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"Love Revolution Tour The Love Revolution Tour is the sixth headlining tour by English recording artist, Will Young. The tour supports his sixth studio album, \"85% Proof\". Beginning in October 2015, the singer will primarily perform within theatres throughout United Kingdom and Ireland. The tour was announced in June 2015, a week after the album's release. It is Young's first tour in three years. After his 2011 tour, Young went on to star in a traveling production of the famed musical, \"Cabaret\". Additionally, he released his autobiography, \"Funny Peculiar\". He wrote political blogs for \"The Huffington Post\" and became mentor for up and coming musicians. This setlist was obtained from the 11 November 2015 concert, at the Newcastle City Hall in Newcastle, England. It does not represent all concerts during the tour. Encore Love Revolution Tour The Love Revolution Tour is the sixth headlining tour by English recording artist, Will Young. The tour supports his sixth studio album, \"85% Proof\". Beginning in October 2015, the singer will primarily perform within theatres throughout United Kingdom and Ireland. The tour was announced in June 2015, a week after the album's release. It is Young's first tour in three years. After his 2011"
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"Canford Cliffs Canford Cliffs is an affluent suburb of Poole in Dorset, England. The neighbourhood lies on the English Channel coast midway between Poole and Bournemouth. To the southwest is Sandbanks which has some of the highest property values in the world, and together Canford Cliffs and Sandbanks form a parish, which has the fourth highest property prices in the world and second highest in the United Kingdom after London. Originally part of the estate of Lord Wimborne, development began in the 1880s. The land around Haven Road was divided into plots and buildings designed individually. To prevent erosion of the cliffs, which caused annual falls, a sea wall and promenade was constructed in the 1930s. The area was originally designed to be residential, with a church and village hall but few commercial buildings. The Canford Cliffs Land Society still works to preserve these goals, and there are few businesses and no industry in the area. Canford Cliffs is located along the eastern edge of Poole Harbour. Canford Cliffs is south of Parkstone and north of Sandbanks. Canford Cliffs is built around a small hill, with a maximum elevation of 30 metres above sea level. Canford Cliffs Chine, running southeast towards Sandbanks, is sandy and flat and the neighbouring waters relatively shallow, making Canford Cliffs a popular site for watersports, especially windsurfing and parasailing. Canford Cliffs has a significant population of retired people; in the 2001 Census, 31.30% of the population was registered as retired, twice the national average, while 44.42% of the population was registered as being over 65, far greater than the national average of 15.89%. The area is also far more affluent than typical: the area has a type 1 ACORN classification (affluent mature professionals, large houses), putting it in the top 1.7% of the population. 62.55% of homes are owned outright, while the national average is 21.19%, and less than 0.6% of the population lives in council housing, only one-twentieth of the national average, 13.21%. 73.26% of the population is in the ABC1 social grade when the national average is 51.91%. 81.66% of households have no dependent children against a national average of 56.58%. The area is home to the Canford Cliffs branch of HSBC. The bank announced that as a pilot experiment, the entire branch would be upgraded to a \"premium\" branch. Although cashpoints would remain free-of-use outside the branch, all indoor services would be restricted to those with savings of £ 50,000, a mortgage of £200,000, or a salary of £100,000 and a mortgage of £75,000; otherwise the customer must pay £19.95 per month or use another branch. HSBC defended its decision, claiming \"not everybody in the world is equal. Some people have higher incomes and need greater services through the bank. These customers demand a better service\" and referring to its other branches in the Poole area, which remain free of charge. However, the move angered many customers and commentators; \"The Daily Telegraph\" quoted one account holder as saying \"This is outrageous. It is particularly discriminatory against people who are house rich and cash poor. What happens if you are an elderly person living in a £500,000 house with no mortgage and no £75,000 salary?\", while the customer advisory service Money Supermarket expressed fears that it may be \"thin end of the wedge\", saying \"HSBC has given the green light to other high street providers to look at splitting their customers into first class and cattle class\". The branch was subsequently closed on November 6, 2015. HSBC said the closure was due to the rise of internet banking and the impending renewal of the lease. Canford Cliffs Canford Cliffs is an affluent suburb of Poole in Dorset, England. The neighbourhood lies on the English Channel coast midway between Poole and Bournemouth. To the southwest is Sandbanks which has some of the highest property values in the world, and together Canford Cliffs and Sandbanks form a parish, which has the fourth highest property prices in the world and second highest in the United Kingdom after London. Originally part of the estate of Lord Wimborne, development began in the 1880s. The land around Haven Road was divided into plots and buildings designed individually. To prevent"
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"Celje First Grammar School The Celje First Grammar School () is a coeducational nondenominational state secondary general education school for students aged between 15 and 19 in Celje, Slovenia. It was the first high school built in the region, established in 1808 by the Austrian Empire. Initially, the language of instruction was only German, although the great majority of the pupils came from the Slovene Lands. In 1895, the first classes with Slovene as the language of instruction were established. German nationalists in Austria-Hungary fiercely opposed this move, which resulted in a government crisis and fall of the cabinet of prince Alfred III. zu Windisch-Grätz. After the end of World War I and the formation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia), the high school switched to Slovene as the language of instruction. During its 200-year history, many of its pupils have become prominent individuals. Celje First Grammar School The Celje First Grammar School () is a coeducational nondenominational state secondary general education school for students aged between 15 and 19 in Celje, Slovenia. It was the first high school built in the region, established in 1808 by the Austrian Empire. Initially, the language of"
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"Tom Sleigh Tom Sleigh () is an American poet, dramatist, essayist and academic, who lives in New York City. He has published nine books of original poetry, one full-length translation of Euripides' \"Herakles\" and two books of essays. His most recent books are House of Fact, House of Ruin: Poems and The Land Between Two Rivers: Writing In an Age of Refugees (essays). At least five of his plays have been produced. He has won numerous awards, including the 2008 Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award, worth $100,000, an Academy Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, The Shelley Award from the Poetry Society of America, and a Guggenheim Foundation grant. He currently serves as director of Hunter College's Master of Fine Arts (MFA) program in Creative Writing. He is the recipient of the Anna-Maria Kellen Prize and Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin for Fall 2011. Tom Sleigh was born in Mount Pleasant, Texas, where he lived until the age of five, when he moved to Utah. He lived in Utah until seventh grade, when he moved to California. He attended the California Institute of the Arts, Evergreen State College, and the Writing Seminars Johns Hopkins University for two years, where he graduated with an MA. In his mid-twenties he moved to Massachusetts, to work at the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown. He began teaching at Dartmouth College in 1986 and later taught at New York University, the University of Iowa, UC-Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University. He lives in Brooklyn, New York, and serves as director of the Hunter College Master of Fine Arts Program in Creative Writing, where he also teaches poetry writing. In an interview published in the literary journal \"AGNI\", Sleigh lists his poetic influences: I'd have to say that Browning for his technique; Wallace Stevens for a certain quality of gravitas, what Keats feels near his death, when he said he was living a sort of posthumous existence; Philip Larkin for his sense of extremity; Pound for his fluidity of conception and hardness of execution; Baudelaire for his music and intense scrutiny and affection for street life; and Bishop and Lowell for their immersion in the physical world, would be my fathers and mothers. Tom Sleigh Tom Sleigh () is an American poet, dramatist, essayist and academic, who lives in New York City. He has published nine books of original poetry, one full-length"
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"Abraham Minero Abraham Minero Fernández (born 22 February 1986), known simply as Abraham, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Gimnàstic de Tarragona as a left back. Born in Granollers, Barcelona, Catalonia, Abraham played amateur football well into his 20s. He first arrived in Segunda División B in 2008, joining UE Sant Andreu. On 6 August 2010, Abraham signed a one-year deal with FC Barcelona B in Segunda División. He played his first match as a professional late in the month, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–1 away win against Celta de Vigo. On 6 June 2011, Abraham was released by the Catalans and joined La Liga side Real Zaragoza on 2 July, for three years. He made his debut in the competition on 28 August, starting in a 0–6 home loss against Real Madrid. On 4 March 2012, Abraham scored his first professional goal, netting in the 93rd minute for a 2–1 home triumph over Villarreal CF. On 27 February of the following year he renewed his contract with the Aragonese club, running until 2017. Abraham appeared in 35 matches during his second season, which ended in relegation. On 2 August 2014 he moved to SD Eibar, newly promoted to the top level, in a season-long loan. After returning to Zaragoza, Abraham moved to Levante UD on 7 July 2016 in a one-year loan deal. On 6 July of the following year, he signed a permanent two-year contract with Gimnàstic de Tarragona also in the second level. Levante Abraham Minero Abraham Minero Fernández (born 22 February 1986), known simply as Abraham, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Gimnàstic de Tarragona as a left back. Born in Granollers, Barcelona, Catalonia, Abraham played amateur football well into his 20s. He first arrived in Segunda División"
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"Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo (born Olukemi Omololu-Olunloyo, 6 August 1964) is a Nigerian journalist, activist against gun violence, and social media personality. Omololu-Olunloyo is the daughter of former Oyo State governor Victor Omololu Olunloyo and the second of ten children. She lived for 14 years in Nigeria, 30 years in the United States, and five years in Canada before being deported to Nigeria. Omololu-Olunloyo has appeared as a journalist/reporter discussing terrorism and health topics on CNN, CBC News, Ruptly, CTV News, BBC, Nigerian Television Authority and Fox News. In 2010, Omololu-Olunloyo served on the Governors Advisory Council at Kingston General Hospital in Kingston, Ontario. She also worked briefly as a music journalist with the \"Nigerian Tribune\" after a five-year stint running her own global music blog HipHossip Canada chosen by BET as their Canada-based hip-hop correspondent for the show \"The Deal\" showcasing rising hip-hop stars. While in Canada, Omololu-Olunloyo was active against gun violence. In Nigeria, she has used social media to raise awareness on the surging rate of male prostitution in Nigeria. In 2014 she released the names and photographs of men who solicited sex or exposed themselves on social media. In 2014, she was among the top three nominees of the Social Media Awards Africa's Social Media Influencer of the Year. In August 2012, Omololu-Olunloyo was arrested in her apartment in Toronto by agents from the Canada Border Services Agency. After being determined a flight risk when her refugee visa was not renewed, she was remanded into custody at Vanier Centre for Women, a female maximum prison, for seven days before she was deported to Nigeria. Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo (born Olukemi Omololu-Olunloyo, 6 August 1964) is a Nigerian journalist, activist against gun violence, and social media personality. Omololu-Olunloyo is the daughter of former Oyo State governor Victor"
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"Arcane Collective Arcane Collective is a contemporary dance production company, producing and presenting work from a cooperative of international artists from different backgrounds. It was founded in 2011 by Morleigh Steinberg, a dancer and choreographer and Oguri, a dancer and choreographer from Japan. Their performance \"Cold Dream Colour\" was presented in 2012, as a homage to the important Irish artist Louis le Brocquy, the performance being inspired by his paintings. Morleigh explained \"He so often pays homage to different painters, and I thought, for his birthday we could pay homage to him.\" The music was composed by Paul Chavez and performed by U2's The Edge with choreography by Liz Roche Steinberg, the artistic director of the piece staged a solo dance as well as a duet with her sister Roxanne, wife of Oguri. Excerpts from \"Cold Dream Colour\" were performed at the Guggenheim Museum's Works & Process series in New York in 2013 and Irish broadcaster John Kelly moderated a discussion of the work with its creators. Collaborating dancers include Cat Westwood, Boaz Barkan, Sherwood Chen, Joyce Lu and Dani Lunn and costume design by Mariad Whisker. Arcane Collective Arcane Collective is a contemporary dance production company, producing and presenting"
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"International MXT-MV The MXT-MV (Military Extreme Truck - Military Version) truck was introduced in 2006. Part of International Truck's Military Vehicles line, it is an International MXT extensively modified for military duty, transportable by C-130. The MXT-MVA was demonstrated to the US Army on August 14, 2006 at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Both variants are available with three different cab configurations: Standard, Extended Cab, and Crew Cab. Standard, unarmored version. The Plasan Sasa designed armored version, the MXT-MVA, has the choice of two removable armor kits, dubbed A-Kit and B-Kit, with increasing levels of protection against bullets, mines, and IEDs. The Husky is a variant of the MXT-MVA modified to satisfy the UK MoD's Tactical Support Vehicles (TSV) requirements for the British Army. Navistar built its rejected M-ATV candidate sharing some powertrain & suspension components with the MXT, but with a completely unique chassis. This protection system was designed by Navistar rather than their normal MXT and MRAP partner, Plasan. International MXT-MV The MXT-MV (Military Extreme Truck - Military Version) truck was introduced in 2006. Part of International Truck's Military Vehicles line, it is an International MXT extensively modified for military duty, transportable by C-130. The MXT-MVA was demonstrated to"
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"Diophila claricoma Diophila claricoma is a moth in the Autostichidae family. It is found in Uganda. The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are fuscous irregularly irrorated dark fuscous and with a narrow blackish basal patch, angularly produced on the dorsum, and on the costa with a streak nearly to the middle. There is a triangular blotch of dark fuscous irroration on costa about the middle, its anterior edge rather raised, and a blackish dorsal spot opposite its apex. A smaller blotch of dark fuscous irroration is found on the costa at three-fourths. The hindwings are rather dark grey. Diophila claricoma Diophila claricoma is a moth in the Autostichidae family. It is found in Uganda. The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are fuscous irregularly irrorated dark fuscous and with a narrow blackish basal patch, angularly produced on the dorsum, and on the costa with a streak nearly to the middle. There is a triangular blotch of dark fuscous irroration on costa about the middle, its anterior edge rather raised, and a blackish dorsal spot opposite its apex. A smaller blotch of dark fuscous irroration is found on the costa at three-fourths. The hindwings are rather dark grey."
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"Belegaer In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Belegaer, the Great Sea or the Sundering Seas, is the sea of Arda that is west of Middle-earth. It represents a loose mythical view of the Atlantic Ocean. Before the Second Age, Belegaer stretched from the Gap of Ilmen in the far north, where a bridge made of ice known as the Helcaraxë connected Middle-earth and Aman, to the far south, where it also connected with Ilmen and froze. Belegaer was narrower in the north than in the south, with its widest part near the equator of Arda. The full extent of Belegaer after the Akallabêth is never made clear, but it reaches far enough to the north to be ice-covered, and far to the south. The name is Sindarin, and has the elements \"beleg\" (\"might\") and \"aer\" or \"eär\" (\"sea\"), the latter also present in the name Eärendil (\"sea-lover\"). The Quenya name of Belegaer, never used in published writing, is Alatairë. Before the end of the Second Age, the continent of Aman, home of the Valar, formed the western edge of Belegaer. Before the ruin of Beleriand at the end of the First Age, the sea was narrow and ice-filled in the north, forming the strait of Helcaraxë, the Grinding Ice. It was thus possible to cross from Aman to Middle-earth on foot, though with difficulty, as did Fingolfin and his people of the Noldor when fleeing Valinor. After the War of Wrath Belegaer was widened by the drowning of a large part of Middle-earth. During the Akallabêth in the Second Age, the seas were \"bent\" and the world was made round. Aman was removed from the world, Belegaer washed \"new lands\", and only the chosen could find the \"Straight Road\" to Valinor. The new western reaches of Belegaer are never described in the narrative, although there are indications that Númenórean refugees reached them in search for Valinor. The \"new lands\" have been compared before to the Americas by fans, although Tolkien himself never indicated whether that was what he intended. On the west, before Aman was removed from the world near the end of the Second Age, features of Belegaer included: Features near Beleriand, drowned at the end of the First Age: After the drowning of Beleriand: Bay of Belfalas Belegaer In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Belegaer, the Great Sea or the Sundering Seas, is the"
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"Sir George Russell, 4th Baronet Sir George Russell, 4th Baronet (23 August 1828 – 7 March 1898) was a British barrister and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1898. Russell was the third son of Sir Henry Russell, 2nd Baronet and his wife Marie Clotilde Mottet de la Fontaine. He was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1853 and went the Oxford Circuit. In 1862 he became recorder of Wokingham. He was a County Court Judge of County Circuit No. 19 from 1866 to 1874, and of Circuit No. 49 from 1874 to February 1884. He succeeded his brother Charles as 4th baronet in 1883. In the 1885 general election, Russell was elected the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Wokingham. He served until his death at the age of 69 in 1898. Russell married Constance Charlotte Lennox, daughter of Lord Arthur Lennox in 1871. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son George. They lived at Swallowfield Park in Berkshire. Their children were: Sir George Russell, 4th Baronet Sir George Russell, 4th Baronet (23 August 1828 – 7 March 1898) was"
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"Here Today, Tomorrow Next Week! Here Today, Tomorrow Next Week! is the second studio album by Icelandic alternative rock band The Sugarcubes, released in September 1989 through Elektra Records. A version of the album sung in Icelandic titled \"Illur Arfur!\" (English: \"Bad Legacy!\") was released as well, with the same English track listing, under the name of Sykurmolarnir (The Sugarcubes in Icelandic). The album reached #70 on the Billboard 200, #15 on the UK Albums Chart and #1 on the UK Indie Albums chart. The album wasn't as well received by critics as their critically acclaimed debut album, \"Life's Too Good\", and was criticized for Einar's greater vocal contribution. The album spanned three singles: \"Regina\" which reached #2 on the Alternative Songs chart, \"Tidal Wave\" and \"Planet\". All three singles were also released a music video, as well as \"Eat the Menu\". The name of the album was inspired by Mr. Toad from the famous children's book \"The Wind in the Willows\". Notes The Sugarcubes Additional personnel Here Today, Tomorrow Next Week! Here Today, Tomorrow Next Week! is the second studio album by Icelandic alternative rock band The Sugarcubes, released in September 1989 through Elektra Records. A version of the"
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"Original Sin (2001 film) Original Sin is a 2001 erotic thriller film starring Antonio Banderas and Angelina Jolie. It is based on the novel \"Waltz into Darkness\" by Cornell Woolrich, and is a remake of the 1969 François Truffaut film \"Mississippi Mermaid\". The movie was produced by actress Michelle Pfeiffer's production company, Via Rosa Productions. \"Original Sin\" is set in the late 19th century Cuba during the Spanish rule, and flashes back and forth from the scene of a woman awaiting her execution by garrote while telling her story to a priest, to the actual events of that story. Luis Vargas (Antonio Banderas) sends for American Julia Russell (Angelina Jolie) from Delaware to sail to his country Cuba to be his mail-order bride. Julia alights from the ship, looking nothing like the photos she had sent prior to her voyage. Julia explains she wants more than a man who is only interested in a pretty face and that is why she has been deceptive—substituting a plain-looking woman's photo in place of her own picture. Luis also admits to a deception; he has been misleading her into believing that he is a poor clerk in a coffee export house, instead of being the rich owner of that coffee export house. On hearing this, Julia says that they both have something in common and that is that both are not to be trusted. But they assure each other that they would make efforts in understanding and trusting each other in life. Luis and Julia wed in the church within hours of her setting foot in Cuba. Luis falls desperately in love with his new wife, and they passionately make love. Meanwhile, Julia's sister Emily has been trying to contact her, worried about her after such a long trip to a strange land. She sends an emotional letter to Julia asking about her welfare. Luis forces Julia to write back, fearing that if Julia continues to ignore Emily's letters, Emily will assume something terrible has befallen her sister and she might send the authorities to check on her welfare. Holding off as long as possible, Julia finally pens a letter to her sister. In order to assure that his wife has everything she wants, Luis adds Julia to his business and personal bank accounts, giving her free rein to spend as she pleases. A detective, Walter Downs (Thomas Jane), arrives from Wilmington and tells Luis that he has been hired by Emily to find her sister Julia and would like to see her on the coming Sunday. Luis informs Julia about this and she gets upset. Emily arrives in Cuba to meet Luis, and shows the letter Julia wrote to her. She informs Luis that she believes Julia to be an impostor and that her sister may be dead. Luis discovers that Julia has taken nearly all of his fortune and disconsolate, teams up with Walter to look for her. Luis finds Julia and discovers she is actually working with Walter and that she and Luis are staying at the same hotel. Luis believes she loves him and lies to Walter, but when confronted, a fight breaks out and Luis shoots Walter. Julia coldly tells Luis to go and buy them tickets home, but the minute he leaves, Walter gets to his feet; he had loaded the gun with blanks. Julia appears to love Luis, but Walter has too much control over her, so she continues to work for him as she and Luis run off to live in secret, with the supposedly dead Walter in pursuit. Walter turns out to be Julia (Bonny's) old lover and partner Billy. Luis throws away his promising future and opens himself to living a lie with Julia. One night, Luis follows Julia/Bonny and discovers Walter/Billy is alive and that the two are still working together; she is apparently going to poison her husband that very night. He returns home to wait for her, and when she arrives, he reveals that he knows about the plan, confesses his love for her once more and swallows the poisoned drink though she desperately tries to stop him. Julia flees with the dying Luis, with Walter close behind. They run into him at a train station; Walter is furious that Julia has betrayed him. As Walter holds a knife to her throat, Luis shoots and wounds him, with Julia finishing him off. Back in the \"mise en scene\", Julia finishes her story and asks the priest to pray with her. The next morning the guards come to her cell to take her to her execution, only to find the priest kneeling in her clothing. In Morocco, Julia is watching a card game. She walks around the table occupied by gamblers—including Luis—and thanks them for allowing her to watch. As Julia signals Luis about the other players' cards, he begins telling them the story of how they got there. \"Original Sin\" was poorly received by critics. It currently holds a 12% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 91 reviews with the consensus stating: \"Laughably melodramatic, \"Original Sin\" features bad acting, poor dialogue and even worse plotting.\" Film critic Roger Ebert gave the movie a positive review and said about Jolie's performance, \"Jolie continues to stalk through pictures entirely on her own terms. Her presence is like a dare-ya for a man. There's dialogue in this movie so overwrought, it's almost literally unspeakable, and she survives it by biting it off contemptuously and spitting it out.\" Angelina Jolie was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her work in both this film and \"\", but lost the trophy to Mariah Carey for \"Glitter\". Original Sin (2001 film) Original Sin is a 2001 erotic thriller film starring Antonio Banderas and Angelina Jolie. It is based on the novel \"Waltz into Darkness\" by Cornell Woolrich, and is a remake of the 1969 François Truffaut film \"Mississippi Mermaid\". The movie was produced by actress Michelle Pfeiffer's production company, Via Rosa Productions. \"Original"
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"Buffalo Bill Boyhood Home The Buffalo Bill Boyhood Home was built by Isaac Cody, the father of Buffalo Bill Cody in 1841 at LeClaire, Iowa. The house was purchased as a tourist attraction by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad and was moved to Cody, Wyoming, Buffalo Bill's adopted hometown, in 1933. The house was placed at the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy's Cody station to provide an attraction for tourists stopping in Cody on their way to or from Yellowstone National Park. Of necessity, groups had to spend the night at Cody, in the railroad's Burlington Inn next to the station, about two miles from town. The house was meant to provide the travelers with a diversion that would not require a trip into town. By 1947 the rail tour business was declining and the Burlington Inn was to be demolished. The Cody House was given to the Buffalo Bill Memorial Association and moved to its final location at the Buffalo Bill Museum in Cody. The house was again moved in 1969 when the museum moved into the Buffalo Bill Historical Center across the street from the old museum. The house is the oldest structure in the town of Cody, and may be the oldest building in Wyoming. The two-story frame house has two rooms downstairs and two upstairs. A lean-to kitchen addition to the rear did not make the journey from Iowa to Wyoming. The house is constructed of sawn lumber with larger hand-hewn timbers. The Cody House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Buffalo Bill Boyhood Home The Buffalo Bill Boyhood Home was built by Isaac Cody, the father of Buffalo Bill Cody in 1841 at LeClaire, Iowa. The house was purchased as a tourist attraction by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad"
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"Antwerp Province Antwerp Province ( ) is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium. It borders on (clockwise from the North) North Brabant province of the Netherlands and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders. Its capital is Antwerp which comprises the Port of Antwerp. It has an area of and with 1.8 million inhabitants it is the country's most populous province. The province consists of 3 arrondissements: Antwerp, Mechelen and Turnhout. The eastern part of the province comprises the main part of the Campine region. During the early Middle Ages the region was part of the Frankish Empire, which was divided into several pagi. The territory of the present day province belonged to several pagi of which the region around Antwerp belonged to the \"Pagus Renesium\". The Pagus Toxandria stretched from North Brabant into the Campine region. To the south there was the \"Pagus Bracbatinse\" and the Pagus Hasbaniensis. In 843 the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne was divided among his sons and the river Scheldt became the border between West Francia and East Francia. In 974 Otto II established the Margraviate of Antwerp as a defence against the County of Flanders. In 1106, Henry V granted the Margraviate to Godfrey I of Leuven. His descendants would from 1235 onwards become the Dukes of Brabant and the region itself was the northern part of the Duchy of Brabant. In 1430 the Duchy became part of the Duchy of Burgundy until 1477 when it fell to the House of Habsburg. In 1713, at the end of the Spanish Succession War the region became part of the Austrian Netherlands until 1794, with in 1790 the short lived United States of Belgium. On 1 October 1795 the former Austrian Netherlands were annexed by France under the French Directory. The modern province was created as the \"Department of the two Netes\" during the First French Empire (when the Southern Netherlands were part of France). After the defeat of Napoleon, the territory became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands as the province of Central Brabant, distinguishing it from North Brabant and South Brabant. In 1830, after Belgium's independence the province was renamed Antwerp (after its major city and capital). Prefects of the Department of the two Netes during the First French Empire Governors of the province of Antwerp during the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Governors of the Belgian province of Antwerp As in all Flemish provinces, the official and standard language of the Antwerp province is Dutch. Common with Flemish Brabant, North Brabant and Brussels, the local dialect is a Brabantian variety. According to the \"International Social Survey Programme 2008: Religion III\" by the Association of Religion Data Archives, 73.3% of Antwerp's population identify themselves as Catholics, 24.1% as non-religious, 2.6% identify themselves in other religions. The province of Antwerp has a provincial council, elected every six years, and an executive deputation headed by a governor. The current governor is Cathy Berx, appointed in 2008 by the Flemish Government. The last elections were held on 14 October 2012. The following parties were elected to the 72-member council: For the 2013-2018 legislative term, the deputation consists of a coalition of N-VA, CD&V and sp.a, that each have 2 deputies. The three parties have a majority of 50 seats out of 72. The province has a network of roads, railroads, canals and rivers which provide a modern infrastructure. Historically, the traffic infrastructure was an important element of connecting the Port of Antwerp with the Ruhr Area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Both the Iron Rhine railroad and the E313 (\"King Baudouin highway\") and E34 highway connect Antwerp with the Ruhr Area. The river Schelde, an important waterway, connects the Port of Antwerp with the North Sea. The Albert Canal connects the Scheldt in Antwerp with the Meuse and Liège. Other canals are the Canal Dessel – Kwaadmechelen, Schoten – Turnhout – Dessel, and Herentals – Bocholt which flows into the Nete canal. Of the International E-road network, the E313, E19, and E34 run through parts of the province. The Kennedy Tunnel and the Liefkenshoek Tunnel connect the highway network of the province with East Flanders and Ghent. In addition a new Oosterweelconnection is under consideration. The railroads connect the major cities of the province, such as Antwerp, Mechelen, Herentals, Turnhout and Mol. The Iron Rhine connects Antwerp with Mönchengladbach in Germany. The new High Speed Train connects Antwerpen-Centraal railway station with Brussels (HSL 4) and Amsterdam (HSL-Zuid) at high speed. Antwerp International Airport, located in Deurne is a regional airport. The province harbors several historical cities, such as Antwerp, Mechelen, Turnhout, Herentals and Lier. The Campine region is becoming a popular destination for tourists searching for a quiet and relaxed weekend. Old farms were transformed into bed and breakfast-hotels, the restaurant and café business is very active and an ingenious network for bicycle tours has come to life the past few years. Here and there still up to several dozens acres of large heathland - and forests, such as the Kalmthoutse Heide (E: Kalmthout heathland) in Kalmthout, the moors around Turnhout, the \"Liereman\" (Oud-Turnhout) and the \"Prinsenpark\" in Retie. In a number of villages one can still see the typical Campine \"langgevelboerderijen\" (E: \"long facade farms\"). The province is home to several educational institutions and the University of Antwerp. Several research institutions are located in the province, such as the SCK•CEN, the European Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) and the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO). International schools in Antwerp include Antwerp International School and Lycée Français International d'Anvers. The Port of Antwerp is the economic heart of the province. Until the agricultural crisis of 1880, the eastern part of the province was a largely agricultural region. The industrial development of the eastern part of the province, part of the Campine region, started at the end of the 19th century when industry established itself in the region. The availability of cheap labor, new roads, canals, tramways and railroads such as the Iron Rhine, stimulated the settlement of new industry. Brick making industry alongside the canals, paper and printing business in Turnhout. Non-ferrous metallurgy in Balen-Nete, dynamite factories in Arendonk and Balen. Tobacco and cigar factories in Arendonk and the first shoe factory in Herentals. During the 1920s, the industrial expansion of the region continued with the radium and copper factories in Olen, the glass factory in Mol-Gompel and the diamond industry in Grobbendonk and Nijlen. In the 20th century the first nuclear installation in Belgium was established at the SCK•CEN in Mol in 1962. The European Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), one of the EU Joint Research Centres, was founded in Geel in 1957 as a result of the Treaty of Rome. Innotek is a technology centre located in Geel and is part of the \"European Business and Innovation Centre Network\" (EBN). Industry in the Campine region of the province is mainly located alongside the E313, the E34 and the Albert Canal. The unemployment rate stood at 5.9% in 2017 and was lower than the national average. After World War II the Port of Antwerp was expanded and on its premises several chemical factories and oil refineries were established, such as Bayer, BASF, Monsanto Company. The chemical and petrochemical industry is widely represented in the port region and comprises the world's second largest cluster of petrochemical industry, next to Houston (United States). In 1967 \"Amoco Chemical Belgium N.V.\", now BP, was founded in Geel. Pharmaceutical industry was founded in Beerse in the 1960s, with Janssen Pharmaceutica and more",
"part of the \"European Business and Innovation Centre Network\" (EBN). Industry in the Campine region of the province is mainly located alongside the E313, the E34 and the Albert Canal. The unemployment rate stood at 5.9% in 2017 and was lower than the national average. After World War II the Port of Antwerp was expanded and on its premises several chemical factories and oil refineries were established, such as Bayer, BASF, Monsanto Company. The chemical and petrochemical industry is widely represented in the port region and comprises the world's second largest cluster of petrochemical industry, next to Houston (United States). In 1967 \"Amoco Chemical Belgium N.V.\", now BP, was founded in Geel. Pharmaceutical industry was founded in Beerse in the 1960s, with Janssen Pharmaceutica and more recently with Genzyme in Geel. Soudal (silicon) in Turnhout and Ravago (plastics) in Arendonk became leading companies in their markets. The diamond industry and trade is traditionally located in Antwerp. At the end of the 19th century Hendrik Cassiers founded a diamond cutting company outside Antwerp, in Grobbendonk. Hendrik Cassiers and Frans Dela Montagne laid the foundations of the diamond industry in the Campine region. The industry would settle in Nijlen, Herenthout, Bevel, Kessel, Vorselaar and Berlaar. The region around Turnhout became famous for its printing business, with companies such as Brepols, which roots date back to 1796 when Pieter Corbeels established his printing business in Turnhout. In 1833, Van Genechten N.V., Splichal N.V. in 1856, Mesmaekers Freres in 1859, Meses-Goris in 1872, L. Biermans in 1875, Poupaert in 1881, La Belgica N.V. in 1907, H. Proost & Co in 1913, J. Van Mierlo-Proost in 1918, Lityca in 1932 and Veloutex in 1951. More recently in 1970, Cartamundi was established, a world leader in playing cards. While Wallonia was famous for its steel industry, the Campine region became renowned for its non ferrous metallurgies. The Campine region was scarcely populated in the 19th century and with the availability of canals, the Iron Rhine and cheap labor, several metallurgies were established in the region. In 1888-1889 the metallurgy La Vieille Montagne was founded in Balen-Nete, close the Iron Rhine and the canal to Beverlo. The company had its roots in the exploitation of the zinc mines of Moresnet. The Union Minière du Haut Katanga founded the \"Société Générale Métallurgique de Hoboken\" in Olen, which was established along the Iron Rhine and the Albert Canal. The factory produced radium, cobalt and copper from the mines of the \"Union Minière\" in Katanga, Belgian Congo and Rhodesia. Along the canal Turnhout-Schoten the \"Métallurgique de la Campine\" was established in 1910 for the production of lead and antimony. In 1919 \"La Metallo-Chimique\" was established which specialized in the production of copper. In 1872 the \"Sablières et Carrières Réunies\" (SCR), now Sibelco, was founded to extract the silica sand layers in Mol for industrial applications (glass). In 1920 the glass bottle manufacture \"Beles Réunios\" was set up in Mol-Donk. In 1921 a group of Belgian banks, the \"Mutuelle Mobilière & Immobilière\", the Société Générale de Belgique, the \"Banque de Bruxelles\" and the \"Financière de Transport\" together with the American group Libbey-Owens founded the \"Cie Internationale pour la fabrication mécanique de Verre\" in Mol Gompel. In 1931, due to the economic crisis, the company merged into \"Glaces et Verres\" (Glaver). In 1961 Glaver would merge with \"Univerbel\" into Glaverbel. As the Campine region was sparsely populated several dynamite factories were established in the region. In 1875, the \"Societe Anonyme d'Arendonk\" was established which premises would later become part of Ravago. In 1881 \"La Forcite N.V.\" was established near Balen, which was later acquired in 1920 by the \"Poudreries Réunies de Belgique\" (PRB). In 1887 a factory was founded near Herentals, which was closed due to the vicinity to the city. The factories produced explosives for the mines and quarries. The factories in the province are now closed down. Historically, wool processing industry was based on the wool from the sheep which were kept on the Campine heath. The centre of the textile industry in the province could be found in Turnhout. Wool processing companies such as \"Wolspinnerij Van Iersel\", \"Spinnerij en Weverij Van Hoof\" and \"De Wollendekensfabriek Van Doren\" were located in Mol. At the end of the 19th century Arendonk became the centre of the tobacco industry. Additional factories were founded in Turnhout, Mol, Geel and Herentals. After World War II, the ALTO sigar factory was founded by Frans Van den Bergh who would also play an important role at Janssen Pharmaceutica. The province is divided into three administrative arrondissements (\"arrondissementen\" in Dutch) containing 70 municipalities : Antwerp Province Antwerp Province ( ) is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium. It borders on (clockwise from the North) North Brabant province of the Netherlands and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders. Its capital is Antwerp which comprises the Port of Antwerp. It has an area of and with 1.8 million inhabitants it is the country's most populous province. The province consists of 3 arrondissements: Antwerp, Mechelen and Turnhout. The eastern part of the province comprises the main part"
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"The Broken Kingdoms The Broken Kingdoms is a fantasy novel by American writer N. K. Jemisin, the second book of her \"Inheritance\" trilogy. It takes place ten years after the events of \"The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms\" and centers around a young woman named Oree Shoth, who lives in the World Tree-shrouded, godling-inhabited city of Shadow. A decade after the events of \"The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms\" comes the story of Oree Shoth, a young street artist who lives in the city of Sky, which has been unofficially renamed \"Shadow\" after the growth of the enormous World Tree. Oree is blind, but has the ability to see magic; she has inherited this sensitivity to magic from her father, who also taught her to conceal her gift, as it is considered heretical by the Order of Itempas. Oree seeks only to live as ordinary a life as possible, despite her unusual abilities and disability. Shadow is a city in which many \"godlings\"—immortal, demigod children of the gods—live hidden among the mortal citizens, so Oree is not very surprised to find a downtrodden being who is apparently unconscious, yet glowing brightly to her magic-sight, in the trash-strewn alley behind her house. She takes in this apparently mute homeless man, whom she later whimsically dubs \"Shiny\", and lives with him without incident for several months. She has no inkling of his identity, suspecting only that he is a godling, though readers familiar with \"The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms\" will quickly realize that he is Itempas, god of light and order. Itempas was disgraced and sentenced to humanity by his fellow gods at the end of the previous book. When one of the local godlings is murdered, Oree finds the body—and falls under suspicion when the Itempan Order seeks a scapegoat rather than the actual culprit. Shiny increases the danger to Oree when, in an apparent fit of pique, he manifests inhuman power and injures, then kills, several Orderkeepers. Madding, another godling denizen of the city and Oree's ex-lover, attempts to aid her. However, he and a number of other godlings, and Oree, are then captured by a heretical group of Itempans who call themselves the Order of the New Light. The New Lights, led by a renegade Arameri fullblood named Serymn and her scrivener husband, Dateh, oppose the Order of Itempas, which has attempted to change mortal society and doctrine in response to the events of the previous novel, which are not widely known. Dateh reveals to Oree that she is a demon, a part-god mortal whose blood is toxic to gods; it is demon blood, which Dateh also bears, that has been used to kill godlings. The gods, led by Itempas, long ago attempted to hunt down and destroy all demons due to the threat they represented, but a few escaped. Oree is left with no choice but to seek allies from among the gods and the Arameri—although both groups would happily kill or use her for their own purposes—in order to defeat the New Lights before their actions can threaten the entire mortal realm. Oree is a street artist who lives in Shadow, eking out a living by selling trinkets and art to souvenirs. She has been blind since birth, and is of the Maroneh, remnants of a people whose continent was destroyed by the Nightlord centuries before. After being bound in human form Itempas wandered until Oree took him in. Because of his general contempt for mortal beings, he initially refuses to talk—leading Oree to call him \"Shiny\" because of the way his magic appears to her. After the events in \"The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms\", Yeine has taken Enefa's place as one of The Three, the goddess of life and death. To conceal the fact that Enefa has been reborn, the Order of Itempas has dubbed her \"the Gray Lady\", in an attempt to brand her as a new goddess for the purposes of worship. The god of darkness and change, he is feared throughout the world as the Nightlord. To conceal the fact that he has been set free from his long enslavement by the Arameri, the Order of Itempas has dubbed him \"the Lord of Shadows\" in an attempt to brand him as a new god for the purposes of worship. The god of obligation, and Oree's former lover. As an openly godly denizen of Shadow, he runs an organization of disaffected mortals and his fellow godlings, who trade in illegal magic and godsblood, a narcotic. The goddess of hunger, another godling who lives in Shadow. The Trickster and god of childhood, one of the godlings formerly enslaved by the Arameri. Now free, he visits the mortal realm only to torment Itempas. Dateh is a scrivener, a licensed user of magic, who abandoned the Order of Itempas. He is the husband of Serymn. An Arameri fullbood who defected from the family following her belief that they'd perverted the way of Itempas. The book received a \"Romantic Times\" Reviewers' Choice Award for Fantasy (2010). Joshua S. Hill, of Fantasy Book Review, gave it a 9 out of 10, stating \"This book manages to weave together grand themes in the true style of high fantasy literature with a very personal and relatable story, full of unease and fear and sadness, joy and pleasure\". The Broken Kingdoms The Broken Kingdoms is a fantasy novel by American writer N. K. Jemisin, the second book of"
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"Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) hydroxide or ferrous hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Fe(OH). It is produced when iron(II) salts, from a compound such as iron(II) sulfate, are treated with hydroxide ions. Iron(II) hydroxide is a white solid, but even traces of oxygen impart a greenish tinge. The air-oxidized solid is sometimes known as \"green rust\". Iron(II) hydroxide is poorly soluble in water (1.43 × 10 g/L), or 1.59 × 10 mol/L. It precipitates from the reaction of iron(II) and hydroxide salts: If the solution is not deoxygenated and the iron reduced, the precipitate can vary in color starting from green to reddish brown depending on the iron(III) content. Iron(II) ions are easily substituted by iron(III) ions produced by its progressive oxidation. It is also easily formed as a by-product of other reactions, a.o., in the synthesis of siderite, an iron carbonate (FeCO), if the crystal growth conditions are imperfectly controlled. Fe(OH) is a layer double hydroxide (LDH). Green rust is a recently discovered mineralogical form. All forms of green rust (including fougerite) are more complex and variable than the ideal iron(II) hydroxide compound. The natural analogue of iron(II) hydroxide compound is a very rare mineral amakinite, (Fe,Mg)(OH). Under anaerobic conditions, the iron(II) hydroxide can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite (iron(II,III) oxide) and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction: Anions such as selenite and selenate can be easily adsorbed on the positively charged surface of iron(II) hydroxide, where they are subsequently reduced by Fe. The resulting products are poorly soluble (Se, FeSe, or FeSe). Iron(II) hydroxide has also been investigated as an agent for the removal of toxic selenate and selenite ions from water systems such as wetlands. The iron(II) hydroxide reduces these ions to elemental selenium, which is insoluble in water and precipitates out. In a basic solution iron(II) hydroxide is the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode of the nickel-iron battery. Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) hydroxide or ferrous hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Fe(OH). It is produced when iron(II) salts, from a compound such as iron(II) sulfate, are treated with hydroxide ions. Iron(II) hydroxide is a white solid, but even traces of oxygen impart a greenish tinge. The air-oxidized solid is sometimes known as \"green rust\". Iron(II) hydroxide is poorly soluble in water (1.43 × 10 g/L), or 1.59 × 10 mol/L. It precipitates from"
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"Dallastown Area High School Dallastown Area High School is a large suburban, American High School and is part of the Dallastown Area School District. The school is located at 700 New School Lane, Dallastown, Pennsylvania in York County, Pennsylvania. Dallastown Area High School is commonly referred to as Dallastown, Dallastown High, DAHS, and DHS. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, Dallastown Area High School reported an enrollment of 1,869 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 272 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school employed 127 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 15:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under No Child Left Behind. The first Dallastown High School class graduated in 1898. The first constructed building to house the newly created Dallastown High School, a combination of local schoolhouses, was on Charles St. in Dallastown, now Dallastown Elementary. This building became too small, and effective July 1, 1958; the school districts of Loganville, Springfield and York Township became the York Imperial Union School District. Accordingly, the Dallastown Area School System, which operated all of the schools in the area, grades 1 through 12, was composed of three member districts: Dallastown Borough, Yoe Borough and York Imperial Union. Realizing an immediate need for a building for secondary school purposes, a site was selected and construction of a building began. On September 1, 1958, the doors of the new Dallastown Area High School opened. The Dallastown Area High School was first constructed in 1958 and underwent a major renovation and remodel in 2001. The Dallastown High School is adjoined with Dallastown Area Middle School to form the Dallastown Middle-High School Campus. Due to growing overcrowding, the district administration determined building a new school to host grades 4-6, the Dallastown Area Intermediate School, would help to alleviate this problem. The district removed the sixth grade from the Middle School in 2010, the year the Intermediate School was completed, allowing the High School to obtain some of the former Middle School classrooms. An enclosed hallway was built to connect the high school to the former middle school wing. In 2011, the high school became more energy efficient with solar panels on the roof of the campus; the panels were dedicated to long-time Dallastown Area School District board member Earl Miller. In 2012, Dallastown Area High School graduation rate was 94%. In 2011, the Dallastown Area High School graduation rate was 97%. In 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, 4-year cohort graduation rate. Dallastown Area High School's rate was 95% for 2010. The Dallastown Area School Board has determined that a pupil must earn 26 credits to graduate, including: math 3 credits (Algebra 1 and Geometry), English 4 credits, social studies 3 credits, science 3 credits, World Language - 2 credits, Physical Education 1.5 credits, Health .5 credits, Financial Literacy .5 credits, Civics .5 credits, Culminating Portfolio 1 credit and electives 7 credits. By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district. Students earn 1.0 credit towards graduation upon completion of the project. By Pennsylvania School Board regulations, beginning with the class of 2017, public school students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, and English Literature by passing the Keystone Exams. For the class of 2019, a composition exam will be added. For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements. In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. In 2012, Dallastown Area Senior High School declined further to School Improvement AYP status due to lagging achievement in reading and mathematics. The school missed 5 out of 8 academic metrics measured. The Administration was required to develop a school improvement plan to address the academic issues. The PDE required the administration submit the plan for approval. School improvement funds were available to fund reforms. Additionally, under No Child Left Behind, the school was mandated to inform the parents of the low academic achievement. In 2011, Dallastown Area Senior High School declined to Warning AYP status due to lagging student achievement in reading and mathematics. In 2010, the school achieved AYP status. In 2009, the high school was in Warning status due lagging IEP (Special Education) student achievement. According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 26% of Dallastown Area Senior High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English. In 2012, 360 Dallastown Area School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 507. The Math average score was 515. The Writing average score was 501. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400. In 2011, 309 Dallastown Area School District students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 506. The Math average score was 506. The Writing average score was 493. Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479. In the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. Dallastown High includes a very broad range of curricula with high expectations and standards. Currently, the school offers 15 Advanced Placement courses and a dual-enrollment partnership for juniors and seniors with York College of Pennsylvania and Penn State York. AP Seminar AP Research AP Studio Art The high school offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school, including the graduation ceremony. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and",
"courses and a dual-enrollment partnership for juniors and seniors with York College of Pennsylvania and Penn State York. AP Seminar AP Research AP Studio Art The high school offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school, including the graduation ceremony. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions. For the 2009–10 funding year, the school district received a state grant of $33,637 for the program. The Social Studies Department at Dallastown is truly diversified. The 9-12 Social Science curriculum is designed to improve the students' critical thinking and problem solving skills by developing an awareness of civic responsibility and diversity. The department prepares students to become informed and contributing members of the world community. The Mathematics Department at Dallastown prepares students for success after graduation. Courses in Algebra, Geometry, Precalculus and Calculus are offered at different levels so as to develop in all students the skills necessary for college and careers. Some classes are more rigorous and theoretical while others are more applied. The curriculum is designed to provide a firm mathematical foundation according to the standards developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. The Science department at Dallastown is one of the best in the county. Every year, the annual Science and Engineering Fair includes projects from students in grades 7-12 and includes a Junior (7-9) and Senior (10-12) division. Other activities include the Annual Night of Science and the Physics Olympics. The mission of the English Department at Dallastown Area High School is to expose students to the ways in which the English language is used to communicate effectively through the written and the spoken word. To graduate, a student must take four years of English and take an oral communications class. In 2010, 77% of graduates planned on continuing their education, down from 81% in 2005. Of those who planned on continuing their education in 2010, 58% planned to attend a 4-year college or university. Pennsylvania State University, University of Pittsburgh, and York College of Pennsylvania are perennially the most common destinations. The vast majority of students remain in-state. The average SAT score in 2010 was 1561 out of 2400. The Classroom for the Future state grant and training program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math). Additionally, the grant paid for mandatory teacher training to optimize the computers use. The program was funded from 2006–2009. Dallastown Area School District was denied funding 2006–07. In 2007–08, Dallastown Area High School received $315,540 and $54,026 in 2008–09 for a total funding of $369,566. Among York County schools, the highest funding ($1,023,131) went to West Shore School District. The highest funding statewide was awarded to Philadelphia City School District in Philadelphia County - $9,409,073. In 2010, Classrooms for the Future funding was curtailed by Governor Rendell due to a massive state financial crisis. The High School offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and an extensive, costly sport program. Eligibility for participation is determined by the school board. Dallastown High has many clubs and organizations. A few examples are Volunteer club, Red Cross Club, and an Envirothon team. The school's Student Council provides an annual homecoming dance, tailgate party, senior citizens' conference, various dances, and a spring \"coffee house\" music event. A local chapter of the National Honor Society exists at Dallastown and does an annual flower sale and a clothing drive for charity. Dallastown's school newspaper, The Beacon, is published monthly; the yearbook, The Spectator, is produced annually. Each is student-run. Dallastown's Performing Arts see much student participation. Dallastown has a long tradition of producing an annual musical. In the spring of 2010, Dallastown's rendition of \"Les Misérables\" received Rosie Awards (annual awards given to selected high schools across York County for musical productions) for best overall performance, best actress, and best actor. The musical in 2011, \"Urinetown the Musical\", managed to capture four awards at the annual Rosies, including best overall performance once again. The 2012 Musical, \"Hairspray',' received three Rosies: two best female performer awards and one for best overall performance. The Dallastown Performing Arts Club was founded in 2007 by a senior culminating project. The club puts on one stage show in the fall, a dinner theater style show in the winter, and Dallastalent (an annual school-wide talent show) in addition to aiding the spring musical. The high school competes on a very high level in a variety of sports. Dallastown's athletic director is Tory Harvey. Their teams are part of PIAA triple or quad A, District 3, and YAIAA Division I. Awarded annually since 2006, the York Dispatch Cup recognizes the most successful athletic programs in the York-Adams League. Dallastown competes in the Large School Division. Dallastown has enjoyed unparalleled success. The Wildcats emerged with the creation of a York-Adams county athletic conference, the YAIAA, which awarded its first football championship in 1960. Dallastown won four YAIAA championships in this 20-year period (1969, 1971, 1976, and 1980). In the time after winning the 1980 YAIAA championship in the 1980-1981 school year, the Wildcats failed to earn another YAIAA title or post-season playoff appearance, once created by the PIAA in 1988. The success of the team was often moderate, but the low point of this period was certainly the two-year stretch of one-win seasons in 2005 and 2006. The 2007 campaign was a welcome change from the previous dry-spell. The Wildcats obtained a 6-4 regular season record. Additionally, after a gutsy overtime play against rival Red Lion Area Senior High School to win 22-21, the Wildcats obtained a post-season berth for the first time in school history. Dallastown faced William Penn Senior High School and was defeated 21-6. The Wildcats won the YAIAA Sportsmanship Award for their 2007 campaign. The Wildcats also qualified for the PIAA District 3 football playoffs in 2008 and 2009, each ending in a first-round lose against Penn Manor High School and Central York High School, respectively. In 2010, the Wildcats would reach new heights. After going an undefeated 10-0 in regular season play, including a remarkable comeback from a 0-22 deficit against rival Red Lion Area Senior High School to win 38-36, the Wildcats not only saw themselves in post-season play, but holding sole possession of a YAIAA title. Additionally, Dallastown sat atop the final regular season PIAA District 3 power rankings. From there, the Wildcats opened post-season play against Conestoga Valley High School with a victory, the first playoff win in school history, to set up a rematch with Red Lion Area Senior High School. With revenge and redemption on their minds, the visiting Red Lion lions defeated the Wildcats in an upset 14-6. The loss ended the Wildcats season with an 11-1 overall record. The Dallastown Field Hockey team is noted for its success. Since 1991, the Wildcats have",
"in regular season play, including a remarkable comeback from a 0-22 deficit against rival Red Lion Area Senior High School to win 38-36, the Wildcats not only saw themselves in post-season play, but holding sole possession of a YAIAA title. Additionally, Dallastown sat atop the final regular season PIAA District 3 power rankings. From there, the Wildcats opened post-season play against Conestoga Valley High School with a victory, the first playoff win in school history, to set up a rematch with Red Lion Area Senior High School. With revenge and redemption on their minds, the visiting Red Lion lions defeated the Wildcats in an upset 14-6. The loss ended the Wildcats season with an 11-1 overall record. The Dallastown Field Hockey team is noted for its success. Since 1991, the Wildcats have won 14 Division 1 titles in 1993, 1996–2000, and 2003-2010. The team has had varying levels of success in the PIAA District 3 Field Hockey tournament. Starting many PIAA District 3 Field Hockey tournaments as the number 1 seed, the Wildcats have found little success to match their seeding, but the Wildcats have qualified for the PIAA Field Hockey tournament, including a 4-year streak from 1996-1999. The Dallastown Boys' Soccer team has been dominant in the YAIAA in recent years, including three-straight Division 1 titles in 2009, 2010, and 2011 and YAIAA Tournament Championships in 2010 and 2011. In all, the Wildcats have won 10 Division 1 titles since 1991, and another YAIAA Tournament Championship in 2001. The Wildcats met great success in 2010 with a PIAA District 3 Championship, the first since the 1996 title. Once a powerhouse, the Dallastown wrestling program has met more individual than team success in recent years, the most recent being Clay Gable's PIAA Championship at the 171 weight class in 2009. Since 1967, the Wildcats have garnered an impressive 30 YAIAA Division 1 titles. In addition, the Wildcat wrestlers have 10 YAIAA Sportsmanship Award-winning teams. Much like their male counterparts, the Dallastown girls' soccer team has enjoyed much recent success. The Wildcats have four Division 1 titles, including three straight in 2009, 2010, and 2011. In each of these three years, the girls have gone on to win the YAIAA Tournament. Dallastown Baseball has enjoyed moderate success in its history, including 6 Division 1 titles since 1992. In 2011, the Wildcats were runners-up in the YAIAA Tournament. Dallastown Area High School Dallastown Area High School is a large suburban, American High School and is part of the Dallastown Area School District. The school is located at 700 New School Lane, Dallastown, Pennsylvania in York County, Pennsylvania. Dallastown Area High School is commonly referred to as Dallastown, Dallastown High, DAHS, and DHS. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, Dallastown Area High School reported"
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"West University of Timișoara The West University of Timișoara (; abbreviated UVT) is a university located in Timișoara, Romania. Established in 1962, it is organized in 11 faculties. Classified as a \"research and education university\" by the Ministry of Education, it is one of the five members of the \"Universitaria Consortium\" (the group of elite Romanian universities). The West University is an institution of the National System of Research, Development and Innovation in its capacity as an accredited higher education institution. The West University of Timișoara was formally established by Decree-Law no. 660/30 December 1944, promulgated by King Michael I. Implementation of the Decree-Law was abandoned, except for the establishment of the Faculty of Medicine. In 1948 it was inaugurated the Pedagogical Institute, through the Faculty of Mathematics–Physics, in 1956 the Faculty of Philology is added, with five specializations (Romanian, French, English, German and Russian), and from the academic year 1959–1960 the three-year pedagogical faculties (history–geography, biology, chemistry, music, plastic arts and physical education). Only by the Council of Ministers Decision no. 999/27 September 1962, the five-year Pedagogical Institute (Faculties of Mathematics–Physics and Philology) becomes the University of Timișoara. In 1967–1968 the Faculty of Economics is added, newly established, then the faculties of the three-year Pedagogical Institute. In 1970 there were 12 faculties with 20 specializations. By Order of the Ministry of Education no. 9874/9 October 1994, the University of Timișoara acquires its current name, West University of Timișoara. The structure of the institution was diversified by setting up new faculties, sections and specializations. From two classrooms in 1948, the university owned in 2016 17 amphitheatres, 25 classrooms and 74 seminar rooms and laboratories. According to the \"QS World University Rankings\", West University of Timișoara ranked 71 in the EECA (Eastern Europe and Central Asia) University Rankings. According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, West University of Timișoara ranked 1448 in the world and 5 in the country. From the Scimago perspective, the UVT profile is synthesized as such: West University of Timișoara The West University of Timișoara (; abbreviated UVT) is a university located in Timișoara, Romania. Established in 1962, it is organized in 11 faculties. Classified as a \"research and education university\" by the Ministry of Education, it is one of the five members of the \"Universitaria Consortium\" (the group of elite Romanian universities). The West University is an institution of the National System of Research, Development"
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"As Is (album) As Is is the third British studio album by Manfred Mann, released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 1966 through Fontana Records. It was their fourth overall (including a \"greatest hits\" package) but their first to feature new members Mike d'Abo and Klaus Voormann. The twelve tracks on the record include the line-up's first single release, a cut-down version of Bob Dylan's \"Just Like a Woman\" that reached the UK top ten, and a short cool jazz version of \"Autumn Leaves\", reminiscent of the Modern Jazz Quartet with Mike Hugg's vibraphone and double bass from the group's former bassist Dave Richmond, sounding like an out-take from the group's instrumental releases: these two make weight for a fairly short collection of group compositions. As d'Abo's presence somehow sparked Mike Hugg into producing baroque pop miniatures both contribute three songs: d'Abo's \"Box Office Draw\" and \"Trouble and Tea\" are well-crafted pop, while \"As Long as I Have Lovin'\" is a generic soul ballad. Hugg's \"Morning After the Party\", also released as a \"B\" side and on the compilation album \"What a Mann\", recalls the rowdy rhythm and blues of the group's past while two of his three collaborations with Mann suggest something of the direction they would later take with Manfred Mann Chapter Three. Guitarist Tom McGuinness provides a range of textures including his trademark National Steel Guitar and contributes sleeve notes and a gentle folk-ballad. The group continued to exploit studio multitracking: keyboardist Mann layering Mellotrons, bassist Voormann taking over from Mike Vickers on flutes. As Is (album) As Is is the third British studio album by Manfred Mann, released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 1966 through Fontana Records. It was their fourth overall (including a \"greatest hits\" package) but their first to feature new"
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"Look, Here Come the Wormies / SS Social Service Look, Here Come the Wormies / SS Social Service is a split 7\" vinyl single with one song each from Victoria, British Columbia punk rock bands Nomeansno and Mass Appeal, artist Ray Carter's (also known as MANDAD) first audio work. The record was independently issued in a limited run in 1980 and has not been re-released. It is the first Nomeansno record and one of two, along with the \"Betrayal, Fear, Anger, Hatred\" EP, from the band's home-recording era before they became a live band. Brothers Rob and John Wright began recording original songs in 1979 on an early TASCAM four-track recorder in their parents' basement, which they called \"Subterranean Studios.\" Although they would later develop their hardcore punk influence, their early songs reflected their interest in musical experimentation and influence from progressive rock, jazz, and new wave. Writing for \"Trouser Press\", critic Ira Robbins described their early recordings as \"Devo on a jazz trip, Motörhead after art school, or Wire on psychotic steroids.\" The Wrights recorded the John Wright-penned \"Look, Here Come the Wormies\", their first song issued as Nomeansno, in Subterranean Studios in March 1980. The track comprised Side A. \"S.S. Social Service,\" a song by Ray Carter's Mass Appeal project, was recorded with John Wright playing drums and Rob Wright playing guitar and issued on Side B. The songs were mastered at Legacy Studios in Victoria. The bands issued the two songs themselves in a 500-copy split 7\" vinyl pressing, funded by Deborah Mitchell and Shirley Blair. The record has never been reprinted, and has become a collector's item. \"S.S. Social Service\" was included on \"All Your Ears Can Hear\", a 2007 compilation of early Victoria punk bands. \"Look, Here Come the Wormies\" has never been officially reissued. The single did not receive press attention during its original release. Retrospectively, Canadian rock journalists Barclay, Jack, and Schnieder wrote that the songs on the single \"were a sonic representation of the iconoclastic stance the [Wright] brothers had adopted.\" Ray Carter said \"SS Social Service\" was influenced by Public Image Ltd, and specifically bassist Jah Wobble. Side A – Nomeansno Side B – Mass Appeal Production and artwork Look, Here Come the Wormies / SS Social Service Look, Here Come the Wormies / SS Social Service is a split 7\" vinyl single with one song each from Victoria, British Columbia"
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"Anti-Corruption Foundation The Anti-Corruption Foundation ( (\"Fond Borby s Korruptsiey\"), abbr. \"ФБК\", FBK) is a Russian nonprofit organization based in Moscow established in 2011 by activist and politician Alexei Navalny. Its main goal is to investigate and to expose corruption cases among high-ranking Russian government officials. Its distinguishing feature is that it is funded by private donations from Russian citizens. Among other activities, the foundation publish movies on YouTube about corruption of Russian officials, such as \"Chaika and \"He Is Not Dimon to You\". FBK carries out investigations into corruption by Russian authorities. They are taking measures to prevent stealing of budget money. Also FBK helps people to make authorities work in the right way to provide normal conditions in the field of utilities sector, transport, roadways, elections, etc. FBK is funded by money transfers from its supporters; mostly these are donations from ordinary people. In 2014 the budget was 28.5 million roubles; in 2016, 45 million. FBK created own media 'Leviathan' in order to have a possibility to register for press conferences of Vladimir Putin and make a request to authorities. Since 2016 it has been publishing one news item each day. The name 'Leviathan' was taken from \"Leviathan\", 2014 award-winning film by Andrey Zvyagintsev. FBK has made the following films: Anti-Corruption Foundation The Anti-Corruption Foundation ( (\"Fond Borby s Korruptsiey\"), abbr. \"ФБК\", FBK) is a Russian nonprofit organization based in Moscow established in 2011 by activist and politician Alexei Navalny. Its main goal is to investigate and to expose corruption cases among high-ranking Russian government officials. Its distinguishing feature is that it is funded by private donations from Russian citizens. Among other activities, the foundation publish movies on YouTube about corruption of Russian officials, such as \"Chaika and \"He Is Not Dimon to You\". FBK carries out investigations"
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"Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 The Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 (20 Geo. II c. 43) was an Act of Parliament passed in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745 abolishing judicial rights held by Scots heritors. These were a significant source of power, especially for clan chiefs since it gave them a large measure of control over their tenants. The position of Sheriff-principal originated in the 13th century and still exists in modern Scotland. Originally appointed by the Crown, over the centuries the majority had become hereditary, the holders appointing legal professionals known as Sheriff-deputes to do the work. The Act returned control of these to the Crown. Since Article XX of the 1707 Acts of Union recognised these rights as property, compensation was paid to the deprived heritors. The long title of the Act, which sets out the scheme and intention, is: An Act for taking away and abolishing the Heretable Jurisdictions in Scotland; and for making Satisfaction to the Proprietors thereof; and for restoring such Jurisdictions to the Crown; and for making more effectual Provision for the Administration of Justice throughout that Part of the United Kingdom, by the King’s Courts and Judges there; ... and for rendering the Union of the Two Kingdoms more complete. For remedying the inconveniences that have arisen and may arise from the multiplicity and extent of heretable jurisdictions in Scotland, for making satisfaction to the proprietors thereof, for restoring to the crown the powers of jurisdiction originally and properly belonging thereto, according to the constitution, and for extending the influence, benefit, and protection of the King’s laws and courts of justice to all his Majesty’s subjects in Scotland, and for rendering the union more complete. The Act was one of a number of measures taken after the defeat of the 1745 Jacobite Rising to weaken the traditional rights held by clan chiefs, the others being the 1746 Dress Act and the Act of Proscription. These inherited rights were not restricted to clan chiefs and were widespread throughout Scotland; there had been a number of previous attempts to either eliminate or weaken them e.g. the 1692 Church of Scotland Settlement removed the right of heritors to nominate church ministers for their own parishes. However, many remained, one of the most significant being the ability to adjudicate civil and criminal cases among dependents; by 1745, only 8 of the 33 Scottish Sheriff positions were appointed by the Crown, 3 were appointed for life and the rest were hereditary. Their owners employed legal professionals known as Sheriff-substitutes or deputes, who earned their salary by taking a percentage of the fines imposed. All Sheriffs were now appointed by the Crown while the role of Justiciar was also purchased and its functions transferred to the High Court of Justiciary Article XX of the 1707 Act of Union recognised jurisdictions and other heritable offices as private property which continued in spite of the Union. The 1746 Act ended these practices; as private property, compensation would be paid but only to those like the Duke of Argyll or the Duke of Queensberry who had backed the government; Jacobite owners were not. Parliament granted £152,000 in compensation for the purchase of heritable jurisdictions; the two biggest payments were £38,000 to the Duke of Hamilton and £25,000 to Argyll who had also held the position of Justiciar. The Duke of Argyll still retains the title of Justiciar of Argyll but it has no power attached. In support of the Bill, Lord Hardwicke argued restoring these powers to the Crown would secure the allegiance of the people. This was essential since 'the people will follow those who have the power to protect or hurt them;' it was therefore imperative for ministers of a constitutional monarch to remove such powers from private ownership. The Duke of Argyll quoted Montesquieu in support of his argument that multiple jurisdictions were a check on the Crown and thus a defence of liberty. Argyll's intervention allowed Hardwicke to remind his audience of the divide highlighted by the Rebellion between Charles Edward Stuart, who believed in the divine right of kings and demanded unquestioning obedience, while most of his Scottish supporters were Protestant nationalists who opposed 'arbitrary' rule. Hardwicke agreed such safeguards were required for states ruled by an absolute monarch but 'fortunately, Britain was not in that position.' This was because the constitution limited the powers of the Crown and ensured liberty; on the other hand, private jurisdictions endangered it by encroaching on the legal authority of a constitutional monarchy. George II, in a speech written by Hardwicke, praised the Act as measures for \"better securing the liberties of the people there\". The Prime Minister Henry Pelham considered it the most important measure in dealing with Jacobitism in Scotland. Most of its provisions have since been repealed, but it still specifies that any noble title created in Scotland after 6 June 1747 may grant no rights beyond those of landlordship (collecting rents). The last remnants of feudal tenure in Scotland were ended by the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 which came into force on 28 November 2004. Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 The Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 (20 Geo. II c. 43) was an Act of Parliament passed in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745 abolishing judicial rights held by Scots heritors. These were a significant source of power,"
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"Naomi Isted Naomi Isted (born 23 February 1979) is a British fashion and beauty television presenter, columnist and blogger. Born in Grimsby, she trained in Fashion Journalism at London Journalism Centre in 2014. Isted is a fashion columnist for the Herald Scotland, and beauty blogger for HELLO Magazine. she also writes about lifestyle as a blogger for the Huffington Post and regularly comments on Fashion for the Daily Mail. She presented the TV series \"Harley Street Beauty\" on Wedding TV in the UK. and has recently been presenting Lifestyle segments on ITV’s Good Morning Britain. Isted collaborated with the Evening Standard for London Fashion Week 2016 and writes an online fashion column for the Evening Standard In 2016 Isted styled the publicity campaign for the Westend Musical Dreamgirls at the Savoy Theatre, London. Isted has filmed various red carpets and fashion segments over the years for E! In 2017 Isted was a guest expert at Beaches Resorts Brunch in collaboration with Absolute Mama Magazine. Isted was a brand ambassador in 2014 for Pears Soap UK In July 2014 Isted presented the Orideja 2014 Fashion shapewear campaign. She married Haydn Isted in 2009, and the couple have two children, Rocco Isted and Fleur Isted. She also has two stepchildren from her husbands previous marriage to Louise Adams (Sister of Victoria Beckham). Naomi Isted Naomi Isted (born 23 February 1979) is a British fashion and beauty television presenter, columnist and blogger. Born in Grimsby, she trained in Fashion Journalism at London Journalism Centre in 2014. Isted is a fashion columnist for the Herald Scotland, and beauty blogger for HELLO Magazine. she also writes about lifestyle as a blogger for the Huffington Post and regularly comments on Fashion for the Daily Mail. She presented the TV series \"Harley Street Beauty\" on Wedding TV"
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"Henri-Charles du Cambout de Coislin Henri-Charles du Camboust (15 September 1665, Paris – 28 November 1732) was a French prelate. He was bishop of Metz from 1697 to 1732, and duc de Coislin from 1710. Great-grandson of chancellor Séguier, brother of Pierre de Camboust and nephew of Pierre du Cambout de Coislin, on 20 June 1714 he composed a mandate denying the papal bull \"Unigenitus\", which produced a sensation throughout the French church due to its author's personality, his diocese's importance and the sharpness of its condemnation of the bull, concealed beneath apparent submission to it. Louis XIV condemned the mandate by a Conseil decree of 5 July 1714 \"as contrary to the acceptance of the Bull passed by the assembly of the clergy of France, and seeking to weaken or render useless the condemnation, both the errors contained in its 101 propositions, and the book that contains them\". For refusing to seal this decree, chancellor de Pontchartrain was dismissed. Henri-Charles de Coislin was an honorary member of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres and the Académie française (from 1710). He bequeathed to the abbaye de Saint-Germain the rich library he had himself inherited from chancellor Séguier, whose remnants have since 1793 been reunited in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Bishop of France's most important stronghold, he relieved the city's burden of billeting soldiers by building a barracks on place du Champ at Seille - the barracks were bounded by 4 streets honouring the patron saints of Henri and his family (rue Saint Charles, rue Saint Henri, rue du Cambout and rue de Coislin). These barracks were demolished around 1930 to allow the construction of place Coislin (named after him), subsequently substantially rebuilt in the years after the Second World War to house a bus terminus, then a vast town-centre car park. Henri-Charles du Cambout de Coislin Henri-Charles du Camboust (15 September 1665, Paris – 28 November 1732) was a French prelate. He was bishop of Metz from 1697 to 1732, and duc de Coislin from 1710. Great-grandson of chancellor Séguier, brother of Pierre de Camboust and nephew of Pierre du Cambout de Coislin, on 20 June 1714 he composed a mandate denying the papal bull \"Unigenitus\", which produced a sensation throughout the French church due to its author's personality, his diocese's importance and the sharpness of its condemnation of the bull, concealed beneath apparent submission to it. Louis XIV"
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"\"Something Just like This\" \n--- \nSingle by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay \nfrom the album Memories ... Do Not Open and Kaleidoscope \nReleased | February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22) \nFormat | Digital download \nRecorded | 2016 \nGenre | EDM \nLength | 4:07 \nLabel | \n\n * Disruptor \n * Columbia \n\n \nSongwriter (s) | \n\n * Andrew Taggart \n * Guy Berryman \n * Jonny Buckland \n * Will Champion \n * Chris Martin \n\n \nProducer (s) | \n\n * The Chainsmokers \n * Jordan \"DJ Swivel\" Young \n\n \nThe Chainsmokers singles chronology \n| \"Paris\" (2017) | \"Something Just like This\" (2017) | \"Honest\" (2017) \n---|---|--- \n| \"Paris\" (2017) | \"Something Just like This\" (2017) | \"Honest\" (2017) \n---|---|--- \nColdplay singles chronology \n| \"Everglow\" (2016) Everglow 2016 | \"Something Just like This\" (2017) Something Just like This2017 | \"Miracles (Someone Special)\" (2017) Miracles (Someone Special) 2017 \n---|---|--- \nMusic video \n\"Something Just like This\" (Lyric video) on YouTube \n * Andrew Taggart–keyboards \n * Alex Pall–keyboards \n\n\n On February 22, 2017, Coldplay premiered \"Something Just like This\" with the Chainsmokers on stage at the Brit Awards at The O2 Arena in London, England. They then performed the song at the 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards at The Forum in Inglewood, California on March 5, 2017, and on their A Head Full of Dreams Tour since the Singapore show on March 31, 2017. It was performed again at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the Manchester Arena bombing on June 4, 2017. \n * Guy Berryman–bass guitar \n * Jonny Buckland–lead guitar \n * Will Champion–drums, backing vocals, programming \n * Chris Martin–lead vocals, piano \n\n\n ### Weekly charts (edit) \n\n| Chart (2017) | Peak position \n---|--- \nArgentina (Monitor Latino) | 19 \nAustralia (ARIA) | \nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | \nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | \nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | \nBrazil (Billboard Hot 100) | \nCanada (Canadian Hot 100) | \nColombia (National-Report) | 37 \nCzech Republic (Rádio Top 100) | \nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100) | \nDenmark (Tracklisten) | 5 \nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 6 \nFrance (SNEP) | 6 \nGermany (Official German Charts) | \nGermany Dance (Official German Charts) | \nHungary (Rádiós Top 40) | \nHungary (Single Top 40) | 5 \nHungary (Stream Top 40) | \nIceland (RÚV) | 10 \nIreland (IRMA) | \nItaly (FIMI) | \nJapan (Japan Hot 100) | 11 \nLatvia (Latvijas Top 40) | \nLebanon (Lebanese Top 20) | \nMalaysia (RIM) | \nMexico Streaming (AMPROFON) | 16 \nMexico (Monitor Latino) | \nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40) | \nNetherlands (Single Top 100) | 6 \nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 5 \nNorway (VG-lista) | 5 \nPhilippines (Philippine Hot 100) | 6 \nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100) | \nPortugal (AFP) | \nRomania Airplay (Media Forest) | \nRussia Airplay (Tophit) | 6 \nSingapore (RIAS) | 30 \nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100) | \nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100) | \nSlovenia (SloTop50) | \nSpain (PROMUSICAE) | 6 \nSweden (Sverigetopplistan) | \nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | \nUkraine Airplay (Tophit) | 29 \nUK Singles (Official Charts Company) | \nUK Dance (Official Charts Company) | \nUS Billboard Hot 100 | \nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard) | \nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard) | \nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard) | 9 \nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) | \nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) | \nUS Rhythmic (Billboard) | 24 \nUS Rock Airplay (Billboard) | 8 \n \n### Year-end charts (edit) \n\n| Chart (2017) | Position \n---|--- \nArgentina (Monitor Latino) | 52 \nAustralia (ARIA) | 5 \nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | \nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders) | \nBelgium (Ultratop Wallonia) | \nCanada (Canadian Hot 100) | \nDenmark (Tracklisten) | 24 \nGermany (Official German Charts) | \nHungary (Rádiós Top 40) | 19 \nHungary (Single Top 40) | 12 \nHungary (Stream Top 40) | 8 \nItaly (FIMI) | \nNetherlands (Single Top 100) | 9 \nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 8 \nNorway (VG-lista) | 7 \nPoland (ZPAV) | 6 \nRussia Airplay (Tophit) | 22 \nSlovenia (SloTop50) | 9 \nSweden (Sverigetopplistan) | \nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | \nUK Singles (Official Charts Company) | 9 \nUS Billboard Hot 100 | 5 \nUS Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard) | 41 \nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard) | 10 \nUS Adult Pop Songs (Billboard) | \nUS Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) | \n The song is written in the key of D Major and has a tempo of 103 beats per minute in common time. It follows a chord progression of G (add9)–Asus–Bm–Asus, and the vocals span two octaves, from G to G. \n Digital download–Kaleidoscope EP \n--- \nNo. | Title | Length \n1. | \"Something Just like This\" (Tokyo Remix) | 4:33 \n In September 2016, the Chainsmokers shared two short clips of an upcoming song featuring vocals from Chris Martin. On February 22, 2017, Spotify prematurely posted a banner ad at the top of the site's home page with a Listen Now button. The song was also used during Miss USA 2017 swimsuit competition. \n Digital download \n--- \nNo. | Title | Length \n1. | \"Something Just like This\" | 4:07 \n The lyric video was released on February 22, 2017 on the Chainsmokers' Vevo channel. It has received over 1 billion views and is the 94th most viewed video on YouTube. It was directed by James Zwadlo. \n Digital download–Remix Pack EP \n--- \nNo. | Title | Length \n1. | \"Something Just like This\" (Alesso Remix) | 4:12 \n2. | \"Something Just like This\" (R3hab Remix) | 2:42 \n3. | \"Something Just like This\" (Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike Remix) | 3:50 \n4. | \"Something Just like This\" (Don Diablo Remix) | 3:50 \n5. | \"Something Just like This\" (Jai Wolf Remix) | 2:56 \n6. | \"Something Just like This\" (ARMNHMR Remix) | 3:44 \n Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. \n---|---|---|---|--- \nWorldwide | February 22, 2017 | Digital download | \n\n * Disruptor \n * Columbia \n\n| \nItaly | Contemporary hit radio | Sony | \nUnited States | February 28, 2017 | Columbia | \nWorldwide | April 28, 2017 | Digital download–Remix Pack EP | \n\n * Disruptor \n * Columbia",
"* Disruptor \n * Columbia \n\n| \nItaly | Contemporary hit radio | Sony | \nUnited States | February 28, 2017 | Columbia | \nWorldwide | April 28, 2017 | Digital download–Remix Pack EP | \n\n * Disruptor \n * Columbia \n\n| \n \"Something Just like This\" is a song by American electronic music duo The Chainsmokers and British rock band Coldplay. It was released as the second single from The Chainsmokers' debut album, Memories ... Do Not Open, on February 22, 2017 and as the lead single from Coldplay's thirteenth extended play Kaleidoscope. \"Something Just like This\" was used as the theme for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. \n \n In the United Kingdom, \"Something Just like This\" debuted at number thirty on February 24, 2017, reaching its number two peak position the following week, behind Ed Sheeran's \"Shape of You\". It spent nine consecutive weeks in the top 10. It was the ninth biggest song in the United Kingdom. \n Region | Certification | Certified units/Sales \n---|---|--- \nAustralia (ARIA) | 7 × Platinum | 490,000 \nAustria (IFPI Austria) | Platinum | 30,000 \nBelgium (BEA) | 3 × Platinum | 90,000 \nCanada (Music Canada) | 6 × Platinum | 480,000 \nDenmark (IFPI Denmark) | Platinum | 90,000 \nFrance (SNEP) | Diamond | 250,000 \nGermany (BVMI) | 3 × Gold | 600,000 \nItaly (FIMI) | 6 × Platinum | 300,000 \nNew Zealand (RMNZ) | Platinum | 30,000 \nNorway (IFPI Norway) | 3 × Platinum | 30,000 \nPortugal (AFP) | Platinum | 10,000 \nSouth Korea (Gaon Chart) | | 936,917 \nSpain (PROMUSICAE) | 2 × Platinum | 80,000 \nSweden (GLF) | 9 × Platinum | 360,000 \nSwitzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Platinum | 30,000 \nUnited Kingdom (BPI) | 2 × Platinum | 1,200,000 \nUnited States (RIAA) | 4 × Platinum | 4,000,000 \n \nsales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone \n * The Chainsmokers–production \n * DJ Swivel–production \n\n\n \"Something Just like This\" debuted at number fifty-six on the Billboard Hot 100, but on its second week, the song soared to number five, becoming the Chainsmokers' third top five entry after \"Don't Let Me Down\" and \"Closer\". The song also became Coldplay's second top five entry after \"Viva la Vida\". Also, it became the Chainsmokers' fifth and Coldplay's fourth top 10 entry on the Billboard Hot 100. The song has since peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. The song reached its millionth sales mark in July 2017. It was the sixth best-selling song of 2017 in the US, with 1,348,000 copies sold in 2017, and 4,000,000 units including streaming."
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"Pentakis snub dodecahedron The pentakis snub dodecahedron is a convex polyhedron with 140 triangular faces, 210 edges, and 72 vertices. It has chiral icosahedral symmetry. Its name comes from a topological construction from the snub dodecahedron with the kis operator applied to the pentagonal faces. In this construction, all the vertices are computed to be the same distance from the center. The 80 of the triangles are equilateral, and 60 triangles from the pentagons are isosceles. It is a (2,1) geodesic polyhedron, made of all triangles. The path between the valence-5 vertices is two edges in a row, and then a turn and one more edge. Pentakis snub dodecahedron The pentakis snub dodecahedron is a convex polyhedron with 140 triangular faces, 210 edges, and 72 vertices. It has chiral icosahedral symmetry. Its name comes from a topological construction from the snub dodecahedron with the kis operator applied to the pentagonal faces. In this construction, all the vertices are computed to be the same distance from the center. The 80 of the triangles are equilateral, and 60 triangles from the pentagons are isosceles. It is a (2,1) geodesic polyhedron, made of all triangles. The path between the valence-5 vertices is two"
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"Qurghonteppa Qurghonteppa or Kurganteppa, officially known as Bokhtar (), is a city in southwestern Tajikistan, which serves as the capital of the Khatlon region. Qurghonteppa is the largest city of southern Tajikistan, and is located south of Dushanbe and north of Kunduz, Afghanistan. It is estimated that the population of the city is close to 102,000 (est. 2014) people, making it the third-largest city in the country. The population fluctuates depending on season (due to Tajik immigrant workers in Russia). Along with the capital Dushanbe, Qurghonteppa is demographically much more diverse than other major Tajik cities such as Khujand, Kulob or Istaravshan. Ethnicities include Tajiks, Uzbeks, Russians, Pashtuns, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Greeks and many more. The city had a large number of ethnic Russians who were actively employed by the industrial and agricultural complexes in and around the city. The political opposition in Tajikistan primarily comes from Qurghonteppa. Bokhtar, then Qurghonteppa, was seriously damaged during the civil war in 1992-1997; during and after that war 85% of the Russians left the city. Qurghonteppa International Airport serves a handful of cities in Tajikistan, Russia and Kazakhstan. The city is considered to be the heart of cotton (\"white gold\") cultivation in Tajikistan. Bokhtar and Kulob are the main cities of south Tajikistan. Bokhtar is a regional hub (one of the top four), especially for banking and telecommunications industries. The city is renamed January 22nd, 2018. Tajik immigrant workers (mostly employed in Russia) have significantly contributed to the local economy since early 2000s. Bokhtar has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification \"BSk\"), with cool winters and very hot summers. Precipitation is quite low, and peaks in spring, while summers are very dry. Finnish electronic duo Pan Sonic have a track entitled \"Radio Qurghonteppa\" on their 2010 farewell album Gravitoni. Qurghonteppa Qurghonteppa or Kurganteppa,"
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"Sándor Petőfi Sándor Petőfi (; né Petrovics; ; ; 1 January 1823 – most likely 31 July 1849) was a Hungarian poet and liberal revolutionary. He is considered Hungary's national poet, and was one of the key figures of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He is the author of the \"Nemzeti dal\" (National Song), which is said to have inspired the revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary that grew into a war for independence from the Austrian Empire. It is most likely that he died in the Battle of Segesvár, one of the last battles of the war. Petőfi was born in the early New Year's morning of 1823, in the town of Kiskőrös, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire. The population of Kiskőrös was predominantly of Slovak origin as a consequence of the Habsburgs' reconstruction policy designed to settle, where possible, non-Hungarians in areas devastated during the Turkish wars. His birth certificate, in Latin, gives his name as \"\"Alexander Petrovics\"\", where \"\"Alexander\"\" is the Latin equivalent of the Hungarian \"\"Sándor\"\". His father, () , was a village butcher, innkeeper and he was a second-generation Serb or Slovak immigrant to the Great Hungarian Plain. Mária Hrúz, Petőfi's mother, was a servant and laundress before her marriage. She was of Slovak descent and spoke Hungarian with something of an accent. Petőfi's parents first met in Maglód, married in Aszód and the family moved to Kiskőrös a year before the birth of the poet. After a restless period of travelling, Petőfi attended college at Pápa, where he met Mór Jókai. A year later in 1842, his poem \"\"A borozó\"\" (The Wine Drinker) was first published in \"Athenaeum\" under the name \"Sándor Petrovics\". On 3 November the same year, he published the poem under the surname \"Petőfi\" for the first time. Petőfi was more interested in the theatre. In 1842 he joined a travelling theatre, but had to leave it to earn money. He wrote for a newspaper, but could not make enough money. Malnourished and sick, he went to Debrecen, where his friends helped him get back on his feet. In 1844 he walked from Debrecen to Pest to find a publisher for his poems and he succeeded. His poems were becoming increasingly popular. He relied on folkloric elements and popular, traditional song-like verses. Among his longer works is the epic \"\"John the Valiant\"\" (1845). The poem is a fairy-tale notable for its length, 370 quatrains divided into 27 chapters, and for its clever wordplay. It has gained immense popularity in Hungary, however, he felt influenced by his editor, Imre Vahot, to continue writing folklore-style poems, while he wanted to use his Western-oriented education and write about growing revolutionary passions. (The government's censorship would have made such works difficult to publish.) In 1846, he met in Transylvania. They married the next year, despite the opposition of her father, and spent their honeymoon at the castle of Count ), the only aristocrat among Petőfi's friends. Their only son Zoltán was born on 15 December 1848. Petőfi became more possessed by thoughts of a global revolution. He and Júlia moved to Pest, where he joined a group of like-minded students and intellectuals who regularly met at . They worked on promoting Hungarian as the language of literature and theatre, formerly based on German. The first permanent Hungarian theatre (\"Pesti Magyar Színház\"), which later became the National Theater, was opened in that time (1837). Among the various young leaders of the revolution, called \"Márciusi Ifjak\" (Youths of March), Petőfi was the key in starting the revolution in Pest. He was co-author and author, respectively, of the two most important written documents: the \"12 Pont\" (12 Points, demands to the Habsburg Governor-General) and the \"\"Nemzeti Dal\"\", his revolutionary poem. When the news of the revolution in Vienna reached them on the 15th, Petőfi and his friends decided to change the date of the \"National Assembly\" (a rally where a petition to the Hungarian noblemen's assembly would be approved by the people), from 19 March to the 15th. On the morning of the 15th, Petőfi and the revolutionaries began to march around the city of Pest, reading his poem and the \"12 Points\" to the growing crowd, which attracted thousands. Visiting printers, they declared an end to censorship and printed the poem and \"12 Points\". Crowds forced the mayor to sign the \"12 Points\" and later held a mass demonstration in front of the newly built National Museum, then crossed to Buda on the other bank of the Danube. When the crowd rallied in front of the Imperial governing council, the representatives of Emperor Ferdinand felt they had to sign the \"12 Points\". As one of the points was freedom for political prisoners, the crowd moved to greet the newly freed revolutionary poet Mihály Táncsics. Petőfi's popularity waned as the memory of the glorious day faded, and the revolution went the way of high politics: to the leadership of the nobles. Those in the noblemen's Assembly in Pozsony, (today \"Bratislava\") had been pushing for slower reforms at the same time, which they delivered to the Emperor on the 13th, but events had overtaken them briefly. Petőfi disagreed with the Assembly, and criticised their view of the goals and methods of the Revolution. (His colleague Táncsics was imprisoned again by the new government.) In the general election, Petőfi ran in his native area, but did not win a seat. At this time, he wrote his most serious poem, \"Az Apostol\" (The Apostle). It was an epic about a fictional revolutionary who, after much suffering, attempts, but fails, to assassinate a fictitious king. Petőfi joined the Hungarian Revolutionary Army and fought under the Polish Liberal General Józef Bem, in the \"Transylvanian army\". The army was initially successful against Habsburg troops, but after Tsar Nicholas I of Russia intervened to support the Habsburgs, they were defeated. Petőfi was last seen alive in the Battle of Segesvár on 31 July 1849. Petőfi is believed to have been killed in action during the battle of Segesvár by the Imperial Russian Army. A Russian military doctor recorded an account of Petőfi's death in his diary. As his body was never officially found, rumours of Petőfi's survival persisted. In his autobiographical roman a clef \"Political Fashions\" (\"Politikai divatok\", 1862), Mór Jókai imagined his late friend's \"resurrection\". In the novel Petőfi (the character named Pusztafi) returns ten years later as a shabby, \"déclassé\" figure who has lost his faith in everything, including poetry. Although for many years his death at Segesvár had been assumed, in the late 1980s Soviet investigators found archives that revealed that after the battle about 1,800 Hungarian prisoners of war were marched to Siberia. Alternative theories suggest that he was one of them and died of tuberculosis in 1856. In 1990, an expedition was organised to Barguzin, Buryatia, Siberia, where archaeologists claimed to have unearthed Petőfi's skeleton. Furthermore, in Hungary they have a saying after him: \"Eltűnt, mint Petőfi a ködben\" (Disappeared, like Petőfi in the fog). Petőfi started his career as a poet with \"popular situation songs\", a genre to which his first published poem, \"A borozó\" (\"The Wine Drinker\", 1842), belongs. It is the song of a drinker praising the healing power of wine to drive away all troubles. This kind of pseudo-folk song was not unusual in Hungarian poetry of the 1840s, but Petőfi soon developed an original and fresh voice which made him stand out. He wrote many folk song-like poems on the subjects of wine, love, romantic robbers etc. Many of these early poems have become classics, for example the love poem \"A virágnak megtiltani nem lehet\" (\"You Cannot Forbid the Flower\", 1843), or \"Befordultam a konyhára\" (\"I Turned into the Kitchen\", 1843) which uses the ancient metaphor of love and fire in a playful and somewhat provocative way. The influence of folk poetry and 19th-century populism is very significant in Petőfi's work, but other",
"poem, \"A borozó\" (\"The Wine Drinker\", 1842), belongs. It is the song of a drinker praising the healing power of wine to drive away all troubles. This kind of pseudo-folk song was not unusual in Hungarian poetry of the 1840s, but Petőfi soon developed an original and fresh voice which made him stand out. He wrote many folk song-like poems on the subjects of wine, love, romantic robbers etc. Many of these early poems have become classics, for example the love poem \"A virágnak megtiltani nem lehet\" (\"You Cannot Forbid the Flower\", 1843), or \"Befordultam a konyhára\" (\"I Turned into the Kitchen\", 1843) which uses the ancient metaphor of love and fire in a playful and somewhat provocative way. The influence of folk poetry and 19th-century populism is very significant in Petőfi's work, but other influences are also present: Petőfi drew on sources such as topoi of contemporary almanac-poetry in an inventive way, and was familiar with the works of major literary figures of his day, including Percy Bysshe Shelley, Pierre-Jean de Béranger and Heinrich Heine. Petőfi's early poetry was often interpreted as some kind of role-playing, due to the broad range of situations and voices he created and used. Recent interpretations however call attention to the fact that in some sense all lyrical poetry can be understood as role-playing, which makes the category of \"role-poems\" (coined especially for Petőfi) superfluous. While using a variety of voices, Petőfi created a well-formed persona for himself: a jaunty, stubborn loner who loves wine, hates all kinds of limits and boundaries and is passionate in all he feels. In poems such as \"Jövendölés\" (\"Prophecy\", 1843) he imagines himself as someone who will die young after doing great things. This motif recurs in the revolutionary poetry of his later years. The influence of contemporary almanac-poetry can be best seen in the poem cycle \"Cipruslombok Etelke sírjára\" (\"Branches of Cypress for Etelke's Tomb\", 1845). These sentimental poems, which are about death, grief, love, memory and loneliness were written after a love interest of Petőfi's, Etelke Csapó, died. In the years 1844–45 Petőfi's poetry became more and more subtle and mature. New subjects appeared, such as landscape. His most influential landscape poem is \"Az Alföld\" (\"The Plains\"), in which he says that his homeland, the Hungarian plains are more beautiful and much dearer than the Carpathian mountains; it was to become the foundation of a long-lived fashion: that of the plains as the typical Hungarian landscape. Petőfi's poetic skills solidified and broadened. He became a master of using different kinds of voices, for example his poem \"A régi, jó Gvadányi\" (\"The Good Old Gvadányi\") imitates the style of , a Hungarian poet who lived at the end of the 18th century. Several of Petőfi's poems were set to music by the young Friedrich Nietzsche, who composed as a hobby while studying classics at Pforta before beginning his career in philosophy. Petőfi maintained a lifelong friendship with János Arany, another significant poet of the time. Arany was the godfather of Petőfi's son . After the Revolution was crushed, Petőfi's writing became immensely popular, while his rebelliousness served as a role model ever since for Hungarian revolutionaries and would-be revolutionaries of every political colour. Hungarian composer and contemporary Franz Liszt composed the piano piece \"Dem Andenken Petőfis\" (\"In Petőfi's Memory\") in his honour. Liszt has also set several of Petőfi's poems to music. In 1911, a statue of Sándor Petőfi was erected in Pressburg (Pozsony, present-day Bratislava), on the Main Square. In 1918, after the army of the newly independent First Czechoslovak Republic occupied the city, the statue was dynamited. After this sculpture was boarded over round temporarily until its removal, and replaced with a statue of Slovak poet Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav. Today, there is a statue of Petőfi in the Medic Garden (Medická záhrada). During the late 1940s, Boris Pasternak produced acclaimed translations of Petőfi's poems into the Russian language. Today, schools, streets and squares are named after him throughout Hungary and Hungarian-speaking regions of neighbouring states; in Budapest alone, there are 11 Petőfi streets and 4 Petőfi squares, see: Public place names of Budapest. A national radio station (Radio Petőfi), a bridge in Budapest and a street in Sofia, Bulgaria also bear his name, as well as the asteroid 4483 Petöfi, a member of the Hungaria family. Every Hungarian primary school child learns some of his poems by heart . The Hungarian 10 Forint banknote valid between 1947-1992 depicted Sándor Petőfi on the obverse. Petőfi has a larger than life terra cotta statue near the Pest end of Erzsébet Bridge, sculpted by Miklós Izsó and . Similar Petőfi statues were established in many other cities, as well, during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Hugó Meltzl was who made well known the works of Sándor Petőfi in abroad. In Uzhhorod, Ukraine, there is a city square named after Sándor Petőfi. In Oradea, Romania, there is a street and a park named after Sándor Petőfi. In Tarnów, Poland there is a Petőfi Memorial Square with hand carved Székely gate leading to Petőfi's bust. Postage stamps issued by Hungary: Sándor Petőfi Sándor Petőfi (; né Petrovics; ; ; 1 January 1823 – most likely 31 July 1849) was a Hungarian poet and liberal revolutionary. He is considered Hungary's national poet, and was one of the key figures of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He is the author of the \"Nemzeti dal\" (National Song), which is said to have inspired the revolution"
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"Alan Dean Foster Alan Dean Foster (born November 18, 1946) is an American writer of fantasy and science fiction, who has written several book series, more than 20 standalone novels and many faithful novelizations of film scripts. He earned a bachelor's degree in political science and a MFA from the University of California, Los Angeles and currently resides in Prescott, Arizona, with his wife. He is known for his science fiction novels set in the Humanx Commonwealth, an interstellar ethical/political union of species including humankind and the insectoid Thranx. Many of these novels feature Philip Lynx (\"Flinx\"), an empathic young man who has found himself involved in something which threatens the survival of the Galaxy. Flinx's constant companion since childhood is a minidrag named Pip, a flying, empathic snake capable of spitting a highly corrosive and violently neurotoxic venom. One of Foster's better-known fantasy works is the \"Spellsinger\" series, in which a young musician is summoned into a world populated by talking creatures where his music allows him to do real magic whose effects depends on the lyrics of the popular songs he sings (although with somewhat unpredictable results). Many of Foster's works have a strong ecological element to them, often with an environmental twist. Often the villains in his stories experience their downfall because of a lack of respect for other alien species or seemingly innocuous bits of their surroundings. This can be seen in such works as \"Midworld\", about a semi-sentient planet that is essentially one large rainforest, and \"Cachalot\", set on an ocean world populated by sentient cetaceans. Foster usually devotes a large part of his novels to descriptions of the strange environments of alien worlds and the coexistence of their flora and fauna. Perhaps the most extreme example of this is \"Sentenced to Prism\", in which the protagonist finds himself trapped on a world where life is based on silicon rather than carbon, as on Earth. Foster was the ghostwriter of the original novelization of \"\" which had been credited solely to George Lucas. After two other writers had declined his offer of a flat fee of $5,000 for the work, Lucas brought to Foster the original screenplay, after which Foster fleshed out the backstory of time, place, planets, races, history and technology in such detail that it became canonical for all subsequent Star Wars novels. When asked if it was difficult for him to see Lucas get all the credit for \"Star Wars\", Foster said, \"Not at all. It was George's story idea. I was merely expanding upon it. Not having my name on the cover didn't bother me in the least. It would be akin to a contractor demanding to have his name on a Frank Lloyd Wright house.\" Foster wrote the novel \"Splinter of the Mind's Eye\", a \"Star Wars\" sequel published in 1978, two years prior to the release of \"The Empire Strikes Back\". Foster's story relied heavily on abandoned concepts that appeared in Lucas's early treatments for the first film. Foster was stunned when \"Return of the Jedi\" revealed the characters of Luke and Leia as brother and sister; in \"Splinter\", the characters exhibit quite a bit of romantic and sexual energy. Although \"Splinter\" was contradicted by later entries in the \"Star Wars\" film canon, it was the first \"\"Star Wars\" expanded universe\" entry written (although not the first published—a Marvel Comics story holds that honor). Foster wrote the novelization of \"\". Foster has the story credit for \"\". He also wrote 10 books based on episodes of the , the first six books each consisting of three linked novella-length episode adaptations, and the last four being expanded adaptations of single episodes that segued into original story. In the mid-seventies, he wrote original \"Star Trek\" stories for the Peter Pan-label \"Star Trek\" audio story records. He later wrote the novelization of the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", his first \"Star Trek\" novel in over 30 years. He later wrote the novelization for \"Star Trek\"'s sequel, \"Star Trek Into Darkness\". Foster won the 2008 Grand Master award from the International Association of Media Tie-In Writers. Novels are listed in chronological order of the story (not chronological order of publication). Foster comments, in a foreword to a re-issued edition of \"Bloodhype\", that it is the eleventh novel in the series, and should fall between \"Running from the Deity\" and \"Trouble Magnet\". In chronological order: \"Serenade\" (2004), a novelette set immediately after \"The Time of the Transference\", was first published in the anthology \"Masters of Fantasy\" and was later reprinted in Foster's short story collection \"Exceptions to Reality\". Novelizations of the films. Alan Dean Foster Alan Dean Foster (born November 18, 1946) is an American writer of fantasy and science fiction, who has written several book series, more than 20 standalone novels and many faithful"
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"Poa glauca Poa glauca is a species of grass known by the common names glaucous bluegrass, glaucous meadow-grass and white bluegrass. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout the northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is also known from Patagonia. It is a common grass, occurring in Arctic and alpine climates and other areas. It can be found throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in many types of habitat, including disturbed and barren areas. This is a perennial bunchgrass growing small, dense clumps of waxy leaves and stems up to about 80 centimeters in maximum height, but often remaining dwarfed, no more than 10 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is variable in appearance, growing into a short or long arrangement of thin branches bearing spikelets. Poa glauca Poa glauca is a species of grass known by the common names glaucous bluegrass, glaucous meadow-grass and white bluegrass. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout the northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is also known from Patagonia. It is a common grass, occurring in Arctic and alpine climates and other areas. It can be found throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in many types of habitat, including disturbed and barren areas. This is"
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"Paisakari Paisakari is a village town located in the western ghats bordering Kerala and Karnataka, in Payyavoor Panchayath. Atypical of places share the socio-economic and geographic similarities, Paisakari is home to many educational institutions natured under the Church centric educational board and attracts students from the various parts of Kannur district, where it belongs. The name Paisakkary is thought to have evolved from Pazhassi Kari, a name associated with the Guerrilla freedom fighter, Kerala varma Pazhassi Raja. Before the Independence of India, Paisakari, mostly forest land then, was under the reign of the land lord Nayanar family and had a very small population indigenous to it. Post Second World War, The Malabar migration of Syrian Christians started and Paisakari became one of the early destinations for the Travancore bound migrants. As the population built up, more and more forest land surrounding the area was converted into fertile agricultural land for cash crops and because of the high density of Christians, Thalasseri diocese decided to set up a parish here in 1949. Since then, the church has been the epicentre of developments and educational establishments in the area. Currently it has elevated to a Forane church and has strength of more than 1000 families and the total population growing to the north of 6000. Paisakari has a Shiva temple and people live in thriving religious harmony. Paisakari has the following institutions/ establishments to its credit: Paisakari is well connected to the other areas and en route to the famous muthappan pilgrimage centre, Kunnathoor Padi. Buses ply between Chandanakkampara and Talipparamba go through Paisakari and the mass population depend on them largely. It is also accessible from Chemperi via Ettupara, which forms an alternate route. The national highway passes through Taliparamba town. Goa and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. Taliparamba has a good bus station and buses are easily available to all parts of Kannur district. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. But buses to these cities are available only from Kannur, 22 km to the south. The nearest railway stations are Kannapuram and Kannur on Mangalore-Palakkad line. Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at Kannur, Mangalore and Calicut. All of them are small international airports with direct flights available only to Middle Eastern countries. Paisakari Paisakari is a village town located in the western ghats bordering Kerala and Karnataka, in Payyavoor Panchayath. Atypical of places share the socio-economic and geographic similarities, Paisakari is home to many educational institutions natured under the Church centric educational board and attracts students from the various parts of Kannur district, where it belongs. The name Paisakkary is thought to have evolved from Pazhassi Kari, a name associated with the Guerrilla freedom fighter, Kerala varma Pazhassi Raja. Before the Independence of India, Paisakari, mostly forest land then, was under the reign of the land"
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"Mustard (album) Mustard is the second solo album by Roy Wood, who wrote and produced every track and painted the cartoon-style cover. It was completed and released about the same time as he disbanded his group Wizzard. He played all the instruments, and contributed all vocals apart from guest appearances by Annie Haslam, Phil Everly, ex-Move and Wizzard bassist Rick Price, and co-engineer Dick Plant. \"Look Thru’ the Eyes of a Fool\" (1975) and \"Any Old Time Will Do\" (1976) were released as singles, though like the album, neither made the charts. The album was re-issued in 1977 in Australia, along with the tracks \"O What a Shame\" and \"Rock 'n' Roll Winter\" by United Artists/Jet Records, entitled \"Roy Wood the Wizzard\". It was later reissued on CD by Edsel Records, with additional tracks which had previously appeared only on singles. Side One Side Two Mustard (album) Mustard is the second solo album by Roy Wood, who wrote and produced every track and painted the cartoon-style cover. It was completed and released about the same time as he disbanded his group Wizzard. He played all the instruments, and contributed all vocals apart from guest appearances by Annie Haslam, Phil Everly,"
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"Holland Tringham Joseph Holland Tringham (10 October 1861 in Hammersmith, London – 26 March 1908 in Douglas, Isle of Man) was an artist and illustrator in Victorian times. He received royal patronage, exhibited at the Royal Academy, and now has a pub named after him in Streatham, SW London. His early life was spent in the Royal Navy, where he would enjoy himself sketching caricatures of his colleagues. When his boss saw a caricature of himself, Tringham duly got the sack. However, in time he became a really well known illustrator, with his work appearing in several periodicals such as the London Illustrated News. As his fame spread, he joined fashionable society, and frequently had works exhibited at the Royal Academy. He was also commissioned to paint the portraits of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra on at least two occasions, and received letters signed personally by the Queen. In 1905—1906 he accompanied the Prince and Princess of Wales on their tour of India. He moved to Streatham in SW London in 1891, and is known at three addresses there, the last being 19 Greyhound Lane. He married Miss Beatrice Hall in 1886, but the marriage was dissolved in 1902, not long after the death of his mother. These events were accompanied by the development of photographic reproduction, which meant there was far less need for line illustrations in magazines, so his commissions started to dry up. He turned to alcohol, and the death of his former wife in February 1908 seems to have tipped him over the edge. To try to recover, he visited Douglas in the Isle of Man in 1908, but was arrested by a policeman who saw him behaving in a strange manner. The same night he was certified as insane and taken to the local lunatic asylum, where he died on 26 March 1908, aged 45. His illustrations are plentiful in magazines of the time, most of them showing views around Greater London. He was also a prolific painter: one Streatham collector in Victorian times is known to have possessed no fewer than 150 of his paintings. Although these rarely come onto the market, eleven of his watercolours appeared at auction in Folkestone in 2008, and are now in a private collection. Rather than showing London views, two of them show Lincoln Cathedral, while another two show Lincoln town centre. The others are scenes of the countryside, mostly featuring trees. In his lifetime he was said to be the finest tree painter in the world. The Wetherspoons tavern at 107 Streatham High Road, SW16, was named the Holland Tringham, after Streatham’s most famous artist. On its walls are reproduced six illustrations of old Streatham by Tringham. Holland Tringham Joseph Holland Tringham (10 October 1861 in Hammersmith, London – 26 March 1908 in Douglas, Isle of Man) was an artist and illustrator in Victorian times. He received royal patronage, exhibited at the Royal Academy, and now has a pub named after him in Streatham, SW London."
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"IAR-471 The IAR 471 was a 1943 prototype of ground attack aircraft and dive bomber aircraft built by Industria Aeronautică Română. The IAR-81 had not proved a great success as an improvised dive bomber and experience with the IAR-47 showed that the IAR 14K would not be up to the demands of powering a full-sized dive bomber. Thus by early 1943 the Romanians still lacked an effective ground support aircraft . In November 1942 IAR had at last secured a license for the manufacture of the German DB 605 engine and planning now centred on this powerplant. On January 16, 1943, a new dive bomber project, the IAR-471, was commissioned which was to be powered by the DB 605. Although the Germans lent Romania numerous Stukas from mid-1943, they would not sell any. Therefore, the design of the IAR-471 was persevered with for reasons of self-sufficiency. Despite its designation, the IAR-471 bore little resemblance to the smaller IAR 47 and was essentially a different aircraft. It was designed with a superior performance to the Stuka, much helped by the retractable undercarriage, but a lighter bomb load, and on May 7, 1944, the Stuka's two underwing 37mm cannons were ordered to be included in its specification. It was planned to order 100 IAR-471s and 136 engines from IAR in 1944/1945, but IAR was in the throes of dispersing its factories and beginning production of the Bf 109G and declared itself incapable of simultaneously producing the IAR-471. This halted the project even before Romania's defection to the Allies in August. No prototype flew. There were (at least) one IAR 471 prototypes built. IAR-471 The IAR 471 was a 1943 prototype of ground attack aircraft and dive bomber aircraft built by Industria Aeronautică Română. The IAR-81 had not proved a great success as"
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"Priory Vale Priory Vale is a community in the north of the Borough of Swindon, Wiltshire, England, and comprises the urban villages of Redhouse, Oakhurst and Haydon End. Although not strictly part of Priory Vale, the nearby village of Taw Hill completes this instalment of Swindon's northern expansion which began with Abbey Meads in the mid 1990s and continued at St Andrew's Ridge. The area was developed during the early 21st century. Priory Vale is served by Thamesdown Drive, or the 'Northern Orbital Road', a dual carriageway which runs through the centre of the area and links Purton Road in West Swindon, itself an urban expansion area from the 1970s and 1980s, to the A419 Blunsdon Bypass. On completion, Priory Vale is expected to comprise just over 6,000 new homes spread over of land. The homes themselves take up , interspersed with of open space. There are currently six schools in Priory Vale spread over : Brimble Hill Primary School, Abbey Park School, Red Oaks Primary School and Uplands Secondary School all within the Priory Vale Learning Campus in Redhouse; Orchid Vale Primary School in Haydon End; and Oakhurst Community Primary School in Oakhurst. Originally known as the 'Northern Development Area' or 'Haydon 3' (Abbey Meads. Taw Hill and St Andrew's Ridge forming Haydon 2, and Haydon 1 representing the entire area but never realised as a development proposal) is home to what was reputed to be the largest supermarket in the United Kingdom, Asda Walmart with of retail space. As well as the superstore, the Orbital Shopping Park is host to a number of big-name stores including Marks and Spencer, Next, New Look and Homebase, a drive-through restaurant, coffee shops, a petrol station and the North Swindon Library. The Northern Development Area was first identified by Swindon Corporation in the 1960s under planning documents known as the Gold and Silver books and the scheme was confirmed in a \"Vision for Thamesdown\" in the 1980s. Although a coterminous part of the urban area of Swindon, Priory Vale falls outside the main non-parished township of Swindon and is divided between two parishes: Haydon Wick and Blunsdon St Andrew. The bulk of the expansion area lies within Haydon Wick parish which covers the areas occupied by earlier developments from the 1970s at Haydon Wick, Haydonleigh, Greenmeadow, Abbey Meads, Haydon End, parts of Redhouse, Taw Hill and large parts of Oakhurst west of the Tadpole Brook. Redhouse is located within Blunsdon St Andrew parish. Unlike the townships of Swindon and West Swindon, the residents of these two parished areas have parish councils. St Andrew parish sits in Blunsdon, although not within the area of the Northern Development Area. This is a village dating back to the Iron Age, where the earliest ancestors fortified and built a settlement. Blunsdon is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as 'Bluntesdone', at which time the settlement had a population of only two or three adult males. In 1281, there was also a reference to 'Bluntesdon Seynt Andreu'. Additionally in recent years, archaeologists discovered a Roman travellers' resting place on the site of the present-day Cold Harbour pub a mile or so away from the 'northern expansion', and the A419 main road through Blunsdon also follows the course of a Roman road known as Ermine Street that linked the historic towns of Cirencester and Silchester. The recent Roman find at Groundwell Ridge Abbey Meads within the 'Northern Expansion' is believed to be a religious and ceremonial site. Blunsdon Abbey was a prominent landmark in the area and inspired the title of the Abbey Meads development. The name 'Priory Vale' follows this monastic theme. Local tradition claims Blunsdon Abbey was originally an outpost of Godstow Nunnery near Oxford. Apparently, the land was granted to the Brydges family during the reign of Henry VIII. In 1860, a wealthy sportsman, Clayton de Windt, purchased the estate and built a new house in the \"latest Neo-Gothic style\" to designs by E.Mantell of London. The builder was Thomas Barrett of Swindon, who created an imposing residence with forty bedrooms, grand interiors, entrance hall, billiards room and lavish furnishings. Clayton de Windt was killed in a riding accident in 1863, and sadly, in April 1904, fire destroyed the house and its contents. Today, the development occupies farmland and fields dating back to the 18th century. The villages of Redhouse and Haydon End are named after these historical fields, while the village name of Oakhurst was taken from the name of the home at Haydon End Farm. Prior to 1928 the parish of Haydon Wick was part of the parish of Rodbourne Cheney. July 1992: Planning Permission granted on Haydon 1, the first phase of the scheme. September 1993: Works commence on first phase at Manor Farm. November 2001: The Mayor of Swindon, David Cox, officially opened the Northern Orbital Road. The three-mile stretch of dual carriageway provided the first stage of an important bypass to the north of Swindon. The new road gave access to the new supermarket and provided the necessary infrastructure to begin work on the planned community of Priory Vale. The Asda supermarket opened for business on 26 November. 2002: Chris and Tracy Barnes, with their daughters Natalie and Jessica, became the first residents of Priory Vale. The couple took up residence in a three-storey house built by Bloor Homes in their Saunders Brook development. May 2002: The May bank holiday saw the installation of what was reputed to be Swindon's 'showiest' bridge. Specifically designed for all pedestrian, cycle, disabled and equestrian use, this steel stayed structure spans 62 metres across the Northern Orbital Road. The bridge was transported from Tyneside complete and ready to position, minimising any disruption to traffic on Thamesdown Drive. The bridge later featured in an advert for the Honda Civic which is built in the town. November 2002: The Priory Vale Visitor Centre opened to the public. The timber-framed building was designed by Nigel Clark Architects and built by EW Beard. 2005: Construction of the Learning Campus commences. The project involves designing, building and operating three primary schools – Red Oaks, Brimble Hill and Uplands – and a secondary school, Isambard Community School (later renamed Abbey Park School). The project also includes Orchid Vale primary school in Haydon End. September 2006: Red Oaks and Orchid Vale primary schools open. September 2007: It is proposed that a new community centre will be provided for Oakhurst and Redhouse residents. Work commenced in 1993, just off Lady Lane. From a slow start, 81 houses were built and sold in 1994, 800 houses were sold in 1997, and at the peak, the project had twelve of the UK's leading housebuilders building, with over 2,700 houses in the development known as Abbey Meads. The North Swindon Development Company (NSDC) was formed to allow developers to share planning costs. It is owned and run jointly by George Wimpey, Westbury, Bloor Homes, Bryant Homes, Crest Nicholson and Asda / Walmart. Priory Vale Priory Vale is a community in the north of the Borough of Swindon, Wiltshire, England, and comprises the urban villages of Redhouse, Oakhurst and Haydon End. Although not strictly part of Priory Vale, the nearby village of Taw Hill completes"
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"Mastaba S3504 Mastaba S3504 (Saqqara Tomb No. 3504) is a large mastaba tomb located in the Saqqara necropolis in Lower Egypt. It was built during the reign of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Djet, in the First dynasty (Early Dynastic Period), shortly after 3000 BC. It is one of the largest mastabas from this dynasty. The building was excavated in 1953 by Walter Bryan Emery. The building is made of dried mudbricks and is 56.45 metres long and 25.45 metres wide. The original height is unknown. The mastaba was decorated on the outside with a palace facade (also called a niche facade). On the long sides there were eleven niches, but on the short sides, only four. The facade was painted white, the innermost niches red. The mastaba was enclosed by a wall and stood on a low platform, on which models of cattle heads with real cattle horns were found. Around the tomb there were up to 65 subsidiary tombs. The actual mastaba superstructure contained 43 chambers. Below this was the burial chamber, which was surrounded by additional store rooms. The burial chamber itself was originally clad in gilt wood. Although the tomb was robbed in antiquity, several items were found. In particular, in the storage chambers, the remains of c. 2500 pottery vessels were preserved. Valuable offerings were originally housed in the underground chambers. There are many remains of furniture, which include elaborate wooden carvings, copper and stone tools, and c. 1500 stone vessels. Many of the vessels were originally sealed with clay stoppers. The sealings are an important historical source. Several of them name the King Djet, but some also bear the name of the last king of the first dynasty, Qa'a, under whom the grave was refurnished after being robbed for the first time. The identification of the tomb owner was long debated in scholarship. The excavator Emery considered it the tomb of Djet, while more recent research suggests the official Sekhemkasedj as the tomb owner, since his name appears in several inscriptions found here. Mastaba S3504 Mastaba S3504 (Saqqara Tomb No. 3504) is a large mastaba tomb located in the Saqqara necropolis in Lower Egypt. It was built during the reign of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Djet, in the First dynasty (Early Dynastic Period), shortly after 3000 BC. It is one of the largest mastabas from this dynasty. The building was excavated in 1953 by Walter"
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"James Johnston (missionary) James Johnston (1851 – November 1921) was a British missionary, early photographer, doctor and explorer. He created his own mission at Brown's Town in Jamaica. He took six Jamaicans to help him on his journey across central Africa from west to east to cross the continent and rediscover David Livingstone's mission. Johnston's book and photographs record the journey and his observations on many things but particularly overly ambitious missionaries. Johnston later created slideshows to market Jamaica to potential tourists. Johnston was born in Scotland in 1851. He had read of the exploits of David Livingstone and attended his funeral in 1873. Johnston arrived in Jamaica in December 1874 because he thought it would be good for his lungs and it was. He broke away from the Baptist church and he started his Jamaican Evangelical mission in 1876. He created nine churches but the base of his medical mission and his religious assemblies was in Brown's Town. Johnston introduced new tunes and he would punctuate the service with unplanned singing. He would tour the area on Tuesdays and Fridays handing out prescriptions and his wife would follow turning the prescriptions into the required medicines. Johnston became the political representative for St Ann's Parish before he left to explore Africa. In 1893 he wrote what he described as \"an account of a journey across the continent of Africa from Benguella on the west through Bihe, Ganguella, Barotse, the Kalahari desert. Mashonaland, Manica, Gorongosa, Nyasa, the Shire Highlands to the mouth of the Zambezi to the East Coast.\" This journey which was \"mostly of foot\" took him from May 1891 to October 1892. He had been inspired to visit what he called the \"Dark Continent\" by reading as a child of the exploits of Robert Moffat and David Livingstone. Johnston had hypothesised that people from Jamaica would be the best qualified people to explore central Africa. He decided to take six Afro-Caribbeans to Africa. Using his own funds he took the Jamaicans to England where he raised funds to cover the expense of his Jamaican colleagues. He bought all that he thought he would need to take for a journey to a \"shopless country\". He hoped to find part of the route the David Livingstone had taken (Livingstone had died in 1873). This was despite the expense and trouble of taking six people from Jamaica to Africa via England. Two Jamaicans who spent the majority of the journey with him were named Frater and Johnathon. Johnston hired dozens of Africans to carry all that he believed essential. In October 1891 he had 97 people in his party and about thirty were required to carry the carriers food. Johnston believed that the people with him would be able to carry 60- to 80-pound loads for eight hours each day. Johnson's book which he titled, \"Reality versus Romance in Central Africa\" included dozens of Johnston's photographs. One of the photographs shows David Livingstone's servant Katanga who was pictured with his many wives. He and another native, Ratau, told stories of working for Livingstone. On 3 August 1891 he gets to the mission station at Cisamba. Here he makes the decision to leave behind four of the Jamaicans and to continue with just Johnathon and Frater for company. He leaves the four in the care of the Reverend Saunders. Johnston is aware that he has no interpreter for the land ahead so he spends several weeks at Cisamba so that he can learn the basics of the Umbundu language. On 3 December 1891, Johnston's party were offered free shelter by King Lewanika. Johnston had respect for Lewanika as he offered help without pre-negotiating a price. Lewanika told Johnston how he had written to the British asking that his kingdom should be made a British Protectorate. He had waited years for a reply and then men had arrived with papers claiming that they had the power to make this happen. The King was reassured as the local missionary. Monsier Coillard, was his interpreter at the meeting and the King was reassured by Coillard's confidence in these men. Lewanika had been thankful that his wish had been granted and he had sent two enormous elephant ivory tusks as a present for Queen Victoria. Lewanika was incensed to find that the men were from a South African company and that the ivory tusks were not with Queen Victoria but as ornaments in the directors board room. Johnston assisted Lewanika in writing a letter of protest. Lewanika was to prove a great help to Johnston as he was able to command assistance for Johnston from nearby subordinate chiefs. On 10 December he met Coillard. Coillard ran a successful mission although his wife had recently died. Coillard was the missionary who had interpreted for Lewanika. Coillard was annoyed that Lewanika had been tricked by men who would consider themselves respectable. He was also annoyed that this affair had undermined the trust that he had built up with the King over many years. Johnston stayed for some time and witnessed a New Year's Eve firework display organised by the missionary. There was also a religious service that day but Johnston noted that few attended the service whilst many saw the fireworks. On New Year's Day 1891 the first Christian wedding of native Africans at the Coillard mission took place. The groom was Letia who was the son of King Lewanika and his bride was Katusi. Johnston witnessed the feast after the wedding which Coillard had funded. The guests were to sit at tables and chairs but the bride had never sat on a chair and Lewanika refused to sit at a table with women. The women included Lewanika's wives and Queen Macqui who was Lewanika's sister. Johnston noted that Letia took Christian marriage vows of fidelity, but he remained faithful for only a few months before taking another wife and renouncing Christianity. Johnston was very impressed by the Coillard's mission which included a practical man named Mr. Waddell and a Swiss missionary named Miss Keiner. Johnston did not approve of single ladies as missionaries but he was impressed with the high standard of progress and workmanship he saw around the mission and its buildings. He witnessed \"a fine saw-mill with six span of oxen for the motor power, brick-making machines, smithy with patent forge, miner's workshop, fitted with every tool the mechanic requires, from a bradawl to a turning-lathe\". Johnston had been to a number of missions and he singled out the Coillard mission for its high standards. This mission like all the African mission he observed that there was a large difference between the tales of mass conversions to the reality of staying alive in an unfamiliar environment. On 10 February 1892 the party arrived at Kazungula where there is a mission headed by Monsieur and Madame Jolla. Johnston finds another mission which is unusually well run. Monsieur Jolla is keen to extend his mission and he volunteers to travel with Johnston. Madame Jolla impresses Johnston by volunteering to stay behind. Johnston loses his staff around this point but M. Jolla acts as an excellent interpreter and with his help Johnston, Johnathon, Frater and Jolla travel to the Victoria Falls. Johnston notes that his photographs fail to capture the sight. The falls had been named by Livingstone and Johnston gets to meet Makumba and Ratau who served Livingstone and Chief Mosatane who knew him. By the end of February Johnston has returned to the Jolla mission and he sets out to cross the Kalahari desert. The journey ended in October 1892. After Johnston sets sail for home he finds out that all six of his Jamaican companions are safe. Johnston wrote his book \"Romance versus Reality\" which was published in 1893. Johnston describes the difficult life of the missionaries. Sometimes the missionaries' lives are made difficult just because of the difficulty of finding food. He argues that the missionaries should not be expected to feed themselves as this could occupy all their energy. He also argues that missionary",
"fail to capture the sight. The falls had been named by Livingstone and Johnston gets to meet Makumba and Ratau who served Livingstone and Chief Mosatane who knew him. By the end of February Johnston has returned to the Jolla mission and he sets out to cross the Kalahari desert. The journey ended in October 1892. After Johnston sets sail for home he finds out that all six of his Jamaican companions are safe. Johnston wrote his book \"Romance versus Reality\" which was published in 1893. Johnston describes the difficult life of the missionaries. Sometimes the missionaries' lives are made difficult just because of the difficulty of finding food. He argues that the missionaries should not be expected to feed themselves as this could occupy all their energy. He also argues that missionary societies should not expect to hear of thousands of Africans converting to Christianity as soon as they hear the message. Small numbers of converts are all that can be expected. Johnston told how he had met a missionary called Booth in August 1892 who told him how he was the first of hundreds who would convert the whole of Africa that century. Johnston was treating his ten-year-old daughter for fever and he saw that Booth was \"prepared to sacrifice his only child to the hallucination that possesses him.\" He gave lectures for over a decade explaining the benefits of visiting and migrating to Jamaica using slideshows. These were paid for by the shipping company Elder, Dempster and Company. In 1903 he published one of the first books to market Jamaica as a tourist destination. He used his own interest in photography to put together a book of pictures titled \"Jamaica: The New Riviera\". In 1915 the Universal Negro Improvement Association met at Johnston's Tabernacle Church in Brown's Town and Marcus Garvey was the main speaker. Garvey's speech was welcomed by Johnston who felt that Garvey's proposals were ambitious but they lacked detail of how his plans were to be achieved. When he died in November 1921, people accompanied his body as it was taken 14 miles to St Acre in his own Chalmers steam car. James Johnston (missionary) James Johnston (1851 – November 1921) was a British missionary, early photographer, doctor and explorer. He created his own mission at Brown's Town in Jamaica. He took six Jamaicans to help him"
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"Germania Musical Society The Germania Musical Society (1848-1854) was a classical musical group that performed in the United States in the mid-19th century. Its musicians emigrated from Germany after a successful tour of England. Carl Lenschow and Carl Bergmann served as directors. The group toured throughout the country. Concerts took place in the Melodeon and the Music Hall, Boston; Brinley Hall and City Hall, Worcester, Massachusetts; Astor Opera House, New York City; Metropolitan Hall, New York City; Ocean Hall, Newport, Rhode Island; Westminster Hall, Providence; and elsewhere. The group met with particular success in Boston, where they performed Mendelssohn's \"Overture\" to \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" 39 times at 22 concerts, and spent the summer in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1852 they settled in Boston and remained for three years before disbanding. They performed regularly in the oratorio performances of the Handel and Haydn Society, which gave Boston's first performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with the Germania Orchestra under the baton of the Germania's conductor Carl Bergmann on April 2, 1853. A reviewer in the \"Journal of Music\" wrote: \"It was the unanimous feeling that the 'Germanians' covered themselves with glory upon the occasion.\" By one account: Band members, who had become U.S. citizens, settled in Baltimore, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Syracuse and Chicago. Germania Musical Society The Germania Musical Society (1848-1854) was a classical musical group that performed in the United States in the mid-19th century. Its musicians emigrated from Germany after a successful tour of England. Carl Lenschow and Carl Bergmann served as directors. The group toured throughout the country. Concerts took place in the Melodeon and the Music Hall, Boston; Brinley Hall and City Hall, Worcester, Massachusetts; Astor Opera House, New York City; Metropolitan Hall, New York City; Ocean Hall, Newport, Rhode Island; Westminster Hall, Providence; and elsewhere."
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"2006–07 Newport County A.F.C. season The 2006–07 season was Newport County's third consecutive season in the Conference South and they had been ever-present since the introduction of the Conference North & South in 2004. Newport County missed out on a place in the promotion play-offs due to a last-day defeat to Cambridge City. The club also missed out on silverware following their second FAW Premier Cup Final defeat. County reached the First Round Proper of the FA Cup for the first time since the 2001–02 season. The first-round match with Swansea City ended in defeat but set a new record attendance at Newport Stadium. The club also reached their second FAW Premier Cup final but were beaten one-nil at home to The New Saints. ¹ Farnborough Town were reformed as Farnborough F.C. in the Southern Football League Division One South & West, two divisions below the Conference South. ² Weston-super-Mare were reprieved from relegation due to Farnborough Town folding and the merger of Hayes and Yeading. 2006–07 Newport County A.F.C. season The 2006–07 season was Newport County's third consecutive season in the Conference South and they had been ever-present since the introduction of the Conference North & South in 2004."
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"Strangling Strangling is compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death by causing an increasingly hypoxic state in the brain. Fatal strangling typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and is one of two main ways that hanging causes death (alongside breaking the victim's neck). Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia, in the choking game, and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defence systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used: Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain: Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism. Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death, but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries. Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around , while the trachea demands six times more at approximately . As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation. Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed. The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness. Manual strangulation (also known as \"throttling\") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as batons. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the airway, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx, and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck. In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling. More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as chokeholds, and are extensively practised and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo and jujutsu, strangles or chokes that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safe way to render the opponent unconscious as opposed to other attacks, e.g., strikes to the head. During the 18th century, a sentence of \"Death by Throttling\" would be passed upon the verdict of a Court Martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army. Ligature strangulation (also known as \"garroting\") is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, or shoe laces, either partially or fully circumferencing the neck. Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own bodyweight. Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time, with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds. Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly, but accidents and suicides occur as well. Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim. During the Spanish Inquisition, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the \"auto-da-fé\". Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed American serial killer Altemio Sanchez used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did Gary Ridgway, the Green River Killer. Strangling Strangling is compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death by causing an increasingly hypoxic state in the brain. Fatal strangling typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and is one of two main ways that hanging causes death (alongside breaking the victim's neck). Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling"
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"High Step High Step is a jazz double album credited to bassist Paul Chambers and saxophonist John Coltrane, issued in 1975 on Blue Note Records, catalogue BN-LA451. It is a compilation taken from the 1956 \"Chambers' Music\" on the Jazz West label and \"Whims of Chambers\", along with two unissued recordings from a session in Boston, Massachusetts, \"Trane's Strain\" from that session previously appearing on an anthology. Originally, all of these sessions were led by Chambers, but like Prestige Records before them, as Coltrane's fame grew long after he had stopped recording for the label, Blue Note used varied recordings where Coltrane had been merely a sideman, and reissued them with Coltrane's name more prominently displayed. High Step High Step is a jazz double album credited to bassist Paul Chambers and saxophonist John Coltrane, issued in 1975 on Blue Note Records, catalogue BN-LA451. It is a compilation taken from the 1956 \"Chambers' Music\" on the Jazz West label and \"Whims of Chambers\", along with two unissued recordings from a session in Boston, Massachusetts, \"Trane's Strain\" from that session previously appearing on an anthology. Originally, all of these sessions were led by Chambers, but like Prestige Records before them, as Coltrane's"
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"Monument Valley Monument Valley (, , meaning \"valley of the rocks\") is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of vast sandstone buttes, the largest reaching above the valley floor. It is located on the Arizona–Utah border (around ), near the Four Corners area. The valley lies within the territory of the Navajo Nation Reservation and is accessible from U.S. Highway 163. Monument Valley has been featured in many forms of media since the 1930s. Director John Ford used the location for a number of his best-known films and thus, in the words of critic Keith Phipps, \"its have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West.\" The area is part of the Colorado Plateau. The elevation of the valley floor ranges from above sea level. The floor is largely siltstone of the Cutler Group, or sand derived from it, deposited by the meandering rivers that carved the valley. The valley's vivid red color comes from iron oxide exposed in the weathered siltstone. The darker, blue-gray rocks in the valley get their color from manganese oxide. The buttes are clearly stratified, with three principal layers. The lowest layer is the Organ Rock Shale, the middle is de Chelly Sandstone, and the top layer is the Moenkopi Formation capped by Shinarump Conglomerate. The valley includes large stone structures including the famed \"Eye of the Sun\". Between 1945 and 1967, the southern extent of the Monument Upwarp was mined for uranium, which occurs in scattered areas of the Shinarump Conglomerate; vanadium and copper are associated with uranium in some deposits. Monument Valley is officially a large area that includes much of the area surrounding Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, a Navajo Nation equivalent to a national park. Oljato, for example, is also within the area designated as Monument Valley. Visitors may pay an access fee and drive through the park on a dirt road (a 2-3 hour trip). Parts of Monument Valley, such as Mystery Valley and Hunts Mesa, are accessible only by guided tour. Monument Valley experiences a desert climate with cold winters and hot summers. While the summers may be hot, the heat is tempered by the region's high altitude. Although the valley experiences an average of 54 days above annually, summer highs rarely exceed . Summer nights are comfortably cool, and temperatures drop quickly after sunset. Winters are cold, but daytime highs are usually above freezing. Even in the winter, temperatures below are uncommon, though possible. Monument Valley receives an occasional light snowfall in the winter; however, it usually melts within a day or two. Monument Valley has been featured in numerous computer games, films, and in print. It has been featured in several films directed by John Ford including \"My Darling Clementine\" (1946), \"Fort Apache\" (1948), and \"She Wore a Yellow Ribbon\" (1949). Monument Valley Monument Valley (, , meaning \"valley of the rocks\") is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of vast sandstone buttes, the"
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"Hubbard Woods station Hubbard Woods is a station on Metra's Union Pacific/North Line located in Winnetka, Illinois. Hubbard Woods is located at 1065 Gage St. Hubbard Woods is away from Ogilvie Transportation Center in Chicago, the southern terminus of the Union Pacific/North Line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Hubbard Woods is in Zone D. Hubbard Woods consists of a station and two platforms which serve two tracks. The station is located at street level and is open from 5:15 A.M. to 1:00 P.M. The platforms at Hubbard Woods are located in a below-grade depression. The platforms are accessible from Scott Avenue as well as a pedestrian bridge adjacent to the station house. Parking is available at Hubbard Woods. The Green Bay Trail, a hiking and bicycle trail, runs parallel to the train tracks at Hubbard Woods and is accessible from the platforms. Until November 2015, this station had a ticket agent. Hubbard Woods and the other two Metra stations in Winnetka were built by the former Chicago and North Western Railway. These stations were originally built at grade level like all other Union Pacific/North Line stations north of Evanston Central Street. However, the grade crossings were not very safe, and accidents at railroad crossings resulted in twenty-nine deaths between 1912 and 1937. After two prominent Winnetka women were killed by a train at the Pine Street crossing in October 1937, the community of Winnetka demanded that something be done about the railroad crossings. It was decided that the railroad tracks would be lowered into a below-grade trench to eliminate street crossings. The project which lowered the tracks was partly funded by the Public Works Administration and was completed in 1943 after five years of work. Hubbard Woods and Winnetka stations are located in the trench, and Indian Hill is an elevated station just south of the trench. The tracks of the electric Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad, The \"North Shore Line\" were also relocated at this time and tracks were shared for periods during construction. Pace Hubbard Woods station Hubbard Woods is a station on Metra's Union Pacific/North Line located in Winnetka, Illinois. Hubbard Woods is located at 1065 Gage St. Hubbard Woods is away from Ogilvie Transportation Center in Chicago, the southern terminus of the Union Pacific/North Line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Hubbard Woods is in Zone D. Hubbard Woods consists of a station and two platforms"
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"Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research is a public research institute located in Ibadan. The center is one of the foremost publicly funded think tanks in the country. Prior to NISER, colonial authorities established the West African Institute of Social and Economic Research. The center was founded in 1950 and headquartered in Ibadan with a mission to provide information on economic and social ideas that will be pivotal to development of British West African countries. The institute was affiliated with University of Ibadan and was publicly funded. In 1957, Ghana obtained political independence and opted out of the institute. After Nigeria gained independence in 1960, the name of the institute was changed to Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research. In 1977, the military government made NISER an autonomous body. Thereafter, NISER's responsibilities include coordinating social and economic research in federal universities. The institute also carries out independent research on social and economic issues, provide consultative service to the government based on research findings. The institute's facilities are used as a venue for seminars and conferences. NISER's products and activities include publications of conference proceedings and research findings, organizing training workshops, and seminars. In 2006, a failing National Manpower Board was merged with NISER. In 2010, NISER began collaborating with Brookings Institution in the latter's African Growth Initiative program. NISER is divided into three departments: Economic Policy Research Department, Social and Governance Policy Research Department, and Surveillance and Forecasting Department. Two other departments focus on administrative and networking functions. The institute is headed by a director-general, it has six zonal offices and liaison offices in Lagos and Abuja. Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research is a public research institute located in Ibadan. The center"
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"Marie-Ève Pelletier Marie-Ève Pelletier (; born May 18, 1982) is a Canadian former professional tennis player. She reached a career high ranking of 106 in singles on June 20, 2005 and a career high of 54 in doubles on April 12, 2010 on the WTA Tour. Marie-Ève has played in one career Grand Slam singles match in 2004, at the Australian Open, qualifying for the tournament before losing in the first round to Japan's Akiko Morigami. She is the previous winner of two events on the ITF Circuit, the 2000 Virginia Beach and 2005 Waikoloa tournaments. Her best result in a WTA Tour event came at the 2005 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open, where she reached the quarterfinals. The biggest win of her career was when she beat then world No. 16 Li Na in straight sets in the first round of the 2006 Rogers Cup. She won in June 2012 the third singles title of her career at the $25,000 ITF in El Paso, beating Ashley Weinhold in the final. Pelletier retired from tennis on January 9, 2013, after her loss in the first round qualifying at the Australian Open. Marie-Ève was a regular on Canada's Fed Cup team, playing every year from 2002 to 2008 and again from 2010 to 2012. She amassed a singles record of 9–9 and a doubles record of 16–6 in Fed Cup play. Pelletier is now a tennis analyst for TVA Sports, a sports television network in Quebec. She also was a tennis analyst for RDS for the 2013 Rogers Cup and an assistant coach for Tennis Canada's National Training Centre in Montreal. Pelletier married former NHL goaltender Pascal Leclaire in July 2014 and gave birth to their daughter Zoé in May 2015. Pelletier's win-loss record (9–53, 15%) against players who were ranked world No. 100 or higher when played is as follows: Marie-Ève Pelletier Marie-Ève Pelletier (; born May 18, 1982) is a Canadian former professional tennis player. She reached a career high ranking of 106 in singles on June 20, 2005 and a career high of 54 in doubles on April 12, 2010 on the WTA Tour. Marie-Ève has played in one career Grand Slam singles match in 2004, at the Australian Open, qualifying for the tournament before losing in the first round to Japan's Akiko Morigami. She is the previous winner of two events on the ITF Circuit, the 2000 Virginia"
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"Tübingen University Faculty of Modern Languages The Faculty of Modern Languages () was one of fourteen faculties at the University of Tübingen. It was dissolved in 2010 in the course of the administrative reform, where the number of faculties was reduced from fourteen to seven. The faculty merged with the former Faculty of Philosophy and History and the former Faculty of Cultural Anthropology into the new Faculty of Humanities (). The Faculty of Modern Languages was the largest faculty of the university with about 8,000 students. It was located in the \"Neuphilologikum\" in the \"Wilhelmstraße\" area of the town. Most staff and students referred to both faculty and building by the building's unofficial name, \"Brechtbau\", named after the German author and playwright Bertolt Brecht. The building has its own lecture theatres for use by the faculty's departments as well as being equipped with a significant library containing over 300,000 volumes. Computer pools and wireless internet access allow students to conduct research online. The Faculty of Modern Languages consisted of the following schools and departments: Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern Languages Tübingen University Faculty of Modern Languages The Faculty of Modern Languages () was one of fourteen faculties at the University"
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"Ship John Shoal Light The Ship John Shoal Light marks the north side of the ship channel in Delaware Bay on the east coast of the United States, near the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge. Its cast iron superstructure was exhibited at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ship John Shoal took its name from an incident in 1797 in which the \"John\", captained by a Robert Folger, ran aground while on the way from Hamburg, Germany to Philadelphia. Passengers and cargo were unloaded safely, but the vessel was lost. (The figurehead is on exhibit in the Gibbon House Museum in Greenwich, New Jersey, the town to which the rescued passengers were taken.) Completion of the original Brandywine Shoal Light in 1850 led the Lighthouse Board to draw up plans to erect similar lights at Ship John Shoal and Cross Ledge. Both of these were intended to be of the then-new screw-pile design. During construction of the Cross Ledge Light in the winter of 1856, however, ice carried away the entire structure, prompting reconsideration of the suitability of this type of foundation. In the 1870s caisson foundations became available, and in 1873 Congress appropriated funds toward the construction of a caisson light on the shoal. Wooden piles were driven and the caisson placed in 1874; however, insufficient time remained in the working season to complete the light, and a temporary structure was placed to allow display of a light from November of that year. The incomplete structure managed to withstand the winter ice, but in January the keepers abandoned their temporary refuge out of fear that it would be overturned. They were able to return in March, but by then, the permanent superstructure had been diverted to the Southwest Ledge Light in Connecticut. An identical cast iron house was fabricated, but it was diverted to Philadelphia for display at the Centennial Exhibition, where it was even occupied by a keeper tending a working light in its lantern. The house did not reach the caisson until the summer of 1877; in the meantime, a lightship was stationed alongside the unfinished structure. The base had also been surrounded with 2,000 tons of riprap to ward off ice damage. In 1907 additional riprap was dumped around the light, and about the same time a concrete platform was built on one of the two piles of rock in order to hold tanks for which there was no room in the light itself. In 1973 the light was automated, and four years later the original Fresnel lens was removed and replaced by a solar powered beacon, whose solar panels stand on the platform where the tanks once rested. In June 2011, the General Services Administration made the Ship John Shoal Light (along with 11 others) available at no cost to public organizations willing to preserve them. Ship John Shoal Light The Ship John Shoal Light marks the north side of the ship channel in Delaware Bay on the east coast of the United States,"
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"Viral phylodynamics Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies. Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts. Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates. Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another. Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes. Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes. These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity. Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift. The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics. In coining the term \"phylodynamics\", Grenfell and coauthors postulated that viral phylogenies \"... are determined by a combination of immune selection, changes in viral population size, and spatial dynamics\". Their study showcased three features of viral phylogenies, which may serve as rules of thumb for identifying important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes influencing patterns of viral genetic variation. Although these three phylogenetic features are useful rules of thumb to identify epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes that might be impacting viral genetic variation, there is growing recognition that the mapping between process and phylogenetic pattern can be many-to-one. For instance, although ladder-like trees such as the one shown in figure 3A could reflect the presence of directional selection, ladder-like trees could also reflect sequential genetic bottlenecks that might occur with rapid spatial spread, as in the case of rabies virus. Because of this many-to-one mapping between process and phylogenetic pattern, research in the field of viral phylodynamics has sought to develop and apply quantitative methods to effectively infer process from reconstructed viral phylogenies (see Methods). The consideration of other data sources (e.g., incidence patterns) may aid in distinguishing between competing phylodynamic hypotheses. Combining disparate sources of data for phylodynamic analysis remains a major challenge in the field and is an active area of research. Phylodynamic models may aid in dating epidemic and pandemic origins. The rapid rate of evolution in viruses allows molecular clock models to be estimated from genetic sequences, thus providing a per-year rate of evolution of the virus. With the rate of evolution measured in real units of time, it is possible to infer the date of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for a set of viral sequences. The age of the MRCA of these isolates is a lower bound; the common ancestor of the entire virus population must have existed earlier than the MRCA of the virus sample. In April 2009, genetic analysis of 11 sequences of swine-origin H1N1 influenza suggested that the common ancestor existed at or before 12 January 2009. This finding aided in making an early estimate of the basic reproduction number formula_1 of the pandemic. Similarly, genetic analysis of sequences isolated from within an individual can be used to determine the individual's infection time. Phylodynamic models may provide insight into epidemiological parameters that are difficult to assess through traditional surveillance means. For example, assessment of formula_1 from surveillance data requires careful control of the variation of the reporting rate and the intensity of surveillance. Inferring the demographic history of the virus population from genetic data may help to avoid these difficulties and can provide a separate avenue for inference of formula_1. Such approaches have been used to estimate formula_1 in hepatitis C virus and HIV. Additionally, differential transmission between groups, be they geographic-, age-, or risk-related, is very difficult to assess from surveillance data alone. Phylogeographic models have the possibility of more directly revealing these otherwise hidden transmission patterns. Phylodynamic approaches have mapped the geographic movement of the human influenza virus and quantified the epidemic spread of rabies virus in North American raccoons. However, nonrepresentative sampling may bias inferences of both formula_1 and migration patterns. Phylodynamic approaches have also been used to better understand viral transmission dynamics and spread within infected hosts. For example, phylodynamic studies have been used to infer the rate of viral growth within infected hosts and to argue for the occurrence of viral compartmentalization in hepatitis C infection. Phylodynamic approaches can also be useful in ascertaining the effectiveness of viral control efforts, particularly for diseases with low reporting rates. For example, the genetic diversity of the DNA-based hepatitis B virus declined in the Netherlands in the late 1990s, following the initiation of a vaccination program. This correlation was used to argue that vaccination was effective at reducing the prevalence of infection, although alternative explanations are possible. Viral control efforts can also impact the rate at which virus populations evolve, thereby influencing phylogenetic patterns. Phylodynamic approaches that quantify how evolutionary rates change over time can therefore provide insight into the effectiveness of control strategies. For example, an application to HIV sequences within infected hosts showed that viral substitution rates dropped to effectively zero following the initiation of antiretroviral drug therapy. This decrease in substitution rates was interpreted as an effective cessation of viral replication following the commencement of treatment, and would be expected to lead to lower viral loads. This finding is especially encouraging because lower substitution rates are associated with slower progression to AIDS in treatment-naive patients. Antiviral treatment also creates selective pressure for the evolution of drug resistance in virus populations, and can thereby affect patterns of genetic diversity. Commonly, there is a fitness trade-off between faster replication of susceptible strains in the absence of antiviral treatment and faster replication of resistant strains in the presence of antivirals. Thus, ascertaining the level of antiviral pressure necessary to shift evolutionary outcomes is of public health importance. Phylodynamic approaches have been used to examine the spread of Oseltamivir resistance in influenza A/H1N1. Most often, the goal of phylodynamic analyses is to make inferences of epidemiological processes from viral phylogenies. Thus, most phylodynamic analyses begin with the reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree. Genetic sequences are often sampled at multiple time points, which allows the estimation of substitution rates and the time of the MRCA using a molecular clock model. For viruses, Bayesian phylogenetic methods are popular",
"of susceptible strains in the absence of antiviral treatment and faster replication of resistant strains in the presence of antivirals. Thus, ascertaining the level of antiviral pressure necessary to shift evolutionary outcomes is of public health importance. Phylodynamic approaches have been used to examine the spread of Oseltamivir resistance in influenza A/H1N1. Most often, the goal of phylodynamic analyses is to make inferences of epidemiological processes from viral phylogenies. Thus, most phylodynamic analyses begin with the reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree. Genetic sequences are often sampled at multiple time points, which allows the estimation of substitution rates and the time of the MRCA using a molecular clock model. For viruses, Bayesian phylogenetic methods are popular because of the ability to fit complex demographic scenarios while integrating out phylogenetic uncertainty. Traditional evolutionary approaches directly utilize methods from computational phylogenetics and population genetics to assess hypotheses of selection and population structure without direct regard for epidemiological models. For example, However, such analyses were not designed with epidemiological inference in mind and it may be difficult to extrapolate from standard statistics to desired epidemiological quantities. In an effort to bridge the gap between traditional evolutionary approaches and epidemiological models, several analytical methods have been developed to specifically address problems related to phylodynamics. These methods are based on coalescent theory, birth-death models, and simulation, and are used to more directly relate epidemiological parameters to observed viral sequences. The coalescent is a mathematical model that describes the ancestry of a sample of nonrecombining gene copies. In modeling the coalescent process, time is usually considered to flow backwards from the present. In a selectively neutral population of constant size formula_6 and nonoverlapping generations (the Wright Fisher model), the expected time for a sample of two gene copies to \"coalesce\" (i.e., find a common ancestor) is formula_6 generations. More generally, the waiting time for two members of a sample of formula_8 gene copies to share a common ancestor is exponentially distributed, with rate This time interval is labeled formula_10, and at its end there are formula_11 extant lineages remaining (see figure 4). These remaining lineages will coalesce at the rate formula_12 after intervals formula_13. This process can be simulated by drawing exponential random variables with rates formula_14 until there is only a single lineage remaining (the MRCA of the sample). In the absence of selection and population structure, the tree topology may be simulated by picking two lineages uniformly at random after each coalescent interval formula_15. The expected waiting time to find the MRCA of the sample is the sum of the expected values of the internode intervals, Two corollaries are : Consequently, the TMRCA estimated from a relatively small sample of viral genetic sequences is an asymptotically unbiased estimate for the time that the viral population was founded in the host population. For example, Robbins et al. estimated the TMRCA for 74 HIV-1 subtype-B genetic sequences collected in North America to be 1968. Assuming a constant population size, we expect the time back to 1968 to represent formula_19 of the TMRCA of the North American virus population. If the population size formula_20 changes over time, the coalescent rate formula_21 will also be a function of time. Donnelley and Tavaré derived this rate for a time-varying population size under the assumption of constant birth rates: Because all topologies are equally likely under the neutral coalescent, this model will have the same properties as the constant-size coalescent under a rescaling of the time variable: formula_23. Very early in an epidemic, the virus population may be growing exponentially at rate formula_24, so that formula_25 units of time in the past, the population will have size formula_26. In this case, the rate of coalescence becomes This rate is small close to when the sample was collected (formula_28), so that external branches (those without descendants) of a gene genealogy will tend to be long relative to those close to the root of the tree. This is why rapidly growing populations yield trees as depicted in figure 1A. If the rate of exponential growth is estimated from a gene genealogy, it may be combined with knowledge of the duration of infection or the serial interval formula_29 for a particular pathogen to estimate the basic reproduction number, formula_30. The two may be linked by the following equation: For example, Fraser et al. generated one of the first estimates of formula_1 for pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 by using a coalescent-based analysis of 11 hemagglutinin sequences in combination with prior data about the infectious period for influenza. Infectious disease epidemics are often characterized by highly nonlinear and rapid changes in the number of infected individuals and the effective population size of the virus. In such cases, birth rates are highly variable, which can diminish the correspondence between effective population size and the prevalence of infection. Many mathematical models have been developed in the field of mathematical epidemiology to describe the nonlinear time series of prevalence of infection and the number of susceptible hosts. A well studied example is the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) system of differential equations, which describes the fractions of the population formula_33 susceptible, formula_34 infected, and formula_35 recovered as a function of time: Here, formula_39 is the per capita rate of transmission to susceptible hosts, and formula_40 is the rate at which infected individuals recover, whereupon they are no longer infectious. In this case, the incidence of new infections per unit time is formula_41, which is analogous to the birth rate in classical population genetics models. Volz et al. proposed that the general formula for the rate of coalescence will be: The ratio formula_43 can be understood as arising from the probability that two lineages selected uniformly at random are both ancestral to the sample. This probability is the ratio of the number of ways to pick two lineages without replacement from the set of lineages and from the set of all infections: formula_44. Coalescent events will occur with this probability at the rate given by the incidence function formula_45. For the simple SIR model, this yields This expression is similar to the Kingman coalescent rate, but is damped by the fraction susceptible formula_33. Early in an epidemic, formula_48, so for the SIR model This has the same mathematical form as the rate in the Kingman coalescent, substituting formula_50. Consequently, estimates of effective population size based on the Kingman coalescent will be proportional to prevalence of infection during the early period of exponential growth of the epidemic. When a disease is no longer exponentially growing but has become endemic, the rate of lineage coalescence can also be derived for the epidemiological model governing the disease's transmission dynamics. This can be done by extending the Wright Fisher model to allow for unequal offspring distributions. With a Wright Fisher generation taking formula_51 units of time, the rate of coalescence is given by: where the effective population size formula_53 is the population size formula_6 divided by the variance of the offspring distribution formula_55. The generation time formula_51 for an epidemiological model at equilibrium is given by the duration of infection and the population size formula_6 is closely related to the equilibrium number of infected individuals. To derive the variance in the offspring distribution formula_55 for a given epidemiological model, one can imagine that",
"coalescence can also be derived for the epidemiological model governing the disease's transmission dynamics. This can be done by extending the Wright Fisher model to allow for unequal offspring distributions. With a Wright Fisher generation taking formula_51 units of time, the rate of coalescence is given by: where the effective population size formula_53 is the population size formula_6 divided by the variance of the offspring distribution formula_55. The generation time formula_51 for an epidemiological model at equilibrium is given by the duration of infection and the population size formula_6 is closely related to the equilibrium number of infected individuals. To derive the variance in the offspring distribution formula_55 for a given epidemiological model, one can imagine that infected individuals can differ from one another in their infectivities, their contact rates, their durations of infection, or in other characteristics relating to their ability to transmit the virus with which they are infected. These differences can be acknowledged by assuming that the basic reproduction number is a random variable formula_59 that varies across individuals in the population and that formula_59 follows some continuous probability distribution. The mean and variance of these individual basic reproduction numbers, formula_61 and formula_62, respectively, can then be used to compute formula_55. The expression relating these quantities is given by: For example, for the SIR model above, modified to include births into the population and deaths out of the population, the population size formula_6 is given by the equilibrium number of infected individuals, formula_66. The mean basic reproduction number, averaged across all infected individuals, is given by formula_67, under the assumption that the background mortality rate is negligible compared to the rate of recovery formula_40. The variance in individuals' basic reproduction rates is given by formula_69, because the duration of time individuals remain infected in the SIR model is exponentially distributed. The variance in the offspring distribution formula_55 is therefore 2. formula_53 therefore becomes formula_72 and the rate of coalescence becomes: This rate, derived for the SIR model at equilibrium, is equivalent to the rate of coalescence given by the more general formula provided by Volz et al. Rates of coalescence can similarly be derived for epidemiological models with superspreaders or other transmission heterogeneities, for models with individuals who are exposed but not yet infectious, and for models with variable infectious periods, among others. Given some epidemiological information (such as the duration of infection) and a specification of a mathematical model, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to estimate epidemiological parameters that might otherwise be difficult to quantify. At the most basic level, the presence of geographic population structure can be revealed by comparing the genetic relatedness of viral isolates to geographic relatedness. A basic question is whether geographic character labels are more clustered on a phylogeny than expected under a simple nonstructured model (see figure 3). This question can be answered by counting the number of geographic transitions on the phylogeny via parsimony, maximum likelihood or through Bayesian inference. If population structure exists, then there will be fewer geographic transitions on the phylogeny than expected in a panmictic model. This hypothesis can be tested by randomly scrambling the character labels on the tips of the phylogeny and counting the number of geographic transitions present in the scrambled data. By repeatedly scrambling the data and calculating transition counts, a null distribution can be constructed and a \"p\"-value computed by comparing the observed transition counts to this null distribution. Beyond the presence or absence of population structure, phylodynamic methods can be used to infer the rates of movement of viral lineages between geographic locations and reconstruct the geographic locations of ancestral lineages. Here, geographic location is treated as a phylogenetic character state, similar in spirit to 'A', 'T', 'G', 'C', so that geographic location is encoded as a substitution model. The same phylogenetic machinery that is used to infer models of DNA evolution can thus be used to infer geographic transition matrices. The end result is a rate, measured in terms of years or in terms of nucleotide substitutions per site, that a lineage in one region moves to another region over the course of the phylogenetic tree. In a geographic transmission network, some regions may mix more readily and other regions may be more isolated. Additionally, some transmission connections may be asymmetric, so that the rate at which lineages in region 'A' move to region 'B' may differ from the rate at which lineages in 'B' move to 'A'. With geographic location thus encoded, ancestral state reconstruction can be used to infer ancestral geographic locations of particular nodes in the phylogeny. These types of approaches can be extended by substituting other attributes for geographic locations. For example, in an application to rabies virus, Streicker and colleagues estimated rates of cross-species transmission by considering host species as the attribute. As discussed above, it is possible to directly infer parameters of simple compartmental epidemiological models, such as SIR models, from sequence data by looking at genealogical patterns. Additionally, general patterns of geographic movement can be inferred from sequence data, but these inferences do not involve an explicit model of transmission dynamics between infected individuals. For more complicated epidemiological models, such as those involving cross-immunity, age structure of host contact rates, seasonality, or multiple host populations with different life history traits, it is often impossible to analytically predict genealogical patterns from epidemiological parameters. As such, the traditional statistical inference machinery will not work with these more complicated models, and in this case, it is common to instead use a forward simulation-based approach. Simulation-based models require specification of a transmission model for the infection process between infected hosts and susceptible hosts and for the recovery process of infected hosts. Simulation-based models may be compartmental, tracking the numbers of hosts infected and recovered to different viral strains, or may be individual-based, tracking the infection state and immune history of every host in the population. Generally, compartmental models offer significant advantages in terms of speed and memory usage, but may be difficult to implement for complex evolutionary or epidemiological scenarios. A forward simulation model may account for geographic population structure or age structure by modulating transmission rates between host individuals of different geographic or age classes. Additionally, seasonality may be incorporated by allowing time of year to influence transmission rate in a stepwise or sinusoidal fashion. To connect the epidemiological model to viral genealogies requires that multiple viral strains, with different nucleotide or amino acid sequences, exist in the simulation, often denoted formula_74 for different infected classes. In this case, mutation acts to convert a host in one infected class to another infected class. Over the course of the simulation, viruses mutate and sequences are produced, from which phylogenies may be constructed and analyzed. For antigenically variable viruses, it becomes crucial to model the risk of transmission from an individual infected with virus strain 'A' to an individual who has previously been infected with virus strains 'B', 'C', etc... The level of protection against one strain of virus by a second strain is known as cross-immunity. In addition to risk of",
"the epidemiological model to viral genealogies requires that multiple viral strains, with different nucleotide or amino acid sequences, exist in the simulation, often denoted formula_74 for different infected classes. In this case, mutation acts to convert a host in one infected class to another infected class. Over the course of the simulation, viruses mutate and sequences are produced, from which phylogenies may be constructed and analyzed. For antigenically variable viruses, it becomes crucial to model the risk of transmission from an individual infected with virus strain 'A' to an individual who has previously been infected with virus strains 'B', 'C', etc... The level of protection against one strain of virus by a second strain is known as cross-immunity. In addition to risk of infection, cross-immunity may modulate the probability that a host becomes infectious and the duration that a host remains infectious. Often, the degree of cross-immunity between virus strains is assumed to be related to their sequence distance. In general, in needing to run simulations rather than compute likelihoods, it may be difficult to make fine-scale inferences on epidemiological parameters, and instead, this work usually focuses on broader questions, testing whether overall genealogical patterns are consistent with one epidemiological model or another. Additionally, simulation-based methods are often used to validate inference results, providing test data where the correct answer is known ahead of time. Because computing likelihoods for genealogical data under complex simulation models has proven difficult, an alternative statistical approach called Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) is becoming popular in fitting these simulation models to patterns of genetic variation, following successful application of this approach to bacterial diseases. This is because ABC makes use of easily computable summary statistics to approximate likelihoods, rather than the likelihoods themselves. Human influenza is an acute respiratory infection primarily caused by viruses influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A viruses can be further classified into subtypes, such as A/H1N1 and A/H3N2. Here, subtypes are denoted according to their hemagglutinin (H or HA) and neuraminidase (N or NA) genes, which as surface proteins, act as the primary targets for the humoral immune response. Influenza viruses circulate in other species as well, most notably as swine influenza and avian influenza. Through reassortment, genetic sequences from swine and avian influenza occasionally enter the human population. If a particular hemagglutinin or neuraminidase has been circulating outside the human population, then humans will lack immunity to this protein and an influenza pandemic may follow a host switch event, as seen in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009. After introduction into the human population, a lineage of influenza generally persists through antigenic drift, in which HA and NA continually accumulate mutations allowing viruses to infect hosts immune to earlier forms of the virus. These lineages of influenza show recurrent seasonal epidemics in temperate regions and less periodic transmission in the tropics. Generally, at each pandemic event, the new form of the virus outcompetes existing lineages. The study of viral phylodynamics in influenza primarily focuses on the continual circulation and evolution of epidemic influenza, rather than on pandemic emergence. Of central interest to the study of viral phylodynamics is the distinctive phylogenetic tree of epidemic influenza A/H3N2, which shows a single predominant trunk lineage that persists through time and side branches that persist for only 1–5 years before going extinct (see figure 5). Phylodynamic techniques have provided insight into the relative selective effects of mutations to different sites and different genes across the influenza virus genome. The exposed location of hemagglutinin (HA) suggests that there should exist strong selective pressure for evolution to the specific sites on HA that are recognized by antibodies in the human immune system. These sites are referred to as epitope sites. Phylogenetic analysis of H3N2 influenza has shown that putative epitope sites of the HA protein evolve approximately 3.5 times faster on the trunk of the phylogeny than on side branches (see figure 5). This suggests that viruses possessing mutations to these exposed sites benefit from positive selection and are more likely than viruses lacking such mutations to take over the influenza population. Conversely, putative nonepitope sites of the HA protein evolve approximately twice as fast on side branches than on the trunk of the H3 phylogeny, indicating that mutations to these sites are selected against and viruses possessing such mutations are less likely to take over the influenza population. Thus, analysis of phylogenetic patterns gives insight into underlying selective forces. A similar analysis combining sites across genes shows that while both HA and NA undergo substantial positive selection, internal genes show low rates of amino acid fixation relative to levels of polymorphism, suggesting an absence of positive selection. Further analysis of HA has shown it to have a very small effective population size relative to the census size of the virus population, as expected for a gene undergoing strong positive selection. However, across the influenza genome, there is surprisingly little variation in effective population size; all genes are nearly equally low. This finding suggests that reassortment between segments occurs slowly enough, relative to the actions of positive selection, that genetic hitchhiking causes beneficial mutations in HA and NA to reduce diversity in linked neutral variation in other segments of the genome. Influenza A/H1N1 shows a larger effective population size and greater genetic diversity than influenza H3N2, suggesting that H1N1 undergoes less adaptive evolution than H3N2. This hypothesis is supported by empirical patterns of antigenic evolution; there have been nine vaccine updates recommended by the WHO for H1N1 in the interpandemic period between 1978 and 2009, while there have been 20 vaccine updates recommended for H3N2 during this same time period. Additionally, an analysis of patterns of sequence evolution on trunk and side branches suggests that H1N1 undergoes substantially less positive selection than H3N2. However, the underlying evolutionary or epidemiological cause for this difference between H3N2 and H1N1 remains unclear. The extremely rapid turnover of the influenza population means that the rate of geographic spread of influenza lineages must also, to some extent, be rapid. Surveillance data show a clear pattern of strong seasonal epidemics in temperate regions and less periodic epidemics in the tropics. The geographic origin of seasonal epidemics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres had been a major open question in the field. However, recent work by Rambaut et al. and Russell et al. has shown that temperate epidemics usually emerge from a global reservoir rather than emerging from within the previous season's genetic diversity. This work, and more recent work by Bedford et al. and Bahl et al., has suggested that the global persistence of the influenza population is driven by viruses being passed from epidemic to epidemic, with no individual region in the world showing continual persistence. However, there is considerable debate regarding the particular configuration of the global network of influenza, with one hypothesis suggesting a metapopulation in East and Southeast Asia that continually seeds influenza in the rest of the world, and another hypothesis advocating a more global metapopulation in which temperate lineages often return to the tropics at the end of a seasonal epidemic. All of these phylogeographic studies necessarily suffer from limitations in the worldwide sampling of influenza viruses.",
"This work, and more recent work by Bedford et al. and Bahl et al., has suggested that the global persistence of the influenza population is driven by viruses being passed from epidemic to epidemic, with no individual region in the world showing continual persistence. However, there is considerable debate regarding the particular configuration of the global network of influenza, with one hypothesis suggesting a metapopulation in East and Southeast Asia that continually seeds influenza in the rest of the world, and another hypothesis advocating a more global metapopulation in which temperate lineages often return to the tropics at the end of a seasonal epidemic. All of these phylogeographic studies necessarily suffer from limitations in the worldwide sampling of influenza viruses. For example, the relative importance of tropical Africa and India has yet to be uncovered. Additionally, the phylogeographic methods used in these studies (see section on phylogeographic methods) make inferences of the ancestral locations and migration rates on only the samples at hand, rather than on the population in which these samples are embedded. Because of this, study-specific sampling procedures are a concern in extrapolating to population-level inferences. However, through joint epidemiological and evolutionary simulations, Bedford et al. show that their estimates of migration rates appear robust to a large degree of undersampling or oversampling of a particular region. Further methodological progress is required to more fully address these issues. Forward simulation-based approaches for addressing how immune selection can shape the phylogeny of influenza A/H3N2's hemagglutinin protein have been actively developed by disease modelers since the early 2000s. These approaches include both compartmental models and agent-based models. One of the first compartmental models for influenza was developed by Gog and Grenfell, who simulated the dynamics of many strains with partial cross-immunity to one another. Under a parameterization of long host lifespan and short infectious period, they found that strains would form self-organized sets that would emerge and replace one another. Although the authors did not reconstruct a phylogeny from their simulated results, the dynamics they found were consistent with a ladder-like viral phylogeny exhibiting low strain diversity and rapid lineage turnover. Later work by Ferguson and colleagues adopted an agent-based approach to better identify the immunological and ecological determinants of influenza evolution. The authors modeled influenza's hemagglutinin as four epitopes, each consisting of three amino acids. They showed that under strain-specific immunity alone (with partial cross-immunity between strains based on their amino acid similarity), the phylogeny of influenza A/H3N2's HA was expected to exhibit 'explosive genetic diversity', a pattern that is inconsistent with empirical data. This led the authors to postulate the existence of a temporary strain-transcending immunity: individuals were immune to reinfection with any other influenza strain for approximately six months following an infection. With this assumption, the agent-based model could reproduce the ladder-like phylogeny of influenza A/H3N2's HA protein. Work by Koelle and colleagues revisited the dynamics of influenza A/H3N2 evolution following the publication of a paper by Smith and colleagues which showed that the antigenic evolution of the virus occurred in a punctuated manner. The phylodynamic model designed by Koelle and coauthors argued that this pattern reflected a many-to-one genotype-to-phenotype mapping, with the possibility of strains from antigenically distinct clusters of influenza sharing a high degree of genetic similarity. Through incorporating this mapping of viral genotype into viral phenotype (or antigenic cluster) into their model, the authors were able to reproduce the ladder-like phylogeny of influenza's HA protein without generalized strain-transcending immunity. The reproduction of the ladder-like phylogeny resulted from the viral population passing through repeated selective sweeps. These sweeps were driven by herd immunity and acted to constrain viral genetic diversity. Instead of modeling the genotypes of viral strains, a compartmental simulation model by Gökaydin and colleagues considered influenza evolution at the scale of antigenic clusters (or phenotypes). This model showed that antigenic emergence and replacement could result under certain epidemiological conditions. These antigenic dynamics would be consistent with a ladder-like phylogeny of influenza exhibiting low genetic diversity and continual strain turnover. In recent work, Bedford and colleagues used an agent-based model to show that evolution in a Euclidean antigenic space can account for the phylogenetic pattern of influenza A/H3N2's HA, as well as the virus's antigenic, epidemiological, and geographic patterns. The model showed the reproduction of influenza's ladder-like phylogeny depended critically on the mutation rate of the virus as well as the immunological distance yielded by each mutation. Although most research on the phylodynamics of influenza has focused on seasonal influenza A/H3N2 in humans, influenza viruses exhibit a wide variety of phylogenetic patterns. Qualitatively similar to the phylogeny of influenza A/H3N2’s hemagglutinin protein (see figure 5), influenza A/H1N1 exhibits a ladder-like phylogeny with relatively low genetic diversity at any point in time and rapid lineage turnover. However, the phylogeny of influenza B's hemagglutinin protein has two circulating lineages: the Yamagata and the Victoria lineage. It is unclear how the population dynamics of influenza B contribute to this evolutionary pattern, although one simulation model has been able to reproduce this phylogenetic pattern with longer infectious periods of the host. Genetic and antigenic variation of influenza is also present across a diverse set of host species. The impact of host population structure can be seen in the evolution of equine influenza A/H3N8: instead of a single trunk with short side-branches, the hemagglutinin of influenza A/H3N8 splits into two geographically distinct lineages, representing American and European viruses. The evolution of these two lineages is thought to have occurred as a consequence of quarantine measures. Additionally, host immune responses are hypothesized to modulate virus evolutionary dynamics. Swine influenza A/H3N2 is known to evolve antigenically at a rate that is six times slower than that of the same virus circulating in humans, although these viruses' rates of genetic evolution are similar. Influenza in aquatic birds is hypothesized to exhibit 'evolutionary stasis', although recent phylogenetic work indicates that the rate of evolutionary change in these hosts is similar to those in other hosts, including humans. In these cases, it is thought that short host lifespans prevent the build-up of host immunity necessary to effectively drive antigenic drift. The global diversity of HIV-1 group M is shaped by its origins in Central Africa around the turn of the 20th century. The epidemic underwent explosive growth throughout the early 20th century with multiple radiations out of Central Africa. While traditional epidemiological surveillance data are almost nonexistent for the early period of epidemic expansion, phylodynamic analyses based on modern sequence data can be used to estimate when the epidemic began and to estimate the early growth rate. The rapid early growth of HIV-1 in Central Africa is reflected in the star-like phylogenies of the virus (caricatured in figure 2), with most coalescent events occurring in the distant past. Multiple founder events have given rise to distinct HIV-1 group M subtypes which predominate in different parts of the world. Subtype B is most prevalent in North America and Western Europe, while subtypes A and C, which",
"The epidemic underwent explosive growth throughout the early 20th century with multiple radiations out of Central Africa. While traditional epidemiological surveillance data are almost nonexistent for the early period of epidemic expansion, phylodynamic analyses based on modern sequence data can be used to estimate when the epidemic began and to estimate the early growth rate. The rapid early growth of HIV-1 in Central Africa is reflected in the star-like phylogenies of the virus (caricatured in figure 2), with most coalescent events occurring in the distant past. Multiple founder events have given rise to distinct HIV-1 group M subtypes which predominate in different parts of the world. Subtype B is most prevalent in North America and Western Europe, while subtypes A and C, which account for more than half of infections worldwide, are common in Africa. HIV subtypes differ slightly in their transmissibility, virulence, effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy, and pathogenesis. The rate of exponential growth of HIV in Central Africa in the early 20th century preceding the establishment of modern subtypes has been estimated using coalescent approaches. Several estimates based on parametric exponential growth models are shown in table 1, for different time periods, risk groups and subtypes. The early spread of HIV-1 has also been characterized using nonparametric (\"skyline\") estimates of formula_53. The early growth of subtype B in North America was quite high, however, the duration of exponential growth was relatively short, with saturation occurring in the mid- and late-1980s. At the opposite extreme, HIV-1 group O, a relatively rare group that is geographically confined to Cameroon and that is mainly spread by heterosexual sex, has grown at a lower rate than either subtype B or C. HIV-1 sequences sampled over a span of five decades have been used with relaxed molecular clock phylogenetic methods to estimate the time of cross-species viral spillover into humans around the early 20th century. The estimated TMRCA for HIV-1 coincides with the appearance of the first densely populated large cities in Central Africa. Similar methods have been used to estimate the time that HIV originated in different parts of the world. The origin of subtype B in North America is estimated to be in the 1960s, where it went undetected until the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s. There is evidence that progenitors of modern subtype B originally colonized the Caribbean before undergoing multiple radiations to North and South America. Subtype C originated around the same time in Africa. At shorter time scales and finer geographical scales, HIV phylogenies may reflect epidemiological dynamics related to risk behavior and sexual networks. Very dense sampling of viral sequences within cities over short periods of time has given a detailed picture of HIV transmission patterns in modern epidemics. Sequencing of virus from newly diagnosed patients is now routine in many countries for surveillance of drug resistance mutations, which has yielded large databases of sequence data in those areas. There is evidence that HIV transmission within heterogeneous sexual networks leaves a trace in HIV phylogenies, in particular making phylogenies more imbalanced and concentrating coalescent events on a minority of lineages. By analyzing phylogenies estimated from HIV sequences from men who have sex with men in London, United Kingdom, Lewis et al. found evidence that transmission is highly concentrated in the brief period of primary HIV infection (PHI), which consists of approximately the first 6 months of the infectious period. In a separate analysis, Volz et al. found that simple epidemiological dynamics explain phylogenetic clustering of viruses collected from patients with PHI. Patients who were recently infected were more likely to harbor virus that is phylogenetically close to samples from other recently infected patients. Such clustering is consistent with observations in simulated epidemiological dynamics featuring an early period of intensified transmission during PHI. These results therefore provided further support for Lewis et al.'s findings that HIV transmission occurs frequently from individuals early in their infection. Purifying immune selection dominates evolution of HIV within hosts, but evolution between hosts is largely decoupled from within-host evolution (see figure 6). Immune selection has relatively little influence on HIV phylogenies at the population level for three reasons. First, there is an extreme bottleneck in viral diversity at the time of sexual transmission. Second, transmission tends to occur early in infection before immune selection has had a chance to operate. Finally, the replicative fitness of a viral strain (measured in transmissions per host) is largely extrinsic to virological factors, depending more heavily on behaviors in the host population. These include heterogeneous sexual and drug-use behaviors. There is some evidence from comparative phylogenetic analysis and epidemic simulations that HIV adapts at the level of the population to maximize transmission potential between hosts. This adaptation is towards intermediate virulence levels, which balances the productive lifetime of the host (time until AIDS) with the transmission probability per act. A useful proxy for virulence is the set-point viral load (SPVL), which is correlated with the time until AIDS. SPVL is the quasi-equilibrium titer of viral particles in the blood during chronic infection. For adaptation towards intermediate virulence to be possible, SPVL needs to be heritable and a trade-off between viral transmissibility and the lifespan of the host needs to exist. SPVL has been shown to be correlated between HIV donor and recipients in transmission pairs, thereby providing evidence that SPVL is at least partly heritable. The transmission probability of HIV per sexual act is positively correlated with viral load, thereby providing evidence of the trade-off between transmissibility and virulence. It is therefore theoretically possible that HIV evolves to maximize its transmission potential. Epidemiological simulation and comparative phylogenetic studies have shown that adaptation of HIV towards optimum SPVL could be expected over 100–150 years. These results depend on empirical estimates for the transmissibility of HIV and the lifespan of hosts as a function of SPVL. Up to this point, phylodynamic approaches have focused almost entirely on RNA viruses, which often have mutation rates on the order of 10 to 10 substitutions per site per year. This allows a sample of around 1000 bases to have power to give a fair degree of confidence in estimating the underlying genealogy connecting sampled viruses. However, other pathogens may have significantly slower rates of evolution. DNA viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, evolve orders of magnitude more slowly. These viruses have commensurately larger genomes. Bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus and tuberculosis evolve slower still and have even larger genomes. In fact, there exists a very general negative correlation between genome size and mutation rate across observed systems. Because of this, similar amounts of phylogenetic signal are likely to result from sequencing full genomes of RNA viruses, DNA viruses or bacteria. As sequencing technologies continue to improve, it is becoming increasingly feasible to conduct phylodynamic analyses on the full diversity of pathogenic organisms. Additionally, improvements in sequencing technologies will allow detailed investigation of within-host evolution, as the full diversity of an infecting quasispecies may be uncovered given enough sequencing effort. Viral phylodynamics Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies. Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics",
"systems. Because of this, similar amounts of phylogenetic signal are likely to result from sequencing full genomes of RNA viruses, DNA viruses or bacteria. As sequencing technologies continue to improve, it is becoming increasingly feasible to conduct phylodynamic analyses on the full diversity of pathogenic organisms. Additionally, improvements in sequencing technologies will allow detailed investigation of within-host evolution, as the full diversity of an infecting quasispecies may be uncovered given enough sequencing effort. Viral phylodynamics Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies. Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level"
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"Workforce (Star Trek: Voyager) Workforce is a two-part episode from the and final season of the TV series \"\". Part one was directed by Allan Kroeker, and part two by Roxann Dawson. On an alien planet, Kathryn Janeway happily shows up for her first day of work at an energy plant, eager to take up her new position. None of the other \"Voyager\" crew members are visible, and it appears \"Voyager\" has finally decided to give up its attempts to return to the Alpha Quadrant and Earth. After checking in with the plant supervisor and being shown to her station, Janeway befriends a man named Jaffen (who intervenes when she inadvertently misconfigures her console and sets off an alarm) and soon runs afoul of Annika Hansen, the plant's new \"efficiency monitor,\" who seems an incredibly difficult person to please. Tuvok, a fellow employee, approaches Janeway in apparent confusion, but none of the three recognize each other. Tuvok acts and claims they don't belong there, which attracts the attention of a doctor and mystifies Janeway and Jaffen – but now, something is clearly amiss. A prominent doctor diagnoses Tuvok with \"dysphoria syndrome\" and begins treatment, and Tuvok shows signs which on previous occasions, he has recalled his time on \"Voyager\" and attempts several more times to alert the others. Tom Paris, who was employed at the plant with Janeway and Tuvok, manages to get himself fired, even though there is a labor shortage. He takes a job at a bar, and befriends B'Elanna Torres, a pregnant woman who also works at the energy plant. Meanwhile, Chakotay, Neelix, and Harry Kim return to \"Voyager\" from a short mission away to find the ship empty and the Emergency Command Hologram in charge, attempting (with his usual irritability) to effect repairs on the damaged ship, while contending with a damaged and uncooperative computer system. The ECH explains the situation: the ship was damaged by a floating mine, which turned out to be a ruse so unknown parties can abduct the crew. Chakotay has himself surgically altered to resemble the planet's native race, and beams down to the planet, masquerading as \"Amal Kotay.\" After following Torres for several minutes, he assists Neelix in abducting her and she is transported to \"Voyager\" (where the Doctor can easily reverse the mental conditioning), Chakotay is unable to escape but avoids capture. With Neelix's help, Torres begins to remember her life as a starship engineer. On the planet, Chakotay (who has managed to escape capture thus far) approaches Janeway, but is unable to overcome her skepticism. A young doctor begins to become suspicious of so many people of the same species having the apparently rare \"dysphoria syndrome,\" and almost all of them getting jobs at the energy plant at the same time, and none of them having any previous file references. After gentle inquiries result in an official \"hands-off\" warning from local law enforcement, the doctor approaches Annika Hansen, who is initially sceptical, but begins taking Tuvok's rants seriously. What the Efficiency Monitor discovers breaks the spell: the workers at the plant were diagnosed with dysphoria syndrome (and treated with mind-altering drugs), specifically so they could be placed in the plant to alleviate a labor shortage. Examining the files of the plant's newest \"employees,\" she discovers they are all \"Voyager\" officers and crew, and begins to launch a deeper investigation. Meanwhile, Chakotay, Kim and the Doctor discover the planet's own government is unaware of the kidnappings. Working with the plant's doctor, Annika unmasks the conspiracy and frees \"Voyager\"s crew, and the planetary government pledges to end the forced-labor practices begun by plant staff. Workforce (Star Trek: Voyager) Workforce is a two-part episode from the and final season of the TV series \"\". Part one was directed by Allan Kroeker, and part two by Roxann Dawson. On an alien planet, Kathryn Janeway happily shows up for her first day of work at an energy plant, eager to take up her new position. None of the other \"Voyager\" crew members are visible, and it appears \"Voyager\" has finally decided to give up its attempts to return to the Alpha Quadrant and Earth. After checking in with the plant supervisor and being"
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"Valen Low Valen Low (; born 14 January 1994) is a Singaporean professional armwrestler. He mostly competes Malaysia and regionally. He won the 2014 FitX Armwrestling Cup in Melbourne, Australia, as well as 1st and 2nd place, for right and left handed armwrestling respectively, at the Asia Armwrestling Championships 2014. Low is the head of Singapore Armwrestling, the only armwrestling club in Singapore. He has attributed his success in the sport to training with the Singapore Armwrestling Team. He primarily trains with Desmond Lau Chee Loong, Tay Jia Jun (Tee Jun), Gregory Yeo Yi Chen and Jeffrey Phooi Eng Shen. Low began armwrestling at the age of 13, and developed a passion for the sport while attending Whitley Secondary School. He graduated with a Diploma with merit, multiple directors roll of honour and module prize award from Republic Polytechnic, majoring in Health Management and Promotion. He plans to win the World Armwrestling Federation's annual World Armwrestling Championship in the future. Low has claimed to have been mocked and laughed at due to his passion for armwrestling, with his teachers describing his endeavours as \"useless, a waste of time, nothing to achieve\". His former form teacher once tried to ban him from armwrestling. However, he was not discouraged and devoted time to armwrestling training. After Low's O-level examinations in late 2010, he travelled to Malacca, Malaysia to compete in his first armwrestling competition. He was eliminated in the quarter finals of the men's open, over 85 kg category. Throughout 2011, he competed at a junior level at competitions in Malaysia, placing first several times. In 2012, he competed in the men's middle weight category, again winning several competitions. Between 2011 and 2012 he won multiple Malaysia national titles. In 2013, he competed against Jian Jikan, Indonesia's top middleweight armwrestler, resulting in a 4–1 win for Low. In May 2017, he defeated Malaysia's number 1 armwrestler, 2015 Asian Champion, Arnold Classic Asia 2016 Champion, Joffey Jolly, attaining the top spot in the South East Asia armwrestling rankings. Low is currently ranked first in South East Asia for his respective weight class. In 2014, Low was invited by the Australian Armwrestling Federation (AAF) to compete in the FitX Armwrestling Cup during the FitX Sport & Fitness Expo. He travelled to Melbourne for the competition using the $1000 prize he won from the Shin Min Armwrestling Challenge earlier that year. The FitX competition was Southeast Asia and Oceania's biggest armwrestling competition that year. Low and a fellow Singaporean, Melvyn Loh Hao Jie, competed in the under 80 kg category. Low won his weight category and emerged as the champion of the senior under 80 kg category. He ranked 1st out of the other 7 competitors from Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and New Zealand. Following the competition, Low ranked first in the under 80 kg weight class in Oceania, and his teammate, Melvyn Loh, ranked second. In June 2014, Low, and fellow Singaporean, Desmond Lau, self-funded and competed in the 13th Asian Armwrestling Championships in Sendai, Japan from 27 to 29 June 2014. Valen competed in the under 21 years, 65 kg-70 kg left and right handed classes. He came in first in the right hand category and was the first runner up for the left hand category. So far, he has been the only Singaporean to achieve the title. Low along with Singapore arm wrestler, Tay Jia Jun, competed in the Pattaya International Armwrestling Championships on 6 September 2014. The event had more than 50 competitors in each category, hailing from countries such as Kazakhstan, Russia, Malaysia, Indonesia, South Korea, and the host country, Thailand. The competition also contained 3 different weight divisions: under 75 kg, 85 kg, and 85 kg+. Low achieved the title of second runner-up in the senior under 75 kg category by beating Russia's Dmitry Motorin, the first runner-up in the under 75 kg division of the 2013 Moscow Championships and the 8th-place winner of the right hand under 70 kg category in the highly regarded A1 Russian Open 2013. Low also achieved 6th place in the under 85 kg category and fellow Singaporean, Tay Jia Jun, attained 5th place in the senior under 85 kg category. Low was invited to Shenzhen, China to compete in the China International Armwrestling Championships 2015. The event had competitors from Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan and China. He came in first in the under 70 kg right arm category by defeating China's number one ranked under 70 kg armwrestler. He also came in third in the left arm open category despite weighing much lighter than his opponents. Low was again invited to China to compete in the China International Armwrestling Championships 2016. This time the event had more competitors such as Ukraine and Japan to add onto last year's list. He competed in the right arm under 75 kg and left arm under 80 kg categories. He came in 2nd losing out to his rival competitor from China 林伟忠. Low competed in the left hand under 80 kg and placed 6th. Low spearheaded the Singapore Armwrestling Team to the 37th World Armwrestling Championships held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This was Singapore's inaugural participation in the World Armwrestling Championships. Low competed in the Junior under 21 years old, under 70 kg category left and right arm. He placed 11 out of 19 competitors in the left arm category, being defeated by Turkey and Russia while winning Egypt. For the right arm category, he placed 11 out of 22 competitors, winning Turkey and Uzbekistan while being defeated by Russia and Georgia. In addition to armwrestling, Valen has competed in raw powerlifting in Singapore, specifically the bench press. At the 2013 Singapore Powerlifting Open, he bench pressed 131 kg at his body weight of 80 kg and ranked second for the bench press in the under 83 kg weight class. As of 2014, his personal best has been bench pressing 150 kg at a body weight of 77 kg. His personal best as of August 2014 was 142.5 kg at a body weight of 74 kg. Valen competed in an unofficial push-pull meet on 27 December 2014, and bench pressed 147.5 kg at a body weight of 72.6 kg, pressing more than 2 times his body weight. Valen competed in an official bench press meet at Elevate gym on 10 July 2016. He pressed a record breaking 157.5 kg at a bodyweight of 74.9 kg. This sets the highest bench only record for the under 75 kg weight class in the history of Singapore. In October 2014, MediaCorp Channel 5 aired the television series \"Secret Singapore\", which featured Low and his armwrestling team in their profile on armwrestling in Singapore. This was the first time Valen appeared on national television. On 9 December 2014, he made another media appearance. This time he was being featured on Channel NewsAsia's Singapore Tonight news programme. Channel NewsAsia described Low as 'Singapore youths making waves in niche sports', highlighting his achievements in overseas competitions such as the FitX Armwrestling Cup 2014 and the Asia Armwrestling Championships 2014. The news also discussed the funding challenges he faced in pursuing his armwrestling endeavors. Supermatches: Valen Low Valen Low (; born 14 January"
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"Lives of the Saints (miniseries) Lives of the Saints is a 2004 TV miniseries directed by Jerry Ciccoritti, written by Malcolm MacRury, and based on the 1990 novel, \"Lives of the Saints\", by Nino Ricci. The film stars Sophia Loren, Fab Filippo and Jessica Paré. Part 1 Told in flashbacks, Vittorio ‘Victor’ Innocente is a young boy living in the Italian village Valle del Sole (Valley of the Sun) during the 1950s. He is raised by his beautiful mother Cristina and paternal zia (aunt) Teresa, who both affectionately refer to him as Vito. Teresa is a widowed schoolteacher and strives to keep her family on the right moral path. She and Vittorio are shown to be very close. One day, she gifts him a book called \"The Lives of the Saints\". While her husband Mario is away, Cristina begins an affair with Matthew Bok, a Canadian wartime artist, whom Teresa disapproves of. Vittorio tells his friend Fabrizio, about catching Cristina and the ‘blue-eyed man’ in a stable and how Cristina was also bitten by a snake. This is seen as a bad omen. The townspeople discover Cristina’s affair after she becomes pregnant and shun her for her adulterous behaviour. Unaware of his wife’s indiscretion, Mario sends for his family, leaving Teresa behind temporarily. Before leaving, Cristina hints to Teresa that she is planning to start a new life with in Halifax and does not intend to meet up with Mario and his brother Alfredo. On board the ship, she dies giving birth to an illegitimate baby. Vittorio names the girl Rita, after Saint Rita from Teresa’s book. In Toronto, Rita has blue eyes just like her father and her presence casts a shadow over the family as she is a constant reminder of Cristina’s affair. Vittorio becomes her protector as she is neglected and abused by Mario. Rita is close to her classmate Elena Amherst, whose WASP family eventually adopts her. Like Cristina, Rita is never mentioned in the Innocente household again. Years later, Vittorio has a strained relationship with his father and lives in one of the Canadian territories with his girlfriend, Kate Townsend. Mario finds Matthew's love letters to Cristina which Teresa had kept hidden. After angrily confronting his sister, Mario leaves to find and kill Rita. Unable to do it, he asks Rita to forgive him and ends up committing suicide in her driveway instead. Part 2 Vittorio returns to the family tomato farm for Mario's funeral and reconnects with Rita. She has grown to be a passionate, yet troubled young woman, much like Cristina. In his will, Mario leaves everything to Vittorio, which causes tension between him and Alfredo. Surprisingly, there are instructions for Vittorio to take care of Rita as well. Vittorio and Rita become unnaturally close and Vittorio begins to get jealous when she flirts with other men. At the same time, Rita confides to Teresa that she has always wanted to know her father. Teresa lies that she does not know who he is. Moved by Rita's confession, Teresa gets in contact with Matthew who reveals his side of the affair with Cristina. Teresa leaves abruptly when she discovers Matthew had painted her after she was raped by soldiers years ago. Rita meets with her father, but the meeting does not go well. Upset and confused, Rita returns home and sleeps with Vittorio. This results in Vittorio having a breakdown and he is comforted by Teresa. Teresa later tells Vittorio that Rita has patched things up with Matthew and will be going on a trip to Italy with his family. This angers Vittorio and he accuses Teresa of having an affair with Matthew after he sees the painting of her. In tears, she reveals the truth about her rape. Vittorio follows Rita to Valle del Sole and is openly hostile towards Matthew. While rediscovering his old family home, he runs into a grown up Fabrizio. He grows increasingly obsessed with Rita, who brushes off their sexual encounter. At this point, Vittorio is ready to kill Matthew, whom he blames for his parents' deaths. Teresa tells him to let go of the past and reveals that she is his biological mother. This also means that he and Rita are not half-siblings like they had been led to believe. Angered, Vittorio drives away and ends up critically injured in an accident. He wakes up in the hospital and accepts Teresa as his mother. In the epilogue, Teresa narrates that after Mario found out about her pregnancy out of wedlock, he and Cristina had raised Vittorio as their own. The family, including Rita, are seen eating around the dinner table. Vittorio has a son named Mario (after his late adoptive father and maternal uncle), and has married Kate who is heavily pregnant with their second child. Vittorio and Alfredo are running the family business \"Innocente and Sons,\" as Teresa reads the story of Saint Rita to Vittorio’s son. \"Lives of the Saints\" received mostly mixed reviews from critics It holds a 42% \"Fresh\" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes. The film won a DGC Craft Award for an Outstanding Achievement in Direction - Television Movie/Mini-Series. Lives of the Saints (miniseries) Lives of the Saints is a 2004 TV miniseries directed by Jerry Ciccoritti, written by Malcolm MacRury, and based on the 1990 novel, \"Lives of the Saints\", by Nino Ricci. The film stars Sophia"
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"Mark Johnston (swimmer) Mark Johnston (born August 31, 1979) is a former freestyle swimmer from Canada, who competed at two consecutive Summer Olympic Games, in Sydney, Australia in 2000 and Athens, Greece in 2004. Johnston's consecutive 10-year run on the Canadian national team was longer than any other current swimmer at the time. Born and raised in St. Catharines, he was named to the national team in 1996 while swimming for Swim Brock Niagara (now Brock Niagara Aquatics). He went on to win numerous medals on the world stage throughout his career representing Canada at two Commonwealth Games, five World Championships, the Pan-American Games, three Pan-Pacific Aquatic Championships, and several other major international competitions. He is a 14-time national champion and his best Olympic result was the fifth place in the men's 4x200-metre freestyle relay in Athens, Greece in 2004. Career Highlights: Mark Johnston (swimmer) Mark Johnston (born August 31, 1979) is a former freestyle swimmer from Canada, who competed at two consecutive Summer Olympic Games, in Sydney, Australia in 2000 and Athens, Greece in 2004. Johnston's consecutive 10-year run on the Canadian national team was longer than any other current swimmer at the time. Born and raised in St."
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"Alfio Basile Alfio Basile (born 1 November 1943 in Bahía Blanca), nicknamed \"Coco\", is an Argentine football coach and former player. He played for Racing Club de Avellaneda and Huracán before becoming a manager. He coached many teams during his career, being most notable the Racing Club de Avellaneda (where he won the Supercopa Libertadores, the first international title for the club since 1967), the Argentina national team (with 4 titles won) and Boca Juniors, where he won five titles in two years. The last team managed by Basile was Racing Club de Avellaneda, which he left in 2012. Basile started his playing career at Club Bella Vista in his home city. From 1964 to 1970 he played for Racing Club, where he played as midfielder until the arrival of coach Juan José Pizutti, who moved him to the defensive line to play as centre-back. In that position, Basile formed a remembered defensive pair with Roberto Perfumo, winning three titles with the club, which reached its peak with the Intercontinental Cup won in 1967 to Celtic FC, the first intercontinental title for an Argentine team. Basile totalized 186 matches with Racing Club before moving to Huracán, where he was a mainstay of the 1973 Metropolitano champions under coach César Luis Menotti. He also played for the Argentina national team. Basile retired as a player in 1975. After retirement as a player, Basile coached a number of Argentine teams, most notably Rosario Central, Racing Club, Huracán, Vélez Sársfield, Uruguayan Nacional, and Atlético Madrid. His career as a coach reached its first peak in the early 1990s, when he led the Argentina national football team to two Copa América, one FIFA Confederations Cup and one Artemio Franchi Trophy victories. The run-up to the 1994 FIFA World Cup looked smooth until a 5-0 defeat at home to Colombia. Following that traumatic event, Diego Maradona was brought back from retirement to take part in the play-off against Australia. In the World Cup itself, Argentina opened with two impressive victories over Greece and Nigeria. However, controversy was soon to appear. Maradona was tested for doping after the Nigeria match, and was suspended after ephedrine was found in his sample. Argentina still progressed to the last 16 despite a 2-0 defeat by Bulgaria, but morale was shattered and the team was eliminated after losing to Romania. After resigning over the World Cup disappointment, Basile went on to coach San Lorenzo de Almagro, Club América of México and Colón de Santa Fe with varying degrees of success. In July 2005 he assumed the post of coach at Boca Juniors, winning the Recopa Sudamericana 2005 just a month later. He then won his first Argentine league title in the 2005 Apertura tournament. Four days later, Boca won the Copa Sudamericana 2005 against UNAM Pumas of Mexico. In July 2006, he was once again offered the position of Argentina national football team coach and accepted the job taking over from José Pekerman. Before starting his new job, Basile stayed with Boca Juniors until September 14, 2006, when the team won a second consecutive Recopa Sudamericana 2006 with a victory over São Paulo FC of Brazil. Vocal about his preference for the Italian Serie A and the Spanish La Liga over the English league, he made waves in England when he called for Carlos Tévez and Javier Mascherano to transfer to Italy, claiming the switch would be better for the latter \"even if he would have to play in the second division\" with Juventus. On 16 October 2008, amidst the controversy over the historic defeat that Argentina suffered against Chile in the World Cup qualifiers, Basile tended his resignation. This eventually paved the road to the appointment of Diego Maradona as national team coach. As a coach, Basile had in total two tenures at the helm of the Argentina national football team, 1991–1994 and 2006–2008. On July 1, 2009 Alfio \"Coco\" Basile returned to Boca Juniors after three years, replacing Carlos Ischia. But after a series of bad results, especially the failure to qualify for the Copa Libertadores 2010 and a crushing 3-1 defeat to archrivals River Plate during a summer tournament at Mar del Plata, he resigned on 21 January 2010. On 26 December 2011, Basile returned to Racing Club for his fourth spell as their coach, taking over from Diego Simeone. One year later, he resigned after a confusing incident in the Estadio Libertadores de América's change room, with Racing forward Teo Gutiérrez being accused of pointing a gun at a teammate. Since his departure from Racing, Basile has not managed any team, stating he is \"retired\" from the activity. Basile has occasionally appeared in some interviews and the TV show \"Buenos Muchachos\" (\"Good Guys\") where he participated along with fellow Héctor Veira and singer Cacho Castaña. Alfio"
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"Werner Koch Werner Koch (born July 11, 1961) is a German free software developer. He is best known as the principal author of the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG). He was also Head of Office and German Vice-Chancellor of the Free Software Foundation Europe. He is the winner of Award for the Advancement of Free Software in 2015 for founding GnuPG. Journalists and security professionals rely on GnuPG, and Edward Snowden used it to evade monitoring whilst he leaked classified information from the U.S. National Security Agency. Koch lives in Erkrath, near Düsseldorf, Germany. He began writing GNU Privacy Guard in 1997, inspired by attending a talk by Richard Stallman who made a call for someone to write a replacement for Phil Zimmermann's Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) which was subject to U.S. export restrictions. The first release of GNU Privacy Guard was in 1999 and it went on to become the basis for most of the popular email encryption programs: GPGTools, Enigmail, and Koch's own Gpg4win, the primary free encryption program for Microsoft Windows. In 1999 Koch, via the German Unix User Group which he served on the board of, received a grant of 318,000 marks (about $170,000 US) from the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology to make GPG compatible with Microsoft Windows. In 2005 he received a contract from the German government to support the development of S/MIME. Journalists and security professionals rely on GnuPG, and Edward Snowden used it to evade monitoring whilst he leaked classified information from the U.S. National Security Agency. Despite GnuPG's popularity, Koch has struggled to survive financially, earning about $25,000 US per year since 2001 and thus considered abandoning the project and taking a better paying programming job. However, given Snowden's leaked documents showed the extent of NSA surveillance, Koch continued. In 2014 he held a funding drive and in response received $137,000 US in donations from the public, and Facebook and Stripe each pledged to annually donate $50,000 US to GPG development. Unrelated, in 2015 Koch was also awarded a one-time grant of $60,000 US from the Linux Foundation's Core Infrastructure Initiative. Werner Koch Werner Koch (born July 11, 1961) is a German free software developer. He is best known as the principal author of the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG). He was also Head of Office and German Vice-Chancellor of the Free Software Foundation Europe. He is"
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"Mick Quinn (rugby union) Michael Anthony Mary Quinn (31 May 1952) is a former rugby union footballer who played international rugby for Ireland. He played schools rugby for Newbridge College and captained them to victory in the 1970 Schools Cup Final over Blackrock College RFC. He then moved on to play senior rugby for Lansdowne Football Club before earning a call up to the Ireland national team. In 1976 he was a member of the Ireland squad that went on tour of New Zealand and Fiji. His family once owned the H Williams chain of supermarkets, which was later sold to Quinnsworth and subsequently to Tesco Ireland. Mick Quinn (rugby union) Michael Anthony Mary Quinn (31 May 1952) is a former rugby union footballer who played international rugby for Ireland. He played schools rugby for Newbridge College and captained them to victory in the 1970 Schools Cup Final over Blackrock College RFC. He then moved on to play senior rugby for Lansdowne Football Club before earning a call up to the Ireland national team. In 1976 he was a member of the Ireland squad that went on tour of New Zealand and Fiji. His family once owned the H Williams"
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"John R. Commons House The John R. Commons House (also commonly known as Hocheera) is a historic house located at 1645 Norman Way in Madison, Wisconsin. It is regarded as locally and nationally significant due to its association with John R. Commons. Designed by Cora Tuttle, the two-story Bungalow style house was built in 1913 for its original owner John R. Commons, a prominent member of the faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and his wife, Ella. They named the house \"Hocheera\", the Ho-Chunk word for 'welcome.' The wooden frame of the house is sheathed in stucco on the first floor and with wooden shingles on the second floor. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 14, 1985. John R. Commons House The John R. Commons House (also commonly known as Hocheera) is a historic house located at 1645 Norman Way in Madison, Wisconsin. It is regarded as locally and nationally significant due to its association with John R. Commons. Designed by Cora Tuttle, the two-story Bungalow style house was built in 1913 for its original owner John R. Commons, a prominent member of the faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and his wife, Ella."
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"Battle of Qingshanli The Battle of Qingshanli was fought over six days in October 1920 between the Imperial Japanese Army and Korean armed groups in a densely wooded region of eastern Manchuria called Qīngshānlǐ (, \"Seizanri\"; , \"Cheongsanri\"). It occurred during the campaign of the Japanese army in Jiandao, during the Japanese rule of Korea (1910–1945). After the March 1st Movement of 1919 by Koreans calling for liberation from Japanese occupation, some Korean activists formed an independence army. The Japanese government asked China to subdue them but got no substantive result. On October 2, 1920, bandits raided Hun-ch'un and killed 13 Japanese including the commissioner of the consulate police. In response, Japan decided to send troops to eastern Manchuria. Japan immediately held talks with China, and on October 16 received permission for military action in eastern Jilin from the governor of Jilin. The Japanese forces who joined the expedition were the 28th Brigade of the 19th Division, which was on its way back to Japan, and two units from the 11th and 13th Divisions who had been sent to Vladivostok. Among them, only the 19th Division of the Army launched an actual military operation and the rest contained a lockdown and a demonstration. The 19th Division was deployed to Hunchun (Isobayashi Detachment), Wangqing (Kimura Detachment) and Yanji-Helong (Azuma Detachment). The Isobayashi and Kimura detachments engaged in no major combat. From October 21 to 23, the Northern military administration office army () led by Kim Jwa-jin lured some of Japanese soldiers and attacked them in Baiyunping (白雲坪), Quanshuiping (泉水坪) and Wanlougou (完樓溝). Although the Korean force was small and used guerilla warfare, they were victorious. The Japanese force, who were defeated by the Korean Independent Army, appealed for help to the Azuma Detachment. They were rushed in for the relief of the remnants to fight against the Korean Independence Army. The Azuma Detachment engaged in combat with the Korean Independence Army on October 23. The Northern military administration office army united the Korea independent army led by Hong Beom-do in the struggle against Japanese force. The Korean troops had the Japanese Azuma Detachment at a disadvantage, and the two forces fought the final battle in the Yulang town (漁郎村). The Korean army claimed to have killed 1,200 Japanese soldiers, and wounded thousands of others on October 26, though the number of casualties during the battle is still debated on. As a result of the battle, Korean forces retreated from the area and the Japanese army kept pursuing them. South Korea views the Hunchun incident as a deception by Japan, who they believe used it as an excuse to dispatch troops. According to Korean sources, the Japanese army bribed a bandit leader named Ch'ang-chiang-hao and made him attack Hun-ch'un. The Japanese victims were incidentally attacked by bandits who were enticed to the raid by Ch'ang-chiang-hao and were not under his control. Japanese sources claim 11 dead and 24 wounded, and no officer casualties. These numbers are repeated by the list of the dead of the Yasukuni Shrine. Japanese investigation of weapons of the 19th Division after the expedition claims that the Japanese army consumed little. The only Japanese soldier Korean sources name was \"Regimental Commander Kanō.\" \"\"The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement\"\" states that a secret paper by a Japanese consul reported Regimental Commander Kanō's death, although Japan has not revealed such a report so far. Japan claims the only man corresponding to \"Regimental Commander Kanō\" was Colonel Nobuteru Kanō, who served as commander of the 27th regiment, and that his name cannot be found in the casualty list, but is said to have led the regiment until 1922. Moreover, two months after the Battle of Qingshanli, the regiment commanded by Colonel Kanō captured one Korean. This event is recorded in a secret telegraph from the Japanese consulate in Qingshanli on November 13, 1920. On the contrary, South Koreans refer to this battle as the \"great victory at Cheongsalli\" and consider it a victory of the Independence Army. For the casualties of the Japanese army, \"Chosun Doknip Undongji Hyulsa\" by Bak Inseok (1920) states \"900-1,600 including Regimental Commander Kanō,\" \"Daehan Minguk jeongdangsa\" compiled by the National Election Commission (1964) \"over 1,000,\" \"Hanguk jeonjaengsa\" by the Military History Compilation Committee of the Ministry of National Defense (1967) \"3,300 dead and wounded,\" and \"Hanguk Minjok Undongsa\" by Jo Jihun (1975) \"3,300 including Regimental Commander Kanō.\" Battle of Qingshanli The Battle of Qingshanli was fought over six days in October 1920 between the Imperial Japanese Army and Korean armed groups in a densely wooded region of eastern Manchuria called Qīngshānlǐ (, \"Seizanri\"; , \"Cheongsanri\"). It occurred during the campaign of the Japanese army in Jiandao, during the Japanese rule of Korea (1910–1945). After the March 1st Movement of 1919 by Koreans calling for"
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"Violin Concerto No. 2 (Martinů) Bohuslav Martinů's Violin Concerto No. 2 in G minor, H. 293 was composed between February and April 1943 between his first two symphonies and premiered on December 31 by Mischa Elman and the Boston Symphony conducted by Sergei Koussevitzky. Elman requested the concerto following the premiere of the dramatic Symphony No. 1 by the same orchestra, impressed by the work. It was referred as Martinů's only violin concerto until an earlier concerto which was thought to be lost appeared in 1968, nine years after the composer's death. The concerto consists of three movements, with a serious Allegro preceded by a solo introduction, a gently lyrical central movement and a lively finale. The first movement is as long as the other two combined. Violin Concerto No. 2 (Martinů) Bohuslav Martinů's Violin Concerto No. 2 in G minor, H. 293 was composed between February and April 1943 between his first two symphonies and premiered on December 31 by Mischa Elman and the Boston Symphony conducted by Sergei Koussevitzky. Elman requested the concerto following the premiere of the dramatic Symphony No. 1 by the same orchestra, impressed by the work. It was referred as Martinů's only violin concerto"
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"Thomas Pollan Thomas Pollan (born 1971) is a German and English language author. He graduated from the University of Vienna, Austria, the Europa-Kolleg Hamburg, Germany, New York University and Harvard University. Since the year 2000 he has occupied various positions at the United Nations. In 2011 he published his first German language thriller \"Die Strafe Gottes\" with the Swiss Publisher Salis Verlag. Until then Pollan has largely been perceived as an author of books and articles on foreign affairs and economic policies. From 2005 to 2009 he functioned as one of the authors of the World Investment Report, the flagship publication of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Pollan is the speaker of \"NEOS X - The 10th State\", a party division of NEOS – The New Austria catering to Austrians Abroad. Thomas Pollan Thomas Pollan (born 1971) is a German and English language author. He graduated from the University of Vienna, Austria, the Europa-Kolleg Hamburg, Germany, New York University and Harvard University. Since the year 2000 he has occupied various positions at the United Nations. In 2011 he published his first German language thriller \"Die Strafe Gottes\" with the Swiss Publisher Salis Verlag. Until then Pollan has"
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"Medenine Governorate Medenine ( \"\") is one of the 24 governorates (provinces) of Tunisia. The governorate encompasses the south-easternmost coastal strip, totalling 9167 km² and had a population of 479,520 at the 2014 census. The capital is Medenine. The governorate includes the country's largest island, Djerba, which is connected by bridge and has approximately a quarter of the total population and its own airport. The area is generally lowlands. It extends in two projections at its extreme ends a maximum of 60 km from the coast, otherwise the neighbouring division of Tataouine is 30 km from the coast. The northern projection abuts Kebili Governorate and includes part of a long escarpment which extends from the south of Gabes Governorate (adjoining Medenine to the north) to beyond Tripoli in Libya and which is dotted with settlements. Precipitation is low and reaches a maximum between October and January, the far north of the governorate and western hill range benefiting from this most. Key settlements are those associated with ports, tourism, fishing, farming in more fertile parts within the north-east and oases. The governorate is divided into nine delegations (with their populations at the 2004 Census): Seven municipalities are in Medenine Governorate: Medenine"
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"Sir John A Macdonald Junior High School Sir John A. Macdonald Junior High School (SJAM) is a Junior High School in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1967 and named after the first prime minister of Canada Sir John Alexander Macdonald. The school has 4 core subjects: math, science, social studies and language arts. There are also many options students can choose from: food, fashion, art, industrial arts, guitar, band, drama, yearbook, French, communication technology and information processing. This school has a total of 32 classrooms. SJAM has a diverse community and is designated for several different areas of Calgary. Most of the school's events have a charitable component. The students of SJAM find that it is a great school in the terms of Teachers and Community, but found that it needed more funding for renovations. In 2000 the School facility evaluation project found that the buildings in the school were in need of major renovation. A school survey in 2001 revealed that the students were making their nutrition break into a healthy food break. The school proceeded to remove food with poor nutritional value and instituted \"Fitness Weekdays\" into their physical education program. Starting in 2005 the school participated in a Calgary region health program for schools, designed to show the importance of proper diet and an active lifestyle to students. The school even placed timers on their vending machines so that only healthy food was available during the mornings. The group \"Action on Smoking and Health\" visited the school in 2006 to warn the students about the dangers of smoking. There was concern about the visibility of tobacco displays for children, which they called Powerwall advertising. Sir John A Macdonald Junior High School Sir John A. Macdonald Junior High School (SJAM) is a Junior High School in"
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"Boxing at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's 71 kg The men's light middleweight boxing competition at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand was held from 9 to 18 December at the Impact Arena. Like all Asian Games boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. This event consisted of 9 boxers. The competition began with a single bout on 9 December, where the number of competitors was reduced to 8, and concluded with the final on 18 December. As there were fewer than 16 boxers in the competition, a number of boxers received a bye through the preliminary round. Both semi-final losers were awarded bronze medals. All bouts consisted of five three-minute rounds. The boxers receive points for every successful punch they land on their opponent's head or upper body. The boxer with the most points at the end of the bouts wins. If a boxer is knocked to the ground and cannot get up before the referee counts to 10 then the bout is over and the opponent wins. Boxing at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's 71 kg The men's light middleweight boxing competition at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand was held from"
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"Monocarboxylate transporter 8 Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is an active transporter protein that in humans is encoded by the \"SLC16A2\" gene. MCT8 actively transports a variety of iodo-thyronines including the thyroid hormones T and T. A genetic disorder (discovered in 2003 and 2004) is caused by mutation in the transporter of thyroid hormone, MCT8, also known as SLC16A2, is believed to be account for a significant fraction of the undiagnosed neurological disorders (usually resulting in hypotonic/floppy infants with delayed milestones). This genetic defect was known as Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome (since 1944) without knowing its actual cause. It has been shown mutated in cases of X-linked leukoencephalopathy. Some of the symptoms for this disorder as are follows: normal to slightly elevated TSH, elevated T and reduced T (ratio of T/T is about double its normal value). Normal looking at birth and for the first few years, hypotonic (floppy), in particular difficulty to hold the head, possibly difficulty to thrive, possibly with delayed myelination (if so, some cases are reported with an MRI pattern similar to Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, known as PMD), possibly with decreased mitochondrial enzyme activities, possibly with fluctuating lactate level. Patients have an alert face, a limited IQ, patients may never talk/walk, 50% need feeding tube, patients have a normal life span. This disease can be ruled out with a simple TSH/T/T thyroid test. A conditional knockout mouse line, called \"Slc16a2\" was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program—a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty one tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. Female homozygote mutants had decreased circulating glucose levels. Male hemizygous mutants had an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Both sexes had various abnormal plasma chemistry parameters. A knockout zebrafish line was generated in 2014 using the zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated targeted gene editing system. Similar to human patients, \"the\" zebrafish larvae exhibited neurological and behavioral deficiencies. They demonstrated reduced locomotor activity, altered myelin-related genes and neuron-specific deficiencies in circuit formation. Expression of \"mct8\" has been characterised in \"Xenopus laevis\" and \"Xenopus tropicalis\". Monocarboxylate transporter 8 Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is an active transporter protein that in humans is encoded by the \"SLC16A2\" gene. MCT8 actively transports a variety of iodo-thyronines including the thyroid hormones T and"
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"2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup squads The 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup was an international beach soccer tournament held in the Bahamas from 27 April to 7 May 2017. The 16 national teams involved in the tournament were required by FIFA to register a squad of 12 players, including two goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament which was revealed on 20 April 2017. This article lists the national beach soccer squads that took part in the tournament. The age listed for each player is as on 27 April 2017, the first day of the tournament and the names of the players shown are that of the \"FIFA Display Names\" listed on the official squad document issued by FIFA. Head coach: Alexandre Soares Head coach: Angelo Schirinzi Head coach: Jose Palma Head coach: Oumar Sylla Head coach: Audu Adamu Head coach: Massimo Agostini Head coach: Mohammad Mirshamsi Head coach: Ramon Mejía Head coach: Mohamed Bashir Head coach: Gustavo Zloccowick Head coach: Mario Narciso Head coach: Shubert Perez Head coach: Gilberto Sousa Head coach: Teiva Izal Head coach: Marcelo Mendes Head coach: Marcin Stanisławski Overall 192 players travelled to the Bahamas to compete in the tournament. Of these players, every member of each squad was registered with a club team in their own country, save for three Portuguese players who play abroad. Twelve of the sixteen managers were managing their own nation's national team whilst four managed foreign teams in respect to their own nationality. Brazilian managers comprised the most head coaches, with four attending the finals. 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup squads The 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup was an international beach soccer tournament held in the Bahamas from 27 April to 7 May 2017. The 16 national teams"
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"Eduardo da Silva Eduardo Alves da Silva (; born 25 February 1983), commonly known as Eduardo, sometimes nicknamed Dudu, is a Brazilian-born Croatian footballer who plays for Polish club Legia Warsaw. Capable of playing any forward position, he started as a striker, but is deployed mostly as a winger or second striker during the last few years. He began his career with his hometown club in Brazil, Bangu Atlético Clube. He later joined Dinamo Zagreb's youth team. He spent a period on loan at Inter Zaprešić, scoring 10 goals in 15 matches. His prolific scoring at Dinamo Zagreb, where he scored 73 times in 109 league appearances, attracted the interest of Arsenal who signed him for a fee of £7.5 million in 2007. A serious leg injury hampered his time with Arsenal and, after three seasons with the club, he moved to Shakhtar Donetsk in 2010. Eduardo took up Croatian citizenship in 2002 and made his international debut for the Croatian senior team as a second-half substitute in a friendly match against the Republic of Ireland on 16 November 2004 at the age of 21. He was selected by the national team's coach Slaven Bilić for the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament and again by Niko Kovač for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. With 29 goals scored for Croatia, Eduardo is the team's third most prolific striker on record, behind Mario Mandžukić (33 goals) and Davor Šuker (45 goals). Eduardo grew up in the Rio de Janeiro neighbourhood of Bangu and made his first steps in club football with CBF Nova Kennedy and Bangu Atlético Clube, although he did not play regularly in the youth categories. He was later noticed by Dinamo Zagreb's scouts and joined the club's youth squad in September 1999. Eduardo stayed at Dinamo on trial until December 1999 and returned to the club in February 2000, starting to play regularly for their under-17 squad. Eduardo found his way to the first team in the summer of 2001, despite suffering some injuries early in his career. After making his first-team debut with Dinamo in the 2001–02 season, Eduardo was loaned for one season to Croatian second division side Inker Zaprešić (now Inter Zaprešić) in 2002–03 to see more first-team action, scoring 10 goals in 15 league appearances for the club. Coming back from loan at Inter Zaprešić for the 2003–04 season, Eduardo quickly established himself as a regular in Dinamo Zagreb's first team. He was subsequently named the best player of the Croatian league in 2004 as well as in 2006 and 2007, when he was one of the key players in Dinamo Zagreb's team that won two consecutive titles in the Croatian league as well as one title in the Croatian Cup. In 2006, he also helped Dinamo winning the Croatian Supercup, scoring two goals in their 4–1 victory over Rijeka. In the 2006–07 season, he scored five goals in six matches for Dinamo Zagreb in two qualifying rounds for the Champions League and in the first round of the UEFA Cup. After netting a brace in Dinamo Zagreb's 4–1 away win at Ekranas, he went on to score the first European goal at Arsenal's new Emirates Stadium in London on 23 August 2006 as Dinamo Zagreb suffered a 5–1 aggregate defeat in the third qualifying round for the Champions League. He also scored both goals in Dinamo's 5–2 aggregate defeat to Auxerre in the first round of the UEFA Cup on 14 September 2006. Eduardo performed best for Dinamo Zagreb in the Croatian championship, netting 18 goals in 18 matches until the winter break of the 2006–07 season, including three braces and a hat-trick, and adding another seven assists to his tally. In addition to this, he was the only player who appeared in all of the club's 18 matches before the winter break, also being in the starting lineup in each of the 18 matches. In mid-November 2006, he scored two hat-tricks in two consecutive matches he played for Croatia and Dinamo Zagreb in a period of four days. In Dinamo's 4–0 derby win over Zagreb on 12 May 2007, Eduardo scored his 30th and 31st league goals of the 2006–07 season and became the most successful Croatian league goalscorer of all time, breaking a 13-year-old record set by former Dinamo Zagreb striker Goran Vlaović with 29 goals scored for the club in the 1993–94 season. He finished the league season with 34 goals in 32 appearances. In the final league match of the season on 19 May 2007, he became the first player ever to score a hat-trick in the Eternal derby between Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split, netting all three goals as Dinamo won the match 3–0. On 3 July 2007, Arsenal confirmed that terms had been agreed with Dinamo Zagreb for the transfer of Eduardo for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around £7.5 million, subject to receiving a work permit. The initial work permit application was turned down by the Home Office, but the appeal hearing on 2 August reversed the decision. Eduardo made his Premier League debut on 19 August 2007 in Arsenal's 1–1 draw at Blackburn Rovers. Ten days later, he netted his first competitive goal for the Gunners in their Champions League qualifier against Sparta Prague, which Arsenal won 3–0. Eduardo scored his first group-stage goal in the Champions League on 19 September 2007 against Sevilla. While still fighting to find his place as a regular in the Premier League for Arsenal, Eduardo continued to display his goalscoring abilities in the League Cup, scoring two braces in two consecutive matches for the club, against Sheffield United and Blackburn Rovers, and helping them to reach the semi-finals of the competition. Eduardo found more playing time in all competitions due to Robin van Persie's lengthy injury and found himself partnering Emmanuel Adebayor more often. Eduardo finally managed to establish his place in Arsenal's starting line-up in the Premier League over Christmas and New Year period, scoring his first two Premier League goals in a 4–1 win at Everton on 29 December 2007, first leveling the score and then putting Arsenal 2–1 up in the opening 15 minutes of the second half. On New Year's Day 2008, he opened the scoring after only 72 seconds of the match against West Ham United; Arsenal went on to win 2–0. On the first weekend of the new year, he had a successful FA Cup debut as Arsenal faced Championship side Burnley on the road, first scoring the opening goal early on, and then setting up a second for Nicklas Bendtner midway through the second half. In the following three matches in January, he set up three more goals, providing two assists and winning a penalty. He went on to help Arsenal to return to the top of the Premier League in early February, scoring a skillful over-the-shoulder flick in a 3–1 away victory over Manchester City and assisting Philippe Senderos for an early goal in a 2–0 win over Blackburn Rovers at the Emirates. On 23 February 2008, Eduardo suffered a broken left fibula and an open dislocation of his left ankle in a match against Birmingham City, following a tackle by Martin Taylor, for which Taylor was sent off. Eduardo was immediately taken to Selly Oak Hospital, where he underwent surgery. Gilberto Silva was the only person in the vicinity who spoke both Portuguese and English and was able to translate communication between Eduardo and the medical team. Eduardo's injury was so graphic that Sky Sports, which was broadcasting the game live, decided not to show replays of the incident. Arsène Wenger initially called for a lifetime ban for Taylor, but retracted his comments later. Taylor claimed to have visited Eduardo in hospital and that an apology was accepted; Eduardo, however, could not remember Taylor's visit or even the tackle. Some cite the incident as a cause of Arsenal failing to maintain their lead in the Premier League title race that season. On 16 February 2009, Eduardo started against Cardiff City in the FA Cup, scoring in the 21st minute and converted a penalty in the second half. However, in that game, he suffered a hamstring injury. He returned against Burnley in the 5th round of the FA Cup, captaining the side and scoring",
"Eduardo's injury was so graphic that Sky Sports, which was broadcasting the game live, decided not to show replays of the incident. Arsène Wenger initially called for a lifetime ban for Taylor, but retracted his comments later. Taylor claimed to have visited Eduardo in hospital and that an apology was accepted; Eduardo, however, could not remember Taylor's visit or even the tackle. Some cite the incident as a cause of Arsenal failing to maintain their lead in the Premier League title race that season. On 16 February 2009, Eduardo started against Cardiff City in the FA Cup, scoring in the 21st minute and converted a penalty in the second half. However, in that game, he suffered a hamstring injury. He returned against Burnley in the 5th round of the FA Cup, captaining the side and scoring Arsenal's second goal. He made his first appearance in the Premier League after the injury on the opening day of the 2009–10 season against Everton. He scored Arsenal's sixth goal in a 6–1 victory. A week later, Eduardo was accused of simulation by the Scottish FA chief executive Gordon Smith to win a penalty in the 3–1 Champions League win over Celtic; Smith also demanded a ban for the striker. On 28 August, Eduardo was charged by UEFA with \"deceiving the referee\" over the penalty incident and subsequently punished with a two-match European ban, However, the ruling was overturned on appeal with Arsenal producing video evidence showing the claim of simulation was inconclusive and testimony supporting the appeal also coming from Manuel Enrique Mejuto González, who had awarded the penalty. Eduardo later scored the winning goal in Arsenal's 3–2 win over Standard Liège on 16 September 2009. In November 2009, Eduardo signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal. He then scored his second Premier League goal of the season against Hull City on 19 December and scored again eleven days later in the 4–1 win over Portsmouth. Eduardo headed the winner in a 2–1 win over West Ham United to put Arsenal in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 3 January 2010. However, Arsenal were subsequently knocked out by Stoke City 3–1 at the Britannia Stadium. On 21 July 2010, he signed for Shakhtar Donetsk on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £6 million. He made his Ukrainian Premier League debut on 7 August 2010, playing the first half and netting the second goal in a 5–0 win against PFC Sevastopol. Shakhtar and Arsenal were both drawn into Group H in the Champions League, something Eduardo hoped would not happen prior to the draw. Eduardo scored his second goal in an away game against FC Volyn Lutsk, coming on as a substitute, to give Shakhtar a 0–1 win. His third goal came in the Ukrainian Cup against FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih where, after coming on as a substitute, he scored the fifth goal in a 6–0 win. He then scored in the next match against FC Metalist Kharkiv, again coming on as a substitute, to level the game at 1–1, which Shakhtar went on to win 1–2 in a dramatic late fashion. Returning to the Emirates Stadium on 19 October 2010 for Shakhtar's UEFA Champions League group match with Arsenal, Eduardo came on as a substitute with his new side 3–0 down and received a standing ovation from the Arsenal supporters. He scored a late consolation goal for Shakhtar in a game that Arsenal went on to win 5–1, at which point the Arsenal fans rose again and cheered their former hero. In the rematch, he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 victory and refused to celebrate, showing respect for his former club. Eduardo scored a volley in 0–2 away win against Kryvbas on 6 November. In a game against FK Partizan in the Champions League, coming on as a substitute, he scored the 3rd goal in a comfortable 0–3 Shakhtar win that put then on top of Group H. In the game against Partizan, he got a minor injury, but later came back onto the pitch. On 5 April 2014, Eduardo scored 2 out of the 3 goals for Shakhtar Donetsk against Karpaty Lviv in a League game. The first goal came when teammate and compatriot, Darijo Srna, crossed the ball in from a corner, Eduardo headed the ball into the centre of the goal. The second goal came when Srna chipped the ball over a player to Luiz Adriano who chested the ball and fired the ball into the box for Eduardo to slot the ball into the goal once again. Shakhtar Donetsk were 2–0 up at half time and later finished the game 3–0 when Luiz Adriano out muscled two players to slot the ball into the bottom left corner. It was announced on 17 July 2014 that he had signed for Brazilian side Flamengo. The forward scored his first goal for the club on 10 August 2014, in a match against Sport. On 10 July 2015, Eduardo signed a one and a half year contract with his old club Shakhtar Donetsk. In February 2017, Eduardo returned to Brazil to sign for Atlético Paranaense in Série A. It was announced on 4 January 2018 that he had signed for Polish club Legia Warsaw as a free agent. In 2002, Eduardo took Croatian citizenship and was first called up to play for the country's Under-21 team at the finals tournament of the 2004 European Under-21 Championship in Germany. He appeared in all three of Croatia's matches before they were eliminated from the tournament in the group stage. Eduardo also scored one goal in his international debut against Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 side. Eduardo was also called up to the Croatia team for the 2006 European Under-21 Championship qualifiers, in which he made a total of nine appearances and scored seven goals. However, Croatia failed to qualify for the final tournament after losing 5–2 on aggregate to Serbia and Montenegro in the play-offs, where Eduardo scored both of Croatia's goals. He won a total of twelve international caps and scored eight goals. In the meantime, he was also called up a couple of times to play for the Croatia national football team. He made his international debut at senior level as a second-half substitute in the team's friendly match against the Republic of Ireland on 16 November 2004 at the age of 21. In 2005, he appeared in another two friendly matches for the Croatian team and also played in both of the team's two matches at the 2006 Carlsberg Cup in Hong Kong. He scored his first international goal for Croatia at the tournament, netting the third goal in the team's 4–0 victory over hosts Hong Kong in the third-place play-off on 1 February 2006. He was subsequently also a candidate for joining the national team at the 2006 World Cup finals in Germany, but in the end did not get called up by the team's then-coach, Zlatko Kranjčar, who commented that Eduardo \"is a young player\", that he \"does not diminish his value\" by not selecting him, and that he \"most seriously counts on him in future matches\". After the 2006 World Cup, Eduardo returned to the national team under new coach Slaven Bilić and started Croatia's friendly match against Italy on 16 August 2006, scoring the first goal in Croatia's 2–0 victory. He would later establish himself as one of the key players in Croatia's qualifying campaign for the Euro 2008. He made his competitive debut at senior international level in Croatia's goalless away draw against Russia on 6 September 2006 and went on to score his first competitive international goal for Croatia on 11 October 2006 in their 2–0 home win against England, when he opened the scoring by sending a looping header over the stranded Paul Robinson. In the following qualifier, away to Israel on 15 November 2006, Eduardo netted a hat-trick to help Croatia to drive home a narrow 4–3 victory over the strong Israeli side. In Croatia's next qualifier, their first competitive game of the year 2007, at home against the sturdy Macedonian outfit on 24 March 2007, Eduardo scored the winner in the 88th minute to hand Croatia a 2–1 victory after trailing 1–0 at halftime. He went on to be Croatia's saviour in both of their qualifiers against Estonia, scoring all three goals in Croatia's 1–0 away and",
"Russia on 6 September 2006 and went on to score his first competitive international goal for Croatia on 11 October 2006 in their 2–0 home win against England, when he opened the scoring by sending a looping header over the stranded Paul Robinson. In the following qualifier, away to Israel on 15 November 2006, Eduardo netted a hat-trick to help Croatia to drive home a narrow 4–3 victory over the strong Israeli side. In Croatia's next qualifier, their first competitive game of the year 2007, at home against the sturdy Macedonian outfit on 24 March 2007, Eduardo scored the winner in the 88th minute to hand Croatia a 2–1 victory after trailing 1–0 at halftime. He went on to be Croatia's saviour in both of their qualifiers against Estonia, scoring all three goals in Croatia's 1–0 away and 2–0 home victories, as well as in their final home qualifier against Israel on 13 October 2007, where he netted the only goal in Croatia's 1–0 victory. He also set up Ivica Olić to score Croatia's 2nd goal in their famous 3–2 victory over England at Wembley—a win which saw England fail to qualify for Euro 2008. He finished the qualifying campaign with 10 goals in 12 matches and was the second-best goalscorer of the competition, after Northern Ireland's David Healy with 13 goals. At Croatia's opening game of Euro 2008 against Austria, banners were shown in the crowd in support of Eduardo due to his injury. His national team manager Slaven Bilić also dedicated Croatia's performance to him. After recovering from the leg injury, Eduardo made his first international appearance in just over a year, coming on as a substitute to replace Ivica Olić in the final 30 minutes of the friendly match against Romania on 11 February 2009, which saw Croatia recording a 2–1 away win. In the course of the same year, he made four appearances and scored three goals in Croatia's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Eduardo went on to make eleven appearances and score three goals as Croatia successfully qualified for the UEFA Euro 2012. At the finals, however, he only appeared as a late substitute in all of Croatia's three matches as they were eliminated in the group stage at the expense of eventual finalists Spain and Italy. After making seven appearances and scoring two goals in the qualifying campaign, Eduardo was selected to be part of Croatia's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals in his native Brazil. He did not feature in the defeat to the hosts in the opening match of the tournament, but came on for the last 21 minutes of the 4–0 win over Cameroon in the second group game, in place of Ivica Olić, to make his only appearance at the tournament, which saw Croatia eliminated in the group stage once again. On 15 July 2014, following the World Cup, Eduardo announced his retirement from the national team. Eduardo da Silva Eduardo Alves da Silva (; born 25 February 1983), commonly known as Eduardo, sometimes nicknamed Dudu, is a Brazilian-born Croatian footballer who plays for Polish club Legia Warsaw. Capable of playing any forward position, he started as a striker, but is deployed mostly as a winger or second striker during the last few years. He began his career with his hometown club in Brazil, Bangu Atlético Clube. He later joined Dinamo Zagreb's youth team. He spent a period on loan at Inter Zaprešić, scoring 10 goals in 15 matches. His"
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"Chris Gibbin Chris Gibbin is an American filmmaker, producer and entrepreneur whose first feature film, \"From Within\", had its worldwide premiere at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival and went on to win the 2008 Grand Jury Prize at the Solstice Film Festival. \"Lost Angeles\", his second feature film, starring Joelle Carter and Kelly Blatz, had its world premiere at the Oldenburg International Film Festival in 2012. In 1996, Gibbin founded DNA Studio, a Los Angeles-based online advertising agency, with offices in New York, Atlanta and Los Angeles. Key clients included Anheuser-Busch and AT&T. In 1999 and 2000 DNA was the winner of CLIO Awards for their digital work for Maverick Records and 20th Century Fox. DNA had grown to a 140+ agency before 2006 when Gibbin sold DNA to Whittman-Hart to form one of the largest U.S. independent interactive agencies. Gibbin founded Something Massive in 2009 with partners John Moshay and Rebecca Coleman. Key clients include Plum Organics and Regal Entertainment Group. Chris was the creative force and producer behind Carmen Electra's line of Aerobic Striptease fitness videos and Paula Abdul's Cardio Cheer DVD series, along with 12 other DVD fitness titles. In 2007, Gibbin produced the independent thriller \"From Within\", directed by Phedon Papamichael and released by Lionsgate Entertainment. It was the 2008 Grand Jury Award Winner at the Solstice Film Festival and was included in the 2008 After Dark \"8 Films to Die For\" festival. In 2011, Gibbin and Papamichael teamed up again to produce the independent comedy-drama \"Lost Angeles\", starring \"Justified\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Joelle Carter and Kelly Blatz. The film premiered at the Oldenburg International Film Festival on September 16, 2012. In 2014 Chris Gibbin wrote and directed \"Buddy\" starring Joelle Carter and Ryan O'Nan, a short film that premiered at the St. Tropez International Film Festival, with further festival showings at LA Shorts Fest 2014, Nine Worlds International Film Festival 2014 and the Carmel International Film Festival 2014. In late 2012, Gibbin joined forces with two-time Academy Award winner Janusz Kamiński; Academy Award winner Wally Pfister, ASC; Academy Award nominee Phedon Papamichael, ASC; and producer Jacqueline Legan to create Advancedfilmmaking.com. The site contains over 22 hours of interviews with some of the industry's top filmmakers, including Alexander Payne and Wim Wenders. In 2004, Gibbin created and produced MDN, a half-hour variety show on Spike TV featuring action, sports, and comedy, for Mountain Dew. In 2007, Gibbin created Dewmocracy, a story-driven fan based advertising campaign for Mountain Dew, that let consumers choose the next new flavor for the soda. The campaign featured an in-depth virtual world and a video directed by Oscar winner Forest Whitaker. On behalf of Regal Entertainment Group, which operates the largest theatre circuit in the United States, Gibbin and his agency Something Massive developed and produced an original branded YouTube series starring exclusively Vine celebrities in 2013. The series, \"Date Night Fails\", starred Vine celebrities Jason Nash, Brittany Furlan, and KC James, among others. In addition to the videos, the Viners participated in a cross-platform campaign consisting of branded Vines to help support the series. On the heels of their early success with \"Date Night Fails\", Chris and his agency again teamed up with Regal Cinemas in 2014 to create and produce two separate ongoing branded web series for the theatre chain: \"The Regalist\" and \"The Trailer\". \"The Regalist\", starring stand-up comedian Baron Vaughn, utilizes the themes and characteristics of upcoming films as the justification for a list of top movie moments in film history (e.g. \"Top 7 Creepiest Dolls in Movies\"). \"The Trailer\" is a weekly movie talk show hosted by comedians Yassir Lester and Erin Gibson. Chris Gibbin Chris Gibbin is an American filmmaker, producer and entrepreneur whose first feature film, \"From Within\", had its worldwide premiere at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival and went on to win the 2008 Grand Jury Prize at the Solstice Film Festival. \"Lost Angeles\", his second feature film, starring Joelle Carter and Kelly Blatz, had its world premiere at the Oldenburg International Film Festival in 2012. In 1996, Gibbin founded DNA Studio, a Los Angeles-based online advertising agency, with offices in New York, Atlanta and Los Angeles. Key clients included Anheuser-Busch and AT&T. In 1999 and 2000"
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"1970 Bhola cyclone The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan and India's West Bengal on November 12, 1970. It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the deadliest natural disasters. At least 500,000 people lost their lives in the storm, primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta. This cyclone was the sixth cyclonic storm of the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, and also the season's strongest. The cyclone formed over the central Bay of Bengal on November 8, and traveled northward, intensifying as it did so. It reached its peak with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) on November 11, and made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) the following afternoon. The storm surge devastated many of the offshore islands, wiping out villages and destroying crops throughout the region. In the most severely affected Upazila, Tazumuddin, over 45% of the population of 167,000 was killed by the storm. The Pakistani government, led by junta leader General Yahya Khan, was criticized for its delayed handling of the relief operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and in the international media. During the election that took place a month later, the opposition Awami League gained a landslide victory in the province, and continuing unrest between East Pakistan and the central government triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to widespread atrocities and eventually concluded with the creation of the country of Bangladesh. This storm as well as the Bangladesh Liberation War and 1971 Bangladesh genocide and the subsequent refugees led ex-Beatle George Harrison and Bengali musician Ravi Shankar to organize The Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 in Madison Square Garden, New York City. The remnants of Tropical Storm Nora from the West Pacific, which had lasted for two days in the South China Sea, moved west over the Malay Peninsula on November 5. The remnants of this system contributed to the development of a new depression in the central Bay of Bengal on the morning of November 8. The depression intensified as it moved slowly northward, and the India Meteorological Department upgraded it to a cyclonic storm the next day. No country in the region had ever named tropical cyclones during this time, so no new identity was given. The storm became nearly stationary that evening near 14.5° N, 87° E, but began to accelerate toward the north on November 10. The storm further intensified into a severe cyclonic storm on November 11 and began to turn towards the northeast, as it approached the head of the bay. It developed a clear eye, and reached its peak intensity later that day, with 3-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), and a central pressure of 960 hPa. The cyclone made landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of November 12, around the same time as the local high tide. Once over land, the system began to weaken; the storm degraded to a cyclonic storm on November 13, when it was about south-southeast of Agartala. The storm then rapidly weakened into a remnant low over southern Assam that evening. There is question as to how much of the information about the cyclone said to have been received by Indian weather authorities was transmitted to East Pakistan authorities. This is because the Indian and East Pakistani weather services may not have shared information given the Indo-Pakistani friction at the time. A large part of the population was reportedly taken by surprise by the storm. There were indications that the storm warning system that existed in East Pakistan was not used properly, which probably cost tens of thousands of lives. The Pakistan Meteorological Department issued a report calling for \"danger preparedness\" in the coastal regions in danger during the day on November 12. As the storm neared the coast, a \"great danger signal\" was broadcast on Pakistan Radio. Survivors later said that this meant little to them, but that they had recognised a No. 1 warning signal as representing the greatest possible threat. Following two previously destructive cyclones in October 1960 which killed at least 16,000 people in East Pakistan, the Pakistani government contacted the American government for assistance in developing a system to avert future disasters. Gordon Dunn, the director of the National Hurricane Center at the time, carried out a detailed study and submitted his report in 1961. However, the government did not carry out all of the recommendations Dunn had listed. Although the North Indian Ocean is the least active of the tropical cyclone basins, the coast of the Bay of Bengal is particularly vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones. The exact death toll will never be known, but it is estimated to be 300,000 to 500,000 people in total. The Bhola cyclone was not the most powerful of these, however; the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone was significantly stronger when it made landfall in the same general area, as a Category 5-equivalent cyclone with winds. The Bhola cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone on record and also one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history. A comparable number of people died as a result of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, but because of uncertainty in the number of deaths in all three disasters, it may never be known which one was the deadliest. The meteorological station in Chittagong, to the east of where the storm made landfall, recorded winds of before its anemometer was blown off at about 2200 UTC on November 12. A ship anchored in the port in the same area recorded a peak gust of about 45 minutes later. As the storm made landfall, it caused a high storm surge at the Ganges Delta. In the port at Chittagong, the storm tide peaked at about above the average sea level, of which was the storm surge. Pakistani radio reported that there were no survivors on the 13 islands near Chittagong. A flight over the area showed the devastation was complete throughout the southern half of Bhola Island, and the rice crops of Bhola Island, Hatia Island and the nearby mainland coastline were destroyed. Several seagoing vessels in the ports of Chittagong and Mongla were reported damaged, and the airports at Chittagong and Cox's Bazar were under of water for several hours. Over 3.6 million people were directly affected by the cyclone, and the total damage from the storm was estimated at $86.4 million (1970 USD, $450 Million 2006 USD). The survivors claimed that approximately 85% of homes in the area were destroyed or severely damaged, with the greatest destruction occurring along the coast. Ninety percent of marine fishermen in the region suffered heavy losses, including the destruction of 9,000 offshore fishing boats. Of the 77,000 onshore fishermen, 46,000 were killed by the cyclone, and 40% of the survivors were affected severely. In total, approximately 65% of the fishing capacity of the coastal region was destroyed by the storm, in a region where about 80% of the protein consumed comes from fish. Agricultural damage was similarly severe with the loss of $63 million worth of crops and 280,000 cattle. Three months after the storm, 75% of the population was receiving food from relief workers, and over 150,000 relied upon aid for half of their food. The cyclone brought widespread rain to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with very heavy rain falling in places on November 8 and 9. Port Blair recorded of rain on November 8, and there were a number of floods on the islands. The MV \"Mahajagmitra\", a 5,500-ton freighter en route from Calcutta to Kuwait, was sunk by the storm on November 12, with the loss of all 50 people on board. The ship sent out a distress signal and reported experiencing hurricane-force winds before it sank. There was also widespread rain in West",
"comes from fish. Agricultural damage was similarly severe with the loss of $63 million worth of crops and 280,000 cattle. Three months after the storm, 75% of the population was receiving food from relief workers, and over 150,000 relied upon aid for half of their food. The cyclone brought widespread rain to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with very heavy rain falling in places on November 8 and 9. Port Blair recorded of rain on November 8, and there were a number of floods on the islands. The MV \"Mahajagmitra\", a 5,500-ton freighter en route from Calcutta to Kuwait, was sunk by the storm on November 12, with the loss of all 50 people on board. The ship sent out a distress signal and reported experiencing hurricane-force winds before it sank. There was also widespread rain in West Bengal and southern Assam. The rain caused damage to housing and crops in both Indian states, with the worst damage occurring in the southernmost districts. Two medical relief surveys were carried out by the Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory: the first in November and the second in February and March. The purpose of the first survey was to establish the immediate medical needs in the affected regions, and the second, more detailed, survey was designed as the basis for long-term relief and recovery planning. In the second survey, approximately 1.4% of the area's population was studied. The first survey concluded that the surface water in most of the affected regions had a comparable salt content to that drawn from wells, except in Sudharam, where the water was almost undrinkable with a salt content of up to 0.5%. The mortality was estimated at 14.2%—equivalent to a death toll of 240,000. Cyclone-related morbidity was generally restricted to minor injuries, but a phenomenon dubbed \"cyclone syndrome\" was observed. This consisted of severe abrasions on the limbs and chest caused by survivors clinging to trees to withstand the storm surge. Initially, there were fears of an outbreak of cholera and typhoid fever in the weeks following the storm, but the survey found no evidence of an epidemic of cholera, smallpox or any other disease in the region affected by the storm. The totals from the second survey were likely a considerable underestimate as several groups were not included. The 100,000 migrant workers who were collecting the rice harvest, families who were completely wiped out by the storm and those who had migrated out of the region in the three months were not included, and by excluding these groups, the risk of hearsay and exaggeration was reduced. The survey concluded that the overall death toll was, at minimum, 224,000. The worst effects were felt in Tazumuddin, where the mortality was 46.3%, corresponding to approximately 77,000 deaths in Thana alone. The mean mortality throughout the affected region was 16.5%. The results showed that the highest survival rate was for adult males aged 15–49, while more than half the deaths were children under ten, who only formed a third of the pre-cyclone population. This suggests that the young, old and sick were at highest risk of perishing in the cyclone and its surge. In the months after the storm, the mortality of the middle-aged was lower in the cyclone area than in the control region, near Dhaka. This reflected the storm's toll on the less healthy individuals. The day after the storm struck the coast, three Pakistani gunboats and a hospital ship carrying medical personnel and supplies left Chittagong for the islands of Hatia, Sandwip and Kutubdia. Teams from the Pakistani army reached many of the stricken areas in the two days following the landfall of the cyclone. Pakistani President Yahya Khan returned from a state visit to China and overflew the disaster area on November 16. The president ordered \"no effort to be spared\" to relieve the victims. He also ordered that all flags should be flown at half-mast and announced a day of national mourning on November 21, a week after the cyclone struck land. In the ten days following the cyclone, one military transport aircraft and three crop-dusting aircraft were assigned to relief work by the Pakistani government. The Pakistani government said it was unable to transfer military helicopters from West Pakistan as the Indian government did not grant clearance to cross the intervening Indian territory, a charge the Indian government denied. By November 24, the Pakistani government had allocated a further $116 million to finance relief operations in the disaster area. Yahya Khan arrived in Dhaka to take charge of the relief operations on November 24. The governor of East Pakistan, Vice Admiral S. M. Ahsan, denied charges that the armed forces had not acted quickly enough and said supplies were reaching all parts of the disaster area except for some small pockets. A week after the cyclone's landfall, President Khan conceded that his government had made \"slips\" and \"mistakes\" in its handling of the relief efforts. He said there was a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster. He also said that the general election slated for December 7 would take place on time, although eight or nine of the worst affected districts might experience delays, denying rumours that the election would be postponed. As the conflict between East and West Pakistan developed in March, the Dhaka offices of the two government organisations directly involved in relief efforts were closed for at least two weeks, first by a general strike and then by a ban on government work in East Pakistan by the Awami League. Relief work continued in the field, but the long-term planning was curtailed. Political leaders in East Pakistan were deeply critical of the central government's initial response to the disaster. A statement released by eleven political leaders in East Pakistan ten days after the cyclone hit charged the government with 'gross neglect, callous indifference and utter indifference'. They also accused the president of playing down the news coverage. On November 19, students held a march in Dhaka in protest of the speed of the government response, and Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani addressed a rally of 50,000 people on November 24, when he accused the president of inefficiency and demanded his resignation. The president's political opponents accused him of bungling the efforts and some demanded his resignation. The Pakistan Red Crescent began to operate independently of the government as the result of a dispute that arose after the Red Crescent took possession of 20 rafts donated by the British Red Cross. A pesticide company had to wait two days before it received permission for two of its crop dusters, which were already in the country, to carry out supply drops in the affected regions. The Pakistani government only deployed a single helicopter to relief operations, with Yahya Khan later stating that there was no point deploying any helicopters from West Pakistan as they were unable to carry supplies. A reporter for the \"Pakistan Observer\" spent a week in the worst hit areas in early January and saw none of the tents supplied by relief agencies being used to house survivors and commented that the grants for building new houses were insufficient. The \"Pakistan Observer\" regularly carried front-page stories with headlines like \"No Relief Coordination\", while publishing government statements saying \"Relief operations are going smoothly.\" In January, the coldest period of the year in East Pakistan, the National Relief and Rehabilitation Committee, headed by the editor of \"Ittefaq\", said thousands of survivors from the storm were \"passing their days under [the] open sky\". A spokesman said families who were made homeless by the cyclone were receiving up to 250 rupees (US$55 in 1971 dollars; $ in 2019) to rebuild, but that resources were scarce and he feared the survivors would \"eat the cash\". The Awami League, headed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, swept to a landslide victory in the national elections",
"building new houses were insufficient. The \"Pakistan Observer\" regularly carried front-page stories with headlines like \"No Relief Coordination\", while publishing government statements saying \"Relief operations are going smoothly.\" In January, the coldest period of the year in East Pakistan, the National Relief and Rehabilitation Committee, headed by the editor of \"Ittefaq\", said thousands of survivors from the storm were \"passing their days under [the] open sky\". A spokesman said families who were made homeless by the cyclone were receiving up to 250 rupees (US$55 in 1971 dollars; $ in 2019) to rebuild, but that resources were scarce and he feared the survivors would \"eat the cash\". The Awami League, headed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, swept to a landslide victory in the national elections in December 1970, in part because of dissatisfaction over failure of the relief efforts by the national government. The elections for nine national assembly and eighteen provincial assembly seats had to be postponed until January 18 as a result of the storm. The government's handling of the relief efforts helped exacerbate the bitterness felt in East Pakistan, swelling the resistance movement there. Funds only slowly got through, and transport was slow in bringing supplies to the devastated regions. As tensions increased in March, foreign personnel evacuated because of fears of violence. The situation deteriorated further and developed into the Bangladesh Liberation War in March. This conflict widened into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 in December and concluded with the creation of Bangladesh. This was one of the first times that a natural event helped to trigger a civil war. India became one of the first nations to offer aid to Pakistan, despite the generally poor relations between the two countries, and by the end of November had pledged $1.3 million (1970 USD, $6.9 million 2007 USD) of assistance for the relief efforts. The Pakistani government refused to allow the Indians to send supplies into East Pakistan by air, forcing them to be transported slowly by road instead. The Indian government also said that the Pakistanis refused an offer of military aircraft, helicopters and boats from West Bengal to assist in the relief operation. US President Richard Nixon allocated a $10 million ($ million in 2019) grant to provide food and other essential relief to the survivors of the storm, and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan pledged that he would \"assist the East Pakistan government in every way feasible.\" The American government also sent a number of blankets, tents and other supplies. Six helicopters, two helicopters at an aid mission in Nepal and four from the United States, were sent to East Pakistan. Some 200,000 tons of wheat were shipped from the United States to the stricken region. By the end of November, there were 38 helicopters operating in the disaster area, ten of which were British and ten American. The Americans had provided about 50 small boats and the British 70 for supply distribution. CARE halted aid shipments to the country the week after the cyclone hit, because of unwillingness to let the Pakistani government handle distribution. However, by January, they had reached an agreement to construct 24,000 cement brick houses at a cost of about $1.2 million ($ million in 2019). American concerns about delays by the Pakistani government in determining how the relief should be used meant that $7.5 million ($ million in 2019) of relief granted by the US Congress had not been handed over in March. Much of the money was earmarked to be spent on constructing cyclone shelters and rebuilding housing. The American Peace Corps offered to send volunteers but were rebuffed by the Pakistani government. A Royal Navy task force, centred on \"HMS Intrepid\" and \"HMS Triumph\", left Singapore for the Bay of Bengal to assist with the relief efforts. They carried eight helicopters and eight landing craft, as well as rescue teams and supplies. Fifty soldiers and two helicopters were flown in ahead of the ships to survey the disaster area and bring relief work. The British task force arrived off the Pakistan coast on November 24, and the 650 troops aboard the ships immediately began using landing craft to deliver supplies to offshore islands. An appeal by the British Disasters Emergency Committee raised about £1.5 million (£ million in 2019) for disaster relief in East Pakistan. The Canadian government pledged $2 million of assistance. France and West Germany both sent helicopters and various supplies worth $1.3 million. Pope Paul VI announced that he would visit Dhaka during a visit to the Far East and urged people to pray for the victims of the disaster. The Vatican later contributed $100,000 to the relief efforts. By the start of 1971, four Soviet helicopters were still operating in the region transporting essential supplies to hard-hit areas. The Soviet aircraft, which had drawn criticism from Bengalis, replaced the British and American helicopters that had operated immediately after the cyclone. The government of Singapore sent a military medical mission to East Pakistan which arrived at Chittagong on December 1, 1971. They were then deployed to Sandwip where they treated nearly 27,000 people and carried out a smallpox vaccination effort. The mission returned to Singapore on December 22, after bringing about $50,000 worth of medical supplies and 15 tons of food for the victims of the storm. The Japanese cabinet approved a total of $1.65 million of relief funds in December. The Japanese government had previously drawn criticism for only donating a small amount to relief work. The first shipment of Chinese supplies to East Pakistan was a planeload of 500,000 doses of cholera vaccine, which was not necessary as the country had adequate stocks. The Chinese government sent $1.2 million in cash to Pakistan. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi declared that the disaster was also an Iranian one and responded by sending two planeloads of supplies within a few days of the cyclone striking. Many smaller, poorer Asian nations sent nominal amounts of aid. The United Nations donated $2.1 million in food and cash, while UNICEF began a drive to raise a further million. UNICEF helped to re-establish water supplies in the wake of the storm, repairing over 11,000 wells in the months following the storm. UN Secretary-General U Thant made appeals for aid for the victims of the cyclone and the civil war in August, in two separate relief programs. He said only about $4 million had been contributed towards immediate needs, well short of the target of $29.2 million. By the end of November, the League of Red Cross Societies had collected $3.5 million to supply aid to the victims of the disaster. The World Bank estimated that it would cost $185 million to reconstruct the area devastated by the storm. The bank drew up a comprehensive recovery plan for the Pakistani government. The plan included restoring housing, water supplies and infrastructure to their pre-storm state. It was designed to combine with a much larger ongoing flood-control and development program. The Bank provided $25 million of credit to help rebuild the East Pakistan economy and to construct protective shelters in the region. This was the first time that the IDA had provided credit for reconstruction. By the start of December, nearly $40 million had been raised for the relief efforts by the governments of 41 countries, organisations and private groups. In 1971, ex-Beatle George Harrison was inspired to organize The Concert for Bangladesh, in part from the 1970 Bhola Cyclone, and from the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide and Bangladesh Liberation War. Although it was the first benefit concert of its type, it was extremely successful in raising money, aid and awareness for the region's plight. In December, the League of Red Cross Societies drafted a plan for immediate use should a comparable event to the cyclone hit other \"disaster prone countries\". A Red",
"economy and to construct protective shelters in the region. This was the first time that the IDA had provided credit for reconstruction. By the start of December, nearly $40 million had been raised for the relief efforts by the governments of 41 countries, organisations and private groups. In 1971, ex-Beatle George Harrison was inspired to organize The Concert for Bangladesh, in part from the 1970 Bhola Cyclone, and from the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide and Bangladesh Liberation War. Although it was the first benefit concert of its type, it was extremely successful in raising money, aid and awareness for the region's plight. In December, the League of Red Cross Societies drafted a plan for immediate use should a comparable event to the cyclone hit other \"disaster prone countries\". A Red Cross official stated some of the relief workers sent to East Pakistan were poorly trained, and the organisation would compile a list of specialists. The UN General Assembly adopted a proposal to improve its ability to provide aid to disaster-stricken countries. In 1966, the Red Crescent had begun to support the development of a cyclone warning system, which developed into a Cyclone Preparedness Programme in 1972, today run by the Government of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society. The programme's objectives are to raise public awareness of the risks of cyclones and to provide training to emergency personnel in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. In the 30 years after the 1970 cyclone, over 200 cyclone shelters were constructed in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. When the next destructive cyclone approached the country in 1991, volunteers from the Cyclone Preparedness Programme warned people of the cyclone two to three days before it struck land. Over 350,000 people fled their homes to shelters and other brick structures, while others sought high ground. While the 1991 cyclone killed over 138,000 people, this was significantly less than the 1970 storm, partly because of the warnings sent out by the Cyclone Preparedness Programme. However, the 1991 storm was significantly more destructive, causing 1.5 billion dollars in damage (2 billion inflation-adjusted) compared to the 1970 storm's 86.4 million dollars in damage. 1970 Bhola cyclone The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan and India's West Bengal on November 12, 1970. It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the deadliest natural disasters. At least 500,000 people lost their lives in the storm, primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta. This cyclone was the sixth cyclonic storm of the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, and also the season's strongest. The cyclone formed over the central"
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"Castle Hedingham Castle Hedingham is a village in northeast Essex, England, located four miles west of Halstead and 3 miles south-east of Great Yeldham in the Colne Valley on the ancient road from Colchester, Essex, to Cambridge. It developed around Hedingham Castle, the ancestral seat of the de Veres, Earls of Oxford. The first earl, Aubrey de Vere III, finished the initial building of the keep and established a Benedictine nunnery, Castle Hedingham Priory, near the castle gates. Hugh de Vere, fourth earl of Oxford, purchased the right to hold a market in the town of the crown in the mid-13th century. He also founded a hospital just outside the gates of the castle around 1250. The village's main attractions are the well preserved Norman Hedingham Castle, the Colne Valley Railway, Kirby Hall and its many timber-framed medieval buildings. The church of St. Nicholas is late Norman and Gothic, building having commenced around 1180. The fine double hammerbeam roof is attributed to Thomas Loveday, who was responsible for work on St John's College, Cambridge. Its Romanesque wheel window and cemetery cross are remnants of the Norman church. The village was served by Sible and Castle Hedingham railway station which was opened by Colne Valley & Halstead Railway Company in 1867. The station closed in 1964 and was dismantled and rebuilt in 1974 on a new site to the north west of the village by the Colne Valley Railway Preservation Society. Castle Hedingham Pottery was an art pottery studio run by Edward Bingham at Castle Hedingham from about 1864 until 1901. Castle Hedingham Castle Hedingham is a village in northeast Essex, England, located four miles west of Halstead and 3 miles south-east of Great Yeldham in the Colne Valley on the ancient road from Colchester, Essex, to Cambridge. It developed around"
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"Martín Rivero Martín Horacio Rivero (born November 13, 1989 in Roldán) is an Argentine footballer who currently plays for Belgrano. Rivero began his career in the youth ranks of Rosario Central and made his first team debut as a teenager during the 2008 season. He made his debut on June 20, 2008 in a 2-1 defeat to Argentinos Juniors in the 2007–08 Argentine Primera División season. Playing primarily as an attacking midfielder Rivero scored five goals over 53 games for Rosario Central. On February 16, 2012, Rivero signed a loan deal with Major League Soccer side Colorado Rapids from Rosario Central. On January 14, 2014 it was announced by the Rapids that Rivero would not be returning for the 2014 season. He was traded by Colorado to Chivas USA on April 10, 2014 in exchange for a fourth-round 2015 MLS SuperDraft pick. Martín Rivero Martín Horacio Rivero (born November 13, 1989 in Roldán) is an Argentine footballer who currently plays for Belgrano. Rivero began his career in the youth ranks of Rosario Central and made his first team debut as a teenager during the 2008 season. He made his debut on June 20, 2008 in a 2-1 defeat to Argentinos"
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"Johan Schreiner Johan Christian Schreiner (25 May 1903 – 8 October 1967) was a Norwegian historian. He was a professor at the University of Oslo, and his speciality was the Middle Ages. He was born in Drøbak as a son of historian Kristian Schreiner (1874–1957) and physician and anthropologist Alette Schreiner (1873–1951), and grew up in Kristiania. He was married briefly to his youth friend, later editor, Minister of Social Affairs, and member of Parliament Kirsten Hansteen, from 1928, and from 1930 he was married to Astri Høst. While he was a student he was a member of the radical political organization \"Mot Dag\". Through his brother Fredrik, Johan Schreiner was an uncle of economist and civil servant Per Schreiner. Schreiner finished his secondary education in 1921, and enrolled at the University of Oslo where he majored in history in 1927. In 1933 he defended his doctorate, over timber export and trade politics in the early 17th century (\"Nederland og Norge 1625–1650. Trelastutførsel og handelspolitikk\"). He lectured at the University of Oslo from 1939, and was appointed professor in 1946. Following the outbreak of World War II he was arrested first in February 1942, being incarcerated at Bredtveit concentration camp until March. He was later arrested in October 1943 along with other University faculty. He was incarcerated in Bredtveit concentration camp from October to November 1943, Berg concentration camp from November to December 1943 and Grini concentration camp from December 1943 to December 1944. In 1946 and 1947 he co-edited the two-volume book \"Griniboken\" along with August Lange, with contributions from several of the prisoner at Grini. He chaired the society \"Den norske historiske forening\" from 1947 to 1955, and edited the society's journal \"Historisk tidsskrift\" during the same period. He was main editor of the five volume \"Trondheim bys historie \" (1956–1973), and \"Vårt folks historie\" (1961–1964). From 1947 to 1955 he chaired the Norwegian Historical Association. He was decorated as Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1965. Johan Schreiner Johan Christian Schreiner (25 May 1903 – 8 October 1967) was a Norwegian historian. He was a professor at the University of Oslo, and his speciality was the Middle Ages. He was born in Drøbak as a son of historian Kristian Schreiner (1874–1957) and physician and anthropologist Alette Schreiner (1873–1951), and grew up in Kristiania. He was married briefly to his youth friend,"
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"2008 H5N1 outbreak in West Bengal The 2008 bird flu outbreak in West Bengal is an occurrence of avian influenza in West Bengal, India that began on January 16, 2008. The infection was caused by the H5N1 subtype of the Influenza A virus and occurred in at least thirteen districts, including Birbhum, Nadia, Murshidabad, Burdwan, Hooghly, Cooch Behar, Malda, Bankura, Purulia, Howrah, West Midnapore, South 24 Parganas and South Dinajpur and several new inclusion are reported daily. A range of precautions has been instituted including a large cull of chickens, eggs, and poultry birds, the imposition of segregation zones, and a disinfection programme for the plant. The government has put a blanket ban on the movement of poultry birds from West Bengal. Immediate causes are not determined, but a high poultry density followed by a moist cold climate has led to the quick spread of the virus. With the highest population density in India, West Bengal has a high risk of the deadly virus spreading to humans. As per other accounts, bird flu has spread to half of the state due to delayed action, bad planning and mismanagement by Government of West Bengal. In many villages, people led by ruling party leaders resisted culling operations.. Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar had slammed the Communist Party of India (Marxist) government for not reporting the bird flu epidemic early on. Shortage of staff for culling operation is one of the other reasons. At least eleven districts of West Bengal, including Birbhum, Nadia, Murshidabad, Burdwan, Hooghly, Cooch Behar, Malda, Bankura, Purulia, Howrah, West Midnapore, South 24 Parganas and South Dinajpur are affected by bird flu. 2008 H5N1 outbreak in West Bengal The 2008 bird flu outbreak in West Bengal is an occurrence of avian influenza in West Bengal, India that began on January 16,"
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"Freaky Chakra Freaky Chakra is a 2003 Bollywood comedy-drama film directed by V. K. Prakash and Ziba Bhagwagar. The film stars Deepti Naval and Sachin Khedekar. The film was India's official entry for Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival, and received recognition by the International Federation of Film Critics at the at 2003 Mumbai International Film Festival. Principle photography commenced in Bangalore over a 21-day shoot schedule, and actress Deepti Naval stated that the film had been cut for the Indian film market to remove shots where her character took the lead in lovemaking. The film was India's official entry for Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival, and was released on 7 February 2003. The film was the only Hindi project for which Ouseppachan has composed music. Writer (Ranvir Shorey) tells the story and introduces the story characters one-by-one in a narrative style. Ms. Thomas (Deepti Naval) used to be a doctor and now works as a mortician. After her medical skills failed to save her husband, she decided to live alone and keep to herself. However various events continue to keep her at odds with reality: she receives phone calls from a crank caller (Sachin Khedekar) who speaks to her in a raunchy manner; mischievous children repeatedly run away after ringing her doorbell; she is unable to bathe because her water does not operate; and her apartment manager is so tired of her complaints that he blocks his ears with cotton. In her routine, she begins to look forward to each distraction. When an uninvited guest (Sunil Raoh) takes up residence in her home, the two eventually have a romantic affair, changing her life and her outlook. Because of its dealing with relationships between four persons, \"Times of India\" referred to the film as \"rectangular love story\", as opposed to \"the cliched regular or triangular romantic stories that Bollywood generally churns out.\" The film created a stir after its release due to its dealing with one of the long time taboo subjects, age disparity in relationships with a woman on the older side. After its release, \"Times of India\" made note of a growing trend to depict such relationships more openly: Using the characters of Deepti Naval's Ms. Thomas in Prakash's \"Freaky Chakra\", Juhi Chawla's Chandrika in Nagesh Kukunoor's \"3 Deewarein\", and Shabana Azmi's Radha in Deepa Mehta's \"Fire\" as examples of a changing trend in Indian cinema, they wrote that \"Bollywood is now bent on giving the fairer sex a fair deal in sex.\" \"Outlook India\" panned the film, offering that \"Prakash's experiment with story-telling might sound promising on paper but fails to deliver on celluloid.\" They felt this was due to Ranvir Shorey's character of The Writer becoming an intrusive and \"annoying obstruction\" that hampered the film's action. They also felt that the characters were not fully fleshed out, writing they \"don't get a life beyond their sentence-long descriptions\", and that the relationships of the various characters are not allowed to grow, leaving the viewer with questions. They concluded that \"\"Freaky Chakra\" is brash without any real sense of irreverence. It's meant to be fun, but doesn't even manage to elicit a smile. A joke of a film, and a bad joke at that.\" \"Rediff\" wrote of the film, \"You simply wonder why the film was made\", noting that the storyline wasn't suitable for a Deepti Naval film, and that as the musical was \"a fusion of classical and Western tunes,\" it would not appeal, offering only that the Hindi song \"Yeh dil ne kuch kaha hai\" was \"beautifully rendered.\" They further felt the storyline and screenplay were too unconventional to attract a wide audience, and noted that the narrative of Ranvir Shorey as The Writer \"tends to grate on your nerves at times.\" They granted that the Deepti Naval's character was \"the most interesting\" and that she \"deserves credit\" for her ability to have her acting speak louder than scripted words. They also noted that Sunil Raoh did a \"decent job\" and that Sachin Khedekar gave \"a brilliant performance.\" But while acknowledging these points, they concluded \"For all the performances, the characters are shallow and unexplained.\" Conversely \"Planet Bollywood\" generally praised \"Freaky Chakra\", offering that the first part of the film was \"superb\" and making note of Ranvir Shorey’s narration, writing \"The deliberate pacing, excellent repetition of background music, and the continuous visual references to wheels and charkas (the most observant viewers will notice Ms. Thomas drawing one with her fingers and a glass of water) in the first few segments is brilliantly handled.\" They offered that the rest of the film was nearly as good, with Sunil's character \"instantly likeable\" and the development of his relationship with Deepti Naval's character of Ms. Thomas \"flows naturally.\" They also praised the transition of her transformation into an upbeat personality, and wrote it was \"brilliantly contrasted with the degeneration of the pervert and the writer.\" The only flaw they found was in the film's ending, writing \"The drawback is the incredibly abrupt and unfulfilling ending of the film. The very poorly devised ending essentially slaps the film on its own face, and trivializes the plot up until that point.\" Freaky Chakra Freaky Chakra is a 2003 Bollywood comedy-drama film directed by V. K. Prakash and Ziba Bhagwagar. The film stars Deepti Naval and Sachin Khedekar. The film was India's official entry for Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival,"
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"No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | U.S. viewers (millions) \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n46 | | \"Quad with a Blog\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Paul Ciancarelli & David Dipietro | January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07) | 301 | 1.58 \n \nTom's Get Sporty cafe has been losing customers lately due to increased competition. The quads try to convince their friends to eat at the cafe. They even conduct a research which reveals that their parents are the problem. So, the quads make the cafe a \"no-parent\" zone but that doesn't get their friends to come. The quads decide to work on a new signature dish and have the Gourmet Guy review it on his blog. Unfortunately, they can't agree on one idea. They agree to combine the four different dishes into one dish and invite the Gourmet Guy to review. They serve the dish to a customer they believe to be the Gourmet Guy. The Gourmet Guy gives it a bad review. While trying to figure out why he gave it a good review, they realize that Nicky is the Gourmet Guy. Dawn, Ricky and Dicky pressure Nicky into giving their dish a good review but he says that as a food critic, he has to be honest with himself. This leads to a food fight among the quads. They explain to their parents that they were just trying to save the cafe. At the end, Tom and Anne accidentally sets the cafe on fire. \n\nGuest stars:Siena Agudong as Natlee, Molly Jackson as Brianna, Spencer Tomich as Trey, Tom Choi as Sophisticated Guy \n47 | | \"Odd Quad Out\" | Robbie Countryman | Amy Pittman | January 14, 2017 (2017-01-14) | 302 | 1.84 \n \nThe Harper quads are preparing for Honest Abe's tire commercial. They are mad that he makes them dress ridiculously and doesn't even bother to learn their names. They stand up to Honest Abe, but he fires them and introduces a new set of quadruplets, the Kramden quads. Unlike the Harper quads who have nothing in common, the Kramden quads are identical, love each other and do everything in unison. Honest Abe and Principal Tarian arrange for the Kramdens to come to Edgewood School to talk about tire safety. This makes the Harpers jealous and they set out on a mission to prove that the Kramdens are not real quadruplets. The Harper quads go undercover to collect the Kramdens' DNA, but the Kramdens argue that the Harpers are the ones who aren't real quads. Mae takes the Harper quads' DNA to prove that they're related, but the results show one of them is different. While waiting for more information, the Harpers start fighting over which one of them isn't a quad. With their parents' help, they agree that it doesn't matter whether they're biologically quadruplets or not. They are quads. Mae then comes back and reveals that the odd DNA was actually from their dog, Squishy Paws. \n\nGuest stars:Jason Sims-Prewitt as Principal Tarian, Lydia Bolland as Molly, Butch Klein as Honest Abe \n48 | | \"Keeping Up with the Quadashians\" | Trevor Kirschner | Douglas Danger Lieblein | January 21, 2017 (2017-01-21) | 303 | 1.59 \n \nThe quads become obsessed with the reality show \"Life of Eiffel\", starring Eiffel and her sister Lilly. The quads know Eiffel and Lilly personally because they've worked with them in camp and ballet, respectively. In the show, Lilly uninvites Eiffel from a party, claiming that she makes it odd while Lilly brags as the toilet paper princess. The quads love the drama in the show so much that they start acting it out. When their parents urge them to stop spending too much time watching it, the quads agree to start their own reality show, \"Hanging with the Harpers\". Dooley provides them with the cameras and equipment needed. To create drama for the show, the quads pressure Mae into uninviting someone from her birthday party. When Mae refuses, the quads decide to vote one of them out. When Ricky is voted out, he starts his own show, \"Strictly Ricky\". Ricky comes to Mae's party and starts fighting with his siblings for Mae's attention. When the quad fight ends up ruining Mae's party, the quads agree that they let it get out of control. They allow Dooley to remove the cameras and delete the videos. \n\nGuest stars:Maddie Ziegler as Eiffel, Mackenzie Ziegler as Lilly, Hayden Crawford as Dooley, Theodore John Barnes as Miles \n49 | | \"The Great Mullet Caper\" | Jody Margolin Hahn | Steven James Meyer & David L. Moses | January 28, 2017 (2017-01-28) | 304 | 1.53 \n \nAfter the fire that destroyed Get Sporty Cafe, the Harper quads fight over ideas for the new cafe theme. Anne and Tom reject the kids' ideas and announce that they will use an ice-dancing theme since that was always their dream. The only thing stopping them is their missing practice skates. Mae and the quads agree that ice-dancing cafe would be very embarrassing. So, the quads sneak out to the roadhouse where Tom and Anne used to work in order to hide the skates and prevent their parents from ever finding them. The roadhouse turns out to be a hockey-players hangout where ice-dancers are hated and discriminated against. The quads learn all the struggle the parents went through to keep their ice-dancing secret before they were exposed. So, Dawn leads her brothers to stand up for ice-dancers. Dawn takes down four hockey mullets by throwing her brothers at them. The quads realize that they shouldn't have been quick to judge their parents. When the skates get accidentally burned after the fight, Tom and Anne agree to put a theme that combines all the ideas from their kids.",
"Guest stars:Maia Shibutani as herself, Alex Shibutani as himself, Tiffany Jeneen as Fran \n50 | 5 | \"Quadsled\" | Trevor Kirschner | Andrew Hill Newman | February 4, 2017 (2017-02-04) | 305 | 1.58 \nThe Harper quads are preparing for an upcoming four-man bobsled race in the mountains. They have lost the past three years despite having no one competing against them because one of them always messes up. Dawn is confident they will win this year, but then their hopes are shut down when the Kramden quads show up and announce that they're participating in the race. The Harpers become nervous, feeling threatened by the Kramdens. Mae, declaring herself the fifth quad, offers to step in in case any one of them can't make it. The quads become so nervous that they barely sleep that night. Mae sleeps over at Dawn's bedroom. Dawn keeps her leg up before sleeping. Mae can't sleep without folding clothes. Nicky keeps adjusting his alarm clocks until he gets kicked out of the boys' bedroom. Dicky keeps asking Ricky questions. Eventually, each one of the quads fakes being sick and asks Mae to step in as the fifth quad. They start fighting over who Mae should replace. Mae confronts them for not even trying. Early the following morning, the quads fall asleep in the sled. Their heavy weight causes them to sled faster than the Kramdens and beat them in their sleep. \n51 | 6 | \"Ye Olde Hand Holde\" | Marian Deaton | Patrice Asuncion & Nick Rossitto | February 11, 2017 (2017-02-11) | 309 | 1.52 \n \nDawn makes fun of her brothers for not being as mature as her and asks Mack to go to the upcoming medieval-themed Renaissance fair with her. She also gets Mae and Miles to come along. Her brothers become insecure that Dawn might be more mature. Dooley incites the quads to do a mature-off contest to figure out who is more mature by completing the triangle of romance:mind, body and soul. To complete it, one has to get a date, hold hands romantically and look into each other's eyes. Nicky, Ricky and Dicky ask out Avery, June and Brianna to be their dates. During the fair, both Dawn and her brothers try, but fail, to get their dates to hold hands and look into each other's eyes. The rules of the challenge keep changing until the final version involves fighting with turkey legs. When the boys get a chance to go ahead of Dawn, they can't agree on which one of them should be left standing, so they stop fighting as a team. Anne tells them that the triangle of romance is ridiculous and they shouldn't try to force it. When they are ready to date, they will know–just like Mae and Miles. \n\nGuest stars:Hayden Crawford as Dooley, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Lincoln Melcher as Mack \n52 | 7 | \"What's the Worst That Quad Happen?\" | Lynn McCracken | Peter Dirksen & Jonathan Howard | March 18, 2017 (2017-03-18) | 310 | 1.25 \n \nAs the quads return from spending a weekend at their grandmother's house, she buys them a gift for good behavior. Tom and Anne ask the kids not to open the gift early. Nicky, Dicky and Dawn want to open it but Ricky tries to stop them. They ask him what's the worst that could happen. The quads open the gift anyway. They find a drone and start playing with it. They end up breaking a lot of things in the house. When the drone flies out of the window, they discover a lot of bikes in Dooley's backyard. They conclude that Dooley has been stealing bikes since he had shown fascination in bikes earlier. The quads put the bikes in their garage planning to return them to their rightful owners. The bikes get stolen. So, they borrow a bike from Get Sporty to use as bait. They forget keys on the doorknob, causing the store to get robbed. Dooley arrives and unmasks himself revealing that it's actually their grandmother. She frames Nicky, Dicky and Dawn for stealing. The cops take Ricky's siblings away, to jail. It is then revealed that they're still in the kitchen about to open the gift. It was all Ricky's story explaining what's the worst that could happen. \n\nGuest stars:Hayden Crawford as Dooley, Dale Raqul as Grandma Harper \n53 | 8 | \"To Be Invited or Not to Be\" | Robbie Countryman | Andrew Hill Newman | March 25, 2017 (2017-03-25) | 313 | 1.50 \n \nTom and Anne try to push the quads to make friends with Simone, a new person in town, and the quads agree after realizing that Simone is an inventor with a lot of cool inventions. Simone invites them over to her house and shows off her invisibility cloaks among other inventions. She tells them to keep her inventions secret because she hates when her ideas get out. The next day, Simone's butler comes to invite the quads except Dicky. She continues inviting one less quad until only Nicky is left. During the last invite, the butler asks the quads about Simone's new inventions. They lie to him. Dawn concludes that the butler is the one who has been stealing Simone's ideas, so she and Ricky sneak in to tell Simone the truth, despite not being invited. They hide to wait for the perfect moment, but Simone finds them. Simone reveals that she was only testing them to see if they would reveal her secret and that the butler is actually her dad undercover. Dawn confronts Simone and tells her that if she wants to make real friends, she should learn to trust them instead of testing them. \n\nGuest stars:Breanna Yde as Simone, Michael Bunin as Carmichael \n54 | 9 | \"Ele-Funk in the Room\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Natalie Barbrie | April 8, 2017 (2017-04-08) | 307 | 1.37 \n \nMae buys tickets to the Ele-Funk concert for her and the quads. However, when Dawn makes her wear an elephant head for the concert, Dawn's brothers convince Mae to stand up to Dawn and tell her that she's pushy. This causes Dawn to break up with Mae and both refuse to apologize. Dawn also forbids her brothers from attending the concert with Mae. Nicky, Ricky and Dicky try to get Dawn and Mae back together by trying different things including faking phone calls; however, it doesn't work out. Dawn pushes her brothers into a quad pact that none of them will see the concert without the rest of the quads. The boys, determined to attend the concert, break the pact by lying to Mae that Dawn is okay with them going without her. Natlee and June also push Dawn into breaking the quad pact by making her go to the concert with them. At the concert, they try to hide from each other until Dawn's elephant head gets stuck in an elevator door. Dawn and her brothers confront each other for betraying the quad pact. Mae apologizes for calling Dawn pushy and Dawn agrees that she can be pushy. They make up and enjoy the concert together.",
"Guest star:Siena Agudong as Natlee \n55 | 10 | \"Tween Wolf\" | Robbie Countryman | Michael Feldman | April 15, 2017 (2017-04-15) | 308 | 1.52 \n \nDuring the annual summer camp, Dawn tells Mae, Natlee and June about how bad Dicky has been stinking lately. Natlee explains that Dicky is going through puberty because she saw the same thing happen to her older brother. Nicky and Ricky eavesdrop to the conversation and get it completely wrong. They \"hear\" that Natlee's brother got bit, turned into a werewolf and ate his parents, so they conclude that Dicky is turning into a werewolf as well since he had earlier said that he got bit by a bush. Nicky and Ricky lock Dicky in a room alone and explain to him that he's turning into a werewolf. Meanwhile, Mae helps Dawn realize that she's also going through puberty. She starts shaving to hide her hair, but accidentally cuts herself and screams. She lies to Nicky and Ricky that she got bit, but admits that she's going through the same changes as Dicky. They conclude that she's also becoming a werewolf and lock her up with Dicky. Dawn helps Dicky realize that they're just going through puberty. They plan to sneak out, but fall into a trash bin. When the rest of the campers see Dawn and Dicky approaching covered in trash, they all run, scared that Dicky and Dawn are really werewolves. \n\nGuest stars:Siena Agudong as Natlee, Hayden Crawford as Dooley, Theodore John Barnes as Miles \n56 | 11 | \"This Little Piggy Went to the Harpers\" | Jody Margolin Hahn | Jonathan Howard & Peter Dirksen | April 22, 2017 (2017-04-22) | 306 | 1.63 \n \nDawn's soccer team, the Edgewood Buffalos, along with Ricky, Dicky and Mae come up with a plan to kidnap the Boulderly Hills War Pigs' mascot as revenge. The War Pigs, led by Nelly, had previously sabotaged the Buffalos' mascot, Mae. In the process, the quads forget about Anne's birthday. The quads kidnap and hide the pig in the closet, but when their mother sees it, they lie that it's their birthday gift for her. Nelly comes over looking for Piggly, her pig, but the quads lie that they didn't see it. After realizing that Piggly is more than a mascot to Nelly, the quads try to get the pig back from Anne, but she loves the \"gift\" so much. When Anne finally finds out that the pig belongs to Nelly, the quads confess about all their lies. Tom says he's taken care of the pig problem and made food, making the quads freak out, assuming that he had cooked the pig. They finally find Piggly and give him back to Nelly. The Harpers take a family photo as Anne's birthday gift to herself. \n\nGuest stars:Hayden Crawford as Dooley, Eve Moon as Nelly Miller \n57 | 12 | \"I Want My Mae B. Back\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Douglas Danger Lieblein | April 29, 2017 (2017-04-29) | 311 | 1.70 \n \nSince Mae and Miles started dating, it's become almost impossible for Dawn to have girl time with Mae, so Dawn blackmails her brothers into helping her keep Miles away from Mae. Nicky, Ricky and Dicky convince Miles to make himself unavailable so that Mae doesn't get sick of him. However, Mae so gets concerned that Miles doesn't want to hang out with her that Dawn feels guilty for splitting them, so Dawn calls her brothers to let Miles come back to Mae, but they tell her that Miles has taken off with Millie. Millie is a flight simulator, but Dawn assumes that Millie is another girl. Dawn gets furious at Miles and stalks his social media, where she finds a friend called Millie. Dawn confronts Millie for trying to steal Miles away from Mae, but Millie reveals that they're only friends because Miles' mom is her dentist. Dawn goes out to look for the other Millie and finds Miles, who reveals that her brothers also like Millie and are with Millie. Dawn is shocked to realize that Millie is a flight simulator. After overpowering her brothers and gaining entry into the simulator, she agrees that it was totally worth it. Mae and Miles become furious that Dawn was trying to separate them, so Dawn apologizes and Mae promises to spend more time with her. \n\nGuest star:Theodore John Barnes as Miles \n58 | 13 | \"The Buffa-Lowdown\" | Trevor Kirschner | Michael Feldman | May 6, 2017 (2017-05-06) | 314 | 1.28 \n \nThe AV class is in charge of running morning school announcements with special TV newscasts of \"The Edgewood Buffa-Lowdown\". Ricky is the producer while Dawn and Mae are co-anchors. Dicky is a field reporter while Nicky is in charge of cafeteria updates. Despite Avery's bad performance as birthdays reporter, Ricky fires Mae and promotes Avery to be Dawn's co-anchor. Dawn confronts Ricky about the move, especially since Avery has a very bad exaggerated Valley girl accent. Ricky starts getting hiccups whenever Avery talks to him, making the quads realize that he has a crush on Avery. Dawn comes up with a plan to give Ricky confidence to talk to Avery by having her brothers and Mae try to imitate Avery's accent until Ricky gets used to it. They also plan for Ricky to propose to Avery to go to the dance with him. However, during the next Buffa-Lowdown, Dawn realizes that Avery has a crush on Nicky, so she tries to stop Ricky from embarrassing himself, but things go awry. Nicky says he wanted to ask Natlee, but Natlee wanted Dooley to ask her to the dance and things get out of control. Principal Tarian is disappointed, but Ricky manages to convince him that it was all part of the plan. Avery lets Ricky ask her out. \n\nGuest stars:Jason Sims-Prewitt as Principal Tarian, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Siena Agudong as Natlee, Hayden Crawford as Dooley \n59 | 14 | \"The Quadshank Redemption\" | Brian Stepanek | Jeny Quine | May 13, 2017 (2017-05-13) | 320 | 1.30 \n \nThe annual Edgewood School carnival is coming up and the Harper quads are excited to finally be the oldest class at the carnival. However, when Principal Tarian drops carnival tickets and the quads start fighting over them, they all get detention on the day of the carnival. They're joined in detention with other bad students–The Dozer, Texting Tina and Johny Meatballs. Principal Tarian forces the students in detention to make cotton candy for the carnival outside, but the other students refuse to help the Harper quads. When Dicky wakes up the Dozer to help and the Dozer makes him leave the detention room, Nicky, Ricky and Dawn become worried and sneak out to help Dicky. The quads and the other bad students try to get Dicky back without being noticed by the principal. During the process, they learn that the other students aren't really bad. The Dozer always gets detention for sleeping in class because he has to take care of his baby brother. Texting Tina gets detention because she keeps texting in class with her best friend who just moved to Australia. The \"bad\" students make the Harpers realize that they're the selfish ones by reminding them of the many times they let their classmates down for being selfish. The quads realize that they shouldn't be quick to judge people.",
"Guest stars:Jason Sims-Prewitt as Principal Tarian, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Grant Durazzo as Johnny, Laya Deleon Hayes as Tina \n60 | 15 | \"Not-So-Sweet Charity\" | Neel Keller | Jonathan Howard & Peter Dirksen | May 20, 2017 (2017-05-20) | 318 | 1.54 \n \nDawn has been secretly dating Joey Montagelli for a few weeks, hiding the relationship because the Harpers and the Montagellis are enemies who have always hated each other. While seeing Joey in an alley, Dawn notices that a goose named Charity has been hurt and can't fly to join its flock, so she and Mae decide to raise money to help Charity. Her brothers refuse to help at first, but change their mind after seeing Faith, Hope and Susan participating in the charity. To attract people to the charity and to impress the girls, Nicky, Ricky and Dicky get Joey to perform, but Dawn is worried that Joey's presence might expose their secret relationship. After realizing that Faith, Hope and Susan are falling in love with Joey as well, the boys lie to the girls that Joey is dating Dawn. The secret gets out and Joey gets grounded by his parents. Dawn blames Mae at first for the secret getting out before realizing that it was her brothers who did it by mistake. She gets furious at her brothers and tells them to get out of her life. When the boys try to help, but mess things up, Dawn says she's sick of the family feud and she would rather be a Montagelli. The boys go back to apologize to Dawn and get her to come back home. \n\nGuest stars:Ricardo Hurtado as Joey, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Siena Agudong as Natlee, Hayden Crawford as Dooley \n61 | 16 | \"One Quadzy Summer\" | Lynn McCracken | David L. Moses & Steven James Meyer | June 3, 2017 (2017-06-03) | 319 | 1.45 \n \nDawn and Mae get summer jobs at the exclusive Boulderly Hills Country Club children-only beach club. At the club, Madison makes fun of Dawn and Mae for not being members. To add to Dawn's disappointment, her brothers use their friend Trey to get into the country club. They make Dawn's job very difficult by making a lot of complex orders. When Nicky's sunscreen causes Dawn to trip and fall, Dawn's manager punishes her by making her Madison's new assistant, and Madison makes Dawn's life miserable. The only thing that makes Dawn's day better is when a cute DJ called Dylan makes it clear that he has a crush on Dawn, the beautiful blonde girl. Nicky, Ricky and Dicky are unable to pay their bills because they ordered everything expecting Trey to pay for them, so they're forced to help arrange for Madison's party. They notice Dylan flirting with Madison and inform Dawn about it, causing her to get mad that Dylan is using her and Madison. Despite their differences, she tells Madison the truth and that she deserves to have a good summer. Dawn, Mae and Madison get revenge on Dylan for cheating. After that, Dawn and Madison make it clear that they still hate each other. \n\nGuest stars:Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Jessica Belkin as Madison, Audrey Whitby as Tori, Spencer Tomich as Trey, Noah Urrea as Dylan \n62 | 17 | \"Quad for Teacher\" | Angela Gomes | Natalie Barbrie & Andrew Hill Newman | June 10, 2017 (2017-06-10) | 316 | 1.27 \n \nThe Harper quads push their gym teacher to let them do whatever they want during PE, but when he finally gives in, the quads cause him to get hurt and sent to the hospital. The rest of the class blames the Harpers when Principal Tarian reveals that he will bring in a much tougher substitute gym teacher. The quads convince the principal to hire Tom as the coach and manage to trick their dad into letting the class do whatever they want. Unfortunately, he starts telling the class embarrassing stories about the quads as little children, so with Anne's help, the quads convince Principal Tarian to fire Tom and hire Anne instead. To their disappointment, every boy in the class develops a crush on Anne, so the quads go to the hospital to try to get their old coach back. When the nurse tells them that he's gone to \"the big gym upstairs\", the quads assume that the coach is dead and start talking about how important his lessons were. The coach comes back on a wheelchair and overhears them. They beg him to come back, promising to be more receptive of his PE exercises. \n\nGuest stars:Jason Sims-Prewitt as Principal Tarian, Michael Nanfria as Coach Fessler, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Siena Agudong as Natlee, Spencer Tomich as Trey \n63 | 18 | \"Quadpendence Day\" | Robbie Countryman | Paul Ciancarelli & David Dipietro | June 17, 2017 (2017-06-17) | 315 | 1.51 \n \nDawn wants to get her ears pierced because she can't use magnetic earrings due to her dense ear lobes, but Anne refuses to let her. Dawn gets upset and declares her own Independence Day where she doesn't have to get approval from her parents. Her brothers declare their own independence as well because they've been trying to get a snake, but Tom won't let them. After realizing that they can't get ears pierced or a snake without parents, the quads turn to Dooley. Dooley gets them an ear piercer and a snake. Mae pierces Dawn's ears. Dawn shops for earrings with her friends while trying to keep it a secret from Anne. Dawn's friends, Natlee, Avery and Brianna, reveal that their ears are not pierced and ask Mae to pierce them as well. Unfortunately, they all get infections because of the unsanitary piercing. This causes them to mess up during a recital, which later gets Dawn and her brothers busted. \n\nGuest stars:Buddy Handleson as Wally, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Siena Agudong as Natlee, Hayden Crawford as Dooley, Lori Alan as Ms. Bing, Molly Jackson as Brianna, Gage Petrone as Franco \n64 | 19 | \"Cementing the Quads' Legacy\" | Marian Deaton | Amy Pittman | July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08) | 323 | 1.17 \n \nIt's almost time for graduation for the Harper quads and they have been selected to be part of the class committee in charge of choosing the sayonara stunt for the outgoing class. The quads want to pull an epic stunt for their class to be remembered by. However, Principal Tarian gives Natlee a list of safe approved stunts to choose from, but the quads go against the rest of the committee to reject the list. Natlee tricks the quads into leaving the room by lying to them that they're part of a super secret committee for the class stunt. After realizing that they've been tricked, the quads trap Mae in their house and force her to tell them why the rest of the class didn't want them. Mae explains that the Harpers always \"quad\" things up with their shenanigans. The next day, the quads convince Natlee to let them back into the committee, promising to not quad things up. Unfortunately, the quads are not okay with Natlee's stunt which involves scribbling a tiny \"2017\" on wet cement. Dawn and her brothers separately sneak back to \"fix\" the class stunt so that they don't get blamed, but the quads get stuck in the cement while fighting. The rest of the class committee busts them. Dawn gives the committee an idea for an epic stunt that involves leaving their shoes stuck in cement, spelling \"2017\". This symbolizes that the class of 2017 has left big shoes to fill.",
"Guest stars:Jason Sims-Prewitt as Principal Tarian, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Siena Agudong as Natlee, Isabella Revel as Avery, Gage Petrone as Franco \n65 | 20 | \"#QUADGOALS\" | Brian Stepanek | David DiPietro & Paul Ciancarelli | July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15) | 312 | 1.05 \n \nThe Harper and Kramden quads are fighting over which quads get to use the hashtag \"quadgoals\" and agree that the quads who get the most likes on a picture will get to keep the hashtag. Unfortunately, the Harpers are invited by Aunt Jackie to visit her at her farm which has no Internet access to post the quadgoals picture. Aunt Jackie shows them a set of butter sculptures that look exactly like Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She intends to present the butter sculptures for an art contest. While Aunt Jackie is away, Dawn accidentally breaks the electrical cord to the air conditioner keeping the room with the butter sculptures cool. The butter heads melt and the quads are unable to rebuild them in time, so they cover their heads with butter and pretend to be the sculptures. The art contest judges are impressed by the sculptures only to realize that they are actual children and Jackie gets disqualified. The quads use their butter head sculptures photo as their quadgoals picture which gets the most likes, making them win the hashtag. However, the Kramdens easily trick the Harper quads into giving up the quadgoals hashtag by acting sad, cute, adorable and vulnerable. \n\nGuest star:Jennifer Aspen as Aunt Jackie \n66 | 21 | \"A Space Quadyssey\" | Jody Margolin Hahn | Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein | July 22, 2017 (2017-07-22) | 317 | 1.41 \n \nRicky records a video to submit for an application to be considered for the space program while his siblings keep interrupting. He uses it to prove why he needs space from the rest of the quads. To Ricky's disappointment, the video gives the head of the space program an idea to take quadruplets into space. In another twist, the Harper quads have to compete for the spot against their rivals, the Kramden quads. During a series of challenges, the Kramdens easily beat the Harpers because Ricky keeps overthinking the tests and is not open-minded to thinking outside the box. Ricky freaks out and unleashes bees at the space station. The Harpers run to hide and end up in a space simulator. They accidentally trigger it, making them believe that they're actually in space. Their communication channel with the station is interrupted, making it impossible to get instructions on how to get back. When the communication issue is finally fixed, the quads are given instructions on how to stop the simulation. Dawn asks her brothers to stay a little longer in the space simulator because that's the closest that they're gotten to being in space. The Kramdens show up at the window, causing the Harper quads to freak out and accidentally turn off the simulator. \n\nGuest star:Londale Theus Jr. as Lonny Tusk \n67 | 22 | \"YOCO\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Nick Rossito & Patrice Asuncion | July 29, 2017 (2017-07-29) | 324 | 1.24 \n \nWhile Tom and Anne are busy at the store, they leave the quads home alone with a smart speaker device called \"YOCO\". The quads take their time alone to break the rules, only to realize that YOCO has been recording everything they've been doing. They figure out their dad's password to reset YOCO so that she doesn't report the previous hours' activities. The next day, however, the quads try to reset YOCO after breaking items in the house, only to realize that YOCO's password has been changed. They decide to get rid of YOCO, but she turns out to be a big challenge, so they bury her in the backyard. Later that night, Dawn uses voice-over to pretend to be YOCO and fool her parents. The quads get busted when Squishy Paws comes in having unburied YOCO. Tom and Anne are disappointed to hear YOCO's report on what has happened. The quads convince Tom and Anne that YOCO is a bad idea by making her snitch on them as well and they all agree to get rid of YOCO. \n\nGuest star:Kari Wahlgren as YOCO (V.O.) \n\nAbsent:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae \n68 | 23 | \"The Wonderful Wizard of Quads\" | Trevor Kirschner | Story by:Angeline Olschewski Teleplay by:Michael Feldman & Douglas Danger Lieblein | August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05) | 998-60 | 2.00 \n \nDawn signs up to audition for the role of Dorothy in a The Wizard of Oz play. Unfortunately, Rose Durkin also signs up for the role, putting pressure on Dawn to prove that she's the real Dorothy. Dawn becomes so obsessed with getting Dorothy's shoes and looking like Dorothy that she neglects to learn her lines properly. She fails the audition and Rose gets the role. Dawn becomes part of the stage crew and causes a prop accident that knocks out both her and Rose. While unconscious, Dawn dreams that she is in Oz still fighting with Rose over who's the real Dorothy. They break into a song, after which the Wicked Witch tricks Nicky, Ricky and Dicky into giving her the Dorothy shoes. The boys go after the Wicked Witch to get the shoes back for Dawn, but the Witch captures them. She locks them up in a cage next to Dr. Colosso from The Thundermans and threatens to destroy them after turning Dr. Colosso into soup. Meanwhile, Dawn goes to find the Wizard of Oz to prove that she's the real Dorothy. Rose follows her. Once she finds the location, she discovers that there are two Wizards of Oz. The Wizards of Oz keep Dawn waiting a long time while they try to decide on what to eat. Mae then pops in and reveals to Dawn that her brothers have been captured by the Wicked Witch. Dawn gives up the role and goes to save her brothers. The wizards declare Dawn as the real Dorothy because being Dorothy means acting like her, not looking like her. Dawn wakes up and agrees to let Rose play Dorothy. Unfortunately, Rose gets hurt on stage, so the director casts Dawn as the new Dorothy. \n\nGuest stars:Tia Mowry as Ericka Knightly, Gabby Douglas as Twisty, Jade Pettyjohn as Rose, Theodore John Barnes as Miles, Siena Agudong as Natlee, Gage Petrone as Franco, Isabella Revel as Avery \n\nNote:This is a double-length special episode. \n No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | U.S. viewers (millions) \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n21 | | \"Wanted:The Sugar Beet Gang\" | Eric Dean Seaton | David DiPietro & Paul Ciancarelli | May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23) | 201 | 1.11 \nGuest stars:Siena Agudong as Natlee, Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Cody Veith as Oscar, Michelle Ortiz as Lucy \n22 | | \"No Ifs, ands, or But-ers\" | Trevor Kirschener | Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman | May 30, 2015 (2015-05-30) | 203 | 1.51 \n \nWhen Anne gets accepted to join the book club, she kicks out the quads to hangout in the garage so that they don't mess things up. While the Harper quads are hanging at Tom's Get Sporty when Madison arrives. They call her \"the but-er\" because she's always one-upping them to prove that she's better than everyone. After gloating about her fashion and being smarter than Ricky, Madison makes fun of the quads for living in a garage. The Harpers get offended and try to prove that the garage is cool by making up lies about it. So, Madison agrees to come check it out. The quads invite their friends to the garage for breakfast and entertainment. Madison checks it out and is impressed. The following weekend, Madison one-ups them by throwing a bigger garage party inviting everyone to go to her place. The next day, the quads get their friends back by installing their dad's mechanical \"Terry\" bull. Unfortunately, the electricity malfunctions causing the mechanical bull to crash into Anne's book club, making Anne furious. Madison tries to make fun of them but Dawn stands up to her. Madison acknowledges that there might be a lesson for her but says that she doesn't care.",
"Guest stars:Elisha Henig as Lucas, Jessica Belkin as Madison, Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Jaden Betts as Chet, Ayumi Iizuka as Meredith, J.J. Nolan as Lillian, April Audia as Phone \n23 | | \"Urban Legend Outfitters\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Andrew Hill Newman | June 6, 2015 (2015-06-06) | 202 | 1.08 \nGuest star:Jason Sims-Prewitt as Principal Tarian \n24 | | \"Do-It-All Dawn\" | Trevor Kirschener | Douglas Lieblein | June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13) | 204 | 1.10 \nGuest stars:Elisha Henig as Lucas, April Audia as Disgruntled Parent, Monique Lea Gall as Coach Lobo \n25 | 5 | \"Unhappy Campers\" | Robbie Countryman | Tim Brenner & Natalie Barbrie | June 20, 2015 (2015-06-20) | 205 | 1.48 \nGuest stars:Mackenzie Ziegler as Lilly, Jillian Shea Spaeder as McKenna, Gianna Gomez as Jenna, Hannah Nordberg as Sienna \n26 | 6 | \"Mall in the Family\" | Shannon Flynn | David L. Moses & Steven James Meyer | June 27, 2015 (2015-06-27) | 207 | 1.75 \n \nThe quadruplets think that now that they are 11 that they are old enough to wander around the mall without their parents, but Nicky ends up getting lotion in his eyes, Dawn puts on way too much make up, Dicky loses his pants, and Ricky gets a helicopter stuck to his head, in addition to spending all their money. Meanwhile, Tom and Anne are stuck at the phone store due to technical problems with Tom's phone. \n\nGuest star:Sydney Park as Randee \n27 | 7 | \"I Want Candace\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Michael Feldman | July 11, 2015 (2015-07-11) | 209 | 1.31 \nGuest star:Candace Parker as herself \n28 | 8 | \"Sweet Foot Rides\" | Jody Margolin Hahn | Matt Fleckenstein | July 18, 2015 (2015-07-18) | 208 | 1.11 \n29 | 9 | \"The Mighty Quad Squad\" | Trevor Kirschner | Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein | July 25, 2015 (2015-07-25) | 212 | 1.24 \nThe quadruplets create superhero costumes for a child's birthday party. All the children at the party like Ricky, Dicky and Dawn's costumes, but hate Nicky's costume because he doesn't have a good superpower. Later, a boy comes to the Harper house, and Dicky, Ricky, and Dawn think he's talking about them, but he is talking about Nicky's video of him as Goggle Man going viral, and this causes the popularity to go to Nicky's head. Meanwhile, the mayor comes to tell Tom that his son wants a party and only wants Flying Goggle Boy. The other children later attempt to be different superheroes, but the children still prefer Nicky. Eventually, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn help Nicky remember who he is:another quadruplet just like them. In the end, Nicky learns that popularity isn't everything. \n30 | 10 | \"Quaddy-Shack\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Tim Brenner & Natalie Barbrie | November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11) | 218 | 1.79 \n \nThe Harper quads are testing out their dad's new mini golf course at Get Sporty. Ricky gets mad because his siblings are not taking mini golf seriously. When Madison and her snobby country club friends arrive, they start making fun of the mini golf course and Ricky agrees with them. Madison invites Ricky to join them at the Boulderly Hills Country Club mini golf course but he doesn't take the offer right away. The following day, Ricky fights with his siblings for being immature. So, he storms off and agrees to take Madison's offer. Dawn pushes Nicky and Dicky to go to the country club and prove that they're just as good as Ricky. At the country club, Ricky tells them that they don't belong and calls them classless garbage eaters. They challenge Ricky and Madison for a competition. During the game, Ricky notices Madison cheating by adjusting a golf ball with her foot. Madison says it's only cheating if anyone sees it. When the game ends close to a tie, Ricky feels that they didn't deserve the win and reveals that Madison cheated. Madison denies it but when she accidentally pushes Dawn's ball into the hole, Ricky declares the Harpers as the winners. He quits Madison's team and rejoins his siblings. \n\nGuest stars:Jessica Belkin as Madison, BJ Tanner as Spaulding \n31 | 11 | \"Go Hollywood\" | Jonathan Judge | Michael Feldman & Matt Fleckenstein | November 25, 2015 (2015-11-25) | 999-60 | 1.77 \n \nGuest stars:Jack Griffo as himself, Ciara as herself, Alex Guarnaschelli as herself, Daniella Monet as herself, Lou Ferrigno as Jett Masterson, Leslie Grossman as Robin, Steve Valentine as The Great Billini, Danny Woodburn as Gayle, Wendie Malick as GPS Voice Over, Brian Posehn as Tour Guide, Paris Smith as herself, Autumn Wendel as herself, Denisea Wilson as herself \n\nNote:This is a double-length special episode. \n32 | 12 | \"Rock' n' Rules\" | Marian Deaton | Suzie V. Freeman & Sarah Jane Cunningham | January 9, 2016 (2016-01-09) | 215 | 1.47 \nAnne is hesitant on going to a weekend spa due to previous events that have transpired when she was gone. Tom sets some pretty strict rules for the children; when they get upset about the rules, he mentions that when they pay the rent, they can make up the rules. Shortly after, Dawn gets the idea to open a lemonade stand so they can raise money; however, it goes awry when the quadruplets let a teenager and the rest of his band rent out the garage. Meanwhile, Anne's massage is also not going so well because the masseuse keeps being interrupted with phone calls and is letting conflicts at home affect her massaging skills. Meanwhile, Tom and the quadruplets try to out-noise the band in order to get it to leave. Anne later shows up to find the house a mess, but is not upset with Tom or the children because she was expecting a lot worse. \n33 | 13 | \"Ballet and the Beasts\" | Robbie Countryman | Andrew Hill Newman | January 16, 2016 (2016-01-16) | 217 | 1.64 \n \nDawn is tired of always being on a team with her brothers, so she joins a ballet class with Mae; however, the boys believe that she needs them, so they also join the class. Dawn confronts them after class at Get Sporty and they get into a fight about who needs who, leading the boys to quit. A talented ballerina in the class, Eiffel, says that she needs the boys to make her look good and tells Dawn not to come back to class without them. Mae tries to stick up for Dawn, but the girls kick her out, too. Meanwhile, Tom and Anne are thinking of ways to make their 10% sale a success and realize that the last time the sale was a hit was the same year that Anne was pregnant with the quadruplets as people felt sympathy for her, so they decide to make it look like Anne is having another baby to hopefully make more money. They keep the charade up until Anne has a talk with Dawn about honesty, leading her to feel guilty about lying to the customers and refuses to keep lying, despite Tom's thoughts on the subject. In the end, Nicky, Ricky, and Dicky find three more boys to take their places in ballet class, much to Dawn and May's relief, and Tom and Anne decide to use their first idea to promote the sale by dressing up Squishy Paws as a sailor dog.",
"Guest star:Maddie Ziegler as Eiffel \n34 | 14 | \"She Blinded Him with Science (Bob)\" | David Kendall | Amy Pittman | January 23, 2016 (2016-01-23) | 211 | 1.64 \nNicky, Dicky, and Dawn attempt to make Ricky believe in superstition, but after two attempts end in disaster, they come up with a fool-proof plan, causing the bathroom to fall apart as Ricky is brushing his teeth, leading him to lose all trust in science. When they come back downstairs later, Ricky is on the couch, absent-minded and rocking himself back and forth, staring blankly into space. Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn try to convince him otherwise, telling him that everything was set up, when the lights temporarily shut off. Nicky and Dicky ask Dawn if that was also set up, and when she denies it, the other two boys join Ricky on the couch. When Nicky, Ricky, and Dicky decide that Dawn is a bad luck charm, Mae gets Science Bob to help out. \n35 | 15 | \"Harpers for President\" | Robbie Countryman | Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals | January 30, 2016 (2016-01-30) | 206 | 1.71 \n36 | 16 | \"Doggy Door Afternoon\" | Jody Margolin Hahn | Paul Ciancarelli | February 6, 2016 (2016-02-06) | 216 | 1.59 \n| | This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|--- \nThe quadruplets are tired of having a babysitter and want to stay home alone while Tom and Anne go out for date night. Dawn suggests that Ricky be the captain, but it turns out to be trap as she only said that to get Tom and Anne out of the house. However, when Dawn lets Squishy out into the backyard through the doggy door, things go wrong when Squishy digs out and escapes. The quadruplets manage to track him down to El Pepper Pot, but unfortunately this is where their parents are having their date night. They put on sombreros to avoid being seen, but Dawn is almost caught when Tom mistakes her for their waiter. Ricky lures Squishy out with his favorite treat, nacho balls, but Ricky drops the bag and Squishy takes off for home. When the quadruplets arrive home, they discover that all doors are locked and Squishy is having a dog party in the kitchen, so they try going in through the doggy door, but they all try at the same time and get stuck. A big dog then comes up to the quadruplets and shakes slobber all over them. Meanwhile, Tom is having major stomachaches from eating too much food due to worrying about the children, so he and Anne leave the restaurant and head for home. Back at the house, Dicky gets the bright idea for him and the others to dance their way out of the doggy door, which works a little from the dog slobber. However, it's not enough, but Dicky has bad breath and belches to lure the dog over and lick everybody. However, when the quadruplets manage to get back into the kitchen, they discover that the living room is also a mess and must clean up the house before their parents arrive. The quadruplets manage to clean up the house, but are caught when Tom finds a small dog in the cabinet when trying to get some tea for his stomach. \n37 | 17 | \"Three Men and a Mae B.\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Douglas Danger Lieblein | February 13, 2016 (2016-02-13) | 220 | 1.53 \nWhen Anne goes away to visit her mom, Nicky, Ricky, and Dicky start to miss her. This takes shape in the form of falling in love with Mae, who has the skills of a mother with them. Nicky is the first one to fall in love with Mae when he asks Dawn for advice on feelings he has for a girl. She suggests that he writes her a poem, but when she figures out it's Mae, she tries to sabotage Nicky multiple times, during which she tries asking Tom for advice, but ends up doing all the talking and giving advice to herself. Dicky is the second one to fall in love with Mae when Mae bandages a cut on his finger. Dawn again asks her father for advice, but does all the talking again. Dawn also continuously tries to sabotage him. Ricky is the third one to fall in love with Mae when Dawn tries to get him to help the others fall out of love with Mae. Later, when all the boys come to talk to Mae and begin arguing, Dawn discovers that they aren't in love with Mae, but they have just been missing Anne, and also tells them the truth about how she's been trying to sabotage their attempts at getting together with Mae. \n38 | 18 | \"Diary of an Angry Quad\" | Brian Stepanek | Douglas Danger Lieblein & Natalie Barbrie & Tim Brenner | February 20, 2016 (2016-02-20) | 225 | 1.67 \n39 | 19 | \"Quad Court\" | David Kendall | Douglas Danger Lieblein | February 27, 2016 (2016-02-27) | 210 | 1.48 \n40 | 20 | \"The Quad-Plex\" | Trevor Kirschner | Steven James Meyer & David L. Moses | March 5, 2016 (2016-03-05) | 219 | 1.44 \nGuest star:Isaak Presley \n41 | 21 | \"Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Sicky\" | Trevor Kirschner | Angeline Olschewski & Amy Pittman | July 9, 2016 (2016-07-09) | 224 | 1.37 \n| | This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|--- \n \nWhen Dawn becomes sick and her trip to the museum to see this year's epic moment is threatened, she seeks the help of Ricky who is the master of acting like he's always physically fine even when he's not. She is almost stopped from going when Anne says Dawn feels warm and gets the thermometer due to a nasty bug going around, but Nicky and Ricky help her out by telling Anne to check Dicky's overnight bag to make sure it is packed properly. While Anne's focus is on the overnight bag, Ricky asks Nicky to put the thermometer into his mouth for a normal temperature reading who then asks Dicky to do so because he doesn't want to get sick. Dicky then puts the thermometer into Squishy Paws' mouth as he also doesn't want to get sick. When Anne shifts her focus back over to Dawn and takes the thermometer out, it reads a normal temperature, though Anne makes mention that it smells like dog. Later at the museum, Dawn is almost exposed when Principal Franklin makes it clear he won't have any sick children on the trip because he refuses to miss his grandmother's 90th birthday. However, things go awry when Nicky, Ricky, and Dicky also become sick and then later all four of them get stuck inside a caveman exhibit after trying to find a soundproof place to sneeze all they want. While the other children and Principal Tarian are viewing something on the wall in front of the exhibit shortly after, Dawn tries to get Mae's attention, but Principal Tarian notices the sick Harper quadruplets who then throw up one by one and are later sent home. Back at the house, the quadruplets are resting miserably alongside Anne, Tom, and Squishy Paws who had also become sick, though Tom couldn't exactly figure out how Squishy Paws became sick.",
"Guest stars:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Jason Sims-Prewitt as Principal Tarian \n42 | 22 | \"Mission:Un-Quaddable\" | Michael Feldman | Matt Fleckenstein & Michael Feldman | July 16, 2016 (2016-07-16) | 226 | 1.46 \nGuest stars:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Tony Cavalero as JT Steele, Valeria Maldonado as Sharon Dee \n43 | 23 | \"A Brief Case of Popularity\" | Robbie Countryman | David Dipietro | July 23, 2016 (2016-07-23) | 221 | 1.35 \n| | This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|--- \n \nNicky, Dicky, and Dawn want to get an invite to the cool student stairs; however, just the chance is put in jeopardy when Ricky dresses in an uncool manner. Later, while Ricky is asleep, Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn take away all of his uncool belongings, and Dicky then hides them. However, Ricky finds them in the freezer the following morning when Dicky lets it slip out that he hid them in there because he thought it would make them cooler. Later at school, Nicky, Dicky, Dawn, and later Mae try to create a hall wall in front of Ricky so the cool stair students don't see him. Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn then take all of the uncool articles of clothing off Ricky and put them on themselves. The quadruplets then get into an argument, with Ricky pretending to be Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn and mocking them, and Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn pretending to be Ricky and mocking him. However, things take an even worse turn when Moses sees this and gives Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn uncool nicknames–Suspender Girl, Visor Boy, and Briefcase Man–and Ricky is then invited to be on the stairs with the other cool students and receives the nickname R-Man. Ricky eventually works his way to the top of the stairs, but Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn start coming up with a plan to get revenge. The next day at school, Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn all dress cool and start releasing some of Ricky's secrets; however, it takes mentioning that he sleep rhymes for the cool students to question Ricky's coolness. Ricky tries to cover it up by saying they're sleep raps instead and is forced into rapping, but fails and the other students laugh at him. Nicky, Dicky, and Dawn then feel bad for him and climb to the top of the stairs to rap alongside him. The rap is a success, but the quadruplets then fall down the stairs and are consequently kicked off the stairs. \n\nGuest stars:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Isaak Presley as Moses, Spencer Tomich as Trey, Molly Jackson as Brianna, Will Babbitt as Marshall \n\nAbsent:Brian Stepanek as Tom \n44 | 24 | \"New Kid on the Block\" | Marian Deaton | Andrew Hill Newman & David L. Moses & Steven James Meyer | July 30, 2016 (2016-07-30) | 223 | 1.65 \n| | This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|--- \n \nDawn catches her brothers spying on their new neighbors moving in, though she's not aware that they're new neighbors and mentions that the FBI made it very clear they weren't to spy on their previous neighbors. When she's made aware that they're new neighbors, she brings up how she and her brothers can finally gain access to the tree house at that house. They discover that the new neighbors have a child named Syd and begin plotting on how to use her for their own needs. The next day at school, they make an attempt at introducing themselves to Syd, but she's not interested and leaves. It's later discovered at Syd's house that Syd and her family were told to stay away from the Harper family due to the quadruplets' bad reputation, though Syd doesn't personally care about their alleged bad reputation, but because she has a bad side as well, she thinks it's best not to make friends with the quadruplets. She also has a history at other schools, and it's the reason why her and her family moved, and if she messes up again, she'll be sent to boarding school. However, things go awry when Dawn and Syd are playing croquet while Dawn's brothers are setting up a table. Dicky forgets to lock the table's legs, causing the table to collapse; when Dawn hits the croquet ball, the table acts as a ramp and causes the ball to injure Ann, who almost catches the quadruplets and Syd. This causes Syd to lose control and get in touch with her bad side again, and she begins swinging at and breaking windows with the croquet balls. The next day at school, the quadruplets learn from Mae that Syd has stolen the answer book for the day's test in Mr. Williams' class; that night, Dawn tries to get the book back in the tree house, but is caught by Syd who is acting even more crazy than before. When Dawn and Syd begin fighting over red paint Syd wants to use to put in balloons and throw at cars, Dawn's brothers rush over to the tree house as they believe the paint to be blood. Syd then begins to realize the error of her ways and her and the quadruplets truly bond for the first time. Unfortunately, the tree house then falls to the ground when a bird lands on it after Syd had mentioned earlier how her father said the tree house could only support two people, but it is still intact. However, a feather then lands on the floor and causes the walls and roof to collapse. \n\nGuest stars:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Ashley Liao as Syd \n\nAbsent:Brian Stepanek as Tom \n45 | 25 | \"The Tell-Tale Art\" | Jody Margolin Hahn | Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman | August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06) | 222 | 1.31 \n \nGuest stars:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Mary Birdsong as Ms. Gressle",
"Guest stars:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Ashley Liao as Syd \n\nAbsent:Brian Stepanek as Tom \n45 | 25 | \"The Tell-Tale Art\" | Jody Margolin Hahn | Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman | August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06) | 222 | 1.31 \n \nGuest stars:Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, Mary Birdsong as Ms. Gressle \n\nAbsent:Brian Stepanek as Tom \n Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn is an American sitcom developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that premiered on Nickelodeon on September 13, 2014. The series stars Brian Stepanek, Allison Munn, Aidan Gallagher, Casey Simpson, Mace Coronel, Lizzy Greene, Gabrielle Elyse, and Kyla-Drew Simmons. \n No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | U.S. viewers (millions) \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n| | \"Pilot\" | Victor Gonzalez | Matt Fleckenstein & Michael Feldman | September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13) | 101 | 1.60 \nNicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper are 10-year-old quadruplets with nothing in common. After getting into another argument with each other at school, they adopt a dog, which their mother says they can only keep if they can work together to take care of him. Unable to work together, the quadruplets get into a fight over the dog's name, which causes the dog to urinate on a signed sports jersey belonging to the Harper quadruplets' father. The four then work together to try to hide and repair the damage from their parents, but their scheme is uncovered and their mother allows them to keep the dog since she is proud that they were finally able to work together for once. \n| | \"Dawn Moves Out\" | Jonathan Judge | Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman | September 20, 2014 (2014-09-20) | 104 | 1.53 \nAfter the boys ruin yet another one of Dawn's sleepovers, her mom decides it's time for Dawn to get her own room. She gloats about it to her brothers, who are jealous, since they still have to share a room, and they get into a fight about who can last longer without each other. During Dawn's first night in her own room, she begins noticing frightening things, having never slept in a room without her brothers before. However, she is too stubborn to admit that she misses her brothers and begins to lose sleep. Meanwhile, her brothers have realized that they need Dawn to keep themselves from fighting with one another. But they, like Dawn, refuse to admit defeat. Later, the quadruplets meet up in the air-conditioning vent and apologize. However, as soon as they have made up, the air vent, unable to support their weight, breaks, and they come crashing through the ceiling. \n| | \"Get Sporty-er!\" | Jonathan Judge | Douglas Lieblein | September 27, 2014 (2014-09-27) | 103 | 1.54 \n| | \"Field of Brains\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Natalie Barbrie & Tim Brenner | October 4, 2014 (2014-10-04) | 107 | 1.79 \nAfter being called too young by Josie and her friend, the quadruplets try to prove them wrong by watching a zombie movie called Field of Brains. However, Tom and Anne tell the quadruplets that the movie is too scary for them, but they watch it anyway. After watching the film, they become very frightened and begin seeing symptoms that their parents are becoming zombies. They brew up a \"cure\" and put it in their parents' shoes. They then learn that there are rational explanations for all the things they saw. Later, they impress Josie and her friends by talking about the movie. \n5 | 5 | \"Scaredy Dance\" | Shannon Flynn | Michael Feldman | October 18, 2014 (2014-10-18) | 111 | 1.52 \n6 | 6 | \"Remote Control Control\" | Victor Gonzalez | Andrew Hill Newman | November 1, 2014 (2014-11-01) | 105 | 2.36 \nDue to the quadruplets' constant fighting over control of the TV remote, Tom grounds them for the weekend. However, wishing to avoid arguing and noise in the early hours of Tom and Anne's anniversary, the punishment is lifted for Saturday morning. Meanwhile, Tom gets Anne a new bed with different features for their anniversary while Anne gives Tom a universal remote control he dubs \"Clicky\". \n7 | 7 | \"Poo Dunnit\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Douglas Lieblein | November 8, 2014 (2014-11-08) | 110 | 1.66 \n8 | 8 | \"I Got Your Back\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Tesha Kondrat | November 15, 2014 (2014-11-15) | 109 | 2.09 \n9 | 9 | \"The Sad Tail of Gary-Chip-Tiny-Elvis-Squishy-Paws\" | Eric Dean Seaton | David DiPietro & Paul Ciancarelli | November 22, 2014 (2014-11-22) | 108 | 1.90 \nThe quadruplets argue over the name of a dog who stopped crime at Get Sporty. After that, they start fighting over what they should name the dog. Finally, a wealthy woman claims the Harpers' dog as her own and the quadruplets have to get the dog back. In the end, the quadruplets think of a fair way to decide on the dog's name, and the dog ends up being named Squishy Paws, much to Dawn's delight as that was her name idea. \n10 | 10 | \"Santa's Little Harpers\" | Shannon Flynn | Tim Brenner & Natalie Barbrie | November 29, 2014 (2014-11-29) | 113 | 2.24 \n11 | 11 | \"The Quadfather\" | Victor Gonzalez | David DiPietro & Paul Ciancarelli | January 10, 2015 (2015-01-10) | 102 | 1.55 \n12 | 12 | \"The Quad Test\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Michael Feldman & Matt Fleckenstein | January 24, 2015 (2015-01-24) | 115 | 1.72 \n \nThe quadruplets make a bet to give up their favorite childhood possessions; the one who gives in first has to do the others' chores for a month. Meanwhile, Tom and Anne find a bunch of their junk in the attic, and wanting to show that they still use it, they also engage in a bet. Anne crimps her hair and makes unintentionally burned waffles every day, while Tom wears a motorcycle outfit so tight he can barely move, and carries his accordion around with him everywhere. In the end, the quadruplets, realizing they are still attached to their security items, call off the bet, while Tom and Anne get tired of overusing their old things, having made themselves miserable, Anne burning her hair as well as all the waffles and Tom getting stuck in the motorcycle outfit, realize that they should just give the things up.",
"Special guest stars:Alex Morgan as herself \n13 | 13 | \"The Secret\" | Robbie Countryman | Steven James Meyer & David L. Moses | January 31, 2015 (2015-01-31) | 116 | 1.50 \n14 | 14 | \"Take the Money and Run\" | Shannon Flynn | Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman | February 7, 2015 (2015-02-07) | 112 | 1.47 \nAfter selling a bracelet with sentimental value that Anne gave to her so that she can buy a ticket to a fan festival, Dawn goes to extreme measures to retrieve it. Meanwhile, disappointed with the boys, Tom takes away their video games and gives them activity tracker bracelets, promising to give the games back if the boys walk 10,000 steps. \n15 | 15 | \"Valentime's Day\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Douglas Lieblein & Angeline Olschewski | February 14, 2015 (2015-02-14) | 118 | 1.80 \nWhen Tom and Anne aren't feeling pumped for Valentine's Day, the quadruplets become curious about why they hate the holiday so much. After looking around the attic, the quadruplets find a tape dated \"Valentine's Day, 2004\", the year they were born. The tape shows Tom and Anne looking at a sonogram, confirming the fact that Anne is pregnant with quadruplets. The quadruplets stop the tape after Tom and Anne agree that Valentine's day is ruined forever. The quadruplets feel guilty, thinking that they're the reason their parents despise Valentine's Day, and try to change their parents' feelings about the holiday. Their many attempts fail, ending with the couch catching fire and the quadruplets running out of the house to a pizza restaurant. Tom and Anne find the quadruplets and take them home to see the rest of the tape. It turns out that the quadruplets' parents haven't celebrated Valentine's Day since 2004 because no gift they could give each other could ever live up to their children. \n16 | 16 | \"Piggy, Piggy, Piggy & Dawn\" | Trevor Krischner | Matt Fleckenstein & Michael Feldman | February 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) | 117 | 2.09 \n17 | 17 | \"Quad-ventures in Babysitting\" | Victor Gonzalez | Matt Fleckenstein | March 7, 2015 (2015-03-07) | 106 | 1.60 \n18 | 18 | \"M.D. Day\" | Jonathan Judge | Steven James Meyer & David L. Moses | March 14, 2015 (2015-03-14) | 119 | 1.78 \n19 | 19 | \"Abraquadabra\" | Eric Dean Seaton | Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman | March 21, 2015 (2015-03-21) | 120 | 1.43 \nWhen Ricky gets grounded for using smoke pellets in the house by Tom and Anne and is forbidden to go to his friend's party to see his idol's magic show, his siblings try to sneak him out to see his idol perform without Tom and Anne knowing. Later, at the party Ricky volunteers for his idol's magic trick, but ends up magically disappearing, and his siblings have to try to find him. Meanwhile, Tom breaks Anne's vase while competing with her in the living room and the two get into an argument. \n20 | 20 | \"Family Matters\" | Sean Mulcahy | Andrew Hill Newman | March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24) | 114 | 1.75 \n Season | Episodes | Originally aired \n---|---|--- \nFirst aired | Last aired \n| | 20 | September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13) | March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24) \n| | 25 | May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23) | August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06) \n| | 23 | January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07) | August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)"
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"Madrean alligator lizard The Madrean alligator lizard (\"Elgaria kingii\" ) is a species of lizard in the family Anguidae. The species is endemic to the southwestern United States and adjacent northwestern Mexico. The specific name, \"kingii\", is in honor of Phillip Parker King, an Australian-born Royal Navy officer who surveyed the coast of South America. \"Elgaria kingii\" is found from southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, United States, southward to Jalisco, Colima, Nayarit, southeastern Zacatecas, and southwestern Aguascalientes, Mexico. Three subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies. \"Nota bene\": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than \"Elgaria\". Madrean alligator lizard The Madrean alligator lizard (\"Elgaria kingii\" ) is a species of lizard in the family Anguidae. The species is endemic to the southwestern United States and adjacent northwestern Mexico. The specific name, \"kingii\", is in honor of Phillip Parker King, an Australian-born Royal Navy officer who surveyed the coast of South America. \"Elgaria kingii\" is found from southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, United States, southward to Jalisco, Colima, Nayarit, southeastern Zacatecas, and southwestern Aguascalientes, Mexico. Three subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies."
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"Dujiangyan City Dujiangyan () is a county-level city, a subdivision of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. Its north-west region forms a border with southern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. It has an area of and had a population of 600,000 in 2003. Dujiangyan was formerly a county named Guanxian or Guan County (). The county became a county-level city in 1988 and was renamed after the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, in the city's northwest, famous for providing Chengdu with water for over two millennia, since around 250 BC. Around 250 BC during the Warring States period, Li Bing, a governor of Shu (present Sichuan Province) in the Qin state with his son directed the construction of Dujiangyan. Li Bing gave up the old ways of dam building, which were simply directed at flood control, employing a new method of channeling and dividing the water of the Min River. He accomplished this by separating the project into two main parts: the headwork and the irrigation system. The whole system has functioned for 2,000 years, preventing floods and providing substantial irrigation and facilitating shipping and wood drifting. It has contributed greatly to the richness of Chengdu Plain with its reputation as \"The Land of Abundance\". On 12 May 2008, the city was the closest to the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the city suffered severe damage. Xinjian Primary School, Juyuan Middle School, and Xiang'e Middle School collapsed in the earthquake. Dujiangyan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cwa\") with cool, dry winters and hot, very wet summers. Dujiangyan has 17 towns and two townships: Dujiangyan City Dujiangyan () is a county-level city, a subdivision of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. Its north-west region forms a border with southern Ngawa"
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"Battle of Haw's Shop The Battle of Haw's Shop or Enon Church was fought on May 28, 1864, in Hanover County, Virginia, as part of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War. Grant abandoned the stalemate following the Battle of North Anna (May 23–26) by once again swinging widely around Lee's right flank, using the Pamunkey River to screen his movements to the southwest. Lee's army moved directly south and took up positions on the southern bank of Totopotomoy Creek. The Confederate general sent a cavalry force under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton to collect intelligence about Grant's next moves. On May 28, Hampton's troopers encountered Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. Fighting predominately dismounted and utilizing earthworks for protection, neither side achieved an advantage. Gregg was reinforced by two brigades of Brig. Gen. Alfred T.A. Torbert's division, and the brigade under Brig. Gen. George A. Custer launched a spirited attack just as Hampton was ordering his men to withdraw. The seven-hour battle was inconclusive, but it was the second significant cavalry engagement of the Overland Campaign and one of the bloodiest of the war. Both sides claimed victory. Union Cavalry Corps commander Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan bragged that his men had driven Hampton from the field and demonstrated the superiority of the Union cavalry. But Hampton had held up the Union cavalry for seven hours, prevented it from achieving its reconnaissance objectives, and had provided valuable intelligence to General Lee about disposition of Grant's army. Following the Battle of North Anna, Grant and Lee were again stalemated in their opposing earthworks. As he had done twice before in the campaign—after the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House—Grant planned to swing around Lee's right flank, getting closer to the Confederate capital of Richmond, hoping to lure Lee into a battle in the open. He chose to move directly east and cross the Pamunkey River. If he had moved directly south, he would have been forced to cross three rivers, the Little River, the New Found, and the South Anna, minor obstacles that Lee would have to navigate instead. On the eastern side of the Pamunkey, he was effectively screened from the Confederates and he could also conveniently receive supplies from the newly formed base at White House Landing on the Pamunkey. Before he could move, however, Grant was faced with the problem of disengaging from Lee's army. Not only were the armies closely situated, Grant's had to withdraw initially north over the North Anna, a situation in which it would be very vulnerable to attack. Grant decided on a series of deceptive measures to disguise his intentions. On May 26, he sent a cavalry division under Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson to Little River, probing the western end of the Confederate line, while at the same time men from the cavalry divisions of Brig. Gens. Alfred T.A. Torbert and David McM. Gregg were sent to the Little Page Bridge and Taylor's Ford on the Pamunkey, 10 miles upriver from Grant's intended crossing points. Lee, who was still in his tent suffering from the diarrhea that had incapacitated him during the North Anna battle, was fooled by Grant's actions and assumed that the Union general would be moving west for the first time in the campaign. The Union infantry withdrew stealthily after dark on May 26 and by the morning of May 27 all were safely north of the North Anna. The IX Corps under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside and the II Corps under Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock stayed in place to guard the river crossings while the V Corps under Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren and the VI Corps under Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright, led by Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's cavalry, began their march toward crossings near Hanovertown, about 34 miles to the southeast. Once Lee recognized that his opponent had departed, he moved his army swiftly in response. His three corps under Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson and Lt. Gens. Richard S. Ewell and A.P. Hill marched south along the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad, and then overland, heading for Atlee's Station on the Virginia Central Railroad, a point only 9 miles north of Richmond. There, his men would be well-positioned behind a stream known as Totopotomoy Creek to defend against Grant if he moved against the railroads or Richmond. He also sent a small brigade of North Carolina cavalry down the southern bank of the Pamunkey to scout and harass the Union advance wherever possible. During the march, Lee's illness forced him to ride in a carriage. Ewell was also laid up with a similar illness and rode in an ambulance; his condition was serious enough that he was temporarily replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Jubal Early. On May 27, Union cavalry established a bridgehead over Dabney's Ford on the south side of the Pamunkey River. Brig. Gen. George A. Custer's Michigan cavalry brigade scattered the mounted Confederate pickets guarding the ford and an engineer regiment constructed a pontoon bridge. Custer's men fought a brisk engagement north of Salem Church against Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, the 1st Maryland under Col. Bradley T. Johnson and the brigade of North Carolinians under Col. John A. Baker. The Confederates withdrew under the pressure of superior numbers. The rest of Torbert's division then crossed the river, followed by Gregg's cavalry division and a division of Union infantry. Lee knew that his best defensive position against Grant would be the low ridge on the southern bank of Totopotomoy Creek, but he was not certain of Grant's specific plans; if Grant was not intending to cross the Pamunkey in force at Hanovertown, the Union army could outflank him and head directly to Richmond. Lee ordered cavalry under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton to make a reconnaissance in force, break through the Union cavalry screen, and find the Union infantry. Wade Hampton, who was one of the two leading candidates to succeed the late Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart in command of the Cavalry Corps, brought with him his Laurel Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Rosser. The other leading candidate, Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, accompanied Brig. Gen. Williams C. Wickham's brigade. The rest of Hampton's task force consisted of a brigade under Brig. Gen. John R. Chambliss and elements of Col. John A. Baker's brigade (both from Maj. Gen. W.H.F. \"Rooney\" Lee's division), a new brigade under Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler (the newly formed and inexperienced 4th and 5th South Carolina cavalry regiments, commanded temporarily by Col. B. Huger Rutledge, and the 20th Georgia Battalion under Lt. Col. John M. Millen), and several sections of horse artillery. The Union cavalry force headed directly for Hampton's was the 2nd Division under Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg, which consisted of two brigades under Brig. Gen. Henry E. Davies, Jr., and Col. J. Irvin Gregg (David's cousin). Reinforcements would arrive later in the battle from the division of Brig. Gen. Alfred T.A. Torbert: the brigades of Brig. Gens. George A. Custer and Wesley Merritt, and a regiment from the brigade of Col. Thomas C. Devin. At 8 a.m. on May 28, Hampton rode off from Atlee's Station. As more of Grant's infantry crossed the pontoon bridge over the Pamunkey, Gregg led his cavalry division probing west from Hanovertown, searching for Lee, while Torbert's division began to picket along Crump's Creek in the direction of Hanover Court House. Three miles west of Hanovertown, and a mile beyond a large blacksmith shop called Haw's Shop, Gregg's troopers ran into Hampton at Enon Church, finding the Confederate cavalrymen dismounted in a wooded area, hurriedly erecting breastworks made of logs and rails, and well covered by artillery. Davies deployed pickets from the 10th New York Cavalry to Hampton's front, but the 2nd Virginia Cavalry, Hampton's leading element,",
"and a regiment from the brigade of Col. Thomas C. Devin. At 8 a.m. on May 28, Hampton rode off from Atlee's Station. As more of Grant's infantry crossed the pontoon bridge over the Pamunkey, Gregg led his cavalry division probing west from Hanovertown, searching for Lee, while Torbert's division began to picket along Crump's Creek in the direction of Hanover Court House. Three miles west of Hanovertown, and a mile beyond a large blacksmith shop called Haw's Shop, Gregg's troopers ran into Hampton at Enon Church, finding the Confederate cavalrymen dismounted in a wooded area, hurriedly erecting breastworks made of logs and rails, and well covered by artillery. Davies deployed pickets from the 10th New York Cavalry to Hampton's front, but the 2nd Virginia Cavalry, Hampton's leading element, drove the picket line back. The Confederates deployed in line with Wickham's four Virginia regiments deployed in the woods behind Enon Church, with Rosser's men and the horse artillery to their left. They dug shallow rifle pits and faced them with log and fence-rail breastworks. Because of a swampy tributary of Crump Creek to the north and Mill Creek to the south, it was impossible to turn the position. Hampton viewed the outnumbered Union force and reportedly exclaimed, \"We've got the Yankees where we want them now.\" Before Hampton could attack, Irvin Gregg's brigade arrived and moved to the right of Davies's men, extending his flank. Two batteries of Union horse artillery set up just west of the Haw house, \"Oak Grove\". A Confederate mounted charge, followed by dismounted troopers, was repulsed by the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, but the Pennsylvanians were soon flanked on both sides. Dismounted men from the 1st New Jersey came to their aid and the lines were stabilized. Hampton fed in the green troops of the 4th South Carolina on his right and they met Davies's next charge with a wall of fire. These Confederates carried Enfield rifles, which had firing ranges superior to the carbines carried by the Federal cavalry, killing or wounding 256 men. As Davies rode into the fighting, his saber was cut in half by a Minié ball and his horse's tail was shot off. Union return fire was heavy as well, because the troopers were armed with seven-shot Spencer repeating carbines. One Pennsylvania trooper estimated that the 200 men in his unit fired 18,000 rounds. Their carbines got so hot that from time to time the men had to pause to let them cool. As Davies's first attack ground to a halt, and the attack of Irvin Gregg's brigade failed to dislodge the Confederates, David Gregg sent for reinforcements from Sheridan, who released two brigades from Torbert's division. Torbert's reserve brigade under Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt extended Gregg's line to the right, thwarting a flanking maneuver attempted by Hampton with Chambliss's newly arrived brigade. There was plenty of infantry nearby that could have been called for reinforcements, with Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock's II Corps dug in about one mile to the north. There is no documentary evidence that Sheridan requested such assistance, although he claimed years later in his memoirs that he asked for two brigades from Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, who supposedly refused the request, claiming that Hancock's men were too \"weary.\" Torbert's other brigade, under Brig. Gen. George A. Custer, arrived about 4 p.m. Custer's men dismounted and deployed in a long, double-ranked line of battle, as if they were infantrymen. However, Custer inspired his men by staying mounted as he led them forward, waving his hat in full view of the enemy, while his brigade band played \"Yankee Doodle\". Receiving heavy rifle and artillery fire, 41 of the Union cavalrymen fell in the attack, as did Custer's horse—the seventh time the flamboyant general lost a horse during the war. Custer later claimed that his brigade's loss at Haw's Shop was \"greater than in any other engagement of the campaign.\" Meanwhile, on the northern end of the battle, a Confederate mistakenly identified some dismounted Union cavalrymen as infantry and reported this to Hampton. Concerned that his cavalry command would be isolated and overwhelmed by an infantry attack, Hampton gave the order to begin withdrawing. (Hampton had also just received intelligence from prisoners on the location of two Union corps that had crossed the Pamunkey, which meant that his reconnaissance mission had been successfully completed.) The Confederate brigades withdrew from north to south. Once Chambliss, Rosser, and Wickham had departed, Rutledge and the 20th Georgia Battalion were uncovered. Custer took advantage of the situation by charging forward, overrunning the Georgians, killing their commander, Lt. Col. John M. Millen, and capturing many of his men. Davies's brigade joined the attack and the remaining Confederate line fell apart into a rout, but by nightfall Hampton's cavalry was safely west of Totopotomoy Creek. The Battle of Haw's Shop lasted for over seven hours and was the bloodiest cavalry battle since Brandy Station in 1863. It was an unusual battle in comparison to previous cavalry engagements in the Eastern Theater because it was fought predominantly by dismounted cavalry, many of which were protected by earthworks. Union casualties were 256 men in Gregg's division and another 41 from Custer's brigade, including Private John Huff, the cavalryman from the 5th Michigan who had fatally shot Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart at Yellow Tavern. Confederate losses were never tabulated officially, but Union reports claimed they buried 187 enemy bodies after the battle, recovered 40 to 50 wounded men, and captured 80 South Carolinians. Gregg paid tribute to the Confederates \"who resisted with courage and desperation unsurpassed.\" He later wrote that the battle \"has always been regarded by the Second Division as one of its severest.\" Both sides claimed victory. Sheridan bragged that his men had driven Hampton from the field and had once again demonstrated their superiority over the Confederate cavalry. He has been criticized by historians such as Gordon Rhea for missing an opportunity to destroy Hampton's command while it was isolated and vulnerable in front of the Totopotomoy, something that could have been accomplished if Sheridan had devoted his entire Cavalry Corps to the task. And rather than attempting to maneuver on several of the roads that led to Hampton's rear, Sheridan's command expended their efforts on costly frontal assaults. Hampton's claim of victory was also credible. He had prevented Sheridan from learning the disposition of Lee's army while delaying the Union advance for seven hours. And General Lee received the valuable intelligence he had sought. He now knew that Grant had crossed the Pamunkey in force, although he was still unclear on the next steps that Grant might take and therefore waited for further developments. The two armies would fight in this general vicinity on May 30 in the Battle of Bethesda Church. Battle of Haw's Shop The Battle of Haw's Shop or Enon Church was fought on May 28, 1864, in Hanover County, Virginia, as part of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War. Grant abandoned the stalemate following the Battle of North Anna (May 23–26) by once again swinging widely around Lee's right flank, using the Pamunkey River to screen his movements"
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"Philip the Arab and Christianity Philip the Arab was one of the few 3rd-century Roman emperors sympathetic to Christians, although his relationship with Christianity is obscure and controversial. Philip was born in Auranitis, an Arab district east of the Sea of Galilee. The urban and Hellenized centers of the region were Christianized in the early years of the 3rd century via major Christian centers at Bosra and Edessa; there is little evidence of Christian presence in the small villages of the region in this period, such as Philip's birthplace at Philippopolis. Philip served as praetorian prefect, commander of the Praetorian Guard, from 242; he was made emperor in 244. In 249, after a brief civil war, he was killed at the hands of his successor, Decius. During the late 3rd century and into the 4th, it was held by some churchmen that Philip had been the first Christian emperor; he was described as such in Jerome's \"Chronicon\" (\"Chronicle\"), which was well known during the Middle Ages, and in Orosius' highly popular \"Historia Adversus Paganos\" (\"History Against the Pagans\"). Most scholars hold that these and other early accounts ultimately derive from Eusebius of Caesarea's \"Historia Ecclesiastica\" (\"Ecclesiastical History\"). The most important section of Eusebius' \"Historia\" on Philip's religious beliefs describes the emperor's visit to a church on Easter Eve when he was denied entry by the presiding bishop until he confessed his sins. The account is paralleled by Chrysostom's homily, which celebrates Saint Babylas, Bishop of Antioch, for denying a sinful emperor entry to his church; and quotations of Leontius in the \"Chronicon Paschale\" which describe Philip seeking penitence from Babylas for the sin of murdering his predecessor. Given the parallels between the accounts, most scholars believe that Eusebius, Chrysostom, and Leontius are referring to the same event (or legend). With the growth of scholarly criticism in the 17th and 18th centuries, fewer historians believed Philip to be a Christian. Historians had become increasingly aware of secular texts, which did not describe Philip as a Christian—and which, indeed, recorded him participating as \"pontifex maximus\" (chief priest) over the millennial Secular Games in 248. Modern scholars are divided on the issue. Some, like Hans Pohlsander and Ernst Stein, argue that the ecclesiastic narratives are ambiguous, based on oral rumor, and do not vouch for a Christian Philip; others, like John York, Irfan Shahîd, and Warwick Ball, argue that the ecclesiastic narratives are clear and dependable enough that Philip can be described as a Christian; still others, like Glen Bowersock, argue that the sources are strong enough to describe Philip as a man interested in and sympathetic to Christianity, but not strong enough to call him a Christian. Philip was born in a village in Auranitis, part of the district of Trachonitis, east of the Sea of Galilee in Palestine. Philip renamed the village Philippopolis (the modern al-Shahbā', Syria) during his reign as emperor. He was one of only three Easterners to be made emperor before the decisive separation of East and West in 395. (The other two were Elagabalus and Alexander Severus). Even among Easterners Philip was atypical, as he was an Arab, not a Greek. His father was Julius Marinus; nothing besides his name is known, but the name indicates that he held Roman citizenship and that he must have been prominent in his community. The early details of Philip's career are obscure, but his brother, Gaius Julius Priscus, was made praetorian prefect under Emperor Gordian III (r. 238–44). If a fragmentary inscription (\"Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae\" 1331) refers to Priscus, he would have moved through several equestrian offices (that is, administrative positions open to a member of the equestrian order) during Gordian's reign. In the spring of 242, Philip himself was made praetorian prefect, most likely with the help of his brother. Following a failed campaign against Persia in the winter of 243–44, Gordian died in camp. Rumors that Philip had murdered him were taken up by the senatorial opposition of the later 3rd century, and survive in the Latin histories and epitomes of the period. Philip was acclaimed emperor, and was secure in that title by late winter 244. Philip made his brother \"rector Orientis\", an executive position with extraordinary powers, including command of the armies in the Eastern provinces. Philip began his reign by negotiating a peaceful end to his predecessor's war against Persia. In 248, Philip called the Secular Games to celebrate the 1000-year anniversary of the founding of Rome. In the Near East, Philip's brother Priscus' tax collection methods provoked the revolt of Jotapianus. At the same time, Silbannacus started a rebellion in the Rhenish provinces. He faced a third rebellion in 248 when the legions he had used in successful campaigns against the Carpi on the Danubian frontier revolted and proclaimed an officer named Pacatianus emperor. All three rebellions were suppressed quickly. In 249, to restore order after the defeat of Pacatianus, Philip gave Senator Decius, a native of the region, command of the Danubian armies. In late spring 249, the armies proclaimed Decius emperor. The civil war that followed ended in a battle outside Verona. Decius emerged victorious, and Philip either died or was assassinated. When news of Philip's death reached Rome, the Praetorian Guard murdered his son and successor Marcus Julius Severus Philippus. No account or allusion to Philip's presumed conversion to Christianity survives. The Byzantinist and Arabist Irfan Shahîd, who argues in favor of Philip's Christianity in \"Rome and the Arabs\", assumes that he had been a Christian before becoming emperor. He argues, therefore, that there is no need to explain the absence of evidence for Philip's conversion in contemporary Christian literature. Trachonitis, equidistant from Antioch in the north and Bosra in the south, and sited on a road connecting the two, could have been Christianized from either direction. Even if he was not himself Christian, Philip would probably have been familiar with Christians in his hometown as well as Bosra and other nearby settlements. Hans Pohlsander, a classicist and historian arguing against accounts of Philip's Christianity, allows that Philip \"\"may have been\" curious about a religion which had its origins in an area so close to his place of birth. As an eastern provincial rather than an Italian, he \"may not have been\" so intense in his commitment to the traditional Roman religion that he could not keep an open mind on other religions.\" He also accepts that Philippopolis probably contained a Christian congregation during Philip's childhood. For the scholar of religion Frank Trombley, however, the absence of evidence for the early Christianization of Philippopolis makes Shahîd's assumption that Philip was Christian from early childhood unmerited. If Philip had been a Christian during his military service, he would have not been a particularly unusual figure for his era—although membership in the army was prohibited by certain churchmen, and would have required participation in rites some Christians found sacrilegious, it was not uncommon among the Christian laity. The position of an emperor, however, was more explicitly pagan—emperors were expected to officiate over public rites and lead the religious ceremonies of the army. Christian scripture contains explicit prohibitions on this sort of behavior, such as the First Commandment: \"You shall have no other gods before me\". Whatever the prohibitions, people raised on the \"more tolerant Christianity of the camp\" would have been able to justify participation in pagan ritual to themselves. We know that these people exist: the historical record includes Christian army officers, who would have been regularly guilty of idolatry, and the military martyrs of the late 3rd century. Their ritual",
"required participation in rites some Christians found sacrilegious, it was not uncommon among the Christian laity. The position of an emperor, however, was more explicitly pagan—emperors were expected to officiate over public rites and lead the religious ceremonies of the army. Christian scripture contains explicit prohibitions on this sort of behavior, such as the First Commandment: \"You shall have no other gods before me\". Whatever the prohibitions, people raised on the \"more tolerant Christianity of the camp\" would have been able to justify participation in pagan ritual to themselves. We know that these people exist: the historical record includes Christian army officers, who would have been regularly guilty of idolatry, and the military martyrs of the late 3rd century. Their ritual sacrifice excluded them from certain parts of the Christian community (ecclesiastical writers tended to ignore them, for example) but these people nonetheless believed themselves to be Christian and were recognized by others as Christians. Thanks to its proximity to the first Christian communities of Palestine, Provincia Arabia, of which Philippopolis was a part, was among the first regions to convert to Christianity. By the time of Philip's birth, the region had been extensively Christianized, especially in the north and in Hellenized settlements like those of Auranitis. The region is known to have had a fully developed synodal system (in which bishops from the dioceses in the region met to discuss Church affairs) by the mid-3rd century. The region sent six bishops to the Council of Nicaea in 325, and Eusebius' \"Onomasticon\", a gazetteer of Biblical place-names, records a wholly Christian village called Cariathaim, or Caraiatha, near Madaba. Outside of the cities, however, there is less evidence of Christianization. Before the 5th century there is little evidence of the faith, and many villages remained unconverted in the 6th. Philippopolis, which was a small village for most of this period, does not have a Christian inscription that can be dated earlier than 552. It is not known when the village established a prelateship, but it must have been sometime before 451, when it sent a bishop to the Council of Chalcedon. Christian beliefs were present in the region's Arab community since about AD 200, when Abgar VIII, an ethnic Arab and king of the Roman client state Osroene, converted to Christianity. The religion was propagated from Abgar's capital at Edessa until its destruction in 244. By the mid-3rd century, the city of Bosra had a Christian bishop, Beryllos. Beryllos offers an early example of the heretical beliefs Hellenic Christians imputed to the Arabs as a race: Beryllos believed that Christ did not exist before he was made flesh at the Incarnation. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, his views were condemned as heresy following debate at a local synod. The debate was most likely conducted in Greek, a language in common use among the well-Hellenized cities of the region. The 3rd century was the age in which the initiative for persecution shifted from the masses to the Imperial office. In the 1st and 2nd centuries, persecutions were carried out under the authority of local government officials. Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) and Maximin (r. 235–38) are alleged to have issued general rescripts against the religion and targeted its clergy, but the evidence for their acts is obscure and contested. There is no evidence that Philip effected any changes to the Christians' legal status. Pogroms against the Christians in Alexandria took place while Philip was still emperor. There is no evidence that Philip punished, participated in or assisted the pogrom. No historian contests that Philip's successor Decius (r. 249–51), called a general persecution against the Church, and most would list it as the first. Decius was anxious to secure himself in the imperial office. Before mid-December 249, Decius issued an edict demanding that all Romans, throughout the empire, make a show of sacrifice to the gods. \"Libelli\" were signed in Fayum in June and July 250 as demonstrations of this sacrifice. If the persecutions of Maximin and Septimius Severus are dismissed as fiction, Decius' edict was without precedent. If the Christians were believed to be Philip's friends (as Dionysius of Alexandria presents them), however, it might help explain Decius' motivations. The ancient traditions regarding Philip's Christianity can be divided into three categories: the Eusebian, or Caesarean; the Antiochene; and the Latin. The Eusebian tradition consists of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea's \"Historia Ecclesiastica\" and the documents excerpted and cited therein, including the letters of Origen and Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria. The Antiochene tradition consists of the John Chrysostom's homily \"de S. Babyla\" and Leontius, bishop of Antioch's entries in the \"Chronicon Paschale\". Most scholars hold that these accounts ultimately derive from Eusebius of Caesarea's \"Historia Ecclesiastica\" (\"Ecclesiastical History\"), but some, like Irfan Shahîd, posit that Antioch had an independent oral tradition. The most significant author to discuss Philip the Arab and Christianity is Eusebius, who served as bishop of Caesarea in Roman Palestine from \"ca\". 314 to his death in 339. Eusebius' major work is the \"Historia Ecclesiastica\", written in several editions dating from \"ca\". 300 to 325. The \"Historia\" is not an attempt at a full history of the Church in the classical style, but rather a collection of facts addressing six topics in Christian history from the Apostolic times to the late 3rd century: (1) lists of bishops of major sees; (2) Christian teachers and their writings; (3) heresies; (4) the tribulations of the Jews; (5) the persecutions of Christians by pagan authorities; and (6) the martyrs. His \"Vita Constantini\", written between Constantine's death in 337 and Eusebius' own death in 339, is a combination of eulogistic encomium and continuation of the \"Historia\" (the two separate documents were combined and distributed by Eusebius' successor in the see of Caesarea, Acacius). Five references in Eusebius' \"Historia Ecclesiastica\" speak to Philip's Christianity; three directly, two by implication. At 6.34, he describes Philip visiting a church on Easter Eve and being denied entry by the presiding bishop because he had not yet confessed his sins. The bishop goes unnamed. At 6.36.3, he writes of letters from the Christian theologian Origen to Philip and to Philip's wife, Marcia Otacilia Severa. At 6.39, Eusebius writes that Decius persecuted Christians because he hated Philip. The remaining two references are quotations or paraphrases of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, a contemporary of Philip (he held the patriarchate from 247 to 265). At 6.41.9, Dionysius contrasts the tolerant Philip's rule with the intolerant Decius'. At 7.10.3, Dionysius implies that Alexander Severus (emperor from 222 to 235) and Philip were both openly Christian. Most arguments regarding Philip's Christianity hinge on Eusebius' account of the emperor's visit to a church at 6.34. In the words of the 17th-century ecclesiastical historian Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, it is the \"\"la ſeule action en laquelle on ſache qu'il ait honoré l'Église\"\", the \"only action in which we know him to have honored the Church\". In Shahîd's reconstruction, this event took place at Antioch on 13 April 244, while the emperor was on his way back to Rome from the Persian front. The 12th-century Byzantine historian Zonaras repeats the story. Eusebius introduces his account of Philip's visit with the words κατέχει λόγος' (\"katechei logos\"). The precise meaning of these words in modern European languages has been contested. Ernst Stein, in an account challenging the veracity of Eusebius' narrative, translated the phrase as \"\"gerüchte\"\", or \"rumor\"; the scholar John Gregg translated it as \"the saying goes\". Other renderings are possible, however; modern",
"Le Nain de Tillemont, it is the \"\"la ſeule action en laquelle on ſache qu'il ait honoré l'Église\"\", the \"only action in which we know him to have honored the Church\". In Shahîd's reconstruction, this event took place at Antioch on 13 April 244, while the emperor was on his way back to Rome from the Persian front. The 12th-century Byzantine historian Zonaras repeats the story. Eusebius introduces his account of Philip's visit with the words κατέχει λόγος' (\"katechei logos\"). The precise meaning of these words in modern European languages has been contested. Ernst Stein, in an account challenging the veracity of Eusebius' narrative, translated the phrase as \"\"gerüchte\"\", or \"rumor\"; the scholar John Gregg translated it as \"the saying goes\". Other renderings are possible, however; modern English translations of the \"Historia Ecclesiastica\" have \"it is recorded\" or \"it is reported\", as in the translation quoted above. The historian Robin Lane Fox, who translates \"logos\" as \"story\" or \"rumor\" in scare quotes, emphasizes that Eusebius draws a distinction between his \"story\" about Philip and the other material in the passage. The substantiative issue involved is the nature of Eusebius' source; where \"\"gerüchte\"\" suggests hearsay (Frend explains that Eusebius' κατέχει λόγος' \"usually means mere suggestion\"), \"it is recorded\" suggests documentation. Given that Eusebius' major sources for 3rd-century history were written records, Shahîd contends that the typical translation misrepresents the original text. His source here is probably one of the two letters from Origen to Philip and Marcia Otacilia Severa, Philip's wife, mentioned at 6.36.3. Shahîd argues that an oral source is unlikely given that Eusebius composed his \"Historia\" in Caesarea and not Antioch; but others, like Stein and theologian Arthur Cushman McGiffert, editor and translator of the \"Historia\" for the \"Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers\", contend nonetheless that the story has an oral source. Shahîd's position is reinforced by C. H. Roberts and A. N. Sherwin-White, who reviewed his \"Rome and the Arabs\" before publication. That is, that the proper interpretation of κατέχει λόγος is as a reference to a written account. Roberts notes that Χριστιανὸν ὄντα (\"Christianon onta\", \"being a Christian\") was probably an editorial insertion by Eusebius, and not included in the \"logos\" he relates in the passage. Shahîd takes this as an indication that Eusebius did indeed vouch for Philip's Christianity. Roberts suggested that κατέχει λόγος might be translated as \"there is a wide-spread report\", but added that a broader study of Eusebius' use of the expression elsewhere would be useful. Sherwin-White points out Eusebius' use of the phrase in his passage on the Thundering Legion (at \"Historia Ecclesiastica\" 5.5), where it represents a reference to written sources. However, because Eusebius nowhere categorically asserts that he has read the letters (he only says that he has compiled them) and as moderns are disinclined to take him at his word, some, like Pohlsander, posit that Eusebius did not get the tale from the letters, and drew it instead from oral rumors. Whatever the case, the wording of the passage shows that Eusebius is unenthusiastic about his subject and skeptical of its significance. Jerome and the Latin Christian authors following him do not share his caution. For many scholars, the scene at 6.34 seems to anticipate and parallel the confrontation between Theodosius and Ambrose in 390; Erasmus used the two situations as parallel \"exempla\" in a letter written to Francis I in 1523. That later event has been taken as evidence against Philip's Christianity. Even in the later 4th century, in a society that had already been significantly Christianized, the argument goes, Theodosius' humiliation had shocked the sensibilities of the aristocratic elite. It is therefore inconceivable that 3rd century aristocrats, members of a society that had experienced only partial Christianization, would accept such self-abasement from their emperors. Shahîd contests this parallel, and argues that Philip's scene was far less humiliating than Theodosius': it did not take place against the same background (Theodosius had massacred seven thousand Thessalonicans some months before), no one was excommunicated (Theodosius was excommunicated for eight months), and it did not involve the same dramatic and humiliating dialogue between emperor and bishop. Philip made a quick repentance at a small church on his way back to Rome from the Persian front, a stark contrast to the grandeur of Theodosius' confrontation with Ambrose. Other scholars, such as ecclesiastical historian H. M. Gwatkin, explain Philip's alleged visit to the church as evidence of simple \"curiosity\". That he was excluded from services is not surprising: as a \"heathen\" in official conduct, and, as an unbaptized man, it would have been unusual if he had been admitted. Shahîd rejects idle curiosity as an explanation, arguing that 3rd-century churches were too nondescript to attract much undue attention. That Philip was unbaptized is nowhere proven or stated, and, even if true, it would do little to explain the scene: Constantine participated in Christian services despite postponing baptism to the end of his life—and participation in services without baptism was not unusual for Christians of either period. </poem> At 6.41, Eusebius quotes a letter from Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, to Fabius, bishop of Antioch, on the persecution at Alexandria under Decius. He begins (at 6.41.1) by describing the pogroms which began a year before Decius' decree of 250; that is, in 249, under Philip. At 6.41.9, Dionysius narrates the transition from Philip to Decius. At 7.10.3, Eusebius quotes a letter from Dionysius to the otherwise-unknown Hermammon on the early years of Valerian's (r. 253–260) rule. In this period the emperor implicitly tolerated Christianity; Eusebius would contrast his early reputation with his later policy of persecution. Dionysius is quoted saying that Valerian was so friendly to Christians that he outdid \"those who were said to be openly Christians\" (οἰ λεχθέντες ἀναφανδὸν Χριοτιανοὶ γεγονέναι, tr. Shahîd). Most scholars, Shahîd and Stein included, understand this as a reference to Severus Alexander and Philip. Because the reference is to a plurality of emperors, implying that Severus Alexander and Philip were both Christians, Stein dismissed the passage as entirely without evidentiary value. Shahîd, however, contends that genuine information can be extracted from the spurious whole, and that, while the reference to Severus Alexander is hyperbole, the reference to Philip is not. He explains the reference to Severus Alexander as a Christian as an exaggeration of what was actually only an interest in the Christian religion. Shahîd references a passage in the often-dubious \"Historia Augusta\"s biography of the emperor, which states that Alexander had statues of Abraham, Christ, and Orpheus in his private chapel, and that he prayed to them each morning. He also adduces the letters sent from Origen to Alexander's mother Mamaea (Eusebius, \"Historia Ecclesiastica\" 6.21, 6.28) to explain Dionysius' comment. Origen's letters do not survive. However, most scholars believe that the letters that circulated in the era of Eusebius and Jerome were genuine. It is also reasonable that Origen, a man with close contacts in the Christian Arab community, would have taken a particular interest in the first Arab emperor. The scholar K. J. Neumann argued that, since Origen would have known the faith of the imperial couple, he must have written about it in the letters listed at 6.36.3. Since Eusebius read these letters, and does not mention that the emperor was Christian (Neumann understands the passage at 6.34 to reflect Eusebius' disbelief in Philip's Christianity), we must conclude that Philip was not Christian, and was neither baptized nor made catechumen. Against",
"6.28) to explain Dionysius' comment. Origen's letters do not survive. However, most scholars believe that the letters that circulated in the era of Eusebius and Jerome were genuine. It is also reasonable that Origen, a man with close contacts in the Christian Arab community, would have taken a particular interest in the first Arab emperor. The scholar K. J. Neumann argued that, since Origen would have known the faith of the imperial couple, he must have written about it in the letters listed at 6.36.3. Since Eusebius read these letters, and does not mention that the emperor was Christian (Neumann understands the passage at 6.34 to reflect Eusebius' disbelief in Philip's Christianity), we must conclude that Philip was not Christian, and was neither baptized nor made catechumen. Against Neumann, Shahîd argues that, if Eusebius had found anything in the letters to disprove Philip's Christianity, he would have clearly outlined it in this passage—as the biographer of Constantine, it would have been in his interest to undermine any other claimants to the title \"first Christian emperor\". Moreover, this segment of the \"Historia\" is a catalog of Origen's works and correspondence; the contents of the letters are irrelevant. Eusebius' understanding of the Arab peoples is informed by his reading of the Bible and his knowledge of the history of imperial Rome. He does not appear to have personally known any Arabs. In his \"Chronicon\", all the Arabs that appear—save for one reference to Ishmael—figure in the political history of the first three centuries of the Christian era. To Eusebius, the Saracens of the 4th century are direct-line descendants of the biblical Ishmaelites, descendants of the handmaid, Hagar, and the patriarch, Abraham. They are thus outcasts, beyond God's Covenant with the favored son of Abraham, Isaac. The twin images of the Ishmaelite and the Saracen—outcasts and \"latrones\", raiders of the frontiers—reinforce each other and give Eusebius' portrait of the Arab nation an unhappy color. He may have been reluctant to associate the first Christian emperor with a people of such unfortunate ancestry. In his \"Historia\", Eusebius does not identify either Philip or Abgar V of Edessa (whom he incorrectly presumed to be the first Christian prince; he does not mention Abgar VIII, who was actually the first Christian prince), as Arabs. He does, however, identify Herod the Great as an Arab, thus tarring the Arab nation with the Massacre of the Innocents and the attempted murder of Christ himself. The Christianity of Provincia Arabia in the 3rd century also earns some brief notices: the heresy of Beryllos, bishop of Bostra, and his correction by Origen (6.33); the heretical opinions concerning the soul held by a group of Arabs until corrected by Origen (6.37); and the heresy of Helkesaites (6.38). Eusebius' account of Philip appears amidst these Arab heresies (at 6.34, 6.36, and 6.39), although, again—and in spite of the fact that Philip so often took on the epithet \"the Arab\", in antiquity as today—he never identifies him as an Arab. The image of the Arabs as heretics would persist in later ecclesiastical historians (like Epiphanius of Salamis). Shahîd, relating these facts, nonetheless concludes that \"Eusebius cannot be accused in the account he gave of the Arabs and their place in the history of Christianity.\" The fact that he downplayed the role of Philip and Abgar in the establishment of Christianity as a state religion is understandable, given his desire to prop up Constantine's reputation. In Shahîd's judgment, the imprecision and unemphatic tone of Eusebius' passage at 6.34 is the major cause of the lack of scholarly consensus on Philip's Christianity. To Shahîd, Eusebius' wording choice is a reflection of his own lack of enthusiasm for Philip's Christianity, which is in turn a reflection of the special position Constantine held in his regards and in his written work. A number of scholars, following E. Schwartz, believe the later editions of Eusebius' \"Historia\" to have been extensively revised to adapt to the deterioration of Licinius in the public memory (and official \"damnatio memoriae\") after Constantine deposed and executed him in 324–25. Passages of the \"Historia\" incompatible with Licinius' denigration were suppressed, and an account of the last years of his life was replaced with a summary of the Council of Nicaea. Shahîd suggests that, in addition to these anti-Licinian deletions, Eusebius also edited out favorable notices on Philip to better glorify Constantine's achievement. In 335, Eusebius wrote and delivered his \"Laudes Constantini\", a panegyric on the thirtieth anniversary of the emperor's reign; his \"Vita Constantini\", written over the next two years, has the same laudatory tone. The ecclesiastical historian, who framed his chronology on the reigns of emperors and related the entries in his history to each emperor's reign, understood Constantine's accession as something miraculous, especially as it came immediately after the Great Persecution. The final edition of his \"Historia\" has its climax in Constantine's reign, the ultimate \"triumph of Christianity\". Shahîd argues, it was therefore in his authorial interest to obscure the details of Philip, the first Christian emperor; hence, because of Eusebius' skill in narrative and deception, modern historians give Constantine that title. Shahîd further argues that the facts of Philip's alleged Christianity would also discourage Eusebius from celebrating that emperor. Firstly, Philip lacks an exciting conversion narrative; secondly, his religion was private, unlike Constantine's very public patronage of the faith; and, thirdly, his reign only lasted five years, not long enough to enact much amelioration of the Christians' condition. In Shahîd's view, the insignificance of his reign to the progress of Christianity, Eusebius' subject, combined with Eusebius' role as Constantine's panegyrist, explain the tone and content of his account. F. H. Daniel, in Philip's entry in the Smith–Wace \"Dictionary of Christian Biography\", cites a passage of Eusebius' \"Vita Constantini\" as his first piece of evidence against Philip's alleged Christianity. In the passage, Eusebius names Constantine as (in the words of the dictionary) \"the first Christian emperor\". Shahîd describes this passage as a mere flourish from Eusebius the panegyrist, \"carried away by enthusiasm and whose statements must be construed as rhetorical exaggeration\"; he does not take it as serious evidence against Eusebius' earlier accounts in the \"Historia\", where he never refers to Constantine as the first Christian emperor. For Shahîd, the passage also represents the last stage in Eusebius' evolving portrait of the pair of emperors, Philip and Constantine: in the early 300s, in his \"Chronicon\", he had nearly called Philip the first Christian emperor; in the 320s, during the revision of the \"Historia\" and the \"Chronicon\", he turned wary and skeptical; in the late 330s, he could confidently assert that Constantine was the sole Christian emperor. John York argues that, in writing this passage, Eusebius was cowed by the anti-Licinian propaganda of the Constantinian era: as an ancestor of the emperor's last enemy, Philip could not receive the special distinction of the title \"first Christian emperor\"—Constantine had claimed it for himself. Perhaps, Shahîd observes, it is not coincidental that Eusebius would paint the Arabs in uncomplimentary terms (as idolaters and practitioners of human sacrifice) in his \"Laudes Constantini\" of 335. John Chrysostom, deacon at Antioch from 381, was made priest in 386. As a special distinction, his bishop, Flavian, decided that he should preach in the city's principal church. Chrysostom's contribution to the literature on Philip and Christianity is a homily on Babylas, a martyr-bishop who died in 253, during the Decian persecution. The treatise was composed about 382, when John was a deacon, and forms part of",
"era: as an ancestor of the emperor's last enemy, Philip could not receive the special distinction of the title \"first Christian emperor\"—Constantine had claimed it for himself. Perhaps, Shahîd observes, it is not coincidental that Eusebius would paint the Arabs in uncomplimentary terms (as idolaters and practitioners of human sacrifice) in his \"Laudes Constantini\" of 335. John Chrysostom, deacon at Antioch from 381, was made priest in 386. As a special distinction, his bishop, Flavian, decided that he should preach in the city's principal church. Chrysostom's contribution to the literature on Philip and Christianity is a homily on Babylas, a martyr-bishop who died in 253, during the Decian persecution. The treatise was composed about 382, when John was a deacon, and forms part of Chrysostom's corpus of panegyrics. Chrysostom's Babylas confronts an emperor; and, since Chrysostom is more interested in the bishop than his opponent, the emperor goes unnamed. He has since been identified with Philip. Leontius was bishop of Antioch from 348 to 357. He is quoted in the \"Chronicon Paschale\", or \"Paschal Chronicle\", a universal chronicle of history based on the paschal cycle, as an authority on the martyrdom of Babylas. The quotation describes Philip seeking penitence from Babylas for the sin of murdering his predecessor. Chrysostom and Leontius both lived in Antioch, the site of Philip's alleged humiliation and repentance, and wrote in the mid-4th century, one hundred years after the event took place. Shahîd takes this, along with the fact that Babylas is not named in Eusebius' account, as evidence of an independent local tradition. This tradition would have been perhaps partially oral in nature, and far removed from the written accounts in Eusebius' library at Caesarea. Many other historians trace Chrysostom and Leontius' accounts back to Eusebius: Hans Pohlsander counts Chrysostom and Leontius' accounts as later accretions to Eusebius original account, dependent on his \"Historia\" for their legendary core; John Gregg holds that this dependent relationship is most probable; and Stein claims all three Greeks as contributors to the same \"gerüchte\". The Latin tradition consists of three authors writing in the later 4th and early 5th centuries—Jerome, Orosius, and Vincent of Lérins. The tradition is represented in Jerome's \"Liber de viris inlustribus\" and \"Chronicon\", Orosius' \"Historiarum Adversum Paganos\", and Vincent of Lérins' \"Commonitorum Primum\". Most scholars hold that all of these accounts ultimately derive from Eusebius of Caesarea's \"Historia\". These authors follow the Greek tradition, and probably takes all of their information from Eusebius, Eusebius' sources, or Jerome. These authors are more forceful in their claims than Eusebius, as demonstrated by their use of \"primus\", or \"first\", as in \"first Christian emperor\", when referring to Philip. Jerome is the most important, both since he is the earliest of the three, and because, as the editor and translator of Eusebius' \"Chronicon\" (\"Chronicle\"), he is closest to Eusebius. Eusebius' first version of the \"Chronicon\" was written in 303, and his second in the mid-320s; Jerome's revision, translation and continuation dates to 380. The original Greek is lost; it is largely through Jerome's Latin and through an Armenian translation unrelated to Jerome that the substance of the original survives. Eusebius' original did cover Philip's rule—Jerome's continuation of the \"Chronicon\" only covers the period from 325 to 378—but the sections regarding Philip's Christianity do not survive in the Armenian translation. In the Armenian, all references to Arabs are omitted. Philip's celebration of the millennium is preserved, while his supposed Christianity is only implied in the entry on Decius' persecution. Jerome's \"Chronicon\" is, therefore, the nearest we can get to Eusebius' early statements on Philip's Christianity. That Jerome calls Philip \"primus\" in the \"Chronicon\" thus admits of two interpretations: either he found it in Eusebius, or he added it independently, based on other sources available to him. Shahîd argues that, while the text would offer a strong case for Philip's Christianity either way, the former interpretation is more plausible. Shahîd believes that \"primus\" appeared in Eusebius first version of the \"Chronicon\", but may have been edited out for the second version—by the mid 320s, Eusebius had become Constantine's panegyrist, and was understandably loath to praise his subject's ignoble predecessors. In his \"Liber de viris inlustribus\", written twelve years later, in 392, Jerome mentions Philip in his chapter on Origen. The passage contains two important features: first, the statement that the letters of Origen to Philip and his family were still extant in Jerome's time; and second, a strong affirmation of Philip's Christianity. The sentence also contains the false reference to Philip's mother (\"matrem\") as the recipient of a letter from Origen—it was actually Philip's wife who received it. Jerome probably confused her with Alexander Severus' mother Mammaea. Bowersock characterizes the whole passage as a \"confused copy\" of Eusebius' evidence. Shahîd understands \"\"quae usque hodie extant\"\" to mean that Jerome had read the letters; that he refers to Philip as \"primus\" would thus mean that he either found positive evidence for Philip's Christianity in them or, at least, that he found nothing to disprove it. Jerome otherwise had a dim view of the Arabs. His prejudices were those of a native Roman. Born in Strido (in modern Croatia or Slovenia), near Aquileia, and educated in Rome, Jerome was a lover of Latin, Italy, and the city of Rome. In about 374, he found himself accused in a dream while in Antioch on the way to Palestine: \"\"Ciceronianus es, non Christianus\"\", \"you are a Ciceronian, not a Christian\". In one of his letters, written while he was staying in the desert of Chalcis, he tells of the joy he had when he discovered that his correspondents had written a letter to him in Latin. All he had to hear during the day were the \"barbarous\" languages of the natives (that is, Syriac and Arabic). From this evidence, Shahîd concludes that Jerome would not honor the memory of an Arab emperor without a strong rationale. To Orosius, Constantine was the first Christian Roman emperor, except for Philip (he was the \"\"primus imperatorum Christianus, excepto Philippo\"\"). He probably took this judgment from Jerome—he had met the author in Bethlehem in 415, while on assignment from Augustine of Hippo. Although his judgment is thus not independent of Jerome, Shahîd contends that it is nonetheless valuable since Orosius did not have a bias towards either emperor. It presents Philip in the role Christian history merited: as precursor to Constantine. Because Orosius' \"Historiae adversum paganos\" served as the standard manual of universal history during the middle ages, his judgment on this matter was inherited, and generally accepted, by medieval European writers. Orosius' wording is echoed by the \"Origo Constantini Imperatoris\", an anonymous work usually dated to the late 4th century. \"Constantine was also the first Christian emperor, with the exception of Philippus, who seemed to me to have become a Christian merely in order that the one-thousandth year of Rome might be dedicated to Christ rather than to pagan idols.\" (\"\"Item Constantinus imperator primus Christianus, excepto Philippo, qui Christianus admodum ad hoc tantum constitutus fuisse mihi visus est, ut millesimus Romae annus Christo potius quam idolis dicaretur\"\", tr. J.C. Rolfe) The scholar Samuel N. C. Lieu holds that this passage is a later interpolation, designed to give the work's pagan core a Christian gloss. According to Lieu, this passage, along with others, was probably taken from Orosius' history and inserted into the \"Origo Constantini\" during the reign of Constantine III (r. 417–21), a period that witnessed substantial anti-pagan polemic.",
"emperor, with the exception of Philippus, who seemed to me to have become a Christian merely in order that the one-thousandth year of Rome might be dedicated to Christ rather than to pagan idols.\" (\"\"Item Constantinus imperator primus Christianus, excepto Philippo, qui Christianus admodum ad hoc tantum constitutus fuisse mihi visus est, ut millesimus Romae annus Christo potius quam idolis dicaretur\"\", tr. J.C. Rolfe) The scholar Samuel N. C. Lieu holds that this passage is a later interpolation, designed to give the work's pagan core a Christian gloss. According to Lieu, this passage, along with others, was probably taken from Orosius' history and inserted into the \"Origo Constantini\" during the reign of Constantine III (r. 417–21), a period that witnessed substantial anti-pagan polemic. Shahîd argues that, since the author of the \"Origo Constantini\" was a biographer of Constantine, and not a historian of the 3rd and 4th centuries, his reference to Philip is unnecessary. The conflicting claims of Philip and Constantine to primacy may have been at issue at the turn of the 5th century, when the \"Origo Constantini\" and \"Historia adversum paganos\" were written. In the chapter on Origen in Vincent of Lérins' \"Commonitorium primum\", Vincent writes: \"\"quos ad Philippum imperatorem, qui primus romanorum principum Christianus fuit, Christiani magisterii acutoritate conscripsit.\"\"; \"with the authority which [Origen] assumed as a Christian Teacher, he wrote to the Emperor Philip, the first Roman prince that was a Christian.\" Vincent thus unites the commentary on Origen's letters with Philip's Christianity, as Jerome had done. It is possible that he was only following Jerome in so doing, but Shahîd argues that his note that the letters were written \"\"Christiani magisterii auctoritate\"\" implies that he has read the letters. Additionally, the variance between his wording and Jerome's (Vincent refers to Philip as a \"princeps\", not a \"rex\", and he calls the letters \"epistolae\", not \"litterae\"), speaks for Vincent's independence of Jerome. Zosimus, a pagan writing at the turn of the 6th century, wrote a work titled the \"Historia Nova\" (\"New History\"). Its detailed sections cover the period from the 3rd century AD to 410. Zosimus, like all secular historians in his era, addressed himself to the governing class of the later Roman empire: officers, bureaucrats, and the landed aristocracy. There was relatively little overlap between the reading audience of secular histories and the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius and his successors. For most of the period it covers, the \"Historia\" is the most valuable—and sometimes the only—available source. Zosimus' history was written as a polemic, with the aim of establishing that barbarism and Christianity were the essential causes of the decline of the Roman state. Because of these themes, the \"Historia Nova\" is considered the first history of what moderns would call Rome's \"decline and fall\". Although skilled in literary rhetoric, Zosimus was a poor historian. He confuses dates and persons, is ignorant of geography, and treats his sources with naive simplicity. For the 3rd century, Zosimus follows Eunapius of Sardis and Olympiodorus of Thebes in Egypt. Since Eunapius' history began in 272, where the \"Chronicle\" of another historian, Dexippus, ended, Zosimus probably used Dexippus' \"Chronicle\", and perhaps his histories of the German wars between 250 and 270. Dexippus, however, was as poor a historian as Zosimus. The surviving fragments of his work show an uncritical author, without strong sources, who prefers rhetoric to fact. (The secular sources for this period are all quite weak.) Zosimus, like all ancient secular historians of the era, says nothing of Philip's alleged Christianity. Zosimus had no great respect for Philip, and offers an unfavorable judgment on his reign. Nonetheless, he offers a curiously detailed narrative of his reign. He devotes five sections of his \"Historia Nova\" to the emperor (1.18–22)—more than Alexander Severus, who only gets half a section (1.8). He even reverts to Philip in the midst of a discussion of the Peace of Jovian (363) two books later (at 3.32), taking the opportunity to recall Philip's own \"disgraceful\" peace with the Persians. In Shahîd's judgment, Zosimus makes this editorial decision to emphasize his central theme—the decline and \"barbarization\" of Rome. Zosimus' views on the latter phenomenon reflect his racial prejudice, and his account of Philip carries anti-Semitic overtones. In Zosimus' view, Philip was a barbarian operating at the highest levels of power. The unsavory character of Philip is contrasted with his ethnically Roman predecessor, Gordian (who Philip helped overthrow), and his Roman successor, Decius, who wins glowing praise from the historian. As he disliked both Arabs and Christians, some scholars, such as Bowersock, have taken Zosimus' silence on the matter as strong evidence against Philip's alleged Christianity. Others, like historian Warwick Ball, view Zosimus' evident distaste for Philip as noteworthy, and suggest that Zosimus' anti-Christian polemic is indirect in his writing on the emperor. Shahîd construes Zosimus' silence as an argument for Philip's Christianity. Zosimus, he argues, would never have shown such distaste for a pagan. Septimius Severus was a \"barbarian\", an African born at Leptis Magna whose mother tongue was Phoenician and whose wife, Julia Domna, was a provincial from Emesa. But Severus gets a good press from Zosimus (1.8). Nor would Philip's assistance in the execution of Gordian be enough: the 3rd century was hardly a stranger to such bloodshed and treachery. Zosimus' hostility begins to makes sense, Shahîd contends, once we assume that he was aware of the tradition that viewed Philip as the first Christian emperor (and perhaps even accepted it). And it becomes perfectly clear once we understand the importance Zosimus attributes to the Secular Games, and the schematic incongruity he would behold when a Christian emperor was presiding over them. In 248, Philip held Secular Games (\"Ludi Saeculares\") to celebrate the thousandth anniversary of Rome's legendary founding by Romulus. It is presumed that he would have officiated over the games in his capacity as \"pontifex maximus\", chief priest of the state cults. Allard accepts that he made no public notice of his private religion, and that he ran the games as a \"prince païen\", a \"pagan prince\". Pohlsander cites a number of early Christian theologians in support of his contention that \"Christians generally condemned 'games' of any kind.\" Tertullian's \"de Spectaculis\", Novatian's treatise of the same name (which does not survive), and Cyprian's disapproving comments in his \"ad Donatum\" are offered as examples. The later followers of Jerome, however, like Orosius and Bede, mention Philip's games approvingly—Orosius even claims that Philip did not sacrifice during the games. Pohlsander concedes that public games continued under Christian emperors throughout the 4th century (they were eventually outlawed in 404 under Honorius). Zosimus provides the lengthiest account of the games (at \"Historia Nova\" 2.1–7), but does not mention Philip. The games had a starring role in Zosimus' scheme of Roman history. To him, the fortune of the empire was intimately related to the practice of the traditional civic rites. Any emperor who revived or supported those rites—Augustus, Claudius, Domitian, Septimius Severus—earns Zosimus' credit, while the emperor who ended them, Constantine I, earns his condemnation. All the misfortune of the 4th century can be directly attributed to Constantine's discontinuation of the old rites. In this context, Shahîd argues, Zosimus' silence on Philip's Christianity and Philip's involvement in the games makes sense. First, it would have given lie to his thesis on that the practice of the traditional rites guaranteed the fortunes of empire, since the period following the games was",
"does not mention Philip. The games had a starring role in Zosimus' scheme of Roman history. To him, the fortune of the empire was intimately related to the practice of the traditional civic rites. Any emperor who revived or supported those rites—Augustus, Claudius, Domitian, Septimius Severus—earns Zosimus' credit, while the emperor who ended them, Constantine I, earns his condemnation. All the misfortune of the 4th century can be directly attributed to Constantine's discontinuation of the old rites. In this context, Shahîd argues, Zosimus' silence on Philip's Christianity and Philip's involvement in the games makes sense. First, it would have given lie to his thesis on that the practice of the traditional rites guaranteed the fortunes of empire, since the period following the games was hardly a happy one (and this argument remains valid even if both Philip's Christianity and Zosimus' awareness of the tradition is denied). And second, it would have dulled his attack on Constantine by disentangling the potent alignment between imperial disaster, Christianity, and the traditional cult. The last emperor to celebrate the games was also the first emperor to embrace Christianity. The incongruity of this fact proved too much for the historian to handle, so he ignored it. Because of the continuing popularity of Jerome's \"Chronicon\" and Orosius' \"Historia\", the medieval writers who wrote about Philip called him the first Christian emperor. The \"Chronica Gallica\" of 452, Prosper of Aquitaine (d. \"ca\". 455), Cassiodorus (d. \"ca\". 585), Jordanes (fl. 551), Isidore of Seville (d. 636), and Bede (d. 735) all follow Jerome on this point. One early medieval historian writing at the eve of the millennium, the Lombard Landolfus Sagax, held that Philip had confessed to Fabian, Bishop of Rome, instead of Babylas. By the late 17th century, when Tillemont wrote his \"Histoire des Empereurs\", it was no longer possible to make the argument that Philip was a Christian \"ſans difficulté\", \"without difficulty\". And when Jean-Baptiste Louis Crévier wrote his \"L'Histoire des empereurs des Romains, jusqu'à Constantin\" in 1749, he affirmed the contrary, that Philip was not a Christian at all: \"...it is easy to judge what degree of credit ought to be given to this story of his penance; which, besides, is not fully and exactly related by any ancient author. To make out an account of it any way tolerable, they have been obliged to patch several evidences together, and to supply and alter the one by the other. The shortest and safest course is not to admit of a perplexed and ill supported narrative. We have no great temptation to torture history in order to claim such a Christian.\" Edward Gibbon, in the first volume of his \"History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire\" (1776), would take the same position: \"The public and even partial favour of Philip towards the sectaries of the new religion, and his constant reverence for the ministers of the church, gave some colour to the suspicion, which prevailed in his own times, that the emperor himself was become a convert to the faith; and afforded some grounds for a fable which was afterwards invented, that he had been purified by confession and penance from the guilt contracted by the murder of his innocent predecessor.\" And the fable has—\"as usual\"—\"been embellished\". To Gibbon, the matter is \"curious, rather than important\", and the man he credits with disposing of it, Friedrich Spanheim (d. 1649), is said to have shown \"much superfluous learning\" in the task. French historians of the 19th and 20th century were more favorable to the notion. Paul Allard, in his \"Histoire des persecutions pendant la premiere moitié du troisième siecle\" (1881); René Aigrain, in his chapter \"Arabie\" in the \"Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastique\"; Henri Grégoire, in \"Les persécutions dans l'empire romain\" (1964); and Jean Daniélou and Henri-Irénée Marrou, in \"The Christian Centuries\" 1: \"The First Six Hundred Years\" (English tr., 1964), all strongly supported the notion. English and German scholars were less likely to accept it. Ecclesiastical historians of the 19th century, like John Mason Neale, B. J. Kidd, and H. M. Gwatkin, gave the notion some credence, but less than their full support. Critical historians, like Ernst Stein, Karl Johannes Neumann, and John Gregg, denied it entirely. In the late 20th century, a small number of articles and book chapters discussed the matter. John York's \"The Image of Philip the Arab\" (1972) argued that the literary material on Philip's reign was deeply biased against the emperor. York attempted to correct the narrative, and rehabilitate Philip's reputation. He held that Eusebius' \"logos\" was derived from an oral tradition originating in Antioch, and that Origen's letters cannot have definitively proven Philip's Christianity, since (he follows Jerome's \"Liber de viris inlustribus\" 54 here) those letters were addressed to Philip's son. Because of this fact, York declared that Philip's Christianity was only \"probable\", not certain. H. Crouzel's \"Le christianisme de l'empereur Philippe l'Arabe\" (1975) argued that the Antiochene tradition, as represented by Chrysostom and Leontius, was independent of Eusebius, and that Eusebius was, likewise, ignorant of it. The sources of Eusebius' \"logos\" were instead Origen's letters to Philip and Severa. Crouzel is not entirely certain on this point; it is only \"très probable\", \"very probable\". In spite of Crouzel's arguments, Pierre Nautin's \"Origène\" (1977) was very skeptical of accounts of Philip's Christianity, and Hans Pohlsander's \"Philip the Arab and Christianity\" (1980), adducing Philip's commitment to traditional civic religion as evidence, denied all accounts of Philip's Christianity. In a lengthy chapter of his 1984 book \"Rome and the Arabs\", Irfan Shahîd argued that Philip deserved the title of \"First Christian Emperor\". The chapter is divided into five parts: (1) a brief listing of the sources; (2) a lengthy address to Ernst Stein's arguments against accounts of Philip's Christianity; (3) an explanation of Eusebius' caution and dissimulation; (4) an exposition of the Latin authors' accounts of Philip's Christianity; and (5) Eusebius' relationship with the unnamed bishop in his passage, Babylas, and Babylas' importance in ecclesiastical history. He follows the main body of the chapter with an appendix addressing the articles by York, Crouzel, and Pohlsander, \"Philip the Arab and Christianity\", and noting the judgments of the scholars who reviewed his draft. Currently, there is no consensus on the issue of Philip's Christianity. Timothy Barnes, who reviewed Shahîd's chapters on \"The First Christian Emperor\" and \"Eusebius and the Arabs\" in 1979, would only say that Eusebius \"[presents] Philip as a Christian\", in his \"Constantine and Eusebius\" (1981). Warwick Ball, author of \"Rome and the East: The transformation of an empire\" (2000), argued in favor of Philip's Christianity. David Potter, author of \"The Roman Empire at Bay\" (2004), treated the matter dismissively: accounts of Philip's Christianity were simply \"bogus\", Potter wrote, and works that accepted them should be treated with less respect on that count alone. Some scholars, like Glen Bowersock, took a middle route. Bowersock, reviewing Shahîd's \"Rome and the Arabs\" for the \"Classical Review\" in 1986, wrote: \"I doubt many will be convinced by the extreme position that [Shahîd] has taken, but his arguments do offer some basis for believing that Philip was seriously interested in the religion\". He reiterated that view in his \"Roman Arabia\" (1980, 3rd rev. ed. 1994). For the French Byzantinologist Gilbert Dagron, Philip's Christianity is a legend—albeit a very old one—that intended, in a Late Roman/Early Byzantine context, to foster the idea of a Roman Empire that was Christian almost from the beginning, thereby melding Roman Imperial ideology and Christianism, and therefore offering a base for other",
"treated with less respect on that count alone. Some scholars, like Glen Bowersock, took a middle route. Bowersock, reviewing Shahîd's \"Rome and the Arabs\" for the \"Classical Review\" in 1986, wrote: \"I doubt many will be convinced by the extreme position that [Shahîd] has taken, but his arguments do offer some basis for believing that Philip was seriously interested in the religion\". He reiterated that view in his \"Roman Arabia\" (1980, 3rd rev. ed. 1994). For the French Byzantinologist Gilbert Dagron, Philip's Christianity is a legend—albeit a very old one—that intended, in a Late Roman/Early Byzantine context, to foster the idea of a Roman Empire that was Christian almost from the beginning, thereby melding Roman Imperial ideology and Christianism, and therefore offering a base for other later legends showing Roman emperors, beginning with Augustus , to be aware and/or sympathetic to Christian revelation, forming a legendary corpus that was brought together during the 6th century by the chronicler John Malalas. All citations to the \"Historia Augusta\" are to individual biographies, and are marked with a \"\"HA\"\". Philip the Arab and Christianity Philip the Arab was one of the few 3rd-century Roman emperors sympathetic to Christians, although his relationship with Christianity is obscure and controversial. Philip was born in Auranitis, an Arab district east of the Sea of Galilee. The urban and Hellenized centers of the region were Christianized in the early years of the 3rd century via major Christian centers at Bosra and Edessa; there is little evidence of Christian presence in the small villages of"
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"Bluff Island Bluff Island, indigenously known as Sha Tong Hau Shan (), also known as Ung Kong (), is an island in Port Shelter, south of Sai Kung Peninsula of Hong Kong. It is an important area for corals and other marine life. The island is zoned as Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1979. The surrounding water has not yet been legally protected and thus the corals are damaged by anchors of holiday visitors. Together with Basalt Island and Wang Chau, it forms the Ung Kong Group () and is part of Hong Kong National Geopark. The elongate Bluff Island, which is oriented northeast to southwest, reaches a maximum elevation of a little over 140 meters. The island is asymmetrical, forming a high ridge on the south-eastern side with a cliffed coastline. In contrast, the north-western aspect of the island slopes more gently towards a rocky coastline. The 140-meter high cliffs that fringe the south-eastern-facing coast of Bluff Island are the highest sea cliffs in Hong Kong. Fan Tap Pai () in the south of the Island is one of the most spectacular coastal scenes in Hong Kong. This huge sea cave cuts right through the island and it is just wide enough for a boat to sail past. An open U-shaped bay, Ung Kong Wan (), is located at the north of the island. Bluff Island Bluff Island, indigenously known as Sha Tong Hau Shan (), also known as Ung Kong (), is an island in Port Shelter, south of Sai Kung Peninsula of Hong Kong. It is an important area for corals and other marine life. The island is zoned as Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1979. The surrounding water has not yet been legally protected and thus the corals are damaged by anchors of holiday"
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"Anatoly Artsebarsky Anatoly Pavlovich Artsebarsky () (; born 9 September 1956) is a former Soviet cosmonaut. He became a cosmonaut in 1985. Artsebarsky has spent almost 5 months in space on a single spaceflight. In 1991, he flew aboard Soyuz TM-12 and docked with the Mir Space Station. Artsebarsky and Sergei Krikalev stayed aboard Mir while the rest of the crew flew back to Earth after eight days. Artsebarsky took six spacewalks during the Mir EO-9 mission. He spent over 33 hours walking in space. During his stay, Artsebarsky constructed a space tower for use with a control module. Artsebarsky and Krikalev were almost stuck at the station. They were in orbit during the Soviet coup attempt of 1991. For several days, the political situation seriously jeopardised their position. He was awarded: Anatoly Artsebarsky Anatoly Pavlovich Artsebarsky () (; born 9 September 1956) is a former Soviet cosmonaut. He became a cosmonaut in 1985. Artsebarsky has spent almost 5 months in space on a single spaceflight. In 1991, he flew aboard Soyuz TM-12 and docked with the Mir Space Station. Artsebarsky and Sergei Krikalev stayed aboard Mir while the rest of the crew flew back to Earth after eight days."
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"Representation (mathematics) In mathematics, representation is a very general relationship that expresses similarities between objects. Roughly speaking, a collection \"Y\" of mathematical objects may be said to \"represent\" another collection \"X\" of objects, provided that the properties and relationships existing among the representing objects \"y\" conform in some consistent way to those existing among the corresponding represented objects \"x\". Somewhat more formally, for a set \"Π\" of properties and relations, a \"Π\"-representation of some structure \"X\" is a structure \"Y\" that is the image of \"X\" under a homomorphism that preserves \"Π\". The label \"representation\" is sometimes also applied to the homomorphism itself. Perhaps the most well-developed example of this general notion is the subfield of abstract algebra called representation theory, which studies the representing of elements of algebraic structures by linear transformations of vector spaces. Although the term \"representation theory\" is well established in the algebraic sense discussed above, there are many other uses of the term \"representation\" throughout mathematics. An active area of graph theory is the exploration of isomorphisms between graphs and other structures. A key class of such problems stems from the fact that, like adjacency in undirected graphs, intersection of sets (or, more precisely, non-disjointness) is a symmetric relation. This gives rise to the study of intersection graphs for innumerable families of sets. One foundational result here, due to Paul Erdős and colleagues, is that every \"n\"-vertex graph may be represented in terms of intersection among subsets of a set of size no more than \"n\"/4. Representing a graph by such algebraic structures as its adjacency matrix and Laplacian matrix gives rise to the field of spectral graph theory. Dual to the observation above that every graph is an intersection graph is the fact that every partially ordered set is isomorphic to a collection of sets ordered by the containment (or inclusion) relation ⊆. Among the posets that arise as the containment orders for natural classes of objects are the Boolean lattices and the orders of dimension \"n\". Many partial orders arise from (and thus can be represented by) collections of geometric objects. Among them are the \"n\"-ball orders. The 1-ball orders are the interval-containment orders, and the 2-ball orders are the so-called \"circle orders\", the posets representable in terms of containment among disks in the plane. A particularly nice result in this field is the characterization of the planar graphs as those graphs whose vertex-edge incidence relations are circle orders. There are also geometric representations that are not based on containment. Indeed, one of the best studied classes among these are the interval orders, which represent the partial order in terms of what might be called \"disjoint precedence\" of intervals on the real line: each element \"x\" of the poset is represented by an interval [\"x\", \"x\"] such that for any \"y\" and \"z\" in the poset, \"y\" is below \"z\" if and only if \"y\" < \"z\". Under certain circumstances, a single function \"f\":\"X\" → \"Y\" is at once an isomorphism from several mathematical structures on \"X\". Since each of those structures may be thought of, intuitively, as a meaning of the image \"Y\"—one of the things that \"Y\" is trying to tell us—this phenomenon is called polysemy, a term borrowed from linguistics. Examples include: Representation (mathematics) In mathematics, representation is a very general relationship that expresses similarities between objects. Roughly speaking, a collection \"Y\" of mathematical objects may be said to \"represent\" another collection \"X\" of objects, provided that the properties and relationships existing among the representing objects \"y\" conform in some consistent way to those existing among the corresponding represented objects"
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"Köpenick Palace Schloss Köpenick is a Baroque water palace of the Hohenzollern electors of Brandenburg which stands on an island in the Dahme River surrounded by an English-style park and gives its name to Köpenick, a district of Berlin. The castle was originally built on the foundations of a Slavic castle (6th century) in 1558 as a hunting lodge by order of Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg. The building in a Renaissance style was located on the river island at the site of the former medieval fort. Joachim II died here in 1571. In 1631 it served as the headquarters of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, where he - without results - asked his brother-in-law Elector George William for assistance in the Thirty Years' War. Frederick I of Prussia had the lodge rebuilt and enlarged from 1677 and lived here together with his first wife Elizabeth Henrietta of Hesse-Kassel. In 1730 Frederick II of Prussia, then Crown Prince, and his friend Hans Hermann von Katte faced the court-martial for desertion at Schloss Köpenick. Today the castle surrounded by a small park serves as the Museum of Decorative Arts, run by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation as part of the Berlin State Museums. Since 1963, Köpenick Palace has been used by the Kunstgewerbemuseum as an exhibition space. Being renovated in 2004, the palace accommodates museum of arts with the permanent exhibition \"RoomArt\", featuring the decorative arts of the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo periods. The museum also presents the outstanding masterworks in interior design from the 16th to 18th centuries. Köpenick Palace Schloss Köpenick is a Baroque water palace of the Hohenzollern electors of Brandenburg which stands on an island in the Dahme River surrounded by an English-style park and gives its name to Köpenick, a district of Berlin. The castle"
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"Zubi Shiyi Mai Jiujing The Zubi Shiyi Mai Jiujing (), or Cauterization Canon of the Eleven Vessels of the Foot and Forearm, is an ancient Chinese medical text that was excavated in 1973 from a tomb in Mawangdui Han tombs site that was sealed in 168 BCE, under the Han Dynasty. It was handcopied in seal script around 215 BCE, under the Qin Dynasty, on the same sheet of silk as a longer medical text called \"Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments\". The \"Cauterization Canon\" describes the path of eleven vessels or channels (\"mai\" 脉) inside the body and explains how to perform cauterization to treat the ailments associated with each vessel. Zubi Shiyi Mai Jiujing The Zubi Shiyi Mai Jiujing (), or Cauterization Canon of the Eleven Vessels of the Foot and Forearm, is an ancient Chinese medical text that was excavated in 1973 from a tomb in Mawangdui Han tombs site that was sealed in 168 BCE, under the Han Dynasty. It was handcopied in seal script around 215 BCE, under the Qin Dynasty, on the same sheet of silk as a longer medical text called \"Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments\". The \"Cauterization Canon\" describes the path of eleven vessels or"
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"The Iraq Solidarity Campaign The Iraq Solidarity Campaign was founded in 2003 and is led by British-born Iraqi writer Hussein Al-Alak. The group is active in protests against the Iraqi invasion and occupying in different locations throughout the world. The reports of the Iraq Solidarity Campaign are regular features in the international media, with statements and articles having been published by various magazines including the UN Observer, Uruknet, the Global Research Institute, Palestine Chronicle, the London Progressive Journal and the Association of Muslim Scholars in Iraq. They also run the \"Iraqi Solidarity News\" (\"Al-Thawra\"), which is the online magazine of the Campaign and is not connected to the Al-Thawra news agency of either the Syrian or Iraqi Baath Parties. In 2007, Iraq Solidarity initiated \"In Defence of Iraqs Palestinians\", which was an almagmation of over eighteen international organisations, including Al-Awda: the Palestinian Right to Return Coalition. This was aimed at drawing international attention to the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians in Iraq but also helped to provide aid to displaced Palestinians along the borders with Iraq. In 2008, the ISC also participated in the US elections by endorsing the Party for Socialism and Liberation and their slate of candidates which included Gloria La Riva for President and Eugene Puryear for Vice President. The Campaign also helped other US candidates in the elections, who were standing on social justice tickets, including that of US soldier and anti-war campaigner Michael Prysner. Prior to the 2003 invasion, the organisation operated as the Coalition Against Sanctions and War on Iraq (CASWI), which formed as a result of a fusion between organisations which included the Campaign Against Repression and for Democratic Rights in Iraq (CARDRI), CND, Pax Christi and some Iraqi Opposition organisations. The Campaign Against Repression and for Democratic Rights in Iraq was founded in 1979 and obtained the support of organisations including the Iraqi Women's League, the Iraqi Communist Party and was chaired by the current Special Human Rights Envoy to Iraq, Ann Clwyd MP. http://iraq-solidarity.blogspot.co.uk/ Iraqi Solidarity News (Al-Thawra) The Iraq Solidarity Campaign The Iraq Solidarity Campaign was founded in 2003 and is led by British-born Iraqi writer Hussein Al-Alak. The group is active in protests against the Iraqi invasion and occupying in different locations throughout the world. The reports of the Iraq Solidarity Campaign are regular features in the international media, with statements and articles having been published by various magazines including"
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"In Pharaoh's Army In Pharaoh's Army: Memories of the Lost War is the second memoir by American writer Tobias Wolff. The book was originally published on October 4, 1994. The book chronicles the author's experiences as a US Army officer in the Vietnam War. Before beginning his year tour of duty proper in Vietnam, Wolff spent a year in Washington, D.C. learning the Vietnamese language; prior to that he had been trained as a paratrooper with Special Forces. Wolff was stationed with South Vietnamese Army soldiers near Mỹ Tho and he was present during the Communists' Tet Offensive. The memoir includes a recollection of that battle as well as vignettes of various personal experiences, both in and out of Vietnam. The book picks up more or less where Wolff's first memoir, \"This Boy's Life\", leaves off. It was a National Book Award finalist for non-fiction. The \"New York Times\" noted limitations of Wolff's characteristic style, finding that it may be too limited for a war memoir, however precise and evocative his writing. The reviewer describes Wolff's writing about his year in Vietnam as \"an elegant gallery of small sketches in which he is almost invariably the central figure...\" but praises his conveying \"for example, the altered sense of time and space that he and other American servicemen developed in Vietnam.\" \"The Independent\" noted: \"Even under fire, Wolff was self-consciously having an experience, giving himself something to write about one day. And quite a large part of what is only a small book is taken up with memories of the author's father, an ex-convict whose indisciplined life fostered in Wolff the desire for order.\" \"Publishers Weekly\" noted that Wolff expressed \"a sense of futility and growing disillusionment with the war\" in his memoir. After being discharged, he was somewhat adrift, but the memoir extends through his four years of study of English literature at Oxford, a period when he committed to writing and \"found himself\". In Pharaoh's Army In Pharaoh's Army: Memories of the Lost War is the second memoir by American writer Tobias Wolff. The book was originally published on October 4, 1994. The book chronicles the author's experiences as a US Army officer in the Vietnam War. Before beginning his year tour of duty proper in Vietnam, Wolff spent a year in Washington, D.C. learning the Vietnamese language; prior to that he had been trained as a paratrooper with"
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"Reverse triiodothyronine Reverse triiodothyronine (3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine, reverse T, or rT) is an isomer of triiodothyronine (3,5,3’ triiodothyronine, T). Reverse T is the third-most common iodothyronine the thyroid gland releases into the bloodstream, of which 0.9% is rT; tetraiodothyronine (levothyroxine, T) constitutes 90% and T is 9%. However, 95% of rT in human blood is made elsewhere in the body, as enzymes remove a particular iodine atom from T. The production of hormone by the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The physiological activity of thyroid hormone is regulated by a system of enzymes that activate, inactivate or simply discard the prohormone T and in turn functionally modify T and rT. These enzymes operate under complex direction of systems including neurotransmitters, hormones, markers of metabolism and immunological signals. The levels of rT3 increase in conditions such as euthyroid sick syndrome because its clearance decreases while its production stays the same. The decreased clearance is possibly from lower Thyroxine 5-deiodinase activity in the peripheral tissue or decreased liver uptake of rT3. In addition, increased rT3 concentrations result from upregulated Thyroxine 5-deiodinase activity in critical illness, starvation and fetal life. Reverse triiodothyronine Reverse triiodothyronine (3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine, reverse T, or rT) is"
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"Saybia Saybia is a Danish rock band formed in Nyborg in 1993. From 1998 to 2000 they privately recorded three EPs (which they sold at their concerts) before signing to EMI in the spring of 2001. In the summer EMI released the 6 track EP \"Saybia\". In September 2001 the band went to Sweden to record their debut album \"The Second You Sleep\". This album was recorded in \"The Blue Room\" in Gävle (Sweden), and was produced by Saybia and Swedish producer Andreas Ahlenius. The album was mixed at Medley Studios, Copenhagen DK. After the release on January 21, 2002, the band went on the road, touring Scandinavia and most of Northern Europe until Sep 2003. In 2003 Saybia released a Live-EP recorded February 16 at the venue \"013\" in Tilburg, NL. In autumn 2003, the band bought a house south of Copenhagen, and turned it into a rehearsal/recording studio. Saybia spent the winter recording demo's for the next record \"These are the days\". In January 2004 the band booked studio-time in \"Sandkvie Studio\", Visby on the Swedish island, Gotland, again together with producer Andreas Ahlenius. The album was mixed by Tchad Blake at \"Real World Studios\" GB. \"These Are the Days\" was released September 2004. On August 2007 Saybia released their 3rd studio album \"Eyes on the highway\", which was recorded in the band's own studio \"A Kind of Eden Studio\", this time with producer Rune Nissen Petersen. The album was mixed by Producer Ryan Hewitt at \"The Pass\", Hollywood. A new album has been announced, to be released in October 2015. In 2004 Saybia won an EBBA Award. Every year the European Border Breakers Awards (EBBA) recognize the success of ten emerging artists or groups who reached audiences outside their own countries with their first internationally released album in the past year. Saybia Saybia is a Danish rock band formed in Nyborg in 1993. From 1998 to 2000 they privately recorded three EPs (which they sold at their concerts) before signing to EMI in the spring of 2001. In the summer EMI released the 6 track EP \"Saybia\". In September 2001 the band went to Sweden to record their debut album \"The Second You Sleep\". This album was recorded in \"The Blue Room\" in Gävle (Sweden), and was produced by Saybia and Swedish producer Andreas Ahlenius. The album was mixed at Medley Studios, Copenhagen DK. After the release"
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"Josh Deutsch Josh Deutsch is an American trumpet player and composer. He leads the band Pannonia and the Josh Deutsch Quintet, and performs regularly in a duo with guitarist Nico Soffiato. Deutsch is a founding member of the Queens Jazz Overground. He has toured extensively throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Deutsch is also an educator, teaching privately and at various institutions, including the Queens College CPSM, the University of Oregon, and as a mentor in the Young Composers and Improvisors Workshop. Deutsch was born and raised in Seattle. He began playing piano and composing music at the age of five, then added the trumpet in middle and high school. He received his bachelor's degree in Jazz Studies from the New England Conservatory of Music, where he studied with Danilo Pérez, Bob Brookmeyer, John McNeill, Allan Chase and composer Lee Hyla. Deutsch received his Masters of Music in Jazz Performance and Composition in 2009 from the University of Oregon. Deutsch is the leader of the band Pannonia, which he formed in 2011 and whose debut recording, \"Another Time, Another Place\" was released in 2014. Downbeat named it a January 2014 editors pick and notes: \"This well-planned, beautifully executed program draws on influences from practically everywhere. Deutsch seems to be obsessive on details, and he’s hell-bent on making music that’s just a little (or perhaps a *lot*) different than what you’ve heard before.\" Deutsch also performs in a duo with guitarist Nico Soffiato that has toured extensively in Italy and the United States. \"Guitar International\" hailed their recording \"Time Gels\" (2011) as \"an elegant, fresh take on the timeless (duo) tradition\" and praised the duo's ability to \"perform as a cohesive unit with improvisational vigor and mature musicianship.\" Deutsch and Soffiato host the 2x3 Series, presenting a trio of diverse duos in a night of separate and collaborative performances at various NYC venues. The trumpeter also plays regularly and has recorded with Argentinian singer/composer Sofia Rei, Pedro Giraudo's Expansions Big Band, the Australian soul/funk band The Hipstones and Nathan Parker Smith's Large Ensemble. Deutsch has also performed with Michael Bates' Outside Sources and the Duke Ellington Big Band directed by Victor Goines. He has presented his own projects at Dave Douglas's Festival of New Trumpet Music as well as at the Earshot Jazz Festival in Seattle and the Outpost Summer Music Festival in Albuquerque and has appeared in the U.S. at The Jazz Gallery and The Stone in New York City and at Yoshi's in Oakland, among other locations. Deutsch has appeared as a clinician and conducted master classes throughout the U.S. He was on the faculty of the Oregon Festival of American Music's Summer Jazz Academy from 2007 through 2009 and of the University of Oregon Summer Jazz Camp from 2007 to the present. In 2008, he received the Excellence in Teaching Award from the University of Oregon for his work with large and small jazz ensembles and private improvisation students. He currently offers private instruction in trumpet, piano, improvisation, composition and music theory in New York City where he is on the faculty of the Queens College CPSM and a mentor in the Young Composers and Improvisors Workshop. Deutsch writes music in multiple genres and his compositions and arrangements have been performed by artists ranging from the Seattle Symphony Orchestra and cellist Ruth Marshall to the Oregon Jazz Ensemble, Ron Miles and Danilo Pérez. He has received commissions from the NPR radio program \"From The Top\", the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Music Northwest and the Head-Royce School. In addition to having composed hundreds of pieces for various performing ensembles, Deutsch has also written several long-form pieces including \"The Ligeti Project,\" a 12-movement, cross-genre work for jazz septet that has been performed on both the East and West Coasts that is based loosely on György Ligeti's \"Musica Ricercata\". Josh Deutsch Josh Deutsch is an American trumpet player and composer. He leads the band Pannonia and the Josh Deutsch Quintet, and performs regularly in a duo with guitarist Nico Soffiato. Deutsch is a founding member of the Queens Jazz Overground. He has toured extensively throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Deutsch is also an educator, teaching privately and at various institutions, including"
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"2017 Washington Spirit season The 2017 season is Washington Spirit's fifth season, competing in the National Women's Soccer League, the top division of women's soccer in the United States. In the aftermath of finishing 2016 runners-up, the Spirit saw a series of key departures including captain Ali Krieger (traded to Orlando Pride), Christine Nairn and Diana Matheson (both traded to Seattle Reign), and Crystal Dunn leaving for Chelsea, while retaining her contracting rights. In addition to the departures, key injuries to Joanna Lohman, Francisca Ordega, and goalkeeper Kelsey Wys limited the Spirit's playing options. Unable to adequately replace these players, the Spirit struggled to compete throughout the 2017 season ultimately finishing last (10th) for the first time since the inaugural season. However, building for the future, Gabarra was able to recruit U.S. national team prospect, Mallory Pugh midseason. Pugh would go on to lead the team in scoring, registering 6 goals in 16 games. The first-team roster of Washington Spirit. Source: On February 2, the Washington Spirit announced its preseason schedule. The Spirit struggled to gain any momentum during the 2017 season and were the first team to be eliminated from playoff contention after a home loss to the Chicago Red Stars on August 26 (Week 19). Squad statistics are of regular season only \"Italics\" indicates player left team midway through season. \"Last updated: October 1 2017\" 2017 Washington Spirit season The 2017 season is Washington Spirit's fifth season, competing in the National Women's Soccer League, the top division of women's soccer in the United States. In the aftermath of finishing 2016 runners-up, the Spirit saw a series of key departures including captain Ali Krieger (traded to Orlando Pride), Christine Nairn and Diana Matheson (both traded to Seattle Reign), and Crystal Dunn leaving for Chelsea, while retaining her contracting rights."
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"Herodian dynasty The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom and later the Herodian Tetrarchy, as vassals of the Roman Empire. The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century long Hasmonean Kingdom. His kingdom lasted until his death in 4 BCE, when it was divided between his sons as a Tetrarchy, which lasted for about 10 years. Most of those tetrarchies, including Judea proper, were incorporated into Judaea Province from 6 CE, though limited Herodian \"de facto\" kingship continued until Agrippa I's death in 44 CE and nominal title of kingship continued until 92 CE, when the last Herodian monarch, Agrippa II, died and Rome assumed full power over his \"de jure\" domain. During the time of the Hasmonean ruler John Hyrcanus (134–104 BCE), Judea conquered Edom (Idumea) and forced the Edomites to convert to Judaism. The Edomites were gradually integrated into the Judean nation, and some of them reached high-ranking positions. In the days of Alexander Jannaeus, Edomite Antipas, was appointed governor of Edom. His son Antipater, father of Herod the Great, was the chief adviser to Hasmonean Hyrcanus II and managed to establish a good relationship with the Roman Republic, who at that time (63 BCE) extended their influence over the region, following conquest of Syria and intervention in a civil war in Judea. Julius Caesar appointed Antipater to be procurator of Judea in 47 BCE and he appointed his sons Phasael and Herod to be governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively. Antipater was murdered in 43 BCE; however, his sons managed to hold the reins of power and were elevated to the rank of tetrarchs in 41 BCE by Mark Antony. In 40 BCE, the Parthians invaded the eastern Roman provinces and managed to drive the Romans out of many areas. In Judea, the Hasmonean dynasty was restored under king Antigonus as a pro-Parthian monarch. Herod the Great, the son of Antipater the Idumean and Cypros (possibly of Nabataean descent), managed to escape to Rome. After convincing the Roman Senate of his sincere intentions in favor of Romans he eventually was announced as king of the Jews by the Roman Senate. Despite his announcement as king of the whole of Judea, Herod did not fully conquer it until 37 BCE. He subsequently ruled the Herodian kingdom as a vassal king for 34 years, crushing the opposition while also initiating huge building projects, including the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, the plaza surrounded by retaining walls at the Temple Mount, the Masada and the Herodium, among other fortresses and public works. Herod ruled Judea until 4 BCE; at his death his kingdom was divided among his three sons as a tetrarchy. Herod Archelaus, son of Herod and Malthace the Samaritan, was given the main part of the kingdom: Judea proper, Edom and Samaria. He ruled for ten years until 6 CE, when he was \"banished to Vienne in Gaul, where according to Dion Cassius Cocceianus, \"Hist. Roma,\" lv. 27—he lived for the remainder of his days.\" See also Census of Quirinius. Philip the Tetrarch, sometimes erroneously called Herod Philip I, son of Herod and his fifth wife Cleopatra of Jerusalem, was given jurisdiction over the northeast part of his father's kingdom; he ruled there until his death in 34 CE. Herod Antipas, another son of Herod and Malthace, was made ruler of the Galilee and Perea; he ruled there until he was exiled to Gaul by emperor Caligula in 39 CE. Herod Antipas is probably the person referenced in the Christian New Testament Gospels, playing a role in the death of John the Baptist and the trial of Jesus. Agrippa I was the grandson of Herod; thanks to his friendship with Emperor Caligula, the emperor appointed him ruler with the title of king over the territories of Herod Philip I in 37 CE, which were after Herod Philip's death in 34 CE shortly part of the Roman province of Syria, and in 39 CE he was given the territories of Herod Antipas. In 41 CE, Emperor Claudius added to his territory the parts of Iudea province, that previously belonged to Herod Archelaus. Thus Agrippa I practically re-united his grandfather's kingdom under his rule. Agrippa died in 44 CE. Agrippa I's son Agrippa II was appointed King and ruler of the northern parts of his father's kingdom. He actively participated in the quelling of the Great Revolt of Judea on the Roman side. Agrippa II was the last of the Herodians, and with his death in 92 CE the dynasty was extinct, and the kingdom became fully incorporated into the Roman province of Judaea. In addition, Aristobulus of Chalcis of the Herodian dynasty was tetrarch of Chalcis and king of Armenia Minor. His father, Herod of Chalcis ruled as king of Chalcis earlier. Herodian dynasty The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom and later the Herodian Tetrarchy, as vassals of the Roman Empire. The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century long Hasmonean Kingdom. His kingdom lasted until his death in 4 BCE, when it was divided between his sons as a Tetrarchy, which lasted for about 10 years. Most of those tetrarchies, including Judea proper, were incorporated into"
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"X Factor (Kazakhstan series 1) The X Factor (Series 1) is the first season of the singing competition based on the . Auditions were held in 12 Kazakh cities and started on 2 October 2010. The Judges were the three music producers Nagima Eskalieva, who was the already the chairwoman of the panel of SuperStar KZ, Sultana Karazhigitova and Alexander Shevchenko. On 22 May 22-year-old Daria Gabdull (Дария Габдулл), labeled by the judges as the \"Kazakh Beyoncé\", won the show ahead of the trio Spasibo. Gabdull won a two-years-contract with Sony Music. After the auditions, twenty-four semi-finalist candidates were chosen, eight in each of three categories. They were: The twelve eliminated acts were: Although they were eliminated in the semifinal stage, Musaev Sisters, Eldar Myrzahanov and Ruslan Krivenkov were brought back as wildcards. After the wildcards were revealed in the first live show, the final fifteen acts were confirmed as follows: Key: X Factor (Kazakhstan series 1) The X Factor (Series 1) is the first season of the singing competition based on the . Auditions were held in 12 Kazakh cities and started on 2 October 2010. The Judges were the three music producers Nagima Eskalieva, who was the already"
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"Jackson Heights (TV series) Jackson Heights () is a 2014 Pakistani light comedy-drama serial, that follows the lives of overseas Pakistanis living in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of New York City in Queens. It is directed by Mehreen Jabbar, written by Vasay Chaudhry and produced by Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Nasib. The serial features an ensemble cast including Marina Khan, Adeel Hussain, Aamina Sheikh, Noman Ejaz, Ali Kazmi, Adnan Jaffar, Naghma Begam and Neelofar Abbasi. The English cast are: Monsoon Bissell, Theo van Golen, and Alma Mooz Nunez. It aired in India on Zindagi on 1 September 2015. It ended its run on 24 October 2015 and was a hit in India too. The plot of the serial revolves around six expatriates working in Jackson Heights in New York City . The story revolves around six Pakistanis living in Jackson Heights a suburb in Queens, New York. Salma (Aamina Sheikh) works very hard at Haseena Beauty Salon. The owner of the salon Aalia (Meher Jaffri) is a good friend of Salma. Salma stays with her mother-in-law and step daughter Iman and is the sole breadwinner of the house. Her mother-in-law is cruel to her and makes shrewd remarks on everything she does. Later in the series is it revealed that Salma's husband Sikandar (Ali Kazmi) is a convict doing his time in prison and has been released early due to good behaviour. Sikandar is abusive towards Salma and has no constant source of income. He gambles and mugs people and sells stolen watches and cell phones in the gray market. Imran Bhatti (Noman Ejaz) is a cab driver with a heart of gold. All the other cabbies of the neighbourhood admire and respect Bhatti very much. Bhatti came to New York fifteen years back on a tourist visa and has never been able to go back to Pakistan because of his illegal visa status. Bhatti has told everyone in his family that he owns a cab company in the US. His ailing mother lives in Pakistan with his older brother and sister-in-law who treat her badly. Bhatti is married to an American woman Kathy as part of a citizenship deal. Kathy is mean and rude towards Bhatti. Kathy's daughter Isabella (Alma Moos Nunez) shares this attitude with her mother. Her son Mark (Theo van Golen) however, is close to Bhatti and looks up to him. Salma meets Bhatti once when she rides his cab and is really annoyed with his over friendly and talkative behaviour. He later helps her when a bunch of goons are chasing and even teasing her while she is returning from work. They become good friends after this incident. Aalia also likes Bhatti very much because of his good nature. Bhatti shares stories of his personal life with Salma here and there but she never shares anything with him only until one day he spots her walking down the street with Emaan. One late night, Bhatti gets mugged by Sikander and his cousin Kash but Bhatti registers Sikander's face oblivious to the fact that he is Salma's husband. He later recognizes him when he visit's Salma's house to return her wallet that she had left in his cab. Also staying with Bhatti's mother is Jamshed (Adeel Hussain), the son of Bhatti's only dead sister who has completed his graduation. Jamshed has a girlfriend Asma who is his next door neighbour. Asma wants Jamshed to stay in Pakistan and look for a job but he is obsessed with going to the US to making a better life for himself. His US visa is in processing and on account of that he rejects the offer of a government job. Eventually his six month tourist visa is approved and he travels to New York leaving behind his ailing grand mother, Asma, and his friend Nadir. He believes setting foot in New York would end all his financial problems. Michelle (Marina Khan) is a Pakistani Christian who runs a restaurant in Jackson Heights. She has a icy cold attitude towards all Desis. The cabbies of the neighbourhood visit her diner everyday and are all intimidated by Michelle. The only cabbie she truly likes and respects is Bhatti. It is later revealed that Michelle was married to a Pakistani who later divorced her and his family took possession of the property she had inherited from her late father. Michelle's only surviving family is her sister Maria who stays in London. Michelle's close friend and confidant is Rizwan (Adnan Jaffar), a banker from India. Rizwan is in love with Michelle but has never explicitly told her. After Rizwan's sister visits him and persuades him he proposes to Michelle on his birthday but she rejects. Devastated, Rizwan moves away to Chicago. Jamshed travels to New york only to realize how tough it is to survive there. He finds out that Bhatti is only a cab driver and does not own a cab company. Due to his tourist visa he is unsuccessful in finding any job for himself and Kathy also throws him out of her house thinking he was trying to make advances towards Izzy. Bhatti then requests Michelle to let Jamshed rent her apartment above the restaurant and Michelle reluctantly agrees. Nadir calls Jamshed and tries to make him understand that Asma misses him and he should come back to Pakistan but Jamshed ignores. Eventually Nadir falls for Asma and proposes to her and she accepts. Slowly Michelle starts liking Jamshed and hires him as a waiter at the restaurant. Jamshed shows promise at work and gets into Michelle's good books much to the dismay of her other staff. He starts flirting with her but she rejects his advances. On one depressed day Michelle talks to Rizwan about how she pushes people away to avoid getting hurt and Rizwan advises her to follow her heart. She then starts reciprocating to Jamshed's romantic advances despite of her better judgement and the age gap between them. She promotes him to restaurant manager and values his advice. Jamshed starts taking advantage of this and starts having his own way. Sikandar with his cousin Kash gambles at a local casino and loses and ows a sum of $25000 to the owner who are part of money laundering Mafia. Salma loves and cares about Iman dearly and has saved her wedding jewellery for her college fees. Sikandar, pretending to have started caring about Salma, tries to trick Salma in giving him the jewellery so that he can sell it and pay back the amount. Salma overhears Sikandar’s conversation with Kash and takes Bhatti's help in putting the jewellery in her bank locker. Cathy spots Bhatti with Salma a few times and suspects they are having an affair. Kash also catches them walking in the park and tells Sikandar and his mom that Salma is cheating on Sikandar with Bhatti. Sikandar, outraged, hits Salma and forbids her from going out of the house. Emaan, seeing this, comes to her stepmother's rescue and threatens Sikandar about informing the police. Eventually, Salma and Bhatti both realize that they are in fact in love with each other and during one of their meeting Sikander comes with a gun and tries to shoot Bhatti only to have been hit by a car. Salma takes him to the hospital and takes care of him and to pay off the hospital bills she is forced to sell her jewellery. She also informs Bhatti about the $25000 debt Sikander is in. Bhatti later informs her that he has spoken to the casino owner and they will not trouble Sinkander anymore. While Salma tells Sikandar that she plans to divorce him and marry Bhatti once he recovers from his injury, she also tells him how Bhatti has settled dues with the casino Mafia. Sikandar feels bad about what how he has treated Salma and shows signs that he has had a change of heart. Emaan one day overhears her grandmother and father talking about how Salma is going to leave. Emaan runs away and confronts Salma pleading her to not leave since Sikandar is becoming a better man. Salma promises her that she will not leave. Jamshed later proposes to Michelle and she accepts. Bhatti is very unhappy with this development but Jamshed insults him and sends him away. Jamshed starts pushing Michelle for getting married, not even allowing her to inform Maria. Michelle when tells Rizwan aboout this, he is",
"Salma tells Sikandar that she plans to divorce him and marry Bhatti once he recovers from his injury, she also tells him how Bhatti has settled dues with the casino Mafia. Sikandar feels bad about what how he has treated Salma and shows signs that he has had a change of heart. Emaan one day overhears her grandmother and father talking about how Salma is going to leave. Emaan runs away and confronts Salma pleading her to not leave since Sikandar is becoming a better man. Salma promises her that she will not leave. Jamshed later proposes to Michelle and she accepts. Bhatti is very unhappy with this development but Jamshed insults him and sends him away. Jamshed starts pushing Michelle for getting married, not even allowing her to inform Maria. Michelle when tells Rizwan aboout this, he is heartbroken and starts suspecting that Jamshed is only doing this for nationality. He tries to warn Michelle but she does not believe him. Jamshed also makes her think that Rizwan is doing this because he is jealous of him since he is still in love with Michelle. The tiff between Jamshed and Rizwan makes Michelle very uncomfortable, Jamshed then starts to fake a friendship with Rizwan. Rizwan starts following Jamshed and learns that he is regularly visiting a lawyer. He understands that Jamshed is marrying Michelle only for citizenship and he does not love her. He tells Maria about the upcoming wedding and Michelle requests Jamshed to postpone it so that her sister can be a part of it. Jamshed gets agitated by this and thinks Rizwan has provoked her to make this decision. He gets a restraining order issued against Rizwan so that he cannot see Michelle. Meanwhile in Pakistan, Bhatti's mother becomes more and more sick and his brother does not get her treated. She starts crying and asking Bhatti to come back to Pakistan. Bhatti who has already divorced Kathy and decided to marry Salma tells his mom that he will come and bring her daughter-in-law with him. Salma tells him about how Emaan has asked her to not leave, Bhatti requests her to go with him to Pakistan and hands her a flight ticket he bought for her. Bhatti's mom goes comatose. He informs Jamshed but he refuses to go to Pakistan saying he is getting married in three weeks so he cannot fly. Bhatti heartbroken flies to Pakistan but Salma does not join him. She stays with her family for Emaan. Bhatti reaches Pakistan but his mom is still comatose. He sees that his brother and his wife only care about the house and money and do not care about their mother. Bhatti's mother eventually passes away and Bhatti decided to give his share of the property to his brother and move on. Due to his illegal status he cannot go back to the US, so he starts a cab company in Pakistan. On the day of Jamshed and Michelle's wedding, Jamshed's lawyer calls him and threatens him asking for more money. When he goes to meet him he tells him that Rizwan has paid him double the money to do this. When he reaches back to Michelle's apartment, he finds her hearing the phone message his lawyer has left for him. She finally sees that he only wanted to marry him for nationality and throws him out. Rizwan consoles her and asks her to marry him again but she refuses. Four months later it is shown that Salma has started staying lost and disturbed and Emaan notices this. She understands that her mother is in love with Bhatti and misses him. Salma one day finds out that Bhatti had not only spoken to the Casino mafia but also paid them the sum of $25000 to save Sikander. Iman finally one day hands her divorce papers that are already signed by Sikander and gives Salma her blessings to fly to Pakistan. Salma goes to meet Bhatti at his office and he gets really happy to see her. Michelle asks Jamshed to come and see her. She informs him that she is moving to London and hands him some papers. She enrolls him in New York university so that he can fulfil his dream of having a good life in America. Jackson Heights (TV series) Jackson Heights () is a 2014 Pakistani light comedy-drama serial, that follows the lives of overseas"
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"retrieved": [
"Mookambika Mookambika is the Hindu goddess who is representing Adi Parashakti, or simply as Shakti. She is often depicted with three eyes and four arms with a divine disc and conch. The goddess has a large following among the people of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India, popularly being known as Mooghambighai Amma or Thaai Mooghambighai, where Amma and Thaai meaning mother. As per legends, there lived a sage in ancient years named Kola Maharishi, who was troubled by a demon. The demon was in penance to obtain boon from gods, only for the sake of troubling more. Goddess Parvathi made the demon dumb (meaning: \"Mooka\"), so he cant ask for boons. The demon was called as \"Mookasura\" (meaning: \"Dumb demon\"). The frustrated mute demon started creating even more problems to the sage and the people around. Upon the appealed request of the sage, Goddess Parvathi descended in a powerful form and killed \"Mookasura\". So the Goddess came to be hailed as \"Mookambika\". The sage requested the Goddess to stay in that place and so did Goddess took her abode in the same place, called Kollur. Mookambika Mookambika is the Hindu goddess who is representing Adi Parashakti, or"
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"retrieved": [
"2013–14 Oberliga The 2013–14 season of the Oberliga was the sixth season of the Oberligas at tier five of the German football league system and the 40th season overall since reintroduction of the Oberligas in 1974. The regular season started in July 2013 and finished in May 2014. The Oberliga is organised in fourteen regional divisions with the league champions promoted to the level above, the Regionalligas while the relegated teams drop down to the Verbandsligas and Landesligas. The 2013–14 season saw 245 clubs compete in fourteen Oberliga divisions. Of the fourteen league champions eight were promoted to the Regionalliga while four declined promotion. One club, Bremer SV, missed out on promotion in the play-off round while Arminia Bielefeld II was inelegible for promotion because the first team of the club was relegated to the 3. Liga and reserve teams of 3. Liga clubs can not play in the Regionalliga. Two of the league champions who declined promotion, BC Aichach and TGM SV Jügesheim, completely withdrew from the Oberliga to compete at a lower level in 2014–15. Of the fourteen league champions VfB Lübeck was arguably the most outstanding, winning 31 of their 34 season games and drawing the other three, thereby remaining undefeated all season. BFC Dynamo was the only other undefeated team, winning 27 and also drawing three. Lübeck also had the best defence, conceding only 17 goals all season and the second-best attack with 116 goals scored, four less than Bremer SV. PSV Wesel-Lackhausen had the worst defence of all Oberliga clubs, conceding 130 goals. While no club went winless all season a number achieved only two wins all season. Four Oberliga runners-up and one third placed team were also promoted to the Regionalliga. FC Nöttingen and FT Braunschweig did so after success in a promotion round while SV Rödinghausen was automatically promoted as the Oberliga Westfalen runners-up and VfR Garching and FC Kray took up the promotion spot their league champions had declined. No club was promoted from the Bremen-Liga, Oberliga Hamburg and Hessenliga. At the other end of the table, 38 clubs were relegated from the Oberligas while six voluntarily withdrew to compete at a lower level. Four more teams, all reserve sides, were completely withdrawn from competition. All up, 48 clubs dropped out of the league. The most goals scored by any player in the Oberligas were by Iranian-German Iman Bi-Ria who scored 48 goals for Bremer SV in the Bremen-Liga. The 2013–14 league champions, promoted and relegated teams, the league strength (S), the top scorer and the number of goals they scored: Promotion play-offs were held at the end of the season to the Regionalliga Südwest, Regionalliga Bayern and Regionalliga Nord: The runners-up of the Hessenliga, Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar and the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg were scheduled to play each other for one more spot in the Regionalliga. The Hessenliga runners-up declined this opportunity leaving just two teams to play off, with FC Nöttingen winning promotion to the Regionalliga: The 15th and 16th placed Regionalliga teams played the runners-up of the northern division, TSV Aubstadt, and the third placed team in the south, FC Pipinsried. Both Bayernliga teams failed to earn promotion while 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 retained its league place and TSV 1860 Rosenheim was relegated: \"Rosenheim won 3−2 on aggregate.\" \"Schweinfurt won 7−3 on aggregate.\" The winners of the first round play each other for the one available spot in the Regionalliga: \"Schweinfurt won 6–1 on aggregate.\" The champions of the Bremen-Liga and the Schleswig-Holstein-Liga as well as the runners-up from the Niedersachsenliga entered a play-off for two more spots in the Regionalliga Nord. The champions of the Oberliga Hamburg declined participation. VfB Lübeck and FT Braunschweig were promoted while Bremer SV failed to win promotion: 2013–14 Oberliga The 2013–14 season of the Oberliga was the sixth season of the Oberligas at tier five of the German football league system and the 40th season overall since reintroduction of the Oberligas in 1974. The regular season started in July 2013 and finished in May 2014. The Oberliga is organised in fourteen regional divisions with the league champions promoted to the level above, the Regionalligas while the relegated teams drop down to the Verbandsligas and Landesligas."
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"retrieved": [
"31249 Renéefleming 31249 Renéefleming, provisional designation \"\", is a dark Zhongguo asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1998, by astronomers with the ODAS survey conducted at the CERGA Observatory near Caussols, France. The presumed C-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.34 hours. It was named for American soprano Renée Fleming. \"Renéefleming\" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, and a member of the small group of Zhongguo asteroids, located in the Hecuba gap and locked in a 2:1 mean-motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Contrary to the nearby Griqua group, the orbits of the Zhongguos are stable over half a billion years. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4–4.1 AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,137 days; semi-major axis of 3.25 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations at Mount Wilson Observatory in April 1934, almost 64 years prior to its official discovery observation at Caussols. \"Renéefleming\" is an assumed C-type asteroid, which agrees with the body's albedo \"(see below)\". In December 2014, a rotational lightcurve of \"Renéefleming\" was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 3.34 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (). According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, \"Renéefleming\" measures 6.973 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.053, while the \"Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link\" assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 6.08 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.81. This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) on 30 November 2001, after its orbit had sufficiently been secured (). It was named after American soprano Renée Fleming (born 1959) known for her roles in classical operas by Richard Strauss, Mozart, Handel, Verdi and Dvorak, as well as more modern pieces. The official naming citation was published by the MPC on 29 May 2018 (). 31249 Renéefleming 31249 Renéefleming, provisional designation \"\", is a dark Zhongguo asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter."
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"retrieved": [
"Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants, or CURE, is a United States prisoner support and prison reform organization that was founded by Charles and Pauline Sullivan in San Antonio, Texas on January 2, 1972. It has supported legislation such as the Second Chance Act and, most famously, the Federal Prison Work Incentive Act. In August 1985, CURE became a national organization. CURE has a branch devoted to federal prisoners and various state chapters. There is a branch devoted to Florida prisoners and one in Dallas for Texas prisoners. They maintain a Facebook presence. There is also an international CURE. According to S. D. Williams in the journal \"Corrections Compendium\", \"One of the group's problems is that the population for which they lobby (prisoners) does not elicit much sympathy; outsiders frequently do not see the wisdom of giving resources to those who must be in prison.\" Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants, or CURE, is a United States prisoner support and prison reform organization that was founded by Charles and Pauline Sullivan in San Antonio, Texas on January 2, 1972. It has supported legislation such as the Second Chance"
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"retrieved": [
"Blenheim and Woodstock branch line The Blenheim and Woodstock branch line was a railway branch line that linked Kidlington and Woodstock, Oxfordshire. It ran from Kidlington railway station parallel with the Cherwell Valley Line north to Shipton-on-Cherwell, where it turned west through towards . Built for the 8th Duke of Marlborough, the line opened on 19 May 1890 and was privately owned until 1897 when it became part of the Great Western Railway, although the line was operated by Great Western Railway from its inception. In 1929 was opened, primarily to serve the Oxford and Shipton Cement Company limestone quarry and cement works. The last train ran on 27 February 1954 and track lifting was completed in January 1958. The original service was four trains each way between Oxford and Blenheim and Woodstock. By around 1910, this had become ten trains a day and it remained at this level for many years. By 1938, the passenger service had been pruned back to nine trains a day, not all trains running through to Oxford. The number of trains serving the station was cut in the late 1930s, and again in 1952 down to only six trains a day. These cuts in the frequency of trains along the Woodstock branch line produced two-hour waits at Kidlington for a connection. British Railways closed the branch line in March 1954 with the last train adorned with a wreath. The track was lifted in 1958. Blenheim and Woodstock branch line The Blenheim and Woodstock branch line was a railway branch line that linked Kidlington and Woodstock, Oxfordshire. It ran from Kidlington railway station parallel with the Cherwell Valley Line north to Shipton-on-Cherwell, where it turned west through towards . Built for the 8th Duke of Marlborough, the line opened on 19 May 1890 and was"
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"retrieved": [
"Welsh Basin The Welsh Basin was a northeast-southwest aligned back-arc depositional basin during the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian periods during which a considerable thickness of marine sediments was laid down in the area. To the southeast lay the Midland Platform (a part of the micro-continent of Avalonia) and to the northwest, within the Iapetus Ocean, through what is now Ireland and the Lake District, was an island arc; a northeast-southwest aligned Irish Sea landmass which was associated with volcanic activity. Examination of the sediments and associated fossils allows the deeper centre of the basin to be distinguished from shallower 'platform' areas along its southeastern margins. From the middle Silurian onwards, collision of Avalonia with the more northerly continent of Laurentia occurred giving rise to the Caledonian Orogeny. The inversion of the basin occurred at that time i.e. its uplift and deformation. The southeastern limit of the Welsh Basin can be defined as the Welsh Borderland Fault Zone comprising the Pontesford-Linley Fault and Church Stretton Fault which stretch from Pembrokeshire to Shropshire and, in the northwest, the Menai Strait Fault Zone. Its extent to the southwest and northeast is uncertain as these areas are cloaked by more recent rocks. Siliciclastic material was derived from the landmass to its southeast Pretannia, some being deposited in the shallower margins before subsequently being redeposited as turbidites as the sediment mass became unstable from time to time. In addition to the sedimentary rocks of the Welsh Basin, there are a number of volcanic formations within the overall sequence, particularly within the Ordovician system. Typical of the sediments of the Welsh Basin are the Llandovery age Aberystwyth Grits which outcrop along the middle coastal section of Cardigan Bay and comprise alternating mudstones and turbiditic sandstones. Welsh Basin The Welsh Basin was a northeast-southwest aligned back-arc depositional"
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"retrieved": [
"Triparanol Triparanol (INN, BAN) (brand and developmental code names MER/29, as well as many other brand names), patented in 1959 and introduced in the United States in 1960, was the first synthetic cholesterol-lowering drug. It was withdrawn in 1962 due to severe adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting, vision loss due to irreversible cataracts, alopecia, skin disorders (e.g., dryness, itching, peeling, and \"fish-scale\" texture), and accelerated atherosclerosis and is now considered to be obsolete. The drug acts by inhibiting 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which catalyzes the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis, the conversion of desmosterol into cholesterol. This results in tissue accumulation of desmosterol, which in turn is responsible for the side effects of triparanol. Unlike statins, triparanol does not inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, and in contrast to triparanol, statins can significantly lower cholesterol levels without resulting in accumulation of intermediates like desmosterol. The developmental code name of triparanol, MER/29, became so well known that it became the registered trade name of the drug. Estrogen is known to lower cholesterol levels, but produces side effects like gynecomastia and decreased libido in men. It was hoped that a drug could be developed that lacked overt estrogenic effects but still lowered cholesterol levels. Triparanol is a triphenylethanol and was derived from chlorotrianisene (TACE), a nonsteroidal triphenylethylene estrogen, and the nonsteroidal triphenylethanol antiestrogen ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25) is a derivative of triparanol. The selective estrogen receptor modulator clomifene is also structurally related to triparanol. The developers of triparanol jokingly referred to it as a \"non-estrogenic estrogen\". Triparanol Triparanol (INN, BAN) (brand and developmental code names MER/29, as well as many other brand names), patented in 1959 and introduced in the United States in 1960, was the first synthetic cholesterol-lowering drug. It was withdrawn in 1962 due to severe adverse effects such"
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"retrieved": [
"Shuka Shuka (also Shukadeva, Shuka deva, Suka, Sukadev, Śukadeva Gosvāmī) was the son of the sage Vyasa (credited as the organizer of the Vedas and Puranas) and the main narrator of the Bhagavata Purana. Most of the Bhagavata Purana consists of Shuka reciting the story to the dying king Parikshit. Shuka is depicted as a sannyasi, renouncing the world in pursuit of moksha (liberation), which most narratives assert that he achieved. According to the Mahabharata, after one hundred years of austerity by Vyasa, Shuka was churned out of a stick of fire, born with ascetic power and with the Vedas dwelling inside him, just like his father. The Mahabharata also recounts how Shuka was sent by Vyasa for training to King Janaka, who was considered to be a Jivanmukta or one who is liberated while still in a body. Shuka studied under Brihaspati and his own father, Vyasa. Shuka asked Janaka about the way to liberation, with Janaka recommending the traditional progression of the four ashramas, which included the householder stage. After expressing contempt for the householder life, Shuka questioned Janaka about the real need for following the householder path. Seeing Shuka's advanced state of realization, Janaka told him that there was no need in his case. Stories recount how Shuka surpassed his father in spiritual attainment. Once, when following his son, Vyasa encountered a group of celestial nymphs who were bathing. Shuka's purity was such that the nymphs did not consider him to be a distraction, even though he was naked, but covered themselves when faced with his father. Shuka is sometimes portrayed as wandering about naked, due to his complete lack of self-consciousness. A completely different version of the later life of Shuka is given in the Devi-Bhagavata Purana, considered a secondary Purana (upapurana) by many, but an important work in the Shakta tradition. In this account, Shuka is convinced by Janaka to follow the ashrama tradition and returns home to marry and follow the path of yoga. He has five children with his wife Pivari—four sons and a daughter. The story concludes in the same vein as the common tradition, with Shuka achieving moksha. A place called Shukachari is believed to be the cave of Shuka, where he disappeared in cave stones as per local traditions. Shuka in Sanskrit means parrot and thus the name is derived from the large number of parrots found around the Shukachari hills. Shukachari literally means abode of parrots in the Sanskrit language. Shuka Shuka (also Shukadeva, Shuka deva, Suka, Sukadev, Śukadeva Gosvāmī) was the son of the sage Vyasa (credited as the organizer of the Vedas and Puranas) and the main narrator of the Bhagavata Purana. Most of the Bhagavata Purana consists of Shuka reciting the story to the dying king Parikshit. Shuka is depicted as a sannyasi, renouncing the world in pursuit of moksha (liberation), which most narratives assert that he achieved. According to the Mahabharata, after one hundred years of austerity by Vyasa, Shuka was churned out of a"
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