrome occurs due to deficiency of ? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Biotin"
] | [
"Familial hypercholesterolemia (type Ha) is due to deficiency of functional LDL receptors as a result of different types of mutations."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
The Triat in which the parents are clinically normal and only siblings are affected but males and females are affected in equal propoions is: | [
"AR"
] | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Haemophilia Although all conditions mentioned in the options may produce swelling of one knee joint, the clue lies in the fact that haemophilia is an X Linked recessive disease and is not manifested in girls who act only as carriers."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
True about primary peritonitis | [
"(D) Occurs with Cirrhosis of liver # # PRIMARY (SPONTANEOUS) BACTERIAL PERITONITIS> Peritonitis is either primary (without an apparent source of contamination) or secondary.> The types of organisms found and the clinical presentations of these two processes are different. In adults, primary bacterial peritonitis (... | [
"MCC of massive bledding per rectum is diverticulosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Osgood Schlatter disease is associated with osteochondritis of | [
"Types of Osteochondritis and Nomenclature Traction apophysitis (chronic strain injuries) Tibial Tuberosity Osgood-Schlatter Calcaneum Sever The lower pole of patella Sinding-Larsen&;s"
] | [
"Osteonecrosis, also known as avascular necrosis, refers to the death of bone and marrow in the absence of infection. Such bone infarcts may be caused by a variety of conditions, such as trauma, thrombi, emboli, and corticosteroids. Growing bones of children and adolescents are often affected, and in most instances... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
Datura seeds resemble - | [
"↵The seeds of datura closely resemble those of the capsicum universally used over India as a condiment, and the difficulty of their detection is enhanced by the fact that, apart from the bitterness, the poison-seeds have little taste and as impure salt is generally used in India."
] | [
"D i.e. Resin exudates of cannabis Indica"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Measles is infective for: | [
"Measles/English Measles is spread through respiration (contact with fluids from an infected person&;s nose and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission), and is highly contagious -- 90% of people without immunity sharing a house with an infected person will catch it. The infection has an average incu... | [
"Influenza Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to the pathogenic organism and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. Incubation period of some pathogens are: Varicella (Chickenpox) - usually 14 to 16 days Measles (Rubeola) - usually 10 days from exposure to onset of fever, and 14 days to app... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
True about Caspases is? | [
"ANSWER: (A) Involved in apoptosisREF: Robbins pathology 7th edition page 27-29Caspases are essential in cells for apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in development and most other stages of adult life, and have been termed \"executioner\" proteins for their roles in the cell Some Caspases are also required in the... | [
"A i.e. Generation of ATPs"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Metachromatic granules are stained by? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ponder's stain"
] | [
"Mast cell Located in blood vessel and sub epithelial tissues Mast cells contain granules which contain proteoglycans. Granules stain positive with metachromatic stains such as:- Giemsa Toluidine blue"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Finger print bureau was first established in the following country: | [
"Dactylography or fingerprint system or dermatoglyphics or Galton system was first used in India in 1858, by Sir William Herschel in Bengal. Sir Francis Galton systematised this in 1892. Finger print bureau was first established in Kolkata.Fingerprints are impressions of patterns formed by the papillary or epiderma... | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e. Sir Edward Henry Finger prints were discovered by an ICS officer Sir William Herschelle (1958). But study was systemized by Sir Francis Gulton (1892) and was fuher improvized by Sir Edward Henery.In 1901 there was introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales, using... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Which of the following drug acts against Pseudomonas - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Piperacillin Drugs acting against Pseudomonas. o Penicillins- Piperacillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Mezlocillin. o Cephalosporins - Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Cefepime. o Carbapenems- Imipenem, meropenem o Monobactams - Aztreonam. o Aminoglycosides - Tobramycin, Gentamycin, Amikacin. o Fluroq... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Chloramphenicol o Chloramphenicol causes gray baby syndrome in premature neonates due to blockade of electron transpo in liver, myocardium and skeletal muscle. Remember o Chloramphenical is the most common cause of aplastic anemia. o Tetracyclines are the most common cause of superinfections."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
Cicatrial Alopecia is seen in: | [
"C. i.e. DLE"
] | [
"Answer is 'a' i.e. Burns Curling ulcer is seen in Burn Cushing ulcer is seen in head injury."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
According to Spetzler-Main criteria, how much score is given for a 5 cm nidus with AV malformation? | [
"Spetzler-Main AVM grading scale. Graded Feature Points Assigned Size of AVM < 3 cm 3-6 cm >6 cm 1 2 3 Eloquence1 of adjacent brain Noneloquent Eloquent 0 1 Venous drainage Superficial Deep 0 1 'Eloquent areas include: visual, language, and sensorimotor coex; the thalamus and hypothalamus; the internal capsule; the... | [
"Involvement of > 1/3rd of the head is an indication for excision of the fragment (not open reduction)."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
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Which of these following statements is wrong about Tacrolimus? | [
"The side effects of Tacrolimus includes, nephro and hepato toxicity. It can also cause hypeension, tremors, seizure, diabetes mellitus and blurred vision. It should be better avoided with other hepato and renal toxicity drugs. Ref: Manzoor M. Khan (2008), Chapter 4 \"Immunesupressive Agents\", In the book, \"Immun... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Macrolides The antibiotic which possesses additional immunomodulatory activities is Tacrolimus. Tacrolimus belongs to the macrolide groups of antibiotics and hence is the answer here."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Macrosomia is a | [
"Macrosomia:- A condition where a baby is large before bihFactors causing macrosomia:Mother having diabetesMother having gestational diabetesObese mother(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 777, 897 - 899)"
] | [
"Microcephaly is more common."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Which one of the following device conves radioactive emissions to light for detection? | [
"Scintillation counter: It measures ionizing radiation. The sensor, called a scintillator, consists of a transparent crystal, usually phosphor, plastic, or organic liquid that fluoresces when struck by ionizing radiation. A sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT) measures the light from the crystal. The PMT is attache... | [
"Ans. B: Inionizing radiation Cold sterilization is a process in which sterilization is carry out at low temperature with the help of chemicals, radiations, membranes and all other means excluding high temperature. Ionizing radiation such as X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays, cause no appreciable increase in tempe... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Enterobius commonly inhabit the: September 2011 | [
"Ans. D: Caecum Adult Enterobius vermicularis worms inhabit the caecum, appendix and adjacent poions of the ascending colon, lying closely applied to the mucosal surface. Pinworm (genus En terobius)/Threadworm/Seatworm, It is a nematode (roundworm) and a common human intestinal parasite, especially in children. It ... | [
"The most common thyroud carcimoma is papillary carcinoma 75 - 85% of all cases. Option 2 is right. Robbins basic pahology. 7th edition. Chapter Endocrine system. Page no. 1177."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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Which of the following results in increase in secretion of ADH? | [
"Ans: C HypovolemiaRef: Guyton 12th/e p. 9051Hypovolemia (Decreased ECF) stimulates the release of ADH.Vasopressin secretion is increased by: - i) Increased osmolarity (osmotic pressure) of plasma; ii) Decreased ECF volume; iii) Pain, emotion, stress, exercise; iv) Nausea and vomiting; v) Standing; vi) Clofibrate, ... | [
"Central chemoreceptors are stimulated mainly by the |H+ concentration caused by increased pCO2 levels. Since H+ cannot easily cross the blood brain barrier, increase in the blood H+ concentration have little effect in stimulating central chemo receptors. Increase in blood p CO2 causes CO2 to diffuse the blood brai... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
Urine osmolality in Diabetes insipidus is | [
"Diabetes insipidus is condition characterised by excessive thirst excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine Those with diabetes insipidus continue to uinate large amount of urine in spite of water deprivation.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 373"
] | [
"Serum fructosamine is formed due to non-enzymatic glycosylation of serum proteins mainly albumin. It represents glycemic control for preceding 1-2 weeks. Normal values are 200-285mcmol/L. Advantages of serum fructosamine are: Useful in Haemolytic states which affect interpretation of glycosylated haemoglobin. Eval... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
1-a hydroxylation in Vitamin-D metabolism takes place in | [
"Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin molecule found in fish liver oils, and also produced in the skin when subjected to ultraviolet rays from sunlight. The main function of the vitamin is to increase the utilization of calcium and phosphorus in bones and teeth. A mixture of several forms of vitamin D: Vitamin D3 is ... | [
"Prilocaine other than hepatic metabolism is also metabolized significantly in lungs."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
Magaldrate is conveed by gastric acid to ? | [
"Ans. is `c' i.e., Magnesium hydroxide and Aluminium hydroxide Magaldrate: Magaldrateis a common antaciddrug that is used for the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux. Magaldrate is a hydroxymagnesium aluminate complex that is conveed rapidly in gastric acid to Mg(OH), ... | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p23 Action of drug can be terminated by hepatic metabolism or by anal excretion. Most of the dexa inactivated by metabolism. However some Ducks may be activated from inactive form (prodrugs) and others may produce active metabolite Some drugs main activate from Blood example decoction lives bloodstream... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following nerves are affected after spinal anaesthetic block – | [
"Local anesthetics block generation and conduction of nerve impulse at all part of neuron where they come in contact, without causing structural damage. Thus not only sensory but motor impulses and autonomic control is also interrupted."
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hypotension Celiac plexus block The celiac plexus is situated retroperitoneally in the upper abdomen. It is at the level of T12 and L, veebrae anterior to the crura of the diaphragm. It contains visceral afferent and efferent fibers divided from T5 to T1, by means of greater, lesser and least spl... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Drug of choice for Treponema Pallidum is? | [
"ANSWER: (A) Penicillin GREF: Microbiology, Volume 2; Volume 9, Part 2 edited by E. Edward Bittar, Neville Bittar p; 241See APPENDIX-65 for \"SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES\"\"Parenteral penicillin G remains the treatment of choice for syphilis (Treponema pallidu and resistance to penicillin has not been reported\""... | [
"The topical application cream which is useful in the treatment of hirsutism and acts by inhibiting ornithine decarboxylase enzyme is Eflornithine hydrochloride. The same active molecule is useful in the treatment of West African trypanosomiasis. Treatment options for African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): Tr... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
If hemoglobin status of a population with mean value is 10.3 gm % with SD 2 gm%, then 5% population will be below what value of Hb? | [
"."
] | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., 1.0 Thus the Z score for the woman in question is 1.0. Very simple funda to calculate Z score Normal variate indicates that the given observation is how many standard detion away from the mean. Here mean is 13.5 g/c11, SD is 1.5 g/dl and observation is 15 g/dl. That means observation (15 g/dl) is... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Inclusion body conjunctivitis true is all except: | [
"Ans. Present only in infants"
] | [
"Virus can be isolated up to 12 months after bih. Tired of CRS is cardiac defects, cataract and sensory neural defects. Infection is not serious after 5 months of pregnancy Blueberry muffin rash is seen in congenital rubella syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
EBV causes all EXCEPT: | [
"ANSWER: (C) Verrucous lymphomaREF: Jawett's 24th edition Section IV. Virology > Chapter 33. Herpesviruses Cancer by EBV:EBV is recognized as a cause of Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkins disease, and some other lymphomas. Sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma or nasopharyngeal carcinoma co... | [
"Erythema multiforme Known cause MC- Viral infection, commonly Herpes simplex > Mycoplasma Drugs : antiepileptic, antibiotics,anti gout, anti retroviral etc. Other : (antimalarial >Leukemia) Unknown cause : Idiopathic C/f: Target/ iris /bulls eye lesion are seener CAUTION : ALL ARE NOT TRUE ; MEANS ALL ARE FALSE EX... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
All of the following are required more during lactation as compared to pregnancy, except ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Iron Required more during lactation as compared to pregnancy : Energy, Vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, Vitamin C, niacin, and Vitamin B12. Required more during pregnancy : Iron, protein, and folate. Same requirment in pregnancy and lactation : Fat, calcium, zinc, magnesium, and vitamin B6."
] | [
"Factors that influence basal metabolic rate are: Body size: Metabolic rate increases as weight, height, and surface area increase. Body composition: Fat tissue has a lower metabolic activity than muscle tissue. As lean muscle mass increases, metabolic rate increases. Gender: The basal metabolic rate (BMR) averages... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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Not a B cell marker - | [
". CD 134"
] | [
"DOG - 1 is most specific marker for GIST"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
In sebaceous glands, accumulation of sebum leads to: | [
"Ans. b. Acne4 steps in pathogenesis of Acne are:Sebum productionHyperkeratosis of pilosebaceous unitPropionibacterium acnes colonization of pilosebaceous unit Inflammation"
] | [
"Myxedema develops in a person who has almost total lack of thyroid hormone function. The patient shows - bagginess under the eye & swelling on the face. In this condition, for reason that are not explained, greatly increased quantities of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate bond with protein form excessive ti... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
A young girl presents with abdominal pain and a recent change in bowel habit, with passage of mucus in stool. There is no associated blood in stool and symptoms are increased with stress. The most likely diagnosis is- | [
"Childhood Chronic ill health in childhood or adolescent IBD may result in growth failure, metabolic bone disease and delayed pubey. Loss of schooling and social contact, as well as frequent hospitalisation, can have impoant psychosocial consequences.Treatment is similar to that described for adults and may require... | [
"Clinical features The most common presentation is that of recurrent abdominal discomfo . This is usually colicky or cramping in nature, felt in the lower abdomen and relieved by defecation. Abdominal bloating worsens throughout the day; the cause is unknown but it is not due to excessive intestinal gas. The bowel ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Length of umbilical cord is? | [
"ANSWER: (C) 30-100 cmsREF: Dutta 6th ed p. 40The normal length of umblical cord is around 50cms with usual variation between 30-100 cms"
] | [
"Hymenal tags around margins of hymen is normal finding."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Vitamin B12 intrinsic factor absorption occurs in | [
"Most of the vitamins are absorbed in the upper small intestine, but vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ileum.Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor and the complex is absorbed across the ileal mucosa.Vitamin B12 and folate absorption are Na+ independent.Other vitamins are absorbed by carriers that are Na+ cotranspoers.... | [
"(Avidine) (146 - U.S 3rd) (178- R.S. 7th)Biotin deficiency (anti egg, white injury factor, vitamin B7 or vitamin - H) is a sulfur containing B complex. It is directly participates as coenzyme in the carboxylation reactions* High consumption of raw egg. The raw egg white contains a glycoprotein - avidin. Which is h... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Splenunculi are commonly seen in | [
"A. (Hilum of spleen) (1103-B & L 25th)ACCESSORY SPLEEN (Splenunculi) - probably results from a failure of infusion of splenic embryonic tissues* They are located near the hilum of the spleen in 50% of cases and related to the splenic vessels or behind the tail of pancreas in 30%. The remainder are located in the m... | [
"Poosystemic anastomosis is also seen in the bare area of liver and posterior abdominal wall."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Causative agent of Favus is: | [
"Ans. A. Tinea schoenleiniiFavous usually affect scalp, but occurring occasionally on any part of the skin and even at times on mucous membrane, caused by Tinea schoenleinii."
] | [
"(Harrison) have mentioned that T tonsurans is the most common cause of T capitis. But most textbooks of dermatology have mentioned that Ectothrix is the most common type of T capitis and is caused mostly by M canis. Thus, the answer of this question is M canis. Tinea capitis: - Location of Lesions - Scalp hair End... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Zona Pellucida disappears by:- | [
"Zona pellucida is thick membranous covering made up of glycoprotein, the microvilli of oocyte and follicular cells project into zona pellucida for nutrition. it prevent polyspermy and implantation. Blastocyst forms at 4th day and by the end of 5th day, zona pellucida disappears and implantation takes place at 6th ... | [
"Development of Lens Surface ectoderm Classification of nucleus formed during lens development Embryonic (0-3 months) Fetal (3 months to gestation) Infantile (from bih to pubey) Adult (adult life) Sutures Seen in fetal nucleus Anterior Y shaped Posterior inveed Y shaped"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Storage form of thyroid hormone- | [
"The synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones occurs between the follicular cells and the colloid. The storage form of thyroid hormone is thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin is a large glycoprotein synthesized in the follicular cells and has a molecular weight of around 650 000 with about 140 tyrosine residues, depending... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Thyroxine o Thyroxine hormone (eltroxin) is used orally for hypothyroidism."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a characteristic feature of | [
"Infantile and Iuvenile forms are associated with congenital Hepatic fibrosis."
] | [
"Schistosomiasis can lead to Poal HTN but not cirrhosis. Wilson's disease is an inherited disorder of copper homeostasis with failure to excrete excess amounts of copper, leading to its accumulation in the liver and resultant cirrhosis. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency results from an inherited disorder that causes a... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
MHC restriction is a pa of all except aEUR' | [
"Autoimmune disorder Major histocompatibility complex : Major histocompatibility complex, also called the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) complex is a 4 megahase region on chromosome 6. This region is densely packed with genes. These genes encodes two major proteins or antigens i.e., MHC I & MHC II. These proteins pl... | [
"Ans. b. Core anthigen in HIV"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
During cardiac imaging the phase of minimum motion of hea is: | [
"D i.e. Mid diastole- During cardiac imaging (such as MRI, CT, electron beam tomography), mid diastolic phase (or diastasis) of cardiac cycle is usually (but not always) associated with lowest (minimum) mean motion of hea.Q- Optimum phase (i.e. with minimum cardiac motion) for cardiac and coronary vessel imaging is... | [
"Left atrial waveform is very similar to right atrium however a wave and v wave are larger because of lower compliance in left atrium v wave represents the passive filling of atria."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
Mandibular nerve does not supply:? | [
"A. i.e. Buccinator"
] | [
"C.N. nuclei involved in medial medullary syndrome is Hypoglossal nuclei (XII) Features of Medial Medullary Syndrome resulting from occlusion of the anterior spinal aery. I/L 12th nerve palsy - Tongue muscle palsy. C/L Spastic paralysis (pyramidal tract involved) Dorsal coloumn medial lemniscal system involved so l... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
A 68-year-old man is admitted to the coronary care unit with an acute myocardial infarction. His postinfarction course is marked by congestive hea failure and intermittent hypotension. On the fouh day in hospital, he develops severe midabdominal pain. On physical examination, blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg and pulse is ... | [
"In the absence of peritoneal signs, angiography is the diagnostic test of choice for acute mesenteric ischemia. Patients with peritoneal signs should undergo emergent laparotomy. Acute mesenteric ischemia may be difficult to diagnose. The condition should be suspected in patients with either systemic manifestation... | [
"Cardiogenic shock (CS) is characterized by systemic hypoperfusion due to severe depression of the cardiac index and sustained systolic aerial hypotension (<90 mmHg) despite an elevated filling pressure . It is associated with in-hospital moality rates >50%. . Circulatory failure based on cardiac dysfunction may be... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Drugs undergoing acetylation include all except: | [
"Ans. B. MetoclopramideAcetylation by N-acetyl transferases (NAT)e.g, S - SulfonamidesH - HydralazineI - IsoniazidP - Procainamide, PASD - DapsoneC - Clonazepam, Caffeine"
] | [
"Patient's symptoms including constitutional symptoms, ahralgia and pleuritic chest pain with positive anti-histone antibodies and recent use of isoniazid point towards the diagnosis of drug induced lupus erythematosus. Drugs undergoing acetylation in liver with the help of N-acetyl transferase are responsible for ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
A group of expes discussing a topic in front of the audience without any specific order. This mode of communication is known as: September 2008 | [
"Ans. A: Panel discussion In panel discussion there is a chairman/moderator and 4-8 speakers. Each speaker prepares separately, the other speakers hear one another for the time at the session itself. Panel discussions, however, differ from team presentations. Their purpose is different. In a team presentation, the ... | [
"Panel discussion: 1. '4-8 persons' who are qualified to talk about the topic sit and discuss a given problem / topic in front of a target group of audience. 2. Panel comprises of a chairman or moderator, and 4 - 8 speakers. 3. There is 'no specific agenda, no order of speaking and no set speeches'. 4. After the sp... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
Starvation and diabetes mellitus can lead on to ketoacidosis which of the following features is in our of ketoacidosis due to diabetes mellitus. | [
"A i.e. Increase in glucagons/ insulin ratio, increased C- AMP & increased blood sugar.In diabetes little glucose is oxidized as fuel, except by the brain. The rest of tissues burn a large amount of fat, paicularly the liver where the amount of acetyl COA formed from fatty acids exceeds the capacity of the tricarbo... | [
"Coisol, growth hormone and catecholamines increase the blood sugar levels leading to impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus. whereas hypothyroidism is not associated with the blood sugar levels or diabetes mellitus"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
ARDS true? | [
"ARDS is a clinical syndrome of severe dyspnoea of rapid onset, hypoxaemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates leading to respiratory failure.ARDS is characterised by Po2/Fio2(inspiratory O2 fraction)<200 mmHg.There will be no hypercapnia, so the patient will have type 1 respiratory failure. \nThere will be a stiff-l... | [
"Ans. D: True positive"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Hypeension is seen with all except- | [
"Ans. is d i.e., Levodopa Drug causing hypeension Cocaine MAO inhibitors Oral contraceptives Clonidine withdrawl Tricyclic antidepressants Cyclosporine Glucocoicoids Rofecoxib (NSAID) Erythropoietin Valdecoxib (NSAID) Sympathomimetics"
] | [
"A i.e. Higher concentration are found in adult b"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
Beta 2 agonist used in rescue therapy in acute respiratory conditions are all except? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Ketotifen Formoterol, Salbutomol and bambuterol are p 2 agonists. o Ketotifen is a mast cell stabilizer."
] | [
"Ans. C: Effective for acute asthmatic attacks Salmeterol is a first, long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA), usually only prescribed for severe persistent asthma following previous treatment with a sho-acting beta agonist such as salbutamol. The primary noticeable difference of salmeterol to salbutamol is th... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
The post mortem report in case of death in police custody should be recorded as | [
"Ans. b (Video recording). (Ref. Parikh, FMT, 5th ed., 130)Installation of video camera in jail and recording of postmortem in case of death in police custody is according to human rights."
] | [
"Ans. C: Dowry death In police inquest, sub-inspector or officer in charge of the police station conducts the inquest in suicide, murder, accidental deaths or death under suspicious circumstances. Magistrate inquest is done in: Custodial death Death due to police firing Death in prison Death in psychiatric hospital... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
Reversible loss of polarity with abnormality in size and shape of cells is known as? | [
"Dysplasia is reversible\nAnaplasia is irreversible"
] | [
"Abnormal initiation may result in the development of single or multiple supernumerary teeth."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
During autopsy for virology study which agent is used for storing tissue: NEET 14 | [
"Ans. 50% glycerine"
] | [
"Ans. (b) 10% formalin fixative-for-testis-biopsy.html(Ref: Complete review of pathology 2nd ed/Annexure 4. )This is a tricky Question !When you first see the term analysis for sperm, the answer is bouin s fluid. But what the examiner wants to know is whether you know that for histological diagnosis, the fixative i... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The protective bacterium in the normal vagina is: | [
"Vagina has inhabitant bacteria called as Doderleins bacteria which is a lactobaccilli, and converts the glycogen present in vaginal epithelium into lactic acid.\nThus, pH of the vagina is acidic\nThe pH of the vagina in an adult woman is 4 -5.5 with an average of 4.5.\nThe pH of vagina varies with age — for furthe... | [
"Cranberry juice Proanthocyanidins in Cranberry juice prevent bacterial fimbriae from attaching to wall of urinary bladder and urinary tract . Thus, drinking cranberry juice helps in preventing UTI. - Also remember, E.coli is the most common cause of UTI."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Bence jones proteinuria is derived from? | [
"Ans. (b) Light chain globulins(Ref: R 9th/pg 598-602)Excretion of light chains in the urine has been referred to as Bence Jones proteinuria.Light chains includes k and l (kappa and lambda)"
] | [
"Multiple myeloma is characterized by tubular proteinuria. The Bence Jones proteins induce tubular damage Increased beta-2-microglobulin levels in urine is an prognostic indicator of Multiple myeloma Diabetes Mellitus and amyloidosis lead to damage to basement membrane of the kidney leading to glomerular proteinuri... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Pradhan mantra swasthya suraksha yojana was launched in: | [
"Pradhan mantra swasthya suraksha yojana was approved in 2006 with the objective of correcting imbalances in availability of affordable teiary level healthcare in the country. Ref: National Health Programmes in India, J.Kishore, 10th edition pg: 84"
] | [
"parks textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition *indira gandhi matrutva sahyog yojana(IGMSY),under which coditional cash trasfer will be made to pregnant and lactating mothers in order to improve their nutritional and health status ."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following measures sensitivity: September 2011 | [
"Ans. B: True positives Sensitivity denotes true positives"
] | [
"Ans. Change in the level of consciousness"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
Caput succedaneum in a newborn is: Karnataka 07 | [
"Ans. Collection of sero-sanguineous fluid in the scalp"
] | [
"Volkmanns ischemic contracture is due to injury to Brachial aery Refer Maheshwari 9th/ed pg102"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Zero order kinetics is seen in all except | [
"Zero order kinetics is seen in high dose of salicylates,ethanol and phenytoin. Ref-KDT 6/e p31"
] | [
"Ref-KDT 7/e p30-31 In first order kinetics the rate of elimination is propoional to plasma concentration of the drug . Clearance in half life for constant in first order kinetics"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In a normal healthy person the arterial oxygen is considered satisfactory if SPO2 is more than | [
"Ans. c (90) (Ref H-17th/l590-91; pg. A-15)In a normal healthy person the arterial oxygen is considered satisfactory if SP02 is more than 90.Arterial O2 tensionPaO212.7 +- 0.7 kPa (95 +- 5 mm Hg)Arterial CO2 tensionPaCO25.3 +- 0.3 kPa (40 +- 2 mm Hg)Arterial O2 saturationSaO20.97 +- 0.02 (97 +- 2%)Arterial blood pH... | [
"Oxygen saturation should be less than 85% for central cyanosis to occur. Deoxyhemoglobin level should be at least 5gm%."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 40-year-old man presents with 5 days of productive cough and fever. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is isolated from a pulmonary abscess. CBC shows an acute effect characterized by marked leukocytosis (50,000/mL) and the differential count reveals shift to left in granulocytes. Which of the following terms best describes thes... | [
"Circulating levels of leukocytes and their precursors may occasionally reach very high levels (>50,000 WBC/mL). These extreme elevations are sometimes called leukemoid reactions because they are similar to the white cell counts observed in leukemia, from which they must be distinguished. The leukocytosis occurs in... | [
"Ans. b (Neutrophil count > or = 11,600/mL) > D (HB > 9 gm%) (Ref. Harrison medicine 16th ed., 353)FeaturesLeukemoid ReactionCML1 WBC10-100 K30-500 K2 Eos/BasRareIncreased3 LAP score>100>104 OrganomegalyAbsentPresentLEUKEMOID REACTION# The term leukemoid reaction is used to describe persistent neutrophilia with cel... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A patient present with dysphagia of 4 weeks duration. Now he is able to swallow liquid food only. Which of the following is the one investigation to be done: | [
"Answer is B (Upper GI endoscopy is to be done) The patient is presenting with new onset dysphagia for solids alone (able to swallow liquids). This suggests dysphagia due to mechanical obstruction (carcinoma, stricture, web) which is best diagnosed by endoscopy. Note: Barium swallow is the recommended initial inves... | [
"Suspected lymph node may have metastases from the upper aerodigestive tract. Since no lesion is found on physical examination of head and neck, triple endoscopy would be justified next. Supravital staining helps in selecting the site of biopsy in a lesion. As no lesion is discovered, it will not be very useful."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Inhalation of fungal spores can cause primary lung infections. Of the following organisms, which one is most likely to be associated with this mode of transmission? | [
"C. albicans and Candida tropicalis are opportunistic fungi, and as part of the normal flora are not transmitted by inhalation. C. immitis is a dimorphic fungus and inhalation of the spores transmits the infection. Sprothrix is also a dimorphic fungus but its portal of entry is cutaneous. Trychophyton is a dermatop... | [
"Aspergillus is widespread in nature and produces small conidia that are easily aerosolized. Atopic individuals often develop severe allergic reactions to the conidial antigens. In immunocompromised patients, the conidia may germinate to produce hyphae that invade the lungs and other tissues. Progress of disease ca... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Fleeting skin lesions are often present in patients with: | [
"Fleeting skin lesions are often presents in patients with hepatitis B. Ref: Schiff's diseases of liver, Edition -11, Page - 3."
] | [
"Scalp, face, palm and soles are characteristically spared in adult, whereas these areas are involved in infants and young children."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In which of the following locations, Carcinoid tumor is most common | [
"carcinoid tumour commonly occurs in appendix(45%),ileum(25%),rectum(15%).other sites are(15%)other pas of GIT ,bronchus, and testis SRB,5th,877."
] | [
"Carcinoid Tumor in Appendix is known as argentaffinoma. MC tumor of appendix- Carcinoid tumor Small, localized, not associated with metastasis Not associated with carcinoid syndrome"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
S100 is a marker used in the diagnosis of all Except | [
"Acidic protein, 100% Soluble in ammonium sulfate at neutral pH (derivation of name) S100 protein family is multigenic group of nonubiquitous cytoplasmic EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins, sharing significant structural similarities at both genomic and protein levels; S100 protein family has 24 known human members each... | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p774 It is a fusion inhibitor useful in the treatment of HIV infection"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A Patient who is on antihypertensive drug develops a dry cough. Which of the following drug might be responsible for the condition: | [
"The angiotensin-converting enzyme normally helps in conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which acts as a vasoconstrictor in case of hypovolemia.\nIn addition to that, ACE also helps in the breakdown of bradykinin.\nWhen ACE inhibitors (captopril) are given, it inhibits ACE and in addition inhibits the br... | [
"Omission of prior diuretic dose decreases the risk of postural hypotension ACE inhibitors ACE inhibitors are drugs which exe their action by inhibiting the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. They inhibit the angio-tensin conveing enzyme. Adverse effect of ACE inhibitors Hypotension A steep fall in bloo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Mad Cow disease (Spongiform disease) occurs due to | [
"Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy i.e. Caused by “prions”\n“PRIONS” are unconventional transmissible agents, proteinaceous in nature.”\nDiseases caused by prions are\nKuru\nCreutzfeldt Jakob Disease.\nGerstmann Straussler Scheinker Syndrome\nFatal Familial Insomnia.\nScrapie Of Sheep\nTransmissib... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., SSPE(Ref: PSM Park, 19th/e, p. 128)* Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare complication (1 in 300000) of measles, which develops many years after the initial infection.* SSPE belongs to group C slow virus infection, caused by a defective Measles virus."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A patient on lithium therapy was found to be hypeensive also. Which of the following antihypeensive drugs is contraindicated in a patient on lithium therapy in order to prevent toxicity? | [
"Diuretics (thiazide, furosemide) by causing Na+ loss promote proximal tubular reabsorption of Na+ as well as Li+ --plasma levels of lithium rise. ref : KD Tripati 8th ed."
] | [
"Ans. B: Less incidence of hypoglycemia Chlorpropamide is a long-acting sulphonylurea. It has more side effects than other sulphonylureas and its use is no longer recommended. Like other sulphonylureas, chlorpropamide acts to increase the secretion of insulin, so it is only effective in patients who have some pancr... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In marasmus, which of the following is not seen? | [
"Edema is a feature of Kwashiorkor, not seen in marasmus. Kwashiorkor Marasmus Edema Present absent appetite poor Voracious appetite CNS involvement apathy Active child Hepatomegaly seen Not seen Skin and hair changes More common Less common"
] | [
"Ans: (a) Increase appetiteRef : OP Ghai 8th ed./99* Kwashiorkor is protein and calorie deficiency and hence the serum albumin of the child is very low. This causes the child to develop pedal edema and generalized anasarca later.* Since the child is not eating proteins, essential amino acids like phenylalanine is d... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 23-year-old woman presents with a rubbery, freely movable 2-cm mass in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. A biopsy of this lesion would most likely histologically reveal | [
"The most common benign neoplasm of the breast is fibroadenoma, which typically occurs in the upper outer quadrant of the breast in women between the ages of 20 and 35. These lesions originate from the terminal duct lobular unit and histologically reveal a mixture of fibrous connective tissue and ducts. Clinically,... | [
"Brachial cyst is lined by squamous epithelium. A branchial cyst develops from the vestigial remnants of the second branchial cleft, is lined by squamous epithelium and contains thick, turbid fluid. The cyst usually presents in the upper neck in early or middle adulthood and is found at the junction of the upper th... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most common pa of larynx involved in TB ? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Posterior Essential otolaryngology 2\"d/e p. 1139] Disease affects the posterior third of larynx more commonly than anterior pa. The pas affected in descending order of frequency are :- i) Interarytenoid fold, ii) Ventricular band, iii) Vocal cords, iv) Epiglottis."
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Stomach Two thirds NHLS and viually all cases of hodgkins lymphoma present with nontender nodal enlargement Two thirds of NHLS arise at extranodal sites which are skin, stomach or brain."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Pyogenic granuloma is associated with | [
"Pyogenic granuloma is a misnomer as there is no granuloma. It is a benign vascular lesion that bleeds easily on trauma.\nIt is associated with Inflammatory Bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis > Crohn's disease)."
] | [
"Cushing’s ulcer is associated with head injury. Curling ulcer is associated with burns."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Muscle relaxant used in renal failure - | [
"As Atracurium and Cis-atracurium are inactivated by Hoffman's elimination, they are the muscle relaxants of choice for both liver and renal failure."
] | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p127 Beta 2 agonist are useful in premature uterine contraction to delay labour and not for delayed labour. Beta blockers are used in the treatment of the angina"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Ramachandran is on the surgical ward with non-seminomatous tumor of testis and more than 4 retroperitoneal lymph nodes involved. You are the resident who is making a decision about fuher management. The treatment include all of the following, except: | [
"Inguinal orchiectomy with high ligation of the cord at the internal ring is the initial management of testicular tumour. Multi Agent chemotherapy and followed by surgical resection is one modality of treatment. Ref: Bailey & Love, 25th Edition, Page 1269."
] | [
"Ans. C i.e. Antibiotics and appendectomy 6 weeks later Append icular abscess The conservative management of appendicular mass can be summarized by mnemonic \"ABCDEF\" which is A: Analgesic, Antibiotic, antipyretic B: Bed rest C: Chaing (vital sign, size of the mass) D: Diet (Keep Nil by Mouth) E: Exploratory lapar... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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A 34-year-old female has a history of intermittent episodes of severe abdominal pain. She has had multiple abdominal surgeries and exploratory procedures with no abnormal findings. Her urine appears dark during an attack and gets even darker if exposed to sunlight. The attacks seem to peak after she takes erythromycin,... | [
"The patient has acute intermittent porphyria, which is a defect in one of the early steps leading to heme synthesis. The buildup of the intermediate that cannot continue along the pathway leads to the dark urine, and it turns darker when ultraviolet (UV) light interacts with the conjugated double bonds in the mole... | [
"This patient's history and physical exam are consistent with an intestinal obstruction. An intestinal obstruction must be ruled out because, if it goes undiagnosed and untreated, it can result in a bowel perforation. This patient has a history of a previous abdominal surgery, which places her at risk for adhesions... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most common type of hypospadias is: September 2011 | [
"Ans. A: Glandular Glandular hypospadias is common and does not usually require treatment Hypospadias: The external meatus opens on the underside of the penis or the perineum, and the inferior aspect of the prepuce is poorly developed (hooded prepuce) Meatal stenosis occurs Bifid scrotum 6 - 10 months of age is the... | [
"Scurvy is due to vit c def Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 89"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In a subclan aery block at outer border of 1st rib, all of the following aeries help in maintaining the circulation to upper limb, EXCEPT? | [
"A rich anastomosis exists around the scapula between branches of subclan aery (first pa) and the axillary aery (third pa). This anastomosis provides a collateral circulation through which blood can flow to the limb when the distal pa of subclan aery or the proximal pa of axillary aery is blocked. Scapular anastomo... | [
"Ans. Four ribs on two sides"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Lymphatics of suprarenal gland drain into lymph nodes - | [
"Suprarenal glands drain into para-aortic nodes."
] | [
"Answer- B. ChylolymphaticChylolymphatic is the most common variety , probably arising in the congenitally misplaced lymphatic tissue that has no eferent communication with the lymphatic system (most frequently in mesentery of ileum).\""
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following can be involved in an injury to the head of the fibula, EXCEPT: | [
"The common peroneal nerve is extremely vulnerable to injury as it winds around the neck of the fibula. At this site, it is exposed to direct trauma or is involved in fractures of the upper pa of the fibula. While passing behind the head of the fibula, it winds laterally around the neck of the bone, pierces peroneu... | [
"THIS IS A CLASSICAL CASE OF ACL LIGAMENT TEAR. THE DOCTOR IS CONDUCTING AN ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST TO CHECK THE INTEGRITY OF THE ACL LIGAMENT. The (deep) lateral femoral notch sign describes a depression on the lateral femoral condyle at the terminal sulcus, a junction between the weight-bearing tibial aicular surfac... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Pain felt between great toe and 2nd toe is due to involvement of which nerve root - | [
"First web space of foot is supplied by deep peroneal nerve (L5)"
] | [
"Posterior tibial nerve * The posterior tibial nerve innervates the sole of the foot. To perform a peroneal nerve block, 1 percent lidocaine is injected into the subcutaneous tissue lateral to the posterior tibial aery at the upper border of the medial malleolus. * None of the other nerves listed supply the plantar... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is non-competitive inhibitor of intestinal alkaline phosphatase? | [
"Ans. d (L-Phenylalanine) (Ref. Biochemistry by Vasudevan, 4th ed., 57; 5th ed., 55-56)ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE# The pH optimum for the enzyme reaction is between 9 and 10.# It is activated by magnesium and manganese.# Zinc is a constituent ion of ALR# It is produced by osteoblasts of bone, and is associated with the c... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Zinc Zinc containing enzymes are carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, RNA polymerase and superoxide dismutase."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Mondors disease is: | [
"Ans: D (Thrombophlebitis of superficial veins of breast) Ref: Bailey dt Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 25th Edition,833-4Explanation:Mondor's diseaseThrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the breast and anterior chest wallCan also involve armCauseIdiopathicClinical featuresThrombosed subcutaneous vessel ,... | [
"Ans. Chaga's disease."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Treatment of Choice in Sleep Apnea Syndrome: | [
"(A) Continuous positive pressure ventilation# Sleep apnea: Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Each episode, called an apnea, lasts long enough so that one or more breaths are missed, and such episodes occur repeatedly throughout sleep.> The standard definition of any... | [
"Overview of Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy:"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Rectal polyp most commonly presents as | [
".LOWER GI BLEED- * Bleeding in the GIT below the level of the ligament of Treitz. * Normal faecal blood loss is 1.2 ml/day. A loss more than 10 ml/day is significant.* Angiodysplasia. * Diveicular disease - commonest cause in Western countries. * Tumours of colon or small bowel. * Anorectal diseases--Haemorrhoids,... | [
"Disease Features Early carcinoma colon Cancer of right side of colon present with occult bleeding Left side with obstructive symptoms. Cancers arising in the rectosigmoid are often associated with hematochezia, tenesmus, and narrowing of the caliber of stool. Sigmoid diveiculitis Age : 59 years Abrupt in onset, us... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Ulipristal acetate is a/an: | [
"Ans. is d, i.e. Selective progesterone receptor modulatorRef: Harrison's Principles of Internal medicine 19th/ed, p2391Ulipristal acetate (trade name Ella One in the European Union, Ella in the US for contraception, and Esmya for uterine fibroid) is a selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM).Pharmacodynami... | [
"Refer Katzung 10th/897 Letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane are aromatase inhibitors useful for the treatment of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer Tamoxifen is a SERM It is also used for breast cancer Taxol is commonly used term for paxclitaxel"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A patient presented with ahritis and purpura. Laboratory examination showed monoclonal and polyclonal cryoglobulins. Histopathology showed deposits of cryoglobulins around the vessels. The patient should be tested for which of the following ? | [
"Hepatitis C This is caused by an RNA flavivirus. Acute symptomatic infection with hepatitis C is rare. Most individuals are unaware of when they became infected and are identified only when they develop chronic liver disease. Eighty per cent of individuals exposed to the virus become chronically infected and late ... | [
"The symptoms are typical of cryoglobulinemia. Cryoglobulins are antibodies that precipitate under cold conditions and are associated with several diseases. There are three main types of cryoglobulin syndromes based on the immunoglobulin composition of the precipitating antibody. Most cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
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