chunks
dict | ids
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|
{
"retrieved": [
"Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site The Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site is a historic brick building built in 1841 in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is located at 6th and Adams Streets in Springfield, Illinois. The law office has been restored and is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site. The office building is a surviving portion of what was the \"Tinsley Block\", a brick structure built by local developer Seth M. Tinsley in 1840–1841 to provide office space for professionals working in the newly chosen state capital city. The Illinois General Assembly had moved the capital from Vandalia, Illinois to Springfield in late 1839, and local workers had begun to build a new limestone state house, now the Old State Capitol State Historic Site, on the parcel of land just north of the Tinsley Block. Lawyer Abraham Lincoln and his partner Stephen T. Logan moved their partnership law offices to a third-floor office in the Tinsley Block in 1843. The Illinois Supreme Court, where the partners often pleaded cases, met in the State Capitol across the street, and the U.S. District Court rented space on the Tinsley Block's second floor. The firm of Logan & Lincoln broke up in 1844. Lincoln continued to practice law in the Tinsley Block office and accepted a younger lawyer, William H. Herndon, as his junior partner. The firm of Lincoln and Herndon practiced from the Tinsley Block office from 1844 until about 1852. The casual visitor to the Lincoln & Herndon office in 1844–52 might not always have run into the firm's senior partner. Lincoln's duties often demanded that he ride the judicial circuit of counties in central Illinois, trying cases in more than one dozen county courthouses. In addition, Lincoln served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849. The Lincoln & Herndon firm moved from the Tinsley Block to a new office (since demolished) on the west side of the Old State Capitol square about 1852. In 1872 part of the building was torn down, but the section that had contained Lincoln's law office was preserved. After the building had undergone many further changes, in 1985 it became a state-owned historic site managed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA). The IHPA has since restored the surviving portion of the Tinsley Block to resemble its operations in the 1840s, with the federal court and the Lincoln and Herndon law office both operating within the building. Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site The Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site is a historic brick building built in 1841 in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is located at 6th and Adams Streets in Springfield, Illinois. The law office has been restored and is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site. The office building is a surviving portion of what was the \"Tinsley Block\", a brick structure built by local developer Seth M. Tinsley in 1840–1841 to"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Nigerians in India Nigerians in India form one of the largest African communities in the country. As of November 2013, there are about 50,000 Nigerians living and working in India. They live in cities such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Goa and Jaipur. It is estimated that there are more than 2,500 Nigerians living in Delhi 3,000 in Bangalore, 9,000 in Goa and with another 4,000 spread across the rest of the country. Neither the police nor the Nigerian High Commission has details of the number of Nigerians currently residing in India. Many Nigerians are also found in several unauthorized colonies like Munirka, Uttam Nagar and Mukherjee Nagar. Nigerians have a negative public image in Indian society as some Nigerians are involved in illegal activities in India such as drug trafficking, drug abuse, prostitution trafficking, fraud and forgery of travel documents, such as passports and visas, trafficking in stolen documents. There are also more than 500 known Nigerians in various jails across India. The All India Nigerian Students and Community Association (AINSCA), a non-official arm of the Nigerian embassy helps members of the community living in India. It liaisons proactively with Delhi police to nab unscrupulous elements in the community. Nigerians in India Nigerians in India form one of the largest African communities in the country. As of November 2013, there are about 50,000 Nigerians living and working in India. They live in cities such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Goa and Jaipur. It is estimated that there are more than 2,500 Nigerians living in Delhi 3,000 in Bangalore, 9,000 in Goa and with another 4,000 spread across the rest of the country. Neither the police nor the Nigerian High Commission has details of the number of Nigerians currently residing in India. Many Nigerians are also found in"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"USBWA National Freshman of the Year The USBWA National Freshman of the Year, the men's version of which is named the Wayman Tisdale Award, is an annual basketball award given to college basketball's most outstanding freshman male player and female player by the United States Basketball Writers Association, an association of college basketball journalists. The award was first given following the 1988–89 season for men, while the 2002–03 season marked the first season for the women's award. There has never been a tie for the men's award but there has been one for the women, when Tasha Humphrey of Georgia and Candice Wiggins of Stanford shared the 2004–05 award. Only two players—male or female—were also named the National Player of the Year (by receiving the Naismith, Wooden awards and/or Wade Trophy) in the same season as being named the USBWA Freshman of the Year: Kevin Durant of Texas in 2006–07 and Anthony Davis of Kentucky in 2011–12. Chris Jackson and Seimone Augustus, the two inaugural award winners for the men and women, respectively, were coincidentally both players at LSU. On July 26, 2010, the USBWA announced that they would rename the men's National Freshman of the Year award after the late Wayman Tisdale, who in 1983 was named a first team All-American as a freshman. USBWA National Freshman of the Year The USBWA National Freshman of the Year, the men's version of which is named the Wayman Tisdale Award, is an annual basketball award given to college basketball's most outstanding freshman male player and female player by the United States Basketball Writers Association, an association of college basketball journalists. The award was first given following the 1988–89 season for men, while the 2002–03 season marked the first season for the women's award. There has never been a tie for the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Fuel Industries Fuel Industries is an Ottawa, Ontario-based online interactive and marketing agency. Founded in 1999 by Mike Burns, Jeff Doiron, Dave Ozipko and Brian Nesbitt, Fuel Industries employs over 150 people and has offices in Los Angeles and Seattle. Fuel Industries has won a number of awards including Digital Entertainment & Media Excellence Awards for Advergame of the year as well as numerous Digital Marketing Awards and Flash in the can awards. Fuel Entertainment is a division of Fuel Industries specializing in the development of Fuel's own entertainment properties, such as SparkCityWorld.com, a gaming portal and virtual world for preteen girls, and \"Sideway: New York\", a graffiti-themed video game released on the PlayStation Network. Mike Burns had the idea for the girl-themed virtual world on his twin girls' birthday, as it said in the newspaper. Fuel Industries revenues doubled in 2006 from the previous year, and has continued to grow into a custom production shop and creative studio. Andrew Wing was appointed the Co-CEO of the company in 2011, to lead alongside Mike Burns. In 2015, Fuel announced the creation of its Playground division, an internal lab focusing on emerging technologies and innovation. In 2017 Fuel declared bankruptcy. http://ottawacitizen.com/business/local-business/from-prince-to-pauper-ottawas-fuel-industries-fights-to-rebuild-once-mighty-empire Fuel Industries has received numerous awards for both its work in advergaming and branded entertainment. In 2012, Fuel won best in Branded Entertainment at the Digi Awards for its work with McDonald's Europe on its virtual world Happy Studio. In 2008, Fuel won Gold at the London International Awards for its work on Sexy Subaru with Tribal DDB, as well as several FWA awards and three shortlists for Flash in the Can Awards. In 2007, Fuel won Best Game, Best Canadian Studio and Best Convergence at Flash in the Can. The same year, Fuel became a Webby Awards Honoree for its work on the \"American Dad Vs. Family Guy Kung Fu\" advergame. In 2006, CEO Mike Burns was a recipient of the Ottawa Business Journal's Forty under 40 award - recognizing him as one of silicon valley north's most noteworthy up and coming entrepreneurs. In 2012 Mike Burns and Ryan Valley (Director of Sales) re-located to the Los Angeles office. On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission (in the state of New Mexico) granted Fuel Industries six months of access to a landfill rumored to contain Atari video games. The purpose is to film a documentary about the burial and to excavate the dump site. On April 26, 2014 hundreds of Atari E.T. The Extraterrestrial game cartridges were unearthed, mixed in with trash and dirt scooped by a backhoe. Atari: Game Over won Best Documentary at the 2015 Streamy Awards Fuel Industries Fuel Industries is an Ottawa, Ontario-based online interactive and marketing agency. Founded in 1999 by Mike Burns, Jeff Doiron, Dave Ozipko and Brian Nesbitt, Fuel Industries employs over 150 people and has offices in Los Angeles and Seattle. Fuel Industries has won a number of awards including Digital Entertainment & Media Excellence Awards for Advergame of the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Payer Peak Payer Peak, ( or \"Payers Fjeld\") is a mountain in King Christian X Land, Northeast Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone. The region around Payer Peak is uninhabited. This mountain is located in the high Arctic zone, where Polar climate prevails. The average annual temperature in the area is −17 °C. The warmest month is June when the average temperature rises to −2 °C and the coldest is November with −23 °C. Payer Peak rises on the northern side of Suess Land in the inner Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord only 4 km from the shore of the fjord. It is located south of Cape Payer, a headland in the fjord's southern coast. Together with Petermann Peak this mountain was long believed to be one of the highest summits in northeastern Greenland, but its actual height does not reach . It is marked as a peak in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts and as a mountain in other sources. Payer Peak was named \"Payer Spitze\" by Carl Koldewey during the Second German North Polar Expedition he led while first surveying and partially exploring Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord in 1869–70. The peak was named after Austro-Hungarian arctic explorer Julius von Payer (1842–1915) who was co-leader of the expedition. In August 1870 Julius Payer and Ralph Copeland climbed to the ice plateau NE of Payer Peak via the Solklar Glacier and from here were able to view of inner Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord and Petermann Peak. Although much publicity was given to the 1870 ascent of Payer Peak in 1870 as a landmark in Arctic mountaineering, John Haller and Wolfgang Diehl, who climbed Payer Tinde in 1952 found no evidence of a previous ascent. Payer Peak Payer Peak, ( or \"Payers Fjeld\") is"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"BronxWorks BronxWorks is a human service organization and settlement house based in the Bronx, New York City that was founded as Citizens Advice Bureau in the Morris Heights section in 1972. The founders, social worker Mildred Zucker of the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies and a group of local clergy, elected officials, and community advocates, initially modeled the organization on a similar agency in the United Kingdom, in which walk-in offices were established in every county to assist residents on queries about topics such as housing–related matters, consumer issues, and entitlements. Founded in 1972, BronxWorks’ initial focus was on working with seniors to resolve housing and entitlements issues. Throughout the 1970s, BronxWorks expanded its scope of services, creating the first minor home repair program for seniors in 1975. In the 1980s, BronxWorks opened an office in the Bedford Park section of the north central Bronx in 1984, adding services for immigrants and securing city government funding for HIV/AIDS education and prevention services in 1988, and beginning work with the homeless in 1989. In the 1980s, they added three more walk-in offices in the Hunts Point neighborhood at Avenue St. John and one in the southwest Bronx at Townsend Avenue. An office was created to coordinate programs for seniors in the 1990s. Walk-in offices were opened in four South Bronx neighborhoods. HIV/AIDS services were expanded to include COBRA case management and SRO outreach. BronxWorks completed a merger with the Girls Club of New York in 1995, enabling the organization to secure a four-story, building. BronxWorks joined United Neighborhood Houses (UNH), the umbrella organization for the city’s settlement house system, in 1992. To prevent homelessness, BronxWorks established the Homeless Prevention Program in 1992. Since that time, it has helped more than 20,000 low-income Bronx families avoid homelessness. BronxWorks had assumed responsibility for three seniors’ centers by the end of the 1990s. Eileen Torres was appointed the executive director on May 1, 2014. Torres served as interim executive director prior to the new appointment. She succeeded Carolyn McLaughlin who headed BronxWorks from 1979 to 2013. BronxWorks BronxWorks is a human service organization and settlement house based in the Bronx, New York City that was founded as Citizens Advice Bureau in the Morris Heights section in 1972. The founders, social worker Mildred Zucker of the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies and a group of local clergy, elected officials, and community advocates, initially modeled the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Disco Inferno (50 Cent song) \"Disco Inferno\" is a song by American rapper 50 Cent. It was released in November 2004 as the lead single from his second album, \"The Massacre\". Although not as big as a global success as \"In da Club\", the lead single from his first album, \"Get Rich or Die Tryin'\", it was still a success in America, peaking at #3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Released in November 2004, the single debuted at #54 and peaked at #3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, becoming 50 Cent's fourth solo top-ten song on the chart and sixth overall. \"Disco Inferno\" was certified Gold by the RIAA. The song was produced by C. Styles & Bang Out. The song was also nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the Grammy Awards of 2006, but lost to Kanye West's \"Gold Digger\". This song is featured in DJ Hero. Disco Inferno (50 Cent song) \"Disco Inferno\" is a song by American rapper 50 Cent. It was released in November 2004 as the lead single from his second album, \"The Massacre\". Although not as big as a global success as \"In da Club\", the lead single from his first album,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Cinema of Jamaica Despite Jamaica never having a very strong film industry, the island has produced notable films from the 1970s onwards. The most critically acclaimed film is \"The Harder They Come\", by Perry Henzell, which received international acclaim. The Jamaican government and various private citizens have tried to promote the creation of new films by the creation of certain agencies such as the Jamaican Film Commission, and film festivals such as the Reggae Film Festival. \"The Harder They Come\" sparked trends that were apparent in following films such as \"Dancehall Queen\" and \"One Love\", both directed by Don Letts and Rick Elgood. The Motion Picture (Encouragement) Act was passed in 1948. This act aimed to change the tax code so that the economic burden was reduced for state sanctioned production companies. The Jamaican Film Commission was created by the Jamaican government in 1984 to promote investment, export, and employment in the film industry in Jamaica. The Jamaican Film Commission serves as the link between private interests and the government. It spends much of its time handling and processing requests from foreign film companies, as well as assisting local companies that usually produce smaller scale productions. The Jamaican Film Commission markets Jamaica as a premier filming location to foreign companies and assists companies in finding investments in their film. The current Film Commissioner is Renee Robinson. In 2014 the original Motion Picture (Encouragement) Act was repealed and replaced by the Omnibus Incentive Regime. In 2017, India expressed interest in helping Jamaican develop its film industry. On March 28th, High Commissioner to Jamaica from India, Shri Sevala Naik expressed favorability to the idea that India could offer assistance to Jamaica through scholarships and internships to drama schools in India. Perry Henzel's \"The Harder They Come\", is the most internationally recognized Jamaican film. The movie came along the wave of recognition that the general culture of Reggae music and Rastafarianism were receiving at the time. Despite the movie’s accolades however, it could not compare to many Hollywood blockbusters in terms of revenue and was part of the ongoing process of investors becoming increasingly resistant to funding Jamaican produced films. Finance is one of the largest barriers to the growth of the industry as it is relatively expensive to produce a film and investors have shied away from funding. In the past however there was more support to produce films in Jamaica by investors as \"The Harder They Come\" received international praise and the genre of reggae and dancehall were beginning to be recognized throughout the world. \"The Harder They Come\", directed by Perry Henzell is the most critically acclaimed piece of Jamaican cinema since its creation. Directors in Jamaica have since then emulated many of the aspects of \"The Harder They Come\". The movies that succeeded \"The Harder They Come\" began a distinct culture in Jamaican Cinema based in realistic depictions of Jamaica as displayed by Perry Henzell. In \"The Harder They Come, \" music was implicitly linked to the plot as a singer was used as the main character and the plot was in part tied to the music industry. The majority of films that followed The Harder They Come continued this theme by either having music intertwined with their plot or have a singer as the protagonist. Examples can be seen in works such as \"Third World Cop\", \"Rockers\", and \"Dancehall Queen\". \"The Harder They Come\" also began a trend in regard to how Jamaican cinema approaches Christianity and Rastafarianism. Movies following \"The Harder They Come\" continued to treat Christianity as a negative force and exalt Rastafarianism. Movies which are prominent examples of this are \"One Love\" and \"Countryman\". Both movies are laudatory and deferential to Rastafarianism while not presenting any counterargument or faults in the religion. In Cinema after \"The Harder They Come,\" which set its plot in Trench Town, there was a focus on creating movies in urban settings. However there are movies which break this trend as they are sometimes are set in the countryside. Despite the small size of the film industry, Jamaica has been home to a host many films of historical significance. One being the first Black American production to be filmed on site, \"The Devil’s Daughter\" (1939). These foreign productions have been a source of much capital for the island nation with the movie \"Club Paradise\" bringing in 53 million dollars to the country. Jamaica has become a premier filming location due to its proximity to Florida and the highly valued landscape. Currently there are numerous difficulties with attracting people to the island to film. There is some criticism of the government for not implementing tax friendly policies for foreign companies. For American production companies, the lack of tax incentives compared to other places around the Caribbean and the world pushes these companies to other areas around the world. Reminiscing on the success of \"The Harder They Come\", the Reggae Film Festival was started in 2008 in Emancipation Park, New Kingston, and seeks to encourage the same success by hosting a film festival annually. People from Jamaica and other countries such as Spain, Germany, the U.S, and Canada bring their films to the festival which lasts for three days. On the last day six people with notable productions are inducted as the first executive directors of a Jamaica film. The current director is Barbara Blake Hannah, who is also the current executive director of the Jamaican film industry. Seeking to encourage the creation of new films after movies, Paul Bucknor, Greer Ann, and Bertam Sam created the Flashpoint Film Festival in 2004. The Flashpoint Film Festival started in The Caves, a hotel located in Negril, Jamaica. The festival allows for directors to come together and display their films for the locals. As the advent of digital cameras drastically reduce the cost of creating a film, the aim of the film festival is to help develop a film industry within the caribbean by uniting filmmakers old and new with an international audience. In 2008, the Flashpoint Film Festival was moved to Port Royal in hopes of attracting residents from Kingston to festival. In 2008, the notable film \"Better Mus Come\" premiered during the Festival. Cinema of Jamaica Despite Jamaica never having a very strong film industry, the island has produced notable films from the 1970s onwards. The most critically acclaimed film is \"The Harder They Come\", by Perry Henzell, which received international acclaim. The Jamaican government and various private citizens have tried to promote the creation of new films by the creation of certain agencies such as the Jamaican Film Commission, and film festivals"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Siyaka Siyaka (reigned c. 949-972 CE), also known as Harsha, was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty, who ruled in west-central India. He was the first independent sovereign of the Paramara royal house, and is the earliest Paramara ruler known from his own inscriptions. He started out as a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, and participated in their campaigns against the Pratiharas. After the death of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III, he fought against the new king Khottiga, and sacked the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta in 972 CE. This ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an imperial power. Siyaka is also referred to as Siyaka II to distinguish him from Siyaka I, an earlier (and possibly fictional) Paramara king mentioned in the later \"Udaipur Prashasti\" inscription. His other names include Sri-Harshadeva and Simhabhata. Siyaka was the son of Vairisimha II. The Harsola copper plates issued by Siyaka are dated 31 January 949 CE. Based on this, it can be inferred that Siyaka must have ascended the Paramara throne sometime before January 949 CE. In his own inscriptions, as well as the inscriptions of his successors Munja and Bhoja, he is called \"Siyaka\". In \"Udaipur Prashasti\" (which mentions an earlier king called Siyaka), as well as the Arthuna inscription, the predecessor of Munja has been called Harsha (IAST: Harṣa). Merutunga, in his \"Prabandha-Chintamani\", names the king as Simha-danta-bhata. According to one theory, \"Siyaka\" is the Prakrit corruption of the Sanskrit \"Simhaka\". Georg Bühler suggested that the full name of the king was Harsha-simha, and both parts of this name were used to refer to him. The inscriptions of Siyaka are the earliest known Paramara inscriptions. All of these have been discovered in present-day Gujarat, and therefore, it appears that the Paramaras were connected with Gujarat in their early years. By the time of Siyaka's ascention to the Paramara throne, the once-powerful Gurjara-Pratiharas had declined in power, because of attacks from the Rashtrakutas and the Chandelas. The Harsola plates suggest that Siyaka was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding \"Maharajadhirajapati\" as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal. Seth also theorizes that Siyaka was originally a Pratihara vassal, but shifted his allegiance to the Rashtrakutas as the Pratihara power declined. The Harsola copper plates issued by Siyaka in 949 CE record the grants of two villages to two Nagar Brahmins. Siyaka issued the grants after returning from a victorious campaign against one Yogaraja. The identity of Yogaraja is also uncertain: he may have been a Chavda chief or the Chalukya chief Avantivarman Yogaraja II. Both these rulers were vassals of the Pratiharas, and Siyaka may have led an expedition against either of them as a Rashtrakuta subordinate. Siyaka issued the grants at the request of the ruler of Khetaka-mandala (Kheda), who might have been a Rashtrakuta feudatory as well. According to the Paramara court poet Padmagupta's \"Nava-Sahasanka-Charita\", Siyaka defeated Huna princes, and turned their harems into a residence of widows. The Huna-mandala was probably located in the north-western part of Malwa. Siyaka might have defeated a successor of the Huna chief Jajjapa, who had been killed by the Chalukya feudatory Balavarman in 9th century. \"Nava-Sahasanka-Charita\" also mentions that Siyaka defeated the lord of Rudapati. A territory called Rodapadi is mentioned in a fragmentary inscription found at Vidisha; it appears that Rudapati lay on the eastern frontier of the Paramara kingdom. The conquest of Rudapati would have brought Siyaka in conflict with the Chandela king Yashovarman. A 956 CE Chandela inscription in Khajuraho states that the Chandela king Yashovarman was the God of death for the Malavas (that is Paramaras, the rulers of Malwa region). Yashovarman extended the Chandela kingdom up to Bhasvat (Vidisha) and Malava river (possibly Betwa) in the west. Based on these facts, it appears that Siyaka had to face a defeat against the Chandelas. In 963 CE, the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III led a second expedition of northern India. Two inscriptions of his Western Ganga feudatory Marasimha, dated 965 CE and 968 CE, state that their forces destroyed Ujjayani (which lies in the Malwa). Based on this, historians such as A. S. Altekar conclude that Siyaka must have rebelled against the Rashtrakuta suzerainty, resulting in a military campaign against him. However, K. N. Sethi believes that Krishna III only targeted the Gurjara-Pratiharas: there is no evidence to show that Siyaka rebelled against Krishna III or faced a battle against his forces. After the death of Krishna III, the Rashtrakuta power started declining. His successor Khottiga, probably wary of the growing Paramara power, fought a battle against Siyaka. The battle was fought at Khalighatta on the banks of the Narmada River. Historians such as D. C. Ganguly and K. N. Seth theorize that Khottiga must have been the aggressor in this battle, as it was fought closer to the traditional Paramara territory. Siyaka was victorious, although he lost his Vagada feudatory Kanka (or Chachha) in the battle. After the battle, Siyaka pursued Khottiga's retreating forces to the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta, and sacked that city. The Udaipur Prashasti states that Siyaka took the wealth of Khottiga like a fierce Garuda. This event happened in 972 CE, as suggested by the poet Dhanapala in his \"Paiyalacchi\". Siyaka's victory led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an independent sovereign power in Malwa. At its zenith, Siyaka's kingdom extended from Banswara in north to the Narmada River in south, and from Khetaka-mandala (present-day Kheda) in the west to Vidisha in the east. According to the Paramara court poet Padmagupta, Siyaka was a Rajarshi (\"king-sage\"): he retired as an ascetic, after which he wore clothes made of grass. \"Tilaka-Manjari\", a work composed by Dhanapala (the court poet of Siyaka's son Munja), suggests that Siyaka was a devotee of the goddess Lakshmi (\"Sri\"). Siyaka and his queen Vadaja had two sons: Munja-raja (alias Vakpati) and Sindhu-raja. Siyaka sacked Manyakheta in 972 CE, and his successor Munja's earliest inscription is dated 974 CE, so Siyaka must have retired or died somewhere between 972 and 974 CE. Following inscriptions of Siyaka have been discovered. All of these record grants, and are written in Sanskrit language and Nagari script. This inscription, issued on 31 January 949 CE, was discovered in the possession of a Visnagar Brahmin of Harsol in the 20th century. It suggests that Siyaka was a Rashtrakuta feudatory in his early years. It records the grants of two villages to a Nagar Brahmin father-son duo of Anandpura (identified with Vadnagar). The villages - Kumbharotaka and Sihaka - are identified with the modern villages of Kamrod and Sika. This fragmentary inscription, issued on 14 October 969 CE, was in the possession of a resident of Kheda in the early 20th century. He presented it to Muni Jinavijaya of Ahmedabad's Gujarat Puratatva Mandir in 1920. The inscription originally comprised two copper plates, of which only the second one is now available. The inscription records a grant, but the exact nature of this grant cannot be determined from the 10-line second plate. The plate depicts a Garuda (the Paramara royal emblem) in human form, about to strike a snake held in its left arm. Below the Garuda is the sign manual of the king. The name of the \"dapaka\" (the officer-in-charge of registering the grants) is mentioned as Kaṇhapaika. The same name appears in the 974 CE Dharmapuri grant of Siyaka's son Munja. Siyaka Siyaka (reigned c. 949-972 CE), also known as Harsha, was an Indian king from the Paramara",
"of a resident of Kheda in the early 20th century. He presented it to Muni Jinavijaya of Ahmedabad's Gujarat Puratatva Mandir in 1920. The inscription originally comprised two copper plates, of which only the second one is now available. The inscription records a grant, but the exact nature of this grant cannot be determined from the 10-line second plate. The plate depicts a Garuda (the Paramara royal emblem) in human form, about to strike a snake held in its left arm. Below the Garuda is the sign manual of the king. The name of the \"dapaka\" (the officer-in-charge of registering the grants) is mentioned as Kaṇhapaika. The same name appears in the 974 CE Dharmapuri grant of Siyaka's son Munja. Siyaka Siyaka (reigned c. 949-972 CE), also known as Harsha, was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty, who ruled in west-central India. He was the first independent sovereign of the Paramara royal house, and is the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Pico station Pico is an at-grade light rail station in the Los Angeles County Metro Rail system. It is located in the South Park neighborhood of Downtown Los Angeles, on Flower Street and Pico Boulevard. The station is served by the Metro Blue Line and the Metro Expo Line. The Metro Silver Line buses heading northbound to El Monte Station stop one block west of the station at Figueroa Street and Pico Boulevard. Southbound Silver Line buses heading to Harbor Gateway Transit Center stop at Flower St./Pico Blvd. The full (official) station name is Pico/Chick Hearn. This name memorializes sportscaster Francis Dayle \"Chick\" Hearn (1916–2002), longtime play-by-play announcer for the Los Angeles Lakers. On April 13, 2016, the station was temporarily renamed \"Kobe\" to commemorate professional basketballer Kobe Bryant's last game. Since then, the station is listed on METRO maps as \"Pico Station\" only. Blue Line service hours are approximately from 4:00 AM until 1:00 AM daily. Expo Line service hours are approximately from 4:00 AM until 2:00 AM daily. The Metro Silver Line northbound street stop is located at Figueroa Street & Pico Boulevard (1 block west of the Pico Station). The Silver Line southbound street stop is Flower St/Pico Blvd, next to the station. The Silver Line operates 24 hours a day. Pico station serves the South Park neighborhood on its east, and the Figueroa/Convention District on its west. It is located on the east side of Flower Street, just north of Pico Boulevard. North of this station is the Flower Street Tunnel, which connects Pico station to 7th St/Metro Center Station via Flower Street. The tunnel's portal is just south of 11th Street on Flower Street. The tunnel will be extended when the Regional Connector is completed in 2020. The station is within walking distance to the following attractions: Pico is an at-grade center-platform station designed to accommodate Metro light rail vehicles. The station's entrance is on the northeast corner of Flower/Pico. Metro added gates and flashing lights at this station during late December 2011, as part of a set of safety enhancements that were added as part of the Expo Line project. Access upgrades were added in 2018 due to increased use and development of the area. Metro has held discussions regarding placing the station underground or expanding the light rail capacity in time for the 2028 Olympics. Pico station opened along with the Blue Line on July 14, 1990 and was the site of opening day celebrations. Because the underground portion of the line was not yet complete, this station served as the northern terminus for the line until February 1991 when 7th St/Metro Center Station opened. During the 2028 Summer Olympics, the station will serve spectators traveling to events at the Los Angeles Convention Center, Staples Center and Microsoft Theater. Pico station Pico is an at-grade light rail station in the Los Angeles County Metro Rail system. It is located in the South Park neighborhood of Downtown Los Angeles, on Flower Street and Pico"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) was a women's professional baseball circuit which existed for twelve seasons from through . For the first three seasons the league did not have an official All-Star team. Nevertheless, on July 1, 1943 took effect the first All-Star Game of the league, which coincidentally became the first night game ever played at Wrigley Field. The contest was played under temporary lights between two teams composed of Racine Belles and Kenosha Comets players against South Bend Blue Sox and Rockford Peaches players. At the end of the inaugural season the league selected an All-Star team composed of fifteen players. Currently there are no records available to indicate that an All-Star team was recognized during the 1944 and 1945 seasons. Starting in 1946, the team's managers of the league selected a squad of All-Star players as a result of individual achievements and performances during the regular season. In the voting, more than a hundred players received some recognition in nine successive seasons and the All-Star Team would play against the club with the best record in an exhibition game. All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team The All-American"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Surrey (provincial electoral district) Surrey was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia from 1966 to 1983. The area it covered was formerly part of the electoral district of Delta. It returned one member to the Legislative Assembly of B.C. from 1966 to 1975 and two members thereafter. For other historical and current ridings in Vancouver or the North Shore see Vancouver (electoral districts). For other Greater Vancouver area ridings please see New Westminster (electoral districts). !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total valid votes !align=\"right\"|14,604 !align=\"right\"|100.00% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align=\"right\"|119 !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Turnout !align=\"right\"|% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total valid votes !align=\"right\"|19,900 !align=\"right\"|100.00% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align=\"right\"|223 !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Turnout !align=\"right\"|% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total valid votes !align=\"right\"|23,956 !align=\"right\"|100.00% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align=\"right\"|395 !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Turnout !align=\"right\"|% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total valid votes !align=\"right\"|26,879 !align=\"right\"|100.00% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align=\"right\"|386 !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Turnout !align=\"right\"|% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total valid votes !align=\"right\"|119,361 !align=\"right\"|100.00% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align=\"right\"|1,368 !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Turnout !align=\"right\"|% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=7| <small> Seat increased to two members from one. !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total valid votes !align=\"right\"|150,894 !align=\"right\"|100.00% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align=\"right\"|1,018 !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\" colspan=3|Turnout !align=\"right\"|% !align=\"right\"| !align=\"right\"| The riding was reconstituted into three ridings for the 1986 election: Surrey-Newton, Surrey-Guildford-Whalley and Surrey-White Rock-Cloverdale. These were later reconstituted into the following ridings: Surrey (provincial electoral district) Surrey was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia from 1966 to 1983. The area it covered was formerly part of the electoral district of Delta. It returned one member to the Legislative Assembly of B.C. from 1966 to 1975 and two members thereafter. For other historical and current ridings in Vancouver or the North Shore see Vancouver (electoral districts). For other Greater Vancouver"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Otto Müller (novelist) Otto Müller (June 1, 1816 – August 6, 1894) was a German novelist. Müller was born at Schotten, Hesse-Darmstadt. He began his career as a librarian at the court library at Darmstadt and edited newspapers at Frankfurt and Mannheim. In 1854 he established the \"Frankfurter Museum\". In 1856, he settled in Stuttgart, where he died nearly forty years later, aged 78. His \"Ausgewählte Schriften\" (Selected Writings) appeared in Stuttgart in 1874 (12 vols.). He early published a series of novels. In 1845, appeared \"Bürger, ein deutsches Dichterleben\", a novel. After that, he published \"Georg Völker. Ein Roman aus dem Jahre 1848\" (a novel from the year 1848) and other political novels. Subsequent novels are: Otto Müller (novelist) Otto Müller (June 1, 1816 – August 6, 1894) was a German novelist. Müller was born at Schotten, Hesse-Darmstadt. He began his career as a librarian at the court library at Darmstadt and edited newspapers at Frankfurt and Mannheim. In 1854 he established the \"Frankfurter Museum\". In 1856, he settled in Stuttgart, where he died nearly forty years later, aged 78. His \"Ausgewählte Schriften\" (Selected Writings) appeared in Stuttgart in 1874 (12 vols.). He early published a series of novels."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Ernest Stackelberg Count Ernst Johann von Stackelberg () (1813, Estonia - August 30, 1870, Paris) was a Baltic German military figure and diplomat. After having received home education, Ernest Stackelberg entered military service in 1832 as a \"feuerwerker\" (cannoneer) in Leib Guard horse artillery. In 1833, he was promoted to junker and then warrant officer a year later. After two years of service in horse artillery, Ernest Stackelberg was sent to the Caucasus, where he would take part in several military campaigns (e.g., the Kuban Campaign of 1836 under the command of General Alexei Velyaminov and the 1837 campaign against the Chechens). For his service, Ernest Stackelberg was promoted to the rank of podporuchik and then transferred to the office of War Minister Alexander Chernyshyov as adjutant. In 1840, he was promoted to the rank of poruchik and sent to Caucasus yet again to participate in military action. Ernest Stackelberg was first placed under the command of Lieutenant General Apollon Galafeyev and took part in the Battle of the Valerik River with the Chechens in Chekhinsky Forest. Later on, Ernest Stackelberg was transferred to the unit under the command of General Grigory Zass (commander of the right flank of the Caucasus front) and fought against the mountaineers from over the Kuban River. For his outstanding service, Ernest Stackelberg was promoted to the rank of staff captain and awarded with the Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th Class. Upon his return from the Caucasus in 1841, Stackelberg continued his service as adjutant and was then promoted to the rank of colonel in 1843. Three years later Ernest Stackelberg was dismissed from service on indefinite leave for health reasons. In 1848, however, he was called for active duty again and sent to the Russian diplomatic mission in Paris. His diplomatic service in France, however, turned out to be short-lived, for he was recalled to the War Ministry yet again. In 1852, Ernest Stackelberg was sent to the Russian diplomatic mission in Vienna. That same year, he was promoted to the rank of major general and then appointed to His Majesty’s retinue in 1853. In 1856, Ernest Stackelberg was entrusted with the post of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in Kingdom of Sardinia and held this post for the next five years. In 1860, Stackelberg was promoted to the rank of His Majesty’s general adjutant. In 1861, he was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Spain and then sent to Italy in the same capacity a year later. In 1863, Ernest Stackelberg was moved to Vienna as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Four years later, he was appointed ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Paris, where he would die on August 30, 1870. Ernest Stackelberg Count Ernst Johann von Stackelberg () (1813, Estonia - August 30, 1870, Paris) was a Baltic German military figure and diplomat. After having received home education, Ernest Stackelberg entered military service in 1832 as a \"feuerwerker\" (cannoneer) in Leib Guard horse artillery. In 1833, he was promoted to junker"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Eliot Cowan Eliot Cowan is an American-born healer, teacher, author, and founder of the alternative healing technique known as Plant Spirit Medicine. Born in 1946 in the United States, Cowan was raised in Chicago, Winnipeg and San Francisco. He received a degree in Anthropology from Pomona College and pursued post-graduate study in documentary filmmaking at UCLA. In 1970, while living on a farm in Vermont, he became distraught because one of his goats was sick. Unwilling to accept a \"hopeless\" diagnosis from a veterinarian, he began to read about herbalism and treated the goat with a plant. The goat healed, and Cowan's work in Herbalism began. In 1971, he traveled to England to study acupuncture, receiving Licentiate, Bachelor and Master of Acupuncture degrees from J.R. Worsley at the College of Traditional Acupuncture, Leamington Spa, England. After a number of years practicing acupuncture, he came across an article on the Huichol Indians of the Mexican Sierras. The article caused him to travel to Mexico and meet them. A series of dreams, encounters and experiences guided him to apprentice with Don Guadalupe Gonzalez Rios, an eminent Huichol shaman. In the year 2000, Cowan was ritually recognized by Don Guadalupe as a guide to shamanic apprentices in the Huichol tradition. As of 2011, twenty-five of Eliot Cowan's apprentices have gone on to become shamans in the Huichol tradition. In addition to teaching, lecturing, healing and training of shamanic apprentices on the Huichol path, one of Cowan's most significant contributions is his synthesis of shamanism, traditional Chinese Medicine and Herbalism into the healing technique known as Plant Spirit Medicine. Cowan is Founder and Board Chair of the Blue Deer Center in the New York Catskills, and is Elder Emeritus of the Plant Spirit Medicine Seminary. In that capacity he offers healer training courses on Plant Spirit Medicine, healing camps based on traditional Huichol healing, and animal totem courses in the United States and internationally. Cowan, Eliot. Plant Spirit Medicine; Swan Raven & Company, an Imprint of Granite Publishing, LLC; Eliot Cowan Eliot Cowan is an American-born healer, teacher, author, and founder of the alternative healing technique known as Plant Spirit Medicine. Born in 1946 in the United States, Cowan was raised in Chicago, Winnipeg and San Francisco. He received a degree in Anthropology from Pomona College and pursued post-graduate study in documentary filmmaking at UCLA. In 1970, while living on a farm in Vermont,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Little Eaton Little Eaton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire. The population as taken at the 2011 Census was 2,430 The name originated from Anglo Saxon times and means the little town by the water. It is situated on the former route of the old A61 (now B6179), just north of the Derby section of the A38. At the southern exit to the village from the A38, there used to be a Little Chef which closed in early 2012 and re-opened as a Starbucks in 2013. Since 1974 the village has been part of the borough of Erewash. Since the early part of the 80’s was the home for prominent restaurateur James Marcus paley of come dine with me fame . Unfortunatly this legend has since moved away but does return to visit family Pigot and Co's Commercial Directory for Derbyshire, 1835 described Little Eaton as follows: \"Little Eaton is a chapelry and village, in that part of the parish of St. Alkmund which is in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, rather more than one mile from Duffield. Here are many valuable collieries and productive stone quarries; bleaching grounds, belonging to Messrs. Smith & Sons, and machine-paper works of Messrs. Tempest & Son; there are, besides, malting concerns, and corn-mills on the Derwent river.\" Many of the village's historic buildings are built of stone which came from local quarries in the 1800s. The wealth of grit stones, minerals and coal in the area and further north in Denby, Horsley and Smalley, put Little Eaton on the map. Previously, pack horses had been used to transport goods to Derby, but in 1793 the Derby Canal was extended to Little Eaton. It continued to operate until 1908 but is now largely filled in. Peckwash paper mill c. 1800 at the north end of the village was recorded in 1851 as one of the largest in the world and brought much prosperity to the area. It is now a private house – the chimney continues to be a dominant feature of the landscape. To the east of the mill, on the hill, is a terrace of 14 cottages known as Blue Mountain cottages built for the paper mill c.1850. Other buildings of note include the carefully renovated Grade II listed Malthouse on Duffield Road which was built in 1780 and is the former home of the Little Eaton Brewery Company (which was later owned by Offiler’s)and the Elms farmhouse at 21 Duffield Road, a Grade II listed working farmhouse originally built in 1704. Little Eaton was once the terminus of the Little Eaton Gangway – the Derby Canal Railway –where it joined the Derby Canal. A gang was a set of six to eight wagons drawn by four horses. The bodies of the wagons were taken off their bogies and loaded onto the barges at the canal wharf which were towed by horses down to Derby. This 3' 6\" gauge horse-operated line was authorised by the Derby Canal Act of 1793 and its construction was largely the work of Benjamin Outram; it was opened in 1795 and closed in 1908. The tramroad ran from the terminus of the Derby Canal northwards to Smithy Houses, a distance of four miles, and then continued for a further mile to Denby Hall Colliery. In this area were several branches; to Salterwood North Colliery near Marehay Hall, Denby Pottery and Henmoor Colliery. A bridge remains at Little Eaton and a culvert at Smithy Houses, in addition to general earthworks. The main line was single with passing places at intervals. Between the rails the ground was always made up level with the tops of the sleeper blocks to provide a clear surface for the horses. Little Eaton was later served by Little Eaton railway station on the Midland Railway Ripley Branch. In the early 20th century, Little Eaton was a popular resort for many working people with a train trip or canal ride to local woods quarries and tearooms being a popular Sunday and bank holiday outing. A well known and popular character was Alice Grace, the 'Little Eaton Hermit' born in 1867 who on being evicted from her cottage lived in sheds, barns and disused buildings, until finally residing in her famous box home (a box that used to hold bacon that was donated by the local butcher) at the pinfold on 'Th Back o' the Winns' in Coxbench Wood. She spent 20 years as a hermit until forcibly taken to the Union workhouse at Shardlow in 1907. She died aged 60 in 1927. Her story is told in a song \"Alice in the Bacon Box\" by Derbyshire singer-songwriter Lucy Ward. On 26 March 1903, Thomas Bates, a prominent figure in Little Eaton, died. Bates was born in a house on Duffield Road and was educated at the local National School, which then became the original village hall (also known as the parish rooms). In his will Bates donated £1000 to the village, for the draining, levelling, fencing and laying out of a park – having donated the land for a park during his lifetime. He also left money to employ a caretaker for the park. According to the will, the park was to be named St Peter's Park, a fact which puzzled those who knew of him because of his love of St Paul's Church (built in 1791, enlarged in 1837 and then heavily modernised in 1851), which can be found directly opposite the park. There was a reason behind his request however – he was born on St Peter's Day, 29 June. There is a polished granite pillar by the entrance to the park. The north-facing side of the pillar bears an engraving celebrating the coronation of King Edward VII with the legend 'Fear God, Honour the King' underneath. The south side has an inscription honouring teachers of the National school; Mrs Cocker, schoolmistress; William Bland, schoolmaster; John Latham, vicar and Samuel Lewis, Sunday school teacher. Although he isn't mentioned on the pillar, the park is also dedicated to Bates. The two plaques visible on the base of the obelisk also mark the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (2 June 1953), the Golden Jubilee of the park (13 June 1953) and the Centenary of the park (June 2003). The village has three pubs today but also used to have a fourth pub called 'The Anchor'. It used to be located on the main road, opposite the turning to Morley Lane, which leads to Drum Hill. The building still stands, but is now a house and the only indication of its past is a stained glass picture of an anchor in one of the corner windows. The pub closed sometime in the 19th Century. When St Peter's Park was first created, it was little more than a four-acre fenced area of flat grass. Today, one corner of the park contains a children's play area, with swings, slides, tunnels and monkey bars. The rest of the park is given over to a football pitch, cricket pitch and tennis courts. The park is also used as the village primary school's playing field, the school lacking a field of its own. Also prominent in the park is the new Little Eaton village hall, opened in 2010 and heavily used by a wide range of clubs/groups of people in the village. In late June/early July, the village carnival is held. Following a week of events, the carnival concludes with a fancy dress parade from the top of the village at Westley Crescent through the village to the park. On the park a small fair sets up, along with book, white elephant and jewellery stalls, tombolas and refreshments and a barbecue serving meat from the local butchers. In the evening a live music with hot food event is sometimes held at the park or in one of the local pubs. Little Eaton is a linear settlement and benefits from passing trade. There is a Co-op on Alfreton Road next to the local primary school situated next to the newsagent. On the opposite side of the road is the well known Barry Fitch butchers established in 1969. Much of the meat is reared in the fields around Little Eaton. On the southern exit to the village is the Derby Garden Centre. There are three pubs: the \"New Inn\" on the corner of Duffield Road and New Inn Lane, the \"Queen's Head\" on Alfreton Road and the \"Bell and Harp\" to the north of the village (originally known as the Bell Harp). Little Eaton has a great history for independent brewers, The Queen's Head was originally",
"In the evening a live music with hot food event is sometimes held at the park or in one of the local pubs. Little Eaton is a linear settlement and benefits from passing trade. There is a Co-op on Alfreton Road next to the local primary school situated next to the newsagent. On the opposite side of the road is the well known Barry Fitch butchers established in 1969. Much of the meat is reared in the fields around Little Eaton. On the southern exit to the village is the Derby Garden Centre. There are three pubs: the \"New Inn\" on the corner of Duffield Road and New Inn Lane, the \"Queen's Head\" on Alfreton Road and the \"Bell and Harp\" to the north of the village (originally known as the Bell Harp). Little Eaton has a great history for independent brewers, The Queen's Head was originally named the Delvers Inn after the \"delvers\" who worked in the local quarries. It later picked up the royal connection – first of all \"The King's Head\" then following Queen Elizabeth’s coronation, it became the \"Queen's Head\" The Derby Brewing Company joined forces with Everards in 2011 in a £400,000 project to restore the \"Queen's Head\". The deal saw the two breweries share the cost of buying and revamping the grade II-listed alehouse which dates back to 1835. The pub features 10 hand pulls featuring Derby Brewing Company beers, hand selected guest ales and a hand pull cider plus beers, wines and spirits from around the world. As part of the restoration, the pub returned to its original layout, with a central entrance leading directly into anewly-positioned bar area. The pub re-opened on 17 November 2011. The village also has a resident blacksmith. Little Eaton Smithy is situated in the original 18th century village smithy. Steven Oldknow is a third generation blacksmith using time honoured skills and knowledge that has been passed down from father to son. Steven's father Peter is the other resident blacksmith. The traditional techniques of forge work including riveting, banding and forge welding continue to be practised. In late 2011, the telephone box on Alfreton road close to the village centre was bought for £1 by Little Eaton parish council and converted into a book exchange after a suggestion by the village book club. Another telephone box further along the road opposite Duffield Road was converted to an Art Box with regularly changing displays. On Drum Hill to the east is the transmitter for Capital FM East Midlands and Radio Derby. Drum Hill is also used by Derbyshire Scouts and Guides for camping and other events. Little Eaton Little Eaton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire. The population as taken at the 2011 Census was 2,430 The name originated from Anglo Saxon times and means the little town by the water. It is situated on the former route of the old A61 (now B6179), just north of the Derby section of the A38. At the southern exit to the village"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee [2004] UKHL 44 was a 2004 decision by the House of Lords on the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on freedom of expression. The Act, particularly Section 12, cautioned the courts to only grant remedies that would restrict publication before trial where it is \"likely\" that the trial will establish that the publication would not be allowed. Banerjee, an accountant with Cream Holdings, obtained documents which she claimed contained evidence of illegal and unsound practices on Cream's part and gave them to the \"Liverpool Daily Post & Echo\", who ran a series of articles on 13 and 14 June 2002 asserting that a director of Cream had been bribing a local council official in Liverpool. Cream applied for an emergency injunction on 18 June in the High Court of Justice, where Lloyd J decided on 5 July that Cream had shown \"a real prospect of success\" at trial, granting the injunction. This judgment was confirmed by the Court of Appeal on 13 February 2003. Leave was given to appeal to the House of Lords, where a judgment was given on 14 October 2004 by Lord Nicholls, with the other judges assenting. In it, Nicholls said that the test required by the Human Rights Act, \"more likely than not\", was a higher standard than \"a real prospect of success\", and that the Act \"makes the likelihood of success at the trial an essential element in the court's consideration of whether to make an interim order\", asserting that in similar cases courts should be reluctant to grant interim injunctions unless it can be shown that the claimant is \"more likely than not\" to succeed. At the same time, he admitted that the \"real prospect of success\" test was not necessarily insufficient, granting the appeal nonetheless because Lloyd J had ignored the public interest element of the disclosure. As the first confidentiality case brought after the Human Rights Act, \"Cream\" is the leading case used in British \"breach of confidentiality\" cases. The Human Rights Act 1998, which came into force in 2000, brought the European Convention on Human Rights into British domestic law. Article 8 of the convention covers \"the right to respect for private and family life\", and during the passage of the Act through Parliament, elements of the press were concerned that this could affect their freedom of expression. As such, Section 12 of the Act provides that, if a court is considering whether to grant relief which infringes on the right to freedom of expression (such as an injunction), it must \"have particular regard to the importance of the Convention right to freedom of expression\", although recognising the other limits put on this right. Where a relief (such as an injunction) is granted in the absence of the respondent, the court must be satisfied that the claimant has taken all reasonable steps to ensure that the defendant was notified, unless there are compelling reasons why they should not be. The court must also not grant relief that would restrict publication before trial, unless satisfied that it is \"likely\" the trial will establish that publication should not be allowed. Cream Holdings (the claimant) started as a group of nightclubs in Liverpool, later franchising their name, logo and brand. Chumki Banerjee (the first defendant) was an accountant advising the Cream group from 1996 to 1998, officially joining Cream as the financial controller for one of their groups in February 1998. In January 2001 she was dismissed, taking documents with her which she claimed showed illegal and improper actions by Cream. These were given to the group controlling the \"Liverpool Daily Post & Echo\" (the second defendant), with Banerjee receiving no payment. On 13 and 14 June 2002, the \"Post & Echo\" published articles asserting that one of the Cream directors was bribing a local council official. On 18 June, Cream applied for an interim injunction preventing the \"Post & Echo\" from publishing any further material received from Banerjee. The second defendant admitted that the information was confidential, but argued that it was in the public interest to disclose it. Historically, courts had been willing to grant interim injunctions where confidentiality had been breached, but \"Cream\" was the first case to test the extent of the Human Rights Act, and the standard set is the standard one applied in breach of confidentiality cases. On 5 July 2002, Lloyd J in the High Court of Justice (Chancery Division) granted an interim injunction, saying that Cream had shown \"a real prospect of success\" at trial. The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, arguing that Lloyd J had applied the \"a real prospect of success\" test, rather than the requirement under the Human Rights Act that the claimant demonstrate a \"likely\" chance of success. On 13 February 2003, Simon Brown and Arden LJJ in the Court of Appeal of England and Wales held that Lloyd J had used the appropriate test, although Sedley LJ dissented. The defendants were allowed appeal to the House of Lords. In the House of Lords, the case was considered by Lord Nicholls, Lord Woolf, Lord Hoffmann, Lord Scott and Lady Hale, who made their judgment on 14 October 2004, provided by Lord Nicholls. Nicholls made it clear that Section 12 of the Human Rights Act \"makes the likelihood of success at the trial an essential element in the court's consideration of whether to make an interim order\", cautioning that courts should be very reluctant to grant relief in favour of a party who is unable to establish that it is more likely than not that he will succeed at trial. He said that \"more likely than not\", the phrase used in the Act, was a higher threshold to meet than \"a real prospect of success\", the previous test, which was not intended to apply to the media. While saying this, Nicholls also suggested that the initial test was not necessarily an improper one, but that Lloyd J had overlooked the element of public interest in the disclosure. As such, the House of Lords allowed the \"Post & Echo\" and Banerjee's appeal. Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee [2004] UKHL 44 was a 2004 decision by the House of Lords on the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on freedom of expression. The Act, particularly Section 12, cautioned the courts to only grant remedies that would restrict publication before trial where it is \"likely\" that the trial will establish that the publication would not be allowed. Banerjee, an accountant with"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Frances Deri Frances Deri (née Franziska Herz, 1880–1971) was an Austrian psychoanalyst who moved to the States on the eve of World War Two, and practised in California where she would die in February 1971. She married Dr Max Deri. After initially working in Germany as a midwife, Deri was analysed at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, first by Karl Abraham, and then by Hanns Sachs, becoming herself a lay analyst. With the rise of the Nazis, she moved to Prague, where she became a member of the Prague Psychoanalytic Study Group alongside such figures as Otto Fenichel, Annie Reich, Theodor Dosuzkov, Steff Bornstein, before emigrating to America in 1935. She was one of the first (and few) lay analysts to be accepted into the American psychoanalytic community, and practised in Los Angeles, where she could pusue her passion for the cinema. She published articles on insomnia and sublimation, as well as contributing to the analysis of coprophilia, and to the fantasy of being part of the partner's body in sexual submission. Frances Deri Frances Deri (née Franziska Herz, 1880–1971) was an Austrian psychoanalyst who moved to the States on the eve of World War Two, and practised in California where"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"In the main street, African and Indian slaves were sold by auction. The houses of the rich were surrounded by gardens and palm groves; they were built of stone and painted red or white. Instead of glass, their balconied windows had thin polished oyster-shells set in lattice-work. The social life of Goa's rulers befitted the capitol of the viceregal court, the army and navy, and the church; luxury and ostentation became a byword before the end of the 16th century. \n In 1683 Sambhaji, the son of Shivaji, tried to conquer all of Goa, including the areas then in Portuguese control. He almost ousted the Portuguese, but to their surprise a Mughal army prevented the city's capture by the Marathas. In 1739 the whole territory of Bardez was attacked by the Marathas again in order to pressure the northern Portuguese possession at Vasai, but the conquest could not be completed because of the unexpected arrival of a new viceroy with a fleet. \n Part of a series on the \n--- \nHistory of India \nAncient (show) \n\n * Madrasian Culture \n * Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE \n * Neolithic, c. 7600–c. 3300 BCE \n * Bhirrana 7570-6200 BCE \n * Jhusi 7106 BCE \n * Lahuradewa 7000 BCE \n * Mehrgarh 7000-2600 BCE \n * Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300–c. 1700 BCE \n * Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700–c. 1500 BCE \n * Vedic Civilization, c. 1500–c. 500 BCE \n * Early Vedic Period \n * Rise of Śramaṇa movement \n * Later Vedic Period \n * Spread of Jainism-Parshvanatha \n * Spread of Jainism-Mahavira \n * Rise of Buddhism \n * Mahajanapadas, c. 500–c. 345 BCE \n * Nanda Dynasty, c. 345–c. 322 BCE \n\n \nClassical (show) \n\n * Maurya Dynasty, c. 322–c. 185 BCE \n * Shunga Dynasty, c. 185–c. 75 BCE \n * Kanva Dynasty, c. 75–c. 30 BCE \n * Kushan Dynasty, c. 30–c. 230 CE \n * Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE–c. 220 CE \n * Gupta Dynasty, c. 200–c. 550 CE \n\n \nEarly medieval (show) \n\n * Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543–c. 753 CE \n * Harsha's Dynasty, c. 606 CE–c. 647 CE \n * Karakota Dynasty, c. 724–c. 760 CE \n * Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE \n * Tripartite Struggle, c. 760–c. 973 CE \n * Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty \n * Rastrakuta Dynasty \n * Pala Dynasty \n * Chola Dynasty, c. 848–c. 1251 CE \n * 2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973–c. 1187 CE \n\n \nLate medieval (show) \n\n * Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206–c. 1526 CE \n * Slave Dynasty \n * Khalji Dynasty \n * Tugluq Dynasty \n * Sayyid Dynasty \n * Lodhi Dynasty \n * Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251–c. 1323 CE \n * Vijayanagara, c. 1336–c. 1646 CE \n * Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342–c. 1576 CE \n\n \nEarly modern (show) \n\n * Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526–c. 1540 CE \n * Suri Dynasty, c. 1540–c. 1556 CE \n * Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556–c. 1857 CE \n * Bengal Subah, c. 1576–c. 1757 CE \n * Maratha Empire, c. 1674–c. 1818 CE \n * Company Raj, c. 1757–c. 1858 CE \n * Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760–c. 1799 CE \n * Sikh Empire, c. 1799–c. 1849 CE \n\n \nModern (show) \n\n * The Great Rebellion, c. 1857–c. 1858 CE \n * British Raj, c. 1858–c. 1947 CE \n * Independence Movement \n * Independent India, c. 1947 CE–present \n\n \nRelated articles (show) \n\n * Timeline of Indian History \n * Dynasties in Indian History \n * Economic History \n * Demographic History \n * Linguistic History \n * Architectural History \n * Art History \n * Literary History \n * Philosophical History \n * History of Religion \n * Musical History \n * Education History \n * Coinage History \n * Science and Technology History \n * List of Inventions and Discoveries \n * Military History \n * Naval History \n * Wars involving India \n\n \n \n * * *",
"Multiple places mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts-Gomanta, Govarashtra, Govapuri and Gomanchal-have been interpreted as references to Goa. The prefix common to all of these names is go, which means cow in Sanskrit. The suffixes translate to country (rashtra), city (puri) and shelter (anchal). \n The Proto-Australoid tribe known as the Konkas, from whom is derived the name of the region, Kongvan or Konkan, with the other mentioned tribes, reportedly made up the earliest settlers in the territory. Agriculture had not fully developed at this stage and was being developed. The Kol and Mundari may have been using stone and wood implements, as iron implements were used by the megalithic tribes as late as 1200 BC. The Kol tribe is believed to have migrated from Gujarat. \n In the year 1600 António de Andrade made the long voyage from Lisbon to Goa, where he pursued his higher studies at St. Paul's College and was ordained a Jesuit priest. He eventually became rector of the same college. He made a landmark missionary expedition from Goa, across the length of India and into Tibet. He overcame incredible hardships in the journey as the first European to cross the Himalaya mountains into Tibet. There he founded churches and a mission in 1625. The corpse of the co-founder of the Society of Jesus, Francis Xavier, whose example many Goan missionaries tried to emulate by engaging in evangelising work in Asia, was shipped to Goa on 11 December 1553. Goa has also produced its own saints:the martyrs of Cuncolim; St. Joseph Vaz, whose missionary exploits in Sri Lanka are remembered with gratitude in that country; and the Venerable Angelo de Souza. \n In 1955 a group of unarmed civilians, the Satyagrahis, demonstrated against Portugal. At least twenty-two of them were killed by Portuguese gunfire. \n From the Bhoja inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan, it is evidenced that the Bhojas used Sanskrit and Prakrit for administration. According to Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri, many Brahmins and Vaishyas arrived with Kshatriyas Bhojas from the north. The Kshatriya Bhojas patronised Buddhism and employed many Buddhist converts of Greek and Persian origin. \n Though their language of administration was Sanskrit and Kannada, Konkani and Marathi were also prevalent. They introduced Kannada language to Goa, which had a very profound influence on the local tongue. Nagari script, Kadamba script, Halekannada script and Goykanadi scripts were very popular. Kadamba Tribhuvanamalla, inscribed a record, dated saka 1028 or AD 1106, that he established a Brahmapuri at Gopaka. Brahmapuris were ancient universities run by the Brahmins where the Vedas, astrology, philosophy, medicine, and other subjects were studied. Such Brahampuris were found in many places in Goa such as Savoi verem and Gauli moula. \n The history of the Mauryas is almost non-existent. The existing records disclose the names of only three of the dynasty's kings, namely Suketavarman, who ruled some time in the 4th or 5th centuries BC, Chandravarman in the 6th century BC, and Ajitavarman in the 7th century BC, who ruled from Kumardvipa or modern Kumarjuve, but beyond that the records provide no clue as to their mutual relationship. These dates were determined by comparing the style of the Nagari script in which these records are written with the evolution of this script, which may be dated fairly accurately. It is possible to infer from the places mentioned in these records and their discovery locations that at its zenith, the Western Maurya Kingdom comprised the Lata or South Gujarat, coastal Maharashtra, Goa, and approximately half of the North Kanara district. After the Maurya Empire had passed its meridian in the 2nd century BC its satrap in Aparanta made himself independent. A scion of the imperial Mauryas, he founded a dynasty that ruled over the west coast for nearly four centuries from its capital Shurparaka or modern Sopara. This dynasty was known as the Konkan Mauryas. Goa was called Sunaparant by the Mauryas. \n Goa was granted the same civic privileges as Lisbon. Its senate or municipal chamber maintained direct communications with the king and paid a special representative to attend to its interests at court. In 1563 the governor proposed to make Goa the seat of a parliament representing all parts of the Portuguese east, but this was rejected by the King. \n In the same year the viceroy transferred his residence from the vicinity of Goa city to New Goa (in Portuguese Nova Goa), today's Panaji. In 1843 this was made the official seat of government in 1843; it completed a move that had been discussed as early as 1684. Old Goa city's population fell steeply during the 18th century as Europeans moved to the new city. Old Goa has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because of its history and architecture. \n | This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help us clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n Chandragupta Maurya incorporated the west coast of India in his province of Aparanta, and the impact of Magadhan Prakrit, the official language of the Mauryan Empire, on the local dialects resulted in the formation of early Konkani, as was the case with other Aryan vernaculars. During this era Buddhism was introduced to Goa. Similarly a native Goan named Purna, also known as Punna in Pali, who traveled to Sarnath is considered a direct disciple of Buddha, who popularised Buddhism in Goa in 5th century BC. \n Goa was ruled by several dynasties of various origins from the 1st century BC to 1500 AD. Since Goa had been under the sway of several dynasties, there was no organised judicial or policing system in those days, except for traditional arrangements governed by absolute rulers and local chieftains. There may have been more order under Muslim rule. During this time, Goa was not ruled as a singular kingdom. Parts of this territory were ruled by several different kingdoms. The boundaries of these kingdoms were not clearly defined and the kings were content to consider their dominions as extending over many villages, which paid tribute and owed them allegiance. \n The raid was covered in the book Boarding Party by James Leasor. Due to the potential political ramifications of the fact that Britain had violated Portuguese neutrality, the raid remained secret until the book was published in 1978. In 1980 the story was made into the film, The Sea Wolves, starring Gregory Peck, David Niven and Roger Moore. \n The theocratic democracy of Sumer was transformed into the oligarchic democracy of village-administration in Goa known as Gavkari, when it overlapped with the practices of the locals. The agricultural land was jointly owned by the group of villagers, they had right to auction the land, this rent was used for development, and the remainder was distributed amongst the Gavkars. Sumerians view that the village land must belong to the village god or goddess, this was the main feature of the Gavkari system where the village's preeminent deity's temple was the centre of all the activities. It consisted of definite boundaries of land from village to village with its topographic detail, its management and social, religious and cultural interaction. Gavkari thus were in existence long before constitution of the state of Goa itself. \n In the year 150AD, Vashishtiputra Satakarni was defeated by his son-in-law, the Kshatrapa King Rudradaman I who established his rule over Goa. This dynasty ruled the territory until 249AD. Thereafter the dynasty's power seems to have been weakened by their generals, the Abhiras \n The Parashurama samhita personifies the geological process of elevation of submerged land along the west coast, which must have taken place around 12,000",
"In the year 150AD, Vashishtiputra Satakarni was defeated by his son-in-law, the Kshatrapa King Rudradaman I who established his rule over Goa. This dynasty ruled the territory until 249AD. Thereafter the dynasty's power seems to have been weakened by their generals, the Abhiras \n The Parashurama samhita personifies the geological process of elevation of submerged land along the west coast, which must have taken place around 12,000 \n According to the Parshurama samhita, Parashurama, the sixth reincarnation of Vishnu faced with an order of banishment from the lands that he had once conquered, sets seven arrows fly from the Sahydris to push back the sea and create a stretch of land which he could claim for himself. The sea-god is believed to have acceded his to wish and created a region Shurparaka, which translates literally to winnowing fan. This region is also known as Parashurama Kshetra. The legend further tells us that having created Goa, Parashurama brought Goud Saraswat Brahmins from the North and settled them in this land. (See:Shree Scanda Puran ( Sayadri Khandha)-Ed. Dr. Jarson D. Kunha, Marathi version Ed. By Gajananshastri Gaitonde ). The Parashurama samhita thus serves as a symbol of the Sanskritisation that Goan culture experienced with the advent of Brahminical religion to the region, and establishment of Brahminical hegemony \n The Crown in Lisbon undertook to finance missionary activity; missionaries and priests converted large numbers of people in all spheres of society, especially in Goa. St Francis Xavier in Goa, pioneered the establishment of a seminary, called Saint Paul's College. It was the first Jesuit headquarters in Asia. St Francis founded the College to train Jesuit missionaries. He went to the Far East, traveling towards China. Missionaries of the Jesuit Order spread out through India, going as far north as the court of the great Moghul Emperor Jallaluddin Akbar. Having heard about the Jesuits, he invited them to come and teach him and his children about Christianity. \n The Goa Inquisition was the office of the Inquisition acting within the Indian state of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. It was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774–1778, and finally abolished in 1812. The Goan Inquisition is considered a blot on the history of Roman Catholic Christianity in India by both Christians and non-Christians alike. Based on the records that survive, H.P. Salomon and I.S.D. Sassoon state that between the Inquisition's beginning in 1561 and its temporary abolition in 1774, some 16,202 persons were brought to trial. Of this number, only 57 were sentenced to death and executed; another 64 were burned in effigy. Most were subjected to lesser punishments or penances. \n In 1757, King Joseph I of Portugal issued a decree, developed by his minister Marquês de Pombal, granting Portuguese citizenship and representation to all subjects in the Portuguese Indies. The enclaves of Goa, Damão, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli became collectively known as the Estado da Índia Portuguesa, and were represented in the Portuguese parliament. (The first election was held in Goa on 14 Jan 1822, electing 3 locals as members of Parliament.) \n The Satavahana dynasty began as vassals of the Mauryan Empire, but declared independence as the Mauryan Empire declined. The Satavahana dynasty ruled Goa through their coastal vassals, the Chutus of Karwar. This period is estimated to have lasted from around the 2nd century BC to 100 AD. The Satavahanas had established maritime power and their contacts with Roman empire from the coastal trade from Sindh to Saurashtra, from Bharuch to Sopara to Goa, where Greek and Roman ships would halt during voyages. The Bhojas fortified themselves after the end of Satavahana Empire. With the fall of the Satavahanas, the lucrative seaborne trade declined. Many Greek converts to Buddhism settled in Goa during this period. Buddha statues in Greek styles have been found in Goa. It can be seen that they ruled a very small part of Goa. Maharashtri prakrit was their language of administration, which influenced medieval Konkani to a great extent. \n Until 1993 the existence of humans in Goa during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic period was highly debated. The discovery of rock art engravings on lateritic platforms and granite boulders from Usgalimal on the banks of west-flowing river Kushavati River, has shed light on the prehistory of Goa. The rock shelter at Usgalimal has enough space for 25 to 30 people. The perennial stream in the vicinity which might have served Stone age man for centuries as a source of water. An anthropomorphic figure of Mother goddess and tectiforms resembling tree-like motifs have been found. This site was discovered by Dr P.P. Shirodkar. Exploration of several Mesolithic sites of the Mandovi-Zuari basin, at other sites such as Keri, Thane, Anjuna, Mauxim, Kazur in Quepem, Virdi, has led to the discovery of several scrapers, points, bores, cones, et cetera. A hand axe has also been found at Usgalimal. Further unifacial choppers were recovered on a flat-based pebble of quartzite from a pebble conglomerate at Shigaon on the Dudhsagar River. Shirodakar made a detailed study of the rock engravings and dated them to Upper paleolithic and Mesolithic phases, or to 20,000-30,000 BC. These discoveries have demonstrated that the region had been supporting a population of hunter-gatherers well before the advent of agriculture. Evidence of Palaeolithic cave existence can be seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigaon, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, Aquem-Margaon et cetera. Difficulty in carbon dating the laterite rock compounds has posed a problem in determining the exact time period. \n Vasco da Gama joined the Portuguese navy as a young man, where he learned navigational skills and served with distinction in the war against Castile. He set off from Lisbon in 1497 and a year later, landed in Calicut, India, and broke the Arab monopoly of trade. \n Goa was the base for Albuquerque's conquest of Malacca in 1511 and Hormuz in 1515. Albuquerque intended it to be a colony and a naval base, distinct from the fortified factories established in certain Indian seaports. Goa was made capital of the Portuguese Vice-Kingdom in Asia, and the other Portuguese possessions in India, Malacca and other bases in Indonesia, East Timor, the Persian Gulf, Macau in China and trade bases in Japan were under the suzerainty of its Viceroy. By mid–16th century, the area under occupation had expanded to most of present-day limits. \n Dr. Nandkumar Kamat from the University of Goa discovered the prehistoric petroglyphs of Goa. More than 125 forms were found scattered on the banks of river Kushavati in south-eastern Goa. According to Kamat, these are evidence of a prehistoric Goan shamanistic practice. For hundreds of years, the Kushavati rock art of Goa was known locally as goravarakhnyachi chitram, or pictures made by cowherds. But people did not know how ancient the works were, nor could anyone interpret them. After thorough study of these forms, scholars have concluded that these petroglyphs differ from those found elsewhere in Goa. Deeper studies and analysis over a period of ten years showed these petroglyphs were an exquisitely carved ocular labyrinth, one of the best in India and Asia. Its ocular nature added to the evidence of prehistoric shamanism. \n The Inquisition was established to punish relapsed New Christians, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Catholicism, as well as their descendants, but were suspected of practicing their ancestral religion in secret. Numerous Portuguese Jews (as converted Catholics) had come to Goa and worked as traders. Due to persecution during the Inquisition, most left and migrated to Fort St. George (later Madras/Chennai) and Cochin, where English and Dutch rule, respectively, were more tolerant.",
"The Inquisition was established to punish relapsed New Christians, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Catholicism, as well as their descendants, but were suspected of practicing their ancestral religion in secret. Numerous Portuguese Jews (as converted Catholics) had come to Goa and worked as traders. Due to persecution during the Inquisition, most left and migrated to Fort St. George (later Madras/Chennai) and Cochin, where English and Dutch rule, respectively, were more tolerant. \n There is evidence of the tectonic origins of Goa dating back to 10,000 BC. Further, evidence of human occupation of Goa dates back at least to the Lower Paleolithic Age, indicated by the archaeological findings of Acheulean bifaces in the Mandovi-Zuari basin. However, evidence suggesting the region's ancient foundation is obscured by the legend of Goa's creation by the Hindu sage Parashurama. \n In 1787, some priests started a rebellion against Portuguese rule. It was known as the Conspiracy of the Pintos. Goa was peacefully occupied by the British between 1812-1815 in line with the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance during the Napoleonic Wars. \n Around 1583, missionary activity in Cuncolim led to conflicts, culminating in the Cuncolim Revolt in which natives killed all the missionaries. The Portuguese authorities called the sixteen chieftains of each ward or vado of the Cuncolim village to the Assolna Fort, ostensibly to form a peace pact with the villagers. At the fort the Portuguese killed the chieftains, except for two who jumped from the fort into the Arabian Sea and presumably swam to Karwar. The villagers lost their traditional leaders and the Portuguese began confiscating the land of the locals. At the same time, they initiated the Goa Inquisition. \n | This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is:This section makes multiple statements without referencing original sources. Please provide citations that meet Wikipedia's reliable sources standards Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n First existing as vassals of the Mauryan Empire and later as an independent empire, the Bhojas ruled Goa for more than 500 years, annexing the entirety of Goa. The earliest known record of the Bhoja Empire from Goa dates from the 4th century AD, it was found in the town of Shiroda in Goa. According to Puranik, by tradition the Bhojas belonged to the clan of Yadavas, who may have migrated to Goa via Dwaraka after the Mahabharata war. Two Bhoja copperplates grants dating back to the 3rd century BC were unearthed from Bandora village, written by King Prithvimallavarman. Many other copper plates, have also been recovered from other places in Goa which date from the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD. Ancient Chandrapur, modern day Chandor, was the capital of the Bhoja Empire; the Bhojas ruled Goa, Belgaum and North Canara. \n Dynasties controlling Goa from the 1st century BC to 1500 AD Name of the ruler | Reign \n---|--- \nIndo-Parthians | 2nd–4th centuries AD \nAbhiras, Batapuras, Bhojas | 4th–6th centuries \nChalukyas of Badami | 6th–8th centuries \nRashtrakutas of Malkhed, Shilaharas | 8th–10th centuries \nKadambas | 1006–1356 \nYadavas of Devagiri | 12th and 13th centuries \nVijayanagar Empire | 14th and 15th centuries \nBahmani Sultanate | 15th century \n The 16th-century monument, the Cathedral or Sé, was constructed during Portugal's Golden Age, and is the largest church in Asia, as well as larger than any church in Portugal. The church is 250 ft in length and 181 ft in breadth. The frontispiece stands 115 ft high. The Cathedral is dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria and is also known as St. Catherine's Cathedral. It was on her feast day in 1510 that Afonso de Albuquerque defeated the Muslim army and took possession of the city of Goa. \n In Goa the Inquisition also scrutinised Indian converts from Hinduism or Islam who were thought to have returned to their original ways. It prosecuted non-converts who broke prohibitions against the observance of Hindu or Muslim rites, or interfered with Portuguese attempts to convert non-Christians to Catholicism. While its ostensible goal was to preserve the Catholic faith, the Inquisition was used against Indian Catholics as an instrument of social control, as well as a method of confiscating victims' property and enriching the Inquisitors. Goan Inquisition was abolished in 1812. \n The appearance of the Dutch in Indian waters was followed by the gradual ruin of Goa. In 1603 and 1639, the city was blockaded by Dutch fleets, though never captured. In 1635 Goa was ravaged by an epidemic. \n In June 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva (Conde de Alva), the Portuguese Viceroy was killed in action by Maratha Army in Goa. Following the Third Battle of Panipat, Peshawa control over Maratha Empire was weakened. The Portuguese defeated the Rajas of Sawantwadi and the Raja of Sunda to conquer an area that stretched from Pernem to Cancona. This territory formed the Novas Conquistas, the boundaries of present-day Goa. \n In 1954, unarmed Indians took over the tiny land-locked enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. This incident led the Portuguese to lodge a complaint against India in the International Court of Justice at The Hague. The final judgement on this case, given in 1960, held that the Portuguese had a right to the enclaves, but that India equally had a right to deny Portugal access to the enclaves over Indian territory. \n Later the same year, the Satyagrahis took over a fort at Tiracol and hoisted the Indian flag. They were driven away by the Portuguese with a number of casualties. On 1 September 1955, the Indian consulate in Goa was closed; Nehru declared that his government would not tolerate the Portuguese presence in Goa. India then instituted a blockade against Goa, Damão, and Diu in an effort to force a Portuguese departure. Goa was then given its own airline by the Portuguese, the Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa, to overcome the blockade. \n The history of Goa dates back to prehistoric times, though the present-day state of Goa was only established as recently as 1987. In spite of being India's smallest state by area, Goa's history is both long and diverse. It shares a lot of similarities with Indian history, especially with regard to colonial influences and a multi-cultural aesthetic. \n In Goa, Albuquerque started the first Portuguese mint in the East, after complaints from merchants and Timoja about the scarcity of currency. He used it as an opportunity to announce the territorial conquest by the design of the new coins. The new coin, based on the existing local coins, bore a cross on one side and the design of an armillary sphere (or esfera), King Manuel's badge, on the reverse. Gold, silver and bronze coins were issued:gold cruzados or manueis, esperas and alf-esperas, and leais. More mints were built in Malacca in 1511. \n Almost all manual labour was performed by slaves. The common soldiers assumed high-sounding titles, and even the poor noblemen who congregated in boarding-houses subscribed for a few silken cloaks, a silken umbrella and a common man-servant, so that each could take his turn to promenade the streets, fashionably attired and with a proper escort.",
"Almost all manual labour was performed by slaves. The common soldiers assumed high-sounding titles, and even the poor noblemen who congregated in boarding-houses subscribed for a few silken cloaks, a silken umbrella and a common man-servant, so that each could take his turn to promenade the streets, fashionably attired and with a proper escort. \n Later King Shashthadeva conquered the island of Goa, including the ports of Gopakpattana and Kapardikadvipa, and annexed a large part of South Konkan to his kingdom. He made Gopakpattana as his secondary capital. His successor, King Jayakeshi I, expanded the Goan kingdom. The Sanskrit Jain text Dvayashraya mentions the extent of his capital. Port Gopakapattna had trade contacts with Zanzibar, Bengal, Gujarat and Sri Lanka (mentioned as Zaguva, Gauda, Gurjara, and Simhala in the Sanskrit texts). The city has been described in the contemporary records not only as aesthetically pleasing, but spiritually cleansing as well. Because it was a trading city, Gopakapattna was influenced by many cultures, and its architecture and decorative works showed this cosmopolitan effect. The capital was served by an important highway called Rajvithi or Rajpath, which linked it with Ela, the ruins of which can still be seen. For more than 300 years, it remained a centre for intra-coastal and trans-oceanic trade from Africa to Malaya. Later in the 14th century, the port was looted by the Khalji general Malik Kafur. The capital was transferred to Chandor and then back to Gopakapattna because of Muhammad bin Tughluq's attack on Chandor. \n Suta Samhita section of Skanda Purana mentions Goa as Govapuri \n Guhalladeva III, Jayakeshi II, Shivachitta Paramadideva, Vinshuchitta II and Jayakeshi III dominated Goa's political scene in the 12th century. During the rule of Kadambas, the name and fame of Goapuri had reached it zenith. Goa's religion, culture, trade and arts flourished under the rule of these kings. The Kings and their queens built many Shiva temples as they were devout Shaivites. They assumed titles like Konkanadhipati, Saptakotisha Ladbha Varaveera, Gopakapura varadhishva, Konkanmahacharavarti and Panchamahashabda. The Kings had matrimonial relationships with the Kings of Saurashtra, and even the local chieftains. The Kings patronised Vedic religion and performed major fire sacrifices like the horse sacrifice or Ashvamedha. They are also known for patronising Jainism in Goa. \n In 1556 the printing press was first introduced to India and Asia at Saint Paul's College in Goa; through the spread of the printing press, Goa led the acceleration of the availability of the knowledge and customs of Europe. After getting established in Goa, the Jesuits introduced the printing press technology for the first time in history into Macau-China in 1588 and into Japan in 1590. The Jesuits founded the university of Santo Tomas in the Philippines, which is the oldest existing university in Asia; in the same period, Goa Medical College was established as the first European medical college in Asia. \n From Goa, the Jesuit order was able to set up base almost anywhere in Asia for evangelistic missions, including the founding of Roman Catholic colleges, universities and faculties of education. Jesuits are known for their work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits, and for their missionary efforts. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.; Saint Paul's College Goa was a base for their evangelisation of Macau, and then for their important missionary campaigns into China and Japan. Macau eventually superseded St Paul's College, Goa. They built St Paul College in 1594 (now the University of Macau), known in Latin as the college of Mater Dei. Because of state conflicts with the Jesuits, In 1762 the Marquês de Pombal expelled the order from Macau. The Macau university combined evangelisation with education. \n The Portuguese set up a base in Goa to consolidate their control of the lucrative spice trade. Goods from all parts of the East were displayed in its bazaar, and separate streets were designated for the sale of different classes of goods:Bahrain pearls and coral, Chinese porcelain and silk, Portuguese velvet and piece-goods, and drugs and spices from the Malay Archipelago. \n | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n Some parts of present-day Goa appear to have been uplifted from the sea due to geological tectonic plate movement. There is evidence to support this theory as indicated by presence of marine fossils, buried seashells and other features of reclaimed topography in the coastal belt. The evidence provided by the conch shells at Surla village, fossilized marine conch shells discovered in 1863, petrified roots, fossilized branches have been found later in many villages on the foothills of the Sahyadri dating back more than 10,000 BC. Thus the geologists concluded that Goa has risen up from seabed as a result of violent tectonic movements. At the decline of the intensity of pluviation in the last Pleistocenic age around 10.000 BC, the bottom of Deccan plateau was lifted up and out of sea-waters by the tectonic movements, formed the West-coast of India, Goa being a part thereof. \n \" | गोकर्णादुत्तरे भागे सप्तयोजनविस्तृतं तत्र गोवापुरी नाम नगरी पापनाशिनी | \" \n---|---|---\n In 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa at the behest of the local chieftain Thimayya. After losing the city briefly to its former ruler, Ismail Adil Shah, the Muslim King of Bijapur, Albuquerque returned in force on 25 November, with a fully renovated fleet. In less than a day, the Portuguese fleet took possession of Goa from Ismail Adil Shah and his Ottoman allies, who surrendered on 10 December. It is estimated that 6,000 of the 9,000 Muslim defenders of the city died, either in the battle in the streets or while trying to escape. Albuquerque gained the support of the Hindu population, although this frustrated the initial expectations of Thimayya, who aspired to control the city. Afonso de Albuquerque rewarded him by appointing him chief Aguazil of the city, an administrator and representative of the Hindu and Muslim people; he was a learned interpreter of the local customs. Albuquerque made an agreement to lower yearly dues and taxes. In spite of frequent attacks by raiders, Goa became the centre of Portuguese India, with the conquest triggering the compliance of neighboring kingdoms; the Sultan of Gujarat and the Zamorin of Calicut dispatched embassies, offering alliances and local concessions to be fortified. \n Archaeological evidence in the form of polished stone axes, suggest the first settlements of Neolithic man in Goa. These axes have been found in Goa Velha. During this period tribes of Austric origin such as the Kols, Mundaris and Kharvis may have settled Goa, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC. According to Goan historian Anant Ramakrishna Dhume, the Gauda and Kunbi and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. Dhume notes several words of Mundari origin in the Konkani language. He describes the deities worshipped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming, and its overall effect on modern-day Goan culture. The Negroids were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture and were food-gatherers. Traces of Negroid physical characteristics can be found in parts of Goa, up to at least the middle of the first millennium.",
"But the British Navy was unable to take any official action against these ships because of Goa's stated neutrality. Instead the Indian mission of SOE backed a covert raid using members from the Calcutta Light Horse, a part-time unit made up of civilians who were not eligible for normal war service. The Light Horse embarked on an ancient Calcutta riverboat, the Phoebe, and sailed round India to Goa, where they sunk the Ehrenfels. The British then sent a decrypted radio message announcing it was going to seize the territory. This bluff made the other Axis crews scuttle their ships fearing they could be seized by British forces. \n The first literary reference to Goa is in the Bhishma Parva of Mahabharata as Gomanta which translates as the region of cows. A legend states Lord Krishna defeated Jarasandha, the king of Magadha on Gomanchal Mountain, identified as a location in Goa. \n Trade was gradually monopolised by the Jesuits. Jean de Thévenot in 1666, Baldaeus in 1672, and Fryer in 1675 describe Goa's ever-increasing poverty and decay. After escaping from Agra, Shivaji slowly started gaining the areas which he lost through the Treaty of Purendar to the Moghuls. He conquered most of the area adjoining the Old Conquestas of Goa. He captured Pernem, Bicholim, Sattari, Ponda, Sanguem, Quepem and Canacona. Sawantwadi Bhonsale and Saudekar Rajas became his vassals. \n India made many requisitions to the Salazar regime of Portugal to grant their Indian colonies independence, but when that failed, on 18 December 1961, Indian troops crossed the border into Goa and \"liberated\" it. Operation Vijay involved sustained land, sea and air strikes for more than thirty-six hours; it resulted in the unconditional surrender of Portuguese forces on 19 December. A United Nations resolution \"condemning\" the invasion was proposed by the United States and the United Kingdom in the United Nations Security Council, but would be vetoed by the USSR. The territory of Goa was under military rule for five months. However, the previous civil service was soon restored. Goan voters went to the polls in a referendum and voted to become an autonomous, federally administered territory. Goa was later admitted Indian statehood in 1987. Goa celebrates \"Liberation Day\" on 19 December every year, which is also a state holiday. \n Albuquerque and his successors left the customs and constitutions of the thirty village communities on the island almost untouched, abolishing only the rite of sati, in which widows were burned on their husband's funeral pyre. A register of these customs (Foral de usos e costumes) was published in 1526; it is among the most valuable historical documents pertaining to Goan customs. \n Situated on the Konkan Coast in Western India, Goa was one of the major trade centres in India. It attracted influential dynasties, seafarers, merchants, traders, monks and missionaries since its earliest known history. Throughout its history, Goa has undergone continual transformation, leaving an indelible impression on various aspects of its cultural and socio-economic development. \n The studies have shown that the Kushavati culture was a hunter-gatherer culture with deep knowledge of local natural resources and processes-water, fish, plants, game, animal breeding cycles, seasons and natural calamities. The Kushavati culture was greatly concerned with water security, so they set up camps near the streams. The Kushavati found food security in the jungle near the steam. Like every culture, its members confronted the mysteries of illness, death and birth. Kamat believes that this culture dated to 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. On basis of recent DNA-based work on human migration, Dr. Nandkumar Kamat has ruled out the possibility of Kushavati shamans belonging to the first wave of humans to arrive in Goa. They were not negritoes or austrics. Most probably they were the earliest Mediterraneans who had descended the Western Ghats, probably in their search for sea salt on Goa's coast. As the Kushavati transitioned into a Neolithic society, they began the domestication of animals and were in the last phase of using stone tools. The entire realm of shamanism underwent a radical transition. Today evidence of the metamorphosis in masked dance drama Perni jagor can be seen in the same cultural region. \n Thus even before any king ruled the territory, oligarchic democracy in the form of Gavkari existed in Goa. This form of village-administration was called as Gaunponn (Konkani:गांवपण), and despite the periodic change of sovereigns, the Gaunponn always remained, hence the attachment and fidelity of the Goans to their village has always surpassed their loyalty to their rulers (most of them were extraterritorial). This system for governance became further systematised and fortified, and it has continued to exist ever since. Even today 223 comunidades are still functioning in Goa, though not in the true sense. \n When India became independent in 1947, Goa remained under Portuguese control. The Indian government of Jawaharlal Nehru insisted that Goa, along with a few other minor Portuguese holdings, be turned over to India. However, Portugal refused. By contrast, France, which also had small enclaves in India (most notably Puducherry), surrendered all its Indian possessions relatively quickly. \n During this period, the people began worship of a mother goddess in the form of anthill or Santer. The Anthill is called Roen (Konkani:रोयण), which is derived from the Austric word Rono, meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated into Prakrit Santara. They also worshipped the mother earth by the name of Bhumika in Prakrit. Anthill worship still continues in Goa. \n The second wave of migrants arrived sometime between 1700 and 1400 BC. This second wave migration was accompanied by southern Indians from the Deccan plateau. A wave of Kusha or Harappan people moved to Lothal probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade. With the admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in early Goan society. \n In 1542, St. Francis Xavier mentions the architectural splendour of the city. It reached the height of its prosperity between 1575 and 1625. Travellers marvelled at Goa Dourada, or Golden Goa. A Portuguese proverb said, \"He who has seen Goa need not see Lisbon.\" \n The Shilaharas of South Konkan ruled Goa from 755 until 1000 AD. Sannaphulla, the founder of the dynasty, was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas. Their copper-plate inscriptions suggest that they ruled from Vallipattana (there is no unanimity amongst the scholars regarding identification of Vallipattana, some identify it with Balli in Goa, or it may either be Banda or Kharepatan in the modern-day state of Maharashtra), Chandrapura and Gopakapattana. This was a tumultuous period in Goan history. As the Goa Shilahara power waned during the 11th century, the Arab traders gained increasing control of the overseas trade. They enjoyed autonomy from the Shilaharas. In order to control this decline, Kadamba King Guhalladeva I, ruling from Chandor, established secular, political, and economic partnerships with these Arab states. After the Chalukyas defeated the Rashtrakutas, exploiting this situation to their advantage, the Kadamba King, Shashthadeva II, firmly established his rule in Goa.",
"In 1350 AD, Goa was ruled by the Bahmani Sultanate. However, in 1370, the Vijayanagar empire, a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day Hampi, reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly a century, during which time its harbours were important port of arrival for Arabian horses on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469 Goa was reconquered by the Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga. When this Sultanate broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's Bijapur Sultanate, which established Goa Velha as its second capital. The former Secretariat building in Panaji is a former Adil Shahi palace, later taken over by the Portuguese Viceroys as their official residence. \n Kadambas ruled Goa for more than 400 years. On 16 October 1345 Goa Kadamba King Suriya Deva was assassinated by Muslim invaders. \n The Kadambas ruled Goa between the 10th and 14th centuries. In the beginning, the Kadambas ruled only Sashti present day Salcette, a small part of Konkan. They ruled from Chandor, over a large part of Goa, but the port of Gopakapattana was not included in the early years. \n Govapuri is mentioned in Sahyadrikhanda of Skanda Purana, which says the extent of Govapuri was about seven Yojanas. \n Goa remained neutral during the conflict like Portugal. As a result, at the outbreak of hostilities a number of Axis ships sought refuge in Goa rather than be sunk or captured by the British Royal Navy. Three German merchants ships, the Ehrenfels, the Drachenfels and the Braunfels, as well as an Italian ship, took refuge in the port of Mormugao. The Ehrenfels began transmitting Allied ship movements to the U-boats operating in the Indian Ocean, an action that was extremely damaging to Allied shipping. \n | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira The 1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 10th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season's top league and cup competitions (or cup runner-up in case the league- and cup-winning club is the same). The 1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was contested over two legs, and opposed Porto and Vitória de Guimarães of the Primeira Liga. Porto qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1987–88 Primeira Divisão and the 1987–88 Taça de Portugal, whilst Vitória de Guimarães qualified for the Supertaça by being the cup-runner. The first leg which took place at the Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, saw Vitória de Guimarães defeat Porto 2–0. The second leg which took place at the Estádio das Antas saw a 0–0 scoreline (2–0 on aggregate), which claimed the \"Vimaranenses\" a first Supertaça. 1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira The 1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 10th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season's top league and cup competitions (or cup runner-up in case the league- and cup-winning club is the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gordon Bess Gordon C. Bess (January 12, 1929 – November 24, 1989) was an American cartoonist, best known for the comic strip \"Redeye\". Born in Richfield, Utah, Bess grew up attending schools in Nevada, Oregon and Utah, finishing high school in Hailey, Idaho. In 1947, he enlisted in the Marines and was sent to boot camp in San Diego. He created illustrations, posters and charts for the Corps Training Aids Section in San Diego. After a year of service in Korea, clearing minefields, he arrived back in San Francisco on the day the war ended. In 1954, he was sent to Washington, D.C., where he became a staff cartoonist and the cartoon editor for \"Leatherneck Magazine\", where Joanne Vaught was an administrative assistant. The two married in 1955, living in Arlington, Virginia. Continuing with \"Leatherneck\" until 1956, he left the Corps with the rank of Staff Sergeant. In 1957, he moved to New Jersey. After a year as a commercial artist in Philadelphia, he took a job as the art director for a greeting card company in Cincinnati, Ohio. In his spare time, he freelanced cartoons to magazines. On September 11, 1967, King Features Syndicate launched his comic strip \"Redeye\", about a wacky Indian tribe. With \"Redeye\" in 400 American newspapers and translations into 15 languages, the success of the strip enabled him to move in 1970 to 310 Balmoral Road in Boise, Idaho, where he enjoyed hunting, fishing, dirt bike riding, skiing and playing blackjack in Nevada. His \"Redeye\" routine involved waking at 7am and descending to his basement office, sometimes for ten-hour sessions and on weekends, working six months in advance. During summers, he drew the strip while staying at his cabin in Lowman, Idaho. Bess and his wife had three children—Suzie (born 1956), Richard (born 1960) and Debbie (born 1963). He continued writing and drawing \"Redeye\" until 1988, when he fell ill and drew his last for May 21, 1988. He died November 24, 1989. Born February 22, 1930, Joanne Vaught Bess died June 8, 2012. \"Redeye\" was especially popular in Europe, where it appeared in \"Tintin\" magazine between 1969 and 1990. Bess received the 1976 Best Foreign Comical Work Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. Gordon Bess Gordon C. Bess (January 12, 1929 – November 24, 1989) was an American cartoonist, best known for the comic strip \"Redeye\". Born in Richfield, Utah, Bess grew up"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Nanoparticle Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules. Organic molecules coating inorganic nanoparticles are known as stabilizers, capping and surface ligands, or passivating agents. In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit with respect to its transport and properties. Particles are further classified according to diameter. The term \"nanoparticle\" is not usually applied to individual molecules; it usually refers to inorganic materials. Ultrafine particles are the same as nanoparticles and between 1 and 100 nm in size, as opposed to fine particles are sized between 100 and 2,500 nm, and coarse particles cover a range between 2,500 and 10,000 nm. The reason for the synonymous definition of nanoparticles and ultrafine particles is that, during the 1970s and 80s, when the first thorough fundamental studies with \"nanoparticles\" were underway in the USA (by Granqvist and Buhrman) and Japan, (within an ERATO Project) they were called \"ultrafine particles\" (UFP). However, during the 1990s before the National Nanotechnology Initiative was launched in the USA, the new name, \"nanoparticle,\" had become more common (for example, see the same senior author's paper 20 years later addressing the same issue, lognormal distribution of sizes). Nanoparticles can exhibit size-related properties significantly different from those of either fine particles or bulk materials. Nanoclusters have at least one dimension between 1 and 10 nanometers and a narrow size distribution. Nanopowders are agglomerates of ultrafine particles, nanoparticles, or nanoclusters. Nanometer-sized single crystals, or single-domain ultrafine particles, are often referred to as nanocrystals. According to ISO Technical Specification 80004, a nanoparticle is defined as a nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, whose longest and shortest axes do not differ significantly, with a significant difference typically being a factor of at least 3. The terms colloid and nanoparticle are not interchangeable. A colloid is a mixture which has solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium. The term applies only if the particles are larger than atomic dimensions but small enough to exhibit Brownian motion, with the critical size range (or particle diameter) typically ranging from nanometers (10 m) to micrometers (10 m). Colloids can contain particles too large to be nanoparticles, and nanoparticles can exist in non-colloidal form, for examples as a powder or in a solid matrix. Although nanoparticles are associated with modern science, they have a long history. Nanoparticles were used by artisans as far back as Rome in the fourth century in the famous Lycurgus cup made of dichroic glass as well as the ninth century in Mesopotamia for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots. In modern times, pottery from the Middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter. This luster is caused by a metallic film that was applied to the transparent surface of a glazing. The luster can still be visible if the film has resisted atmospheric oxidation and other weathering. The luster originates within the film itself, which contains silver and copper nanoparticles dispersed homogeneously in the glassy matrix of the ceramic glaze. These nanoparticles are created by the artisans by adding copper and silver salts and oxides together with vinegar, ochre, and clay on the surface of previously-glazed pottery. The object is then placed into a kiln and heated to about 600 °C in a reducing atmosphere. In heat the glaze softens, causing the copper and silver ions to migrate into the outer layers of the glaze. There the reducing atmosphere reduced the ions back to metals, which then came together forming the nanoparticles that give the color and optical effects. Luster technique showed that ancient craftsmen had a sophisticated empirical knowledge of materials. The technique originated in the Muslim world. As Muslims were not allowed to use gold in artistic representations, they sought a way to create a similar effect without using real gold. The solution they found was using luster. Michael Faraday provided the first description, in scientific terms, of the optical properties of nanometer-scale metals in his classic 1857 paper. In a subsequent paper, the author (Turner) points out that: \"It is well known that when thin leaves of gold or silver are mounted upon glass and heated to a temperature that is well below a red heat (~500 °C), a remarkable change of properties takes place, whereby the continuity of the metallic film is destroyed. The result is that white light is now freely transmitted, reflection is correspondingly diminished, while the electrical resistivity is enormously increased.\" Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are, in effect, a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale size-dependent properties are often observed. Thus, the properties of materials change as their size approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of the surface in relation to the percentage of the volume of a material becomes significant. For bulk materials larger than one micrometer (or micron), the percentage of the surface is insignificant in relation to the volume in the bulk of the material. \"The interesting and sometimes unexpected properties of nanoparticles are therefore largely due to the large surface area of the material, which dominates the contributions made by the small bulk of the material\". Nanoparticles often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. For example, gold nanoparticles appear deep-red to black in solution. Nanoparticles of yellow gold and grey silicon are red in color. Gold nanoparticles melt at much lower temperatures (~300 °C for 2.5 nm size) than the gold slabs (1064 °C);. Absorption of solar radiation is much higher in materials composed of nanoparticles than it is in thin films of continuous sheets of material. In both solar PV and solar thermal applications, controlling the size, shape, and material of the particles, it is possible to control solar absorption. Recently, the core (metal)-shell (dielectric) nanoparticle has demonstrated a zero backward scattering with enhanced forward scattering on Si substrate when surface plasmon is located in front of a solar cell. The core-shell nanoparticles can support simultaneously both electric and magnetic resonances, demonstrating entirely new properties when compared with bare metallic nanoparticles if the resonances are properly engineered. Other size-dependent property changes include quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials. What would appear ironic is that the changes in physical properties are not always desirable. Ferromagnetic materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their magnetisation direction using room temperature thermal energy, thus making them unsuitable for memory storage. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible since the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome density differences, which otherwise usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. The high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles provides a tremendous driving force for diffusion, especially at elevated temperatures. Sintering can take place at lower temperatures, over shorter time scales than for larger particles. In theory, this does",
"in magnetic materials. What would appear ironic is that the changes in physical properties are not always desirable. Ferromagnetic materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their magnetisation direction using room temperature thermal energy, thus making them unsuitable for memory storage. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible since the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome density differences, which otherwise usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. The high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles provides a tremendous driving force for diffusion, especially at elevated temperatures. Sintering can take place at lower temperatures, over shorter time scales than for larger particles. In theory, this does not affect the density of the final product, though flow difficulties and the tendency of nanoparticles to agglomerate complicates matters. Moreover, nanoparticles have been found to impart some extra properties to various day to day products. For example, the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles imparts what we call the self-cleaning effect, and, the size being nano-range, the particles cannot be observed. Zinc oxide particles have been found to have superior UV blocking properties compared to its bulk substitute. This is one of the reasons why it is often used in the preparation of sunscreen lotions, is completely photostable and toxic. Clay nanoparticles when incorporated into polymer matrices increase reinforcement, leading to stronger plastics, verifiable by a higher glass transition temperature and other mechanical property tests. These nanoparticles are hard, and impart their properties to the polymer (plastic). Nanoparticles have also been attached to textile fibers in order to create smart and functional clothing. Metal, dielectric, and semiconductor nanoparticles have been formed, as well as hybrid structures (e.g., core–shell nanoparticles). Nanoparticles made of semiconducting material may also be labeled quantum dots if they are small enough (typically sub 10 nm) that quantization of electronic energy levels occurs. Such nanoscale particles are used in biomedical applications as drug carriers or imaging agents with work being done to try to understand the fluid dynamic properties (e.g. drag forces) in nanoscale applications. This has shown the relationship between the fluid forces on nanoparticles and the fluid Reynolds and Knudsen numbers. Semi-solid and soft nanoparticles have been manufactured. A prototype nanoparticle of semi-solid nature is the liposome. Various types of liposome nanoparticles are currently used clinically as delivery systems for anticancer drugs and vaccines. Nanoparticles with one half hydrophilic and the other half hydrophobic are termed Janus particles and are particularly effective for stabilizing emulsions. They can self-assemble at water/oil interfaces and act as solid surfactants. Hydrogel nanoparticles made of N-isopropylacrylamide hydrogel core shell can be dyed with affinity baits, internally. These affinity baits allow the nanoparticles to isolate and remove undesirable proteins while enhancing the target analytes. The chemical processing and synthesis of high-performance technological components for the private, industrial, and military sectors requires the use of high-purity ceramics (oxide ceramics, such as aluminium oxide or copper(II) oxide), polymers, glass-ceramics, and composite materials, as metal carbides (SiC), nitrides (Aluminum nitrides, Silicon nitride), metals (Al, Cu), non-metals (graphite, carbon nanotubes) and layered (Al + Aluminium carbonate, Cu + C). In condensed bodies formed from fine powders, the irregular particle sizes and shapes in a typical powder often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact. Uncontrolled agglomeration of powders due to attractive van der Waals forces can also give rise to microstructural heterogeneity. Differential stresses that develop as a result of non-uniform drying shrinkage are directly related to the rate at which the solvent can be removed, and thus highly dependent upon the distribution of porosity. Such stresses have been associated with a plastic-to-brittle transition in consolidated bodies, and can yield to crack propagation in the unfired body if not relieved. In addition, any fluctuations in packing density in the compact as it is prepared for the kiln are often amplified during the sintering process, yielding inhomogeneous densification. Some pores and other structural defects associated with density variations have been shown to play a detrimental role in the sintering process by growing and thus limiting end-point densities. Differential stresses arising from inhomogeneous densification have also been shown to result in the propagation of internal cracks, thus becoming the strength-controlling flaws. Inert gas evaporation and inert gas deposition are free many of these defects due to the distillation (cf. purification) nature of the process and having enough time to form single crystal particles, however even their non-aggreated deposits have lognormal size distribution, which is typical with nanoparticles. The reason why modern gas evaporation techniques can produce a relatively narrow size distribution is that aggregation can be avoided. However, even in this case, random residence times in the growth zone, due to the combination of drift and diffusion, result in a size distribution appearing lognormal. It would, therefore, appear desirable to process a material in such a way that it is physically uniform with regard to the distribution of components and porosity, rather than using particle size distributions that will maximize the green density. The containment of a uniformly dispersed assembly of strongly interacting particles in suspension requires total control over interparticle forces. Monodisperse nanoparticles and colloids provide this potential. Monodisperse powders of colloidal silica, for example, may therefore be stabilized sufficiently to ensure a high degree of order in the colloidal crystal or polycrystalline colloidal solid that results from aggregation. The degree of order appears to be limited by the time and space allowed for longer-range correlations to be established. Such defective polycrystalline colloidal structures would appear to be the basic elements of submicrometer colloidal materials science and, therefore, provide the first step in developing a more rigorous understanding of the mechanisms involved in microstructural evolution in high performance materials and components. There are several methods for creating nanoparticles, including gas condensation, attrition, chemical precipitation, ion implantation, pyrolysis and hydrothermal synthesis. In attrition, macro- or micro-scale particles are ground in a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, or other size-reducing mechanism. The resulting particles are air classified to recover nanoparticles. In pyrolysis, a vaporous precursor (liquid or gas) is forced through an orifice at high pressure and burned. The resulting solid (a version of soot) is air classified to recover oxide particles from by-product gases. Traditional pyrolysis often results in aggregates and agglomerates rather than single primary particles. Ultrasonic nozzle spray pyrolysis (USP) on the other hand aids in preventing agglomerates from forming. A thermal plasma can deliver the energy to vaporize small micrometer-size particles. The thermal plasma temperatures are in the order of 10,000 K, so that solid powder easily evaporates. Nanoparticles are formed upon cooling while exiting the plasma region. The main types of the thermal plasma torches used to produce nanoparticles are dc plasma jet, dc arc plasma, and radio frequency (RF) induction plasmas. In the arc plasma reactors, the energy necessary for evaporation and reaction is provided by an electric",
"soot) is air classified to recover oxide particles from by-product gases. Traditional pyrolysis often results in aggregates and agglomerates rather than single primary particles. Ultrasonic nozzle spray pyrolysis (USP) on the other hand aids in preventing agglomerates from forming. A thermal plasma can deliver the energy to vaporize small micrometer-size particles. The thermal plasma temperatures are in the order of 10,000 K, so that solid powder easily evaporates. Nanoparticles are formed upon cooling while exiting the plasma region. The main types of the thermal plasma torches used to produce nanoparticles are dc plasma jet, dc arc plasma, and radio frequency (RF) induction plasmas. In the arc plasma reactors, the energy necessary for evaporation and reaction is provided by an electric arc formed between the anode and the cathode. For example, silica sand can be vaporized with an arc plasma at atmospheric pressure, or thin aluminum wires can be vaporized by exploding wire method. The resulting mixture of plasma gas and silica vapour can be rapidly cooled by quenching with oxygen, thus ensuring the quality of the fumed silica produced. In RF induction plasma torches, energy coupling to the plasma is accomplished through the electromagnetic field generated by the induction coil. The plasma gas does not come in contact with electrodes, thus eliminating possible sources of contamination and allowing the operation of such plasma torches with a wide range of gases including inert, reducing, oxidizing, and other corrosive atmospheres. The working frequency is typically between 200 kHz and 40 MHz. Laboratory units run at power levels in the order of 30–50 kW, whereas the large-scale industrial units have been tested at power levels up to 1 MW. As the residence time of the injected feed droplets in the plasma is very short, it is important that the droplet sizes are small enough in order to obtain complete evaporation. The RF plasma method has been used to synthesize different nanoparticle materials, for example synthesis of various ceramic nanoparticles such as oxides, carbours/carbides, and nitrides of Ti and Si (see Induction plasma technology). Inert-gas condensation is frequently used to make nanoparticles from metals with low melting points. The metal is vaporized in a vacuum chamber and then supercooled with an inert gas stream. The supercooled metal vapor condenses into nanometer-size particles, which can be entrained in the inert gas stream and deposited on a substrate or studied in situ. Nanoparticles can also be formed using radiation chemistry. Radiolysis from gamma rays can create strongly active free radicals in solution. This relatively simple technique uses a minimum number of chemicals. These including water, a soluble metallic salt, a radical scavenger (often a secondary alcohol), and a surfactant (organic capping agent). High gamma doses on the order of 10 Gray are required. In this process, reducing radicals will drop metallic ions down to the zero-valence state. A scavenger chemical will preferentially interact with oxidizing radicals to prevent the re-oxidation of the metal. Once in the zero-valence state, metal atoms begin to coalesce into particles. A chemical surfactant surrounds the particle during formation and regulates its growth. In sufficient concentrations, the surfactant molecules stay attached to the particle. This prevents it from dissociating or forming clusters with other particles. Formation of nanoparticles using the radiolysis method allows for tailoring of particle size and shape by adjusting precursor concentrations and gamma dose. The sol–gel process is a wet-chemical technique (also known as chemical solution deposition) widely used recently in the fields of materials science and ceramic engineering. Such methods are used primarily for the fabrication of materials (typically a metal oxide) starting from a chemical solution (\"sol\", short for solution), which acts as the precursor for an integrated network (or \"gel\") of either discrete particles or network polymers. Typical precursors are metal alkoxides and metal chlorides, which undergo hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions to form either a network \"elastic solid\" or a colloidal suspension (or dispersion) – a system composed of discrete (often amorphous) submicrometer particles dispersed to various degrees in a host fluid. Formation of a metal oxide involves connecting the metal centers with oxo (M-O-M) or hydroxo (M-OH-M) bridges, therefore generating metal-oxo or metal-hydroxo polymers in solution. Thus, the sol evolves toward the formation of a gel-like diphasic system containing both a liquid phase and solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks. In the case of the colloid, the volume fraction of particles (or particle density) may be so low that a significant amount of fluid may need to be removed initially for the gel-like properties to be recognized. This can be accomplished in a number of ways. The most simple method is to allow time for sedimentation to occur, and then pour off the remaining liquid. Centrifugation can also be used to accelerate the process of phase separation. Removal of the remaining liquid (solvent) phase requires a drying process, which typically causes shrinkage and densification. The rate at which the solvent can be removed is ultimately determined by the distribution of porosity in the gel. The ultimate microstructure of the final component will clearly be strongly influenced by changes implemented during this phase of processing. Afterward, a thermal treatment, or firing process, is often necessary in order to favor further polycondensation and enhance mechanical properties and structural stability via final sintering, densification, and grain growth. One of the distinct advantages of using this methodology as opposed to the more traditional processing techniques is that densification is often achieved at a much lower temperature. The precursor sol can be either deposited on a substrate to form a film (e.g., by dip-coating or spin-coating), cast into a suitable container with the desired shape (e.g., to obtain a monolithic ceramics, glasses, fibers, membranes, aerogels), or used to synthesize powders (e.g., microspheres, nanospheres). The sol–gel approach is a cheap and low-temperature technique that allows for the fine control of the product’s chemical composition. Even small quantities of dopants, such as organic dyes and rare earth metals, can be introduced in the sol and end up uniformly dispersed in the final product. It can be used in ceramics processing and manufacturing as an investment casting material, or as a means of producing very thin films of metal oxides for various purposes. Sol–gel derived materials have diverse applications in optics, electronics, energy, space, (bio)sensors, medicine (e.g., controlled drug release) and separation (e.g., chromatography) technology. Ion implantation may be used to treat the surfaces of dielectric materials such as sapphire and silica to make composites with near-surface dispersions of metal or oxide nanoparticles. See ion implantation#Ion implantation-induced nanoparticle formation Scientists have taken to naming their particles after the real-world shapes that they might represent. Nanospheres, nanochains, nanoreefs, nanoboxes and more have appeared in the literature. These morphologies sometimes arise spontaneously as an effect of a templating or directing agent present in the synthesis such as miscellar emulsions or anodized alumina pores, or from the innate crystallographic growth patterns of the materials themselves. Some of these morphologies may serve a purpose, such as long carbon nanotubes used to bridge an electrical junction, or just a scientific curiosity like the stars shown at right. Amorphous particles usually adopt a spherical shape (due to their microstructural isotropy), whereas the shape of anisotropic",
"implantation-induced nanoparticle formation Scientists have taken to naming their particles after the real-world shapes that they might represent. Nanospheres, nanochains, nanoreefs, nanoboxes and more have appeared in the literature. These morphologies sometimes arise spontaneously as an effect of a templating or directing agent present in the synthesis such as miscellar emulsions or anodized alumina pores, or from the innate crystallographic growth patterns of the materials themselves. Some of these morphologies may serve a purpose, such as long carbon nanotubes used to bridge an electrical junction, or just a scientific curiosity like the stars shown at right. Amorphous particles usually adopt a spherical shape (due to their microstructural isotropy), whereas the shape of anisotropic microcrystalline whiskers corresponds to their particular crystal habit. At the small end of the size range, nanoparticles are often referred to as clusters. Spheres, rods, fibers, and cups are just a few of the shapes that have been grown. The study of fine particles is called micromeritics. Nanoparticles have different analytical requirements than conventional chemicals, for which chemical composition and concentration are sufficient metrics. Nanoparticles have other physical properties that must be measured for a complete description, such as size, shape, surface properties, crystallinity, and dispersion state. Additionally, sampling and laboratory procedures can perturb their dispersion state or bias the distribution of other properties. In environmental contexts, an additional challenge is that many methods cannot detect low concentrations of nanoparticles that may still have an adverse effect. For some applications, nanoparticles may be characterized in complex matrices such as water, soil, food, polymers, inks, complex mixtures of organic liquids such as in cosmetics, or blood. There are several overall categories of methods used to characterize nanoparticles. Microscopy methods generate images of individual nanoparticles to characterize their shape, size, and location. Electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy are the dominant methods. Because nanoparticles have a size below the diffraction limit of visible light, conventional optical microscopy is not useful. Electron microscopes can be coupled to spectroscopic methods that can perform elemental analysis. Microscopy methods are destructive, and can be prone to undesirable artifacts from sample preparation, or from probe tip geometry in the case of scanning probe microscopy. Additionally, microscopy is based on single-particle measurements, meaning that large numbers of individual particles must be characterized to estimate their bulk properties. Spectroscopy, which measures the particles' interaction with electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength, is useful for some classes of nanoparticles to characterize concentration, size, and shape. X-ray, ultraviolet–visible, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used with nanoparticles. Light scattering methods using laser light, X-rays, or neutron scattering are used to determine particle size, with each method suitable for different size ranges and particle compositions. Some miscellaneous methods are electrophoresis for surface charge, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method for surface area, and X-ray diffraction for crystal structure, as well as mass spectrometry for particle mass, and particle counters for particle number. Chromatography, centrifugation, and filtration techniques can be used to separate nanoparticles by size or other physical properties before or during characterization. Functionalization is the introduction of organic molecules or polymers on the surface of the nanoparticle. The surface coating of nanoparticles determines many of their physical and chemical properties, notably stability, solubility, and targeting. A coating that is multivalent or polymeric confers high stability. Functionalized nanomaterial-based catalysts can be used for catalysis of many known organic reactions. For biological applications, the surface coating should be polar to give high aqueous solubility and prevent nanoparticle aggregation. In serum or on the cell surface, highly charged coatings promote non-specific binding, whereas polyethylene glycol linked to terminal hydroxyl or methoxy groups repel non-specific interactions. Nanoparticles can be linked to biological molecules that can act as address tags, to direct the nanoparticles to specific sites within the body, specific organelles within the cell, or to follow specifically the movement of individual protein or RNA molecules in living cells. Common address tags are monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, streptavidin or peptides. These targeting agents should ideally be covalently linked to the nanoparticle and should be present in a controlled number per nanoparticle. Multivalent nanoparticles, bearing multiple targeting groups, can cluster receptors, which can activate cellular signaling pathways, and give stronger anchoring. Monovalent nanoparticles, bearing a single binding site, avoid clustering and so are preferable for tracking the behavior of individual proteins. Red blood cell coatings can help nanoparticles evade the immune system. Nanoparticles present possible dangers, both medically and environmentally. Whether cosmetics and sunscreens containing nanomaterials pose health risks remains largely unknown at this stage. However considerable research has demonstrated that zinc nanoparticles are not absorbed into the bloodstream in vivo. Concern has also been raised over the health effects of respirable nanoparticles from certain combustion processes. As of 2013 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was investigating the safety of the following nanoparticles: As of 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had conditionally registered, for a period of four years, only two nanomaterial pesticides as ingredients. The EPA differentiates nanoscale ingredients from non-nanoscale forms of the ingredient, but there is little scientific data about potential variation in toxicity. Testing protocols still need to be developed. As the most prevalent morphology of nanomaterials used in consumer products, nanoparticles have potential and actual applications in all industries. Table below summarizes the most common nanoparticles used in various product types available on the global markets. Scientific research on nanoparticles is intense as they have many potential applications in medicine, physics, optics, and electronics. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative offers government funding focused on nanoparticle research. The use of nanoparticles in laser dye-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) laser gain media was demonstrated in 2003 and it has been shown to improve conversion efficiencies and to decrease laser beam divergence. Researchers attribute the reduction in beam divergence to improved dn/dT characteristics of the organic-inorganic dye-doped nanocomposite. The optimum composition reported by these researchers is 30% w/w of SiO (~ 12 nm) in dye-doped PMMA. Nanoparticles are being investigated as potential drug delivery system. Drugs, growth factors or other biomolecules can be conjugated to nano particles to aid targeted delivery. This nanoparticle-assisted delivery allows for spatial and temporal controls of the loaded drugs to achieve the most desirable biological outcome. Nanoparticles are also studied for possible applications as dietary supplements for delivery of biologically active substances, for example mineral elements. Nanoparticle Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Amos Manor Amos Manor (; October 8, 1918 – August 5, 2007), born Arthur Mendelowitz, was Director of the Shin Bet, Israel's internal intelligence and security service, from 1953 until 1963. He was born into a Jewish family in Sighetu Marmației, in Máramaros County, Austria-Hungary (present-day Romania). Following the outbreak of World War II, he was drafted to the Hungarian Army, but in 1944 was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. In 1947, he joined the Mossad LeAliyah Bet, an organization dedicated to smuggling Jews into Palestine in defiance of British immigration restrictions, becoming secretary of its Romanian branch in Budapest. He served under the alias \"Amos\", which he later adopted as his first name. He immigrated to Israel in 1949, and joined the Shin Bet a month afterwards. Amos Manor is credited with building up the Shin Bet as a national institution capable of handling the many threats posed to internal Israeli security during that time. In 1964 Manor began serving on the directorial board of several companies, banks and the stock market. He also worked as a business consultant for various textile firms. He was also a partner in the Atlas hotel management company. Amos Manor spoke fluent Hebrew, Yiddish, English, French, German, Romanian and Hungarian. In the ISA 1949 - appointed department head in the division for non-Arab affairs, and became the first department director for Eastern Europe. 1950 - appointed unit head within the division for non-Arab affairs. 1952 - appointed Deputy ISA Director 1953 - appointed ISA Director 1964 - retired from the ISA. Following his service in the ISA, and until he died, Manor worked for a Swiss investment company active in Israel, as a consultant to various companies, and served as director of a number of companies. He was the chairman of the board of directors of a number of banks and of the stock exchange and was also a partner in the Atlas company for hotel management. Amos Manor Amos Manor (; October 8, 1918 – August 5, 2007), born Arthur Mendelowitz, was Director of the Shin Bet, Israel's internal intelligence and security service, from 1953 until 1963. He was born into a Jewish family in Sighetu Marmației, in Máramaros County, Austria-Hungary (present-day Romania). Following the outbreak of World War II, he was drafted to the Hungarian Army, but in 1944 was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. In 1947, he joined"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Church of Saint Lawrence (Itaparica) The Church of Saint Lawrence (\"Igreja de São Lourenço\") is a 17th-century Roman Catholic church located in Itaparica, Bahia, Brazil. The church is dedicated to Saint Lawrence, the patron saint of the island of Itaparica. It was built early in the Portuguese settlement of Brazil as part of the plantation of Gabriel Soares de Sousa. The Church of Saint Lawrence was listed as a historic structure by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1952. 90% of the collection of religious objects and images were stolen from the church in 2010; they were never recovered. The Church of Saint Lawrence is located at the north of the island of Itaparica. While it was once an isolated plantation church, it is now located within the Historic Center of Itaparica. The church forms part of an architectural set that includes the Parish Church of the Blessed Sacrament (\"Igreja Matriz do Santíssimo Sacramento\") and the Fort of St. Lawrence (\"Forte de São Lourenço\"). It faces west on Rua Luís da Grana, and its south elevation faces Praça da Matriz, a small public square; the Parish Church of the Blessed Sacrament is on the same street facing east. The church is separated from the sobrado do Tenente Bottas, a two-story house of the colonial period, by a small yard. The Church of Saint Lawrence was constructed in the 16th century as part of the plantation of Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1540–1591), a Portuguese explorer and naturalist. He describes a chapel as an integral part of his plantation in his \"Tratado Descritivo do Brasil\" of 1587. Ubaldo Osório, in \"A Ilha de Itaparica\", states that the church was constructed in 1610, a more likely date of construction. Rocha Pita cites a report from Father Luiz Ferreira that a sermon against the Dutch incursion in Brazil was made from the pulpit of the church; this event dates to approximately 1623. The design of the Church of Saint Lawrence was likely influenced by the Church of Santo Amaro do Catú, also on the island of Itaparica, which has a single nave, corridors, and porch. The bell tower dates to the late 17th century; its pyramidal endings of towers only appear in Bahia in the second half of the century, notably in S. Antonio de Cairú and Parish Church of Saint Bartholomew. The side corridors seem original to the structure, but the left corridor was modified, possibly in the 19th century. The church was damaged by the soldiers under General Madeira during the Brazilian fight for independence in 1822. It was abandoned and in ruin by 1941. IPHAN carried out significant restoration works during this period, including reconstruction of the roof, the lining of the main chapel, stabilization of the walls, replacement of cement floors with ceramic tiles and restoration of carpentry and carving. This work was finished in 1944. General restoration work was carried out again in 1977. A large-scale theft of religious objects in 2010 resulted in the loss of 90% of the collections of the Church of Saint Lawrence and Parish Church of the Blessed Sacrament. 34 of the 41 images and religious objects of the Church of Saint Lawrence were stolen on March 19, 2010. Among the most important pieces stolen were the wooden image of São Elesbão (Saint Kaleb of Axum), at in height, being the only that exists in Brazil. Other items stolen include a golden chalice, monstrance, a wooden crucifix; 17th- and 18th-century images of the Infant Jesus, Saint Francis, Our Lady of the Conception, Lord of Bonfim, and Our Lady of the Rosary were also stolen. Mateus Morbeck of IPHAN described it as \"one of the biggest robberies in history.\" The Church of Saint Lawrence consists of a single nave with side aisles and lateral corridors. The walls are of the structure are of brick and mixed masonry; it has a gabled roof with overlapping eaves; a wooden barrel vault is located above the chancel. It demonstrates a transition from the simple rural chapels of the interior of Bahia with \"T\" floor plans to the larger Parish and Brotherhood churches of the 18th century. Like many plantation churches of the Recôncavo region of Bahia, the church had a covered porch. The porch was removed, but existed at least until 1823. A semi-open porch serves as a vestibule on the right side of the church. A three-day festival dedicated to Saint Lawrence is held annually in August. The Church of Saint Lawrence was listed as a historic structure by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1952. Both the structure and its contents were included in the IPHAN directive under inscription number 462. It is an important element of the protected historical center of Itaparica (Conjunto Arquitetônico, Urbanístico e Paisagístico de Itaparica), established in 1980. The Church of Saint Lawrence is open to the public and may be visited. Church of Saint Lawrence (Itaparica) The Church of Saint Lawrence (\"Igreja de São Lourenço\") is a 17th-century Roman Catholic church located in Itaparica, Bahia, Brazil. The church is dedicated to Saint Lawrence, the patron saint of the island of Itaparica. It was built early in the Portuguese settlement of Brazil as part of the plantation of Gabriel Soares de Sousa. The Church of Saint Lawrence was listed as a historic structure by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1952. 90%"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Thomas Chamberlayne (judge) Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, SL (died 27 September 1625) was an English judge who served as Chief Justice of Chester during the reign of James I of England. Chamberlayne, the son of an English settler in Ireland, entered Gray's Inn in 1578 and became a barrister in 1585. As steward to Lord Ellesmere, and from 1591 solicitor to Lord Berkeley, he seems to have been reasonably well off, and was able to contribute to building projects at Gray's Inn and invest in lands in Oxfordshire. In 1608, he became recorder of Banbury, a post he would hold until his death. In 1612, Chamberlayne married Elizabeth Fermor, widow of Sir William Stafford of Blatherwick, and in 1614 was made a serjeant-at-law. His judicial career began in 1615 with an appointment as justice of the Anglesey circuit, and the following year he was made Chief Justice of Chester and knighted. In 1620 he became a Justice of the Court of King's Bench, and was apparently considered, but passed over, for the post of Master of the Rolls in 1621. Friction between his successor as Chief Justice of Chester, Sir James Whitelocke, and the Earl of Northampton, Lord President of Wales, led to his return to that position in 1624. His first wife having died in 1620, in 1622 Chamberlayne married Elizabeth Carey, daughter of Lord Hunsdon and widow of Sir Thomas Berkeley. Chamberlayne died on 27 September 1625. His eldest son, Thomas, was later created a baronet. Thomas Chamberlayne (judge) Sir Thomas Chamberlayne, SL (died 27 September 1625) was an English judge who served as Chief Justice of Chester during the reign of James I of England. Chamberlayne, the son of an English settler in Ireland, entered Gray's Inn in 1578 and became a barrister in 1585. As steward to"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Battle of Romanovka The Battle of Romanovka was fought in June 1919 during the Russian Civil War. Russian Bolsheviks of Yakov Tryapitsyn launched a surprise attack on an American army camp at Romanovka, near Vladivostok. As a result of the engagement, the attacks were repelled. Romanovka and the Suchan Valley Campaign that followed were the final major engagements of the Russian Civil War involving the United States. Battles would later break out again between the Americans and Bolsheviks, as well as the Cossacks, on much smaller scales. Likewise, the Americans were invariably victorious. Lieutenant Lawrence Butler was in command of the American garrison at Romanovka. His seventy-two men of Company A, 31st Infantry, were encamped at the base of a hill within the town limits. On the night of June 24, 1919, Lieutenant Butler placed a sentry at the top of the hill to watch for any approaching enemies. However, at 4:00 am on the following morning, the sun was coming up so the sentry relieved himself to prepare for reveille. Moments later the partisans attacked and because the sentry had abandoned his post, the Russians achieved a surprise attack by gaining control of the hill and firing on the camp below. Most of the American garrison was still asleep when bullets came ripping through their tents. Within the first few minutes nineteen Americans were killed and Lieutenant Butler was wounded, having a portion of his jaw shot away and another bullet wound to one of his legs. With hand signals Butler was able to direct his men to form a firing line. The Bolsheviks, numbering around 400 men, then attempted to surround the American position but the latter retreated, first to a large wood pile and then again to the back of a cabin, all while under heavy fire. After that Butler sent one man to try to find help from other American units in the area. The messenger was shot while doing this but he managed to flag down a passing supply train guarded by a platoon of American troops under Lieutenant James Lorimar. When Lorimar learned of the situation, he dispatched half of his men to aid Lieutenant Butler in the defense of Romanovka. Lorimar's men found the garrison huddled together with Butler unconscious and lying on the ground near some ammunition crates. For several more moments the two sides skirmished but eventually the Bolsheviks retreated. On the same day, men of the 27th Infantry engaged partisan forces at Kraefski and Shmakovka, resulting in the wounding of six more American soldiers and another Bolshevik retreat. Battle of Romanovka The Battle of Romanovka was fought in June 1919 during the Russian Civil War. Russian Bolsheviks of Yakov Tryapitsyn launched a surprise attack on an American army camp at Romanovka, near Vladivostok. As a result of the engagement, the attacks were repelled. Romanovka and the Suchan Valley Campaign that followed were the final major engagements of the Russian Civil War involving the United States. Battles would later break out"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Medical Act 1983 The Medical Act 1983 (c 54) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which governs the regulation and credentials of the medical profession, and defines offences in respect of false claims of fitness to practice medicine. The Act consolidated the Medical Acts 1956 to 1978 and with certain related provisions and amendments gave effect to recommendations of the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission. The Medical Act (21 & 22 Vict c 90), passed in 1858, established the General Council of Medical Education & Registration of the United Kingdom, now known as the GMC. It stated that under the Poor Law system Boards of Guardians could only employ those qualified in medicine and surgery as Poor Law Doctors. Poor Law hospitals were transferred to local government by the 1930 Poor Law Act. These were unified under the National Health Service Act 1946. The 1858 Act also created the position of Registrar of the General Medical Council — an office still in existence today — whose duty is to keep an up-to-date record of those registered with the membership body and to make them publicly available. The Brynmor Jones Working Party on the Constitution of the GMC reported in 1971. Subsequently, the Government announced its intention to introduce a Bill to reconstitute the GMC. At the same time about 8000 doctors, with support from the BMA, refused to pay the annual £5 retention fee. It was submitted in Parliament that the GMC had asked for amendments of the Medical Act 1956 in order to secure a striking off from the register of any doctor who did not pay the levy. A public inquiry into the structure and function of the GMC, headed by Dr Alec Merrison, followed with evidence submitted by a BMA committee in 1973. The Medical Act 1978, which followed the Merrison Report made the GMC more accountable, extended its functions particularly in relation to medical education, and separated the disciplinary processes from those that deal with doctors whose performance is impaired by ill-health. The provisions of the 1978 Act were consolidated into the Medical Act 1983 (as amended by statutory instrument), and set out the modern structure of the Council. The Medical (Professional Performance) Act 1995 (c.51) amended the 1983 Act and made provisions relating to the professional performance of registered medical practitioners and the voluntary removal of names from the register of medical practitioners. The General Medical Council's power, under the enabling Medical Act 1983, to make regulations with respect to the medical register can only come into force when approved by order of the Privy Council. Orders of Council are Orders that do not require personal approval by the Sovereign, but which can be made by The Lords of the Privy Council. These can be statutory or made under the Royal Prerogative. Statutory Orders of Council include approval of regulations made by the General Medical Council and other regulatory bodies. Significant Orders of Council with respect to the Act are: The General Medical Council (Fitness to Practise) Rules Order of Council 2004 and The General Medical Council (Voluntary Erasure and Restoration following Voluntary Erasure) Regulations Order of Council 2004. Medical Act 1983 The Medical Act 1983 (c 54) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which governs the regulation and credentials of the medical profession, and defines offences in respect of false claims of fitness to practice medicine. The Act consolidated the Medical Acts 1956 to 1978 and with certain related provisions and amendments gave effect to recommendations of the Law Commission and the Scottish Law"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Religious vows Religious vows are the public vows made by the members of religious communities pertaining to their conduct, practices, and views. In the Buddhist tradition, in particular within the Mahayana and Vajrayana tradition, many different kinds of religious vows are taken by the lay community as well as by the monastic community, as they progress along the path of their practice. In the monastic tradition of all schools of Buddhism the Vinaya expounds the vows of the fully ordained Nuns and Monks. In the Christian tradition, such public vows are made by the religious – cenobitic and eremitic – of the Catholic Church, Anglican Communion, and Eastern Orthodox Churches, whereby they confirm their public profession of the Evangelical Counsels of poverty, chastity, and obedience or Benedictine equivalent. The vows are regarded as the individual's free response to a call by God to follow Jesus Christ more closely under the action of the Holy Spirit in a particular form of religious living. A person who lives a religious life according to vows they have made is called a \"votary\" or a \"votarist\". The religious vow, being a public vow, is binding in Church law. One of its effects is that the person making it ceases to be free to marry. In the Catholic Church, by joining the consecrated life, one does not become a member of the hierarchy but becomes a member of a state of life which is neither clerical nor lay, the consecrated state. Nevertheless, the members of the religious orders and those hermits who are in Holy Orders are members of the hierarchy. Since the 6th century, monks and nuns following the Rule of Saint Benedict have been making the so-called Benedictine vow at their public profession of obedience (placing oneself under the direction of the abbot/abbess or prior/prioress), stability (committing oneself to a particular monastery), and \"conversion of manners\" (which includes forgoing private ownership and celibate chastity). During the 12th and 13th centuries mendicant orders emerged, such as the Franciscans and Dominicans, whose vocation emphasizing mobility and flexibility required them to drop the concept of \"stability\". They therefore profess \"chastity, poverty and obedience\", like the members of many other orders and religious congregations founded subsequently. The public profession of these so-called Evangelical counsels (or counsels of perfection), confirmed by vow or other sacred bond, are now a requirement according to modern Church Law. The \"clerks regular\" of the 16th century and after, such as the Jesuits and Redemptorists, followed this same general format, though some added a \"fourth vow\", indicating some special apostolate or attitude within the order. Fully professed Jesuits (known as \"the professed of the fourth vow\" within the order), take a vow of particular obedience to the Pope to undertake any mission laid out in their Formula of the Institute. The Missionaries of Charity, founded by St. Teresa of Calcutta centuries later (1940s), are another example of this, in that her sisters take a fourth vow of special service to \"the poorest of the poor\". In the Catholic Church, the vows of members of religious orders and congregations are regulated by canons 654-658 of the Code of Canon Law. These are public vows, meaning vows accepted by a superior in the name of the Church, and they are usually of two durations: temporary, and, after a few years, final vows (permanent or \"perpetual\"). Depending on the order, temporary vows may be renewed a number of times before permission to take final vows is given. There are exceptions: the Jesuits' first vows are perpetual, for instance, and the Sisters of Charity take only temporary but renewable vows. Religious vows are of two varieties: simple vows and solemn vows. The highest level of commitment is exemplified by those who have taken their solemn, perpetual vows. There once were significant technical differences between them in canon law; but these differences were suppressed by the current Code of Canon Law in 1983, although the nominal distinction is maintained. Only a limited number of religious congregations may invite their members to solemn vows; most religious congregations are only authorized to take simple vows. Even in congregations with solemn vows, some members with perpetual vows may have taken them simply rather than solemnly. A perpetual vow can be superseded by the Pope, when he decides that a man under perpetual vows should become a Bishop of the Church. In these cases, the ties to the order the new Bishop had, are dissolved as if the Bishop had never been a member; hence, such a person as, e.g., Pope Francis has had no formal ties to his old order for years. However, if the Bishop was a member in good standing, he will be regarded, informally, as \"one of us\", and he will always be welcome in any of the order's houses. There are other forms of consecrated life in the Catholic Church for men and women. They make a public profession of the evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience, confirmed by a vow or other sacred bond, regulated by canon law but live consecrated lives in the world (i.e. not as members of a religious institute). Such are the secular institutes, the hermits and the consecrated virgins (canon 604) These make a public profession of the evangelical counsels by a vow or other sacred bond. Also similar are the societies of apostolic life. Although the taking of vows was not a part of the earliest monastic foundations (the wearing of a particular monastic habit is the earliest recorded manifestation of those who had left the world), vows did come to be accepted as a normal part of the Tonsure service in the Christian East. Previously, one would simply find a spiritual father and live under his direction. Once one put on the monastic habit, it was understood that one had made a lifetime commitment to God and would remain steadfast in it to the end. Over time, however, the formal Tonsure and taking of vows was adopted to impress upon the monastic the seriousness of the commitment to the ascetic life he or she was adopting. The vows taken by Orthodox monks are: Chastity, poverty, obedience, and stability. The vows are administered by the Abbot or Hieromonk who performs the service. Following a period of instruction and testing as a novice, a monk or nun may be tonsured with the permission of the candidate's spiritual father. There are three degrees of monasticism in the Orthodox Church: The Ryassaphore (one who wears the Ryassa – however, there are no vows at this level – the Stavrophore (one who wears the cross), and the Schema-monk (one who wears the Great Schema; i.e., the full monastic habit). The one administering the tonsure must be an ordained priest, and must be a monk of at least the rank he is tonsuring the candidate into. However a Bishop (who, in the Orthodox Church, must always be a monk) may tonsure a monk or nun into any degree regardless of his own monastic rank. Religious vows Religious vows are the public vows made by the members of religious communities pertaining to their conduct, practices, and views. In the Buddhist tradition, in particular within the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Charles Finch Charles Finch (born 1980) is an American author and literary critic. He has written a series of mystery novels set in Victorian era England. Finch was born in New York City. He graduated from Phillips Academy and Yale University where he majored in English and History. He also holds a master's degree in Renaissance English Literature from Merton College, Oxford. He is the grandson of American artist and writer Anne Truitt. He lives in Chicago. His first published novel, \"A Beautiful Blue Death\", introduced gentleman sleuth Charles Lenox. The book was named one of Library Journal’s Best Books of 2007 and was nominated for the Agatha Award for best new mystery of 2007. \"The September Society\", Finch's second historical mystery featuring the Charles Lenox character, was published in 2008. \"The Fleet Street Murders\" came out in 2009 and was nominated for the Nero Award. \"A Stranger in Mayfair\", the fourth Lenox mystery, was released in 2010. \"A Burial at Sea\", \"A Death in the Small Hours\", \"An Old Betrayal\", \"The Laws of Murder\", \"Home by Nightfall\", and \"The Inheritance\" were released in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. \"The Woman in the Water\", released in 2018, is a prequel presenting the beginning of Lenox’s career in detection. All eleven books are published by St. Martin's Minotaur, a division of St. Martin's Press. Finch's first contemporary novel, \"The Last Enchantments\", was published by St. Martin's Press in early 2014. He has written for \"The New York Times\" and \"Slate\" and regularly writes essays and criticism for \"The New York Times\", \"The New York Times Book Review\", \"The New Yorker\", the \"Guardian\", the \"Chicago Tribune\" and \"USA Today\". He was a 2014 finalist for the National Book Critics Circle's Nona Balakian Citation for Excellence in Reviewing, losing to Alexandra Schwartz of The New Yorker. He won the award in 2017. Charles Finch Charles Finch (born 1980) is an American author and literary critic. He has written a series of mystery novels set in Victorian era England. Finch was born in New York City. He graduated from Phillips Academy and Yale University where he majored in English and History. He also holds a master's degree in Renaissance English Literature from Merton College, Oxford. He is the grandson of American artist and writer Anne Truitt. He lives in Chicago. His first published novel, \"A Beautiful Blue Death\", introduced gentleman sleuth"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Jon and the Nightriders Jon and The Nightriders were an American surf music band known for Instrumental rock: Surf music's \"2nd Wave\" began in 1979 with the release of the first Jon & the Nightriders record. The band was formed in 1979 by John Blair. Original members of the band included Dusty Watson, and Greg Eckler (who is credited with starting Psalm 150 (band) in 1974). Punk rock band Jughead's Revenge included \"Rumble at Waikiki\" by Jon and the Nightriders in their setlists. Their songs have reappeared on Surf II \"Fuel Injected\" - Jon & the Nightriders; \"Surf Jam\" - Jon & the Nightriders. Jon and the Nightriders Jon and The Nightriders were an American surf music band known for Instrumental rock: Surf music's \"2nd Wave\" began in 1979 with the release of the first Jon & the Nightriders record. The band was formed in 1979 by John Blair. Original members of the band included Dusty Watson, and Greg Eckler (who is credited with starting Psalm 150 (band) in 1974). Punk rock band Jughead's Revenge included \"Rumble at Waikiki\" by Jon and the Nightriders in their setlists. Their songs have reappeared on Surf II \"Fuel Injected\" - Jon & the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"It's Alright with Me It's Alright with Me is recording artist Patti LaBelle's third album, released on Epic Records in 1979. This album was released in quick succession following the release of the singer's sophomore solo album, \"Tasty\", released in March 1979. The album was produced by hitmaker Skip Scarborough. The album became successful upon release due to the popularity of the songs \"Come What May\" and \"Music is My Way of Life\", the latter finding chart success on the dance chart. \"Come What May\" became a popular song during LaBelle's live showcases shortly after its release. All tracks composed by Skip Scarborough; except where indicated It's Alright with Me It's Alright with Me is recording artist Patti LaBelle's third album, released on Epic Records in 1979. This album was released in quick succession following the release of the singer's sophomore solo album, \"Tasty\", released in March 1979. The album was produced by hitmaker Skip Scarborough. The album became successful upon release due to the popularity of the songs \"Come What May\" and \"Music is My Way of Life\", the latter finding chart success on the dance chart. \"Come What May\" became a popular song during LaBelle's live showcases shortly"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Bülent İplikçioğlu Bülent İplikçioğlu (born 1952 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey), is Turkish historian, epigrapher and professor of ancient history at the Marmara University in Istanbul. İplikçioğlu studied History, Ancient History, Classics and Archaeology at the universities of Ankara and Vienna in the years 1970–1982. In Vienna, he received his PhD with a thesis on “Die Repräsentanten des senatorischen Reichsdienstes in Asia bis Diokletian im Spiegel der ephesischen Inschriften” in 1982. Until 1984, he was a university assistant to the Chair of Ancient History at the University of Ankara, from 1984 to 1986 an assistant professor in the Department of Ancient History at the Marmara University in Istanbul, where he became an associate professor in 1986 and professor of Ancient History in 1992. İplikçioğlu is mainly interested in the history and epigraphy of ancient Asia Minor. From 1976 to 1991, he participated as an epigrapher in the excavations of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Ephesus, and conducts his own epigraphic projects in the southwest of Turkey (Lycia and Pamphylia) on behalf of the Austrian Academy of Sciences since 1989. He is a member of the German and Austrian Archaeological Institutes. Since 1984, İplikçioğlu is the head of the Department of Ancient History at the Marmara University, and holds lectures and seminars on Greco-Roman Antiquity, History of Asia Minor in the Hellenistic-Roman Period, Greek Epigraphy of Asia Minor and Methodology of Ancient History as well as cares of master's and doctoral theses. Bülent İplikçioğlu Bülent İplikçioğlu (born 1952 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey), is Turkish historian, epigrapher and professor of ancient history at the Marmara University in Istanbul. İplikçioğlu studied History, Ancient History, Classics and Archaeology at the universities of Ankara and Vienna in the years 1970–1982. In Vienna, he received his PhD with a thesis on “Die Repräsentanten des senatorischen Reichsdienstes in Asia bis Diokletian im"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Jonathan Haslam Jonathan Haslam (born January 15, 1951) is George F. Kennan Professor in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and Professor of the History of International Relations at the University of Cambridge with a special interest in the former Soviet Union. He has written many books about Soviet foreign policy and ideology. Jonathan Haslam studied at the London School of Economics (B.Sc.Econ 1972), Trinity College, Cambridge (M.Litt. 1978), and was awarded his Ph.D. at the University of Birmingham in 1984. He has lectured at many institutions including: the University of Birmingham 1975–84; Johns Hopkins University, 1984–86; University of California, Berkeley, 1987–88; King’s College, Cambridge, 1988–92; Yale University 1996; Harvard University, 2001; Stanford University, 1986–87, 1994, 2005; and the University of Cambridge 1991–2015. Haslam joined the faculty of the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study on July 1, 2015. Most of Haslam's works deal with the history of the Soviet Union. During his tenure at the University of Cambridge he wrote: Jonathan Haslam Jonathan Haslam (born January 15, 1951) is George F. Kennan Professor in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Chiquito (restaurant) Chiquito is a restaurant chain based in the United Kingdom specialising in Tex-Mex foods. The company was established in 1989, and has 68 restaurants across the country. It dubs itself as 'The Original Mexican Grill & Bar', and has been described as the United Kingdom's best known Mexican chain. Chiquito restaurants are part of the Restaurant Group. The restaurants, which tend to feature a large bar and lounge style restaurant have rustic interior décor, based on traditional Mexican architecture and culture, where old Mexican posters and photos adorn the walls, alongside piñatas plates, castanets, fans, and sombreros. Spanish and Mexican music plays throughout the restaurant. Nick Frost, actor and writer, worked at the Staples Corner (London) branch where he first met Simon Pegg. In November 2015, the chain was one of seven restaurants surveyed that failed to meet a basic level of sustainability in its seafood. Chiquito (restaurant) Chiquito is a restaurant chain based in the United Kingdom specialising in Tex-Mex foods. The company was established in 1989, and has 68 restaurants across the country. It dubs itself as 'The Original Mexican Grill & Bar', and has been described as the United Kingdom's best known Mexican chain. Chiquito"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Live at Brixton '87 Live at Brixton '87 is the fifth live album by the band Motörhead, recorded on 23 December 1987, at the Brixton Academy in London, but wasn't released until 12 April 1994. It was released by Roadrunner Records under licence, but without the permission of the band, and as such has a controversial entry into the band's catalogue. Lemmy didn't collaborate with the album until 2005 on its Sanctuary reissue. The band originally meant to use this concert for what became 1988's \"Nö Sleep at All\" live album, but because this material 'went missing' for some years, they couldn't, and the Finnish concert of some 6 months later at the Giants of Rock Festival was used instead. This concert was available as a bootleg for many years, before finally seeing a licensed release under the Dutch label Roadrunner in 1994, but the sound quality is still very poor for a 'produced' live album. It was not mastered very well from the original tapes, and the reissued Sanctuary release of 2005 does not appear to have had a remaster either. The concert itself is more of a testament to 1986s \"Orgasmatron\" and 1987s \"Rock 'n' Roll\" albums, as most of these songs never got played again live after this tour ended in 1988, until 2004 for one or two. Originally released in 1994 as Live at Brixton but renamed Live at Brixton '87 in 2005 when reissued by Sanctuary. Some of the tracks are staples but the majority are tracks not played by the band since this tour. \"Dr Rock\", from the previous studio album \"Orgasmatron\", and \"Just 'Cos You Got The Power\" from the \"Eat The Rich\" single, wouldn't be heard from again until the 2004 DVD, \"Stage Fright\". \"Stay Clean\", \"Metropolis\" and \"Ace of Spades\" have only been missing on two official live albums, \"Live in Toronto\" in 1982 with Eddie Clarke and the widely bootlegged \"Live in Manchester\" in 1983 with Brian Robertson on guitar, released officially in 2005 as a bonus disk on \"Another Perfect Day\" remaster, so their inclusion is not surprising. \"Deaf Forever\" and \"Built For Speed\" from \"Orgasmatron\"; \"Eat The Rich\", \"Stone Deaf In The USA\", \"Traitor\" and \"Dogs\" from \"Rock n Roll\"; all only saw live performances during the 1986-88 tour/s as by the nineties had been dropped completely from the live set, even for random gigs. This is the only official live recording of the song \"Rock n Roll\" to be released by the band. Notably missing from this set are \"No Class\", \"Orgasmatron\", \"Motörhead\", \"Killed by Death\" and \"Overkill\", all of which were played at the concert but missing from this release and its predecessor, though there is a Japanese bootleg with the complete concert in circulation. Lemmy eventually collaborated with Sanctuary to 'officially' release the album. AllMusics Eduardo Rivadavia has stated: Live at Brixton '87 Live at Brixton '87 is the fifth live album by the band Motörhead, recorded on 23 December 1987, at the Brixton Academy"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"National basketball games of Germany All national games here count since 1973. 72 - 43 24.06.1957 in Sofia (Eurobasket) 106 - 72 27.12.1974 in Bremerhaven 64 - 63 27.07.1992 in Badalona 51 - 53 21.05.1955 in Essen 104 - 68 15.07.2008 in Athen 84 - 57 07.05.1969 in Neuss 88 - 70 06.07.1986 in Malaga 90 - 63 24.11.2001 in Nikosia 56 - 67 10.05.1951 in Paris 88 - 54 27.08.2005 in Braunschweig 88 - 67 23.06.1992 in Murcia 95 - 49 14.08.1975 in Algier 100 - 50 16.05.1975 in Hagen 78 - 77 27.08.2006 in Saitama 83 - 69 10.01.1976 in Kopenhagen 81 - 63 23.08.2006 in Hiroshima 93 - 74 29.08.1972 in München National basketball games of Germany All national games here count since 1973. 72 - 43 24.06.1957 in Sofia (Eurobasket) 106 - 72 27.12.1974 in Bremerhaven 64 - 63 27.07.1992 in Badalona 51 - 53 21.05.1955 in Essen 104 - 68 15.07.2008 in Athen 84 - 57 07.05.1969 in Neuss 88 - 70 06.07.1986 in Malaga 90 - 63 24.11.2001 in Nikosia 56 - 67 10.05.1951 in Paris 88 - 54 27.08.2005 in Braunschweig 88 - 67 23.06.1992 in Murcia 95 - 49 14.08.1975 in Algier"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Loddington, Northamptonshire Loddington is a village and civil parish about west of Kettering, Northamptonshire, England. The 2001 Census recorded a parish population of 477 people including the neighbouring parish of Orton. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 520 people. The Domesday Book of 1086 records the toponym as \"Lodintone\", meaning the enclosure, estate or homestead of Luda's people. Later spellings include \"Ludinton\" in 1199 and \"Lodinton\" in 1220. The manor of Loddington was held in turn by the De Baud, Kynnesman, Syers, and Allicock families before being acquired by Lord Overstone. Loddington Hall is the manor house. It was built in about 1290–1300 for Robert de Baud, then in charge of Royal works at Geddington, who had been High Sheriff of Northamptonshire 1280–88. It was remodelled for the Syers family about 1615 and passed in 1660 to the Kynnesman family. A large north wing was added in 1893. It is a Grade II* listed building. In the 1900s the house was used as a school and a training centre. It has since been converted into flats. The oldest parts of the Church of England parish church of St Leonard are 13th-century and include the west tower, south aisle and chapel. The present chancel was built about 1300. The church has alterations and additions from the 14th century and 1578, including a clerestory for the nave. The building was restored in 1859 under the direction of the Gothic Revival architect Ewan Christian. It is a Grade II* listed building. The west tower has a broach spire. The tower belfry has three bells, all cast in 1803 by Robert Taylor of Loughborough, Leicestershire. Loddington has a pub, The Hare. Loddington, Northamptonshire Loddington is a village and civil parish about west of Kettering, Northamptonshire, England. The 2001 Census recorded a parish"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"1912 Progressive National Convention Angered at the renomination of President William Howard Taft over their candidate at the 1912 Republican National Convention, supporters of former president Theodore Roosevelt convened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party acclaimed Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson of California as his running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a \"bull moose\". Henceforth known as the \" Bull Moose Party\", the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people. The party was funded by publisher Frank Munsey and its executive secretary George Walbridge Perkins, an employee of banker J. P. Morgan and International Harvester. Perkins blocked an anti-trust plank, shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. The delegates to the convention sang the hymn \"Onward, Christian Soldiers\" as their anthem. In a famous acceptance speech, Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to \"battle for the Lord.\" The August convention opened with great enthusiasm. Over 2,000 delegates attended, including many women. In 1912, neither the Republican candidate, President Taft, nor the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, had endorsed women's suffrage on the national level and the famed suffragette and social worker Jane Addams gave a seconding speech for Roosevelt's nomination. Although Roosevelt insisted on excluding African-American Republicans from the South (whom he regarded as a corrupt and ineffective element), he did include black delegates from all other parts of the country, and he further alienated white southern supporters on the eve of the election by publicly dining with black people at a Rhode Island hotel. Roosevelt said at the end of his speech \" We stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord.” The main work of the convention was the platform, which set forth the new party's appeal to the voters. It was drafted in part by Charles McCarthy, and included a broad range of social and political reforms advocated by progressives. The platform's main theme was reversing the domination of politics by business interests, which allegedly controlled the Republicans' and Democrats' parties alike. The platform asserted that the first task of the statesmanship of the day was to destroy the invisible Government, and to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics. To that end, the platform called for In the social sphere the platform called for The political reforms proposed included The platform also urged states to adopt measures for \"direct democracy\", including Besides these measures, the platform called for reductions in the tariff, limitations on naval armaments by international agreement and improvements to inland waterways. The biggest controversy at the convention was over the platform section dealing with trusts and monopolies such as Standard Oil. The convention approved a strong \"trust-busting\" plank, but Roosevelt had it replaced with language that spoke only of \"strong National regulation\" and \"permanent active [Federal] supervision\" of major corporations. This retreat shocked reformers like Pinchot, who blamed it on Perkins (a director of U.S. Steel). The result was a deep split in the new party that was never resolved. In general, the platform expressed Roosevelt's \"New Nationalism\": a strong government to regulate industry, protect the middle and working classes, and carry on great national projects. This New Nationalism was paternalistic in direct contrast to Wilson's individualistic philosophy of \"New Freedom\". Roosevelt also favored a vigorous foreign policy, including strong military power. Though the platform called for limiting naval armaments, it also recommended the construction of two new battleships per year, much to the distress of outright pacifists such as Jane Addams. 1912 Progressive National Convention Angered at the renomination of President William Howard Taft over their candidate at the 1912 Republican National Convention, supporters of former president Theodore Roosevelt convened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party acclaimed Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson of California as his running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a \"bull moose\". Henceforth known as"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Greek National Road 5 Greek National Road 5 (, abbreviated as EO5) is a single carriageway road in western Greece. It connects Antirrio, at the north end of the Rio-Antirrio bridge, with Ioannina in northwestern Greece, passing through Agrinio and Arta. The southern part, between Amfilochia and Antirrio, is part of the European route E55. The northern part, between Ioannina and Amfilochia, forms the European route E951. It passes on the east side of the Ambracian Gulf. In the future much of the traffic that used this road will be diverted to the new A5 (Ionia Odos) motorway, which has already taken over parts of the road. The GR-5 passes through the following towns and cities, ordered from south to north: Greek National Road 5 Greek National Road 5 (, abbreviated as EO5) is a single carriageway road in western Greece. It connects Antirrio, at the north end of the Rio-Antirrio bridge, with Ioannina in northwestern Greece, passing through Agrinio and Arta. The southern part, between Amfilochia and Antirrio, is part of the European route E55. The northern part, between Ioannina and Amfilochia, forms the European route E951. It passes on the east side of the Ambracian Gulf. In the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Moira Cameron Moira Cameron is a Yeoman Warder of the Tower of London, England. She is the first woman to ever hold the position. In 2007, after a 22-year career in the British Army, Cameron became one of the 35 resident Warders in the Tower of London, commonly known as the Beefeaters. Originally prison guards, the Yeoman Warder's position dates back to 1485. It is now a largely ceremonial role, with responsibility for conducting guided tours and generally looking after public visitors to the Tower, as well as conducting certain other duties both inside and outside the Tower. Cameron joined the Women's Royal Army Corps (WRAC) in June 1985 at the age of 20. She was trained as a Data Telegraphist with the Royal Corps of Signals before transferring to the Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC) in 1988 to train as a Military Accountant, and in 2000 Cameron was awarded her Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. In 1992, WRAC and RAPC were replaced by the Adjutant General's Corps, and Cameron worked her way through the ranks in its Staff and Personnel Support Branch, completing 22 years service in the army in June 2007. Having seen service in England, Northern Ireland and Cyprus, Cameron ended her Army career at the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2, holding the post of Superintendent Clerk in 145 (Home Counties) Brigade in Aldershot. Cameron officially became the first ever female Yeoman Warder in July 2007 but didn't get to wear her uniform until 3 September 2007. Cameron is one of 37 Yeoman Warders based in the Tower of London, a position which dates back to 1485. Styled as Yeoman Warder Cameron, her full and proper title is Yeoman Warder of Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London, and Members of the Sovereign's Body Guard of the Yeoman Guard in the Extraordinary. Camerons' duties are mostly connected to the Tower, but can involve some outside ceremonies. Within the Tower, Cameron's role is to take care of public visitors to the Tower and perform guided tours, guard the Crown Jewels, perform the Ceremony of the Keys and look after the Ravens of the Tower. Outside the Tower, Warders duties are to attend the Coronation of the Sovereign, lying-in-state, the Lord Mayor's Show, and other state and charity functions. As a Yeoman Warder, Cameron has two tailored to fit uniforms, the Scarlet ceremonial dress, and the 'undress' blue uniform for day-to-day duties. On 25 November 2009, two Yeoman Warders were dismissed after being found guilty of gross misconduct for bullying Cameron due to her gender. Three Warders had been suspended, and one was subsequently re-instated following the month-long investigation, with his role 'unproven'. One of the three also received a police caution for defacing Cameron's Wikipedia biography. The post of Yeoman Warder had never specifically been barred to women, although due to the rules governing women in the British Army, it was only in the modern era that women were able to have a career able to meet the entry requirements. To apply for the job, applicants had to be aged between 40 and 55, have completed at least 22 years' service in either the Army, Royal Air Force or Royal Marines reaching the rank of Warrant Officer or Senior Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO), and have been awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. It was announced on 3 January 2007 that an unnamed female would be replacing a retiring Yeoman Warder in September 2007, with WO2 Cameron, still in the Army at the time, publicly named as this replacement eight days later. Cameron had long been interested in the job of Yeoman Warder, and applied to an advert placed in Soldier Magazine in Summer 2006. Cameron was not the first woman to apply for the job of Yeoman Warder, but she was the first to pass the interview process, beating five male candidates for the vacancy. Born in 1964, Cameron grew up in Furnace, Argyll on the west coast of Scotland, and joined the Army at the suggestion of her mother, who thought she 'needed to see the world'. As part of her job as a Yeoman Warder, she lives in the Tower of London in a subsidised apartment. In February 2011, Cameron was made a patron of The Kit Wilson Trust for Animal Welfare, an animal welfare charity based in East Sussex. Moira Cameron Moira Cameron is a Yeoman Warder of the Tower of London, England. She is the first woman to ever hold the position. In 2007, after a 22-year career in the British Army, Cameron became one of the 35 resident Warders in the Tower of London, commonly known as the Beefeaters. Originally prison guards, the Yeoman Warder's position dates back to 1485. It is now a largely ceremonial role,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Joe Robert Pemagbi Joe Robert Pemagbi (born 22 November 1945 in Bo) is a Sierra Leonean diplomat. He has been the Sierra Leonean Ambassador to the United Nations since March 2003. He is also a graduate of Njala University college where he also was a long time staff member: Language department head from 1986 to 1995, Dean from 1988 to 1992, and associate professor from 1991 to 1995). He was also chairperson of the National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights from 1999 to March 2003. He is a member of the Mende ethnic group. During his time as the chairman of the NCDHR, he effortlessly continued lecturing at his Alma Mata. He is still one of Sierra Leone's most renowned linguists. He hols an MPhil in Linguistics from Leeds University Joe Robert Pemagbi Joe Robert Pemagbi (born 22 November 1945 in Bo) is a Sierra Leonean diplomat. He has been the Sierra Leonean Ambassador to the United Nations since March 2003. He is also a graduate of Njala University college where he also was a long time staff member: Language department head from 1986 to 1995, Dean from 1988 to 1992, and associate professor from 1991 to 1995). He"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Robinsons Magnolia Robinsons Magnolia is a shopping mall owned and operated by Robinsons Malls, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines. It is the 32nd mall opened by Robinsons and the 3rd mall in Quezon City, Metro Manila. It has a gross floor area of . Robinsons Magnolia is part of the four-tower Magnolia Residences where the iconic Magnolia Ice Cream production plant once stood. The Magnolia Dairy Products Plant was established in 1970 when Magnolia transferred production from its original 1925-era factory in Quiapo, Manila. Designed by Leandro Locsin, The plant produced ice cream, milk, butter, margarine and processed cheese. The property where the plant stood was owned by San Miguel Corporation, who owned the Magnolia brand. The facility also housed the main branch of its Magnolia ice cream parlor. The ice cream parlor was retained and relocated within the mall. In 1981, SMC spun off its butter, margarine and processed cheese assets into a joint-venture with New Zealand Dairy Board, forming Philippine Dairy Products Corporation (now, Magnolia, Inc.). The Aurora Boulevard plant remained as its production facility until 2000 when it transferred to a new facility in General Trias, Cavite. When SMC spun off its ice cream and milk business into a joint-venture with Nestlé in 1996, forming Magnolia-Nestlé Corporation, the Aurora Boulevard property remained under the ownership of SMC and served as the venture's main production facility and site of its ice cream parlor. After SMC withdrew from the venture in 1998, Nestlé Philippines continued with the business under the Nestlé brand name (the ice cream parlor became known as Nestlé Creamery). Nestlé’s production was gradually transferred to a new site and in 1999, Nestlé closed down operations in the Aurora Boulevard facility. In 2008, SMC sold the property to Robinsons Land Corporation (RLC), a subsidiary of JG Summit Holdings, Inc. News reports cited that the property was sold reportedly in the amount of P1.6 billion. The property was developed by RLC into a mall (Robinsons Magnolia) and residential condominiums (The Magnolia Residences). One of the mall’s first establishments was a Magnolia-franchised ice cream parlor named Magnolia Flavor House, which operated from 2012 to 2017, as a fitting homage to the property’s roots. An expansion of the mall is currently on-going that will be located close to the Towers C & D of The Magnolia Residences. Starbucks, Magnolia ice cream, and half of the plaza are now closed to give way for the expansion works. Starbucks was relocated to the 3rd floor. The expansion will be completed on 2018 or 2019. The new expansion will have a refreshed open-air plaza with al fresco dining, more shops and restaurants, four new cinemas including a VIP theater, a family amusement center and a chapel in the 5th floor. There will be also five levels of BPO and Office space located atop the expansion wing. The expansion will be connected to the main mall. Robinsons Magnolia Robinsons Magnolia is a shopping mall owned and operated by Robinsons Malls, the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Welwitschiaceae Welwitschiaceae is a family of plants of the order Gnetales with one living species, \"Welwitschia mirabilis\", found in southwestern Africa. Three fossil species have been recovered from the Crato Formation – late Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) strata located in the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil. German naturalist Friedrich Markgraf coined the name Welwitschiaceae in 1926, which appeared in \"Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien\". Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales. This order is most closely related to the order Pinales, which includes pines, spruces, larches and firs. Genetic analyses indicate that the Gnetales arose from within the conifer group, and any morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales have evolved separately. The ancestors of the extant gymnosperm orders—Gnetales, Coniferales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales—arose during the Late Paleozoic, and became the dominant component of the Late Permian and Mesozoic flora. The family contains a single genus and single extant species, \"Welwitschia mirabilis\", which lives in the Kaokoveld Desert of Angola and Namibia in southwestern Africa. Fossil evidence indicates that members of the Welwitschiaceae were present in South America during the Early Cretaceous (Mesozoic era). \"Priscowelwitschia austroamericana\" (initially named \"Welwitschiella\" but illegitimate due to the daisy genus \"Welwitschiella\") is a fossil taxon referring to some seedlings with cotyledon leaves. These have many features in common with \"Welwitschia\" seedlings. \"Welwitschiophyllum brasiliense\" is a taxon known from thick triangular to linear leaves that range from 8.9 to 70 cm long and 2.8–5 cm wide. \"Welwitschiostrobus murili\" is a fossil taxon known from some cones that resemble the living \"Welwitschia\", but are longer and thinner. Jacobson and Lester suggest that these early habitats were more mesic than the current desert conditions, and that the present fragmented and isolated population distribution could be attributed to aridification during the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary, which restricted the plants to locales providing sufficient water for their needs. Welwitschiaceae Welwitschiaceae is a family of plants of the order Gnetales with one living species, \"Welwitschia mirabilis\", found in southwestern Africa. Three fossil species have been recovered from the Crato Formation – late Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) strata located in the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil. German naturalist Friedrich Markgraf coined the name Welwitschiaceae in 1926, which appeared in \"Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien\". Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales. This order is most closely related to the order Pinales, which includes pines, spruces, larches and firs. Genetic analyses indicate"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Doliskana Doliskana (, ) is a Georgian medieval Orthodox monastery in the Medieval Georgian kingdom of Klarjeti (modern-day Artvin Province of Turkey). It is now used as a mosque. Its construction was finished in the mid 10th century, during the rule of Sumbat I of Iberia. It is located high above the right bank of the Imerkhevi River. On the exterior walls of the church are several short inscriptions in Georgian written in the Georgian \"Asomtavruli\" script. One mentions the prince and titular king Sumbat I of Iberia. The inscriptions have been dated to the first half of the 10th century. Doliskana Doliskana (, ) is a Georgian medieval Orthodox monastery in the Medieval Georgian kingdom of Klarjeti (modern-day Artvin Province of Turkey). It is now used as a mosque. Its construction was finished in the mid 10th century, during the rule of Sumbat I of Iberia. It is located high above the right bank of the Imerkhevi River. On the exterior walls of the church are several short inscriptions in Georgian written in the Georgian \"Asomtavruli\" script. One mentions the prince and titular king Sumbat I of Iberia. The inscriptions have been dated to the first half of the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Computervision Computervision, Inc. (CV) was an early pioneer in Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Computervision was founded in 1969 by Marty Allen and Philippe Villers, and headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts, United States. Its early products were built on a Data General Nova platform. Starting around 1975, Computervision built its own \"CGP\" (Computervision Graphics Processor) Nova-compatible 16-bit computers with added instructions optimized for graphics applications and using its own operating system known as Computervision Graphic Operating System (CGOS). In the 1980s, Computervision rewrote their code to operate on Unix-based platforms. Computervision was acquired by Parametric Technology Corporation in 1998 for $434 million. Computervision's first product, CADDS-1, was aimed at the printed circuit board layout and 2-D drafting markets. CADDS stood for Computervison Automated Design and Drafting System. The CADDS-1 system featured a combination digitizer and plotter mounted on a large drafting table. Integrated circuit layout was added with the CADDS-2 product, which had a dedicated operating system and a 16-bit graphic database. When this proved insufficient resolution for VLSI (very large scale integration), the company developed CADDS-2/VLSI in the late 1970s. CADDS-2/VLSI included a new operating system, a 32-bit database, and user expandability through a dedicated programming language called ICPL (integrated circuit programming language), which was a dialect of BASIC, based on an interpreter licensed from Fairchild Semiconductor. The original CADDS-2 ran on Data General Nova 1200 computers. CADDS-2/VLSI ran on Computervision's own hardware/software which was a modified Data General Nova with a modified version of DG's RDOS operating system. CADDS3 was introduced in the late 1970s on the CGP80 and CGP100 using Tektronix storage tube vector devices as display terminals and graphics tablets with menus for operator input. CADDS3 was written in Fortran and based on software developed by Patrick Hanratty and acquired from S Corporation around 1973. In 1975, Computervision introduced an improved database that allowed additional entities and data types to be introduced easily. Other improvements, including a B-spline package and improved refresh performance led to adoption by many large customers, including Boeing, which purchased dozens of systems for the 757/767 aircraft program. Improved 3-D design was added in the early 1980s with the CADDS4 product on the CGP200. This version of CADDS moved display technology from storage tube base displays to raster graphics and introduced the dedicated graphics co-processor board known as the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). With CADDS4 Tailored packages were available for CAD drafting, CAM (computer-aided manufacturing), 3-D modeling, piping and plant design, printed circuit board layout, instrument panel design, and many other applications. During this period, they also contributed to the development of the IGES standard for CAD/CAM data exchange, along with Applicon and other competitors. The major breakthrough in 3-D Design was with the CADDS4X on the CGP200X running CGOS200X. This version of the operating system and hardware improved memory management (not true virtual memory) and increased program size. In 1984 a cluster of CGP200X with a proprietary 32-bit processor Analytic Processing Unit (APU) was offered as the Computervision Distributed System (CDS) 4000. The APU was sometimes called \"All Paws Up\". CADDS production continued into the twenty-first century. As of 2013, CADDS (now at version CADDS5) was offered as a CAD/CAM system specialized for shipbuilding. In 1983 Computervision purchased Cambridge Interactive Systems (CIS), founded by British computer scientist Dr. Dick Newell and Tom Sancha. Computervision was interested in obtaining some of the state-of-the-art technology of the MEDUSA CAD system the Cambridge company had developed. CIS had a partnership with Prime Computer which maintained its option on the MEDUSA source code. At the time, MEDUSA was available on the then newly released 32-bit so-called super mini computers, whose most prominent distributors were Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) (with their VAX hardware) and Prime Computer. In 1984 there was a fork in MEDUSA as Prime took its option to keep developing MEDUSA. This in effect created two different versions of MEDUSA: CIS MEDUSA (owned by Computervision, which ran on Prime, Sun and VAX workstations) and Prime MEDUSA (which only ran on Prime computers). The two versions had a slightly different file format and the development language was developed in slightly different directions. The split in MEDUSA development was merged when Prime Computers acquired Computervision, with the promise to CV customers that VAX and Sun users would not be forced to switch to Prime workstations. Prime was divided into the two main divisions: Prime Hardware, which was responsible for the proprietary computer hardware, and Prime Computervision, which was responsible for the CAD/CAM business with MEDUSA and CADDS. With falling hardware sales Prime eventually stopped production of PRIMOS computers and transferred its maintenance obligations to another company, thus being able to concentrate on the CAD/CAM software business. The company was renamed from Prime Computervision to Computervision (CV). In 1985, CV introduced an IBM 4361-based mainframe known as the CDS5000 to support Product Data Manager (PDM). This system never ran any graphics software but instead was used to manage the large number of product files and data that users were generating. The CDS5000 was networked with CDS4000 and CGP200X systems using serial links. Computervision was crucial to Sun Microsystems development as a company. CV was Sun's first large customer for Unix-based workstations. The CDS3000 series of workstations were actually Sun-2 systems with additional graphics hardware from CV. Ultimately in 1987, CV migrated from the CGP systems to Sun-3-based workstations known as CADDStations with a VME bus version of the GPU. Computervision merged with Prime Computer in 1988 and acquired GE Calma (its major competitor in the microelectronic CAD market) in 1989. Computervision was acquired by Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC) in 1998, which (as of 2013) still produces the CADDS5 product, although only as a CAD/CAM product specialized for shipbuilding. In 2001, PTC sold the MEDUSA and MPDS Plant Design System software rights to CAD Schroer, which has developed a Fourth Generation of each system. One of the first major customers in the UK for ComputerVision were the construction company John Laing PLC. \"In 1975 John Laing purchased a ComputerVision CADDS3 computer aided design and drafting system to carry out investigations into the use of CAD in the construction engineering and building environment\" - Mervyn Richards, Laing Technology Group (Thomas Telford Press, Institute of Civil Engineers, Conference - ) Laing Design Partners, a division of John Laing, had for some time been sponsoring work at Imperial University on the use of CAD in construction in the early 1970s and this led to Laing choosing the ComputerVision platform. At this time, Laing became the first CAD user in the UK Civil Engineering and Construction industry and were instrumental in developing and promoting the use of Computers in Construction. Mervyn Richards, responsible for this initiative later became one of the industries leading experts in Computer Aided Design, Modeling and construction IT (see the BS1192 specification). His work with CADDS3, ComputerVision and Elstree Computing Limited lead to the development and distribution of many software tools for ComputerVision platforms, promoting their use and popularising the platform for many years - right up to CADDS5. The Queen Alia Airport, by example, was a classic project to which these systems were used (by John Laing PLC).",
"and this led to Laing choosing the ComputerVision platform. At this time, Laing became the first CAD user in the UK Civil Engineering and Construction industry and were instrumental in developing and promoting the use of Computers in Construction. Mervyn Richards, responsible for this initiative later became one of the industries leading experts in Computer Aided Design, Modeling and construction IT (see the BS1192 specification). His work with CADDS3, ComputerVision and Elstree Computing Limited lead to the development and distribution of many software tools for ComputerVision platforms, promoting their use and popularising the platform for many years - right up to CADDS5. The Queen Alia Airport, by example, was a classic project to which these systems were used (by John Laing PLC). The first higher educational user of Computervision equipment was State University of New York College of Technology at Alfred, New York which acquired a CADDS3 system in 1979 with the help of a NSF grant and generous donation of equipment by Computervision employees Virgil Ross, Drew Davis and Bob Gothie. Alfred State graduated their first AAS Computer Graphics Engineering Technology (TAC/ABET) Graduates in 1983 with Martin Allen as the featured graduation speaker. The first graduating class of 18 students had over 75 job offers, launching a 20-year history of unparalleled placement success. One of the numerous \"firsts\" that was spun off the Alfred State program was a joint project with the New York State Department of Transportation, Region 6, to design highways and bridges and associated structures in 3-D CADDs which resulted in New York State being one of the first to use CADDS for highway design. In 1981 the United States Navy awarded an “indefinite quantity, indefinite delivery contract valued at $63,000,000 for Designer V hardware, CADDS4 software, services, and training. Primarily used by the Navy Laboratories, in the 1985 time frame, CADDS was adopted by the Navy shipyards to support waterfront activities, and the Naval Sea Systems Command to support contract ship design. As of 2013, CADDS (by then CADDS5) continued in production as a CAD/CAM product specialized for shipbuilding. Computervision Computervision, Inc. (CV) was an early pioneer in Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Computervision was founded in 1969 by Marty Allen and Philippe Villers, and headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts, United States. Its early products were built on a Data General Nova platform. Starting around 1975, Computervision built its own \"CGP\" (Computervision Graphics Processor) Nova-compatible 16-bit computers with added instructions optimized for graphics applications and using its own operating system known as Computervision Graphic Operating System (CGOS). In the 1980s, Computervision rewrote their code to operate"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Boise, Portland, Oregon Boise is a neighborhood in the North and Northeast sections of Portland, Oregon. It is approximately bounded by Interstate 5 on the west, N Skidmore St. on the north, NE Rodney Ave. on the east, and N Kerby St. and NE Fremont St. on the south. The southern portion of N Mississippi Ave. forms the commercial core of the area. The neighborhood was named in honor of Reuben P. Boise, a Portland School Board member during the 1850s. In the mid-20th century, Boise residents included a high percentage of African Americans, relative to other Portland neighborhoods. This changed rapidly in the 2000s. The 2000 Census recorded 48% of the population identifying as Black or African American, either alone or mixed with another race. By the time of the 2010 Census, this number had fallen to 26.6%, largely supplanted by Whites. This demographic change has accompanied rapid development and gentrification in the neighborhood. Boise, Portland, Oregon Boise is a neighborhood in the North and Northeast sections of Portland, Oregon. It is approximately bounded by Interstate 5 on the west, N Skidmore St. on the north, NE Rodney Ave. on the east, and N Kerby St. and NE Fremont"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Bostwick family The Bostwicks are descendants of Robert De Brostick, born in 1522 in England. A branch of the New York Bostwick family rose to prominence when Jabez Abel Bostwick made a fortune in business and was a founding partner and first Treasurer of the Standard Oil Company. Jabez Bostwick and his wife Helen had two daughters, Nellie and Evelyn, and a son, Albert Carlton Bostwick (1876–1911). Nellie Bostwick married Francis Lee Morrell, a member of the New York Stock Exchange. Their youngest daughter, Evelyn, first married Capt. Albert Carstairs of the Royal Irish Rifles and made her home in London, England. Their daughter, Joe Carstairs, was well known in the 1920s as a powerboat racer and for her eccentric lifestyle. Albert Carlton Bostwick married Mary Lillian Stokes and had five children: Cornell University is home to the Albert C. Bostwick Laboratory of Molecular Biology: Canine and Feline Parvoviruses at the Baker Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine. Members of the Bostwick family married into the prominent Clark family, once significant owners of Singer Sewing Machine in Cooperstown, New York. Bostwick family The Bostwicks are descendants of Robert De Brostick, born in 1522 in England. A branch of the New York"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Christian Morville Christian Viggo Morville (December 3, 1891 in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen – December 21, 1942 in Gentofte) was a Danish amateur football (soccer) player, who played one game for the Denmark national football team. He played his entire career for Copenhagen club KB. He was a part of the Danish team at the 1912 Summer Olympics, but did not play any games. As an unused reserve player, he did not receive a medal, when Denmark won silver medals in the 1912 Olympic football tournament. Following the tournament, he played his only Danish national team game in October 1912. The player has played in Russia in clubs \"Sport\" (St. Petersburg) 1913,1914 and club \"Neva\" (St. Petersburg) 1915, 1916 years. Christian Morville Christian Viggo Morville (December 3, 1891 in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen – December 21, 1942 in Gentofte) was a Danish amateur football (soccer) player, who played one game for the Denmark national football team. He played his entire career for Copenhagen club KB. He was a part of the Danish team at the 1912 Summer Olympics, but did not play any games. As an unused reserve player, he did not receive a medal, when Denmark won silver medals in the 1912 Olympic"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Denmark national rugby league team The Denmark national rugby league team represents Denmark in the sport of rugby league. They are official observers of members of the Rugby League European Federation. Danish rugby league stats, news, team results and other information can be seen on Denmark's RLEF Page. Denmark participated in rugby league in the late 2008. The national team lost their first match in 2009, 28–26 to Norway in Copenhagen. They first won in 2011 in the Nordic Cup (Between Denmark, Norway and Sweden). In 2014, they beat Sweden and Norway to become the first team to win the Nordic Cup twice . They then became the first team to retain the Nordic Cup in 2015 after beating Sweden and Norway to win their third trophy. The first domestic tie (actually including the Scania region of Sweden) was between København RLFK (precursor to Copenhagen RLFC) and Sweden Barbarians in 2012. 2014 Nordic Cup All of the Danish national team are selected from either Jutland RLFC (Jylland) and Copenhagen RLFC . Since 2013, the Denmark rugby league team have promoted the Cystic Fibrosis Forening, the national cystic fibrosis association of Denmark. Denmark national rugby league team The Denmark national rugby"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Cycas thouarsii Cycas thouarsii, the Madagascar cycad, is an evergreen arborescent plant in the genus \"Cycas\". It is named after a French botanist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1758—1831). The arborescent stem is up to 4 meters tall. The leaves are dark-green, semi-glossy, usually 150—210 centimeters long. Pollen cone is a fusiform varying in color from orange to brown (pale). Yellow-tomentose megasporophylls are 29—32 centimeters long. The seeds are ovoid, 50—60 millimeters in size. Sarcotesta is orange-brown. Habitat countries include: the Comoros Islands, Kenya, Madagascar, Mayotte, Mozambique, the Seychelles and Tanzania. The tree grows 200 meters above sea level in light forests and their borders or near the coastal sites. The plant is quite rare both as an individual and in group communities. The amount of precipitations varies from 1000 to 3000 millimeters a year. As a rule the tree grows on sand or coral formations. There is no considerable threat to this species, though the plant was damaged greatly by collectors, by the growth of the seaside resorts and after agriculture development. Probably the plant can be also found in Saadani National Park of Tanzania. Cycas thouarsii Cycas thouarsii, the Madagascar cycad, is an evergreen arborescent plant in the genus"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Wojsławice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship Wojsławice () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niemcza, within Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 the village was in Germany and known as Eibendorf. After World War II the region was placed under Polish administration by the Potsdam Agreement under territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union. Most Germans fled or were expelled and replaced with Poles expelled from the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. It lies approximately east of Niemcza, east of Dzierżoniów, and south of the regional capital Wrocław. In Wojsławice there is an Arboretum called Wojsławice Arboretum. Wojsławice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship Wojsławice () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niemcza, within Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 the village was in Germany and known as Eibendorf. After World War II the region was placed under Polish administration by the Potsdam Agreement under territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union. Most Germans fled or were expelled and replaced with Poles expelled from the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. It lies approximately east of Niemcza, east of Dzierżoniów, and south of the regional capital"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Jobseekers Act 1995 The Jobseekers Act 1995 (c 18) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, which empowers the government to provide unemployment income insurance, or \"Jobseeker's Allowance\" while people are looking for work. In its current form, jobseeker's allowance is available without any means testing (i.e. inquiry into people's income or assets) for people who have paid into the National Insurance fund in at least the last two years. People can claim this for up to 182 days. After this, one's income and assets are means tested. If people do not have enough in National Insurance Contributions (e.g. because they have just left school or university), the other kind of Jobseeker's allowance, income-based, is being phased out and replaced by universal credit, started by the Welfare Reform Act 2012. This requires means-testing. Part I, sections 1 to 25 concern the Jobseeker’s Allowance. Part II, sections 26 to 29 concern Back to Work Schemes. Part III, sections 30 to 41 are Miscellaneous and Supplemental provisions. Jobseekers Act 1995 The Jobseekers Act 1995 (c 18) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, which empowers the government to provide unemployment income insurance, or \"Jobseeker's Allowance\" while people are"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Derek Carrier Derek Carrier (born July 25, 1990) is an American football tight end for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). Carrier played college football at Beloit College. Carrier attended Edgerton High School in Edgerton, Wisconsin where he started for three years on the baseball and basketball teams and for two years on the football team. The Wisconsin Badgers offered Carrier the opportunity to play college football as a preferred walk-on but Carrier instead chose to attend NCAA Division III Beloit College because Beloit also offered to allow him to play college basketball. After two years, Carrier left the basketball team and began running indoor track, competing in the 55 meters, long jump and triple jump. Carrier was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and was pre-med. Carrier was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent on April 28, 2012. He was signed to a three-year, $1.44 million contract. On August 30, 2012, he was waived by the Raiders. On September 11, 2012, he was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles and added to the practice squad. On August 25, 2013, he was released by the Eagles. On September 3, 2013, he was signed by the San Francisco 49ers and added to the practice squad. On November 16, 2013, he was promoted to the active roster. On March 9, 2015, the San Francisco 49ers signed Carrier to a three-year, $2.98 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $400,000. On August 21, 2015, Carrier was traded to the Washington Redskins for a conditional fifth round pick in the 2017 NFL draft. In Week 5 against Atlanta Falcons, he recorded his first career touchdown on a seven-yard pass from quarterback Kirk Cousins. After tearing his ACL and MCL in Week 14 against the Chicago Bears, the Redskins placed him on injured reserve on December 14. Carrier started the 2016 season on the PUP list to recover from torn ligaments in his knee. He was officially activated to the active roster on November 12, 2016 prior to Week 10. On September 2, 2017, Carrier was traded to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2018 seventh-round draft pick. The Rams traded for him after Temarrick Hemingway suffered a fractured fibula and were in need of a third tight end. He was reunited with his former offensive coordinator in Washington and new Los Angeles Rams' head coach Sean McVay. On September 10, 2017, in the season opener against the Indianapolis Colts, Carrier had one reception for 12 yards in his Rams debut. On March 15, 2018, Carrier signed a three-year contract with the Raiders. Derek Carrier Derek Carrier (born July 25, 1990) is an American football tight end for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). Carrier played college football at Beloit College. Carrier attended Edgerton High School in Edgerton, Wisconsin where he started for three years on the baseball and basketball teams and for two years on the football team. The Wisconsin Badgers offered Carrier"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Diesear Diesear is a melodic death metal band in Taiwan. It was established in 2007. Diesear is a melodic death metal band in Taiwan, established in 2007 by the head and guitarist SUI, the follow-up to join the other band members, Band issued a total of three works (including a single, a Mini album, a full album) and recording the production of documentary DVD (Ashes Of The Dawn limited Edition included), the main creators of the original Band guitarist Sui and vocalist Kurenai. After years eliminating and refining, band currently consists of two guitarists Sui and Chris-J as the arranger are the creation of the backbone, through domestic and sizes performers, Diesear gradually raise awareness at home and abroad, to enhance the visibility gradually and repeatedly invited to participate in the Asian foreign band invited guests touring Band performances in Taiwan, with the latest album \"Ashes of The Dawn\", Diesear has gradually began to receive foreign fans praise and attention, and become the highest representative of Taiwan's melodic death metal band. That the band has some quality is a fact as the quartet supported AMORPHIS in Taiwan in October 2013. Furthermore they were invited to team up with Children Of Bodom on their Asian tour in May 2014 and are on the billing of the Tuska Metal Festival in Finland. After Asia tour, in 2014 ESP guitar had announced Diesear guitarist Sui as one of their international endorser. Also design a signature custom guitar name \"Ashes\" for Sui. 2015 Diesear Album \"Ashes of The Dawn\" released by Metal Scrap Records in worldwide. ESP guitar released ESP E-II Sui Signature Guitar \"Ashes/燼 STD\". Bassist \"Yen\" was announced to join Diesear. DIESEAR initially formed as a combination with a metalcore elements of death metal music style, according to guitarist Chris-J pointed out in record production of documentary DVD (Ashes Of The Dawn Limited Edition included), the band was effected deeply by IN FLAMES, In The Inner Sear album which appeared Guitar Riff and many double bass drum part and melody part with some Japanese bands of color, produce a unique melodic death metal bands , so some foreign fans will still be classified as early Diesear metal . Ashes Of The Dawn album, greatly improve the technical level, the band into a faster, blunt, aggressive pure Swedish melodic death metal style of music, music adds a very high speed the twin guitar Riff,and moving melody line filled in every part of the song, the band began making more and more by extreme metal fans embraced, and a high standard of album ESP guitar(Guitar name : Ashes) - SUI(2014)<br> FGN guitar - Chris-J (2014)<BR> Providence effect pedal- SUI (2013)<BR> Providence effect pedal- Chris-J (2013)<BR> Diesear Diesear is a melodic death metal band in Taiwan. It was established in 2007. Diesear is a melodic death metal band in Taiwan, established in 2007 by the head and guitarist SUI, the follow-up to join the other band members, Band issued a total of three works (including"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"DLX The DLX (pronounced \"Deluxe\") is a RISC processor architecture designed by John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, the principal designers of the Stanford MIPS and the Berkeley RISC designs (respectively), the two benchmark examples of RISC design (named after the Berkeley design). The DLX is essentially a cleaned up (and modernized) simplified MIPS CPU. The DLX has a simple 32-bit load/store architecture, somewhat unlike the modern MIPS CPU. As the DLX was intended primarily for teaching purposes, the DLX design is widely used in university-level computer architecture courses. There are two known implementations: ASPIDA and VAMP. ASPIDA project resulted in a core with many nice features: open source, supports Wishbone, asynchronous design, supports multiple ISA's, ASIC proven. VAMP is a DLX-variant that was mathematically verified as part of Verisoft project. It was specified with PVS, implemented in Verilog, and runs on a Xilinx FPGA. A full stack from compiler to kernel to TCP/IP was built on it. In the original MIPS architecture one of the methods used to gain performance was to force all instructions to complete in one clock cycle. This forced compilers to insert \"no-ops\" in cases where the instruction would definitely take longer than one clock cycle. Thus input and output activities (like memory accesses) specifically forced this behaviour, leading to artificial program bloat. In general MIPS programs were forced to have a lot of wasteful NOP instructions, a behaviour that was an unintended consequence. The DLX architecture does not force single clock cycle execution, and is therefore immune to this problem. In the DLX design a more modern approach to handling long instructions was used: data-forwarding and instruction reordering. In this case the longer instructions are \"stalled\" in their functional units, and then re-inserted into the instruction stream when they can complete. Externally this design behaviour makes it appear as if execution had occurred linearly. DLX instructions can be broken down into three types, \"R-type\", \"I-type\" and \"J-type\". R-type instructions are pure \"register\" instructions, with three register references contained in the 32-bit word. I-type instructions specify two registers, and use 16 bits to hold an \"immediate\" value. Finally J-type instructions are \"jumps\", containing a 26-bit address. Opcodes are 6 bits long, for a total of 64 possible basic instructions. To select one of 32 registers 5 bits are needed. The DLX, like the MIPS design, bases its performance on the use of an instruction pipeline. In the DLX design this is a fairly simple one, \"classic\" RISC in concept. The pipeline contains five stages: DLX The DLX (pronounced \"Deluxe\") is a RISC processor architecture designed by John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, the principal designers of the Stanford MIPS and the Berkeley RISC designs (respectively), the two benchmark examples of RISC design (named after the Berkeley design). The DLX is essentially a cleaned up (and modernized) simplified MIPS CPU. The DLX has a simple 32-bit load/store architecture, somewhat unlike the modern MIPS CPU. As the DLX was intended primarily for teaching purposes, the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Ila Tughat al-Alam It's also a song and a music video produced in the year 2002, during the second Intifada, by the Tunisian vocalist Latifa who sung the poem and dedicated it to Ariel Sharon and George W. Bush. Hark! You tyrannous dictator, <br> You mocked the cries of the weak,<br> You set out tarnishing the enchantment of existence,<br> <br> Slow down! Let not the Spring deceive you,<br> For in the vast horizon lurks the power of darkness,<br> Beware! Under the ashes burns the flame,<br> <br> Think! Whenever you reap<br> wherever you water the heart of the earth with blood<br> the flood will carry you away, the torrent of blood,<br> Imperious despot, insolent in strife, Lover of ruin, enemy of life! You mock the anguish of an impotent land Whose people's blood has stained your tyrant hand, And desecrate the magic of this earth, sowing your thorns, to bring despair to birth, Patience! Let not the Spring delude you now, The morning light, the skies’ unclouded brow; Fear gathers in the broad horizon's murk Where winds are rising, and deep thunders lurk; When the weak weeps, receive him not with scorn— Who soweth thorns, shall not his flesh be torn? Wait! Where you thought to reap the lives of men, The flowers of hope, never to bloom again, Where you have soaked the furrows’ heart with blood, Drenched them with tears, until they overflowed, A gale of flame shall suddenly consume, A bloody torrent sweep you to your doom! ألا أيها الظالم المستبد حبيب الظلام عدو الحياه سخرت بأنات شعب ضعيف و كفك مخضوبة من دماه و سرت تشوه سحر الوجود و تبذر شوك الاسى في رباه رويدك لا يخدعنك الربيع و صحو الفضاء و ضوء الصباح ففي الافق الرحب هول الظلام و قصف الرعود و عصف الرياح حذار فتحت الرماد اللهيب و من يبذر الشوك يجن الجراح تأمل هنالك انى حصدت رؤوس الورى و زهور الأمل و رويت بالدم قلب التراب اشربته الدمع حتى ثمل سيجرفك سيل الدماء و يأكلك العاصف المشتعل Ila Tughat al-Alam It's also a song and a music video produced in the year 2002, during the second Intifada, by the Tunisian vocalist Latifa who sung the poem and dedicated it to Ariel Sharon and George W. Bush. Hark! You tyrannous dictator, <br> You mocked the cries of the weak,<br> You set out tarnishing the enchantment of existence,<br> <br> Slow down! Let not the Spring deceive"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gerald Eades Bentley Gerald Eades Bentley (September 15, 1901 – July 25, 1994) was an American academic and literary scholar, best remembered for his seven-volume work, \"The Jacobean and Caroline Stage,\" published by Oxford University Press between 1941 and 1968. That work, modeled on Edmund Kerchever Chambers' classic four-volume \"The Elizabethan Stage,\" has itself become a standard and essential reference work on English Renaissance theatre. Bentley was born in Brazil, Indiana, the son of a Methodist clergyman. Originally intending to be a creative writer, he changed his career to literary scholarship during his graduate studies. He earned his B.A. at DePauw University (1923), his M.A. in English at the University of Illinois (1926), and his Ph.D. at the University of London (1929), studying under Allardyce Nicoll. Bentley taught at the University of Chicago from 1929 to 1945 before accepting a position as Murray Professor of English at Princeton University in 1945, where he served until his retirement in 1970. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975. In addition to his \"Jacobean and Caroline Stage,\" Bentley wrote a wide range of works on Shakespeare and other figures of the English Renaissance. His essay \"Shakespeare and the Blackfriars Theatre,\" originally published in the inaugural issue of the \"Shakespeare Survey\" in 1948, has been widely reprinted. Bentley edited several works for modern editions, including \"Othello,\" and \"The Alchemist.\" In his obituary, the \"New York Times\" noted that he raised a literary stir in 1956 when he edited and wrote the preface to a hitherto unknown 1577 text called \"The Arte of Angling\" in which he noted several passages that reminded him of Isaac Walton's later \"The Compleat Angler\". The \"Times\" quotes D. E. Rhodes, a British authority on fishing literature, who defended Walton, saying, \"It seems to me unjust to accuse Izaak Walton of plagiarism, because plagiarism did not exist in the 17th century. All authors of that and earlier ages read what they liked and used what they liked of it without acknowledgment.\" Bentley was married first to Esther Felt, a significant colleague in his scholarly work, from 1927 until her death in 1961. In 1965, he married Ellen Voigt Stern, who died in 1990. Bentley's son and namesake from his first marriage, Gerald Eades Bentley Jr., became a noted literary scholar in his own right, specializing in the career and works of William Blake. He spent most of his career at the University of Toronto. Gerald Eades Bentley Gerald Eades Bentley (September 15, 1901 – July 25, 1994) was an American academic and literary scholar, best remembered for his seven-volume work, \"The Jacobean and Caroline Stage,\" published by Oxford University Press between 1941 and 1968. That work, modeled on Edmund Kerchever Chambers' classic four-volume \"The Elizabethan Stage,\" has itself become a standard and essential reference work on English Renaissance theatre. Bentley was born in Brazil, Indiana, the son of a Methodist clergyman. Originally intending to be a creative writer, he changed his career"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"History of rhinoplasty The history of rhinoplasty (, \"rhis\", nose + , to shape), began in antiquity. Surgical rhinoplasty began in ancient Egypt and ancient India. In India, it was developed by the ayurvedic physician Sushruta (c. 800 BC). Non-surgical rhinoplasty was a later development, with the history of non-surgical rhinoplasty occurring mainly in the 21st century. Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a transcription of an Ancient Egyptian medical text, the oldest known surgical treatise, dated to the Old Kingdom from 3000 to 2500 BC. Rhinoplasty techniques were carried out in ancient India by the ayurvedic physician Sushruta (c. 800 BC), who described reconstruction of the nose in the \"Sushruta samhita\" (c. 500 BC), his medico–surgical compendium. The physician Sushruta and his medical students developed and applied plastic surgical techniques for reconstructing noses, genitalia, earlobes, et cetera, that were amputated as religious, criminal, or military punishment. Sushruta also developed the otoplastic technique for reconstructing an earlobe with skin from the cheek, and the forehead flap rhinoplasty procedure that remains contemporary plastic surgical practice. In the \"Sushruta samhita\" compendium, the physician Sushruta describes the (modern) free-graft Indian rhinoplasty as the Nasikasandhana, wherein: The portion of the nose to be covered should be first measured with a leaf. Then, a piece of skin of the required size should be dissected from the living skin of the cheek, and turned back to cover the nose, keeping a small pedicle attached to the cheek. The part of the nose to which the skin is to be attached should be made raw, by cutting the nasal stump with a knife. The physician then should place the skin on the nose and stitch the two parts swiftly, keeping the skin properly elevated, by inserting two tubes of eranda (the castor-oil plant) in the position of the nostrils, so that the new nose has proper shape. The skin thus properly adjusted, it should then be sprinkled with a powder of liquorice, red sandal-wood, and barberry plant. Finally, it should be covered with cotton, and clean sesame oil should be continually applied. When the skin has united and granulated, if the nose is too short or too long, the middle of the flap should be divided, and an endeavour made to enlarge or shorten it. (\"Sushruta samhita\" 1.16) During the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476) the encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus (c. 25 BC – AD 50) published the 8-tome \"De Medicina\" (On Medicine, c. AD 14), which described plastic surgery techniques and procedures for the correction and the reconstruction of the lips, the ears, the nose, et cetera, and for the amputation of diseased and damaged parts of the human body. At the Byzantine Roman court of the Emperor Julian the Apostate (AD 331–363), the royal physician Oribasius (c. AD 320–400) published the 70-volume \"Synagogue Medicae\" (Medical Compilations, AD 4th century), which described facial-defect reconstructions that featured loose sutures that permitted a surgical wound to heal without distorting the facial flesh; how to clean the bone exposed in a wound; debridement, how to remove damaged tissue to forestall infection and so accelerate healing of the wound; and how to use autologous skin flaps to repair damaged cheeks, eyebrows, lips, and nose, to restore the patient’s normal visage. Nonetheless, during the centuries of the European Middle Ages (AD 5th – 15th centuries) that followed the Imperial Roman collapse (AD 476), the 5th-century BC Asian plastic surgery knowledge of the \"Sushruta samhita\" went unknown to the West until the 10th century AD, with the publication, in Old English, of the Anglo-Saxon physician’s manual \"Bald's Leechbook\" (c. AD 920) describing the plastic repair of a cleft lip; as a medical compendium, the \"Leechbook\" is notable for categorizing ailments and treatments as internal medicine and as external medicine, for providing herbal medical remedies, and for providing supernatural incantations (prayers), when required. In the 11th century, at Damascus, the Arab physician Ibn Abi Usaibia (1203–1270) translated the \"Sushruta samhita\" from Sanskrit to Arabic. In due course, Sushruta’s medical compendium travelled from Arabia to Persia to Egypt, and, by the 15th century, Western European medicine had encountered it as the medical atlas \"Cerrahiyet-ul Haniye\" (Imperial Surgery, 15th century), by Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385–1468); among its surgical techniques featured a breast reduction procedure. In Italy, Gasparo Tagliacozzi (1546–1599), professor of surgery and anatomy at the University of Bologna, published \"Curtorum Chirurgia Per Insitionem\" (The Surgery of Defects by Implantations, 1597), a technico–procedural manual for the surgical repair and reconstruction of facial wounds in soldiers. The illustrations featured a re-attachment rhinoplasty using a biceps muscle pedicle flap; the graft attached at 3-weeks post-procedure; which, at 2-weeks post-attachment, the surgeon then shaped into a nose. In time, the 5th-century BC Indian rhinoplasty technique — featuring a free-flap graft — was rediscovered by Western medicine in the 18th century, during the Third Anglo–Mysore War (1789–1792) of colonial annexation, by the British against Tipu Sultan, when the East India Company surgeons Thomas Cruso and James Findlay witnessed Indian rhinoplasty procedures at the British Residency in Poona. In the English-language \"Madras Gazette\", the surgeons published photographs of the rhinoplasty procedure and its nasal reconstruction outcomes; later, in the October 1794 issue of the \"Gentleman's Magazine\" of London, the doctors Cruso and Findlay published an illustrated report describing a forehead pedicle-flap rhinoplasty that was a technical variant of the free-flap graft technique that Sushruta had described some twenty-three centuries earlier: A little Terra Japonica (pale-catechu) is softened with water, and after being spread on slips of cloth, five or six of these are placed over each other to secure the joining. No other dressing, but this cement, is used for four days. It is then removed, and cloths dipped in ghee are applied. The connecting slip of skin is divided at about the twentieth day, when a little more dissection is necessary to improve the appearance of the new nose. For five or six days after the operation, the patient is made to lie on his back, and on the tenth day, bits of soft cloth are put into the nostrils to keep them sufficiently open. This operation is always successful. The artificial nose is secured and looks nearly as well as the natural nose, nor is the scar on the forehead very observable after a length of time. (\"Gentleman’s Magazine\" of London, October 1794) Pre-dating the Indian \"Sushruta samhita\" medical compendium is the \"Ebers Papyrus\" (c. 1550 BC), an Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus that describes rhinoplasty as the plastic surgical operation for reconstructing a nose destroyed by rhinectomy, such a mutilation was inflicted as a criminal, religious, political, and military punishment in that time and culture. In the event, the Indian rhinoplasty technique continued in 19th-century Western European medicine; in Great Britain, Joseph Constantine Carpue (1764–1846) published the \"Account of Two Successful Operations for Restoring a Lost Nose\" (1815), which described two rhinoplasties: the reconstruction of a battle-wounded nose, and the repair of an arsenic-damaged nose. (cf. Carpue’s operation) In Germany, rhinoplastic technique was refined by surgeons such as the Berlin University professor of surgery Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe (1787–1840), who published \"Rhinoplastik\" (Rebuilding the Nose, 1818) wherein he described fifty-five (55) historical plastic surgery procedures (Indian rhinoplasty, Italian rhinoplasty, etc.), and his technically innovative free-graft nasal reconstruction (with a tissue-flap",
"the event, the Indian rhinoplasty technique continued in 19th-century Western European medicine; in Great Britain, Joseph Constantine Carpue (1764–1846) published the \"Account of Two Successful Operations for Restoring a Lost Nose\" (1815), which described two rhinoplasties: the reconstruction of a battle-wounded nose, and the repair of an arsenic-damaged nose. (cf. Carpue’s operation) In Germany, rhinoplastic technique was refined by surgeons such as the Berlin University professor of surgery Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe (1787–1840), who published \"Rhinoplastik\" (Rebuilding the Nose, 1818) wherein he described fifty-five (55) historical plastic surgery procedures (Indian rhinoplasty, Italian rhinoplasty, etc.), and his technically innovative free-graft nasal reconstruction (with a tissue-flap harvested from the patient’s arm), and surgical approaches to eyelid, cleft lip, and cleft palate corrections. Dr. von Gräfe’s protégé, the medical and surgical polymath Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1794–1847), who was among the first surgeons to anaesthetize the patient before performing the nose surgery, published \"Die Operative Chirurgie\" (Operative Surgery, 1845), which became a foundational medical and plastic surgical text. (see strabismus, torticollis) Moreover, the Prussian Jacques Joseph (1865–1934) published \"Nasenplastik und sonstige Gesichtsplastik\" (Rhinoplasty and other Facial Plastic Surgeries, 1928), which described refined surgical techniques for performing nose-reduction rhinoplasty via internal incisions. In the United States, in 1887, the otolaryngologist John Orlando Roe (1848–1915) performed the first, modern endonasal rhinoplasty (closed rhinoplasty), about which he reported in the article \"The Deformity Termed “Pug Nose” and its Correction, by a Simple Operation\" (1887), and about his management of saddle nose deformities. In the early 20th century, Freer, in 1902, and Killian, in 1904, respectively pioneered the submucous resection (SMR) septoplasty procedure for correcting a deviated septum; they raised mucoperichondrial tissue flaps, and resected the cartilaginous and bony septum (including the vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone), maintaining septal support with a 1.0-cm margin at the dorsum and a 1.0-cm margin at the caudad, for which innovations the technique became the foundational, standard septoplastic procedure. In 1921, A. Rethi introduced the open rhinoplasty approach featuring an incision to the columella to facilitate modifying the tip of the nose. In 1929, Peer and Metzenbaum performed the first manipulation of the caudal septum, where it originates and projects from the forehead. In 1947, Maurice H. Cottle (1898–1981) endonasally resolved a septal deviation with a minimalist hemitransfixion incision, which conserved the septum; thus, he advocated for the practical primacy of the closed rhinoplasty approach. In 1957, A. Sercer advocated the “decortication of the nose” (Dekortication des Nase) technique which featured a columellar-incision open rhinoplasty that allowed greater access to the nasal cavity and to the nasal septum. Nonetheless, in the mid–20th century, despite such refinement of the open rhinoplasty approach, endonasal rhinoplasty was the usual approach to nose surgery — until the 1970s, when Padovan presented his technical refinements, advocating the open rhinoplasty approach; he was seconded by Wilfred S. Goodman in the later 1970s, and by Jack P. Gunter in the 1990s. Goodman impelled technical and procedural progress with the article \"External Approach to Rhinoplasty\" (1973), which reported his technical refinements and popularized the open rhinoplasty approach. In 1982, Jack Anderson reported his refinements of nose surgery technique in the article \"Open Rhinoplasty: An Assessment\" (1982). During the 1970s, the principal application of open rhinoplasty was to the first-time rhinoplasty patient (i.e. a primary rhinoplasty), not as a revision surgery (i.e. a secondary rhinoplasty) to correct a failed nose surgery. In 1987, in the article \"External Approach for Secondary Rhinoplasty\" (1987), Jack P. Gunter reported the technical effectiveness of the open rhinoplasty approach for performing a secondary rhinoplasty; his improved techniques advanced the management of a failed nose surgery. Hence does contemporary rhinoplastic praxis derive from the primeval (c. 600 BC) Indian rhinoplasty (nasal reconstruction via an autologous forehead-skin flap) and its technical variants: Carpue’s operation, the Italian rhinoplasty (pedicle-flap reconstruction, aka the Tagliocotian rhinoplasty); and the closed-approach endonasal rhinoplasty, featuring exclusively internal incisions that allow the plastic surgeon to palpate (feel) the corrections being effected to the nose. History of rhinoplasty The history of rhinoplasty (, \"rhis\", nose + , to shape), began in"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Norbert Untersteiner Norbert Untersteiner (February 24, 1926 – March 14, 2012) was one of the pioneers of modern polar science research, a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington, and an AAAS Fellow. Born in Merano, Italy, he led the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) in the early 1970s. In 1979, he formed the Arctic Buoy Program as a contribution to the Global Atmospheric Research Program. He then formed the Polar Science Center (PSC) at the University of Washington and directed it from 1981 until 1988. Untersteiner died of prostate cancer in March 2012, in Seattle, Washington. Norbert Untersteiner Norbert Untersteiner (February 24, 1926 – March 14, 2012) was one of the pioneers of modern polar science research, a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington, and an AAAS Fellow. Born in Merano, Italy, he led the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) in the early 1970s. In 1979, he formed the Arctic Buoy Program as a contribution to the Global Atmospheric Research Program. He then formed the Polar Science Center (PSC) at the University of Washington and directed it from 1981 until 1988. Untersteiner died of prostate cancer in March 2012, in Seattle, Washington."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Yakuts Yakuts (, Uraankhay \"Sakha\") are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in North East Asia. The Yakut language belongs to the Siberian branch of the Turkic languages. Yakuts mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Districts. The Yakuts engage in animal husbandry focusing on horses and cattle. The ancestors of Yakuts were Kurykans who migrated from Yenisey river to Lake Baikal and were subject to a certain Mongolian admixture prior to migration in the 7th century. The Yakuts originally lived around Olkhon and the region of Lake Baikal. Beginning in the 13th century they migrated to the basins of the Middle Lena, the Aldan and Vilyuy rivers under the pressure of the rising Mongols. The northern Yakuts were largely hunters, fishermen and reindeer herders, while the southern Yakuts raised cattle and horses. In the 1620s the Tsardom of Muscovy began to move into their territory and annexed or settled down on it, imposed a fur tax and managed to suppress several Yakut rebellions between 1634 and 1642. The tsarist brutality in collection of the pelt tax (\"yasak\") sparked a rebellion and aggression among the Yakuts and also Tungusic-speaking tribes along the River Lena in 1642. The voivode Peter Golovin, leader of the tsarist forces, responded with a reign of terror: native settlements were torched and hundreds of people were killed. The Yakut population alone is estimated to have fallen by 70 percent between 1642 and 1682 because of the Muscovite expeditions. In the 18th century the Russians reduced the pressure, gave Yakut chiefs some privileges, granted freedom for all habitats, gave them all their lands, sent Eastern Orthodox missions, and educated the Yakut people regarding agriculture. The discovery of gold and, later, the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway, brought ever-increasing numbers of Russians into the region. By the 1820s almost all the Yakuts claimed to have converted to the Russian Orthodox church, but they actually retained (and still retain) a number of shamanist practices. Yakut literature began to rise in the late 19th century, and a national revival occurred in the early 20th century. In 1922, the new Soviet government named the area the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The last conflict of the Russian Civil War, known as the Yakut Revolt, occurred here when Cornet Mikhail Korobeinikov, a White Russian officer, led an uprising and a last stand against the Red Army. In the late 1920s through the late 1930s, Yakut people were systematically persecuted, when Joseph Stalin launched his collectivization campaign. It's possible that hunger and malnutrition during this period resulted in a decline in the Yakut total population from 240,500 in 1926 to 236,700 in 1959. By 1972, the population began to recover. The majority of Yakut males belong to Haplogroup N3a (89%). Currently, Yakuts form a large plurality of the total population within the vast Sakha Republic. According to the 2010 Russian census, there were a total of 466,492 Yakuts residing in the Sakha Republic during that year, or 49.9% of the total population of the Republic. According to the 2010 census, some 87% of the Yakuts in the Sakha Republic are fluent in the Yakut (or Sakha) language, while 90% are fluent in Russian. The Sakha/Yakut language belongs to the Northern branch of the Siberian group of Turkic languages. It is most closely related to the Dolgan language. Slightly less closely related languages include Tuvan and Shor. The cuisine of Sakha prominently features the traditional drink kumis, dairy products of mare and reindeer milk, sliced frozen salted fish stroganina (\"строганина\"), loaf meat dishes (\"oyogos\"), venison, frozen fish, thick pancakes, and \"salamat\" — a millet porridge with butter and horse fat. \"Kuerchekh\" [Куэрчэх] or \"kierchekh\", a popular dessert, is made of mare milk or sour cream with various berries. \"Indigirka\" is a traditional fish salad. This cuisine is only used in Yakutia. Yakuts Yakuts (, Uraankhay \"Sakha\") are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in North East Asia. The Yakut language belongs to the Siberian branch of the Turkic languages. Yakuts mainly live in the Republic of Sakha"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Head of David Head of David is a British heavy metal band that features vocalist Stephen R. Burroughs and ex-Napalm Death member Justin Broadrick (later of Godflesh and Jesu). The band's sound paved way to various music genres, including industrial metal, grindcore and noise rock. The original 1986 line-up reunited in 2009, and were due to play the Supersonic Festival in Birmingham, England in 2010. In an interview with \"Rock-A-Rolla\" magazine in 2009, Stephen R. Burroughs stated that \"The back catalogue should be reissued this year [2009]. As for recording new stuff, it's now become apparent that we would all like to record something.\" Head of David Head of David is a British heavy metal band that features vocalist Stephen R. Burroughs and ex-Napalm Death member Justin Broadrick (later of Godflesh and Jesu). The band's sound paved way to various music genres, including industrial metal, grindcore and noise rock. The original 1986 line-up reunited in 2009, and were due to play the Supersonic Festival in Birmingham, England in 2010. In an interview with \"Rock-A-Rolla\" magazine in 2009, Stephen R. Burroughs stated that \"The back catalogue should be reissued this year [2009]. As for recording new stuff, it's now become apparent"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Pleurotus pulmonarius Pleurotus pulmonarius, commonly known as the Indian Oyster, Italian Oyster, Phoenix Mushroom, or the Lung Oyster, is a mushroom very similar to \"Pleurotus ostreatus\", the pearl oyster, but with a few noticeable differences. The caps of \"pulmonarius\" are much paler and smaller than \"ostreatus\" and develops more of a stem. \"P. pulmonarius\" also prefers warmer weather than \"ostreatus\" and will appear later in the summer. Otherwise, the taste and cultivation of the two species is generally described as largely the same. In North America, \"P. pulmonarius\" also closely resembles \"Pleurotus populinus\", which is restricted to growing on aspen and cottonwood (genus \"Populus\"). \"P. pulmonarius\" is widespread in temperate and subtropical forests throughout the world. In the eastern United States, this species is generally found on hardwoods while in the west it is commonly found on conifers. \"P. pulmonarius\" is the most cultivated Oyster mushroom (\"Pleurotus\") species in Europe and North America. The most popular varieties for cultivation are the warm weather varieties, often marketed by spawn manufacturers and cultivators under the incorrect name \"\"Pleurotus sajor-caju\"\". The real \"Pleurotus sajor-caju\" (Fr.) Singer is in fact a separate species of mushroom, which was returned to the genus \"Lentinus\" by Pegler (1975), and is now called \"Lentinus sajor-caju\" (Fr.) Fries. \"P. pulmonarius\" is commercially cultivated in New Zealand, and is sometimes sold as \"Oyster mushrooms\". The archetypal Oyster mushroom, \"Pleurotus ostreatus\", cannot be imported into New Zealand due to perceived risks to their forestry industry. The cultivation of \"Pleurotus pulmonarius\" is very similar to how one would cultivate other types of \"Pleurotus\" species like \"P. ostreatus\" by transferring mycelium from a petri plate onto grain and then transferring the grain spawn after the mycelium colonizes it to substrates of straw, wood chips, sawdust, cardboard, coffee grounds, and other cellulose-based substrates. Several studies done on animals and \"in vitro\" suggest \"P. pulmonarius\" and its extracts may have possible medicinal applications for a wide range of conditions. A polysaccharide called β--Glucan from \"P. pulmonarius\" reduces sensitivity to pain in mice, and could be an \"attractive\" basis for new analgesic medications. In a different study on mice, a glucan from \"P. pulmonarius\" showed potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. A methanol extract of \"P. pulmonarius\" displayed anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity comparable to the standard reference drugs diclofenac and cisplatin, respectively. A 2010 study concluded that extracts of \"P. pulmonarius\" may slow the proliferation of cancer cells with high galectin-3 levels, while at the same time downregulate tumour cell adherence - which is directly related to the progression and spread of cancer. Extracts of \"P. pulmonarius\" added to the diet of mice delayed carcinogenesis, suggesting that these extracts may be useful as an adjuvant to cancer therapies. An orally administered hot water extract of \"P. pulmonarius\" had a significant antihyperglycemic effect, halted the progression of diabetes, and reduced the mortality of alloxan induced diabetic mice by approximately 50%. It showed a synergistic effect with the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide, supporting the possibility of effective combination therapy of glibenclamide and \"P. pulmonarius\" for diabetes. \"P. pulmonarius\" may be effective in the treatment of hay fever by inhibiting the release of histamine. Powdered \"P. pulmonarius\" mushrooms caused a significant reduction in sneezing and nasal rubbing when fed in water to sensitized mice, although the effect gradually builds up over a matter of weeks. When they were given 500 mg/kg a day, a significant effect was observed after two weeks, and it was four weeks before a significant change was observed at 200 mg/kg. Extracts of \"P. pulmonarius\" attenuated the development of acute colitis in a mouse model, suggesting a possible clinical use in the treatment of colitis. A further study by the same authors concluded that the extracts also inhibit colon cancer formation associated with colitis in mice. Extracts of \"P. pulmonarius\" have antimicrobial properties and exhibit antioxidant activity \"in vitro\". Pleurotus pulmonarius Pleurotus pulmonarius, commonly known as the Indian Oyster, Italian Oyster, Phoenix Mushroom, or the Lung Oyster, is a mushroom very similar to \"Pleurotus ostreatus\", the pearl oyster, but with a few noticeable differences. The caps of \"pulmonarius\" are much paler and smaller than \"ostreatus\" and develops more of a stem. \"P. pulmonarius\" also prefers warmer weather"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Otta seal Otta seal is a type of bituminous surface treatment that was developed by the Norwegian Road Research Laboratory (NRRL). Its name is based on the location in which it was created, the Otta Valley. Otta seal was developed to be used as a temporary surfacing on new roads; however, after seeing its strength, it has been used as permanent roads as well. Otta seal is formed by adding graded aggregate to a soft bituminous binding agent. The agent is usually emulsified asphalt. Bituminous binder application rates are between 1.9 liter/m (0.42 US gallon/yard) and 2.4 liter/m (0.53 US gallon/yard) – the value is dependent on aggregate gradation and type. Low quality, local aggregates are often used in Otta seal. The largest aggregate size used is between 13 and 25mm (0.5 and 1 inch). The aggregate can contain up to 10% fine gravels. Aggregate quantities are usually close to 27 kg/m (50 lbs/yard). Otta seal is easily cured by blinding with sand because of its soft binders. The soft binders quickly coat the sand; This is not possible for seals with harder binders. Cutback bitumens in the viscosity range of MC3000 to MC800 are the most common binders used. Otta seal is formed in the following procedure: Otta seal is primarily used in places that do not have strict requirements for strength, grading, particle shape, binder adhesion, and dust content, which have low capital and expect relatively low traffic (up to 500 vehicles per day). Currently, Otta seal is most prevalent in Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and Botswana and common in Bangladesh, Australia, and parts of Africa. Politically Otta seal is a useful alternative versus other types of road surfaces. A city council member of a city that uses Otta seal explained that it is very cost efficient since with Otta seal the can resurface a road every 5–10 years without having to tear the whole road up every time it needs to be resurfaced. This lengthens the road life and makes it very economical. Otta seal does not cause prolonged delays in traffic, it takes few hours to resurface a road and is usable almost immediately afterwards. Since this is mainly used on side roads it is important that it is done quickly to prevent people from not being able to get to their houses. One negative impact is the loose gravel can cause chips or damage to windshields, but odds of this happening is lowered in slower moving traffic areas. Environmentally Otta seal helps to lower the dust level. This helps the environment in many ways; helps with driving visibility, decrease health problems caused by dust, and reduce harm done to crops. Another environmental benefit is that the materials used in its production are easily acceptable. There is also a reduction in environmental degradation. Otta seal is considered to be a low cost seal. With its low initial cost and less demanding maintenance, it is a very cheap alternative for road surfaces. The cost for a double layer Otta seal is about US $2.00 to US $2.70 per square meter (US $2.40 to US $3.25 per square yard) and will last from 8 to 15 years. For a road that is 1.6 km (1 mile) long and 12 m (40 feet) wide it would cost between US $39,000 to US $52,000. Otta seal is a type of road surfacing consisting of a bituminous binding substance and aggregate rocks ranging from gravel to fine particles. It is stronger than similar inexpensive surfacing techniques such as chip seal. The type of bitumen used can greatly affect the strength of the road. Bitumen binders that are more viscous tend to move through the aggregate faster, but are not as hard and cannot handle heavier loads. A huge advantage of Otta seal over other seals is the ability to use almost any type or size of crushed rocks as the aggregate. Depending on where in the world the road is being constructed and therefore what types of rock are available, the strength of an Otta seal can vary greatly. Commonly, the gravel used contains sandstone, basalt, and even coral or volcanic stones. Also, size of the particles varies greatly, with a preferred maximum of 16 mm and 19 mm (0.63 inch and 0.75 inch) for single and double Otta seals, respectively. Typically, the concentration of fine particles of less than 0.075 mm (0.003 inch) should be less than 10%. Adhesive agents are generally added to increase the strength between the aggregate and the bituminous binder. It is this interaction that gives Otta seal its strength and durability. Since Otta seal is a combination of materials, it is beneficial to look at the molecular structures of the materials used. Rocks are in the material family of ceramics. They have very rigid crystalline structures that stand up well to compressive forces. In contrast, sheer or tensile forces can easily form cracks in ceramics and cause failure. The bitumen acts the opposite way. It is more amorphous, meaning it is weaker under compressive forces, but can hold the rocks together and limit cracking under tensile stress. The bitumen molecular structure is composed mostly of compressed hydrocarbons, sometimes containing many other elements like nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nickel. There are many factors when considering what type of road surfacing is necessary. Most advantages to Otta seal over other inexpensive surfacing techniques spring from its ability to use a wide range of materials and material sizes during construction. Pros and cons are listed here: Otta seal is more durable than many alternative seals. It is impermeable and resistant to cracking from the sun’s radiation. Cracks form in all roads due to changes in temperature, but Otta seal performs better than other seals. Overall, Otta seal can be expected to last 50 to 60 percent longer than a chip seal. This results in a lifespan between 6 and 12 years if properly maintained, and even longer if a sand seal is used on top of the Otta seal. Otta seal Otta seal is a type of bituminous surface treatment that was developed by the Norwegian Road Research Laboratory (NRRL). Its name is based on the location in which it was created, the Otta Valley. Otta seal was developed to be used as a temporary surfacing on new roads; however, after seeing its strength, it has been used as permanent roads as well. Otta seal is formed by adding graded aggregate to a soft bituminous binding agent. The agent is usually emulsified asphalt. Bituminous binder application rates are between 1.9 liter/m (0.42 US gallon/yard) and 2.4 liter/m (0.53 US"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Megagame A megagame is a type of large-scale simulation which can contain elements of role-playing games, tabletop games, LARPing and wargaming - the amount of these is dependant on the scenario being played and the way the players choose to engage with the scenario. Participants can be arranged into hierarchies of teams - some games will consist of multiple competing factions and others will have teams operating in different game 'niches'. Megagames have been played with up to 300 people, though are more usually played with 30-80 players. The term was coined around 1980 by the wargamer and historian Andy Callan, and developed into a game system by military theorist and historian Paddy Griffith. \"A Megagame is a multi-player game, in which, usually the participants are organised into teams, and those teams into an hierarchy of teams\" An organisation called Chestnut Lodge Wargame Group, based in South London, ran games similar to modern megagames throughout the late 1970s, but the first game ran that was called a megagame was \"Memphis Mangler\" in April 1982. The game, written by Griffith, was a Vietnam wargame with about 30 players. Megagames were popularised in gaming communities by a video of the first run of the \"Watch The Skies\" megagame in May 2014. Megagames cover subjects such as modern and historical military conflicts, political scenarios, Machiavellian historical drama, science fiction and fantasy genres. A megagame will take place over a number of turns which can represent time intervals ranging from days to months depending on the scenario being played. Each turn can be broken down into phases again depending on the scenario. These phases can consist of: A game might consist of a 'adjustable' number of turns to create a level of uncertainty and to reduce the likelihood teams or players attempting 'extreme' actions in the last turn. For example a game could be scheduled to run for 8-10 turns, with the final turn being declared at the end of one of those turns. The games are moderated by members of Control (or referees), who perform a similar role to that of the dungeon master in a traditional roleplaying game. It is their job to react to the actions players attempt to take during the game. Megagames of between 50-60 will include 5-10 Control players - the largest \"Watch the Skies\" megagame had about fifty moderators for 300 players. In most scenarios winners and losers are not determined - the players can judge for themselves as to how well they have performed within the game they have played and can judge their outcome against team and personal objectives. Operational megagames may well have victory conditions that can be achieved. The general aim of a megagame will be the group generation of multiple responses to the scenario and starting conditions in the game. In general the end result of a megagame is the stories created by the players at the end of the game. There are a couple of main formats of megagames. Operational Megagames are typically military what if scenarios and will include an extensive and detailed rule set to reflect the capability of forces and equipment that might be found in the era the game is set in. There is little room for improvisation around the rules and players will be expected to operate closely within the game mechanics. Standard megagames, like Watch the Skies, will have a light rule set and there is large scope for improvisation and suggesting plans to Control, who will moderate of the potential for those plans to succeed based on the game scenario and the level of rationale that the players can provide. Other games may have mechanics for political states, economic and trade mechanics and in some games they can include a science side game which may benefit the players teams if they invest in those options. The awareness of megagames within gaming communities grew following the original run of Jim Wallman's \"Watch The Skies\" megagame on 17th May 2014. The game was filmed by board game reviewers Shut Up & Sit Down and then shared on their website. They then followed up with a further documentary on a large version of Watch the Skies In the game teams of three to six players represent nations of the world reacting to the arrival of an alien race. Players take on diplomatic and military roles in their dealings with other teams, the room being divided into separate tables for each country, and others for a world map or the United Nations and alien team(s). In some versions corporate entities will also be added to the player teams. Much of the gameplay comes from the players reacting to the unfolding events and actions of the different teams in the scenario. The game has been compared to a Model United Nations activity \"but there are aliens and everyone has all these tanks, itching for a fight\". \"Watch The Skies\" remains the most popular megagame in the world, having been run on every continent. Several different variations exist, including Jim Wallman's original design, his updated \"Lite\" design and a design by the MegaGame Society of New York. In July 2017, Jim Wallman ran \"Urban Nightmare: State of Chaos\", the first Wide Area Megagame, taking place simultaneously in 11 different locations in Europe and North America. The game setting was a zombie outbreak across America, with each physical location representing a different state. Over 600 players took part. The megagame \"God Emperor\" has a pseudo-historical setting, and some similaries to a worker placement boardgame, where teams face each other across three smaller, interlinked games covering war, politics, and espionage, and must decide each turn where to send its five players. Megagame A megagame is a type of large-scale simulation which can contain elements of role-playing games, tabletop games, LARPing and wargaming - the amount of these is dependant on the scenario being played and the way the players choose to engage with the scenario. Participants can be arranged into hierarchies of"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"John Godfrey Saxe II John Godfrey Saxe II (June 25, 1877 – April 17, 1953) of Manhattan was a lawyer and a member of the New York State Senate. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention representing New York's 16th congressional district in 1915. He was president of the New York State Bar Association, and counsel for Columbia University. He was born on June 25, 1877 in Saratoga, New York to John Theodore Saxe and Mary Bosworth. He was the grandson of John Godfrey Saxe. He married Mary Sands on June 10, 1909. He died on April 17, 1953. John Godfrey Saxe II John Godfrey Saxe II (June 25, 1877 – April 17, 1953) of Manhattan was a lawyer and a member of the New York State Senate. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention representing New York's 16th congressional district in 1915. He was president of the New York State Bar Association, and counsel for Columbia University. He was born on June 25, 1877 in Saratoga, New York to John Theodore Saxe and Mary Bosworth. He was the grandson of John Godfrey Saxe. He married Mary Sands on June 10, 1909."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Michael Mayne Michael Clement Otway Mayne, (10 September 1929 – 22 October 2006) was an English priest of the Church of England who served as the Dean of Westminster. Michael Clement Otway Mayne was born at Harlestone, Northamptonshire, the son of Rev. Michael Ashton Otway Mayne, rector of that parish, and his wife Sylvia Clementia Lumley Ellis. His father committed suicide by jumping from the top of Harlestone church tower when Mayne was three years old, after which his mother moved the family to Torbay and then London. With the support of clerical charities, Mayne was educated at The King's School, Canterbury and later at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and Cuddesdon Theological College, Oxford. His early passion for acting and drama flourished while at university, though his former headmaster encouraged him to take up the priesthood. Mayne served his curacy at St John's Harpenden (1957–1959) and then spent six years as chaplain to Mervyn Stockwood, Bishop of Southwark (1959–1965). In 1965, newly married, he became vicar of the Parish of Norton, Letchworth Garden City, where he carried out an effective ministry for the next seven years. In 1972 Mayne was made the head of religious programmes for BBC Radio a difficult post marrying Christian faith in a largely secular organisation and arguable made more difficult by Mayne's lack of relevant broadcasting experience. However at the time of his death it was remembered that \"he brought to religious broadcasting, if not much in the way of innovation or combative empire-building, yet a great deal in terms of stylistic enrichment and quality. He was...an artist rather than an administrator, a performer rather than an initiator; but he enjoyed very wide respect in his department and outside, with a wit and a humanity which endeared him (despite an occasional grandeur of manner) to his many friends.\" After a seven year stint in the BBC he became the vicar of Great St. Mary's, the university church of Cambridge in 1979. In 1986 he was invited by Queen Elizabeth II to become Dean of Westminster Abbey, a position he held until 1996. He initiated great changes in the liturgical and prayer life of the Abbey making the Sunday Eucharist the heart and highpoint of the Sunday celebrations at the Abbey. In addition, he \"persuaded his colleagues and some other devout souls to assemble in St Faith's Chapel at 7am every day for 40 minutes of silent prayer before the regular morning services.\" During his tenure he selected various people to be commemorated in the abbey, including Oscar Wilde, Alexander Pope, Edward Lear, Robert Herrick and Matthew Arnold. On his retirement in 1996 he was made Dean Emeritus of Westminster and also received his KCVO. During his 50s Mayne was diagnosed with ME and wrote a book about his experiences living with the syndrome (\"A Year Lost and Found\"). In 2005 he was diagnosed with terminal cancer of the jaw, and this led him to write a book about his battle with cancer (\"The Enduring Melody\"). Michael Mayne Michael Clement Otway Mayne, (10 September 1929 – 22 October 2006) was an English priest of the Church of England who served as the Dean of Westminster. Michael Clement Otway Mayne was born at Harlestone, Northamptonshire, the son of Rev. Michael Ashton Otway Mayne, rector of that parish, and his wife Sylvia Clementia Lumley Ellis. His father committed suicide by jumping from the top of Harlestone church tower when Mayne was three years old, after which his mother moved the family to Torbay and then London. With the support of clerical charities, Mayne was educated at The King's"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Madilyn Bailey Madilyn Bailey Wold (born September 2, 1992) is an American singer and songwriter. She released various albums containing covers of songs and one EP of original material entitled \"Wiser\", released in July 2016. Bailey has toured internationally together with other YouTube performers. Bailey began her career shortly before graduating, by covering popular songs and posting them on YouTube, which gathered over 100 million views. In 2012, Bailey joined Keep Your Soul Records to assist with the production of her material and moved to Los Angeles in 2013. Madilyn toured the United States and Canada with Boyce Avenue in the second half of 2013. She later described it by saying \"It was an amazing experience being on the road for the first time.\" She has stated that she has been inspired by Michelle Branch and Kina Grannis. In 2015, her rendition of the song \"Titanium\" by David Guetta and Sia, gained airplay on Virgin Radio in France. This led to a recording contract with PlayOn in France, a label of Warner Music Group. The song charted in France and Belgium as did the follow-up, a cover of Imagine Dragons' \"Radioactive\". In October 2015, Bailey released an album of covers in France, entitled \"Muse Box,\" supported by the single \"Rude\" feat. Flula\".\" A fourth single, a cover of Cher's \"Believe\" appeared in early 2016. In July 2016 she released a five track EP of original material entitled \"Wiser\". In 2016, her cover of David Guetta's \"Titanium\" was featured on the Australian TV series \"Wanted\". She was picked in April 2018 as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month. She was featured on NBC's \"Today\" show hosted by Hoda Kotb and Kathie Lee Gifford, broadcast nationally in the United States on April 20, 2018 where Bailey performed a live acoustic version of her single \"Tetris\". In 2018, her original song '\"Drunk on a Feeling\" was featured on the American action-drama TV series \"Station 19\". She was born in Boyceville, Wisconsin, to Greg Wold, who works for an advertising firm, and Heidi Wold; she has five siblings. (Jordan (older brother), Alex (little sister), Isaac (adopted little brother), Hayley (adopted little sister), Caden (little brother) Bailey began to play music and write songs at the age of seven. She played in the marching band of Boyceville High School and graduated in 2011. Before becoming an artist, Bailey worked as a certified nursing assistant. She is dyslexic. In 2014 she married Jimmy Benrud. Madilyn Bailey Madilyn Bailey Wold (born September 2, 1992) is an American singer and songwriter. She released various albums containing covers of songs and one EP of original material entitled \"Wiser\", released in July 2016. Bailey has toured internationally together with other YouTube performers. Bailey began her career shortly before graduating, by covering popular songs and posting them on YouTube, which gathered over 100 million views. In 2012, Bailey joined Keep Your Soul Records to assist with the production of her material and moved to Los Angeles in 2013. Madilyn toured the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Diana Kobzanová Diana Kobzanová (born 24 March 1982 in Neuburg, Germany) is a beauty queen who won Miss Czech Republic as a 19-year-old and represented her country in Miss Universe 2002 in Puerto Rico. Nowadays is Kobzanová more Czech television and radio presenter than a model. She has hosted Czech version of reality show Való Világ on TV Prima, her own show \"Drzá Diana\" and talk show \"In-box\" on TV Óčko. She also hosted reality show about home decor \"Vrabci v hrsti\" and show \"Horký prachy\". At radio Frekvence 1 she presented programmes \"Na titulní straně\", \"Styl\" and \"Sportbar\". She was on air for more than 8 years. Kobzanová was four years in a relationship with footballer Martin Jiránek. Then with businessman Tomáš Petera and rally driver Štěpán Vojtěch for more than three years. Nowadays Kobzanová is in a relationship with ice hockey player Michael Frolík. In December 2014 she gave birth to a daughter Ella. Few months after her victory she posed for Czech pornographic magazine LEO for 5 million Czech crowns, the equivalent of around 207,320 US dollars. As a result, she lost her title and faced a lawsuit by chairman Miloslav Zapletal who claimed she had damaged the competition's good name. After 4 years of lawsuit, she won and didn't need to apologize publicly or pay a penalty. Diana Kobzanová Diana Kobzanová (born 24 March 1982 in Neuburg, Germany) is a beauty queen who won Miss Czech Republic as a 19-year-old and represented her country in Miss Universe 2002 in Puerto Rico. Nowadays is Kobzanová more Czech television and radio presenter than a model. She has hosted Czech version of reality show Való Világ on TV Prima, her own show \"Drzá Diana\" and talk show \"In-box\" on TV Óčko. She also hosted reality show about home decor"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"# | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n127 | Kaspars Astasenko (D) | Latvia | Tampa Bay Lightning | Cincinnati Cyclones (IHL) \n128 | Derek MacKenzie (C) | Canada | Atlanta Thrashers | Sudbury Wolves (OHL) \n129 | Ryan Thorpe (LW) | Canada | Vancouver Canucks | Spokane Chiefs (WHL) \n130 | Justin Mapletoft (C) | Canada | New York Islanders | Red Deer Rebels (WHL) \n131 | Konstantin Panov (LW) | Russia | Nashville Predators | Kamloops Blazers (WHL) \n132 | Roman Tvrdon (C) | Slovakia | Washington Capitals | Dukla Trencin Jr. (Slovakia) \n133 | Jean Francois Nogues (G) | Canada | Los Angeles Kings | Victoriaville Tigres (QMJHL) \n134 | Michael Jacobsen (D) | Canada | Chicago Blackhawks | Belleville Bulls (OHL) \n135 | Matt Doman (RW) | United States | Calgary Flames | University of Wisconsin (NCAA) \n136 | Dustin Jamieson (LW) | Canada | Montreal Canadiens | Sarnia Sting (OHL) \n137 | Garett Bembridge (RW) | Canada | New York Rangers | Saskatoon Blades (WHL) \n138 | Ryan Miller (G) | United States | Buffalo Sabres (from Florida) | Michigan State Spartans (NCAA) \n139 | Jonathon Fauteux (D) | Canada | Edmonton Oilers | Val-d'Or Foreurs (QMJHL) \n140 | Adam Johnson (D) | United States | New York Islanders (from San Jose via Florida) | Greenway High School (USHS-Minnesota) \n141 | Maxim Rybin (LW) | Russia | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim | Spartak Moscow (Russia) \n142 | William Magnuson (D) | United States | Colorado Avalanche (from Carolina) | Lake Superior State University (NCAA) \n143 | Trevor Byrne (D) | United States | St. Louis Blues | Deerfield Academy (USHS-Massachusetts) \n144 | Tomas Skvaridlo (C) | Slovakia | Pittsburgh Penguins | HKm Zvolen Jr. (Slovakia) \n145 | Marc-Andre Thinel (D) | Canada | Montreal Canadiens (from Phoenix via San Jose) | Victoriaville Tigres (QMJHL) \n146 | Matthew Kinch (G) | Canada | Buffalo Sabres | Calgary Hitmen (WHL) \n147 | Seamus Kotyk (G) | Canada | Boston Bruins | Ottawa 67's (OHL) \n148 | Michal Lanicek (LW) | Czech Republic | Tampa Bay Lightning (from Philadelphia) | Slavia Praha Jr. (Czech Republic) \n149 | Andrei Maximenko (D) | Russia | Detroit Red Wings (from Detroit via San Jose) | Krylya Sovetov (Russia) \n150 | Matt Shasby (D) | United States | Montreal Canadiens (compensatory) | Des Moines Buccaneers (USHL) \n151 | Vaclav Zavoral (D) | Czech Republic | Toronto Maple Leafs | Chernopetrol Litvinov Jr. (Czech Republic) \n152 | Jordan Krestanovich (LW) | Canada | Colorado Avalanche | Calgary Hitmen (WHL) \n153 | Jesse Cook (D) | United States | Calgary Flames (compensatory) | University of Denver (NCAA) \n154 | Andrew Ianiero (LW) | Canada | Ottawa Senators | Kingston Frontenacs (OHL) \n155 | Niko Dimitrakos (RW) | United States | San Jose Sharks (from New Jersey) | University of Maine (NCAA) \n156 | Gregor Baumgartner (LW) | Austria | Dallas Stars | Acadie-Bathurst Titan (QMJHL) \n157 | Vladimir Malenkikh (D) | Russia | Pittsburgh Penguins (compensatory) | Lada Togliatti (Russia) \n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n216 | Erkki Rajamaki (LW) | Finland | Tampa Bay Lightning | HIFK (Finland) \n217 | Garnet Exelby (D) | Canada | Atlanta Thrashers | Saskatoon Blades (WHL) \n218 | Markus Kankaanpera (D) | Finland | Vancouver Canucks | JYP (Fin) \n219 | Maxim Orlov (C) | Russia | Washington Capitals (from New York Islanders) | CSKA Moscow (Russia) \n220 | Miroslav Durak (D) | Slovakia | Nashville Predators | Slovan Bratislava Jr. (Slovakia) \n221 | Colin Hemingway (RW) | Canada | St. Louis Blues (from Washington) | Surrey Eagles (BCJHL) \n222 | George Parros (RW) | United States | Los Angeles Kings | Chicago Freeze (NAHL) \n223 | Andrew Carver (D) | Canada | Chicago Blackhwaks | Hull Olympiques (OHL) \n224 | David Nystrom (LW) | Sweden | Philadelphia Flyers (from Calgary) | Frolunda HC Jr. (Sweden) \n225 | Mikko Hyytia (C) | Finland | Montreal Canadiens | JYP Jr. (Finland) \n226 | Evgeny Gusakov (RW) | Russia | New York Rangers | Lada Togliatti-2 (Russia) \n227 | Jonathan Charron (G) | Canada | Florida Panthers | Val-d'or Foreurs (QMJHL) \n228 | Radek Martinek (D) | Czech Republic | New York Islanders (from Edmonton) | HC Ceske Budejovice (Czech Republic) \n229 | Eric Betournay (C) | Canada | San Jose Sharks | Acadie-Bathurst Titan (QMJHL) \n230 | Petr Tenkrat (RW) | Czech Republic | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim | Poldi Kladno (Czech Republic) \n231 | David Evans (RW) | United States | Carolina Hurricanes | Clarkson University (NCAA) \n232 | Alexander Khavanov (D) | Russia | St. Louis Blues | Dynamo Moscow (Russia) \n233 | Darcy Robinson (D) | Canada | Pittsburgh Penguins | Saskatoon Blades (WHL) \n234 | Goran Bezina (D) | Switzerland | Phoenix Coyotes | HC Fribourg-Gotteron (Switzerland) \n235 | Brad Self (C) | Canada | Buffalo Sabres | Peterborough Petes (OHL) \n236 | John Cronin (D) | United States | Boston Bruins | Boston University (NCAA) \n237 | Antti Jokela (G) | Finland | Carolina Hurricanes (from Philadelphia) | Lukko Jr. (Finland) \n238 | Anton Borodkin (LW) | Russia | Detroit Red Wings | Kamloops Blazers (WHL) \n239 | Pierre Hedin (D) | Sweden | Toronto Maple Leafs | MODO (Sweden) \n240 | Jeff Finger (D) | United States | Colorado Avalanche | Green Bay Gamblers (USHL) \n241 | Douglas Murray (D) | Sweden | San Jose Sharks (from Ottawa) | New York Apple Core (EJHL) \n242 | Justin Dziama (RW) | United States | New Jersey Devils | Nobles High School (USHS-Massachusetts) \n243 | Brian Sullivan (D) | United States | Dallas Stars | Thayer Academy (USHS-Massachusetts) \n Rank | Country | Amount \n---|---|--- \n| North America | 158 \n| Canada | 108 \n| United States | 50 \n| Europe | 113 \n| Russia | 27 \n| Sweden | 23 \n5 | Czech Republic | 18 \n6 | Finland | 18 \n7 | Slovakia | 12 \n8 | Kazakhstan | 5 \n9 | Switzerland | \n10 | Austria | \n10 | Belarus | \n10 | Latvia | \n13 | Hungary | \n13 | Norway | \n13 | Ukraine | \n13 | France | \n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n244 | Mikko Kuparinen (D) | Finland | Tampa Bay Lightning | Grand Rapids Griffins (IHL) \n245 | Tommi Santala (C) | Finland | Atlanta Thrashers | Jokerit (Finland) \n246 | Ray DiLauro (D) | United States | Atlanta Thrashers (from Vancouver) | St. Lawrence University (NCAA) \n247 | Mikko Eloranta (LW) | Finland | Boston Bruins (from New York Islanders) | TPS (Finland) \n248 | Darren Haydar (RW) | Canada | Nashville Predators | University of New Hampshire (NCAA) \n249 | Igor Shadilov (D) | Russia | Washington Capitals (from Washington via Chicago) | Dynamo Moscow (Russia) \n250 | Noah Clarke (LW) | United States | Los Angeles Kings | Des Moines Buccaneers (USHL) \n251 | Petter Henning (RW) | Sweden | New York Rangers (from Chicago) | MODO (Sweden) \n252 | Dimitri Kirilenko (C) | United States | Calgary Flames | CSKA Moscow (Russia) \n253 | Jerome Marois (LW) | Canada | Montreal Canadiens | Quebec Ramparts (QMJHL) \n254 | Alexei Bulatov (RW) | Russia | New York Rangers | Yekaterinburg (Russia) \n255 | Brett Henning (C) | United States | New York Islanders (from Florida) | University of Notre Dame (NCAA)",
"249 | Igor Shadilov (D) | Russia | Washington Capitals (from Washington via Chicago) | Dynamo Moscow (Russia) \n250 | Noah Clarke (LW) | United States | Los Angeles Kings | Des Moines Buccaneers (USHL) \n251 | Petter Henning (RW) | Sweden | New York Rangers (from Chicago) | MODO (Sweden) \n252 | Dimitri Kirilenko (C) | United States | Calgary Flames | CSKA Moscow (Russia) \n253 | Jerome Marois (LW) | Canada | Montreal Canadiens | Quebec Ramparts (QMJHL) \n254 | Alexei Bulatov (RW) | Russia | New York Rangers | Yekaterinburg (Russia) \n255 | Brett Henning (C) | United States | New York Islanders (from Florida) | University of Notre Dame (NCAA) \n256 | Tamas Grosch (RW) | Hungary | Edmonton Oilers | UTE Budapest (Hungary) \n257 | Hannes Hyvonen (RW) | Finland | San Jose Sharks | Espoo (Finland) \n258 | Brian Gornick (C) | United States | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim | Air-Force Academy (NCAA) \n259 | Yauhenni Kurilin (C) | Belarus | Carolina Hurricanes | Anchorage Aces (WCHL) \n260 | Brian McMeekin (D) | Canada | St. Louis Blues | Cornell University (NCAA) \n261 | Andrew McPherson (LW) | Canada | Pittsburgh Penguins | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NCAA) \n262 | Alexei Litvinenko (D) | Kazakhstan | Phoenix Coyotes | Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan) \n263 | Craig Brunel (RW) | Canada | Buffalo Sabres | Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) \n264 | Georgijs Pujacs (D) | Latvia | Boston Bruins | Dynamo-81 Riga (Latvia) \n265 | Jamie Chamberlain (RW) | Canada | Dallas Stars (from Philadelphia) | Peterborough Petes (OHL) \n266 | Ken Davis (RW) | Canada | Detroit Red Wings | Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) \n267 | Peter Metcalf (D) | United States | Toronto Maple Leafs | University of Maine (NCAA) \n268 | Tyler Scott (D) | United States | New York Islanders (from Colorado) | Upper Canada College (HS-Ontario) \n269 | Konstantin Gorovikov (LW) | Russia | Ottawa Senators | SKA Saint Petersburg (Russia) \n270 | James Desmarais (C) | Canada | St. Louis Blues (from New Jersey) | Rouyn-Noranda Huskies (QMJHL) \n271 | Darrell Hay (D) | Canada | Vancouver Canucks (compensatory) | Tri-City Americans (WHL) \n272 | Mikhail Donika (D) | Russia | Dallas Stars | Yaroslavl Torpedo (Russia) \n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n67 | Evgeny Konstantinov (G) | Russia | Tampa Bay Lightning | Ital Kazan 2 (Russia) \n68 | Zdenek Blatny (LW) | Czech Republic | Atlanta Thrashers | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) \n69 | Rene Vydareny (D) | Slovakia | Vancouver Canucks | Slovan Bratislava Jr. (Slovakia) \n70 | Niklas Hagman (LW) | Finland | Florida Panthers (compensatory) | HIFK (Finland) \n71 | Jason Jaspers (C) | Canada | Phoenix Coyotes (from New York Islanders) | Sudbury Wolves (OHL) \n72 | Brett Angel (D) | Canada | Nashville Predators | North Bay Centennials (OHL) \n73 | Tim Preston (LW) | Canada | Buffalo Sabres (from Washington) | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) \n74 | Jason Crain (D) | United States | Los Angeles Kings | Ohio State University (NCAA) \n75 | Brett Scheffelmaier (D) | Canada | Tampa Bay Lightning (from Vancouver; compensatory) | Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL) \n76 | Frantisek Kaberle (D) | Czech Republic | Los Angeles Kings (from Chicago) | MODO (Sweden) \n77 | Craig Anderson (G) | United States | Calgary Flames (from Calgary via New York Rangers) | Guelph Storm (OHL) \n78 | Mattias Weinhandl (RW) | Sweden | New York Islanders (from Montreal) | IF Troja/Ljungby (Sweden) \n79 | Johan Asplund (G) | Sweden | New York Rangers | Brynas IF (Sweden) \n80 | Jean-Francois Laniel (G) | Canada | Florida Panthers | Shawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL) \n81 | Adam Hauser (G) | United States | Edmonton Oilers | University of Minnesota (NCAA) \n82 | Mark Concannon (LW) | United States | San Jose Sharks | Winchendon High School (USHS-Massachusetts) \n83 | Niclas Havelid (D) | Sweden | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim | Malmo IF (Sweden) \n84 | Brad Fast (D) | Canada | Carolina Hurricanes | Prince George Spruce Kings (BCJHL) \n85 | Peter Smrek (D) | Slovakia | St. Louis Blues | Des Moines Buccaneers (USHL) \n86 | Sebastien Caron (G) | Canada | Pittsburgh Penguins | Rimouski Océanic (QMJHL) \n87 | Brian Collins (C) | United States | New York Islanders (from Phoenix) | St. John's High School (USHS-Massachusetts) \n88 | Jimmie Olvestad (LW) | Sweden | Tampa Bay Lightning (from Buffalo via Vancouver) | Djurgardens IF (Sweden) \n89 | Kyle Wanvig (RW) | Canada | Boston Bruins | Kootenay Ice (WHL) \n90 | Patrick Aufiero (D) | United States | New York Rangers (from Philadelphia via Calgary) | Boston University (NCAA) \n91 | Mike Comrie (C) | Canada | Edmonton Oilers (from Detroit via Nashville) | University of Michigan (NCAA) \n92 | Cory Campbell (G) | Canada | Los Angeles Kings (from Toronto) | Belleville Bulls (OHL) \n93 | Branko Radivojevic (RW) | Slovakia | Colorado Avalanche (from Colorado via Nashville) | Belleville Bulls (OHL) \n94 | Chris Kelly (C/LW) | Canada | Ottawa Senators | London Knights (OHL) \n95 | Andre Lakos (D) | Austria | New Jersey Devils (from New Jersey via Toronto) | Barrie Colts (OHL) \n96 | Mathias Tjarnqvist (RW) | Sweden | Dallas Stars (from Dallas via New York Islanders) | Rogle BK (Sweden) \n 1999 NHL Draft \n--- \nGeneral information \nDate (s) | June 26, 1999 \nLocation | Boston \nFirst selection | Patrik Stefan Selected by:Atlanta Thrashers \nArena | FleetCenter \nNHL Entry Draft ← 1998 2000 → \n Club teams are located in North America unless otherwise noted. \n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n| Patrik Stefan (C) | Czech Republic | Atlanta Thrashers (from Tampa Bay via Vancouver) | Long Beach Ice Dogs (IHL) \n| Daniel Sedin (LW) | Sweden | Vancouver Canucks (from Atlanta) | MODO (Sweden) \n| Henrik Sedin (C) | Sweden | Vancouver Canucks | MODO (Sweden) \n| Pavel Brendl (RW) | Czech Republic | New York Rangers (from Chicago via Vancouver and Tampa Bay) | Calgary Hitmen (WHL) \n5 | Tim Connolly (C) | United States | New York Islanders | Erie Otters (OHL) \n6 | Brian Finley (G) | Canada | Nashville Predators | Barrie Colts (OHL) \n7 | Kris Beech (C) | Canada | Washington Capitals | Calgary Hitmen (WHL) \n8 | Taylor Pyatt (LW) | Canada | New York Islanders (from Los Angeles) | Sudbury Wolves (OHL) \n9 | Jamie Lundmark (C) | Canada | New York Rangers (from Calgary) | Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL) \n10 | Branislav Mezei (D) | Slovakia | New York Islanders (from Montreal) | Belleville Bulls (OHL) \n11 | Oleg Saprykin (C) | Russia | Calgary Flames (from New York Rangers) | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) \n12 | Denis Shvidki (RW) | Ukraine | Florida Panthers | Barrie Colts (OHL) \n13 | Jani Rita (RW) | Finland | Edmonton Oilers | Jokerit (Finland) \n14 | Jeff Jillson (D) | United States | San Jose Sharks | University of Michigan (NCAA) \n15 | Scott Kelman (C) | Canada | Phoenix Coyotes (from Anaheim) | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) \n16 | David Tanabe (D) | United States | Carolina Hurricanes | University of Wisconsin–Madison (NCAA) \n17 | Barret Jackman (D) | Canada | St. Louis Blues | Regina Pats (WHL) \n18 | Konstantin Koltsov (LW) | Belarus | Pittsburgh Penguins | Severstal Cherepovets (Russia) \n19 | Kirill Safronov (D) | Russia | Phoenix Coyotes | SKA St. Petersburg (Russia)",
"12 | Denis Shvidki (RW) | Ukraine | Florida Panthers | Barrie Colts (OHL) \n13 | Jani Rita (RW) | Finland | Edmonton Oilers | Jokerit (Finland) \n14 | Jeff Jillson (D) | United States | San Jose Sharks | University of Michigan (NCAA) \n15 | Scott Kelman (C) | Canada | Phoenix Coyotes (from Anaheim) | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) \n16 | David Tanabe (D) | United States | Carolina Hurricanes | University of Wisconsin–Madison (NCAA) \n17 | Barret Jackman (D) | Canada | St. Louis Blues | Regina Pats (WHL) \n18 | Konstantin Koltsov (LW) | Belarus | Pittsburgh Penguins | Severstal Cherepovets (Russia) \n19 | Kirill Safronov (D) | Russia | Phoenix Coyotes | SKA St. Petersburg (Russia) \n20 | Barrett Heisten (LW) | United States | Buffalo Sabres | University of Maine (NCAA) \n21 | Nick Boynton (D) | Canada | Boston Bruins | Ottawa 67's (OHL) \n22 | Maxime Ouellet (G) | Canada | Philadelphia Flyers (from Philadelphia via Tampa Bay) | Quebec Remparts (QMJHL) \n23 | Steve McCarthy (D) | Canada | Chicago Blackhawks (from Detroit) | Kootenay Ice (WHL) \n24 | Luca Cereda (C) | Switzerland | Toronto Maple Leafs | HC Ambri-Piotta (Switzerland) \n25 | Mikhail Kuleshov (LW) | Russia | Colorado Avalanche | Severstal Cherepovets (Russia) \n26 | Martin Havlat (C) | Czech Republic | Ottawa Senators | Ocelari Trinec (Czech Republic) \n27 | Ari Ahonen (G) | Finland | New Jersey Devils | JYP (Finland) \n28 | Kristian Kudroc (D) | Slovakia | New York Islanders (from Dallas) | Michalovce (Slovakia) \n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n29 | Michal Sivek (C) | Czech Republic | Washington Capitals (from Tampa Bay) | Velvana Kladno (Czech Republic) \n30 | Luke Sellars (D) | Canada | Atlanta Thrashers | Ottawa 67's (OHL) \n31 | Charlie Stephens (C) | Canada | Washington Capitals (from Vancouver via Colorado) | Guelph Storm (OHL) \n32 | Michael Ryan (C) | United States | Dallas Stars (from New York Islanders) | Northeastern University (NCAA) \n33 | Jonas Andersson (RW) | Sweden | Nashville Predators | AIK IF Jr. (Sweden) \n34 | Ross Lupaschuk (D) | Canada | Washington Capitals | Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) \n35 | Milan Bartovic (RW) | Slovakia | Buffalo Sabres (from Los Angeles) | Dukla Trencin Jr. (Slovakia) \n36 | Alexei Semenov (D) | Russia | Edmonton Oilers (from Chicago) | Sudbury Wolves (OHL) \n37 | Nolan Yonkman (D) | Canada | Washington Capitals (compensatory) | Kelowna Rockets (WHL) \n38 | Dan Cavanaugh (C) | United States | Calgary Flames | Boston University (NCAA) \n39 | Alexander Buturlin (C) | Russia | Montreal Canadiens | CSKA Moscow (Russia) \n40 | Alex Auld (G) | Canada | Florida Panthers (from St. Louis via Nashville; compensatory) | North Bay Centennials (OHL) \n41 | Tony Salmelainen (LW) | Finland | Edmonton Oilers (compensatory) | HIFK (Finland) \n42 | Mike Commodore (D) | Canada | New Jersey Devils (compensatory) | University of North Dakota (NCAA) \n43 | Andrei Shefer (LW) | Russia | Los Angeles Kings (compensatory) | Severstal Cherepovets (Russia) \n44 | Jordan Leopold (D) | United States | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (from New York Rangers via Ottawa) | University of Minnesota (NCAA) \n45 | Martin Grenier (D) | Canada | Colorado Avalanche (from Florida via Nashville) | Quebec Ramparts (QMJHL) \n46 | Dmitri Levinsky (LW) | Kazakhstan | Chicago Blackhawks (from Edmonton) | Severstal Cherepovets (Russia) \n47 | Sheldon Keefe (RW) | Canada | Tampa Bay Lightning (from San Jose via Detroit) | Barrie Colts (OHL) \n48 | Simon Lajeunesse (G) | Canada | Ottawa Senators (from Anaheim) | Moncton Wildcats (QMJHL) \n49 | Brett Lysak (C) | Canada | Carolina Hurricanes | Regina Pats (WHL) \n50 | Brett Clouthier (LW) | Canada | New Jersey Devils (from St. Louis) | Kingston Frontenacs (OHL) \n51 | Matt Murley (LW) | United States | Pittsburgh Penguins | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NCAA) \n52 | Adam Hall (RW) | United States | Nashville Predators (compensatory) | Michigan State University (NCAA) \n53 | Brad Ralph (LW) | Canada | Phoenix Coyotes | Oshawa Generals (OHL) \n54 | Andrew Hutchinson (D) | United States | Nashville Predators (from Colorado; compensatory) | Michigan State University (NCAA) \n55 | Doug Janik (D) | United States | Buffalo Sabres | University of Maine (NCAA) \n56 | Matt Zultek (LW) | Canada | Boston Bruins | Ottawa 67's (OHL) \n57 | Jeremy Van Hoof (D) | Canada | Pittsburgh Penguins (compensatory) | Ottawa 67's (OHL) \n58 | Matt Carkner (D) | Canada | Montreal Canadiens (from Philadelphia) | Peterborough Petes (OHL) \n59 | David Inman (C) | Canada | New York Rangers (from Detroit) | University of Notre Dame (NCAA) \n60 | Peter Reynolds (D) | Canada | Toronto Maple Leafs | London Knights (OHL) \n61 | Ed Hill (D) | United States | Nashville Predators (from Colorado) | Barrie Colts (OHL) \n62 | Teemu Sainomaa (LW) | Finland | Ottawa Senators | Jokerit Jr. (Finland) \n63 | Stepan Mokhov (D) | Kazakhstan | Chicago Blackhawks (from New Jersey) | Severstal Cherepovets (Russia) \n64 | Michael Zigomanis (C) | Canada | Buffalo Sabres (from Dallas) | Kingston Frontenacs (OHL) \n65 | Jan Lasak (G) | Slovakia | Nashville Predators (compensatory) | HKm Zvolen (Slovakia) \n66 | Dan Jancevski (LW) | Canada | Dallas Stars (from St. Louis; compensatory) | London Knights (OHL) \n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n97 | Chris Dyment (D) | United States | Montreal Canadiens (from Tampa Bay via Chicago) | Boston University (NCAA) \n98 | David Kaczowka (LW) | Canada | Atlanta Thrashers | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) \n99 | Rob Zepp (G) | Canada | Atlanta Thrashers (from Vancouver) | Plymouth Whalers (OHL) \n100 | Teemu Kesa (D) | Finland | New Jersey Devils (compensatory) | Ilves Jr. (Finland) \n101 | Juraj Kolnik (RW) | Slovakia | New York Islanders | Rimouski Oceanic (QMJHL) \n102 | Johan Halvardsson (D) | Sweden | New York Islanders (from Nashville) | HV71 (Sweden) \n103 | Morgan McCormick (RW) | Canada | Florida Panthers (from Washington) | Kingston Frontenacs (OHL) \n104 | Brian McGrattan (RW) | Canada | Los Angeles Kings | Sudbury Wolves (OHL) \n105 | Alexander Chagodayev (C) | Russia | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (from Chicago) | CSKA Moscow (Russia) \n106 | Rail Rozakov (D) | Russia | Calgary Flames | Lada Togliatti 2 (Russia) \n107 | Evan Lindsay (G) | Canada | Montreal Canadiens | Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) \n108 | Mirko Murovic (LW) | Canada | Toronto Maple Leafs (from New York Rangers) | Moncton Wildcats (QMJHL) \n109 | Rod Sarich (D) | Canada | Florida Panthers | Calgary Hitmen (WHL) \n110 | Jonathan Zion (D) | Canada | Toronto Maple Leafs (from Edmonton) | Ottawa 67's (OHL) \n111 | Willie Levesque (RW) | United States | San Jose Sharks | Northeastern University (NCAA) \n112 | Sanny Lindstrom (D) | Sweden | Colorado Avalanche (from Anaheim) | Huddinge IK (Sweden) \n113 | Ryan Murphy (LW) | United States | Carolina Hurricanes | Bowling Green University (NCAA) \n114 | Chad Starling (D) | Canada | St. Louis Blues | Kamloops Blazers (WHL) \n115 | Ryan Malone (LW) | United States | Pittsburgh Penguins | Omaha Lancers (USHL) \n116 | Ryan Lauzon (C) | Canada | Phoenix Coyotes | Hull Olympiques (QMJHL) \n117 | Karel Mosovsky (LW) | Czech Republic | Buffalo Sabres | Regina Pats (WHL)",
"110 | Jonathan Zion (D) | Canada | Toronto Maple Leafs (from Edmonton) | Ottawa 67's (OHL) \n111 | Willie Levesque (RW) | United States | San Jose Sharks | Northeastern University (NCAA) \n112 | Sanny Lindstrom (D) | Sweden | Colorado Avalanche (from Anaheim) | Huddinge IK (Sweden) \n113 | Ryan Murphy (LW) | United States | Carolina Hurricanes | Bowling Green University (NCAA) \n114 | Chad Starling (D) | Canada | St. Louis Blues | Kamloops Blazers (WHL) \n115 | Ryan Malone (LW) | United States | Pittsburgh Penguins | Omaha Lancers (USHL) \n116 | Ryan Lauzon (C) | Canada | Phoenix Coyotes | Hull Olympiques (QMJHL) \n117 | Karel Mosovsky (LW) | Czech Republic | Buffalo Sabres | Regina Pats (WHL) \n118 | Jaakko Harikkala (D) | Finland | Boston Bruins | Lukko (Finland) \n119 | Jeff Feniak (D) | Canada | Philadelphia Flyers | Calgary Hitmen (WHL) \n120 | Jari Tolsa (C) | Sweden | Detroit Red Wings | Frolunda HC Jr. (Sweden) \n121 | Evgeny Pavlov (RW) | Russia | Nashville Predators (from Toronto via Carolina) | Lada Togliatti (Russia) \n122 | Kristian Kovac (RW) | Slovakia | Colorado Avalanche | HC Kosice Jr. (Slovakia) \n123 | Preston Mizzi (C) | Canada | Phoenix Coyotes (from Ottawa via New York Islanders) | Peterborough Petes (OHL) \n124 | Alexander Krevsun (RW) | Kazakhstan | Nashville Predators (from Detroit; compensatory) | CSK VVS Samara (Russia) \n125 | Daniel Johansson (C) | Sweden | Los Angeles Kings (from New Jersey via New York Islanders) | MODO (Sweden) \n126 | Jeff Bateman (C) | Canada | Dallas Stars | Brampton Battalion (OHL) \n Vancouver GM Brian Burke was determined to draft the Daniel and Henrik Sedin, after their performance at the 1999 IIHF World Championship in Oslo, Norway. He began by complementing his existing third overall pick by trading defenseman Bryan McCabe and Vancouver's 1st-round pick in the 2000 Draft (used to select Pavel Vorobiev) to the Chicago Blackhawks for the fourth overall pick. Then, on the day of the draft, he traded the fourth overall pick and two 3rd-round picks to Tampa Bay for their first overall pick, which the Lightning in turn traded to the New York Rangers, who selected Pavel Brendl. Vancouver and Atlanta then worked out a deal whereby Atlanta, who held the second overall selection, promised to select Patrik Stefan with the first overall pick, leaving both Sedins available to Vancouver at 2nd and 3rd. \n The 1999 NHL Entry Draft was held on June 26 at the FleetCenter in Boston. According to Sports Illustrated and other sports news agencies, at the time the 1999 draft was considered one of the deepest in talent in years, headed by Patrik Stefan and the Sedin twins. However, the overall impact in the NHL hasn't matched those of the neighboring drafts. An example of this one is how many first round picks have played the equivalent of an entire regular season ten seasons after the 1999 draft; only 16 out of 28 first round picks in 1999 have played 82 NHL games, while the same statistic applies to 23 out of 27 players in 1998 and 21 out of 30 players in 2000. In addition, while the Sedin twins have excelled in the NHL, only Barret Jackman and Martin Havlat were still active players of the other 26 first-round picks in the NHL 15 years after the draft. The team that originally held the first overall pick, the Tampa Bay Lightning, traded out of the first round altogether in the trading carousel used to select the Sedins. \n | = NHL All-Star | | = NHL All-Star and NHL All-Star Team \n---|---|---|---\n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n158 | Anders Lovhdahl (C) | Sweden | Colorado Avalanche (from Tampa Bay) | HV71 (Sweden) \n159 | Yuri Dobryshkin (RW) | Russia | Atlanta Thrashers | Krylya Sovetov (Russia) \n160 | Konstantin Rudenko (LW) | Kazakhstan | Philadelphia Flyers (from Vancouver) | Severstal Cherepovets Jrs. (Russia) \n161 | Jan Sochor (LW) | Czech Republic | Toronto Maple Leafs (from New York Islanders) | Slavia Praha (Czech Republic) \n162 | Timo Helbling (D) | Switzerland | Nashville Predators | HC Davos (Switzerland) \n163 | Bjorn Melin (RW) | Sweden | New York Islanders (from Washington) | HV71 (Sweden) \n164 | Martin Prusek (G) | Czech Republic | Ottawa Senators (from Los Angeles via Colorado and Chicago) | HC Vitkovice (Czech Republic) \n165 | Michael Leighton (G) | Canada | Chicago Blackhawks | Windsor Spitfires (OHL) \n166 | Cory Pecker (C) | Canada | Calgary Flames | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL) \n167 | Sean Dixon (D) | Canada | Montreal Canadiens | Erie Otters (OHL) \n168 | Erik Lewerstrom (D) | Sweden | Phoenix Coyotes (from New York Rangers via Montreal) | Grums IK (Sweden) \n169 | Brad Woods (D) | Canada | Florida Panthers | Brampton Battalion (OHL) \n170 | Matt Underhill (G) | Canada | Calgary Flames (compensatory) | Cornell University (NCAA) \n171 | Chris Legg (C) | Canada | Edmonton Oilers | London Nationals (GOJHL) \n172 | Josh Reed (D) | Canada | Vancouver Canucks (from San Jose) | Vernon Vipers (BCJHL) \n173 | Jan Sandstrom (D) | Sweden | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim | AIK IF (Sweden) \n174 | Damian Surma (C) | United States | Carolina Hurricanes | Plymouth Whalers (OHL) \n175 | Kyle Clark (RW) | United States | Washington Capitals (from St. Louis) | Harvard University (NCAA) \n176 | Doug Meyer (LW) | United States | Pittsburgh Penguins | University of Minnesota (NCAA) \n177 | Jay Dardis (C) | United States | New York Rangers (from Phoenix) | Proctor High School (USHS-New Hampshire) \n178 | Seneque Hyacinthe (LW) | Canada | Buffalo Sabres | Val-d'or Foreurs (QMJHL) \n179 | Don Choukalos (G) | Canada | Boston Bruins | Regina Pats (OHL) \n180 | Tore Vikingstad (LW) | Norway | St. Louis Blues (from Philadelphia) | Farjestad BK (Sweden) \n181 | Kent McDonell (RW) | Canada | Detroit Red Wings (from Detroit via Tampa Bay) | Guelph Storm (OHL) \n182 | Fedor Fedorov (C) | Russia | Tampa Bay Lightning (from Toronto via New York Islanders) | Port Huron Border Cats (UHL) \n183 | Riku Hahl (C) | Finland | Colorado Avalanche | HPK (Finland) \n184 | Justin Cox (RW) | Canada | Dallas Stars (from Ottawa via Florida and Atlanta) | Prince George Cougars (WHL) \n185 | Scott Cameron (C) | Canada | New Jersey Devils | Barrie Colts (OHL) \n186 | Brett Draney (LW) | Canada | Dallas Stars | Kamloops Blazers (WHL) \n # | Player | Nationality | NHL team | College/junior/club team \n---|---|---|---|--- \n187 | Ivan Rachunek (LW) | Czech Republic | Tampa Bay Lightning | ZPS Zlin Jr. (Czech Republic) \n188 | Stephen Baby (RW) | United States | Atlanta Thrashers | Green Bay Gamblers (USHL) \n189 | Kevin Swanson (G) | Canada | Vancouver Canucks | Kelowna Rockets (WHL) \n190 | Blair Stayzer (LW) | Canada | Calgary Flames (from New York Islanders) | Windsor Spitfires (OHL) \n191 | Martin Erat (RW) | Czech Republic | Nashville Predators | ZPS Zlin Jr. (Czech Republic) \n192 | David Johansson (D) | Sweden | Washington Capitals | AIK IF Jr. (Sweden) \n193 | Kevin Baker (RW) | Canada | Los Angeles Kings | Belleville Bulls (OHL) \n194 | Mattias Wennerberg (C) | Sweden | Chicago Blackhawks | MODO Jr. (Sweden) \n195 | Yorick Treille (RW) | France | Chicago Blackhawks (from Calgary) | University of Massachusetts Lowell (NCAA) \n196 | Vadim Tarasov (G) | Kazakhstan | Montreal Canadiens | Metallurg Novokuznetsk (Russia) \n197 | Arto Laatikainen (D) | Finland | New York Rangers | Espoo Blues (Finland)",
"191 | Martin Erat (RW) | Czech Republic | Nashville Predators | ZPS Zlin Jr. (Czech Republic) \n192 | David Johansson (D) | Sweden | Washington Capitals | AIK IF Jr. (Sweden) \n193 | Kevin Baker (RW) | Canada | Los Angeles Kings | Belleville Bulls (OHL) \n194 | Mattias Wennerberg (C) | Sweden | Chicago Blackhawks | MODO Jr. (Sweden) \n195 | Yorick Treille (RW) | France | Chicago Blackhawks (from Calgary) | University of Massachusetts Lowell (NCAA) \n196 | Vadim Tarasov (G) | Kazakhstan | Montreal Canadiens | Metallurg Novokuznetsk (Russia) \n197 | Arto Laatikainen (D) | Finland | New York Rangers | Espoo Blues (Finland) \n198 | Travis Eagles (RW) | Canada | Florida Panthers | Prince George Cougars (WHL) \n199 | Christian Chartier (D) | Canada | Edmonton Oilers | Saskatoon Blades (WHL) \n200 | Pavel Kasparik (C) | Czech Republic | Philadelphia Flyers (from San Jose) | IHC Pisek (Czech Republic) \n201 | Mikko Ruutu (LW) | Finland | Ottawa Senators (from Anaheim) | HIFK (Finland) \n202 | Jim Baxter (D) | Canada | Carolina Hurricanes | Oshawa Generals (OHL) \n203 | Phil Osaer (G) | United States | St. Louis Blues | Ferris State University (NCAA) \n204 | Tom Kostopoulos (RW) | Canada | Pittsburgh Penguins | London Knights (OHL) \n205 | Kyle Kettles (G) | Canada | Nashville Predators (from Phoenix) | Neepawa Natives (MJHL) \n206 | Bret Dececco (RW) | Canada | Buffalo Sabres | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) \n207 | Greg Barber (RW) | Canada | Boston Bruins | Victoria Salsa (BCJHL) \n208 | Vaclav Pletka (RW) | Czech Republic | Philadelphia Flyers | Ocelari Trinec (Czech Republic) \n209 | Layne Ulmer (C) | Canada | Ottawa Senators (compensatory) | Swift Current Broncos (WHL) \n210 | Henrik Zetterberg (LW) | Sweden | Detroit Red Wings | Timra IK (Sweden) \n211 | Vladimir Kulkov (G) | Russia | Toronto Maple Leafs | CSKA Moscow (Russia) \n212 | Radim Vrbata (RW) | Czech Republic | Colorado Avalanche | Hull Olympiques (QMJHL) \n213 | Alexandre Giroux (C/LW) | Canada | Ottawa Senators | Hull Olympiques (QMJHL) \n214 | Chris Hartsburg (RW) | United States | New Jersey Devils | Colorado College (NCAA) \n215 | Jeff MacMillan (D) | Canada | Dallas Stars | Oshawa Generals (OHL)"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Anthony Poon Anthony Poon Kin Soon (; 21 April 1945 - 2 September 2006) was one of the pioneer abstract artists in Singapore best known for his paintings in the \"Wave Series\" which he began working on in 1976. Born in Singapore in 1945, Poon graduated from the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA) in 1964, and held his first exhibition at the old National Library. He pursued further studies at Bynam Shaw School of Art in London in 1968 on a Lee Foundation study grant as well as a scholarship from the school. Upon graduation he return to Singapore in 1971. His earliest foray into the Singapore art scene upon his return, was with the Alpha Gallery. It was a new gallery set up at the 7 Alexandra Avenue address, by the prominent architect Datuk Lim Chong Keat. With the guidance of the gallery's first manager Khoo Sui Hoe, a young artist like Poon could develop his art and have regular exhibitions at the gallery. Poon later took over from Khoo to become the gallery manager between 1973 and 1978. It was during the late 1970s that he produced the \"Wave Series\", abandoning the shaped canvas for the square frame, although order and symmetry remained the operative logic. This was followed by the \"Frequency\" series in the early 1980s, a truncated variant of the wave motif. Here, the illusion of three-dimensionality emerged as an interest of his. He also explored chromatic ranges in the \"Colour Theory\" series during this period. Here, abstraction was the predominant form of expression, although Poon deferred in being more conceptual, analytical and controlled as compared to his contemporaries. His early works, although containing figurations instructive of the formal teachings of NAFA, already showed signs of semi-abstraction. He quickly developed a unique style, centred on his interest in the spatial relationship between line and colour. This was evident in the Kite series of geometric abstractions and aerodynamic shapes on shaped canvas, developed just before his return to Singapore. He then expanded fully into the third dimension in the mid-1980s, with the Wave relief marking his progress into three-dimensions on canvas. Sculptural works followed in the early 1990s, allowing for an interactive play of volume and void to form. His sculptures told of his meticulous slant towards precision, which were a creative engineering feat of geometrical shapes. More than 20 of his works can be seen throughout Singapore, from the Singapore Turf Club to the National Library, Ministry of Information and the Arts, and the HDB Hub. Public collections can also be seen overseas in Brunei, Beijing and Washington, D.C. In 2002, Poon's five-metre-high stainless steel sculpture \"Success\" represented Singapore in an international exhibition of 230 new sculptures held at the City Sculpture Park in Beijing, China. His work was chosen by China's Ministry of Culture in Singapore for the Olympic Games in 2008. Even after being diagnosed with lung cancer he continued to work, completing a sculpture for the Beijing 2008 Olympics shortly before he died and thus fulfilling a wish he made in 1991 when he said, \"I would like to end my life with a paint brush in my hand.\" Poon sat on the specialist panels of many art advisory boards, including the Singapore National Arts Council. He was also a member of the Third Singapore Note and Coin Advisory Committee, assisting in the design of new currency notes and coins. In 1990, he was awarded the Cultural Medallion for Art, Singapore's highest award for those achieving artistic excellence. He was known in the art world for his professionalism and discipline. His close friend and fellow artist Teo Eng Seng said, \"He was a good example of a successful artist. People tend to think that artists are not organised, but Anthony was highly organised, highly competent.\" Friends of Poon also remembered him as a food lover. Teo remembered fondly that his friend was always urging fellow artists to try new places to eat, even if the places were out of the way. Poon would drive his friends around to different eating locations every day, sometimes even driving five kilometres just to try a new place. Then he would order a lot of different dishes and tell everyone to eat as much as they could. Anthony Poon died from lung cancer on 2 September 2006 at 3:50 a.m., aged 61. Following his death, and in accordance with his last wishes, 23 of his works – three sculptures, two three-dimensional relief paintings and 18 paintings – were donated to the Singapore Art Museum, joining the 16 pieces already in the museum's collection. These works were chosen to \"fill in the gaps\" in the existing collection so that it would span his entire body of work from the 1960s until 2005. Anthony Poon Anthony Poon Kin"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Employment Appeal Tribunal The Employment Appeal Tribunal is a tribunal in England and Wales and Scotland, and is a superior court of record. Its primary role is to hear appeals from Employment Tribunals in England, Scotland and Wales. It also hears appeals from decisions of the Certification Officer and the Central Arbitration Committee and has original jurisdiction over certain industrial relations issues. The tribunal may sit anywhere in Great Britain, although it is required to have an office in London. It is part of the UK tribunals system, under the administration of HM Courts and Tribunals Service. The tribunal may not make a declaration of incompatibility under the Human Rights Act 1998. There are two classes of members of the tribunal: Members are nominated or appointed by the Lord Chancellor. One of the nominated judges is selected as the president. The usual term of office for president is three years. The Honourable Mr Justice Langstaff served as president for four years from 1 January 2012 until 31 December 2015. His successor, announced on 17 December 2015, is The Honourable Mrs Justice Simler, the first woman to hold the role. The tribunal is governed by the Employment Appeal Tribunal Rules 1993, as amended in 1996, 2001, 2004 and 2005, and further by its Practice Direction. Parties are expected to understand and apply these rules. The tribunal has jurisdiction to consider appeals only on questions of law, including perversity. A party dissatisfied with a decision of the Employment Appeal Tribunal may apply to the tribunal requesting a review of its own decision. The tribunal may also review its decision of its own motion. Decisions can be reviewed where an error is relatively minor, for example a clerical error. Where a party believes the tribunal has misapplied the law or acted perversely, the review process is inappropriate and the party may appeal to the Court of Appeal (England and Wales) or the Court of Session (Scotland). Parties are expected to comply with strictly enforced time limits when applying for a review or appeal. The Employment Appeal Tribunal was created in 1975 as a successor to the National Industrial Relations Court, which had been abolished in 1974. The tribunal has two permanent offices: for England and Wales it is located at Fleetbank House, Salisbury Square, in the Fleet Street area of London; for Scotland it is located at 52 Melville Street, in Edinburgh. Employment"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"9 by 5 Impression Exhibition The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition was an art exhibition in Melbourne, Australia. The exhibition was opened on 17 August 1889 in Buxton's Rooms on Swanston Street and featured 183 works; the majority of which were painted by the Australian impressionists Tom Roberts, Charles Conder and Arthur Streeton. The exhibition was named for the dimensions of most of the paintings— , the size of a cigar box lid upon which many of the works were painted— and the Impressionist inspiration for the works. The exhibition created much lively commentary at the time and is now seen as a \"celebrated event in Australian art history\". 9 by 5s continue to appear on the market; in 2009, Conder's \"Centennial Choir at Sorrento\" (cat. 151) sold at Sotheby's for A$492,000. In 2012, to mark the 123rd anniversary of the exhibition, arts benefactor Max Carter donated four 9 by 5s (valued at over A$3,000,000) to the Art Gallery of South Australia, the largest group of 9 by 5s ever given to an Australian public institution. 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition was an art exhibition in Melbourne, Australia. The exhibition was opened on 17"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Mehmed the Conqueror Mehmed II (; Modern ; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (), was an Ottoman Sultan who ruled first for a short time from August 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to May 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. Mehmed continued his conquests in Anatolia with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as Bosnia. Mehmed is considered a hero in modern-day Turkey and parts of the wider Muslim world. Among other things, Istanbul's Fatih district, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Fatih Mosque are named after him. Mehmed II was born on 30 March 1432, in Edirne, then the capital city of the Ottoman state. His father was Sultan Murad II (1404–51) and his mother Hüma Valide Hatun, born in the town of Devrekani, Kastamonu. When Mehmed II was eleven years old he was sent to Amasya to govern and thus gain experience, per the custom of Ottoman rulers before his time. Sultan Murad II also sent a number of teachers for him to study under. This Islamic education had a great impact in molding Mehmed's mindset and reinforcing his Muslim beliefs. He was influenced in his practice of Islamic epistemology by practitioners of science, particularly by his mentor, Molla Gürani, and he followed their approach. The influence of Akshamsaddin in Mehmed's life became predominant from a young age, especially in the imperative of fulfilling his Islamic duty to overthrow the Byzantine empire by conquering Constantinople. After Murad II made peace with the Karamanids in Anatolia in August 1444, he abdicated the throne to his 12-year-old son Mehmed II. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by János Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce Peace of Szeged. Cardinal Julian Cesarini, the representative of the Pope, had convinced the king of Hungary that breaking the truce with Muslims was not a betrayal. At this time Mehmed II asked his father Murad II to reclaim the throne, but Murad II refused. Angry at his father, who had long since retired to a contemplative life in southwestern Anatolia, Mehmed II wrote, \"If you are the Sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the Sultan I hereby order you to come and lead my armies.\" It was only after receiving this letter that Murad II led the Ottoman army and won the Battle of Varna in 1444. Murad II's return to the throne was forced by Çandarlı Halil Paşa, the grand vizier at the time, who was not fond of Mehmed II's rule, because Mehmed II's influential lala (royal teacher), Akshamsaddin, had a rivalry with Çandarlı. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451 he devoted himself to strengthening the Ottoman navy and made preparations for an attack on Constantinople. In the narrow Bosphorus Straits, the fortress Anadoluhisarı had been built by his great-grandfather Bayezid I on the Asian side; Mehmed erected an even stronger fortress called Rumelihisarı on the European side, and thus gained complete control of the strait. Having completed his fortresses, Mehmed proceeded to levy a toll on ships passing within reach of their cannon. A Venetian vessel ignoring signals to stop was sunk with a single shot and all the surviving sailors beheaded, except for the captain, who was impaled and mounted as a human scarecrow as a warning to further sailors on the strait. Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, the companion and standard bearer of Muhammad, had died during the first Siege of Constantinople (674–678). As Mehmed II's army approached Constantinople, Mehmed's sheikh Akshamsaddin discovered the tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. After the conquest, Mehmed built Eyüp Sultan Mosque at the site to emphasize the importance of the conquest to the Islamic world and highlight his role as ghazi. In 1453 Mehmed commenced the siege of Constantinople with an army between 80,000 and 200,000 troops, an artillery train of over seventy large field pieces, and a navy of 320 vessels, the bulk of them transports and storeships. The city was surrounded by sea and land; the fleet at the entrance of the Bosphorus stretched from shore to shore in the form of a crescent, to intercept or repel any assistance for Constantinople from the sea. In early April, the Siege of Constantinople began. At first, the city's walls held off the Turks, even though Mehmed's army used the new bombard designed by Orban, a giant cannon similar to the Dardanelles Gun. The harbor of the Golden Horn was blocked by a boom chain and defended by twenty-eight warships. On 22 April, Mehmed transported his lighter warships overland, around the Genoese colony of Galata, and into the Golden Horn's northern shore; eighty galleys were transported from the Bosphorus after paving a route, little over one mile, with wood. Thus the Byzantines stretched their troops over a longer portion of the walls. About a month later, Constantinople fell, on 29 May, following a fifty-seven-day siege. After this conquest, Mehmed moved the Ottoman capital from Adrianople to Constantinople. When Sultan Mehmed II stepped into the ruins of the Boukoleon, known to the Ottomans and Persians as the Palace of the Caesars, probably built over a thousand years before by Theodosius II, he uttered the famous lines of Saadi: After the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title \"Caesar\" of the Roman Empire (\"Qayser-i Rûm\"), based on the assertion that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the Roman Empire since 330 AD, and whoever possessed the Imperial capital was the ruler of the Empire. The contemporary scholar George of Trebizond supported his claim. The claim was not recognized by the Catholic Church and most of, if not all, Western Europe, but was recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Mehmed had installed Gennadius Scholarius, a staunch antagonist of the West, as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople-New Rome with all the ceremonial elements, ethnarch (or \"milletbashi\") status and rights of property that made him the second largest landlord in the said empire by the Sultan himself in 1454, and in turn Gennadius II recognized Mehmed the Conqueror as successor to the throne. Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the Byzantine Imperial family: his predecessor, Sultan Orhan I, had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos. He was not the only ruler to claim such a title; Frederick III, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, traced his lineage from Charlemagne, who had taken the title of Roman Emperor when he was crowned by Pope Leo III in 800. Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen to the Ottomans he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother. Those children were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. The oldest boy, renamed Has Murad, became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey (Governor-General) of the Balkans. The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sanjak-bey (Governor) of the Province of Gallipoli. He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed's son, Bayezid II. After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the Despotate of Morea in the Peloponnese in 1460, and the Empire of Trebizond in northeastern Anatolia in 1461. The last two vestiges of Byzantine rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country. There is some historical evidence that, 10 years after the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed II visited the site of Troy and boasted that he had avenged the Trojans by conquering the Greeks (Byzantines). Mehmed II's first campaigns after Constantinople were in the direction of Serbia, which had been an Ottoman vassal state since the Battle of Kosovo in",
"of Gallipoli. He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed's son, Bayezid II. After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the Despotate of Morea in the Peloponnese in 1460, and the Empire of Trebizond in northeastern Anatolia in 1461. The last two vestiges of Byzantine rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country. There is some historical evidence that, 10 years after the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed II visited the site of Troy and boasted that he had avenged the Trojans by conquering the Greeks (Byzantines). Mehmed II's first campaigns after Constantinople were in the direction of Serbia, which had been an Ottoman vassal state since the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. The Ottoman ruler had a connection with the Serbian Despotate – one of Murad II's wives was Mara Branković – and he used that fact to claim some Serbian islands. That Đurađ Branković had recently made an alliance with the Hungarians, and had paid the tribute irregularly, may have been important considerations. When Serbia refused these demands, the Ottoman army set out from Edirne towards Serbia in 1454. Smederevo was besieged, as was Novo Brdo, the most important Serbian metal mining and smelting center. Ottomans and Hungarians fought during the years till 1456. The Ottoman army advanced as far as Belgrade, where it attempted but failed to conquer the city from John Hunyadi at the Siege of Belgrade, on 14 July 1456. A period of relative peace ensued in the region until the Fall of Belgrade in 1521, during the reign of Mehmed's great-grandson, known as Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The sultan retreated to Edirne, and Đurađ Branković regained possession of some parts of Serbia. Before the end of the year, however, the 79-year-old Branković died. Serbian independence survived him for only two years, when the Ottoman Empire formally annexed his lands following dissension among his widow and three remaining sons. Lazar, the youngest, poisoned his mother and exiled his brothers, but he died soon afterwards. In the continuing turmoil the oldest brother Stefan Branković gained the throne but was ousted in March 1459. After that the Serbian throne was offered to Stephen Tomašević, the future king of Bosnia, which infuriated Sultan Mehmed. He sent his army, which captured Smederevo in June 1459, ending the existence of the Serbian Despotate. The Despotate of the Morea bordered the southern Ottoman Balkans. The Ottomans had already invaded the region under Murad II, destroying the Byzantine defences — the Hexamilion wall — at the Isthmus of Corinth in 1446. Before the final siege of Constantinople Mehmed ordered Ottoman troops to attack the Morea. The despots, Demetrios Palaiologos and Thomas Palaiologos, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send any aid. Their own incompetence resulted in an Albanian-Greek revolt against them, during which they invited in Ottoman troops to help put down the revolt. At this time, a number of influential Moreote Greeks and Albanians made private peace with Mehmed. After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed entered the Morea in May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks. A few holdouts remained for a time. The island of Monemvasia refused to surrender, and it was ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope's protection before the end of 1460. The Mani Peninsula, on the Morea's south end, resisted under a loose coalition of local clans, and the area then came under the rule of Venice. The very last holdout was Salmeniko, in the Morea's northwest. Graitzas Palaiologos was the military commander there, stationed at Salmeniko Castle (also known as Castle Orgia). While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory. Emperors of Trebizond formed alliances through royal marriages with various Muslim rulers. Emperor John IV of Trebizond married his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law, Uzun Hasan, khan of the Ak Koyunlu, in return for his promise to defend Trebizond. He also secured promises of support from the Turkish beys of Sinope and Karamania, and from the king and princes of Georgia. The Ottomans were motivated to capture Trebizond or to get an annual tribute. In the time of Murad II they first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but high surf made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed. While Mehmed II was away laying siege to Belgrade in 1456, the Ottoman governor of Amasya attacked Trebizond, and although he was defeated, he took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute. After John's death in 1459, his brother David came to power and intrigued with various European powers for help against the Ottomans, speaking of wild schemes that included the conquest of Jerusalem. Mehmed II eventually heard of these intrigues and was further provoked to action by David's demand that Mehmed remit the tribute imposed on his brother. Mehmed the Conqueror's response came in the summer of 1461. He led a sizable army from Bursa by land and the Ottoman navy by sea, first to Sinope, joining forces with Ismail's brother Ahmed (the Red). He captured Sinope and ended the official reign of the Jandarid dynasty, although he appointed Ahmed as the governor of Kastamonu and Sinope, only to revoke the appointment the same year. Various other members of the Jandarid dynasty were offered important functions throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire. During the march to Trebizond, Uzun Hasan sent his mother Sara Khatun as an ambassador; while they were climbing the steep heights of Zigana on foot, she asked Sultan Mehmed why he was undergoing such hardship for the sake of Trebizond. Mehmed replied: Having isolated Trebizond, Mehmed quickly swept down upon it before the inhabitants knew he was coming, and he placed it under siege. The city held out for a month before the emperor David surrendered on 15 August 1461. The Ottomans since the early 15th century tried to bring Wallachia () under their control by putting their own candidate on the throne, but each attempt ended in failure. The Ottomans regarded Wallachia as a buffer zone between them and the Kingdom of Hungary and for a yearly tribute did not meddle in their internal affairs. The two primary Balkan powers, Hungary and the Ottomans, maintained an enduring struggle to make Wallachia their own vassal. To prevent Wallachia from falling into the Hungarian fold, the Ottomans freed young Vlad III (Dracula), who had spent four years as a prisoner of Murad, together with his brother Radu, so that Vlad could claim the throne of Wallachia. His rule was short-lived, however, as Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and restored his ally Vladislav II, of the Dănești clan, to the throne. Vlad III Dracula fled to Moldavia, where he lived under the protection of his uncle, Bogdan II. In October 1451, Bogdan was assassinated and Vlad fled to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's vast knowledge of the mindset and inner workings of the Ottoman Empire, as well as his hatred towards the Turks and new Sultan Mehmed II, Hunyadi reconciled with his former enemy and tried to make Vlad III his own adviser, but Vlad refused. In 1456, three years after the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople, they threatened Hungary by besieging Belgrade. Hunyadi began a concerted counter-attack in Serbia: while he himself moved into Serbia and relieved the siege (before dying of the plague), Vlad III Dracula led his own contingent into",
"and restored his ally Vladislav II, of the Dănești clan, to the throne. Vlad III Dracula fled to Moldavia, where he lived under the protection of his uncle, Bogdan II. In October 1451, Bogdan was assassinated and Vlad fled to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's vast knowledge of the mindset and inner workings of the Ottoman Empire, as well as his hatred towards the Turks and new Sultan Mehmed II, Hunyadi reconciled with his former enemy and tried to make Vlad III his own adviser, but Vlad refused. In 1456, three years after the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople, they threatened Hungary by besieging Belgrade. Hunyadi began a concerted counter-attack in Serbia: while he himself moved into Serbia and relieved the siege (before dying of the plague), Vlad III Dracula led his own contingent into Wallachia, reconquered his native land, and killed the impostor Vladislav II. In 1459, Mehmed II sent envoys to Vlad to urge him to pay a delayed tribute of 10,000 ducats and 500 recruits into the Ottoman forces. Vlad III Dracula refused and had the Ottoman envoys killed by nailing their turbans to their heads, on the pretext that they had refused to raise their \"hats\" to him, as they only removed their headgear before Allah. Meanwhile, the Sultan sent the Bey of Nicopolis, Hamza Pasha, to make peace and, if necessary, eliminate Vlad III. Vlad III set an ambush; the Ottomans were surrounded and almost all of them caught and impaled, with Hamza Pasha impaled on the highest stake, as befit his rank. In the winter of 1462, Vlad III crossed the Danube and scorched the entire Bulgarian land in the area between Serbia and the Black Sea. Allegedly disguising himself as a Turkish Sipahi and utilizing his command of the Turkish language and customs, Vlad III infiltrated Ottoman camps, ambushed, massacred or captured several Ottomans forces. In a letter to Corvinus dated 2 February, he wrote: Mehmed II abandoned his siege of Corinth to launch a punitive attack against Vlad III in Wallachia but suffered many casualties in a surprise night attack led by Vlad III Dracula, who was apparently bent on personally killing the Sultan. It is said that when the forces of Mehmed the Conqueror and Radu the Handsome came to Târgoviste, they saw so many Turks impaled around the city that, appalled by the sight, Mehmed considered withdrawing but was convinced by his commanders to stay. However, Vlad's policy of staunch resistance against the Ottomans was not a popular one, and he was betrayed by the boyars's (local aristocracy) appeasing faction, most of them also pro-Dăneşti (a rival princely branch). His best friend and ally Stephen III of Moldavia, who had promised to help him, seized the chance and instead attacked him trying to take back the fortress of Chilia. Vlad III had to retreat to the mountains. After this, the Ottomans captured the Wallachian capital Târgoviște and Mehmed II withdrew, having left Radu as ruler of Wallachia. Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey, who served with distinction and wiped out a force 6,000 Wallachians and deposited 2,000 of their heads at the feet of Mehmed II, was also reinstated, as a reward, in his old gubernatorial post in Thessaly. Vlad eventually escaped to Hungary, where he was imprisoned on a false accusation of treason against his overlord, Matthias Corvinus. The despot of Serbia, Lazar Branković, died in 1458, and a civil war broke out among his heirs that resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Serbia in 1459. Stephen Tomašević, son of the king of Bosnia, tried to bring Serbia under his control, but Ottoman expeditions forced him to give up his plan and Stephen fled to Bosnia, seeking refuge at the court of his father. After some battles Bosnia became tributary kingdom to the Ottomans. On 10 July 1461, Stephen Thomas died, and Stephen Tomašević succeeded him as King of Bosnia. In 1461, Stephen Tomašević made an alliance with the Hungarians and asked Pope Pius II for help in the face of an impending Ottoman invasion. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the Bosnian Kingdom to the Ottomans, he sent for help from the Venetians. However, none ever reached Bosnia. In 1463, Sultan Mehmed II led an army into the country. The royal city of Bobovac soon fell, leaving Stephen Tomašević to retreat to Jajce and later to Ključ. Mehmed invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly, executing Stephen Tomašević and his uncle Radivoj. Bosnia officially fell in 1463 and became the westernmost province of the Ottoman Empire. According to the Byzantine historian Michael Critobulus, hostilities broke out after an Albanian slave of the Ottoman commander of Athens fled to the Venetian fortress of Coron (Koroni) with 100,000 silver aspers from his master's treasure. The fugitive then converted to Christianity, so Ottoman demands for his rendition were refused by the Venetian authorities. Using this as a pretext in November 1462, the Ottoman commander in central Greece, Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey, attacked and nearly succeeded in taking the strategically important Venetian fortress of Lepanto (Nafpaktos). On 3 April 1463, however, the governor of the Morea, Isa Beg, took the Venetian-held town of Argos by treason. The new alliance launched a two-pronged offensive against the Ottomans: a Venetian army, under the Captain General of the Sea Alvise Loredan, landed in the Morea, while Matthias Corvinus invaded Bosnia. At the same time, Pius II began assembling an army at Ancona, hoping to lead it in person. Negotiations were also begun with other rivals of the Ottomans, such as Karamanids, Uzun Hassan and the Crimean Khanate. In early August, the Venetians retook Argos and refortified the Isthmus of Corinth, restoring the Hexamilion wall and equipping it with many cannons. They then proceeded to besiege the fortress of the Acrocorinth, which controlled the northwestern Peloponnese. The Venetians engaged in repeated clashes with the defenders and with Ömer Bey's forces, until they suffered a major defeat on 20 October and were then forced to lift the siege and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (Nafplion). In Bosnia, Matthias Corvinus seized over sixty fortified places and succeeded in taking its capital, Jajce, after a 3-month siege, on 16 December. Ottoman reaction was swift and decisive: Mehmed II dispatched his Grand Vizier, Mahmud Pasha Angelović, with an army against the Venetians. To confront the Venetian fleet, which had taken station outside the entrance of the Dardanelles Straits, the Sultan further ordered the creation of the new shipyard of Kadirga Limani in the Golden Horn (named after the \"kadirga\" type of galley), and of two forts to guard the Straits, Kilidulbahr and Sultaniye. The Morean campaign was swiftly victorious for the Ottomans; they razed the Hexamilion, and advanced into the Morea. Argos fell, and several forts and localities that had recognized Venetian authority reverted to their Ottoman allegiance. Sultan Mehmed II, who was following Mahmud Pasha with another army to reinforce him, had reached Zeitounion (Lamia) before being apprised of his Vizier's success. Immediately, he turned his men north, towards Bosnia. However, the Sultan's attempt to retake Jajce in July and August 1464 failed, with the Ottomans retreating hastily in the face of Corvinus' approaching army. A new Ottoman army under Mahmud Pasha then forced Corvinus to withdraw, but Jajce was not retaken for many years after. However, the death of Pope Pius II on 15 August in Ancona spelled the end of the Crusade. In the meantime, the Venetian Republic had appointed Sigismondo Malatesta for the upcoming campaign of 1464. He launched attacks against Ottoman forts and engaged in a failed siege of Mistra in August through October. Small-scale warfare continued on both sides, with raids and counter-raids, but a shortage of manpower and money meant that the Venetians remained largely confined to their fortified bases, while Ömer Bey's army roamed the countryside. In the Aegean, the",
"Jajce in July and August 1464 failed, with the Ottomans retreating hastily in the face of Corvinus' approaching army. A new Ottoman army under Mahmud Pasha then forced Corvinus to withdraw, but Jajce was not retaken for many years after. However, the death of Pope Pius II on 15 August in Ancona spelled the end of the Crusade. In the meantime, the Venetian Republic had appointed Sigismondo Malatesta for the upcoming campaign of 1464. He launched attacks against Ottoman forts and engaged in a failed siege of Mistra in August through October. Small-scale warfare continued on both sides, with raids and counter-raids, but a shortage of manpower and money meant that the Venetians remained largely confined to their fortified bases, while Ömer Bey's army roamed the countryside. In the Aegean, the Venetians tried to take Lesbos in the spring of 1464, and besieged the capital Mytilene for six weeks, until the arrival of an Ottoman fleet under Mahmud Pasha on 18 May forced them to withdraw. Another attempt to capture the island shortly after also failed. The Venetian navy spent the remainder of the year in ultimately fruitless demonstrations of force before the Dardanelles. In early 1465, Mehmed II sent peace feelers to the Venetian Senate; distrusting the Sultan's motives, these were rejected. In April 1466, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated under Vettore Cappello: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of Imbros, Thasos, and Samothrace, and then sailed into the Saronic Gulf. On 12 July, Cappello landed at Piraeus and marched against Athens, the Ottomans' major regional base. He failed to take the Acropolis and was forced to retreat to Patras, the capital of Peloponnese and the seat of the Ottoman bey, which was being besieged by a joint force of Venetians and Greeks. Before Cappello could arrive, and as the city seemed on the verge of falling, Ömer Bey suddenly appeared with 12,000 cavalry and drove the outnumbered besiegers off. Six hundred Venetians and a hundred Greeks were taken prisoner out of a force of 2,000, while Barbarigo himself was killed. Cappello, who arrived some days later, attacked the Ottomans but was heavily defeated. Demoralized, he returned to Negroponte with the remains of his army. There Cappello fell ill and died on 13 March 1467. In 1470 Mehmed personally led an Ottoman army to besiege Negroponte. The Venetian relief navy was defeated and Negroponte was captured. In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against the Albanians. Under their leader, Skenderbeg, they had long resisted the Ottomans, and had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy. Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania but was unsuccessful. The winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance. Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus (Lezhë), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage. After Skanderbeg died, some Venetian-controlled northern Albanian garrisons continued to hold territories coveted by the Ottomans, such as Žabljak Crnojevića, Drisht, Lezha, and Shkodra — the most significant. Mehmed II sent his armies to take Shkodra in 1474 but failed. Then he went personally to lead the siege of Shkodra of 1478-79. The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Constantinople as a condition of ending the war. The agreement was established as a result of the Ottomans having reached the outskirts of Venice. Based on the terms of the treaty, the Venetians were allowed to keep Ulcinj, Antivan, and Durrës. However, they ceded Shkodra, which had been under Ottoman siege for many months, as well as other territories on the Dalmatian coastline, and they relinquished control of the Greek islands of Negroponte (Euboea) and Lemnos. Moreover, the Venetians were forced to pay 100,000 ducat indemnity and agreed to a tribute of around 10,000 ducats per year in order to acquire trading privileges in the Black Sea. As a result of this treaty, Venice acquired a weakened position in the Levant. During the post-Seljuks era in the second half of the middle ages, numerous Turkmen principalities collectively known as Anatolian beyliks emerged in Anatolia. Karamanids initially centered around the modern provinces of Karaman and Konya, the most important power in Anatolia. But towards the end of the 14th century, Ottomans began to dominate on most of Anatolia, reducing the Karaman influence and prestige. İbrahim II of Karaman was the ruler of Karaman, and during his last years, his sons began struggling for the throne. His heir apparent was İshak of Karaman, the governor of Silifke. But Pir Ahmet, a younger son, declared himself as the bey of Karaman in Konya. İbrahim escaped to a small city in western territories where he died in 1464. The competing claims to the throne resulted in an interregnum in the \"beylik\". Nevertheless, with the help of Uzun Hasan, the sultan of the Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) Turkmens, İshak was able to ascend to the throne. His reign was short, however, as Pir Ahmet appealed to sultan Mehmet II for help, offering Mehmet some territory that İshak refused to cede. With Ottoman help, Pir Ahmet defeated İshak in the battle of Dağpazarı. İshak had to be content with Silifke up to an unknown date. Pir Ahmet kept his promise and ceded a part of the \"beylik\" to the Ottomans, but he was uneasy about the loss. So during the Ottoman campaign in the West, he recaptured his former territory. Mehmet returned, however, and captured both Karaman (Larende) and Konya in 1466. Pir Ahmet berely escaped to the East. A few years later, Ottoman vizier (later grand vizier) Gedik Ahmet Pasha captured the coastal region of the \"beylik\". Pir Ahmet as well as his brother Kasım escaped to Uzun Hasan's territory. This gave Uzun Hasan a chance to interfere. In 1472, the Akkoyunlu army invaded and raided most of Anatolia (this was the reason behind the Battle of Otlukbeli in 1473). But then Mehmed led a successful campaign against Uzun Hasan in 1473 that resulted in the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Otlukbeli. Before that, Pir Ahmet with Akkoyunlu help had captured Karaman. However Pir Ahmet couldn't enjoy another term. Because immediately after the capture of Karaman, the Akkoyunlu army was defeated by the Ottomans near Beyşehir and Pir Ahmet had to escape once more. Although he tried to continue his struggle, he learned that his family members had been transferred to İstanbul by Gedik Ahmet Pasha, so he finally gave up. Demoralized, he escaped to Akkoyunlu territory where he was given a \"tımar\" (fief) in Bayburt. He died in 1474. Uniting the Anatolian \"beylik\"s was first accomplished by Sultan Bayezid I, more than fifty years before Mehmed II but after the destructive Battle of Ankara in 1402, the newly formed unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered Ottoman power over the other Turkish states, and these conquests allowed him to push further into Europe. Another important political entity that shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II were the White Sheep Turcomans. Under the leadership of Uzun Hasan, this kingdom gained power in the East; but because of their strong relations with the Christian powers like the Empire of Trebizond and the Republic of Venice, and the alliance between the Turcomans and the Karamanid tribe, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power. In 1456, Peter III Aaron agreed to pay the Ottomans an annual tribute of 2,000 gold ducats to ensure his southern borders, thus becoming the first Moldavian ruler to accept the Turkish demands. His successor Stephen the Great rejected Ottoman suzerainty and a series of fierce wars ensued. Stephen tried to bring Wallachia under his sphere of influence and so supported his own choice for the Wallachian throne. This resulted in an enduring struggle",
"Mehmed II were the White Sheep Turcomans. Under the leadership of Uzun Hasan, this kingdom gained power in the East; but because of their strong relations with the Christian powers like the Empire of Trebizond and the Republic of Venice, and the alliance between the Turcomans and the Karamanid tribe, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power. In 1456, Peter III Aaron agreed to pay the Ottomans an annual tribute of 2,000 gold ducats to ensure his southern borders, thus becoming the first Moldavian ruler to accept the Turkish demands. His successor Stephen the Great rejected Ottoman suzerainty and a series of fierce wars ensued. Stephen tried to bring Wallachia under his sphere of influence and so supported his own choice for the Wallachian throne. This resulted in an enduring struggle between different Wallachian rulers backed by Hungarians, Ottomans, and Stephen. An Ottoman army under Hadim Pasha (governor of Rumelia) was sent in 1475 to punish Stephen for his meddling in Wallachia; however, the Ottomans suffered a great defeat at the Battle of Vaslui. Stephen inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, described as \"the greatest ever secured by the Cross against Islam,\" with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side. Mara Brankovic (Mara Hatun), the former younger wife of Murad II, told a Venetian envoy that the invasion had been worst ever defeat for the Ottomans. Stephen was later awarded the title \"Athleta Christi\" (Champion of Christ) by Pope Sixtus IV, who referred to him as \"verus christianae fidei athleta\" (\"the true defender of the Christian faith\"). Mehmed II assembled a large army and entered Moldavia in June 1476. Meanwhile, groups of Tartars from the Crimean Khanate (the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia. Romanian sources may state that they were repelled. Other sources state that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tartar forces \"occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube. Stephan tried to avoid open battle with the Ottomans by following a scorched-earth policy\". Finally Stephen faced the Ottomans in battle. The Moldavians luring the main Ottoman forces into a forest that was set on fire, causing some casualties. According to another battle description, the defending Moldavian forces repelled several Ottoman attacks with steady fire from hand-guns. The attacking Turkish Janissaries were forced to crouch on their stomachs instead of charging headlong into the defenders positions. Seeing the imminent defeat of his forces, Mehmed charged with his personal guard against the Moldavians, managing to rally the Janissaries, and turning the tide of the battle. Turkish Janissaries penetrated inside the forest and engaged the defenders in man-to-man fighting. The Moldavian army was utterly defeated (casualties were very high on both sides), and the chronicles say that the entire battlefield was covered with the bones of the dead, a probable source for the toponym (\"Valea Albă\" is Romanian and \"Akdere\" Turkish for \"The White Valley\"). Stephen the Great retreated into the north-western part of Moldavia or even into the Polish Kingdom and began forming another army. The Ottomans were unable to conquer any of the major Moldavian strongholds (Suceava, Neamț, Hotin) and were constantly harassed by small scale Moldavians attacks. Soon they were also confronted with starvation, a situation made worse by an outbreak of the plague, and the Ottoman army returned to Ottoman lands. The threat of Stephen to Wallachia nevertheless ceased. The Albanian resistance led by George Kastrioti Skanderbeg (\"İskender Bey\"), an Albanian noble and a former member of the Ottoman ruling elite, curbed the Ottoman expansion. Skanderbeg had united the Albanian Principalities in a fight against the Empire in the League of Lezhë in 1444. Mehmed II couldn't subjugate Albania while Skanderbeg was alive, even though he twice (1466 and 1467) led the Ottoman armies himself against Krujë. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Albanians couldn't find a leader to replace him, and Mehmed II eventually conquered Krujë and Albania in 1478. In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against the Albanians and their leader, Skenderbeg, who had long resisted the Ottomans, and had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy. For the Albanians, the outbreak of the Ottoman–Venetian War offered a golden opportunity to reassert their independence; for the Venetians, the Albanians provided a useful cover to the Venetian coastal holdings of Durazzo and Scutari. The major result of this campaign was the construction of the fortress of Elbasan, allegedly within just 25 days. This strategically sited fortress, at the lowlands near the end of the old \"Via Egnatia\", cut Albania effectively in half, isolating Skenderbeg's base in the northern highlands from the Venetian holdings in the south. However, following the Sultan's withdrawal Skanderbeg himself spent the winter in Italy, seeking aid. On his return in early 1467, his forces sallied from the highlands, defeated Ballaban Pasha, and lifted the siege of the fortress of Croia (Krujë); they also attacked Elbasan but failed to capture it. Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania. He energetically pursued the attacks against the Albanian strongholds, while sending detachments to raid the Venetian possessions to keep them isolated. The Ottomans failed again to take Croia, and they failed to subjugate the country. However, the winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance. Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus (Lezhë), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage. The Albanians were left to their own devices and were gradually subdued over the next decade. After Skanderbeg died, Mehmed II personally led the siege of Shkodra in 1478-79, of which early Ottoman chronicler Aşıkpaşazade (1400–81) wrote, \"All the conquests of Sultan Mehmed were fulfilled with the seizure of Shkodra.\" The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Constantinople as a condition of ending the war. A number of Turkic peoples, collectively known as the Crimean Tatars, had been inhabiting the peninsula since the early Middle Ages. After the destruction of the Golden Horde by Timur earlier in the 15th century, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent Crimean Khanate under Hacı I Giray, a descendant of Genghis Khan. The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the Kuban to the Dniester River, but they were unable to take control over the commercial Genoese towns called Gazaria (Genoese colonies), which had been under Genoese control since 1357. After the conquest of Constantinople, Genoese communications were disrupted, and when the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the Ottomans, they responded with an invasion of the Genoese towns, led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1475, bringing Kaffa and the other trading towns under their control. After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Meñli I Giray captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them to rule as tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=\"blacksea-crimea/hist\"></ref> However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans directly controlled the southern coast. An Ottoman army under Gedik Ahmed Pasha invaded Italy in 1480, capturing Otranto. Because of lack of food, Gedik Ahmed Pasha returned with most of his troops to Albania, leaving a garrison of 800 infantry and 500 cavalry behind to defend Otranto in Italy. It was assumed he would return after the winter. Since it was only 28 years after the fall of",
"their control. After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Meñli I Giray captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them to rule as tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=\"blacksea-crimea/hist\"></ref> However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans directly controlled the southern coast. An Ottoman army under Gedik Ahmed Pasha invaded Italy in 1480, capturing Otranto. Because of lack of food, Gedik Ahmed Pasha returned with most of his troops to Albania, leaving a garrison of 800 infantry and 500 cavalry behind to defend Otranto in Italy. It was assumed he would return after the winter. Since it was only 28 years after the fall of Constantinople, there was some fear that Rome would suffer the same fate. Plans were made for the Pope and citizens of Rome to evacuate the city. Pope Sixtus IV repeated his 1481 call for a crusade. Several Italian city-states, Hungary, and France responded positively to the appeal. The Republic of Venice did not, however, as it had signed an expensive peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1479. In 1481 king Ferdinand I of Naples raised an army to be led by his son Alphonso II of Naples. A contingent of troops was provided by king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. The city was besieged starting 1 May 1481. After the death of Mehmed on 3 May, ensuing quarrels about his succession possibly prevented the Ottomans the sending reinforcements to Otranto. So the Turkish occupation of Otranto ended by negotiation with the Christian forces, permitting the Turks to withdraw to Albania, and Otranto was retaken by Papal forces in 1481. After conquering Constantinople, when Mehmed II finally entered the city through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered the building to be protected. He ordered that an imam meet him there in order to chant the Muslim Creed: \"I testify that there is no god but God. I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.\" The Orthodox cathedral was transformed into a Muslim mosque through a charitable trust, solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople. Mehmed’s main concern with Constantinople was with rebuilding the city’s defenses and repopulation. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace. To encourage the return of the Greeks and the Genoese who had fled from Galata, the trading quarter of the city, he returned their houses and provided them with guarantees of safety. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle in the City demanding that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city; these people were called \"Sürgün\" in Turkish ( \"sourgounides\"; \"immigrants\"). Mehmed restored the Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate (6 January 1454) and established a Jewish Grand Rabbinate (Ḥakham Bashi) and the prestigious Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in the capital, as part of millet system. In addition, he founded and encouraged his viziers to found, a number of Muslim institutions and commercial installations in the main districts of Constantinople, such as the Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque built by the Grand Vizier Rum Mehmed Pasha. From these nuclei, the metropolis developed rapidly. According to a survey carried out in 1478, there were then in Constantinople and neighboring Galata 16,324 households, 3,927 shops, and an estimated population of 80,000. The population was about 60% Muslim, 20% Christian, and 10% Jewish. By the end of his reign, Mehmed's ambitious rebuilding program had changed the city into a thriving imperial capital. According to the contemporary Ottoman historian Neşri, \"Sultan Mehmed created all of Istanbul\". Fifty years later, Constantinople had again become the largest city in Europe. Two centuries later, the well-known Ottoman itinerant Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray and Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmed allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city. This measure apparently had no great success, since French voyager Pierre Gilles writes in the middle of the 16th century that the Greek population of Constantinople was unable to name any of the ancient Byzantine churches that had been transformed into mosques or abandoned. This shows that the population substitution had been total. Mehmed II introduced the word Politics into Arabic \"Siyasah\" from a book he published and claimed to be the collection of Politics doctrines of the Byzantine Caesars before him. He gathered Italian artists, humanists and Greek scholars at his court, allowed the Byzantine Church to continue functioning, ordered the patriarch Gennadius to translate Christian doctrine into Turkish, and called Gentile Bellini from Venice to paint his portrait as well as Venetian frescoes that are vanished today. He collected in his palace a library which included works in Greek, Persian and Latin. Mehmed invited Muslim scientists and astronomers such as Ali Qushji and artists to his court in Constantinople, started a University, built mosques (for example, the Fatih Mosque), waterways, and Istanbul's Topkapı Palace and the Tiled Kiosk. Around the grand mosque that he constructed, he erected eight madrasas, which, for nearly a century, kept their rank as the highest teaching institutions of the Islamic sciences in the empire. Mehmed II allowed his subjects a considerable degree of religious freedom, provided they were obedient to his rule. After his conquest of Bosnia in 1463 he issued the Ahdname of Milodraž to the Bosnian Franciscans, granting them freedom to move freely within the Empire, offer worship in their churches and monasteries, and to practice their religion free from official and unofficial persecution, insult or disturbance. However, his standing army was recruited from the \"Devshirme\", a group that took first-born Christian subjects at a young age and destined them for the sultan's court. The less able, but physically strong, were instead put into the army or the sultan's personal guard, the Janissaries. Within Constantinople, Mehmed established a \"millet\" or an autonomous religious community, and appointed the former Patriarch Gennadius Scholarius as religious leader for the Orthodox Christians of the city. His authority extended to all Ottoman Orthodox Christians, and this excluded the Genoese and Venetian settlements in the suburbs, and excluded Muslim and Jewish settlers entirely. This method allowed for an indirect rule of the Christian Byzantines and allowed the occupants to feel relatively autonomous even as Mehmed II began the Turkish remodeling of the city, turning it into the Turkish capital, which it remained until the 1920s. Mehmed the Conqueror consolidated power by building his imperial court, the divan, with officials who would be solely loyal to him and allow him greater autonomy and authority. Under previous sultans the divan had been filled with members of aristocratic families that sometimes had other interests and loyalties than that of the sultan. Mehmed the Conqueror transitioned the empire away from the Ghazi mentality that emphasizes ancient traditions and ceremonies in governance and moved the empire towards a centralized bureaucracy largely made of officials of devşirme background. Additionally, Mehmed the Conqueror took the step of converting the religious scholars who were part of the Ottoman madrasas into salaried employees",
"it into the Turkish capital, which it remained until the 1920s. Mehmed the Conqueror consolidated power by building his imperial court, the divan, with officials who would be solely loyal to him and allow him greater autonomy and authority. Under previous sultans the divan had been filled with members of aristocratic families that sometimes had other interests and loyalties than that of the sultan. Mehmed the Conqueror transitioned the empire away from the Ghazi mentality that emphasizes ancient traditions and ceremonies in governance and moved the empire towards a centralized bureaucracy largely made of officials of devşirme background. Additionally, Mehmed the Conqueror took the step of converting the religious scholars who were part of the Ottoman madrasas into salaried employees of the Ottoman bureaucracy who were loyal to him. This centralization was possible and formalized through a kanunname, issued during 1477–1481, which for the first time listed the chief officials in the Ottoman government, their roles and responsibilities, salaries, protocol and punishments, as well as how they related to each other and the sultan. Once Mehmed had created an Ottoman bureaucracy and transformed the empire from a frontier society to a centralized government, he took care to appoint officials who would help him implement his agenda. His first grand vizier was Zaganos Pasha, who was of devşirme background as opposed to an aristocrat, and Zaganos Pasha’s successor, Mahmud Pasha Angelović, was also of devşirme background. Mehmed was the first sultan who was able to codify and implement kanunname solely based on his own independent authority. Additionally, Mehmed was able to later implement kanunname that went again previous tradition or precedent. This was monumental in an empire that was so steeped in tradition and could be slow to change or adapt. Having viziers and other officials who were loyal to Mehmed was an essential part of this government because he transferred more power to the viziers than previous sultans had. He delegated significant powers and functions of government to his viziers as part of his new policy of imperial seclusions. A wall was built around the palace as an element of the more closed era, and unlike previous sultans Mehmed was no longer accessible to the public or even lower officials. His viziers directed the military and met foreign ambassadors, two essential parts of governing especially with his numerous military campaigns. Mehmed II was described as a \"notorious boy lover\" and contemporary accounts of the Fall of Constantinople attest to the rape and enslavement of the local population, particularly the children of Byzantine nobility. According to the chronicle accounts, Mehmed II purchased 200 of the most handsome boys between the ages of 8-16 for his harem. These young catamites were trained in courtly arts like erotic poetry, song, dancing, literature and pleasing men. Mehmed II is said to have demanded the 14 year old son of Loukas Notaras, who was reportedly very beautiful. When Mehmed's demand was refused, Notaras and his family were executed and the young boy was delivered to the palace. Mehmed II had five wives: On his accession as conqueror of Constantinople, aged 21, Mehmed was reputed to be fluent in several languages, including Turkish, Serbian, Arabic, Persian, Greek and Latin. At times, he assembled the Ulama, or learned Muslim teachers, and caused them to discuss theological problems in his presence. During his reign, mathematics, astronomy, and Muslim theology reached their highest level among the Ottomans. His social circle included a number of humanists and sages such as Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli of Ancona, Benedetto Dei of Florence and Michael Critobulus of Imbros, who mentions Mehmed as a Philhellene thanks to his interest in Grecian antiquities and relics. It was on his orders that the Parthenon and other Athenian monuments were spared destruction. Besides, Mehmed II himself was a poet writing under the name \"Avni\" (the helper, the helpful one) and he left a classical diwan (poetry). In 1481 Mehmed marched with the Ottoman army, but upon reaching Maltepe, Istanbul he became ill. He was just beginning new campaigns to capture Rhodes and southern Italy, however according to some historians his next voyage was planned to overthrow the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and to capture Egypt and claim the caliphate. But after some days he died, on 3 May 1481, at the age of forty-nine, and was buried in his \"türbe\" in the cemetery within the Fatih Mosque Complex. According to the historian Colin Heywood, \"there is substantial circumstantial evidence that Mehmed was poisoned, possibly at the behest of his eldest son and successor, Bayezid.\" The news of Mehmed's death caused great rejoicing in Europe; church bells were rung and celebrations held. The news was proclaimed in Venice thus: \"La Grande Aquila è morta!\" ('The Great Eagle is dead!') After the Conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed founded many mosques and religious schools in the city, such as the \"külliye\" of the Fatih Mosque. Mehmed II is recognized as the first Sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law, long before Suleiman the Magnificent; he thus established the classical image of the autocratic Ottoman sultan. Mehmed's thirty-one year rule and numerous wars expanded the Ottoman Empire to include Constantinople, the Turkish kingdoms and territories of Asia Minor, Bosnia, the Kingdom of Serbia, and Albania. Mehmed left behind an imposing reputation in both the Islamic and Christian worlds. According to historian Franz Babinger, Mehmed was regarded as a bloodthirsty tyrant by the Christian world and by a part of his subjects. Istanbul's Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (completed 1988), which crosses the Bosporus Straits, is named after him, and his name and picture appeared on the Turkish 1000 lira note from 1986 to 1992. Mehmed the Conqueror Mehmed II (; Modern ; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (), was an Ottoman Sultan who ruled first for a short time from August 1444 to September 1446, and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Fuji Molten Salt Reactor The FUJI molten salt reactor is a proposed molten-salt-fueled thorium fuel cycle thermal breeder reactor, using technology similar to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Molten Salt Reactor Experiment - liquid fluoride thorium reactor. It was being developed by the Japanese company International Thorium Energy & Molten-Salt Technology (IThEMS), together with partners from the Czech Republic. As a breeder reactor, it converts thorium into the nuclear fuel uranium-233. To achieve reasonable neutron economy, the chosen single-salt design results in significantly larger feasible size than a two-salt reactor (where blanket is separated from core, which involves graphite-tube manufacturing/sealing complications). Like all molten salt reactors, its core is chemically inert and under low pressure, helping to prevent explosions and toxic releases. The proposed design is rated at 200 MWe output. The IThEMS consortium planned to first build a much smaller MiniFUJI 10 MWe reactor of the same design once it had secured an additional $300 million in funding. IThEMS closed in 2011 after it was unable to secure adequate funding. A new company, Thorium Tech Solution (TTS), was founded in 2011 by Kazuo Furukawa, the chief scientist from IThEMS, and Masaaki Furukawa. TTS acquired the FUJI design and some related patents. Fuji Molten Salt Reactor The FUJI molten salt reactor is a proposed molten-salt-fueled thorium fuel cycle thermal breeder reactor, using technology similar to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Molten Salt Reactor Experiment - liquid fluoride thorium reactor. It was being developed by the Japanese company International Thorium Energy & Molten-Salt Technology (IThEMS), together with partners from the Czech Republic. As a breeder reactor, it converts thorium into the nuclear fuel uranium-233. To achieve reasonable neutron economy, the chosen single-salt design results in significantly larger feasible size than a two-salt reactor (where blanket is separated from core, which involves"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Black Cat (Zucchero album) Black Cat is the thirteenth studio album by the Italian blues rock singer-songwriter Zucchero Fornaciari, released on 29 April 2016. It's his first full-length studio album in six years, after \"Chocabeck\" in 2010, given that \"La Sesión Cubana\" (2012) was a mix of unreleased, previously released and cover songs. The album is marked by a music which goes back to soul & blues roots and sound of the famous \"Oro Incenso & Birra\" (1989). According to Zucchero, the album does not have the meaning of Western prejudice of Black cat, yet Afro-American for \"figure of speech, a greeting, a symbol of auspice\". As well there's a component of anarchism toward the \"market rules\". It is his \"darkest album and rough ever in terms of sonority\". On CNN it was announced that the album would have included a new song \"Streets of Surrender (S.O.S)\" which lyrics are written by Bono, dedicated to the victims of November 2015 Paris attacks. Mark Knopfler from Dire Straits is a special guest and guitarist on the song, as well \"Ci Si Arrende\". The single \"Voci\" is sampled by \"Ignorant Boy, Beautiful Girl\" by Loney, Dear, while \"Ten More Days\" is a cover by Avicii. The album's English version includes collaboration with Elvis Costello on \"Love Again\" (renamed as \"Turn the World Down\"), Spanish version collaboration with Alejandro Sanz on \"Fatti Di Sogni\" (renamed as \"Hechos de sueños\"), while on Japanese version guitarist Tomoyasu Hotei played on \"Ti Voglio Sposare\". The album was presented at the record breaking 11 consecutive concerts at the Arena in Verona in September 2016, and following \"Black Cat World Tour\". The Arena concerts, held between 16–28 September, were the only concerts in Italy in that year, and were special events with vast and diverse repertoire of old and new songs, and diverse special guests. With 11 more concerts at the Arena in 2017, Zucchero broke his own record, ending with three residencies and 22 concerts in one year in that location. Zucchero recounts that the album was \"born\" during the tour in Southern parts of United States (2013). He played in cities like New Orleans, Nashville, Lafayette, and immersed himself in their blues sounds, with guitars played with bottlenecks cut. He wanted to reproduce sounds from films like \"12 Years a Slave\" and \"Django Unchained\". He wrote the songs like in the early days when everything was simpler as didn't have nothing to lose, and didn't care about the logic of the market. He intended to have different \"dress\" for each song, thus entrusted seven different songs to each of album producers T Bone Burnett, Brendan O'Brien, Don Was, of which twelve were chosen. The songs show \"social obligation\", and few gospel songs lyrics talk about \"new slaves\": the migrants. In the single \"Partigiano Reggiano\" (Partisan from Reggio) a verse sings \"Bella ciao\". Although the Reggio Emilia province was \"red\", and his uncle during World War II was deported to Germany, he \"speak not of right or left, but someone who has ideals and that is ready to make wall against what does not work\". The album was released on 29 April 2016 by Universal, in CD, standard vinyl and limited edition red vinyl. It was released in three different versions; Italian, International (with English and Spanish version), Japanese. The song \"Partigiano Reggiano\" is album's first single in Italy, released 24 March, while \"Voci (Namanama Version)\" the album's first single internationally, released 25 March. Black Cat (Zucchero album) Black Cat is the thirteenth studio album by the Italian blues rock singer-songwriter Zucchero Fornaciari, released on 29 April"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"M. C. Jones Milton C. Jones (born 4 August 1894 in Plymouth, Pennsylvania; died 27 May 1932 in Indianapolis, Indiana) was an American racecar driver. Jones participated in the 1925 Indianapolis 500. Jones was a motorcycle rider and toured the country in a motordrome act with his wife Molly \"the Mile-a-Minute Girl.\" Jones was known by the nickname \"Dare Devil Jones.\" Jones had a son, Milton Jones Jr. Jones was killed in a crash during a practice run for the 1932 Indianapolis 500. Jones lived in Cleveland at the time of his death. He was buried in Acacia Masonic Memorial Park in Mayfield Heights, Ohio. M. C. Jones Milton C. Jones (born 4 August 1894 in Plymouth, Pennsylvania; died 27 May 1932 in Indianapolis, Indiana) was an American racecar driver. Jones participated in the 1925 Indianapolis 500. Jones was a motorcycle rider and toured the country in a motordrome act with his wife Molly \"the Mile-a-Minute Girl.\" Jones was known by the nickname \"Dare Devil Jones.\" Jones had a son, Milton Jones Jr. Jones was killed in a crash during a practice run for the 1932 Indianapolis 500. Jones lived in Cleveland at the time of his death. He was"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Kid Icarus (series) Kid Icarus is a franchise of fantasy video games by Nintendo. The games are set in a fantasy world, based on classical antiquity and Greek mythology, called \"Angel Land\". The gameplay consists of a mixture of action, adventure and platform elements. The \"Kid Icarus\" franchise is known as a cult classic and sibling series to the Metroid franchise. The first installment, \"Kid Icarus\", was released in 1986 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and was received to critical acclaim despite poor sales. A sequel, \"\" was later released for the Game Boy. On June 15, 2010, at their E3 conference, Nintendo announced \"\" on Nintendo 3DS, thus reviving the franchise after a 20-year hiatus. After Nintendo's release of commercially successful platforming games in the 1980s, including \"Donkey Kong\", \"Ice Climber\", and \"Super Mario Bros.\", as well as the critically acclaimed adventure game \"The Legend of Zelda\", the company was interested in entering a different genre. They began work on an action game. The game was called \"Metroid\". Nintendo released \"Metroid\" for the Family Computer Disk System on August 6, 1986, and on the Nintendo Entertainment System one year later. One year later \"Kid Icarus\" was developed alongside as its sister game, it shares elements and programmers with \"Metroid\". The game was produced by the same man who produced \"Metroid\", Gunpei Yokoi, who previously produced \"Donkey Kong\", \"Donkey Kong Junior\" (1982) and the original \"Mario Bros.\" (1983), and it featured music written by Hirokazu Tanaka, who also composed for \"Duck Hunt\" (1984). After the release of its handheld sequel, \"\", the series received no new installments for nearly two decades. An installment for the Nintendo 64 was rumored to be in development, but was never released. In 2006, Pit was revealed to appear in \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\" with a new design. This appearance eventually led to rumors that a series revival was planned for the Wii. On June 15, 2010, during their E3 event, Nintendo unveiled \"\" for the Nintendo 3DS. The game was released in March 2012 and it was the first Kid Icarus game with 3D graphics. The \"Kid Icarus\" series has a cast of recurring characters. The most common characters in the series are Pit, Palutena and Medusa. Kid Icarus (series) Kid Icarus is a franchise of fantasy video games by Nintendo. The games are set in a fantasy world, based on classical antiquity and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Stephen Maxym Stephen Maxym (July 17, 1915 – October 12, 2002) was an American bassoonist. Born in New York City, he attended the Institute of Musical Arts (now The Juilliard School) before Joining the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra as Principal Bassoon under Fritz Reiner. After serving in the US Merchant Marine during World War II, he auditioned for Erich Leinsdorf to become Principal Bassoon of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, a position he maintained until he retired from his active orchestral career. While at the Metropolitan Opera, he performed under many of the great conductors of his day, including Herbert von Karajan, Karl Böhm, Rafael Kubelík, Leonard Bernstein, Georg Solti, et al. He was also a distinguished teacher of both bassoon and chamber music, serving on the faculties of the Juilliard School, the Manhattan School of Music, the Banff Centre, and the University of Southern California, the New England Conservatory, the Yale School of Music, and the Hartt School of Music. Stephen Maxym Stephen Maxym (July 17, 1915 – October 12, 2002) was an American bassoonist. Born in New York City, he attended the Institute of Musical Arts (now The Juilliard School) before Joining the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra as Principal Bassoon under"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Arturo Morales Carrión Dr. Arturo Morales Carrión, as Gov. Rafael Hernández Colón eulogized him, \"one of the principal figures\" in the history of Puerto Rico. Born November 16, 1913 in Havana, Cuba, of Puerto Rican parentage, he died in June, 1989 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, after having served under Gov. Luis Muñoz Marín as Under Secretary of State of Puerto Rico, under President John F. Kennedy as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, as special assistant to the Secretary General of the Organization of American States and as president of the University of Puerto Rico. Born in Havana of Puerto Rican parents, he studied at the Vila Mayo High School, and graduated in 1931 from the University High School (UHS), the alma mater of many prominent Puerto Ricans, before obtaining a B. A. degree, majoring in History and Political Science from UPR in 1935. He obtained an M.A. in Latin American Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 1936 and, later in life, obtained his Ph.D. in History and Government from Columbia University in 1950. In 1948 he married Inés Arandes Rexach, with whom he had two sons, Arturo and Edgardo, and one daughter, Inés Morales Arandes. In 1953, Gov. Muñoz and Secretary of State Roberto Sánchez Vilella appointed Morales Carrión as Under Secretary of State, the position held for eleven of the past 22 years by José Rodríguez Suárez, and a post he held until 1961 for eight years. During that period, he spearheaded efforts to provide technical assistance to neighboring nations and promoting cultural exchanges. In 1961, President Kennedy appointed Dr. Morales Carrión as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs until 1964, and helped organize the Alliance for Progress led by a fellow Puerto Rican, Teodoro Moscoso. From 1964 to 1969, he served as Special Assistant to the Secretary General of the OAS. Back in Puerto Rico, in 1973, he was chosen as President of UPR, a post he held until 1977. At UPR, he had earlier been chairman of its History Department, founded decades ago by Dr. Pilar Barbosa. At UPR, and as its president, he created the Center for Historic Research. He also founded the Puerto Rico Foundation of the Humanities and served as its Executive Director until his death in 1989. Throughout his life, he served as Visiting Professor at innumerable institutions of higher learning, including Harvard University. Columbia University, George Washington University and the University of Miami, as well as other universities in the Caribbean and Latin America. Thirteen years after his death, the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico published a 1,000-plus page biography of Morales Carrión, edited by professor Héctor Luis Acevedo, that was presented at the Puerto Rico State Department on Nov. 14, 2012, with Acting Governor Kenneth McClintock offering remarks. Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1983. (in English) History of the People of Puerto Rico (in Spanish) Albores Históricos del Capitalismo en Puerto Rico, 1972 (in Spanish) https://web.archive.org/web/20110612043706/http://www.sg.inter.edu/Morales/ Arturo Morales Carrión: Dimensiones del gran diplomático puertorriqueño, edited by Héctor Luis Acevedo, 2012, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, (in Spanish) Arturo Morales Carrión Dr. Arturo Morales Carrión, as Gov. Rafael Hernández Colón eulogized him, \"one of the principal figures\" in the history of Puerto Rico. Born November 16, 1913 in Havana, Cuba, of Puerto Rican parentage, he died in June, 1989 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, after having served under Gov. Luis Muñoz Marín as Under Secretary of State of Puerto Rico, under President John F. Kennedy as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Logan Huffman Logan Huffman (born December 22, 1989) is an American actor. He appeared in the 2009 TV series \"V\" and starred in the 2013 film \"Bad Turn Worse\". Huffman was born in Noblesville, Indiana, where he was the first born of triplets, and has an older brother. He grew up in Indianapolis. He moved to New York City when he was 17 to pursue his dreams in acting. He is a believer in the paranormal and is dyslexic. He became engaged to Lisa Origliasso of The Veronicas in late 2016, and married in November 2018. In 2009, he joined the cast of \"V\". His character, Tyler Evans, was not popular with fans of the series. In 2012, he appeared in \"Refuge\", and, in 2013, he starred in \"Bad Turn Worse\". In 2015, Huffman appeared in two films directed by Tyler Shields, \"Outlaw\" and \"Final Girl\". He also appeared in the 2015 film \"The Preppie Connection\". Logan Huffman Logan Huffman (born December 22, 1989) is an American actor. He appeared in the 2009 TV series \"V\" and starred in the 2013 film \"Bad Turn Worse\". Huffman was born in Noblesville, Indiana, where he was the first born of triplets, and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Michael Wang Michael Wang is a professional poker player, born in New Orleans, Louisiana, now living in Livingston, New Jersey. He learned to play poker as a teenager by mainly playing online. Since 2009 he is playing in all types of live poker tournaments. Michael Wang is 29 years old. He has been playing poker professionally for 6 years now and already has achieved a lot in his career. Wang's first cash ever, dates back in January 2009, when he was playing at $1,700 No Limit Hold'em tournament and finished 1st, taking home $32,685. During 2010, he managed to finish in the money in few other tournaments. For 2011 there is no actual track for his performances. He appeared on the poker stage again in January 2012. He did cashed 11 times from various tournaments, including his first WSOP participation. It was June 2012 and Michael was playing in a $1,500 NLHE WSOP tournament, he finished 123rd, for $4,595. 2013 was also a bit dark for him, having participated in only 3 tracked live tournaments. He spent time playing, studying the game and testing his skills. Soon in May 2014, he started a great year in poker. He cashed from both from WSOP connected circuits - WSOPC and WSOPE. In May 2014 he finished first in a $1,125 No Limit Hold'em - with added National Championship entry tournament for $21,750. Then he participated in 4 WSOP tournaments, winning more than $22,000 in total earnings. October 2014 he made 2 notable cashes in WSOP APAC, he made 8th and 37th place, both exceeding more than $6,000. He also cashed twice from the WSOPC - Atlantic City. Meanwhile, he was all the time traveling in order to play poker - Hollywood, Bensalem, West Palm Beach - just a few of his points during 2014. He started 2015 even more inspiring. Till June 2015 he has 18 in the money finishes, consisting his biggest prize ever. In January, he played in the World Poker Tour - Hollywood, making 4 cashes in total for more than $80,000. Later in March and April, Wang went to play at the EPT - Malta, performing great in both tournaments, he played at. May and June 2015, mark Michael's biggest poker success ever. He played in the WSOP and he was one of the first to win a tournament. It was a $5,000 No Limit Hold'em, game was really though and Wang had to defeat a 422-poker player field and one of the most respected players. Finally he was heads-up with Bryn Kenney, after the long game, Wang came out with $466,120, plus each poker player's dream - a WSOP bracelet A list of his top 3 biggest cash ever. 46th World Series of Poker (WSOP) 2015, Las Vegas, 1st - $466,120. Hollywood Poker Open, Las Vegas. 2nd - $216,904 PaddyPower Irish Open 2015, Dublin 3rd - €111,750 As of June 2015, Wang has amassed more than $1,100,000 in live poker tournament earnings. Michael Wang Michael Wang is"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Visiting Tutor Visiting Tutor () is a South Korean television program that airs on Mnet. The program will become a regular program starting from December. The program opened applications for students or parents of their children, who want to take up 1-to-1 tuition from the home tutors recruited by the program. The home tutors will then visit the homes of the picked registrants and conduct 1-to-1 tuition, while at the same time giving life lessons and advice. Upon completion of their first lessons, for the next lessons tests will be conducted, and if the students do not score more than 90 marks, the home tutors will end their provisions of tuition to the students. The hosts and studio guests watch the ways the tutors conduct their lessons in the studio and provide some commentaries about their ways of teaching. Visiting Tutor Visiting Tutor () is a South Korean television program that airs on Mnet. The program will become a regular program starting from December. The program opened applications for students or parents of their children, who want to take up 1-to-1 tuition from the home tutors recruited by the program. The home tutors will then visit the homes of the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Sakamoto family murder On November 4, 1989, Tsutsumi Sakamoto (坂本 堤 \"Sakamoto Tsutsumi\" April 8, 1956 – November 4, 1989), a lawyer working on a class action lawsuit against Aum Shinrikyo, a controversial new religious movement in Japan, was murdered, along with his wife and child, by perpetrators who broke into his apartment. Six years later the murderers were uncovered and it was established that the assassins had been members of Aum Shinrikyo at the time of the crime. Tsutsumi was born in Yokosuka, Kanagawa. After he finished Yokosuka High School, he entered Tokyo University and graduated in law. He worked as a law clerk until he passed the bar exam in 1984 at age 27. From 1987 he worked as a lawyer at Yokohama Law Offices. At the time of his murder, Sakamoto was known as an anti-cult lawyer. He had previously successfully led a class-action suit against the Unification Church on behalf of relatives of Unification Church members. In the suit the plaintiffs sued for assets transferred to the group, and for harm inflicted by worsened family relationships. A public relations campaign in which protesters demanded public attention to their cause was instrumental to Sakamoto's plan, and the Unification Church suffered a serious financial blow. By organizing a similar anti-Aum public relations campaign, Sakamoto apparently sought to demonstrate that Aum members, similar to members of the UC, did not join the group voluntarily but were lured in by deception and were probably being held against their will by threats and manipulations. Furthermore, religious items were being sold at prices far greater than their market value, draining money out of the households of members. If a judgment was handed down in his clients' favor, Aum could be bankrupted, thus greatly weakening or destroying the group. In 1988, in order to pursue the class action suit, Sakamoto initiated the establishment of \"Aum Shinrikyo Higai Taisaku Bengodan\" (\"Coalition of Help for those affected by Aum Shinrikyo\"). This was later renamed: \"Aum Shinrikyo Higaisha-no-kai\" or \"Aum Shinrikyo Victims' Association\". The group still operated under this title . On October 31, 1989, aged 33, Sakamoto was successful in persuading Aum leader Shoko Asahara to submit to a blood test to test for the \"special power\" that the leader claimed was present throughout his body. He found no sign of anything unusual. A disclosure of this could have been potentially embarrassing or damaging to Asahara. That same month, the Tokyo Broadcasting System taped an interview with Sakamoto regarding his anti-Aum efforts. However, the network secretly showed a video of the interview to Aum members without Sakamoto's knowledge, intentionally breaking its protection of sources. Aum officials then pressured TBS to cancel the planned broadcast of the interview. Several days later, on November 3, 1989, several Aum Shinrikyo members, including Hideo Murai, chief scientist; Satoro Hashimoto, a martial arts master; Tomomasa Nakagawa and Kazuaki Okazaki, drove to Yokohama, where Sakamoto lived. They carried a pouch with 14 hypodermic syringes and a supply of potassium chloride. According to court testimony provided by the perpetrators later, they planned to use the chemical substance to kidnap Sakamoto from Yokohama's Shinkansen train station, but, contrary to expectations, he did not show up—it was a holiday (\"Bunka no hi\", or \"Culture Day\"), so he slept in with his family, at home. At 3 A.M., the group entered Sakamoto's apartment through an unlocked door. Tsutsumi Sakamoto was struck on the head with a hammer. His wife, Satoko Sakamoto (坂本都子 \"Sakamoto Satoko\", 29 years old), was beaten. Their infant son Tatsuhiko Sakamoto (坂本竜彦 \"Sakamoto Tatsuhiko\", 14 months old), was injected with the potassium chloride and then his face was covered with a cloth. While the two adults struggled, they were also injected with the potassium chloride. Satoko died from the poison, but Tsutsumi Sakamoto did not die as quickly of the injection, and died of strangulation. The family's remains were placed in metal drums and hidden in three separate rural areas in three different prefectures (Tsutsumi in Niigata, Satoko in Toyama, and Tatsuhiko in Nagano) so that in case the bodies were uncovered, police might not link the three incidents. Their bed-sheets were burned and the tools were dropped in the ocean. The victims' teeth were smashed to frustrate identification. Their bodies were not found until the perpetrators revealed the locations after they were captured in connection with the 1995 attack. As reported by NHK in 2015, the Tokyo metropolitan police had received a tip that an Aum member was involved in the murder, and in 1991 launched an investigation into the cult's facilities in the city. However, the investigation was shut down after two months due to the murder having been committed in Yokohama, outside of the jurisdiction of the Tokyo police. Evidence of Aum Shinrikyo's involvement in the murders was uncovered six years after the murder, after a number of senior followers were arrested on other charges, most notably in connection with the Tokyo subway attack. All of those implicated in the Sakamoto murders received death sentences. The court found that the murder was committed by order of the group's founder, Shoko Asahara, although not all of the perpetrators testified to this effect, and Asahara denied involvement. Asahara's legal team claims that blaming him is an attempt to shift personal responsibility to a higher authority. After the culpability of TBS in the murders was uncovered, the network was swamped with complaints. The motive for the murder is uncertain. Background information on Sakamoto's legal practice contradicts the \"blood test\" theory, according to which Asahara ordered the murder to prevent the disclosure of the test results that showed no special substance in his blood. A second theory is that the murder was designed to intimidate lawyers and plaintiffs, and to end the potentially financially crippling lawsuits against Aum. Whether Sakamoto's death changed Aum Shinrikyo's legal viability is a matter of debate. However, no more class-action lawsuits were filed against it in the six years following the murders, although individual unfavorable rulings have harmed the group financially to a lesser degree. Aleph, a successor group to Aum Shinrikyo, condemned the above described atrocities in 1999 and announced a change in its policies, including the establishment of a special compensations fund. Members involved in incidents such as the Sakamoto family murders are not permitted to join Aleph and are referred to as \"ex-members\" by the group. Following the Tokyo attacks, police charged Aum members Hideo Murai, Tomomasa Nakagawa, Kazuaki Okazaki, and Satoro Hashimoto with the murder of the Sakamoto family. Kazuaki Okazaki's trial lasted the shortest, as he pleaded guilty to all charges. Hideo Murai never made it to trial, as he was stabbed to death by a Korean assassin in April 1995 as he was being transferred by police. In 2000, the last two perpetrators, Nakagawa and Hashimoto, were convicted of the murders. On July 25, 2000, Okazaki, Nakagawa, and Hashimoto were sentenced to death by hanging. In 2017, Nakagawa published a memoir from prison in which he renounced his Aum beliefs, apologized to the families of his victims, and referred to Aum leader Shoko Asahara as a \"criminal\". Following the 2017 death of Kim Jong-nam (the half-brother of North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un) Nakagawa wrote a letter from prison in which he expressed his belief that Kim Jong-nam had died from VX poisoning, quantities of which Aum Shinrikyo had produced and used in the 1990s. Nakagawa was executed by hanging on July 6, 2018, while Okazaki and Hashimoto were executed by hanging on July 26, 2018 (18 years and one day after being sentenced). Sakamoto family murder On November 4, 1989, Tsutsumi Sakamoto (坂本 堤 \"Sakamoto Tsutsumi\" April 8, 1956 –",
"and Hashimoto were sentenced to death by hanging. In 2017, Nakagawa published a memoir from prison in which he renounced his Aum beliefs, apologized to the families of his victims, and referred to Aum leader Shoko Asahara as a \"criminal\". Following the 2017 death of Kim Jong-nam (the half-brother of North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un) Nakagawa wrote a letter from prison in which he expressed his belief that Kim Jong-nam had died from VX poisoning, quantities of which Aum Shinrikyo had produced and used in the 1990s. Nakagawa was executed by hanging on July 6, 2018, while Okazaki and Hashimoto were executed by hanging on July 26, 2018 (18 years and one day after being sentenced). Sakamoto family murder On November 4, 1989, Tsutsumi Sakamoto (坂本 堤 \"Sakamoto Tsutsumi\" April 8, 1956 – November 4, 1989), a lawyer working on a class action lawsuit against Aum Shinrikyo, a controversial new religious movement in Japan, was"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"South West Premier South West Premier (formerly National League 3 South West) is a level five league in the English rugby union system. It is one of four leagues at this level, alongside London & South East Premier, Midlands Premier and North Premier. The format of the league was changed at the beginning of the 2009–10 season following reorganisation by the Rugby Football Union, and the name change from National League 3 to Premier was introduced for the 2017-18 season by the RFU in order to lessen confusion for what is a series of regional leagues. South West Premier is the highest regional rugby union league covering South West England and part of South East England. The club finishing in first place is automatically promoted to National League 2 South. The runner-up play the second placed team of London & South East Premier, with the winner also gaining promotion. Relegated teams drop down to either South West 1 East or South West 1 West (occasionally Midlands 1 West) depending on location, and other factors such as the location of relegated and promoted teams in other divisions. The season runs from September to May and comprises twenty-six rounds of matches, with each club playing each of its rivals, home and away. The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: Nine of the fourteen teams participated in last season's competition. They are joined by Barnstaple, who were relegated from National League 2 South, and by three promoted sides; Drybrook, Exeter University and Old Patesians. Dings Crusaders (champions) were promoted to National League 2 South, while relegated sides included Hornets and Lydney (both Tribute South West 1 West), and Newbury Blues (South West 1 East). Ten of the fourteen teams participated in last season's competition (when it was known as National League 3 South West). They are joined by Exmouth, who were relegated from National League 2 South, and by three promoted sides; Weston-super-Mare, Maidenhead and Newbury Blues. Old Redcliffians (champions) were promoted to National League 2 South, while relegated teams included Launceston (Tribute South West 1 West), Salisbury (South West 1 East) and Bromsgrove (Midlands 1 West). Nine of the fourteen teams participated in last season's competition. They are joined by Launceston who were relegated from National League 2 South, and by two promoted sides: Camborne and Salisbury. Exmouth (champions) and Barnstaple (play-off) were promoted to National League 2 South, while Chippenham were relegated to Tribute South West 1 West, and Old Patesians and Old Centralians to South West 1 East. To address a league imbalance due to only one team coming down from National League 2 South, both Bromsgrove and Bracknell have been level transferred into the league from National League 3 Midlands and National League 3 London & SE respectively, Bromsgrove having finished 9th and Bracknell 11th. Each season, the runners-up in the National League 3 London & SE, and National League 3 South West participate in a play-off for the third promotion place to National League 2 South. The team with the best playing record, in this case Wimbledon, hosted the match and destroyed their opponents Dings Crusaders 55 – 5 to win promotion. Nine of the fourteen teams participated in last season's competition. They are joined by two teams relegated from National League 2 South, Dings Crusaders and Lydney; and by three promoted teams Cleve, Chippenham and Ivybridge. The teams leaving the league were the 2014–15 champions, Redingensians who were promoted to National League 2 South and the relegated teams, Chard and Weston-super-Mare to play in Tribute South West 1 West, and Oxford Harlequins to South West 1 East. Bracknell, who finished 3rd last season, transferred to National League 3 London and SE. Each season, the runners-up in the National League 3 London and SE, and National League 3 South West participate in a play-off for promotion to National League 2 South. The team with the best playing record, in this case Tonbridge Juddians, host the match and their opponents were Barnstaple, who won the match 30 – 31, scoring the winning points with a penalty in the last seconds of the match. Each season, the runners-up in the National League 3 London and SE, and National League 3 South West participate in a play-off for promotion to National League 2 South. The team with the best playing record, in this case Exmouth, hosts the match; their opponents were Barnes and the match was played on 25 April 2015. At the end of full-time the match score was 22 – 22, and Barnes scored the only points in extra-time, to win the match 27– 22. After extra time (80 mins: 22 – 22) The first season as a national league In the first season of the English rugby union league pyramid, sponsored by Courage, there was four, tier five leagues. The geographical area for teams in South West Division One covered an area of south-west England from Oxfordshire and Berkshire in the east to Cornwall in the west. There were eleven teams in the league and they played each team once, giving each team ten matches. The other tier five leagues were London 1, Midlands 1 and North 1. This system prevailed for five seasons, and in 1992–93 the number of teams increased from eleven to thirteen. The following season (1993–94) the league was reorganised and the four tier five leagues became two; National 5 North and National 5 South. After three seasons, in 1996–97, a further reorganisation occurred, and there was a return to four, tier five leagues; with South West Division One covering the area of south-west England from Berkshire westwards. This system prevailed until 2009–10 when the number of teams was increased from twelve to fourteen and renamed National League Three South West. There was a name change for the beginning of season 2017–18 when the division was renamed the South West Premier. The top six teams from London Division One and the top six from South West Division One were combined to create National 5 South. South West Division One was now the name of a tier six league and was one of two feeder leagues for National 5 South, the other being London Division One. The division was renamed South West Division One and the top four divisions increased in size. Lydney was promoted to National Division Three and all of the other teams, bar Camborne, were transferred to National 4 South. The division was renamed National League 3 South West following a restructuring of the national leagues which led to changes at all levels. For the 2017–18 season all divisions at tier 5 were renamed from National League 3 to Premier meaning that National League 3 South West became known as South West Premier. Since the 2000–01 season there has been a promotion play-off game between the runners-up of London & South East Premier and South West Premier for the third and final promotion place to National League 2 South with the team with the superior league record having home advantage. As of the 2017-18 season the London and south-east teams have been most successful with twelve wins to the south-west teams six while the home side have won fourteen of the eighteen ties. South West Premier South West Premier (formerly National League 3 South West) is a level five league in the English rugby union system. It is one of four leagues at this level, alongside London & South East Premier, Midlands Premier and North Premier. The format of the league was changed at the beginning of the 2009–10 season following reorganisation by the Rugby Football Union, and the name change from National League 3 to Premier was introduced for the 2017-18 season by the RFU in order to lessen confusion for what is a series of"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Jennifer Ulrich Jennifer Ulrich (born October 18, 1984) is a German actress who has starred in such films as \"The Wave\" and \"We are the Night\". She was born in Lichtenberg, Berlin. Jennifer Ulrich started her actress career with \"Big Girls Don't Cry\", released in 2002, in which she played the role of Yvonne. After participating in films such as \"The Elementary Particles\" in 2006, and \"Seven Days Sunday\" in 2007. She played the female lead role in 2008's film \"The Wave\" and in the vampire film \"We Are the Night\". Both were directed by Dennis Gansel. She is a fan of genre films, like horror. Jennifer Ulrich Jennifer Ulrich (born October 18, 1984) is a German actress who has starred in such films as \"The Wave\" and \"We are the Night\". She was born in Lichtenberg, Berlin. Jennifer Ulrich started her actress career with \"Big Girls Don't Cry\", released in 2002, in which she played the role of Yvonne. After participating in films such as \"The Elementary Particles\" in 2006, and \"Seven Days Sunday\" in 2007. She played the female lead role in 2008's film \"The Wave\" and in the vampire film \"We Are the Night\". Both were directed"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"The Land of Many Churches The Land of Many Churches is the fifteenth studio album and the double live gospel album by Merle Haggard and The Strangers released on Capitol Records in 1971. The album collects four live performances: two are in churches proper—Big Creek Baptist Church and Assembly of God Tabernacle—one is at San Quentin's Garden Chapel inside the prison, and one at Nashville's Union Rescue Mission. The music offers a mix of country gospel and traditional hymns with preachers introducing some of the songs. Bonnie Owens and the Carter Family are also featured. The album reached number 15 on the \"Billboard\" country albums chart. It was reissued on CD in 1997 by Razor & Tie. Al Campbell of AllMusic states \"To his credit, Haggard had a greater need to shine light on the music that influenced him, more so than the need to release material that guaranteed a surefire hit... Highly recommended to traditional country fans.\" Writing in 2013, Haggard biographer David Cantwell calls it \"one of the gems of the country canon.\" The Land of Many Churches The Land of Many Churches is the fifteenth studio album and the double live gospel album by Merle Haggard and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"203rd Infrastructure Construction Engineer Division 203rd Infrastructure Construction Engineer Division() was activated in February 1972 from 209th Geologic Survey Unit and all other units in Guangdong under the command of the Second Ministry of Machine Building. The division was composed of 9 regiments: The division was under the command of Guangzhou Military Region. Headquartered in Shaoguan, the division acted as a Uranium-related geologic survey unit in Southern China. In July 1975 the division was transferred to Infrastructure Construction Engineer Office, Ministry of Second Machine Industry's control. In May 1978, the division was renamed as 27th Detachment of Infrastructure Construction Engineer(). All its regiments were renamed as follow: In October 1978 the detachment was transferred to Second Machine Industrial Command, Infrastructure Construction Engineer's control. On January 1, 1984, the detachment was demobilized and reorganized as Southern Geologic Survey Bureau of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry. 203rd Infrastructure Construction Engineer Division 203rd Infrastructure Construction Engineer Division() was activated in February 1972 from 209th Geologic Survey Unit and all other units in Guangdong under the command of the Second Ministry of Machine Building. The division was composed of 9 regiments: The division was under the command of Guangzhou Military Region. Headquartered in Shaoguan,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Vernon Township, Scioto County, Ohio Vernon Township is one of the sixteen townships of Scioto County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census counted 2,129 people in the township. Located in the southeastern part of the county, it borders the following townships: No municipalities are located in Vernon Township. Statewide, other Vernon Townships are located in Clinton, Crawford, and Trumbull counties. Vernon Township was organized in 1818. The township derives its name from Mount Vernon, the estate of George Washington. In 1833, Vernon Township contained a blast steam furnace for melting ore, one gristmill and one saw mill, three stores, and a tanyard. The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Vernon Township, Scioto County, Ohio Vernon Township is one of the sixteen townships of Scioto County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census counted 2,129 people in the township. Located in the southeastern part of the county, it borders the following townships: No municipalities are located in Vernon Township. Statewide, other Vernon Townships are located in Clinton, Crawford, and Trumbull counties. Vernon Township was organized in 1818. The township derives its name from Mount Vernon, the estate of George Washington. In 1833, Vernon Township contained a blast steam furnace for melting ore, one gristmill and one saw mill, three stores,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gambang, Pahang Gambang is a town in Kuantan District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is located at a junction between Federal route , MEC Highway (Federal route ) and Tun Razak Highway (Federal route ). The Malaysia Electric Corporation (MEC) town (Bandar MEC) and electrical appliances manufacturing factory is located here. It is accessible via the Gambang Interchange of the East Coast Expressway (ECE) . Gambang had been developed to be an Education City since the past ten years starting with the building of Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan dan Teknologi Malaysia (KUKTEM) or now known as Universiti Malaysia Pahang. After Universiti Malaysia Pahang was built, the Federal Government under the Ministry of Education had formed a foundation college here in Gambang, namely Kolej Matrikulasi Pahang. Currently, the government is in the process of building a Universiti Teknologi MARA's branch in Gambang. The project had just been started. On the same time, the government builds the permanent pre-university campus of International Islamic University Malaysia. Even though the campus is expected to be completed in 2016, the campus is expected to start its operation in January 2014. Other than universities and colleges, a Sport's school is also here in Gambang. Sekolah Sukan Pahang (or known by the locals as Sekolah Sukan Gambang) is the third Sport's School formed after Sekolah Sukan Bukit Jalil and Sekolah Sukan Tunku Mahkota Ismail. The school is located directly in front of Universiti Malaysia Pahang main entrance and beside Universiti Malaysia Pahang's fourth college. Gambang is a small town outside Pahang's capital, Kuantan. The main attraction here in Gambang is the Bukit Gambang Resort City. Currently, Bukit Gambang Resort City houses to apartments building, hotels and a water-recreational centre. Located 8 km from Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Bukit Gambang Resort City is a tourist attraction in and outside of Malaysia. Other than the resort, Pusat Rekreasi Sungai Pancing (Pancing River Recreational Centre) is also located here. It's a waterfall outside of the jungle in Gambang and a popular spot for the locals to spend their weekends. Several eateries are also available here. Among them are; During Ramadhan (Muslim's fasting month), there will be a bazaar held in Gambang. It sells a wide variety of food from traditional cakes to dessert. The bazaar will be opened at Gambang's main crossroad, located 2 Kilometres from the Gambang's toll gate. Gambang, Pahang Gambang is a town in Kuantan District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is located"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Buildings at 24-30 Summer St. The Buildings at 24—30 Summer St. are a series of brick rowhouses in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The three story Second Empire residences were built in 1877 for Joseph Bushnell and E. S. Yates as rental properties. They consist of four units, arranged in mirror-image pairs. Within each pair the entrances are in the center, and there is a projecting bay section on the outside, which rises to the top of the second floor, where the mansard roof begins. There are single-window dormers projecting from the roof above the doorways, and double-window dormers above the bay. Both the larger dormers and the entrances have segmented-arch settings. The doorways are flanked by decorative brickwork, and there are corbelled brickwork courses above the first and second-floor windows. The buildings have had only minor exterior alteration since their construction. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Buildings at 24-30 Summer St. The Buildings at 24—30 Summer St. are a series of brick rowhouses in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The three story Second Empire residences were built in 1877 for Joseph Bushnell and E. S. Yates as rental properties. They consist of four units, arranged in mirror-image"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Luis de Córdoba Luis de Córdoba, born Luis Pérez Cardoso in Posadas on May 15, 1950, is a Spanish flamenco singer. He won 2 national awards in the National Contest of Flamenco Art in Córdoba in 1974 and 1977 and numerous others. In 1980 and in 1986 he participated in the Bienal de Sevilla . In 1994 he was featured on a compilation CD entitled \"Duende:From Traditional Masters to Gypsy Rock\" alongside fellow singers Camaron de la Isla, Enrique Morente, and top guitarists such as Paco de Lucia, Sabicas, Ramon Montoya and Tomatito. In December 2007 he was honored by the University of Cordoba with the St. Thomas Aquinas Award, and in June 2009, took the position as head of flamenco at the university. He is the author of the book \"El Flamenco: Tradición y Libertad\" (\"Flamenco: Tradition and Freedom\") (2001). Luis de Córdoba Luis de Córdoba, born Luis Pérez Cardoso in Posadas on May 15, 1950, is a Spanish flamenco singer. He won 2 national awards in the National Contest of Flamenco Art in Córdoba in 1974 and 1977 and numerous others. In 1980 and in 1986 he participated in the Bienal de Sevilla . In 1994 he was"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Douglas Blayney Douglas Blayney is an oncologist in the United States and is very involved with several clinical oncological organizations within the United States. He is internationally recognized for his expertise in oncology quality and informatics and hematological malignancy. He has currently been elected to become president of the American Society for Clinical Oncology, worked at the University of Michigan as the medical director of the university's cancer center, and is currently the Medical Director at Stanford Cancer Institute. He specializes in hematology and oncology, but his research specializes in breast cancer, lymphoma, and the use of electronic technology to enhance medical practice. Douglas Blayney was born in Fowler, California a small, rural farming community in the Central Valley of California and raised in nearby Fresno. Douglas Blayney attended Stanford University from 1968 to 1972, where he received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. He went on to earn his M.D. at the University of California at San Diego School of Medicine in 1977. After receiving his M.D., Blayney completed his residency at the University of California at San Diego from 1977 to 1980. After graduating in 1980, Blayney became certified to practice internal medicine, while in 1983 he received his certification in medical oncology where he also completed his fellowship in oncology at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Blayney worked as a medical oncologist and hematologist for the private practice the Wilshire Oncology Medical Group, Inc, in Pasadena, California. Blayney worked at Wilshire Oncology for 17 years, from 1986 to 2003. Blayney’s experience was extended to medical director of the University of Michigan’s Comprehensive Cancer Center in July 2003, and returned to Stanford University to become the Ann and John Doerr Medical Center Director from 2010-15. . Douglas Blayney Douglas Blayney is an oncologist in the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Rich O'Toole Rich O'Toole is a singer/songwriter from Houston, Texas. In early 2007, O'Toole released his debut album, \"Seventeen\". \"Americana Music Times\", then called \"Texas Music Times\", named \"Seventeen\" the \"Best Album of 2006 That No One Told You About.\" O'Toole released his second album, the Mack Damon produced \"In a Minute or 2\", on October 21, 2008. O'Toole's third album, \"Kiss of a Liar\" featured the duet with Josh Abbott titled \"Ay Dios Mio\" and a cover of Wilco's \"Casino Queen\" with guest performer Pat Green. O'Toole co-produced his fourth album, \"Brightwork\", with Damon and Ilya Toshinsky and released it on his personal record label, PTO Records. His latest album, \"Jaded\", also on PTO, was released in June 2014. Rich O'Toole Rich O'Toole is a singer/songwriter from Houston, Texas. In early 2007, O'Toole released his debut album, \"Seventeen\". \"Americana Music Times\", then called \"Texas Music Times\", named \"Seventeen\" the \"Best Album of 2006 That No One Told You About.\" O'Toole released his second album, the Mack Damon produced \"In a Minute or 2\", on October 21, 2008. O'Toole's third album, \"Kiss of a Liar\" featured the duet with Josh Abbott titled \"Ay Dios Mio\" and a cover of Wilco's"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"679th Bombardment Squadron The 679th Bombardment Squadron is a disbanded unit of the United States Army Air Forces (AAF). It was last assigned to the 444th Bombardment Group at Dudhkundi Airfield, India where it was disbanded on 12 October 1944. During World War II, the 676th Bombardment Squadron was an Army Air Forces combat organization. It was part of the first Boeing B-29 Superfortress group formed for the 58th Bombardment Wing, and served in the China Burma India Theater as part of Twentieth Air Force. The squadron's aircraft engaged in very heavy bombardment operations against Japan. The squadron received the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat operations. It was disbanded when the AAF reorganized its very heavy bombardment groups into three squadron units. The 679th Bombardment Squadron was activated on 1 March 1943 at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona as one of the original squadrons of the 444th Bombardment Group. The 444th was assigned to the first B-29 Superfortress wing, the 58th Bombardment Wing. After a period of organization at Davis-Monthan the squadron moved to Great Bend AAF, Kansas. for training, initially flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, Consolidated B-24 Liberators and Martin B-26 Marauders. The group engaged in training on the new aircraft and its mission of long range precision bombing. At Great Bend, the squadron received early model B-29s and prototype YB-29s, however aircraft were still undergoing development and were frequently modified by Boeing technicians in the field while the squadron was undergoing training in Kansas. In November 1943 The 444th reorganized as a \"Very Heavy\" group and added the 8th Bombardment Maintenance Squadron, which was paired with the 679th to maintain its B-29s. In early April 1944, the squadron left the United States and deployed to a former B-24 Liberator airfield at Charra Airfield, India. The first airplane of the 444th group landed at Charra on 11 April 1944. Due to the lack of revetments at Charra the squadron's airplanes were parked wingtip to wingtip on the field's shorter runway. Charra served only as a maintenance and staging base. Its runways were too short for a B-29 to take off fully loaded. While the group was stationed there, all missions were flown from the bases of the other groups in the 58th Bombardment Wing. From India, the 444th Bomb Group planned to fly missions against Japan from advanced airfields in China. However, all the supplies of fuel, bombs and spare parts needed to support operations from the forward bases in China had to be flown from India over The Hump. For this role, one aircraft from the squadron was stripped of combat equipment and used as a flying tanker. Each aircraft carried seven tons of fuel, but the amount that was delivered to China depended on weather, including headwinds and aircraft icing which increased the fuel consumption of the \"tankers.\" The squadron flew its first combat mission on 5 June 1944 against the Makasan railroad yards at Bangkok, Thailand. Ten days later the 679th participated in the first American air attack on the Japanese home islands since the 1942 Doolittle raid, staging through Chinese bases on a nighttime raid against the iron and steel works at Yawata, Japan. It returned to Yawata on 20 August on a daytime raid for which the unit was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. Operating from bases in India and at times staging through fields in China, the group struck transportation centers, naval installations, aircraft plants and other targets in Burma, China, Thailand, Japan and Formosa. On 12 October 1944 the 444th group reorganized. The 679th Bombardment Squadron and the four bombardment maintenance squadrons were disbanded and their personnel and equipment were transferred to the other squadrons of the group. 679th Bombardment Squadron The 679th Bombardment Squadron is a disbanded unit of the United States Army Air Forces (AAF). It was last assigned to the 444th Bombardment Group at Dudhkundi Airfield, India where it was disbanded on 12 October 1944. During World War II, the 676th Bombardment Squadron was an Army Air Forces combat organization. It was part of the first Boeing B-29 Superfortress group formed for the 58th Bombardment Wing, and served in the China Burma India Theater as part of Twentieth Air Force."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Macerata Cathedral Macerata Cathedral () is a Renaissance-style, Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the St Julian in the town of Macerata, province of Macerata, region of Marche, Italy. The Cathedral was built in 1459-1464 to designs by Cosimo Morelli; it underwent reconstruction in 1771. The façade and the adjacent square bell tower (1478), which projects forward into the piazza, remain unfinished in brick. The tower's design is attributed to Marino di Marco Cedrino. The interior was decorated in 1771 in neoclassical style. It is characterized by large twin columns, which divide the three naves and the cupola. The main altarpiece depicts \"St Julian intercedes with the Madonna and Child to ease the plague\"(1786) by Cristoforo Unterberger. Below the second story choir loft are canvases (1602) by Filippo Bellini. The spandrels of the apse were painted with the \"Religion and the Theologic virtues\" (1938) by Silvio Galimberti. On the first altar on the right (erected by the Ferri family) houses a canvas depicting the \"Transfer of the Keys to St Peter\" by an anonymous Bolognese artist. The second chapel on the right has a depiction of the \"Madonna between Saints Sebastian and Andrea\" (1600) by Andrea Boscoli. In the right transept there is a mosaic depicting \"St Michael the Archangel\" (1628) made by Giambattista Calandra, originally for the St Peter's Basilica in the Vtican. Along the left transept is the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament (1932) in a neo-rococo style by Giuseppe Rossi with the dome frescoed by Pavisa. The third altar on the right (dei Compagnoni) has a canvas with a depiction of \"San Carlo Borromeo\" (1790) by Vincenzo Martini. In the first chapel on the left there is the baptismal font, and a fragment of a large wooden model (17th century) which reproduced the project of Michelangelo for the Vatican Basilica. The sacristy conserves a triptych of the \"Madonna and Child with Saints Anthony Abbot and Giuliano\" (1369) by Allegretto Nuzi; a \"Madonna in Glory between Saints Giuliano and Anthony of Padua\" by Vincenzo Pagani; a \"Madonna and Child with Saints John the Baptist, Sebastian, James the Major\" (1574) by Gaspare Gasparini; a \"Birth of Mary\" by Sforza Compagnoni; a \"Pietà\" by Filippo Bellini; a \"Miracle of St Gregory\" by Andrea Sacchi designed for the Gregorian chapel in St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. On the altar of the chapel of San Giuliano is a canvas depicting \"Julian before an angel who announces his coming death\" (1738) by Francesco Mancini. The organ in the right choir was built by Gaetano Callido in 1790. Below the church is a crypt with three altars. The church is custodian of the relics of St Julian. Macerata Cathedral Macerata Cathedral () is a Renaissance-style, Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the St Julian in the town of Macerata, province of Macerata, region of Marche, Italy. The Cathedral was built in 1459-1464 to designs by Cosimo Morelli; it underwent reconstruction in 1771. The façade and the adjacent square bell tower (1478), which projects forward into"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"St John the Evangelist's Church, Alvanley St John the Evangelist's Church is in the village of Alvanley, Cheshire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Frodsham. Its benefice is united with that of St John the Evangelist, Manley. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. It is described by the authors of the \"Buildings of England\" series as \"a building of some character\". The church was built in 1860 to a design by J. S. Crowther at the expense of Catherine Emma Arden, the youngest daughter of Richard Arden, 1st Baron Alvanley. The church is built in red sandstone with gabled grey slate roofs in early Decorated style. Its plan consists of four-bay nave with north and south aisles under separate roofs, and a chancel with a north vestry. On the west end is a corbelled belfry with small steeple containing two bells. The windows contain either Geometric tracery, or Y-tracery. The gables have ornate cross finials. The arcades are carried on circular piers. The stained glass dates from the early 20th century, and is probably by Shrigley and Hunt. Also in the church is a wooden board giving the list of curates since 1677, and vicars since 1861. In the churchyard are two tombs which are listed at Grade II, and the war graves of a British and a Canadian soldier of World War I. St John the Evangelist's Church, Alvanley St John the Evangelist's Church is in the village of Alvanley, Cheshire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Frodsham. Its benefice is united with that of St John"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Henry Bloomfield (politician) Lieutenant-General Henry Keane Bloomfield (born circa 1798, died 11 February 1870) was an English soldier and whilst serving in New South Wales an Australian politician. He was a soldier, being first commissioned as an ensign in 1813 with the 59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot. He served at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and received the Waterloo Medal, and in 1817 was promoted to lieutenant. In 1823 he transferred to the 11th Regiment of Foot. He was further promoted to captain in 1824, major in 1838 and lieutenant colonel in 1845. He became a brevet colonel in 1858. In 1856, while in command of the army in New South Wales, he was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council, but he left the colony with his regiment in 1857. In 1867 he was given the colonelcy for life of the 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot and in 1868 made Lieutenant-General. Bloomfield died at 108 Jermyn Street, Piccadilly, London on 11 February 1870. Henry Bloomfield (politician) Lieutenant-General Henry Keane Bloomfield (born circa 1798, died 11 February 1870) was an English soldier and whilst serving in New South Wales an Australian politician. He was a soldier,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident The 1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident occurred on 27 July 1934 when a Swissair Curtiss AT-32C Condor II aircraft crashed near Tuttlingen, Germany while flying through a thunderstorm, killing all 12 people on board. It was the worst air crash in 1934 and Swissair's first aviation accident since its foundation in 1931. The aircraft involved in the accident, registered CH-170, was a Curtiss AT-32C Condor II, a variant of the standard T-32 developed specifically for Swiss flag carrier Swissair, which was its only operator. CH-170 had entered service on 28 March 1934 and, by the time of the accident, had only been in service for four months. The cabin was configured with seating for up to 15 people. The aircraft's flight attendant, Nelly Diener, also known as the \"Engel der Lüfte\" (\"Angel of the Skies\"), is notable for being Europe's first air stewardess. She had been working for Swissair since 1 May 1934. The other two crew members were the pilot, Armin Mühlematter, and the radio navigator, Hans Daschinger. On the accident flight, there were nine passengers aboard. The aircraft departed Zurich for Berlin, with stopovers in Stuttgart and Leipzig. Shortly after crossing the Swiss-German border, the aircraft, cruising at an altitude of about 3,000 meters, encountered a thunderstorm, and while flying through it, the right wing eventually broke off. This resulted in an immediate loss of control and the aircraft plummeted into a forest near Tuttlingen, exploding into flames on impact. Investigators found that oscillations in the wing had caused a stress fracture, the severity of which was exacerbated by the violent weather conditions in which the aircraft was flying. German investigators, however, determined that one fracture formed in the wing and engine mount structure due to defective construction and welding techniques in conjunction with the engine vibrations, while a second fracture resulted from the force of the turbulence in the storm. 1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident The 1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident occurred on 27 July 1934 when a Swissair Curtiss AT-32C Condor II aircraft crashed near Tuttlingen, Germany while flying through a thunderstorm, killing all 12 people on board. It was the worst air crash in 1934 and Swissair's first aviation accident since its foundation in 1931. The aircraft involved in the accident, registered CH-170, was a Curtiss AT-32C Condor II, a variant of the standard T-32 developed specifically for Swiss flag carrier Swissair, which was"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Times and Winds Times and Winds or () is a 2006 Turkish drama film directed and written by Reha Erdem. The film premiered in the United States on January 11, 2008. It won the Best Turkish Film of the Year Award at the Istanbul International Film Festival. In a small village in the mountains overlooking the sea the people struggle to survive on a daily basis. Their lives, like those of their ancestors, follow the rhythms of the earth, air and water, of day and night and the seasons, with days divided into five parts by the call to prayer. Childhood is difficult and a father typically has a preference of one son over the other. Ömer, the son of the Imam, is such a victim of his father's dislike and he wishes for the death of his father. When his wish is not granted he begins to look for ways to kill him as a twelve-year-old boy might think of with his friend Yakup. Yakup seeing his father sexually interested in his teacher also develops a hatred of his father in the same way and as the children grow up they are riddled between guilt and love and hate for their fathers. Times and Winds Times and Winds or () is a 2006 Turkish drama film directed and written by Reha Erdem. The film premiered in the United States on January 11, 2008. It won the Best Turkish Film of the Year Award at the Istanbul International Film Festival. In a small village in the mountains overlooking the sea the people struggle to survive on a daily basis. Their lives, like those of their ancestors, follow the rhythms of the earth, air and water, of day and night and the seasons, with days divided into five parts by the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Ángel Pedraza Ángel Pedraza Lamilla (4 October 1962 – 8 January 2011) was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a full back and a central midfielder. Born in La Rinconada, Seville, Andalusia, Pedraza joined FC Barcelona's youth ranks, and spent two seasons with the reserves in Segunda División. On 16 September 1980, László Kubala granted him the opportunity to play in one UEFA Cup match against Sliema Wanderers F.C. in Malta, and he became the first La Masia player ever to appear for the main squad. In January 1986, with Terry Venables as a coach, Pedraza made his La Liga debut with the first team, with which he would play a further three years, being mostly used as a backup. In the 1986 European Cup Final he was one of four \"Barça\" players – the others were José Ramón Alexanko, Pichi Alonso and Marcos – to have their penalty shootout attempts saved by FC Steaua Bucureşti goalkeeper Helmuth Duckadam, as the Catalans lost the decisive match in Seville (0–0 after 120 minutes). Pedraza signed with RCD Mallorca in the 1988 off-season, with the Balearic Islands outfit being coached by a young Lorenzo Serra Ferrer, who relocated the player from central midfielder to full back. In his first season he was an essential defensive unit (3,241 minutes, one goal) as the club returned to La Liga, and also reached the Copa del Rey final in 1991; during six of his seven years with the team he did not appear in less than 30 league games, and retired from football in 1997 at the age of 35, after a two-year stint with amateurs CF Sóller, also in Majorca. Immediately after retiring Pedraza started managing, spending five years with several youth sides at former club Barcelona. In 2002, he moved across the city and coached RCD Espanyol's juniors, joining the B-team afterwards. Pedraza then spent three seasons in Segunda División B, first with Benidorm CF then Villarreal CF B. After one year in Greece, split between two teams, he returned to his country and took charge of amateurs CD Atlético Baleares, helping it promote from Tercera División, as champions. In July 2010, despite being already suffering from cancer, Pedraza agreed to take over at CE L'Hospitalet in the third level. He was however removed from his managerial duties after only three months. On 8 January 2011, aged only 48, he succumbed to the illness in Barcelona. Pedraza's son, Marc, was also a professional footballer. A midfielder, he was brought up in Espanyol's youth system, being coached by his father at Hospitalet, with the manager being sacked precisely after the player's debut. Barcelona Mallorca Atlético Baleares Ángel Pedraza Ángel Pedraza Lamilla (4 October 1962 – 8 January 2011) was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a full back and a central midfielder. Born in La Rinconada, Seville, Andalusia, Pedraza joined FC Barcelona's youth ranks, and spent two seasons with the reserves in Segunda División. On 16 September 1980, László Kubala granted him"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.