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{ "retrieved": [ "Man, Myth & Magic (role-playing game) Man, Myth & Magic is a fantasy role-playing game, using paper and dice, set in the ancient world, drawing from legends dating from approximately 4000 BC to 1000 AD. It was first published in February 1982 by Yaquinto Publications. The game mixes many elements from this wide time period. Character nationality and class are determined randomly, so a party might have a British druid, a Greek sibyl and an oriental shaman. There are 6 main character traits (strength, speed, endurance, intelligence, courage, and skill) and these are represented by a number between 1 and 100. Dice rolls use a percentile system. For combat, you roll and add/subtract modifiers to beat the basic to hit number of 50 percent. The basic game includes a starting adventure set in a gladiator school. The game comes in a boxed set consisting of three books (Basic Rules, Advanced Rules, and Adventure Booklet), dice, character sheets, and adventure maps. With a simple set of rules, \"Man, Myth & Magic\" relied heavily on mood and atmosphere to entertain its players. The storylines were rooted in actual history, overlaying mythological and fantastical elements into the adventure, with a good deal of focus on the setting and period. Marcus Rowland reviewed this game along with Adventure 1, Episode 5 - Death to Setanta and Adventure 1, Episode 6 - The Kingdom of the Sidhe in \"White Dwarf\" issue #41. Rowland did not care for how the game was set up feeling it was too hard to find the material you needed thanks to the design of the game. You read the rule book and adventure as you learn. He give the RPG and adventures 5/10, 4/10 and 6/10 respectively. Ken Rolston is much less forgiving calling the game \"ambitious failure\" in his December 1983 review in \"Dragon\" Magazine. MM&M obscure rules were also ripe for lampooning. In \"Space Gamer\" #63 the ongoing editorial cartoon poked fun at \"Man, Myth, & Magic\"s Sage class with a sage offering advice among sundry goods to a trapped adventurer. Despite these early poor reviews, \"Man, Myth, and Magic\" was notable for its time and looking back over the games published at the same time. Shannon Appelcline noted in his 2014 \"Designers & Dragons: The 80s\" that MM&M was notable for two things. First, \"Man, Myth, & Magic\" was \"the earliest notable RPG to really take a solid look at historical roleplaying\" Second, \"Man, Myth, & Magic\" was \"one of the earliest RPGs to provide truly serialized adventures\" and that \"\"Man, Myth & Magic\" went further, providing tighter connections between adventures, and even cliffhangers at the end of each supplement\". Russell Grant Collins reviewed \"Man, Myth, & Magic\" in \"The Space Gamer\" No. 60. Collins commented that \"If the idea of a FRPG set in the days of the Roman Empire intrigues you, I'd recommend you create one yourself, using whatever system you like best. If Yaquinto lowered the price [...] then I could recommend this game; but as it is, it's not worth it.\" Man, Myth & Magic (role-playing game) Man, Myth & Magic is a fantasy role-playing game, using paper and dice, set in the ancient world, drawing from legends dating from approximately 4000 BC to 1000 AD. It was first published in February 1982 by Yaquinto Publications. The game mixes many elements from this wide time period. Character nationality and class are determined randomly, so a party might have a British druid, a Greek sibyl and an oriental shaman. There are 6 main character traits (strength, speed, endurance, intelligence, courage, and skill) and these" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Italian ironclad Affondatore Affondatore was an armoured ram of the \"Regia Marina\" (Italian Royal Navy), built in the 1860s by Harrison, Millwall, London. Construction commenced in 1863; the ship, despite being incomplete, was brought to Italy during the Third Italian War of Independence. \"Affondatore\", which translates as \"Sinker\", was initially designed to rely on her ram her only weapon, but during construction she was also equipped with two 300-pounder guns. The ship arrived off the island of Lissa shortly before the eponymous battle in July 1866. There, she served as the flagship of Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano. During the action, she was involved in a melee with Austrian warships and was hit many times by Austrian guns. She sank in a storm in August, potentially as a result of the damage she incurred at Lissa, but was refloated and rebuilt between 1867 and 1873. She thereafter served with the main Italian fleet. She served as a guard ship in Venice from 1904 to 1907, and then as a depot ship in Taranto. The ultimate fate of the ship is unknown. On 11 October 1862, the Italian Navy placed an order with the British shipyard Mare of Millwall, London, for an armoured steam ram, to a design by the Italian naval officer Simone Antonio Saint-Bon, but financial problems resulted in the order being transferred to the shipyard Harrison, also of Millwall. Saint-Bon had originally intended the ship to be unarmed, relying only on its ram to sink enemy ships, but an engineer at Harrison revised the plan to include two large-caliber guns. \"Affondatore\" had a length of between perpendiculars and overall, with a beam of and a draught of . She displaced normally and up to at full load. As built, the ship had a very minimal superstructure, with only a small conning tower. She had a crew of 309 officers and enlisted, which later increased to 356. The ship was powered by one single-expansion steam engine that drove a single propeller shaft. Steam was provided by eight rectangular boilers, which were trunked into two funnels placed amidships. The engines generated , giving a top speed of . Sufficient coal was carried to give a range of at . To supplement the steam engine on long-range voyages, \"Affondatore\" was fitted with a two-masted schooner rig. As built, \"Affondatore\" carried a main gun armament of two 300-pounder Armstrong guns in single turrets fore and aft. The exact diameter of the guns is unknown, but they were either or . She also carried two guns to be used in landings. A long ram was fitted. The ship had an iron hull, with sides and turrets protected by of wrought iron armour, with a thick armoured deck. \"Affondatore\" was laid down on 11 April 1863 and launched on 3 November 1865. With Italy preparing to declare war against Austria in June 1866, the Italian government ordered \"Affondatore\"s crew to move the incomplete ship from British waters to Cherbourg for fitting out, in order to avoid the threat of the ship being confiscated by the British. \"Affondatore\" left Cherbourg on 20 June, the day Italy declared war, sailing to join the main Italian fleet which was operating in the Adriatic Sea. The Third Italian War of Independence was fought concurrently with the Austro-Prussian War. The Italian fleet commander, Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano, initially adopted a cautious course of action; he was unwilling to risk battle with the Austrian Navy, despite the fact that the Austrian fleet was much weaker than his own. Persano claimed he was simply waiting for \"Affondatore\" to arrive, but his inaction weakened morale in the fleet, with many of his subordinates openly accusing him of cowardice. The ship passed through Gibraltar on 28 June, making her way into the Mediterranean. On 16 July, Persano took the Italian fleet out of Ancona, bound for Lissa, where they arrived on the 18th. With them, they brought troop transports carrying 3,000 soldiers; the Italian warships began bombarding the Austrian forts on the island, with the intention of landing the soldiers once the fortresses had been silenced. In response, the Austrian Navy sent the fleet under Rear Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff to attack the Italian ships. After arriving off Lissa on the 18th, Persano spent two days unsuccessfully trying to suppress the Austrian gun batteries on the island so he could land the soldiers. This resulted in a significant expenditure of ammunition, which would affect the outcome of the coming battle. \"Affondatore\" joined the fleet after it had arrived off Lissa on 19 July, but her crew were not fully worked up and had struggled to handle the ship while sailing to Italy and the Adriatic. Persano decided to make a third attempt to force a landing on the 20th, but before the Italians could begin the attack, the dispatch boat arrived, bringing news of Tegetthoff's approach. Persano's fleet was in disarray; the three ships of Admiral Giovanni Vacca's 1st Division were three miles to the northeast from Persano's main force, and three other ironclads were further away to the west. Persano immediately ordered his ships to form up with Vacca's, first in line abreast formation, and then in line ahead formation; \"Affondatore\" was initially located on the disengaged side of the Italian line. Shortly before the action began, Persano decided to leave his flagship, , and transfer to \"Affondatore\", though none of his subordinates on the other ships were aware of the change. Persano used \"Affondatore\" to steam up and down the Italian line, issuing various orders to the individual ships, but as the ship captains were not aware that he was aboard \"Affondatore\", they ignored his signals. The Italians were thus left to fight as individuals without direction. More dangerously, by stopping \"Re d'Italia\", he allowed a significant gap to open up between Vacca's three ships and the rest of the fleet. Tegetthoff took his fleet through the gap between Vacca's and Persano's ships, though he failed to ram any Italian vessels on the first pass. The Austrians then turned back toward Persano's ships, and took the leading ships under heavy fire. Persano initially kept his ship out of the action, until after \"Re d'Italia\" had been rammed and sunk by the Austrian flagship, . After the Austrians began targeting the ironclad , Persano decided to finally commit his ship to the battle, by attempting to ram the Austrian wooden ship-of-the-line , though he failed to make a direct strike. \"Kaiser\" then rammed \"Re di Portogallo\", before \"Affondatore\" made a second, unsuccessful attempt to ram her. \"Affondatore\" did, however, score a hit with one of her guns, badly damaging \"Kaiser\", killing or wounding twenty of her crew. By this time, the Austrian ironclads disengaged from the melee to protect their wooden ships. Persano made an attempt to follow them with \"Affondatore\", but he broke off the attempt when only one of his other ironclads followed him. His crews were badly demoralized by the battle, and his ships were low on ammunition and coal. The Italian fleet began to withdraw, followed by the Austrians; as night began to fall, the opposing fleets disengaged completely, heading for Ancona and Pola, respectively. In the course of the battle, she had been hit by 22 Austrian shells. \"Affondatore\" sank in a storm in Ancona harbour on 6 August 1866, which may have been due to damage received during the Battle of Lissa. According to naval historians Greene and Massignani, however, \"Affondatore\" merely took on too much water due to her low freeboard; the damage sustained at Lissa had nothing to do with her sinking. After refloating, \"Affondatore\" was rebuilt at La Spezia from 1867 to 1873. The ship's masts and sails were removed, with a single mast carrying a fighting top fitted in their place. In 1883–1885, she was fitted with new boilers and engines, rated at , and giving a speed of . During the annual fleet maneuvers held in 1885, \"Affondatore\" served in the 2nd Division of the \"Western Squadron\"; she was joined", "of the battle, she had been hit by 22 Austrian shells. \"Affondatore\" sank in a storm in Ancona harbour on 6 August 1866, which may have been due to damage received during the Battle of Lissa. According to naval historians Greene and Massignani, however, \"Affondatore\" merely took on too much water due to her low freeboard; the damage sustained at Lissa had nothing to do with her sinking. After refloating, \"Affondatore\" was rebuilt at La Spezia from 1867 to 1873. The ship's masts and sails were removed, with a single mast carrying a fighting top fitted in their place. In 1883–1885, she was fitted with new boilers and engines, rated at , and giving a speed of . During the annual fleet maneuvers held in 1885, \"Affondatore\" served in the 2nd Division of the \"Western Squadron\"; she was joined by the ironclad and five torpedo boats. The \"Western Squadron\" attacked the defending \"Eastern Squadron\", simulating a Franco-Italian conflict, with operations conducted off Sardinia. \"Affondatore\" was present during a naval review held for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a visit to Italy in 1888. From 1888 to 1889, \"Affondatore\" was significantly modernized. Her main battery guns were replaced with two guns in new turrets. A new, larger superstructure was built to house a new secondary armament, and a second military mast was fitted. Her new secondary battery consisted of six guns in single mounts, one QF gun, eight QF guns, and four Hotchkiss revolver cannon. In 1891, \"Affondatore\" became a torpedo training ship, and was fitted with two torpedo tubes. The ship served in the 3rd Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers, along with the ironclad , the torpedo cruiser , and four torpedo boats. During the maneuvers, which lasted from 6 August to 5 September, the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet. As of 1899, By 1899, \"Affondatore\" was in service with the 2nd Division, which also included the ironclads and , and the torpedo cruisers and . In 1904, she was assigned to the defence of Venice, serving as a guard ship until 1907. She was stricken on 11 October 1907, and thereafter served as a floating ammunition depot at Taranto. Her ultimate fate is unknown. Italian ironclad Affondatore Affondatore was an armoured ram of the \"Regia Marina\" (Italian Royal Navy), built in the 1860s by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Benny's Bar bombing Benny's Bar bombing was a paramilitary attack on 31 October 1972 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. A unit of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), a loyalist paramilitary group, detonated a no-warning car bomb outside the Irish Catholic-owned Benny's Bar in the dockland area of Sailortown, killing two small girls who were celebrating Halloween outside. Twelve of the pub's patrons were also injured. Since its foundation in September 1971, the UDA had killed over 30 Catholic civilians and attacked a number of Catholic-owned businesses. On 13 September 1972, UDA members opened-fire inside the Catholic-owned Divis Castle Bar on Springfield Road, Belfast. One Catholic civilian, the owner's son, was killed. On 5 October it detonated a bomb at another Belfast pub, the Capital Bar, killing a Protestant civilian. On the evening of Tuesday 31 October 1972 in Sailortown (a mixed Protestant and Catholic community beside Belfast Docks), a large group of local children in fancy dress were playing outside their houses near a bonfire in Ship Street to celebrate Halloween. Two Catholic girls, Paula Strong (6) and Clare Hughes (4), both dressed as witches, were approached by a white-haired man carrying a suitcase. He asked for directions to Benny's Bar. After one of the girls gave him the directions, he gave her two pence and walked along Garmoyle Street to its junction with Ship Street, where the pub was located. The two girls then went to the pub, knocked on the door and asked for pennies as a form of the traditional \"trick-or-treating\". The girls were in the vicinity of the Catholic-owned pub, which was full of patrons, when a maroon-coloured mini containing a bomb exploded outside the building's Ship Street wall where it had been parked. No warning had been given. Part of the building collapsed onto the customers inside, injuring 12 people. Flying glass and masonry was hurled out into the street, instantly killing Paula Strong and fatally injuring Clare Hughes. A local woman who came upon the bodies of the little girls described what she had seen: \"They were just like bloody bundles of rags lying there\". The explosion took place only from the children's bonfire, and the bomb had a very short fuse. Houses and office buildings within a radius of several hundred yards suffered damage. The Strong family, who lived in the adjacent Marine Street felt the effects of the blast; Paula's brother, Tony said that there was a massive explosion, the entire house shook and pictures fell off the walls. Paula's father, Gerry Strong, had gone to the pub to help dig out those buried beneath the rubble and found the body of his daughter on the pavement outside. Clare Hughes's brother Kevin had been playing near the bonfire when the bomb detonated. Their home was in Ship Street, facing the bonfire, and their mother immediately rushed to the scene and brought the gravely-wounded Clare into the house. She died shortly afterwards in hospital. The attack was the first major bombing in Northern Ireland for two weeks. With a total of 479 deaths—including those of the Bloody Sunday, Donegall Street, Springhill, Bloody Friday and Claudy atrocities—1972 was the bloodiest year of the 30-year ethno-political conflict known as the Troubles. The funerals of Paula Strong and Clare Hughes were conducted at the Roman Catholic St Joseph's Chapel in Sailortown; many mourners lined the street and accompanied the coffins as they were carried inside the church. The girls were buried in Milltown Cemetery. The bombing had been carried out by a unit of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), which was the largest loyalist paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland and which was legal at the time. Benny's Bar was targeted by the UDA as it was believed to have been an Irish republican drinking den. The three men who had driven the carbomb to the pub pleaded guilty to the murders. It emerged during the trial that one of the bombers had worked with Paula Strong's father at the docks. The UDA continued attacking pubs owned or frequented by members of the Irish Catholic and nationalist community. Less than two months after the bombing, on 20 December, the UDA launched a gun attack on another Catholic-owned pub in Derry. That attack killed five Catholic civilians. Benny's pub and the houses in Ship Street have since been torn down, leaving a small section of the street near the Garmoyle Street intersection extant. This is now an industrial zone. Ship Street and most of Sailortown was demolished to build the M2 motorway. There is a memorial plaque on an outside wall beneath a stained glass window at St Joseph's Chapel commemorating Paula Strong and Clare Hughes. Benny's Bar bombing Benny's Bar bombing was a paramilitary attack on 31 October 1972 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. A unit of the Ulster" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dispersion (chemistry) A dispersion is a system in which discrete particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. The two phases may be in the same or different states of matter. They are different from solutions, where dissolved molecules do not form a separate phase from the solute. Dispersions are classified in a number of different ways, including how large the particles are in relation to the particles of the continuous phase, whether or not precipitation occurs, and the presence of Brownian motion. In general, dispersions of particles sufficiently large for sedimentation are called suspensions, while those of smaller particles are called colloids. The term dispersion also refers to the physical property of the degree to which particles clump together into agglomerates or aggregates. While the two terms are often used interchangeably, according to ISO nanotechnology definitions, an agglomerate is a reversible collection of particles weakly bound, for example by van der Waals forces or physical entanglement, whereas an aggregate is composed of irreversibly bonded or fused particles, for example through covalent bonds. A full quantification of dispersion would involve the size, shape, and number of particles in each agglomerate or aggregate, the strength of the interparticle forces, their overall structure, and their distribution within the system. However, the complexity is usually reduced by comparing the measured size distribution of \"primary\" particles to that of the agglomerates or aggregates. It is still common belief that dispersions do not display any structure; i.e., the particles (or in case of emulsions: droplets) dispersed in the liquid or solid matrix (the \"dispersion medium\") are assumed to be statistically distributed. Therefore, for dispersions, usually percolation theory is assumed to appropriately describe their properties. However, percolation theory can be applied only if the system it should describe is in or close to thermodynamic equilibrium. There are only very few studies about the structure of dispersions (emulsions), although they are plentiful in type and in use all over the world in innumerable applications (see below). In the following, only such dispersions with a dispersed phase diameter of less than 1 µm will be discussed. To understand the formation and properties of such dispersions (incl emulsions), it must be considered that the dispersed phase exhibits a \"surface\", which is covered (\"wet\") by a different \"surface\" that, hence, are forming an interface (chemistry). Both surfaces have to be created (which requires a huge amount of energy), and the interfacial tension (difference of surface tension) is not compensating the energy input, if at all. A review article describes various attempts to describe dispersions/emulsions. Dispersion is a process by which (in the case of solids' becoming dispersed in a liquid) agglomerated particles are separated from each other and a new interface, between an inner surface of the liquid dispersion medium and the surface of the particles to be dispersed, is generated. Dispersion is a much more complicated (and less-understood) process than most people believe. The above-cited review article also displays experimental evidence to support the fact that dispersions have a structure very much different from any kind of statistical distribution (which would be characteristics for a system in thermodynamic equilibrium), but in contrast very much showing structures similar to self-organisation, which can be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. This is the reason why some liquid dispersions turn to become gels or even solid at a concentration of a dispersed phase above a certain critical concentration (which is dependent on particle size and interfacial tension). Also, the sudden appearance of conductivity in a system of a dispersed conductive phase in an insulating matrix has been explained. The above-cited review article also introduces into some first complete non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory of dispersions. Dispersion (chemistry) A dispersion is a system in which discrete particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. The two phases may be in the same or different states of matter. They are different from solutions, where dissolved molecules do not form a separate phase from the solute. Dispersions are classified in a number of different ways, including how large the particles are in relation to the particles of the continuous phase, whether or not precipitation occurs, and the presence of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Halau hula A hālau hula is a school in which the ancient Hawaiian dance form called hula is taught. The term comes from \"hālau,\" a workshed, and \"hula,\" the traditional dance of the Hawaiian Islands. There is great variation between hālau. Some focus primarily on ancient styles of hula, others on modern styles, and some study both. Some hālau continue to preserve very strict \"kapu\", sacred protocols, while others are \"noa\", or free of kapu. The styles of hula taught in different hālau also can vary greatly. Styles are passed down from kumu to \"haumana\", and knowledgeable students of hula can tell which hula lineage is represented by watching the dancer's presentation. Location of hālau also can vary widely, from the garage of the kumu's home to community centers to the lawns of parks, hālau hula can be found dancing wherever there is space and interested students. The internal structure of hālau hula can vary quite a bit, generally these are led by a \"kumu hula\", whose position is roughly equivalent to that of a headmaster. The kumu is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the style and traditions handed down by the kumu's own kumu. The kumu is responsible for the spiritual integrity of the hālau, and is responsible for instructing students in proper care of their physical well-being by teaching good exercise, dietary, and hygienic practices. The \"poo puaa\", or head student, is often the kumu's protégé, and under the direction of the kumu oversees the protocol and rituals of the hālau. The \"alakai\" or \"guides\" act as teaching assistants, with the more advanced effectively being student teachers. Alakai often will assist less experienced \"haumana\" with their lessons, and coach them with the more difficult steps and moves. \"Kokua\" or helpers assist in a variety of areas, from lei making, to helping other haumana dress, making phone calls, fund raising, and helping alakai coach less experienced students. \"Haumana\", the students, range in age from toddlers to senior citizens. Prior to European contact, the Hawaiian language had no word for \"school\", as the concept of a specialized place of instruction did not exist in Hawai`i prior to the arrival of Christian missionaries. Education came from parents, aunts, uncles, and elders, while children who showed promise in a specialized art or craft would be apprenticed to a master and work in the latter's \"hālau.\" In ancient times, students joining a hālau hula would be dedicated solely to the study of hula for the duration of their training. Their families would provide maintenance for the support of the hālau. Hālau hula training was strict, with haumāna put on \"kapu\" or forbidden rules of conduct which banned the cutting of hair and the practicing of any kind of sexual activity. Today, students have set hours for study at the hālau, and often pay monthly dues to help the kumu with support and maintenance. Present-day hālau hula each have their own set of rules for their haumāna, with many still enforcing the traditional rule of not cutting one's hair. Each year, the distinctive styles of each hālau can be seen at the Merrie Monarch Festival held in Hilo. Hālau are judged on individual (Ms. Aloha Hula) and group performances in categories for Kāne (men) and Wāhine (women). Winners are recognized for their performances of Kahiko (traditional), 'Aunana (contemporary) and an Overall Festival Winner is recognized. Four basic steps are commonly used in all halau hula, and each of the steps has many variants. All of the basic steps in hula require the shoulders to remain steady and both knees to be in a bent position at all times. www.KaaheleHawaii.com Hula Page www.GreatLakesHula.com Essay 1 www.GreatLakesHula.com Essay 2 www.mele.com Halau hula A hālau hula is a school in which the ancient Hawaiian dance form called hula is taught. The term comes from \"hālau,\" a workshed, and \"hula,\" the traditional dance of the Hawaiian Islands. There is great variation between hālau. Some focus primarily on ancient styles of hula, others on modern styles, and some study both. Some hālau continue to preserve very strict \"kapu\", sacred protocols, while others are \"noa\", or free of kapu. The styles of hula taught in different hālau also can" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Thysanotus multiflorus Thysanotus multiflorus, is a monoecious perennial flowering plant with long stems accompanied with a cluster of foliage underneath. This plant is endemic to the Southwest Australia. The flowers of the plant are bright mauve and there are 3 petals, each decorated with fringed edges. \"Thysanotus multiflorus\" originates from Southwestern Australia, southeast of Perth. It is considered to be distributed in the IBRA regions, Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren. \"Thysanotus multiflorus\" flourishes in a dry climate with low humidity. This plant grows in a region that has a Mediterranean climate with wet winters and dry summers. The Government of Western Australia's Department of Environment and Conservation considers the plants conservation code to be not threatened. \"Thysanotus multiflorus\" is able to grow in soil that has excellent drainage, but is also able to grow in more sandy soil. However, if the soil is too fine, it may cause the roots to rot. \"Thysanotus multiflorus\" has fibrous roots. It has clusters of bright flowers with 3 mauve-colored elliptic petals and fringed edges. Each flower usually contains 3 stamens with long curved anthers and equal filaments. The style is also curved and usually seen pointing in the opposite direction of the anthers. The cylindrical seeds are accompanied by stalked arils. The stems of the flowers can grow up to 14 inches and underneath is a clump of foliage without flowers. The foliage tends to be glossy and smooth. This plant is usually used in horticulture. Thysanotus multiflorus Thysanotus multiflorus, is a monoecious perennial flowering plant with long stems accompanied with a cluster of foliage underneath. This plant is endemic to the Southwest Australia. The flowers of the plant are bright mauve and there are 3 petals, each decorated with fringed edges. \"Thysanotus multiflorus\" originates from Southwestern" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Song of Blades and Heroes Song of Blades and Heroes is a tabletop war gaming skirmishing game set of fast play fantasy rules that can be played with generic fantasy figures or model soldiers called “miniatures”. The game uses three measuring sticks (called Short, Medium, and Long)to measure all distances. An average game lasts 30–45 minutes. A small campaign, a series of linked games played using the same miniatures, can be played in a single evening. The Song of Blades and Heroes core rules (currently Revised Fifth Edition 2012) was originally written and illustrated by Andrea Sfiligoi of Ganesha Games in 2007. Song of Blades and Heroes uses three six-sided dice, (also known as D6 dice) per player to determine the outcome of a character's actions. Each character profile has three basic statistics; Points, Quality, Combat and Special Abilities. Points refer to how many points it costs to use the character within the game. Quality is used to activate characters, i.e. to determine how many actions they can perform each turn. Combat is the number you add to a six-sided dice roll when performing a Melee or Ranged attack. Special Abilities cover any Special Abilities that the character may have. Players take alternate turns in activating models from their warbands. The miniatures are activated one at a time. The player can then choose to roll one, two or three dice versus the miniature’s Quality. A successful roll entitles the player to make an action, such as an attack or a move. If two or more failures are rolled, play will then pass to the opponent. This mechanic creates turns of variable length and encourages the player to form a plan in his mind before deciding how many dice to roll. Melee combat is simultaneous and determined by opposed D6 rolls, modified by the character's Combat value and situational modifiers such as outnumbering or a surprise bonus (called ambush bonus in the rules). Beating an opponent means that he must recoil one base away or fall down; doubling an opponent's score (e.g., an 8 to 4)means that the opponent is killed; and tripling the opponent's score (e.g., a 9 to 3) means that he is gruesomely killed and all friends witnessing his death must make a morale roll. There are stand-alone books where the core rules are repeated and one does not need to buy the core Song of Blades and Heroes Rule book to play. Osprey Publishing have released \"Of Gods and Mortals\" (published October 2013) and \"A Fistful of Kung Fu\" (February 2013) which are written by Andrea Sfiligoi, and are based on the Song of Blades and Heroes engine. Books produced by third parties that use the Song of Blades and Heroes engine include; Shadowsea, Deepwars and their supplements, Song of Our Ancestors and Firebrand. These are all stand-alone versions of the SBH rules with a specific world/background included in the book, but the core rules are highly compatible with SBH. The following table lists expansions and supplements that have been developed for the Song of Blades and Heroes rules, and other stand-alone titles based on the same engine. In 2008, Song of Blades and Heroes was nominated for the Origins Award as “Best Miniature Rules”. The expansion Song of Drums and Shakos received 3 awards in 2009; Song of Blades and Heroes Song of Blades and Heroes is a tabletop war gaming skirmishing game set of fast play fantasy rules that can be played with generic fantasy figures or model soldiers called “miniatures”. The game uses three measuring sticks (called Short, Medium, and Long)to measure all distances." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ryan Sallans Ryan Sallans (born January 1, 1979) is an American LGBT rights advocate and out trans man. Sallans began his transition in 2005. He travels the United States speaking to professionals, college audiences, and youth about being transgender and the changing nature of health care. Sallans has been featured in \"Closer Magazine\", the \"Salina Journal\", \"The Reader\", \"NewsNetNebraska\",\"Oddee.com\", \"The Advocate\", and many more including The Chicago Bureau, BuzzFeed, and US News. He shares his story about his struggle with an eating disorder and how he came to terms with his gender identity. Sallans was a guest on \"Larry King Live\" in 2007 and 2009. He has also appeared on \"\" in 2012 and \"Trisha\" in 2012. In 2013 he was interviewed on the NPR radio show, \"On Point\" with Tom Ashbrook and also on \"HuffPost Live\" with Josh Zepps. In 2005, Sallans began undergoing a physical and social gender transition. He had a bilateral mastectomy with nipple grafts performed the beginning of May 2005 before beginning hormone therapy in June. During this time he was featured in the LOGO documentary, \"Gender Rebel\", which captured him at the beginning of his transition. In July 2005, a Nebraska Court granted his request for a name change and he legally completed his transition in October 2005, when he had his gender officially changed on all of his legal documents including his birth certificate. Ryan also underwent bottom surgery in the form of a hysterectomy in 2006 and a metoidioplasty in 2008. Since 1999, Sallans has worked as a trainer and speaker on issues surrounding eating disorders, body image and wellness. Ryan Sallans Ryan Sallans (born January 1, 1979) is an American LGBT rights advocate and out trans man. Sallans began his transition in 2005. He travels the United States speaking to professionals," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Human Welfare Trust The Social Service Wing of the Jamaat coordinates with various NGOs in India under the umbrella of the Human Welfare Trust (HWT) like the Ideal Relief Wing (IRW), Islamic Relief Committee (IRC) and Tamil Nadu Relief Committee (TNRC). The IRW was an active participant in the rescue efforts during the Kashmir earthquake spending almost $200,000 for the relief work and also played important roles in the relief efforts in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami and the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The TNRC built 38 houses for victims of the Asian tsunami in Tamil Nadu at a total cost of Rs 12.5 million. It also built 160 permanent houses at Nagore, Pudupattinam and Kottakuppam and provided livelihood assistance to hundreds of families in those areas. Vision 2026 The Jamaat has also campaigned to create educational awakening and promote human rights among the general public and the Muslim community in particular. In 2006, it launched a 10-year, INR 55 billion ($125 million) action plan named \"Vision 2016\" to create educational, health and housing facilities to improve the situation of poor Muslims in India. Its first phase is focused on 58 backward districts in India where it plans to establish health care centres, schools, vocational training centres, small-scale industries and low-cost housing and provide soft loans for small-scale trade and other ventures. \"Vision 2026', is an ambitious plan to bring about transformation on the social landscape of the country. The plan envisages the establishment of multifarious institutions across the country, with a strong human resource of committed volunteers and recognised community leaders. It serves the purpose of humanity and the Almighty as well. It is dedicated to going beyond charity by enabling the people to their fullest of extent. Its True North lies in making a society having peace, prosperity and justice for all. It calls for a society with all equality for the maximum of the masses at large. It enables the have nots to access the resources for a total change in their lives and hence promotes the country to step into a new world. It helps people meet their social and spiritual needs by their own efforts. It strives to build trust and relationship with the needy people whose prosperity and security are ever at stake. The program intervenes the needs of the day when one-thirds of country's population is hard to meet the basic amenities for its servility. It is all about a total upliftment of the Indian society with a view to vertical mobility of every individual and group of people. 'Vision 2016' has an estimated budget of Rs. 660 crore, to be pooled from philanthropists and funding agencies. Up thrust areas of the program are Education, Healthcare, Micro Finance and Women Empowerment. Target beneficiaries are defined by Sachar Committee Report, i.e. Indian minorities. But focus goes to minorities residing in northern half of the country i.e. from Assam to Gujarat. The Program is divided into different phases, i.e. Phase-1 – till March 2011 and Phase-2 – till March 2015 and so on. The Phase-1 costing Indian Rupees. 388 million, proposes funds and opts for regular check and balance policy to ensure the best possible utilisation of the released funds. Human Welfare Trust The Social Service Wing of the Jamaat coordinates with various NGOs in India under the umbrella of the Human Welfare Trust (HWT) like the Ideal Relief Wing (IRW), Islamic Relief Committee (IRC) and Tamil Nadu Relief Committee (TNRC). The IRW was an active participant in the rescue efforts during the Kashmir earthquake spending almost $200,000 for the relief work and also played" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Basilica of St. John The Basilica of St. John was a basilica in Ephesus. It was constructed by Justinian I in the 6th century. It stands over the believed burial site of John the Apostle. It was modeled after the now lost Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. The basilica is on the slopes of Ayasuluk Hill just below the fortress near the center of Selçuk, İzmir Province, Turkey and about from Ephesus. Little is known about the Basilica of St. John, with its only source being from a small description provided by Procopius in one of his works, \"Buildings\", whereupon he writes: Construction of the church began by 548 and was completed by 565. The building of this church was presided over by the bishop, Hypatius of Ephesus. As the leading ecclesiastical theoretician and writer of his day, it was possible that he gained the influence of Justinian and had the tomb of St. John reconstructed, as major construction in the Asia Minor was rare. After its completion, it was regarded as one of the holiest churches of its time and was held in great honor as Procopius makes mention of this in his \"Secret History\": Despite its popularity after the 9th century it was no longer mentioned, possibly due to a new church built in honor of St. John, Church of John the Theologian. The basilica was built almost entirely of brick and stones (ashlar), while the columns would have been made of marble or have been marble plated, to withstand the weight of the domes above. The use of timber-roofed towers that were placed over the bay preceding the chancel and the altar had been adopted as well since the course of the 5th century. The first building to be built on St. John’s tomb was a mausoleum of sort, which also served as a church . In the 4th century, a basilica was built over it during the reign of Theodosius. Two centuries later, as the site laid in ruins, Justinian began his construction of a much grander church. In comparison, the Theodosian Basilica measured at 246 x 146 feet while Justinian’s Basilica measured at 428 x 213 feet. The plan was laid out on the site of Constantine’s Apostoleion and would be arranged in a Greek cross pattern. And although the construction of this church was by imperial order, the people of Ephesus were the ones who did much of the building. The marble decorations were made in Constantinople and perhaps in Ephesus as well. The bases, column and capitals of the nave were made and imported from Constantinople or the quarries of Proconnesus. While much of the capital of the Eastern part of the church were done by local craftsmen instead, following the Constantinopolitan pattern and model. Even after the reign of Justinian, decorations were still added, most notably by Justin II and Tiberius II The most striking feature of the basilica is its massive apse attached to the eastern piers of the crossing with an encircling passage between its two walls which is believed to have been tunnel-vaulted. As Procopius has stated, the land surrounding the church was very uninhabitable nor could it be used to cultivate anything. To solve this, Justinian had an aqueduct built near the church, which in time, greatly helped the city of Ephesus and provided the surroundings of the church to flourish through the centuries. With its resemblance to the Church of the Holy Apostles, the Basilica of St. John also took on the cruciform in its design. The basilica was a domed basilica where the domes were placed over the central crossing, choir, transepts and the nave. Five domes rested on solid piers in the corners of the cross and surmounted the arms and center crossing. To hold such domes in place, massive marble pillars were built and erected to support the domes. Much like the Church of the Holy Apostles, the Basilica of St. John was based on the concept of multiplying the standard element, using short barrel-vaults to expand the square, domed bay into a cross shape. The cupolas of the church would be entirely covered in mosaics as well. Prior to Theodora's death in 548, Justinian had both her monogram and his placed on the capitals. The main entrance gate to the basilica was called the “Gate of Persecution” while atrium walls that were built would have surrounded the basilica itself. The walls would have consisted of towers that were either empty or used as bastions. The north side of the church also had a large octagonal baptistery, resembling that of Saint Mary. Near it was a rectangular room with a marble floor and an apse paved with mosaic. An inscription over the door identified it as the \"secreton\" where the bishop would have been when he presided as judge. The inscription also shows that it might have been completed during the time Johannes was bishop, who may have been around during the late 6th century. The interior of the vault within the church was covered in mosaic while the walls and pillars were covered in marble plates and decorated in different colors. The floors were also covered in mosaics. Numerous parts of the Basilica were of different arrangement which gave the impression of a large quantity of beautiful enormous oriental carpets covering the entire church “in a fairy-like manner”. Directly beneath the altar laid a crypt with several rooms and of those, the tomb of St. John itself. On the altar itself, the inscription of the 14th verse of the 132nd Psalm can be read where St. John states: The church inside would have also been covered in frescoes. The Ephesus bishop, Hypatius, was known for his advocation in the use of images in the church. After the completion of the St. John's church, the interior was covered by images, representations of saints and scenes from the Old and New Testaments. Paintings would have included those of Christ raising Lazarus from the dead and Christ crowning Justinian and Theodora. Aside from these, other possible epigrams would have appeared inside the church one of which would have been the first book of the Greek Anthology and also paintings that reflect the origins of the church as an imperial commission. \"This is on the stories and legends surrounding St. John during his life in Ephesus, for his:\" It is believed that the Apostle John traveled from Jerusalem to the city of Ephesus where he remained for the rest of his life. It was during his time there that Emperor Domitian exiled him to the Isle of Patmos, where he wrote Revelation (the Apocalypse). When Nerva became emperor John was pardoned and returned to Ephesus, where he lived the remainder of his days. During his time and until his death in Ephesus, Apostle John preached about Christianity. According to legend, before he died, Christ, along with all the other apostles, visited Apostle John and said to him: As the story unfolds, the following Sunday, St. John continued with his preaching of Christianity before finally informing his disciples of his time. Then he entered the cave of his church whereupon an intense light shone, preventing his disciples from entering farther. When the light dissipated, so did St. John. His legend was furthered when the opening of his tomb during Constantine’s reign yielded no body or relics. Another fact that continues to advance the legend of St. John's assumption into Heaven is the fact that while all the other Saints' body or relic has been claimed by at least one or more city/church, St. John (along with Mary, the Mother of Jesus) is the only Saint whose body is not claimed by anyone or anywhere. It was also said that St. John was not dead in, but sleeping beneath his tomb. And each time he breathed, he would cause the dust around his altar to stir, which in turn, made them holy. Because of this, the dust, called manna, was said to be able to cure the sick. The stories of St. John and the “manna” continued to grow and even caught the attention of St. Augustine, who could not dismiss them outright. The Anglo-Saxon Willibald, who later became a bishop and a saint, also heard of this and was one of the first many", "the legend of St. John's assumption into Heaven is the fact that while all the other Saints' body or relic has been claimed by at least one or more city/church, St. John (along with Mary, the Mother of Jesus) is the only Saint whose body is not claimed by anyone or anywhere. It was also said that St. John was not dead in, but sleeping beneath his tomb. And each time he breathed, he would cause the dust around his altar to stir, which in turn, made them holy. Because of this, the dust, called manna, was said to be able to cure the sick. The stories of St. John and the “manna” continued to grow and even caught the attention of St. Augustine, who could not dismiss them outright. The Anglo-Saxon Willibald, who later became a bishop and a saint, also heard of this and was one of the first many recorded pilgrims to the tomb of St. John. The tomb itself acted upon its miracle every year on 8 May, during an all night-festal in honor of St. John, for nearly a thousand years, prompting many pilgrimages throughout the medieval period. The pilgrims who journeyed to Ephesus did not leave empty-handed. Flasks were produced at St. John’s tomb for the pilgrims. These flasks usually had the Saint’s image designed on to it as well. They were used to collect the dusts that would appear around St. John’s tomb, which was then carried back to the pilgrims respective homeland where it was said to have performed miracles by curing sickness and even calm storms on land or sea. Basilica of St. John The Basilica of St. John was a basilica in Ephesus. It was constructed by Justinian I in the 6th century. It stands over the believed burial site of John the Apostle. It was modeled after the now lost Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. The basilica is on the slopes of Ayasuluk Hill just below the fortress near the center of Selçuk, İzmir Province, Turkey and about from Ephesus. Little is known about the Basilica of St. John, with its only source being from a small description provided by Procopius" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Coast-to-Coast Connector trail The Coast-to-Coast Connector bicycle trail is a proposed 250 mile bicycle and multi-use trail across Florida. The trail would provide a path connecting the Gulf of Mexico on peninsular Florida's west coast to the Atlantic Ocean on Florida's east coast. Legislation in support of the planned trail passed the Florida House of Representatives in April 2014 and would fund it with $15.5 million. Florida State Senator Andy Gardiner of Orlando is one of the plan's leading supporters. Legislation funding the trail with $50 million was vetoed in 2013 by Governor Rick Scott in 2013. The funding would be used close gaps in the trail route. The estimated cost of the project is $45 million. It would incorporate existing public spaces and trails including: Coast-to-Coast Connector trail The Coast-to-Coast Connector bicycle trail is a proposed 250 mile bicycle and multi-use trail across Florida. The trail would provide a path connecting the Gulf of Mexico on peninsular Florida's west coast to the Atlantic Ocean on Florida's east coast. Legislation in support of the planned trail passed the Florida House of Representatives in April 2014 and would fund it with $15.5 million. Florida State Senator Andy Gardiner of Orlando is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Animal husbandry in South Africa Animal husbandry in South Africa has a long history which greatly predates European colonization. Nguni people who migrated to the area brought cattle with them and Khoisan people had been raising indigenous varieties of sheep for thousands of years. European settlers introduced new varieties of livestock, many of which have become important on South African rangelands. In South Africa, both beef and dairy cattle are commercially important. Beef herds are most significant in The Eastern Cape and in KwaZulu-Natal, where communal cattle farming is still widely practiced. Commercial dairy farming is practiced in areas including Western Cape and the Free State. Holstein, Jersey, and Ayrshire are the most popular breeds of commercial dairy cattle. When Europeans first arrived in South Africa, the raising of fat-tailed sheep was well established over much of the present day territory. Indigenous sheep breeds, which were raised more for meat than wool, include the Damara, Zulu, and Pedi sheep. During the 1800s, British settlers introduced Merino sheep, which precipitated a brief commercial wool-boom in the Cape Colony. Animal husbandry in South Africa Animal husbandry in South Africa has a long history which greatly predates European colonization. Nguni people who migrated" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nora Nadjarian Nora Nadjarian is an Armenian–Cypriot poet and short story writer. She writes in English and Armenian, as well as Greek. Her writing mostly centres on the island of Cyprus, especially the partition of Cyprus into North and South, though there are numerous works of universal themes. A frequent participant in international competitions, poetry festivals, literary conferences and other projects, her poems and short stories have also appeared in numerous anthologies around the world including Cyprus, United Kingdom, United States of America, Germany, India, New Zealand and Israel. The writer has said that her work is inspired by Sylvia Plath and Yehuda Amichai. Paul Celan, Pablo Neruda and Sharon Olds are a few other idols that she has mentioned. Nora Nadjarian was born in 1966 in Limassol, a city on the southern coast of the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. Her grandparents were Armenian refugees who moved to Cyprus in the beginning of the 20th century. She first attended an Armenian elementary school, then moved to a private school called The Foley's Grammar School where she graduated from high school. She obtained a degree from Manchester University's department of modern languages and linguistics and then returned to Cyprus. She taught in Limassol and then in Nicosia, where she is currently residing. She visited her ancestral homeland of Armenia in 1983 which inspired her to write poems based on ethnic identity, cultural self-discovery, her Armenian roots and the tragic fate of the nation. She first decided to participate in a competition because of the encouragements of a friend, and after being acknowledged for her poem \"Vinegar\" (1999–2000) she continued to take part in numerous international competitions. Nora Nadjarian has received international praise for her work, especially for that centring on themes of the Cyprus partition of 1974, identity and loss. Her \"stories are political without being polemical\", she writes of an ongoing battle in both the physical sense and mind inside the Cypriot heart that is defined by the division in Nicosia between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot side of the island without taking on a side. She condemns the battle itself, not the people. Her work is read beyond the Mediterranean borders and can very much be identified with in its search to find what defines one's nationality. Other reviews can be found at: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/may/01/featuresreviews.guardianreview34 William Macfarlane, review of Nora Nadjarian, \"Girl, Wolf, Bones\" (2011), in \"Cadences\" 8 (2012), 110–111. One of her poems was included in \"New Sun Rising: Stories for Japan\" (2012), edited by Annie Evett. Many of her poems can be read online through her blog, and some can even be listened to on Lyrikline. Nora Nadjarian was among the winners in the Scottish International Open Poetry Competition in 2000 with her poem \"Vinegar\", and in 2003 with \"Conception\". Furthermore, she was awarded prizes at the Manifold Art and Artists Poetry Competition in 2003, at the Féile Filíochta International Poetry Competition in 2005 in Ireland and at the Poetry on the Lake competition also in 2005. Her short story “Ledra Street” was a runner-up in the Commonwealth Short Story Competition (2001). The poems \"The Butcher\" and \"The Tenderness of Miniature Shampoo Bottles\" were shortlisted in the Plough Arts Centre Poetry Competition (2003) and were displayed at the Centre in Devon, England, in January 2004. \"And the Seven Dwarves\" has been honoured in the Sixth Annual International Ultra-Short Competition (2008–2009), while \"Tell Me Words\" has been commended in the Ninth Annual International Ultra-Short Competition (2011–2012); events that are sponsored by The Binnacle at the University of Maine at Machias. Finally, “The Name” won in the unFold 2012 Poetry Garden Show competition. Author Talk Nora Nadjarian Nora Nadjarian is an Armenian–Cypriot poet and short story writer. She writes in English and Armenian, as well as Greek. Her writing mostly centres on the island of Cyprus, especially the partition of Cyprus into North and South, though there are numerous works of universal themes. A frequent participant in international competitions, poetry festivals, literary conferences and other projects, her poems and short stories have also appeared in numerous anthologies around the world including Cyprus, United Kingdom, United States of America, Germany, India, New Zealand and Israel. The writer has said that" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mihalis Filopoulos Mihalis Filopoulos () (1985–2007) was a 22-year-old Panathinaikos fan who was stabbed to death on March 29, 2007 at Paiania, a town near Athens, Greece, during a pre-arranged clash with rival hooligans of Olympiakos. His death caused major upset in Greece and sparked a large police investigation into the organised supporters scene. A volleyball game between Panathinaikos' and Olympiakos' women teams was scheduled to take place on March 29, 2007 in Paiania, for the Greek volleyball cup. Since this was a women's event, not much police force was assigned to it (usually men's games between the two teams are classed as very high risk). Therefore, hooligans from both sides sought the opportunity to organise a full-scale clash unobstructed by police. Indeed, news about the meeting in Paiania (later called \"\"rendez-vous of death\"\" by the media) were circulating in supporters clubs and web sites and at least 400 people knew about it beforehand. Olympiakos hooligans were initially gathered at Peristeri and Panathinaikos hooligans at Halandri. From there, each formed motorcycle convoys to Paiania. The tensions were so high that a player of the local team Marko was stabbed by Olympiacos fans because he was seen in a car wearing his team colours, green, just because they were also Panathinaikos colours. Filopoulos was allegedly targeted for a previous incident involving hooligans from the two teams. He was stabbed by two different people and another four hit him with clubs on the head. The scene was filmed with a mobile phone camera, distributed to fans circles and even published on YouTube. Several media took hold of the video and kept showing it for days, even in prime-time. A police raid has taken place immediately afterwards in many of the clubs of both teams and large quantities of weapons and drugs were seized, including petrol bombs, knives, baseball bats, slingshots, metal chains and flare guns. Police managed to gather evidence for the participation of 28 people from both teams in the rendez-vous. Ιn May, nine people were charged with accessory to homicide: Michalis Kountouris (a member of Olympiakos' board of directors, member of Gate7, later became president of Olympiacos CFP), Michalis Bekakos (security in Karaiskakis Stadium), Ioannis Andronikos (nicknamed \"Charos\"/\"Death\"), Tasos Poulos (nicknamed \"Godzilla\"), Vasilis Roubetis, Christos Sakatis, Vasilis Psykakos, Apostolos Korakis, Nikolas Vagiopoulos. Other 18 persons were charged for other reasons. In the wake of Filopoulos' death, all team sport events in Greece were suspended from March 29 to April 12. Although people were always generally negative towards supporters' clubs, this was considered as the last straw. It was the first time something of this scale (over 500 people) and with such grave consequences had ever happened and calls for immediate investigation on clubs \"private armies\" were heard. Subsequently, the ministry of Sports, did indeed close all clubs and only allowed the reopening of some after rigorous id and background checks of its members. They also vowed to install surveillance cameras to all stadiums and enforce even harsher penalties. On December 6, 2007 it became known that legal discrepancies in the way suspects were examined by the police, rendered their statements invalid, even though some had confessed. This resulted in the case of manslaughter being put in the archives and legal proceedings to be filed only for minor charges. Two days later, after an amateur football match at Lykovrysi between the home team and Pangrati, 20 persons wearing hoods, attacked with crowbars and clubs 3 players of the away team, among them Nikos Stylianesis, who was one of those charged but later released for Filopoulos murder. Mihalis Filopoulos Mihalis Filopoulos ()" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Casimir II of Łęczyca Casimir II of Łęczyca (pl: \"Kazimierz II łęczycki\"; c. 1261/62 – 10 June 1294), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Brześć Kujawski during 1267–1288, Duke of Dobrzyń during 1275–1288 and Duke of Łęczyca since 1288 until his death. He was the fourth son of Casimir I of Kuyavia, but the second born from his third marriage with Euphrosyne, daughter of Casimir I of Opole. He was probably named after both his father and maternal grandfather. After the death of his father in 1267, Casimir II, together with his full-brothers, inherited their share of his lands under the regency of their mother until 1275, when they jointly ruled. Casimir II inherited his own domain in 1288, when after the death of his childless half-brother Leszek II the Black he received the Duchy of Łęczyca, situated in the centre of Poland. In 1289 Caismir II, together with his brother Władysław I the Elbow-high, supported the campaign of Bolesław II of Płock for the throne of Kraków. The joint Płock-Brześć-Łęczyca forces defeated on 26 February the Silesian troops commanded by Henry III of Głogów, Bolko I of Opole and Przemko of Ścinawa at the Battle of Siewierz. For unknown reasons, shortly after Bolesław II renounced to his claims over the Seniorate, an event who was used by Władysław I to conquer Lesser Poland for himself. With the close cooperation of Casimir II, Władysław I began a war against King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. This policy suffered a defeat in the fall of 1292, when as a result of a Bohemian expedition Casimir II and his brother were captured by Wenceslaus II. In the subsequent peace treaty signed on 9 October of that year, both brothers were forced to pay homage to the Bohemian King. Casimir II and Władysław I didn't give up, however, to their ambitious plans to conquer Lesser Poland and on 6 January 1293 they met at Kalisz with Przemysł II of Greater Poland and Jakub Świnka, Archbishop of Gniezno and began conversations for a joint action for the recovery of Kraków. They concluded a secret agreement whose exact details are only known for the copy gave to the Archbishop; under this treaty, Casimir II, Władysław I and Przemysł II are obliged to pay annually the amount of 300 pieces of fine silver from salt mines after the recovery of the capital of Lesser Poland. Casimir II was killed in the Battle of Trojanów on 10 June 1294 on the bank of the Bzura river, while chasing a Lithuanian troops under the command of Vytenis, who escaped after an attack to Łęczyca on 4 June. Jan Długosz described the event as follows: Because Casimir II died unmarried and childless, his principality was inherited by Władysław I the Elbow-high. It's unknown where he was buried, probably in the Collegiate church of St. Mary and St. Alexius in Tum near Łęczyca. Casimir II of Łęczyca Casimir II of Łęczyca (pl: \"Kazimierz II łęczycki\";" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tossal dels Tres Reis Tossal dels Tres Reis () or Tossal del Rei ('Peak of the King') is a mountain of the Ports de Tortosa-Beseit massif, Spain. It has an elevation of 1,350 metres above sea level. This mountain is one of the Emblematic Summits of Catalonia. Its name means 'Peak of the Three Kings' and it is located where the borders of the ancient Kingdoms of Valencia, Catalonia and Aragon meet. On the summit there is a cairn marking the place said to have been the meeting point of the ancient three kings of the Crown of Aragon who, according to tradition, climbed the mountain to agree to settle the limit. Tossal dels Tres Reis Tossal dels Tres Reis () or Tossal del Rei ('Peak of the King') is a mountain of the Ports de Tortosa-Beseit massif, Spain. It has an elevation of 1,350 metres above sea level. This mountain is one of the Emblematic Summits of Catalonia. Its name means 'Peak of the Three Kings' and it is located where the borders of the ancient Kingdoms of Valencia, Catalonia and Aragon meet. On the summit there is a cairn marking the place said to have been the meeting" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ernest Faber Ernest Anthonius Jacobus Faber (born 27 August 1971) is a Dutch football manager and former player, currently the manager of FC Groningen. Faber grew up in Eindhoven and played youth football at local club DBS until he joined PSV Eindhoven aged 13. Besides loan spells at NEC, Sparta and FC Groningen, Faber was part of PSV for 12 seasons and won four Eredivisie titles, a KNVB Cup and four Johan Cruijff Shields. He also played one match for the Netherlands national team in 1998. Injuries plagued Faber throughout his career and forced him to retire at age 32. After his playing career, Faber worked at the PSV youth academy and at FC Eindhoven as assistant coach and manager. From 2011 until Euro 2012, he also served as assistant manager for the Netherlands national team. From March 2012, Faber worked as assistant manager at PSV. On 4 June 2015, Faber was appointed manager of Eredivisie side NEC. Born in Geldrop, Faber grew up in the Strijp neighbourhood in Eindhoven which also included PSV’s home ground, the Philips Stadion. At five, he started playing youth football at local amateur club DBS. Faber’s performances led to interest from PSV and EVV, with PSV-scout Gerrit van Tilburg having discovered him at DBS. He chose to join PSV at 13. Faber’s original position was right winger, but at PSV he moved to the central defense position under the guidance of former defender and youth coach Huub Stevens. To gain first-team experience, PSV loaned Faber out to NEC in 1990. He made his professional debut on 25 August in an away match against MVV (1-2). In October, Faber was sent-off during a 7-0 loss against Ajax. NEC’s season ended in 18th place and relegation; Faber appeared in 30 league fixtures and three cup games. For the 1991-92 season, Faber was loaned out to Sparta. He played 32 Eredivisie matches. Sparta finished eighth in the league and also reached the semi-finals of the KNVB Cup in which Faber played five games. In 1992, Faber returned to PSV. In his debut match, he won the Dutch Super Cup after beating Feyenoord (1-0). Faber appeared in 18 Eredivisie matches in his first season. He played his first Champions League match as a substitute against FC Porto. Faber’s debut in the starting line-up followed in the home fixture against AC Milan, after the PSV squad was struggling with injuries. Coach Hans Westerhof assigned him to Milan’s Marco van Basten, whom Faber managed to prevent from scoring. In the 1993-94 season, Faber played five league games for PSV before being loaned out to FC Groningen for the second half of the season. At Groningen, Faber played 11 matches. After finishing third in the 1994-95 season, PSV and Faber reached the second place a year later and also won the KNVB Cup. In 1996, Faber won his second Super Cup after defeating Ajax (0-3). But in September, Faber tore his ankle ligaments after attempting a headed duel with FC Utrecht’s John van Loen. It turned out to be the first of a long line of injuries that would dominate Faber’s career. Cartilage was removed from Faber’s ankle, sidelining him for a long period. He would play only nine Eredivisie matches in the 1996-97 season, the year that PSV won the league. In the 1997-98 season, Faber played three matches before suffering an Achilles tendon injury. He recovered in time for a training camp in Spain, but it was there when he noticed the injury did not completely heal yet. That year, Faber appeared in 21 league games and scored twice. In February, he was sent off in a match against Ajax. In May, Faber tore his right Achilles tendon in a match against Groningen. The injury was called \"career threatening\" by the PSV club doctor and forced Faber to recover for months, therefore missing out on a possible World Cup participation. In the 1999-2000 season, Faber suffered new injuries on his hamstring, Achilles tendon and ankle. In February, he underwent an operation on his ankle, which had to be put in a cast. PSV won the Eredivisie that year, but Faber only appeared in three league matches. In the build-up to the 2000-01 season, PSV won the Johan Cruijff Shield after beating Roda JC (2-0). Faber scored the second goal in the match. After the match, Faber ended up with an injured left knee. When a few weeks of rest did not solve the troubles, an operation followed in September. PSV clinched the league title again and this time Faber had a bigger contribution with 17 matches. In June 2001, Faber extended his contract with PSV for another two years. In the following two seasons, Faber played 42 Eredivisie matches and won his fourth league title in 2003, but was still struggling with his injuries. In the 2001-02 season, Faber received a head wound in the match against Heerenveen and suffered a minor knee injury. Newcastle United showed interest in signing him in early 2002, but after the new injury a possible deal was cancelled. In February 2003, Faber signed a new one-year contract extension with PSV. A month later, he had to rest for a few matches to rest his hamstring. In April, Faber broke his metacarpus in a match against De Graafschap. In May 2003, while playing with a cast due to his metacarpus injury, Faber suffered an inflammation of a bursa near his Achilles tendon. The injury required surgery and continued to provide problems in the 2003-04 season. He finally returned in the Champions League match against AS Monaco in November 2003, but received a hamstring injury during that game. He returned in an exhibition match against Trabzonspor in January 2004, but Faber suffered a new hamstring injury. He was sidelined for another month. On 22 April, the verdict from independent medical staff was that Faber could not continue his career. He announced his retirement, effective on that day. During his career, Faber underwent 13 surgeries for his injuries. In May, Faber was granted a fan farewell during the season’s last home game. Faber played four matches for the Netherlands Under-21 team. In February 1998, his good performances with PSV were rewarded with a call-up by coach Guus Hiddink for the Netherlands football team trip to the United States. The Netherlands were scheduled to play exhibition matches against the United States and Mexico. After being an unused substitute in the United States match, Faber made a 58th minute appearance in the game against Mexico on 24 February 1998. The match was played in Miami. He replaced Winston Bogarde when the Netherlands were leading 3-0. Eventually, the game finished 3-2, with Faber causing a penalty in favour of Mexico. Faber was one of the players considered by Hiddink to be selected for the 1998 World Cup but after he injured himself before the start of the tournament, he was unable to appear. In the summer of 2005, Faber became coach of PSV’s reserve team Jong PSV. In the 2005-06 season of the Beloften Eredivisie, Faber’s team narrowly escaped relegation. But in September 2006, Faber left Jong PSV. He claimed that the team was neglected by PSV and not strengthened as promised. Faber’s desire was to remain at the club, but the board did not offer him another position. Faber proceeded to join FC Eindhoven as their assistant manager in December 2006. In October 2007, FC Eindhoven sacked their manager Louis Coolen. Faber stepped up as caretaker manager for two months. He went back to his position as assistant when Gerald Vanenburg was appointed as the new manager in December. Seeking a new challenge, Faber announced in February 2008 he would leave FC Eindhoven at the end of the season. Before his departure, Faber had to become FC Eindhoven’s caretaker manager again after Vanenburg resigned in April. He coached the team in the remaining three matches. In 2008, Faber returned to PSV to coach the under-19 squad. He signed a two-year contract. In November 2009, Faber showed interest in becoming the PSV academy director. The other youth coaches favoured Faber as well, but the PSV board decided to appoint Jelle Goes. He decided to leave the", "In October 2007, FC Eindhoven sacked their manager Louis Coolen. Faber stepped up as caretaker manager for two months. He went back to his position as assistant when Gerald Vanenburg was appointed as the new manager in December. Seeking a new challenge, Faber announced in February 2008 he would leave FC Eindhoven at the end of the season. Before his departure, Faber had to become FC Eindhoven’s caretaker manager again after Vanenburg resigned in April. He coached the team in the remaining three matches. In 2008, Faber returned to PSV to coach the under-19 squad. He signed a two-year contract. In November 2009, Faber showed interest in becoming the PSV academy director. The other youth coaches favoured Faber as well, but the PSV board decided to appoint Jelle Goes. He decided to leave the club again after the 2009-10 season, even though PSV offered him the position of Jong PSV coach. In February 2010, he passed his coaching exam, enabling him to be a manager in the Netherlands. Faber simultaneously agreed on a two-year contract as manager of MVV Maastricht. But in June, he retracted his decision after he was unsure about the club’s financial perspectives. MVV accepted Faber’s decision. Faber subsequently became the manager of FC Eindhoven after signing a two-year contract. The team performed well in the Eerste Divisie, with a fifth place at the winter break period. In December, Faber was approached by VVV-Venlo to become their manager, but he rejected the offer. In February 2011, Faber was appointed as assistant manager of Bert van Marwijk at the Netherlands national team. After Faber accepted the national team job, his performances with FC Eindhoven went downhill. With four points from the following eleven matches, FC Eindhoven missed out on a play-off spot. In the 2011-12 season, the FC Eindhoven performances were again above expectations. The team were third in the Jupiler League at the time Faber left the club. In March 2012, Faber returned to PSV as assistant manager after Fred Rutten was sacked as manager. Phillip Cocu was chosen as caretaker. Unlike Cocu, Faber’s role was permanent after agreeing on a -year contract. Faber was present at Euro 2012 when the Dutch team were knocked out in the group stage. After Van Marwijk resigned in the wake of the elimination, Faber also quit to fully focus on his job at PSV. Despite receiving several managing position offers in 2013, Faber signed a new two-year contract and continued to work as assistant manager after the appointment of Cocu as PSV manager. Ernest Faber Ernest Anthonius Jacobus Faber (born 27 August 1971) is a Dutch football manager and former player, currently the manager of FC Groningen. Faber grew up in Eindhoven and played youth football at local club DBS until he joined PSV Eindhoven aged 13." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pug Awards The Pug Awards are a Toronto architecture award that rates buildings based on popular votes. Each spring the Pug Awards website lists all buildings completed the previous year in Toronto that have more than 50,000 feet of floor space. As of 2009, buildings outside the Old City of Toronto (including North York and Etobicoke) are eligible for awards. The awards were created in 2004 by Gary Berman and Anna Simone . They were originally named the \"Fugly Awards\" and highlighted the ugliest buildings completed, but the name was then softened to the Puglies, and finally to the Pugs, with a Pug dog as the mascot. In 2008 the awards introduced the \"Pug Cup,\" which will be carved each year with the winning building and displayed at City Hall. Pug Awards The Pug Awards are a Toronto architecture award that rates buildings based on popular votes. Each spring the Pug Awards website lists all buildings completed the previous year in Toronto that have more than 50,000 feet of floor space. As of 2009, buildings outside the Old City of Toronto (including North York and Etobicoke) are eligible for awards. The awards were created in 2004 by Gary Berman and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "La Légende des siècles La Légende des siècles (\"The Legend of the Ages\") is a collection of poems by Victor Hugo, conceived as an immense depiction of the history and evolution of humanity. Written intermittently between 1855 and 1876 while Hugo worked in exile on numerous other projects, the poems were published in three series in 1859, 1877, and 1883. Bearing witness to the unparalleled poetic talent evident in all Hugo's art, the \"Légende des Siècles\" is often considered the only true French epic and, according to Baudelaire's formulation, the only modern epic possible. The dreaming poet contemplates the \"wall of the centuries,\" indistinct and terrible, on which scenes of the past, present and future are drawn, and along which the whole long procession of humanity can be seen. The poems are depictions of these scenes, fleetingly perceived and interspersed with terrifying visions. Hugo sought neither historical accuracy nor exhaustiveness; rather, he concentrated on obscure figures, usually his own inventions, who incarnated and symbolized their eras. As he proclaims in the preface to the first series, \"this is history, eavesdropped upon at the door of legend.\" The poems, by turns lyrical, epic and satirical, form a view of the human experience, seeking less to summarize than to illustrate the history of humanity, and to bear witness to its long journey from the darkness into the light. \"La Légende des Siècles\" was not originally conceived as the vast work it was to become. Its beginning, the original seed, was in a vague project entitled \"Petites Epopées\" (\"Little Epics\"), which features in the notes and jottings of Hugo from 1848, and which gives no indication of so vast an ambition. After \"Les Châtiments\" and \"Les Contemplations\", his editor, Hetzel, was perturbed by the submission of \"La Fin de Satan\" and \"Dieu\", both of which were nearly complete. Seeing that Hugo was ready to proceed yet further down the metaphysical (or even eschatological) road mapped out by the final \"Contemplations\", Hetzel became anxious at the probability of their failure with the public, and preferred the sound of the \"Petites Epopées\" which Hugo had mentioned, feeling they would be more in harmony with the spirit of the times. Even though these \"epics\" were still no more than sketches, in March 1857 Hetzel wrote to Hugo, rejecting \"Fin de Satan\" and \"Dieu\", but accepting with enthusiasm the \"Petites Epopées\". This new commission was nevertheless transformed by the influence of Hugo's latest ideas and most recent works, created with the same dash and fire and in a sort of magma of inspiration: a mixture of poesy, mysticism and philosophy which is characteristic of Hugo's first decade of exile. This inspiration normally led him to write a large number of poems, more or less brief, which would finally be published as components in projects which were constantly shifting and evolving. In this case Hugo integrated the little epics into his poetical system by casting them as the \"human\" panel in a triptych of which \"God\" and \"Satan\" were the wings, with the implication that they were merely sparse fragments stolen from a greater epic: the whole of human experience itself. On 11 September 1857 Hugo signed a contract with Hetzel, reserving the right to alter the project's title. Later, Hetzel pronounced himself willing to publish \"La Fin de Satan\" and \"Dieu\"; but Hugo, perhaps conscious of the difficulties of completing either to his satisfaction, had by that time thrown himself entirely into the new project. He began by taking the French Revolution as the turning point in human history, intending to use a poem entitled \"La Révolution\" as a pivot around which \"La Pitié Suprême\" or \"Le Verso de la page\" would revolve. More titles were written down, but some were discarded or greatly altered, and the section dealing with the 19th century coalesced as \"L'Océan — La Révolution — le Verso de la page — la Pitié Suprême — Les Pauvres Gens — L'épopée de l'Âne\". Hetzel followed this evolution with alarm, and, fearing that the great philosophical questions would turn these little epics into towering giants, endeavoured to temper Hugo's ardour. After a serious illness in the summer of 1858, Hugo tried to reassure Hetzel by writing in a more straightforwardly narrative vein (e.g. \"Le Petit Roi de Galice\" and \"Zim-Zizimi\"), and modified his plans—but retained the general ambition, which he declared in a preface. He had hit on the idea of publishing in several instalments, to give himself more time and space within which to work. The title was not decided on until a month after the manuscript's submission. With his gift for phrases, Hugo came up with \"La Légende des Siècles\". \"Petites Épopées\" was kept as a subtitle. The first series was published in two volumes on 26 September 1859 (see 1859 in poetry) in Brussels. In exile, Hugo dedicated it to his home country: The framing of the series is resolutely Biblical: opening with Eve (\"Le sacre de la femme\") and closing on \"La trompette du jugement\", the classical world is largely forgotten (the Roman Empire, for which Hugo had little admiration, is represented only by its decadence). Several poems dating from 1857–58 were set aside for a future continuation. Work on the second series began immediately after the first, but Hugo was soon busy with \"Les Misérables\" and with completing \"La Fin de Satan\" and \"Dieu\". In 1862, with the publication of \"Les Misérables\", Hugo reviewed his earlier plan and gathered together the poems already written: \"L'Âne\", \"Les Sept Merveilles du Monde\" (a recent one), \"La Révolution\", and \"La Pitié Suprême\". Again, he delayed work for the sake of novels (\"Les travailleurs de la mer\" and \"L'Homme Qui Rit\"). In 1870, a decisive moment came, when Hugo decided to keep \"La Révolution\" for the future collection \"Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit\", and to fuse together \"La Légende\", \"Dieu\" and \"La Fin de Satan\", according to the following plan: \"La Fin de Satan\", first book — \"L'Océan\" — \"Elciis\" — \"La Vision de Dante\" — \"Les Religions\" (from \"Dieu\") — \"La Pitié Suprême\". Current events in the 1870s, however, saw upheavals in Hugo's life, and he was once more greatly involved in politics. \"La Nouvelle Série\" was finally published on 26 February 1877 (see 1877 in poetry), Hugo's sixty-fifth birthday. Most of the contents date from 1859 and 1875–1877, and the events of the 1870s make themselves felt: the Paris Commune, the fall of Napoleon III, and the beginnings of the Third Republic. The collection closes with the formidable \"Abîme\", a vertiginous dialogue between Man, Earth, Sun, and Stars, playing on the numberless steps leading to an infinity behind which stands God, and placing human beings, with all their pettiness, face to face with the Universe. The New Series had been advertised with the following message: « \"Le complément de la Légende des siècles sera prochainement publié, à moins que la fin de l'auteur n'arrive avant la fin du livre.\" » (\"The conclusion to the \"Legend\" will be published shortly, provided that it is not preceded by the conclusion to the author.\") On 9 June 1883 the fifth and last tome of \"La Légende des Siècles\" was published with the subtitle \"série complémentaire\" (see 1883 in poetry). Critics who claimed that the \"anticlericalism\" and \"glibness\" were evidence of the bitterness of age were mistaken: in fact, Hugo's cerebral edema of June 1878 had already essentially put an end to his work as a writer, and most of the contents dated from long before. It is probable, but not certain, that he had intended to write new poems. For example, \"La Vision de Dante\" (written in 1853) was initially intended for \"Châtiments\", and \"Les Quatre Jours d'Elciis\" (written in 1857) was bumped forward from both the First and the New Series, the prologue dating from perhaps 1880. This assemblage of poems with little narrative drive, alternating dark and bright visions, gives the impression of a contemplative and", "was published with the subtitle \"série complémentaire\" (see 1883 in poetry). Critics who claimed that the \"anticlericalism\" and \"glibness\" were evidence of the bitterness of age were mistaken: in fact, Hugo's cerebral edema of June 1878 had already essentially put an end to his work as a writer, and most of the contents dated from long before. It is probable, but not certain, that he had intended to write new poems. For example, \"La Vision de Dante\" (written in 1853) was initially intended for \"Châtiments\", and \"Les Quatre Jours d'Elciis\" (written in 1857) was bumped forward from both the First and the New Series, the prologue dating from perhaps 1880. This assemblage of poems with little narrative drive, alternating dark and bright visions, gives the impression of a contemplative and intemporal epilogue, very different from what came before. In September 1883, several months after the appearance of the Last Series, a \"complete\" edition was issued in which the three series are mixed together and reorganised according to a more or less chronological plan. No one is entirely sure how close this comes to Hugo's original vision. It is not impossible that Hugo, physically and intellectually enfeebled, and greatly affected by the death of Juliette Drouet, allowed himself to be overly influenced by friends and by the executors of his estate. The rearrangement, which tries to make things easier for the reader by alternating long and short poems, and poems with different moods, has the effect of erasing the internal logic; in particular, the references to current affairs that are found in the New Series are dispersed. Additionally, it introduces bizarreries of chronology: Greek mythology is depicted after Jesus Christ, and El Cid appears before Muhammad. Finally, it often gives the reader the erroneous impression that this final fusion was what Hugo originally intended, as though the original appearance in \"series\" were a historical accident. Nevertheless, most modern editions adopt this arrangement for the sake of simplicity. La Légende des siècles La Légende des siècles (\"The Legend of the Ages\") is a collection of poems by Victor Hugo, conceived as an immense depiction of the history and evolution of humanity. Written intermittently between 1855 and 1876 while Hugo worked in exile on numerous other projects, the poems were published in three series in 1859, 1877, and 1883. Bearing witness to the unparalleled poetic talent evident in all Hugo's art, the \"Légende des Siècles\" is often considered the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "White Knight (film) White Knight is an Indian documentary film directed by Aarti Shrivastava. The subject is Chewang Norphel, a 78-year-old engineer in Leh, Ladakh, who, over the last 15 years, has invented and implemented a technology that is helping provide a solution to an ecological disaster created by climate change. The film documents how Ladakh is grappling with an alarming water scarcity situation. In this high altitude desert where the melting of glaciers has been the traditional source of fresh water, a warmer planet is playing havoc with lifestyles and the ecology. With glaciers melting faster, fresh water is precious. Norphel's solution uses common sense and elementary observational science to create artificial glaciers. White Knight (film) White Knight is an Indian documentary film directed by Aarti Shrivastava. The subject is Chewang Norphel, a 78-year-old engineer in Leh, Ladakh, who, over the last 15 years, has invented and implemented a technology that is helping provide a solution to an ecological disaster created by climate change. The film documents how Ladakh is grappling with an alarming water scarcity situation. In this high altitude desert where the melting of glaciers has been the traditional source of fresh water, a warmer planet is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "McPherson Bulldogs The McPherson Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent McPherson College in McPherson, Kansas. They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC). Recent times has brought a level of success to the Bulldog football program. The team completed the 2009 year with a record of 9 wins and 2 losses (8-1 in conference play) with a second-place finish in the conference and post-season playoff appearance for the first time. School records of the program go back to 1920, but other records show a player named Pop Hollinger played football for McPherson in 1917 or earlier. It is possible that records are incorrect, incomplete, or that there was no official coach before the 1920 season. The first paid coach for the program that the school has on record was W. E. Daniel in 1920, who posted a record of 5–3–3. Other coaches included Woody Woodard (1950–1952), Don Rominger (1973–1977), Dan Thiessen (1986–1992), and current head coach Pete Sterbick. McPherson Bulldogs The McPherson Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent McPherson College in McPherson, Kansas. They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Roscoea × beesiana Roscoea\" × \"beesiana is considered to be a hybrid between \"R. auriculata\" and \"R. cautleyoides\" which occurred in cultivation. The flowers are variable: most forms have a pale cream base colour with varying amounts of purple streaking, particularly on the lip or labellum. It was given the Award of Garden Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society in 2011. It is classified as being hardy throughout the British Isles. Like all members of the genus \"Roscoea\", it dies back each year to a short vertical rhizome, to which are attached the tuberous roots. When growth begins again, \"pseudostems\" are produced: structures which resemble stems but are actually formed from the tightly wrapped bases (sheaths) of its leaves. \"R.\" × \"beesiana\" is usually 48–60 cm tall, with seven to nine leaves, of which at most the lowest one consists only of a sheath. Each leaf has a small ligule, extending to about 1–2 mm. The blade of the leaf (the part free from the pseudostem) is usually 8–29 cm long (occasionally as little as 4 cm long) by 2.1–4.5 cm wide. There are small \"ears\" at the junction of the blade and sheath (i.e. the leaf is somewhat auriculate). The leaf sheath has reddish markings. The flower spike, which has 9–17 flowers, emerges from the leaf sheaths on a stalk (peduncle) visible for up to 3 cm. The flowers are basically cream, with varying amounts of purple streaking and marking, particularly on the labellum, which may be almost entirely purple. Green bracts, flushed with red, surround the flowers, and are about the same length as the calyx. Each flower has the typical structure for \"Roscoea\" (see that article for labelled images). There is a tube-shaped outer calyx, 5.0–5.4 cm long, pale red in colour, with a two-toothed apex. Next the three petals (the corolla) form a tube 5.0–5.4 cm long, terminating in three lobes: an upright hooded central lobe, 3.8–4.2 cm long by 1.6-2.0 cm wide, and two very slightly shorter and much narrower side lobes. Inside the petals are structures formed from four sterile stamens (staminodes): two lateral staminodes form what appear to be small upright petals, 1.8–2.0 cm long by 0.8–0.9 cm wide; two central staminodes are fused at the base to form a lip or labellum, 4.2–4.5 cm long and 3.2 cm wide. This is split at the end for about two thirds of its length into two lobes. The single functional stamen has a linear white anther with a pointed yellow spur formed from the connective tissue between the two capsules of the anther. \"R.\" × \"beesiana\" differs from its putative parents in flower colour and in several other ways. It has a more deeply divided labellum than \"R.\" \"auriculata\", whose labellum is either unlobed or lobed to less than half its length. Unlike \"R.\" \"cautleyoides\", it has leaves with small \"ears\" at the junction of the blade and sheath and larger bracts, over rather than under 6 cm long. \"R.\" × \"beesiana\" is considered to be a hybrid between \"R. auriculata\" and \"R. cautleyoides\", but its precise origin is unknown. The epithet \"beesiana\" is derived from a plant nursery in England called Bees Ltd, founded by Arthur K. Bulley, well known as a plant enthusiast in the late 19th and early 20th century. However there is no evidence that the hybrid occurred there; the first mention of the name is in 1970, \"long after the heyday\" of the nursery. The name was not formally published until 2009, when Jill Cowley and Christopher Whitehouse provided a description and Latin diagnosis. It has also been known under the cultivar name \"Roscoea\" 'Beesiana', an invalid name under the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, which does not allow Latin words as cultivar names after 1958. Coming from monsoon areas, roscoeas are used to wet summers and dry winters. Moisture retentive but well-drained soils are recommended, with limited exposure to hot sun, although \"R.\" × \"beesiana\" has proved more tolerant than others in cultivation. Cultivar Group names have been used to classify forms by the amount of purple on the labellum: In addition, a form with a paler, almost white base colour and only a small amount of purple streaking has been given the cultivar name 'Monique'. \"R.\" × \"beesiana\" was included in a trial of \"Roscoea\" held by the Royal Horticultural Society from 2009 to 2011. It proved hardy (rating H4 on the scale then in use, i.e. hardy anywhere in the British Isles). All the cultivars performed well and the hybrid was given the Award of Garden Merit. For propagation, see \"Roscoea\": Cultivation. Roscoea × beesiana Roscoea\" × \"beesiana is considered to be a hybrid between \"R. auriculata\" and \"R. cautleyoides\" which occurred in cultivation. The flowers are variable: most forms have a pale cream" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Covenant Fellowship Church Covenant Fellowship Church is a 1500+ member non-denominational \"reformed charismatic\" church in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania. The senior pastor is Jared Mellinger, who has led the church since 2008. Covenant Fellowship Church was established in 1984 as a \"church plant\" from Covenant Life Church in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Covenant Fellowship Church is a part of the family of churches called Sovereign Grace Churches. Covenant Fellowship Church began when 12 adults and their families moved from Maryland to the Philadelphia area. The church meetings were held in the Robert C. Gauntlett Community Center in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania from 1984 to 1999. In September 1999, the church moved to a newly constructed building in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania. Covenant Fellowship Church is located on Fellowship Drive in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania. They hold one Sunday service at 10 a.m. The service is translated into Spanish and ASL. The church is affiliated with Sovereign Grace Ministries. Covenant Fellowship Church's other pastors are Mark Prater, Jim Donohue, Andy Farmer, Marty Machowski, Rob Flood, Joel Shorey, and Joseph Stigora. The previous senior pastor was Dave Harvey, who led the church as senior pastor from 1990 until 2008. Covenant Fellowship Church Covenant Fellowship Church is a 1500+" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nea Ekklesia The Nea Ekklēsia (, \"New Church\") was a church built by Byzantine Emperor Basil I the Macedonian in Constantinople between the years 876–80. It was the first monumental church built in the Byzantine capital after the Hagia Sophia in the 6th century, and marks the beginning of the middle period of Byzantine architecture. It continued in use until the Palaiologan period. Used as a gunpowder magazine by the Ottomans, the building was destroyed in 1490 after being struck by lightning. In English usage, the church is usually referred to as The Nea. Emperor Basil I was the founder of the Macedonian dynasty, the most successful in Byzantine history. Basil regarded himself as a restorer of the empire, a new Justinian, and initiated a great building program in Constantinople in emulation his great predecessor. The \"Nea\" was to be Basil’s Hagia Sophia, with its very name, \"New Church\", implying the beginning of a new era. The church was built under the personal supervision of Basil, in the southeastern corner of the Great Palace complex, near the location of the earlier \"tzykanistērion\" (polo field). Basil built another church nearby, the \"Theotokos of the Pharos\". The \"Nea\" was consecrated on 1 May 880 by Patriarch Photius, and dedicated to Jesus Christ, the archangel Michael (in later sources, Gabriel), the Prophet Elijah (one of Basil’s favorite saints), the Virgin Mary and St Nicholas. It is indicative of Basil's intentions for this church that he endowed it with its own administration and estates, on the model of the Hagia Sophia. During his and his immediate successors’ reign, the \"Nea\" played an important role in palace ceremonies, and at least until the reign of Constantine VII, the anniversary of its consecration was a major dynastic feast. At some point in the late 11th century it was turned into a monastery, and was known as the \"New Monastery\" (Νέα Μονή). Emperor Isaac II Angelos stripped it of much of its decoration, its furniture and liturgical vessels, and used them to restore the church of St Michael at Anaplous. The building continued to be used by the Latins and survived the Palaiologan period until after the Ottoman conquest of the city. The Ottomans however used it for gunpowder storage. Thus in 1490, when the building was struck by a lightning, it was destroyed and subsequently torn down. As a result, the only information we have about the church comes from literary evidence, especially the mid-10th century \"Vita Basilii\", as well a few crude depictions in maps. As noted, not much is known about the details of the structure. The church was built with five domes: the central dome was dedicated to Christ while the four smaller ones housed chapels of the four other saints to whom the church was dedicated. The exact arrangement of the domes and the type of the church are disputed. Most scholars consider it to have been a cross-in-square structure, similar to the later Myrelaion and Lips Monastery churches. Indeed, the widespread use of this type throughout the Orthodox world, from the Balkans to Russia, is commonly ascribed to the prestige of this imperial building. The church was the crowning achievement of Basil's building program, and he spared no expense to decorate it as lavishly as possible: other churches and structures in the capital, including the mausoleum of Justinian, were stripped, and the Imperial fleet employed with transporting marble for its construction, with the result that Syracuse, the main Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, was left unsupported and fell to the Arabs. Basil's grandson, the Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, gives the following description of the church's decoration in a laudatory \"ekphrasis\": The atrium of the church lay before its western entrance, and was decorated with two fountains of marble and porphyry. Two porticoes ran along the northern and southern sides of the church up to the \"tzykanistērion\", and on the seaward (southern) side, a treasury and a sacristy were built. To the east of the church complex lay a garden, known as \"mesokēpion\" (\"middle garden\"). Along with the oratory of St Stephen in the Daphne Palace and the Church of the Virgin of the Pharos, the \"Nea\" was the chief repository of holy relics in the imperial palace. These included the sheepskin cloak of the prophet Elijah, the table of Abraham, at which he hosted three angels, the horn which the prophet Samuel had used to anoint David, and relics of Constantine the Great. After the 10th century, further relics were apparently moved there from other locations in the palace, including the \"rod of Moses\" from the Chrysotriklinos. Nea Ekklesia The Nea Ekklēsia (, \"New Church\") was a church built by Byzantine Emperor Basil I the Macedonian in Constantinople between the years 876–80. It was the first monumental church built in the Byzantine" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rockland, Nevada Rockland is a ghost town in Lyon County, Nevada, in the United States. The town that grew up around the mine was named Rockland, probably for the rocky cliffs that surrounded the area. Near Rockland was found gold in 1868, after the discoveries in Pine Grove. In 1870 Rockland had 150 inhabitants, several saloons and stores, post office. In the spring of 1871 miners didn't receive their salaries and all mining activities ceased. The credit for the founding of Rockland is given to a Mr. Keene, a Pine Grove resident. Gold was discovered in Rockland in 1868, shortly after discoveries were made at Pine Grove three miles to the northwest. By 1870 the town site had a population of around 150, and the town had several saloons, several stores, post office, and an express office. in the spring of next year the miners did not receive their pay and all mining operations ceased. A furious miner because of the situation set fire to the mill and was convicted of arson and was sent to the state prison in Carson City. The post office was closed in 1872. In the early 1900s, new miner activities took place in Rockland and the post office once more opened. The area stayed active through World War I, but was closed permanently in 1934. In all about $1 million was pulled out of the local mines over fifty years. Rockland, Nevada Rockland is a ghost town in Lyon County, Nevada, in the United States. The town that grew up around the mine was named Rockland, probably for the rocky cliffs that surrounded the area. Near Rockland was found gold in 1868, after the discoveries in Pine Grove. In 1870 Rockland had 150 inhabitants, several saloons and stores, post office. In the spring of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "German submarine U-792 U-792 was a Type XVIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during the Second World War. She was one of a small number of U-boats fitted with Hellmuth Walter's high test peroxide propulsion system, which offered a combination of air-independent propulsion and high submerged speeds. She spent the war as a trials vessel and was scuttled on 4 May 1945 in the Audorfer See, near Rendsburg. The \"U-792\" was laid down on 1 December 1942 at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, Germany. She was launched on 28 September 1943 and commissioned on 16 November 1943 under the command of \"Oberleutnant zur See\" Horst Heitz. When she was completed, the submarine was long overall, with a beam of and a draught of . She was assessed at submerged. The submarine was powered by one Deutz SAA SM517 supercharged 8-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine producing a total of for use while surfaced and two Walter gas turbines producing a total of for use while submerged. She had one shaft and one propeller. The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of when submerged, the U-boat could operate for at and when surfaced, she could travel at . The submarine was fitted with two torpedo tubes (All fitted at the bow) and four torpedoes. The boat had a complement of 12 men. \"U-792\" did not undertake any combat patrols and was instead assigned as a trials boat at first to the 5th U-boat Flotilla, followed by the 8th U-boat Flotilla, before returning to the 5th flotilla for the rest of the war and was used in March 1945 as a floating fuel bunker. In December 1944, her commander was replaced by \"Oberleutnant zur See\" Hans Diederich Duis. The \"U-792\" was scuttled on 4 May 1945 at 01:30 in the Audorfer See (Kaiser Wilhelm Canal), near Rendsburg during Operation Regenbogen. The wreck of \"U-792\" lay at until 26 May 1945, when she was lifted by the British and taken to the Howaldtswerke in Kiel to be examined. She was first raised as a British prize and used for trials, but was soon torn down for parts and finally scrapped. Her real final fate is still unknown as it is believed that she wasn't scrapped. German submarine U-792 U-792 was a Type XVIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during the Second World War. She was one of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "USS Marcus Island USS \"Marcus Island\" (CVE-77) was an \"Casablanca\" class escort carrier of the United States Navy. She was laid down as Kanalku Bay under Maritime Commission contract by Kaiser Co., Inc., Vancouver, Washington on 15 September 1943; renamed Marcus Island on 6 November 1943; launched on 16 December 1943; sponsored by Mrs. S. L. La Hache; acquired by the Navy on 26 January 1944; and commissioned at Astoria, Oregon on 26 January 1944, Captain Charles F. Greber in command. After shakedown and training along the West Coast, \"Marcus Island\" made a round trip aircraft ferry run to U.S. bases in the South Pacific from 19 May-1 July. Then she embarked Composite Squadron 21 (VC-21), departed San Diego on 20 July, and arrived Tulagi in the Solomon Islands on 24 August to prepare for operations in the Palaus. As flagship for Rear Admiral W. D. Sample's Carrier Division 27 (CarDiv 27), she began preinvasion strikes against Peleliu and Angaur on 12 September. She provided close air support as assault troops hit the beaches beginning the 15th, and until 2 October, she launched scores of sorties during embittered fighting on the rugged islands. \"Marcus Island\" arrived at Manus in the Admiralty Islands on the 4th, and after completing preparations for the invasion of the Philippines, she sortied with the Task Group 77.4 (TG 77.4) on 12 October for Leyte as part of the task unit known as \"Taffy 2\". Beginning on 18 October, she launched airstrikes against enemy positions and during the next week, her pilots flew 261 target and air cover missions. The Battle for Leyte Gulf and the running fight of \"Taffy 3\" in the battle off Samar on 25 October are well chronicled elsewhere; \"Marcus Island\"s war diary succinctly recorded the pace of action on the 25th - \"A day of intense activity\". During the heroic stand of \"Taffy 3\", fighters and bombers from \"Marcus Island\" struck hard at the Japanese force. One Grumman TBM Avenger put a torpedo into the portside aft of a heavy cruiser, probably . Amidst intense antiaircraft fire, her fighters made repeated strafing runs against battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. Her planes joined in two strikes against the retreating Japanese ships that afternoon, and her pilots claimed 14 hits on enemy ships including a torpedo and six bomb hits on an \"Agato\" class cruiser. In addition, her fighters battled and shot down five Japanese planes. On the 26th, she sent 12 bombers and fighters to the Visayan Sea where they helped sink and with repeated hits from bombs, rockets, and machine guns. \"Marcus Island\" departed the Philippines 30 October but returned less than two weeks later as part of the escort for the Mindoro attack group. Departing Kossol on 10 December, she transited Surigao Strait on the 13th. Her patrolling aircraft shot down one enemy fighter on 14 December and shot down three more planes on the 15th. \"Marcus Island\" came under attack the morning of the Mindoro invasion, and from 0810-0930, enemy planes made three suicide runs and one bombing strike against the carrier. All the planes were shot down or deflected by intense antiaircraft fire, although two \"kamikazes\" crashed close off the bow to port and starboard causing minor damage and several casualties. Between 16–23 December, \"Marcus Island\" returned to the Admiralties; on the 29th she departed once more for the western Philippines, steaming with units of the Luzon Attack Force for operations in Lingayen Gulf. As she steamed through the Mindanao Sea on 5 January 1945, one of her planes depth-bombed a Japanese midget submarine, which was subsequently rammed and sunk by . Three days later, her planes shot down four enemy aircraft in spirited dogfights. As the amphibious landings began the 9th, \"Marcus Island\" launched close support and strafing strikes over the Lingayen beaches. In addition they attacked and sank two small enemy coastal ships north of Lingayen Gulf along the Luzon coast that same day. \"Marcus Island\" continued to provide coordinated airstrikes in support of the Lingayen operations until steaming down the Luzon coast on 17 January. On the 29th, she furnished close air support during an unopposed landing at Zambales Province, Luzon, then she steamed to Ulithi, arriving on 5 February. Rear Admiral Sample hauled down his flag on 6 February, and on the 8th, \"Marcus Island\" became flagship of Rear Admiral Felix Stump's CarDiv 24. The carrier debarked hard-hitting VC-21 on 14 February and embarked VC-87 the same day. After completing training out of Ulithi, she steamed to Leyte Gulf on 4–7 March to conduct rehearsal exercises for the impending invasion of the Ryukyu Islands. Departing on 21 March, \"Marcus Island\" arrived south of Kerama Retto on the 26th and began launching airstrikes. She provided close air support and air cover during operations in the Ryukyus. From 26 March-29 April, she operated primarily south and southeast of Okinawa while launching attack and spotter strikes. Composite Observation Squadron 1 (VCO-1) replaced VC-87 on 5 April. Planes of both the squadrons flew 1,085 sorties during this period and pounded enemy airfields, gun emplacements, supply dumps, and troop concentrations. Her pilots shot down 11 Japanese aircraft and destroyed another 13 on the ground. \"Marcus Island\" departed Okinawa on 29 April, and after loading damaged aircraft at Guam, she sailed on 5 May for the United States, arriving San Diego on 22 May. She sailed west again on 10 July, carrying replacement troops and aircraft to Pearl Harbor and Guam before returning to Alameda, California on V-J Day. Sailing once more via Pearl Harbor and Guam, she reached Okinawa on 28 September and embarked returning troops, arriving San Francisco on 24 October. By early-January 1946, she completed additional \"Magic Carpet\" runs to Guam and Pearl Harbor. Departing San Diego on 12 January, \"Marcus Island\" sailed via the Panama Canal and Norfolk, arriving Boston on 2 February. She remained at Boston, decommissioned there on 12 December 1946, and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She reclassified to CVHE-77 on 12 June 1955 and to AKV-27 on 7 May 1959. She was sold at Boston to Comarket, Inc. on 29 February 1960. \"Marcus Island\" received four battle stars for World War II service. Some claims that the ship received five battle stars but not yet proved. USS Marcus Island USS \"Marcus Island\" (CVE-77) was an \"Casablanca\" class escort carrier of the United States Navy. She was laid down as Kanalku Bay under Maritime Commission contract by Kaiser Co., Inc., Vancouver, Washington on 15 September 1943; renamed Marcus Island on 6 November 1943; launched on 16 December 1943; sponsored by Mrs. S. L. La" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mujawwad Mujawwad is an adjective which comes from the noun tajweed which means pronouncing the words and letters of the Quran correctly and according to the classic Arabic. Mujawwad is a melodic style of Qur'an recitation which is known throughout the Muslim world. As opposed to Murattal, multiple types of sectioning are used in regards to its phrase lengths. The vocal quality of Mujawwad can be relaxed, tense, or alternate between the two, to create a dramatic effect. The melodic structure tends to be step-wise, but leaps of a fourth or more are also used; range can extend over an octave. The Melismatic properties of Mujawwad can be quite extensive as compared to the mostly syllabic content of Murattal. Murattal is the adjective of the noun tarteel, which is reciting the Quran in a melodic tone of voice. There are several primary styles/tunes (Maqām {مقام}) of recitation. They are as follows: Mujawwad Mujawwad is an adjective which comes from the noun tajweed which means pronouncing the words and letters of the Quran correctly and according to the classic Arabic. Mujawwad is a melodic style of Qur'an recitation which is known throughout the Muslim world. As opposed to Murattal, multiple types" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Black Magic (1975 film) Black Magic is a 1975 Hong Kong horror film directed by Ho Meng Hua and starring Ti Lung, Lo Lieh, Tanny Tien, Lily Li and Ku Feng. A sequel to the film was released in 1976. This film is about a black magic from the area near the South Seas which is named the Tame Head. There is an evil magician who named Shan Chien-mi. He lives in a forest and people who want to wreak vengeance on their enemy come here and ask him to kill their enemy. Then, Shan Chien-mi will get a great amount of gold from them as reward. At the same time, Master Fu Yong, a kind magician, notices that Shan Chien-mi is doing something immoral so he plans to destroy this evil magician. Xu Nuo and his fiancée Chu-ying are really in love with each other and finally they decide to get married. However, on the wedding day, Xu Nuo breaks up with the fiancée unexpectedly and starts a new romantic relationship with a rich widow named Luo Yin. In fact, Luo Yin has always carried a torch for Xu Nuo so she asks Shan Chien-mi using Tame Head of love to let Xu Nuo unconsciously in love with her. Then obviously, Luo Yin’s nasty objective is attained；but this woman is still not satisfied. She wants the innocent fiancée to die. So Shan Jianmi uses the Tame Head of death to make Chu-ying suffer from an incurable disease. Fortunately, the friend of Chu-ying asks Master Fu Yong for help. The kind magician successfully saves Chu-ying. Then, Master Fu Yong finds Xu Nuo in the widow’s house and breaks the Tame Head of love. After that, he fights with Shan Chien-mi and finally kills him and the widow. Black Magic (1975" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Joel H. Silbey Joel Henry Silbey (August 16, 1933 – August 7, 2018) was an American historian. Joel H. Silbey was born on August 16, 1933, to parents Sidney R. and Estelle Silbey. He attended Brooklyn College in his hometown, graduating in 1955, before pursuing graduate study at the University of Iowa, earning his master's and doctoral degrees in 1956 and 1963, respectively. He taught at San Francisco State College, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Maryland before joining the Cornell University faculty in 1966. Two years later, Silbey became a full professor and received a Guggenheim Fellowship. He was appointed President White Professor of History in 1986, serving until retirement in 2002. He died at the age of 84 on August 7, 2018. Joel H. Silbey Joel Henry Silbey (August 16, 1933 – August 7, 2018) was an American historian. Joel H. Silbey was born on August 16, 1933, to parents Sidney R. and Estelle Silbey. He attended Brooklyn College in his hometown, graduating in 1955, before pursuing graduate study at the University of Iowa, earning his master's and doctoral degrees in 1956 and 1963, respectively. He taught at San Francisco State College, the University of Pittsburgh," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mushtaq Ali Khan Mushtaq Ali Khan (20 June 1911 in Banaras – 21 July 1989) and was an Indian classical sitar, surbahar (and pakhawaj) player. Khan learnt music from his father, Ashiq Ali Khan, who had learned sitar from the 19th century player Barkatullah Khan, a descendant of Masit Sen of Delhi, the inventor of the Masitkhani gat (the major style of slow musical composition in sitar playing) His name became synonymous with the Senia style although he may actually have practised an even more austere style than his predecessors in the gharana. He eschewed much of the ornamentation of modern sitar technique (such as murki and zamzama), and embraced a clean, pure sound. His alap was constructed along the lines of a dhrupad alap, and his jod and jhala derived a lot from rudra vina technique. Oddly enough, in spite of being a musical descendant of Masit Sen, he rarely played Masitkhani gats in public, and none of the commercially available examples of his music includes one. He opted to play the faster Rezakhani gats instead, feeling that playing Masitkhani gats to an undiscerning audience would cause them to be devalued. At first a court musician at Jaunpur, Mushtaq Ali left the court to pursue an independent career. He started playing for All India Radio in 1929, and performed at the 1931 Sangeet Sammelan (music conference) in Allahabad. For all of the 1940s and most of the 1950s he was considered the most prominent sitar player in India, following the demise of Enayat Khan of the Etawah Gharana, and prior to the rise of the young Nikhil Banerjee, Ravi Shankar and Vilayat Khan in the mid-1950s. In 1968 he won the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, the highest Indian recognition given to practising artists, given by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama. Being a purist, Khan-Saheb refused to yield to shifting popular tastes and to adopt the innovations introduced by Ravi Shankar on one hand and Vilayat Khan on the other, which led to a gradual decline in his popularity. At the time of his death he was known as a \"musicians' musician\". Many of India's best known musicians expressed their appreciation of the purity of his style and musicality in a book published in Delhi after his death Mushtaq Ali Khan belonged to the Senia Gharana. He was the only surbahar player of India who used to play the been-ang with three mizrabs and that too, with the pakhawaj as an accompanying instrument only in pure dhrupad style. In a rare exclusive interview in the Daily Telegraph on 13 July 1985, Khan Sahab narrated the history of this instrument with historical references in which he has cleared the myth of this instrument. Khan Sahab had his lineage with fifth vani, called Dhandvani named after one of the forefathers. The famous dhrupadiya of Shah Jahans Court, Nayak Dhundhu. It is also called Rasal Vani for its beauty. He said, \"... two of my ancestors, Jaggu Khan and Makku Khan. Since Makku Khan was childless, he adopted Waras Ali Khan a great name who learnt the art of playing Been from Bade Mohammed Khan. When my father Ashiq Ali Khan was six years old, my grand father Sadaq Ali Khan, son of Jaggu Khan died so his uncle Waras Ali Khan taught him all intricacies of Beena on the surbahar. That is why we play Surbahar with three Mezrabs. The Surbahar was originally designed to felicitate the playing of Alap. Those days Alap was the exclusive prerogative of the Beenkar. Ghulam Muhammed Khan and his son Sajjad Mohammed Khan the great SurBahar players used to stay at Calcutta in the earliest part of the 20th century and taught many renowned players, including Imdad Khan and Jnanoda Mukherjee. In this instrument two angas played are alap and talparan and that is why the knowledge of pakhawaj is essential to play the Talparan ...\". Mushtaq Ali Khan was awarded the Sangeet Natak Academy award in 1968 (equivalent to a National Academy Award). In 1973/74 he received the title of \"D.Litt\" from Rabindra Bharati University. The Indian government appointed him as the \"Professor Emeritus in Education\" and the Cultural Ministry and gave fellowship. Some of the other musical awards were Sitar Sudhakar – 1932, Tantri Vilas – 1973, Sangeet Ratnakar – 1974, State Academy Award – 1974, Senior fellowship and Emeritus – 1986, Bhuwalka Award – 1987, Tansen Award – 1987, Special Honour University of Delhi – 1987. He taught many students including Debu Chaudhuri, who has started a cultural Centre in New Delhi under the name of \"UMAK (acronym of Ustad Mushtaq Ali Khan) Centre for Culture\", with a view to having Mushtaq Ali's music and his ideas alive. His only surbahar student Steven Landsberg lives and teaches in the United States. Mushtaq Ali Khan taught him the technique of three mizrabs and their unique application in tar paran. A follower of \"rasal vani\", Khan Sahab was the only surbahar player who maintained the purity of the \"rasal vani\". In 1953 he had a surbahar recital in Raga Puriya, in the First National Programme of the All India Radio New Delhi. It may be recalled that in the year 1953 Pandit Ravi Shankar was instrumental of instituting this National Programme of All India Radio and was present on this memorable occasion. Mushtag Ali organised conferences where old masters and new artists were introduced to the cognoscenti and the novice. Among the well known names, Ravi Shankar was first presented by him to the public in Calcutta. The Ustad was popular during the early 1930s to the late 1940s. Mushtaq Ali died on 21 July 1989. Mushtaq Ali Khan Mushtaq Ali Khan (20 June 1911 in Banaras – 21 July 1989) and was an Indian classical sitar, surbahar (and pakhawaj) player. Khan learnt music from his father, Ashiq Ali Khan, who had learned sitar from the 19th century player Barkatullah Khan, a descendant of Masit Sen of Delhi, the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pediatric stroke Pediatric stroke is a stroke that happens in children or adolescents. Stroke affects about 6 in 100,000 children. Stroke is a leading cause of death in children in the U.S. Stroke is different in children and newborns than it is in adults. Children have hemorrhagic strokes as often as they have ischemic strokes, while adults are more likely to have ischemic strokes. Sixty percent of pediatric strokes occur in boys. Causes of stroke are also different in children than they are in adults. In an ischemic stroke, blood supply to part of the brain is decreased, leading to dysfunction of the brain tissue in that area. There are four reasons why this might happen: Stroke without an obvious explanation is termed \"cryptogenic\" (of unknown origin); this constitutes 30-40% of all ischemic strokes. Intracranial hemorrhage is the accumulation of blood anywhere within the skull vault. A distinction is made between intra-axial hemorrhage (blood inside the brain) and extra-axial hemorrhage (blood inside the skull but outside the brain). Intra-axial hemorrhage is due to intraparenchymal hemorrhage or intraventricular hemorrhage (blood in the ventricular system). The main types of extra-axial hemorrhage are epidural hematoma (bleeding between the dura mater and the skull), subdural hematoma (in the subdural space) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (between the arachnoid mater and pia mater). Most of the hemorrhagic stroke syndromes have specific symptoms (e.g., headache, previous head injury). Symptoms often include: The prognosis for pediatric stroke survivors varies. The following are some common outcomes: Pediatric stroke Pediatric stroke is a stroke that happens in children or adolescents. Stroke affects about 6 in 100,000 children. Stroke is a leading cause of death in children in the U.S. Stroke is different in children and newborns than it is in adults. Children have hemorrhagic strokes as often as they have ischemic" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Massacre at Béziers The Massacre at Béziers refers to the slaughter of the inhabitants during the sack of Béziers, an event that took place on 22 July 1209, and was the first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade. After Pope Innocent III had declared a crusade to eliminate Catharism in the Languedoc, a crusader army consisting of knights with their retinue (mostly from northern France), professional soldiers, mercenary bands (routiers), and pilgrims, assembled and departed from Lyon in early July 1209. Béziers, a stronghold of Catharism, was the first major town the crusaders encountered on the way to Carcassonne. It was well fortified, amply supplied, and in a position to withstand a long siege. Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse was able to switch sides in time and joined the crusaders at Valence. The attempt by Raymond Roger Trencavel, viscount of Béziers, to peacefully submit was rejected at Montpellier. The viscount departed from Montpellier in a hurry, ahead of the crusader army, to prepare his defenses. On the way to Carcassonne, he stopped at Béziers, promising reinforcements, and taking along some Cathars and Jews. Commanded by the Papal legate, the Abbot of Citeaux, Arnaud Amalric, the crusader army reached the outskirts of Béziers on 21 July 1209. As they started to pitch their camp, the Bishop of Béziers, Renaud de Montpeyroux, tried to avert bloodshed and to negotiate. He came back to Béziers with the message that the town would be spared provided it would hand over their heretics. The bishop had drawn up a list of 222 individuals, mostly Cathars, some Waldensians, likely to be \"perfecti\" or leaders of their communities. But in a meeting at the Cathedral, it was determined that to hand over these people was not possible because they had too much support within the town. So the bishop asked the Cathars to leave the town to save themselves. This proposal was rejected, and the bishop left the town with just a few Cathars. On 22 July the crusaders were busy getting settled and still days away from starting the siege proper. A group of soldiers (perhaps merely armed civilians from the town) made a sortie exiting the gate overlooking the river Orb. As they started to harass routiers and pilgrims of the crusader army, a brawl ensued and soon the attackers from the town found themselves outnumbered and retreated in disarray. The routiers quickly took advantage of the chaos, stormed the walls that were not properly manned, and entered the gate, all without orders. The crusader knights, realizing that the defenses had been broken by the routiers, soon joined the battle, overwhelming the garrison, and the city was doomed. The routiers rampaged through the streets, killing and plundering, while those citizens who could run sought refuge in the churches – the cathedral the churches of St Mary Magdalene and of St Jude. Yet the churches did not provide safety against the raging mob of invaders. The doors of the churches were broken open, and all inside were slaughtered. After the massacre it came to the distribution of the city's spoils. The crusader knights became enraged that the rabble of the army had already taken the plunder. They took control of the situation, chased them from the occupied houses and took their booty away. In turn, the angry and disappointed routiers responded by burning down the town. In the engulfing fire, the plunder was lost, and the army left the city in a hurry. Amalric's own version of the siege, described in his letter to Pope Innocent in August 1209 (col.139), states: Indeed, because there is no strength nor is there cunning against God, while discussions were still going on with the barons about the release of those in the city who were deemed to be Catholics, the servants and other persons of low rank and unarmed attacked the city without waiting for orders from their leaders. To our amazement, crying \"to arms, to arms!\", within the space of two or three hours they crossed the ditches and the walls and Béziers was taken. Our men spared no one, irrespective of rank, sex or age, and put to the sword almost 20,000 people. After this great slaughter the whole city was despoiled and burnt, as divine vengeance miraculously raged against it. About twenty years later, Caesarius of Heisterbach relates this story about the massacre, When they discovered, from the admissions of some of them, that there were Catholics mingled with the heretics they said to the abbot \"Sir, what shall we do, for we cannot distinguish between the faithful and the heretics.\" The abbot, like the others, was afraid that many, in fear of death, would pretend to be Catholics, and after their departure, would return to their heresy, and is said to have replied \"Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius – Kill them all for the Lord knoweth them that are His\" (2 Tim. ii. 19) and so countless number in that town were slain. While there remains doubt that the abbot said these words – also paraphrased as \"Kill them all, God will know His own\", \"Kill them all, God will sort his own\", or \"Kill them all,/and let God sort them out\" – there is little if any doubt that these words captured the spirit of the assault, and that the crusaders intended to kill the inhabitants of a stronghold that offered resistance. However, typically that would involve killing the men, not women and children, and not the clergy. The crusaders allowed the routiers to rampage and kill without restraint, but quickly stepped in when it came to the loot. It is possible that Amalric's account of the death of 20,000 is exaggerated, just like Peter of Vaux de Cernay's report that 7,000 were slain in the Church of St Magdalene. The town's population at the time is estimated at 10,000–14,500, and an unknown number (contemporary reports put the number at 30) may have escaped the massacre. However, the town's population may have been swelled by refugees from the surrounding countryside. Simon de Montfort, who later led the crusade, was a participant in these events but not yet in a leadership role. The crusaders had achieved a quick and devastating victory. Horror and terror spread through the land, and many castles and towns submitted without further resistance. Carcassonne fell within a month and Raymond-Roger Trencavel died in captivity later that year, his lands being given to de Montfort. However, the crusaders lost the support of the local Catholic population and thus became a hated occupying force. The war became protracted, and eventually the French king entered the war and took control over the Languedoc. The Inquisition then hunted down the remaining Cathars. During the fire the Cathedral of Saint Nazaire burned and collapsed. A plaque opposite the cathedral records the \"Day of Butchery\" perpetrated by the \"northern barons\". A few parts of the Romanesque cathedral survived, and repairs started in 1215. The restoration, along with that of the rest of the city, continued until the 15th century. Massacre at Béziers The Massacre at Béziers refers to the slaughter of the inhabitants during the sack of Béziers, an event that took place" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Colin Gordon (footballer) Colin Kenneth Gordon (born 17 January 1963) is an English former footballer born in Stourbridge, Worcestershire, who played as a striker. He scored 60 goals in 194 appearances in the Football League playing for Swindon Town, Wimbledon, Gillingham, Reading, Bristol City, Fulham, Birmingham City, Hereford United, Walsall, Bristol Rovers and Leicester City. He went on to play non-league football for Kidderminster Harriers, Gloucester City, on loan from Kidderminster, and Stourbridge. He then went into sports agency; his company represented England national team manager Steve McClaren and players David James and Theo Walcott, among others. He came to particular notice when he made an attack on football finance, alleging significant levels of corruption within the game. In April 2015 Gordon returned to Kidderminster Harriers as new football development director of the club. When Gary Whild was removed from the position as manager in September 2015 Gordon was made caretaker manager until the appointment of Dave Hockaday on 9 October 2015. In November 2015 he bought the majority share of the Harriers. Following the sacking of Hockaday on 7 January 2016 Gordon was once again installed as caretaker. Colin Gordon (footballer) Colin Kenneth Gordon (born 17 January 1963) is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pikes Creek Pikes Creek (also known as Pike Creek) is a tributary of Harveys Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Lake Township, Lehman Township, Jackson Township, and Plymouth Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . It is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, as well as being Class A Wild Trout Waters for part of its length. The creek has a 400-acre reservoir, which is known as the Pikes Creek Reservoir and supplies water to tens of thousands of people. A number of bridges have been constructed over the creek. Pikes Creek begins in a pond or small lake in Lake Township. It flows southwest for several tenths of a mile before turning south-southeast, east, and then south. The creek then turns southeast for several tenths of a mile before turning south for more than a mile, flowing alongside Pennsylvania Route 29 and through the community of Pikes Creek and crossing Pennsylvania Route 118. At the southern end of the community, the creek receives Fades Creek, its only named tributary, from the right. Pikes Creek then turns west-southwest for a short distance before turning south, exiting Pikes Creek and Lake Township and entering Lehman Township. After some distance, the creek turns east-southeast, flowing away from Pennsylvania Route 29, and enters the Pikes Creek Reservoir after more than a mile. At the southwestern edge of the reservoir, the creek turns southeast for several hundred feet before turning east along the border between Jackson Township and Plymouth Township. After several tenths of a mile, it reaches its confluence with Harveys Creek. Pikes Creek joins Harveys Creek upstream of its mouth. At the border between Lake Township and Lehman Township, the peak annual discharge of Pikes Creek has a 10 percent chance of reaching 845 cubic feet per second. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 1508 cubic feet per second and a 1 percent chance of reaching 1868 cubic feet per second. The peak annual discharge has a 0.2 percent chance of reaching 2927 cubic feet per second. Upstream of the tributary Fades Creek, the peak annual discharge of Pikes Creek has a 10 percent chance of reaching 556 cubic feet per second. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 1008 cubic feet per second and a 1 percent chance of reaching 1225 cubic feet per second. The peak annual discharge has a 0.2 percent chance of reaching 1986 cubic feet per second. The elevation near the mouth of Pikes Creek is between above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is approximately above sea level. Pikes Creek flows through a manmade concrete flume for part of its length. A layer of alluvium with a thickness of occurs in the valley of Pikes Creek. It contains stratified sand, silt, and gravel. Wisconsinan Outwash, which consists of stratified sand and gravel, also occurs in the creek's valley. There are large piles of drift in the creek's valley and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift occurs with a thickness of more than at the community of Pikes Creek. This drift also occurs near the creek's headwaters. Glacial or resedimented tills such as Wisconsinan Bouldery Till and Wisconsinan Till also occur in the creek's vicinity, as does a rock quarry pit. Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occur in the area as well. The watershed of Pikes Creek has an area of . At least part of the creek is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Harveys Lake. The portion of the watershed that is upstream of Fades Creek has an area of . The watershed of Pikes Creek, along with that of Harveys Creek, is used as a water supply by Pennsylvania American Water Company Ceasetown. The creeks supply part or all of 15 communities: Ashley, Courtdale, Edwardsville, Mocanaqua, Larksville, Plymouth, Pringle, Shickshinny, West Nanticoke, Nanticoke, Wilkes-Barre, Hanover Township, Hunlock Township, Plymouth Township, Newport Township, and Wilkes-Barre Township. The water company serves 67,500 people and is allowed to withdraw 16 million gallons per day from the watersheds. A dammed 400-acre lake known as Pikes Creek Reservoir is situated on Pikes Creek. The lake is mainly used for water supply. The lake is private property. The dam, which is known as the Pikes Creek Dam, is high. Pikes Creek is entirely on private land. However, 50 percent of this land is accessible to the public. Pikes Creek, along with Beaver Run, Fades Creek, and Harveys Creek, is one of the main sources of flooding in Lake Township. However, these creeks' floods have not caused extensive damage, since Lake Township is relatively undeveloped. Pikes Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1183731. The creek is also known as Pike Creek. This name appears on certain topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey. Daniel Lee settled near the headwaters of Pike Creek in 1806. In 1860, Otis Allen constructed a mill on the creek in Lake Township. A steel stringer bridge carrying T-676/East Salt Road was constructed over Pikes Creek in 1926. It is long and is situated near Pennsylvania Route 29. A concrete slab bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 29 was built over the creek in 1927 and repaired in 1980. It is long and is situated in Lehman Township. A concrete tee beam bridge was constructed over the creek in 1932 in Lake Township. It is long and carries Pennsylvania Route 29. Another concrete slab bridge was built over the creek in 1935 in Lake Township. It carries Pennsylvania Route 118 and is long. Pikes Creek flows alongside the northern side of Moon Lake County Park for a portion of its length. Shoreline fishing is permitted along some areas of the Pikes Creek Reservoir, though boating, ice fishing, swimming, and wading are not allowed. The drainage basin of Pikes Creek is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. The creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission to be Class A Wild Trout Waters for brook trout and brown trout from its headwaters downstream to the uppermost arm of the Pikes Creek Reservoir. Fifteen species of fish, including largemouth bass, yellow perch, bluegills, and black crappies are found in the reservoir. An old-growth forest is in the vicinity of Pikes Creek downstream of the Pikes Creek Reservoir. Pikes Creek Pikes Creek (also known as Pike Creek) is a tributary of Harveys Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "4th Canadian Parliament The 4th Canadian Parliament was in session from 13 February 1879 until 18 May 1882. The membership was set by the 1878 federal election on 17 September 1878. It was dissolved prior to the 1882 election. It was controlled by a Conservative/Liberal-Conservative majority under Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald and the 3rd Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, first led by Alexander Mackenzie, and then by Edward Blake. The Speaker was Joseph Godéric Blanchet. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1873-1882 for a list of the ridings in this parliament. There were four sessions of the 4th Parliament: Following is a full list of members of the fourth parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district. Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members. 4th Canadian Parliament The 4th Canadian Parliament was in session from 13 February 1879 until 18 May 1882. The membership was set by the 1878 federal election on 17 September 1878. It was dissolved prior to the 1882 election. It was controlled by a Conservative/Liberal-Conservative majority under Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald and the 3rd Canadian Ministry. The Official" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mossie Finn Maurice \"Mossie\" Finn (1931 - 31 March 2009) was an Irish hurler who played as a right wing-forward for the Cork senior team. Born in Togher, Finn first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team. He made his senior debut during the 1951 championship. Finn went on to play a brief role for Cork, and won one All-Ireland medal and one Munster medal as a non-playing substitute. At club level Finn was a one-time championship medallist with St. Finbarr's. Finn retired from inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 1956 championship. Mossie Finn Maurice \"Mossie\" Finn (1931 - 31 March 2009) was an Irish hurler who played as a right wing-forward for the Cork senior team. Born in Togher, Finn first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team. He made his senior debut during the 1951 championship. Finn went on to play a brief role for Cork, and won one All-Ireland medal and one Munster medal as a non-playing substitute. At club level Finn was a one-time championship medallist with St. Finbarr's." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins. His $7 million bequest (approximately $ million in today's dollars)—of which half financed the establishment of Johns Hopkins Hospital—was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time. Daniel Coit Gilman, who was inaugurated as the institution's first president on February 22, 1876, led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research. Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany's ancient Heidelberg University, Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States. Over the course of several decades, the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures. In fiscal year 2016, Johns Hopkins spent nearly $2.5 billion on research. Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington, D.C. with international centers in Italy, China, and Singapore. The two undergraduate divisions, the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering, are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore's Charles Village neighborhood. The medical school, the nursing school, and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore. The university also consists of the Peabody Institute, the Applied Physics Laboratory, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the School of Education, the Carey Business School, and various other facilities. Johns Hopkins was a founding member of the American Association of Universities. Johns Hopkins is often cited as among the world's top universities. The university was ranked 10th among undergraduate programs at National Universities in \"U.S. News & World Report\" latest rankings, and 10th among global universities by \"U.S. News & World Report\" in its 2019 rankings, as well as 12th globally in the \"Times Higher Education World University Rankings\". Over the course of more than 140 years, 37 Nobel laureates and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Johns Hopkins. Founded in 1883, the Blue Jays men's lacrosse team has captured 44 national titles and joined the Big Ten Conference as an affiliate member in 2014. On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins, a Quaker entrepreneur, abolitionist and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million (approximately $ million today adjusted for consumer price inflation) to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland. At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States. The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father and that son would become the university's benefactor. Milton Eisenhower, a former university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the Master of Ceremonies introduced him as \"President of \"John\" Hopkins.\" Eisenhower retorted that he was \"glad to be here in \"Pitt\"burgh.\" The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany. Building on the German education model of Wilhelm von Humboldt, it became dedicated to research. Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge. The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents – Charles W. Eliot of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, Noah Porter of Yale College and James B. Angell of Michigan. They each vouched for Daniel Coit Gilman to lead the new University and he became the university's first president. Gilman, a Yale-educated scholar, had been serving as president of the University of California prior to this appointment. In preparation for the university's founding, Gilman visited University of Freiburg and other German universities. Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: \"The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory,\" he stated. To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known luminaries such as the mathematician James Joseph Sylvester; the biologist H. Newell Martin; the physicist Henry A. Rowland (the first president of the American Physical Society), the classical scholars Basil Gildersleeve and Charles D. Morris; the economist Richard T. Ely; and the chemist Ira Remsen, who became the second president of the university in 1901. Gilman focused on the expansion of graduate education and support of faculty research. The new university fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins became the national trendsetter in doctoral programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations. The Johns Hopkins University Press, founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation. With the completion of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 and the medical school in 1893, the university's research-focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in the emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and William Welch. During this period Hopkins made more history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a Bachelor's degree, based on the efforts of Mary E. Garrett, who had endowed the school at Gilman's request. The school of medicine was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and became a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training. In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, \"build men, not buildings.\" In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore delaying plans to site the university in Clifton. In the early 20th century the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and of the estate had to be sold to the city as public park. A solution was achieved by a team of prominent locals who acquired the estate in north Baltimore known as Homewood. On February 22, 1902, this land was formally transferred to the university. The flagship building, Gilman Hall, was completed in 1915. The School of Engineering relocated in Fall of 1914 and the School of Arts and Sciences followed in 1916. These decades saw the ceding of lands by the", "became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore delaying plans to site the university in Clifton. In the early 20th century the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and of the estate had to be sold to the city as public park. A solution was achieved by a team of prominent locals who acquired the estate in north Baltimore known as Homewood. On February 22, 1902, this land was formally transferred to the university. The flagship building, Gilman Hall, was completed in 1915. The School of Engineering relocated in Fall of 1914 and the School of Arts and Sciences followed in 1916. These decades saw the ceding of lands by the university for the public Wyman Park and Wyman Park Dell and the Baltimore Museum of Art, coalescing in the contemporary area of . Prior to becoming the main Johns Hopkins campus, the Homewood estate had initially been the gift of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a Maryland planter and signer of the Declaration of Independence, to his son Charles Carroll Jr. The original structure, the 1801 Homewood House, still stands and serves as an on-campus museum. The brick and marble Federal style of Homewood House became the architectural inspiration for much of the university campus. This fact explains the distinctively local flavour of the campus as compared to the Collegiate Gothic style of other historic American universities. In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult continuing education programs and in 1916 it founded the US' first school of public health. Since the 1910s, Johns Hopkins University has famously been a \"fertile cradle\" to Arthur Lovejoy's history of ideas. Since 1942, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has served as a major governmental defense contractor. In tandem with on-campus research, Johns Hopkins has every year since 1979 had the highest federal research funding of any American university. Programs in international studies and the performing arts were established in 1950 and 1977 when the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington D.C and the Peabody Institute in Baltimore became divisions of the university. The Islamic Society of Baltimore was founded in 1969, by several Muslim families who held weekly prayers on the campus of the university. The early decades of the 21st century saw expansion across the university's institutions in both physical and population sizes. Notably, a planned 88-acre expansion to the medical campus is well underway . Completed construction on the Homewood campus has included a new biomedical engineering building in the Johns Hopkins University Department of Biomedical Engineering, a new library, a new biology wing, an extensive renovation of the flagship Gilman Hall, and the reconstruction of the main university entrance. These years also brought about the rapid development of the university's professional schools of education and business. From 1999 until 2007, these disciplines had been joined together within the School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (SPSBE), itself a reshuffling of several earlier ventures. The 2007 split, combined with new funding and leadership initiatives, has led to the simultaneous emergence of the Johns Hopkins School of Education and the Carey Business School. On November 18, 2018, it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would make a donation to his alma mater of $1.8 billion, thought to be a record for single donations to an academic institution. Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins' first African-American student, Kelly Miller, a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics. As time passed, the university adopted a \"separate but equal\" stance more like other Baltimore institutions. The first black undergraduate entered the school in 1945 and graduate students followed in 1967. James Nabwangu, a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school. African-American instructor and laboratory supervisor Vivien Thomas was instrumental in developing and conducting the first successful blue baby operation in 1944. Despite such cases, racial diversity did not become commonplace at Johns Hopkins institutions until the 1960s and 1970s. Hopkins' most well-known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; Mary E. Garrett, M. Carey Thomas, Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers. They donated and raised the funds needed to open the medical school, and required Hopkins' officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. The nursing school opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students. Other graduate schools were later opened to women by president Ira Remsen in 1907. Christine Ladd-Franklin was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882. The trustees denied her the degree for decades and refused to change the policy about admitting women. In 1893, Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD. The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male. On September 5, 2013 cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor Matthew Green posted a blog, entitled \"On the NSA\", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of NIST and NSA in formulating U.S. cryptography standards. On September 9, 2013 Green received a take-down request for the \"On the NSA\" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from \"The Guardian\", \"The New York Times\" and ProPublica.org. Douglas subsequently issued a personal on-line apology to Green. The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community. The first campus was located on Howard Street. Eventually, they relocated to Homewood, in northern Baltimore, the estate of Charles Carroll, son of the oldest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. Carroll's Homewood House is considered one of the finest examples of Federal residential architecture. The estate then came to the Wyman family, which participated in making it the park-like main campus of the schools of arts and sciences and engineering at the start of the 20th century. Most of its architecture was modeled after the Federal style of Homewood House. Homewood House is preserved as a museum. Most undergraduate programs are on this campus. Collectively known as Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (JHMI) campus, the East Baltimore facility occupies several city blocks spreading from the Johns Hopkins Hospital trademark dome. The Washington, D.C. campus is on Massachusetts Avenue, towards the Southeastern end of Embassy Row. Akin to the Washington, D.C. campus for the School of Arts & Sciences, the APL also is the primary campus for master's degrees in a variety of STEM fields. The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The President is JHU's chief executive officer, and the university is organized into nine academic divisions. JHU's bylaws specify a Board of Trustees of between 18 and 65 voting members. Trustees serve six-year terms subject to a two-term limit. The alumni select 12 trustees. Four recent alumni serve 4-year terms, one per year, typically from the graduating class. The bylaws prohibit students, faculty or administrative staff from serving on the Board,", "Avenue, towards the Southeastern end of Embassy Row. Akin to the Washington, D.C. campus for the School of Arts & Sciences, the APL also is the primary campus for master's degrees in a variety of STEM fields. The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The President is JHU's chief executive officer, and the university is organized into nine academic divisions. JHU's bylaws specify a Board of Trustees of between 18 and 65 voting members. Trustees serve six-year terms subject to a two-term limit. The alumni select 12 trustees. Four recent alumni serve 4-year terms, one per year, typically from the graduating class. The bylaws prohibit students, faculty or administrative staff from serving on the Board, except the President as an ex-officio trustee. The Johns Hopkins Health System has a separate Board of Trustees, many of whom are doctors or health care executives. The full-time, four-year undergraduate program is \"most selective\" with low transfer-in and a high graduate co-existence. The cost of attendance per year is $60,820; however, the average need met is 99%. The university is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities (AAU); it is also a member of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and the Universities Research Association (URA). JHU's undergraduate education is ranked 10th among U.S. \"national universities\" by \"U.S. News & World Report\" for 2019. For medical research \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranks the School of Medicine in 2017 tied for 3rd in the U.S. and the Bloomberg School of Public Health 1st. The School of Nursing was ranked 1st nationally for master's degrees. The \"QS Top Universities\" ranked Johns Hopkins University No. 5 in the world for medicine. Hopkins ranks No. 1 nationally in receipt of federal research funds and the School of Medicine is 1st among medical schools in receipt of extramural awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In 2016, the Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked the No. 4 hospital in the United States by the \"U.S. News & World Report\" annual ranking of American hospitals. The School of Education is ranked No. 2 nationally by \"U.S. News & World Report\" for 2017. Although no formal rankings exist for music conservatories, the Peabody Institute is generally considered one of the most prestigious conservatories in the country, along with Juilliard and the Curtis Institute. The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) ranked No. 1 (2005), No. 2 (2007), and No. 2 (2009), by College of William & Mary's surveys conducted once every two years beginning in 2005, for its MA program among the world's top schools of International Affairs for those who want to pursue a policy career. In 2015, SAIS ranked 2nd in the world in Foreign Policy's \"Top Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations\" ranking. The university's graduate programs in the areas of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Engineering (Biomedical, Electrical & Environmental), Human Development & Family Studies, Health Sciences, Humanities, Physical & Mathematical Sciences and International Affairs & Development all rank among the top-10 of their respective disciplines. In 2009, JHU ranked fifth among U.S. universities in private fund-raising, collecting $433.39 million. The university's undergraduate programs are highly selective: in 2018, the Office of Admissions accepted 8.4% of its 27,091 Regular Decision applicants. In 2016, 95% of admitted students graduated in the top tenth of their high school class and the inter-quartile range on the SAT composite score was 1440–1560. In 2013, 96.8% of freshmen returned after the first year and 88% of students graduated in 4 years. The average GPA of enrolled freshmen in the class of 2018 is 3.88. Over time, applications to Johns Hopkins University have risen steadily. As a result, the selectivity of Johns Hopkins University has also increased. Early Decision is an option at Johns Hopkins University for students who wish to demonstrate that the university is their first choice. These students, if admitted, are required to enroll. This application is due November 2. Most students, however, apply Regular Decision, which is a traditional non-binding round. These applications are due January 1 and students are notified in late March. The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes and includes ten main divisions across the university's campuses. The largest segment of this system is the Sheridan Libraries, encompassing the Milton S. Eisenhower Library (the main library of the Homewood campus), the Brody Learning Commons, the Hutzler Reading Room (\"The Hut\") in Gilman Hall, the John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House, and the George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute campus. The main library, constructed in the 1960s, was named for Milton S. Eisenhower, former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower. The university's stacks had previously been housed in Gilman Hall and departmental libraries. Only two of the Eisenhower library's six stories are above ground, though the building was designed so that every level receives natural light. The design accords with campus lore that no structure can be taller than Gilman Hall, the flagship academic building. A four-story expansion to the library, known as the Brody Learning Commons, opened in August 2012. The expansion features an energy-efficient, state-of-the-art technology infrastructure and includes study spaces, seminar rooms, and a rare books collection. The Johns Hopkins University Press is the publishing division of the Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously running university press in the United States. To date the Press has published more than 6,000 titles and currently publishes 65 scholarly periodicals and over 200 new books each year. Since 1993, the Johns Hopkins University Press has run Project MUSE, an online collection of over 250 full-text, peer-reviewed journals in the humanities and social sciences. The Press also houses the Hopkins Fulfilment Services (HFS), which handles distribution for a number of university presses and publishers. Taken together, the three divisions of the Press—Books, Journals (including MUSE) and HFS—make it one of the largest of America's university presses. Johns Hopkins offers a number of degrees including BA and BS for undergraduate student and MA, MS and Ph.D. Because Hopkins offers both undergraduate and graduate areas of study, many disciplines have multiple degrees available. Biomedical engineering, perhaps one of Hopkins' best-known programs, offers Bachelor's, Master's, Graduate and Ph.D degrees. The opportunity to participate in important research is one of the distinguishing characteristics of Hopkins' undergraduate education. About 80 percent of undergraduates perform independent research, often alongside top researchers. In FY 2013, Johns Hopkins received $2.2 billion in federal research grants—more than any other U.S. university for the 35th consecutive year. Johns Hopkins has had seventy-seven (77) members of the Institute of Medicine, forty-three (43) Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, seventeen (17) members of the National Academy of Engineering, and sixty-two (62) members of the National Academy of Sciences. Twenty-seven (27) Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni or faculty members. Between 1999 and 2009, Johns Hopkins was among the most cited institutions in the world. It attracted nearly 1,222,166 citations and produced 54,022 papers under its name, ranking 3 globally (after Harvard University and the Max Planck Society) in the number of \"total\" citations published in Thomson Reuters-indexed journals over 22 fields in America. In FY 2000,", "other U.S. university for the 35th consecutive year. Johns Hopkins has had seventy-seven (77) members of the Institute of Medicine, forty-three (43) Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, seventeen (17) members of the National Academy of Engineering, and sixty-two (62) members of the National Academy of Sciences. Twenty-seven (27) Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni or faculty members. Between 1999 and 2009, Johns Hopkins was among the most cited institutions in the world. It attracted nearly 1,222,166 citations and produced 54,022 papers under its name, ranking 3 globally (after Harvard University and the Max Planck Society) in the number of \"total\" citations published in Thomson Reuters-indexed journals over 22 fields in America. In FY 2000, Johns Hopkins received $95.4 million in research grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), making it the leading recipient of NASA research and development funding. In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 30th year in a row, according to a National Science Foundation (NSF) ranking. These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. The Johns Hopkins University also offers the \"Center for Talented Youth\" program—a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the \"Center for Talented Youth\" or CTY helps fulfill the university's mission of preparing students to make significant future contributions to the world. The Johns Hopkins Digital Media Center (DMC) is a multimedia lab space as well as an equipment, technology and knowledge resource for students interested in exploring creative uses of emerging media and use of technology. In 2013, the Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships program was established by a $250 million gift from Michael Bloomberg. This program enables the university to recruit fifty researchers from around the world to joint appointments throughout the nine divisions and research centers. Each professor must be a leader in interdisciplinary research and be active in undergraduate education. Directed by Vice Provost for Research Denis Wirtz, there are currently thirty two Bloomberg Distinguished Professors at the university, including three Nobel Laureates, eight fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, ten members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and thirteen members of the National Academies. Charles Village, the region of North Baltimore surrounding the university, has undergone several restoration projects, and the university has gradually bought the property around the school for additional student housing and dormitories. \"The Charles Village Project\", completed in 2008, brought new commercial spaces to the neighborhood. The project included Charles Commons, a new, modern residence hall that includes popular retail franchises. In 2015, the University began development of new commercial properties, including a modern upperclassmen apartment complex, restaurants and eateries, and a CVS retail store. Hopkins invested in improving campus life with an arts complex in 2001, the Mattin Center, and a three-story sports facility, the O'Connor Recreation Center. The large on-campus dining facilities at Homewood were renovated in the summer of 2006. Quality of life is enriched by the proximity of neighboring academic institutions, including Loyola College, Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), UMBC, Goucher College, and Towson University, as well as the nearby neighborhoods of Hampden, the Inner Harbor, Fells Point, and Mount Vernon. Greek life came to Hopkins in 1876 with the charter of fraternity Beta Theta Pi, which still exists on campus today. Since, Johns Hopkins has become home to nine sororities and 11 fraternities. Of the nine sororities, five belong to the National Panhellenic Conference and four to the Multicultural Greek Council Sororities. Of the fraternities, all 11 belong to the Inter-Fraternity Council. Over 1,000 students participate in Greek life, with 23% of women and 20% of men taking part. Greek life has expanded its reach at Hopkins in recent decades, as only 15% of the student body participated in 1989. Rush for all students occurs in the spring. Most fraternities keep houses in Charles Village while sororities do not. Johns Hopkins Greek life has been largely representative of its increasing diversity with the installment of Alpha Phi Alpha, a historically black fraternity, in 1991 and Lambda Phi Epsilon, an Asian-interest fraternity in 1994 among others. Spring Fair has been a Johns Hopkins tradition since 1972 and has since grown to be the largest student-run festival in the country. Popular among Hopkins students and Baltimore inhabitants alike, Spring Fair features carnival rides, vendors, food and a beer garden. Since its beginning, Spring Fair has decreased in size, both in regard to attendance and utilization of space. While one point, the Fair attracted upwards of 100,000 people, it became unruly and, for a variety of reasons including safety concerns and a campus beautification project in the early 2000s, had to be scaled back. While it has been speculated that Johns Hopkins has relatively few traditions for a school of its age and that many past traditions have been forgotten, a handful of myths and customs are ubiquitous knowledge among the community. One such long-standing myth surrounds the university seal that is embedded into the floor of the Gilman Hall foyer. The myth holds that any current student to step on the seal will never graduate. In reverence for this tradition, the seal has been fenced off from the rest of the room. An annual event is the \"Lighting of the Quad\", a ceremony each winter during which the campus is lit up in holiday lights. Recent years have included singing and fireworks. Living on campus is typically required for first- and second-year undergraduates. Freshman housing is centered around Freshman Quad, which consists of three residence hall complexes: The two Alumni Memorial Residences (AMR I and AMR II) plus Buildings A and B. The AMR dormitories are each divided into \"houses\", subunits named for figures from the university's early history. Freshmen are also housed in Wolman Hall and in certain wings of McCoy Hall, both located slightly outside the campus. Dorms at Hopkins are generally co-ed with same-gender rooms, though a new policy has allowed students to live in mixed-gender rooms since Fall 2014. Students determine where they will live during Sophomore year through a housing lottery. Most juniors and seniors move into nearby apartments or row-houses. Non-freshmen in university housing occupy one of four buildings: McCoy Hall, the Bradford Apartments, the Homewood Apartments, and Charles Commons. All are located in Charles Village within a block from the Homewood campus. Forty-five percent of the student body lives off-campus while 55% lives on campus. Athletic teams are called Blue Jays. Even though sable and gold are used for academic robes, the university's athletic colors are Columbia blue (PMS 284) and black. Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Men's and Women's lacrosse teams are in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Other teams are in Division III and participate in the Centennial Conference. JHU is also home to the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, maintained by US Lacrosse. The school's most prominent team", "the Bradford Apartments, the Homewood Apartments, and Charles Commons. All are located in Charles Village within a block from the Homewood campus. Forty-five percent of the student body lives off-campus while 55% lives on campus. Athletic teams are called Blue Jays. Even though sable and gold are used for academic robes, the university's athletic colors are Columbia blue (PMS 284) and black. Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Men's and Women's lacrosse teams are in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Other teams are in Division III and participate in the Centennial Conference. JHU is also home to the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, maintained by US Lacrosse. The school's most prominent team is its men's lacrosse team. The team has won 44 national titles – nine Division I (2007, 2005, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1974), 29 United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA), and six Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA) titles. Hopkins' primary national rivals are Princeton University, Syracuse University, and the University of Virginia; its primary intrastate rivals are Loyola University Maryland (competing in what is called the \"Charles Street Massacre\"), Towson University, the United States Naval Academy, and the University of Maryland. The rivalry with Maryland is the oldest. The schools have met 111 times since 1899, three times in playoff matches. On June 3, 2013, it was announced that the Blue Jays would join the Big Ten Conference for men's lacrosse when that league begins sponsoring the sport in the 2015 season (2014–15 school year). The women's team is a member of the Big Ten Conference and a former member of the American Lacrosse Conference (ALC). The Lady Blue Jays were ranked number 18 in the 2015 Inside Lacrosse Women's DI Media Poll. They ranked number 8 in the 2007 Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse Coaches Association (IWLCA) Poll Division I. The team finished the 2012 season with a 9–9 record and finished the 2013 season with a 10–7 record. They finished the 2014 season 15–5. On June 17, 2015, it was announced that the Blue Jays would join the Big Ten Conference for women's lacrosse in the 2017 season (2016–17 school year). Hopkins has notable Division III Athletic teams. JHU Men's Swimming won three consecutive NCAA Championships in 1977, 1978, and 1979. In 2009–2010, Hopkins won 8 Centennial Conference titles in Women's Cross Country, Women's Track & Field, Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Football, and Men's and Women's Tennis. The Women's Cross Country team became the first women's team at Hopkins to achieve a #1 National ranking. In 2006–2007 teams won Centennial Conference titles in Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Tennis and Men's Basketball. Women's soccer won their Centennial Conference title for 7 consecutive years from 2005–2011. In the 2013–2014 school year, Hopkins earned 12 Centennial Conference titles, most notably from the cross country and track & field teams, which accounted for six. Hopkins has an acclaimed fencing team, which ranked in the top three Division III teams in the past few years and in both 2008 and 2007 defeated the University of North Carolina, a Division I team. In 2008, they defeated UNC and won the MACFA championship. The Swimming team ranked highly in NCAA Division III for the last 10 years, most recently placing second at DIII Nationals in 2008. The Water Polo team was number one in Division III for several of the past years, playing a full schedule against Division I opponents. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. In 2009 the football team reached the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division III tournament, with three tournament appearances since 2005. In 2008, the baseball team ranked second, losing in the final game of the DIII College World Series to Trinity College. The Johns Hopkins squash team plays in the College Squash Association as a club team along with Division I and III varsity programs. In 2011–12 the squash team finished 30th in the ranking. , there have been 37 Nobel Laureates who either attended the university as undergraduate or graduate students, or were faculty members. Woodrow Wilson, who received his PhD from Johns Hopkins in 1886, was Hopkins' first affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. Twenty-three laureates were faculty members, five earned PhDs, eight earned M.D.s, and Francis Peyton Rous and Martin Rodbell earned undergraduate degrees. Fourteen Johns Hopkins laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Four Nobel Prizes were shared by Johns Hopkins laureates: George Minot and George Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Four Johns Hopkins laureates won Nobel Prizes in Physics, including Riccardo Giacconi in 2002 Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hawaii State Library The Hawaii State Library is a historic building in Honolulu, Hawaii that serves as the seat of the Hawaii State Public Library System, the only statewide library system and one of the largest in the United States. The Hawaii State Library building is located in downtown Honolulu adjacent to Iolani Palace and the Hawaii State Capitol. Originally funded by Andrew Carnegie, the building was designed by architect Henry D. Whitfield. Groundbreaking took place in 1911 and construction was completed in 1913. In 1978, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, as a contributing property within the Hawaii Capital Historic District. The building holds over 525,000 cataloged books. The entire Hawaii State Public Library System has a collection of over 3 million books. Nearby is the Hawaii State Archives which holds book collections of historical significance to Hawaii. The Edna Allyn Children's Room houses murals by artist Juliette May Fraser depicting Hawaiian legends while the garden courtyard features a mosaic of ocean currents by Hiroki Morinoue. Barbara Hepworth's cast bronze sculptures called \"Parent I\" and \"Young Girl\" greet visitors at the lawn in front of the building. Before the Hawaii State Library was constructed, library facilities were provided by the Honolulu Library and Reading Room Association founded in 1879 by the Kingdom of Hawaii. Prior to this, the site was the location of Hāliʻimaile, the residence of Boki and Liliha and later Victoria Kamāmalu and her father and brothers before they ascended Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. The Hawaii State Library was funded by a grant from Andrew Carnegie. The Library met the government-related requirements for the grant with the cooperation of Walter F. Frear. Edna Allyn was the head librarian when it opened in 1913. In 1921, the County Library Law established separate libraries on the islands of Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii, under minimal supervision by the Library of Hawaii, which restricted its services to Oahu. Even so, the latter quickly outgrew its quarters. In 1927, the Territorial legislature approved funding to expand and renovate the building. Construction was completed in 1930. Architect C.W. Dickey tripled its size by new wings to create an open-air courtyard in the center. After statehood in 1959, the Hawaii State Legislature created the Hawaii State Public Library System, the only statewide system in the United States, with the Hawaii State Library building as its flagship branch. In 1990, it funded a second major renovation and expansion, which was completed in 1992. The renovations addressed air-conditioning, roofing, asbestos removal, plumbing, better access for the handicapped, and landscaping, while the expansion added a large wing to the rear of the building that blended well with the older wings. Hawaii State Library The Hawaii State Library is a historic building in Honolulu, Hawaii that serves as the seat of the Hawaii State Public Library System, the only statewide library system and one of the largest in the United States. The Hawaii State Library building is located in downtown Honolulu adjacent" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Yakub (Nation of Islam) In the beliefs of the Nation of Islam (NOI), Yakub (sometimes spelled Yacub or Yaqub) was a black scientist who lived \"6,600 years ago\" and began the creation of the white race. He is said to have done this through a form of selective breeding referred to as \"grafting\", while living on the island of Patmos. Scientific consensus rejects the historicity of this figure. The Nation of Islam theology states that Yakub is the biblical Jacob. All branches of Christianity, Judaism and Islam reject this belief or such characerization of Yakub (Jacob). The story has caused disputes within the NOI during its history. Under its current leader Louis Farrakhan, the NOI continues to assert that the story of Yakub is true, claiming that modern science is consistent with it. The story of Yakub was originated in the writings of Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation of Islam, in his doctrinal Q&A pamphlet \"Lost Found Moslem Lesson No. 2\". It was developed by his successor Elijah Muhammad in several writings, most fully in a chapter entitled \"The Making of Devil\" in his book \"Message to the Blackman in America\". Yakub is said to have been born in Mecca at a time when 30% of original black people were \"dissatisfied\". He was a member of the Meccan branch of the Tribe of Shabazz. Yakub acquired the nickname \"big head\", because of his unusually large head and his arrogance. At the age of six, he discovered the law of attraction and repulsion by playing with magnets made of steel. This insight led to a plan to create new people. He \"saw an unlike human being, made to attract others, who could, with the knowledge of tricks and lies, rule the original black man.\" By the age of 18, he had exhausted all knowledge in the universities of Mecca. He then discovered that the \"original black man\" contained both a \"black germ\" and a \"brown germ\". With 59,999 followers, he went to an \"isle in the Aegean Sea called Pelan\", which Muhammad identifies with Patmos. Once there, he established a despotic regime and set about breeding out the black traits, killed all darker babies, and created a brown race after 200 years. Yakub died at the age of 152, but his followers carried on his work. After 600 years of this deliberate eugenics, the white race was created. The brutal conditions of their creation determined the evil nature of the new race: \"by lying to the black mother of the baby, this lie was born into the very nature of the white baby; and, murder for the black people was also born in them—or made by nature a liar and murderer\". The new race traveled to Mecca where they caused so much trouble they were exiled to \"West Asia (Europe), and stripped of everything but the language...Once there, they were roped in, to keep them out of Paradise...The soldiers patrolled the border armed with swords, to prevent the devils from crossing.\" For many centuries they lived a barbaric life, surviving naked in caves and eating raw meat, but eventually they were drawn out of the caves by Moses who \"taught them to wear clothes\". Moses tried to civilize them, but eventually gave up and blew up 300 of the most troublesome of them with dynamite. However, they had learned to use \"tricknology\" to usurp power and enslave the black population, bringing the first slaves to America. According to \"The Autobiography of Malcolm X\", all the races other than the black race were by-products of Yakub's (spelled Yacub in the biography) work, as the \"red, yellow and brown\" races were created during the \"bleaching\" process; however, the \"black race\" included Asian peoples, considered to be shared ancestors of the Moors. \"Whites\" were defined as Europeans. Elijah Muhammad also asserted that some of the new white race \"tried to graft themselves back into the black nation, but they had nothing to go by.\" As a result, they became gorillas. \"A few were lucky enough to make a start, and got as far as what you call the gorilla. In fact, all of the monkey family are from this 2,000 year history of the white race in Europe.\" According to NOI doctrine, Yakub's progeny were destined to rule for 6,000 years before the original black peoples of the world regained dominance, a process that had begun in 1914. The name Ya`qub (Yakub) is the Arabic variant of the name of the Biblical Patriarch known as Jacob in English language versions of the Bible, and as \"\" in Biblical Hebrew. Fard Muhammad's Yakub has some parallels to the Biblical Jacob's role as the father of the tribes of Israel. The idea that Jews were an \"artificial race\" created by interbreeding and dependent on \"tricks and lies\" already existed in anti-Semitic theories of the time. The story of Yakub includes Jews as part of a wider artificially created \"white\" race. The NOI's claim that Jacob altered the skin color of a specific group of humans through selective breeding is similar to a story in Genesis 30:37–43 where Jacob alters the fur color of the goats and sheep in his uncle Laban's flocks. This story could be the origin of the NOI's story of Yakub. One major difference is that while the NOI says that Yakub employed selective breeding, Jacob used sympathetic magic in the Old Testament. In speeches by Malcolm X, Yakub is identified completely with Jacob. Referring to the story of Jacob wrestling with the angel, Malcolm X states that Elijah Muhammad told him that \"Jacob was Yacub, and the angel that Jacob wrestled with wasn't God, it was the government of the day\". This was because Yakub was seeking funds for his expedition to Patmos, \"so when it says Jacob wrestled with an angel, 'angel' is only used as a symbol to hide the one he was really wrestling with\". However, Malcolm X also states that John of Patmos was also Yakub, and that the Book of Revelation refers to his deeds: \"John was Yacub. John was out there getting ready to make a new race, he said, for the word of the Lord\". Ernest Allen argues that \"the Yakub myth may have been created out of whole cloth by Prophet Fard\", but could conceivably have been influenced by a real historical event during the struggle between Muslims and Christians for control of Spain. Muslim leader Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur defeated the Franks at the Battle of Alarcos (1195). After the battle 40,000 European prisoners of war were taken to Morocco to labor on Yaqub's building projects. They were then set free and \"allowed to form a valley settlement located somewhere between Fez and Marrakesh. On his deathbed Ya'qub lamented his decision to allow these Shibanis (as they came to be called) to form an enclave on Moroccan soil, thereby posing a potential threat to the stability of the Moorish empire.\". Yusuf Nuruddin says that a more direct source was the doctrine of the \"Yacobites\" propounded by Timothy Drew's Moorish Science Temple, to which Fard had probably belonged before he founded the NOI. According to Drew, early pre-Columbian civilizations were founded by a West African Moor \"named Yakub who landed on the Yucatan peninsula\". This derived from the then-current notion that the gigantic heads created by the ancient Olmec peoples of the Yucatán area had \"negroid\" features (see Olmec alternative origin speculations), which had led Leo Wiener to argue that they were migrants from West Africa. They [Drew's followers] said that the huge stone heads attested to the fact that the Yakubites evolved into a race of scientific geniuses with large heads (as depicted in the sculptures) and small bodies. This legend of Yakub—a bigheaded scientist—finds its way into the mythology of the Nation of Islam, indicating that the founders of the NOI, W. D. Farrad and Elijah Muhammad, were influenced by the Moorish Science Temple, and were possibly even members. Harold Bloom in his book \"The American Religion\" argues that Yakub combines elements of the biblical God and the Gnostic concept of the Demiurge, saying that \"Yakub has an irksome memorability as a crude but pungent Gnostic Demiurge\". Nathaniel Deutsch also notes that", "had led Leo Wiener to argue that they were migrants from West Africa. They [Drew's followers] said that the huge stone heads attested to the fact that the Yakubites evolved into a race of scientific geniuses with large heads (as depicted in the sculptures) and small bodies. This legend of Yakub—a bigheaded scientist—finds its way into the mythology of the Nation of Islam, indicating that the founders of the NOI, W. D. Farrad and Elijah Muhammad, were influenced by the Moorish Science Temple, and were possibly even members. Harold Bloom in his book \"The American Religion\" argues that Yakub combines elements of the biblical God and the Gnostic concept of the Demiurge, saying that \"Yakub has an irksome memorability as a crude but pungent Gnostic Demiurge\". Nathaniel Deutsch also notes that Fard and Muhammad draw on the concept of the Demiurge, along with traditions of esotericism in Biblical interpretation, absorbing aspects of Biblical tales to the new narrative, such as the swords of the Muslim warriors keeping the \"white devils\" from Paradise, like the flaming sword of the angel protecting the Garden of Eden in Genesis. Edward Curtis calls the story \"a black theodicy: a story grounded in a mythological view of history that explained the fall of black civilization, the Middle Passage from Africa to the Americas, and the practice of Christian religion among slaves and their descendants.\" Several commentators state that the story, by associating blacks with ancient high civilizations and whites with cave-dwelling barbarians and gorillas, both uses and spectacularly reverses the populist and scientific racism of the era which identified Africans as primitive, or closer to apes than whites. This drew on earlier criticisms of white supremacist Nordicism, creating a mythic version of \"attacks on AngloSaxon lineage and behavior that had been voiced by more mainstream black thinkers during the nineteenth century...With these references the [NOI] Muslims replicated the images of European savagery in the Middle Ages that were so pervasive in nineteenth-century black racial thought.\" Deutsch says that \"Muhammad anchored his radical doctrine within the context of an established scriptural tradition\" of Biblical exegesis, which \"was therefore a sophisticated form of resistance to white racism\". In addition, \"the long-standing Western tradition of identifying blackness and darkness with evil is thus dramatically reversed\". The doctrine of Yakub was one of the reasons for splits in the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X in his \"Autobiography\" notes that, in his travels in the Middle East, many Muslims reacted with shock upon hearing about the doctrine of Yakub, which, while present in NOI theology, does not appear in mainstream Islam. He rejected the story in his later statements, asserting that anyone of any race who intentionally deprives others of basic human rights is a \"devil\". Warith Deen Mohammed, who took over the Nation of Islam after his father Elijah's death rejected it almost immediately, and tried to re-invent the Nation as a mainstream Sunni Islam movement. Louis Farrakhan reinstated the original Nation of Islam, and has reasserted his belief in the literal truth of the story of Yakub. In a 1996 interview, Henry Louis Gates, Chairman of Harvard University's Afro-American Studies Department, asked him whether the story was a metaphor or literal. Farrakhan claimed that aspects of the story had been proven accurate by modern genetic science and insisted that \"Personally, I believe that Yakub is not a mythical figure—he is a very real scientist. Not a big-head silly thing, as they would like to say.\" Farrakhan's periodical \"The Final Call\" continues to publish articles arguing that modern science supports the accuracy of Elijah Muhammad's account of Yakub. The American author and playwright Amiri Baraka's play \"A Black Mass\" (1965) takes inspiration from the story of Yakub. According to critic Melani McAlister, \"the character of Yakub, now called Jacoub, is introduced as one of three 'Black Magicians' who together symbolize the black origin of all religions.\" McAlister argues that, Baraka turns the Nation's myth into a reinterpretation of the Faust story and a simultaneous meditation on the role and function of art. As with Faust, Jacoub's individualism and egotism are his undoing, but his failings also signal the destruction of a community. Baraka's version of the story also draws on the Frankenstein tale; he conflates the six hundred years of Elijah Muhammad's “history” into a single, terrible moment of the creation of a monster. In Baraka's version the experiment creates a single Frankenstein-like \"white\" monster who kills Jacoub and the other magician-scientists and bites a woman, transforming her in a vampire-like way into a white-devil mate for himself. From this monstrous couple the white race is descended. According to Charise L. Cheney, the doctrine of Yakub has had a significant influence in rap culture, referring to raps by Kam and Grand Puba. This pseudoscientific theory of racial formation was embraced by rap nationalists like former Ice Cube protégé Kam in his 1995 song “Keep tha Peace.” A self-proclaimed member of the Nation, Kam presented organizational doctrine as a way to explain the roots of black-on-black crime and gang violence in America's inner cities: “I'm really not knowin' who to blame or fault / for this tension / I mention this gump / Yakub's cavey / the blue-eyed punk / playin' both sides against each other / now that's the real mutha[fuckah].”... In 1990 Grand Puba of Brand Nubian announced that his calling was to bring enlightenment to black people and an end to white domination. ... \"Here comes the god to send the devil right back to his cave.… We're gonna drop the bomb on the Yakub crew. Chuck D of Public Enemy also refers to the story in his song \"Party for Your Right to Fight\", referring to the Yakub story by attributing the deaths of African American radicals to the “grafted devils” conspiring against the “Black Asiatic Man.”. Method Man of the Wu-Tang Clan promotes the story of Yakub in the Ol' Dirty Bastard's song \"Raw Hide,\" saying: \"A mystery god that's the work of Yacub / The Holy Ghost got you scared to death kid boo!\". In the Wu-Tang Clan's song \"Gravel Pit\", at the end of it, can be heard a vocal sample from a 1977 movie \"Short Eyes\" which says about Yakub: \"\"Yakub, maker and creator of the devil. Swine merchant... your time is near at hand. Fuck with me and your time will be now. Your presence here affects the mind of my people like a fever. You, Yakub, are the bearer of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety nine diseases, evil, corrupt, porkchop-eatin' brain!\"\". Wu-Tang member Ghostface Killah also references the story of Yakub in his song \"One\" from his album Supreme Clientele. He raps: \"A-yo, the Devil planted fear inside the black babies.\" He concludes the verse with: \"Dead meat placed on the shelves, we eat cold cuts / Fast from the hog y'all and grow up,\" advocating the NOI's dietary practice of avoiding pork. Nas raps \"You devils will run back into the caves you came from\" in his song \"Message To The Feds, Sincerely, We The People\" from his album Street's Disciple. On a freestyle to Drake's song \"We Made It\", Jay Electronica says \"All these devils, I got to strike some\" and Jay Z says \"I'm ready to chase the Yakub back into caves\". Yakub (Nation of Islam) In the beliefs of the Nation of Islam (NOI), Yakub (sometimes spelled Yacub or Yaqub) was a black scientist who lived \"6,600 years ago\" and began the creation of the white race. He is said to have done" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alara Kalama Alara Kalama (IAST \"Ārāḷa Kālāma\") was a hermit saint and a teacher of ancient meditation. He was the specialist of Samkhya philosophy. According to the Pāli Canon scriptures, he was the first teacher of Gautama Buddha. After Gautama became an ascetic, he went to Alara Kalama, who was a teacher that taught a kind of early samkhya at Vessali. Alara taught Gautama Buddha meditation, especially a dhyānic state called the \"sphere of nothingness\" (Pali: \"ākiñcaññāyatana\"). Gautama eventually equalled Alara, who could not teach him more, saying, \"You are the same as I am now. There is no difference between us. Stay here and take my place and teach my students with me.\" Gautama was not interested in staying. After leaving, the Buddha found a new teacher, Uddaka Ramaputta. Alara Kalama Alara Kalama (IAST \"Ārāḷa Kālāma\") was a hermit saint and a teacher of ancient meditation. He was the specialist of Samkhya philosophy. According to the Pāli Canon scriptures, he was the first teacher of Gautama Buddha. After Gautama became an ascetic, he went to Alara Kalama, who was a teacher that taught a kind of early samkhya at Vessali. Alara taught Gautama Buddha meditation, especially a dhyānic state" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lower Chittering, Western Australia Lower Chittering is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the Shire of Chittering and forms part of the Chittering Valley. The Chittering Valley is well known for its abundance of wild flowers and beautiful green rolling hills. At the 2006 census, Lower Chittering had a population of 1,395. Lower Chittering consists largely of rural and rural residential properties. A local developer is developing a parcel called Chittering Retreat into 45 rural residential lots. This development is mainly on cleared land although many mature trees exist on the gently undulating landform. Natural fresh water springs are not very common in the area however Chittering Retreat has a substantial fresh water spring. Developments such as Chittering Retreat help provide important infrastructure to the area such as the upgrading of Morley Road, Lower Chittering and undergrounding of some power services. There is also a Catholic school in Lower Chittering, called Immaculate Heart College. Lower Chittering, Western Australia Lower Chittering is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the Shire of Chittering and forms part of the Chittering Valley. The Chittering Valley is well known for its abundance of wild flowers and beautiful green rolling hills. At" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gellibrand, Victoria Gellibrand is a town in south west Victoria, Australia. The town is located in the Otway Ranges midway between the Princes Highway and Great Ocean Road in the Colac Otway Shire, south west of the state capital, Melbourne. At the 2016 census, Gellibrand had a population of 210. Gellibrand is home to the Otway Districts Demons Football and Netball Club, who play Australian Rules Football and participate in the Colac & District Football League. Gellibrand was named after Joseph Gellibrand, the first attorney-general of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and an early European settler in Victoria. Gellibrand is positioned close to the Gellibrand River, with tourist attractions including fishing, access to the Old Beechy Rail Trail for cycling, walking, and horse-riding, and proximity to many of the Otway Ranges' walks and waterfalls. The Great Victorian Bike Ride had an overnight stay in Gellibrand in 2004 when a record 8,100 riders took part. Gellibrand, Victoria Gellibrand is a town in south west Victoria, Australia. The town is located in the Otway Ranges midway between the Princes Highway and Great Ocean Road in the Colac Otway Shire, south west of the state capital, Melbourne. At the 2016 census, Gellibrand had a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ipratropium bromide Ipratropium bromide, sold under the trade name Atrovent among others, is a medication which opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs. It is used to treat the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. It is used by inhaler or nebulizer. Onset of action is typically within 15 to 30 minutes and lasts for three to five hours. Common side effects include dry mouth, cough, and inflammation of the airways. Potentially serious side effects include urinary retention, worsening spasms of the airways, and a severe allergic reaction. It appears to be safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Ipratropium is a muscarinic antagonist, a type of anticholinergic, which works by causing smooth muscles to relax. Ipratropium bromide was developed in Germany in 1976. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Ipratropium is available as a generic medication. The wholesale price in the developing world is about 6.60 USD for a 200 dose inhaler. In the United States, a month worth of medication costs 100 to 200 USD. Ipratropium is administered by inhalation for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma exacerbation. For that purpose, it is supplied in a canister for use in an inhaler or in single dose vials for use in a nebulizer. It is also used to treat and prevent minor and moderate bronchial asthma, especially asthma that is accompanied by cardiovascular system diseases. It is also combined with salbutamol (albuterol — USAN) under the trade names Combivent (a non-aerosol metered-dose inhaler or MDI) and Duoneb (nebulizer) for the management of COPD and asthma, and with fenoterol (trade names Duovent and Berodual N) for the management of asthma. Ipratropium as a nasal solution sprayed into the nostrils can reduce rhinorrhea but will not help nasal congestion. Combination with beta-adrenergic agonists increases the dilating effect on the bronchi. The main contraindication for inhaled ipratropium is hypersensitivity to atropine and related substances. For oral administration, contraindications are similar to other anticholinergics; they include narrow angle glaucoma and obstructions in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system. Previously atrovent inhalers used chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) as a propellant and contained soy lecithin in the propellant ingredients. In 2008 all CFC inhalers were phased out and hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) inhalers replaced them. Allergy to peanuts was noted for the inhaler as a contraindication but now is not. It has never been a contraindication when administered as a nebulized solution. If ipratropium is inhaled, side effects resembling those of other anticholinergics are minimal. However, dry mouth and sedation have been reported. Also, effects such as skin flushing, tachycardia, acute angle-closure glaucoma, nausea, palpitations and headache have been observed. Inhaled ipratropium does not decrease mucociliary clearance. The inhalation itself can cause headache and irritation of the throat in a few percent of patients. Urinary retention has been reported in patients receiving doses by nebulizer. As a result, caution may be warranted, especially by men with prostatic hypertrophy. Interactions with other anticholinergics like tricyclic antidepressants, anti-Parkinson drugs and quinidine, which theoretically increase side effects, are clinically irrelevant when ipratropium is administered as an inhalant. Chemically, ipratropium bromide is a quaternary ammonium compound (which is indicated by the -ium per the BAN and the USAN) obtained by treating atropine with isopropyl bromide, thus the name: isopropyl + atropine. Ipratropium exhibits broncholytic action by reducing cholinergic influence on the bronchial musculature. It blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, without specificity for subtypes, and therefore promotes the degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), resulting in a decreased intracellular concentration of cGMP. Most likely due to actions of cGMP on intracellular calcium, this results in decreased contractility of smooth muscle in the lung, inhibiting bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion. It is a nonselective muscarinic antagonist, and does not diffuse into the blood, which prevents systemic side effects. Ipratropium is a derivative of atropine but is a quaternary amine and therefore does not cross the blood–brain barrier, which prevents central side effects (anticholinergic syndrome). Ipratropium should never be used in place of salbutamol (albuterol) as a rescue medication. Ipratropium bromide Ipratropium bromide," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "MS Mega Smeralda MS \"Mega Smeralda is a cruiseferry owned by Medinvest and operated by Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries. She was built in 1985 by Wärtsilä at the Helsinki New Shipyard in Helsinki, Finland for Johnson Line as MS \"Svea for use in Silja Line traffic. Between 1992 and 1994 she sailed for Silja Line as MS \"Silja Karneval, and between 1994 and 2008 for Color Line as MS \"Color Festival. MS \"Svea\" and her sister MS \"Wellamo\" were modeled after Silja Line's highly successful Helsinki–Stockholm service ferries MS \"Finlandia\" and MS \"Silvia Regina\". The main difference to the older pair of ships was outer appearance of the new sisters: where Finlandia and her sister had had a very box-like exterior, the new sisters for the Turku–Stockholm route had more attractive rounded looks. In 1989 there were plans to rebuild \"Svea\" with rails on the cardeck so that she could also carry railroad carriages on board, but these were shelved. Until 1990 her funnel displayed the colours of Johnson Line, but at that time Silja Line's owners Johnson Line and Effoa merged into one company, EffJohn, and Silja Line's seal logo was moved from the ship's hulls into their funnels. In 1992 \"Svea\" and her sister underwent a large-scale reconstruction at Lloyd Werft in Bremerhaven, Germany where most of the ships' interiors were rebuilt, a new skybar added on deck 9, a new more blue-dominated colour scheme replaced the traditional Silja stripes and the ship was renamed \"Silja Karneval\" in accordance with Silja's new name policy. In fact the funds used to rebuild \"Svea\" and \"Wellamo\" were originally meant for rebuilding of the GTS \"Finnjet\", but her planned rebuilding would have been too expensive and EffJohn opted to spend what money they had on \"Svea\" and \"Wellamo\" instead. \"Silja Karneval\"s service on Silja proved to be short. In early 1994 EffJohn decided to sell her sister \"Silja Festival\" to Norway-based Color Line. However, when time came to deliver the ship to Color Line, EffJohn for some reason decided to sell them \"Silja Karneval\" instead (the two ships being structurally identical). Problematically for Color Line, they had already printed material advertising their new ship as the \"Color Festival\". As result \"Silja Karneval\" became M/S \"Color Festival\", not \"Color Karneval\" as would have been logical. After reconstruction at Cityvarvet, Gothenburg, \"Color Festival\" was initially placed on the Oslo–Hirtshals route. In 2002 she damaged one of her rudders in Hirsthals and had to be docked in Hamburg because of it. In April 2006 she started operating on the Oslo–Fredrikshavn route in direct competition with her old Silja Line fleetmate MS \"Stena Saga\". On 21 November 2007 Color Line sold \"Color Festival\" to Corsica Ferries for €49 million (400 million Norwegian krone), in preparation for the delivery of the new \"Color Superspeed\" vessels in mid-2008. The \"Color Festival\" was delivered to Corsica Sardinia Ferries in early January 2008, subsequently renamed \"Mega Smeralda\" and re-flagged in Italy with Genoa as her homeport. Reportedly she will be placed on Civitavecchia – Golfo Aranci or Livorno – Golfo Aranci service. In 2011, the ferry operates between Tolone, Ajaccio, Bastia, Nice, etc... In June 2013, the Tour de France visited Corsica for the first time. To accommodate the Tour entourage, the organisers chartered the \"Mega Smeralda\" to house members of the organisation, media and others who worked on the Tour and to host press conferences, although the riders stayed in hotels in Porto-Vecchio. MS Mega Smeralda MS \"Mega Smeralda is a cruiseferry owned by Medinvest and operated by Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries. She was built in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "A new character, that of Chris's love interest Sarah, was created for the movie and some portions of the book, notably the sexual relationship between Cathy and her adoptive father, were removed in order to condense the book for film. Of this choice, director Kayla Alpert stated that \"After doing incest, we decided we didn't need pedophilia on top of it\" and that some of the book's plot had to be condensed for the movie. \n Petals on the Wind is a 2014 Lifetime movie sequel to the 2014 adaptation Flowers in the Attic, starring Heather Graham, Rose McIver, Wyatt Nash, Bailey Buntain and Ellen Burstyn. It is based on the 1980 novel of the same name by V.C. Andrews, the second novel on the Dollanganger series. The film follows the surviving Dollanganger children–Cathy, Chris and Carrie–ten years after escaping the attic. Despite attempting to move on with their lives, after multiple failed attempts and tragedies occur, Cathy decides it's time to take revenge on her mother. \n Production for the movie was rushed and actress Rose McIver, who portrayed Cathy, began filming in February 2014, two weeks after she attended her first audition, leaving her unable to read any of the novels before portraying the role. Immediately after filming was completed in March McIver began work on the television series iZombie. \n Petals on the Wind \n--- \nGenre \| Drama Romance Thriller \nBased on \| Petals on the Wind by V.C. Andrews \nScreenplay by \| Kayla Alpert \nDirected by \| Karen Moncrieff \nStarring \| \n\n * Heather Graham \n * Ellen Burstyn \n * Rose McIver \n * Wyatt Nash \n * Bailey Buntain \n * Dylan Bruce \n\n \nTheme music composer \| Mario Grigorov \nCountry of origin \| United States \nOriginal language (s) \| English \nProduction \nExecutive producer (s) \| Lisa Hamilton Daly Merideth Finn Charles W. Fries Tanya Lopez Rob Sharenow Michele Weiss \nProducer (s) \| Richard D. Arredondo Kyle A. Clark Laurence Ducceschi (co producer) Lina Wong \nCinematography \| Anastas N. Michos \nEditor (s) \| Mark Stevens \nRunning time \| 85 minutes \nProduction company (s) \| \n\n * A+E Studios \n * Cue the Dog Productions \n * Fries Film Company, Inc. \n * Silver Screen Pictures \n\n \nDistributor \| Lifetime Pictures \nRelease \nOriginal network \| Lifetime \nOriginal release \|", "* May 26, 2014 (2014-05-26) (United States) \n * * * * \n \nChronology \nPreceded by \| Flowers in the Attic \nFollowed by \| If There Be Thorns \nExternal links \nWebsite \n Lifetime first announced the film shortly before Flowers in the Attic was released. The network announced on the premiere of the movie the developing of the following books of the Dollanganger series, If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday, both of which aired in 2015. \n In its original televised airing, Petals on the Wind was watched by 3.42 million viewers, and had a rating of 1.2 in the women 18-49 age demographic, down 37 percent from the 1.9 earned by Flowers. \n Carrie meets and falls in love with a local minister named Alex, who proposes. Carrie is unsure about being a minister's wife, recalling their grandmother's statement that all ministers are evil, but Cathy tells her to forget the past and look towards the future. Carrie encounters Corrine at a charity gathering and invites her to the wedding, but Corrine denies Carrie as her daughter. The next morning, Cathy and Chris find that Carrie has committed suicide by consuming poison-laced doughnuts (the same technique that was used to kill her twin). Cathy vows revenge on their murdering mother, despite Chris warily trying to talk her out of it. She hires Corrine's husband Bart Winslow as her attorney, under the guise of reviving the Sheffield estate, with the intent of seducing him. Bart is instantly attracted to her and they begin an affair. \n Petals on the Wind averaged 64 out of 100, based on four critics, on Metacritic, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". \n * Rose McIver as Cathy Dollanganger \n Lifetime first announced plans to adapt the second book in the Dollanganger series on January 9, 2014, just before they aired Flowers in the Attic. It was also announced by writer Kayla Alpert that the film would take place ten years after Flowers in the Attic, whereas the book picked up directly after the events of the first. Alpert stated that she started working on the script for Petals on the Wind, shortly after she had finished the script for the first film. \n Executive producer Michelle Weiss stated that adapting Petals on the Wind into film proved to be more difficult that the first one did. She said that while Flowers was a contained story that took place within only one location, Petals has a larger setting, more storylines and takes place during a longer period of time. The biggest challenge was the contain the story within a contained timeframe. She also stated the film takes place in Southern United States during the 70's. \n On the premiere of Petals on the Wind, Lifetime announced the production of the two following books on the Dollanganger series, If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday, both set to premiere in 2015. \n Chris begins a relationship with Sarah Reeves, the daughter of his boss at the hospital where he works. Cathy's relationship with Julian quickly deteriorates as he shows a dark and abusive side. When she attempts to leave, Julian threatens to kill her and Chris. He drops her during ballet try-outs and injures her leg, ruining her chance of getting her desired role. She manages to sneak away to see Chris graduate from medical school, but denies anything is wrong when he sees her black eye. Cathy returns to Julian after he shows regret for having abused her and helps her get the role of Juliet by putting glass in the original dancer's shoes. Cathy agrees to let Carrie stay with her and Julian to escape the relentless bullying at school. During the ballet, Chris catches Julian touching Carrie and a violent confrontation ensues. Julian drives off and Cathy goes with him. Cathy reveals she is pregnant with Julian's child, which causes an already erratically driving Julian to have an accident. Julian dies and Cathy is injured, but alive. Ten months later, after the birth of her son, Jory, Cathy opens her own ballet school. \n McIver stated that due to the film's rushed production, she only had two weeks after her first audition to practice ballet for her role, before filming started on February 25; this left her unable to read any of the books. Regarding Cathy and Chris' relationshi, she stated that both of the characters \"know (their relationship)' sa taboo, but nobody else understands them the way they get each other\" and due to their shared trauma, it's hard for them to connect with anyone else. Nash expressed a similar sentiment, believing that it's impossible for either of them to move forward and live happy lives apart from each other. \n Cathy has become an aspiring ballet dancer, Chris is in medical school, and Carrie is enrolled in an elite high school, but is constantly bullied for her small size. Cathy meets and is attracted to Julian Marquet, a fellow dancer. On their first date, he invites her to go to New York with him to try for a leading role in Romeo and Juliet, which she accepts. Later that night, Cathy and Chris admit that they still have feelings for each other and give into their passion, making love. However, Cathy insists they must find others to love and live normal lives. The conversation reveals that Cathy was pregnant with Chris' child, conceived from their first sexual encounter while they were imprisoned, but miscarried. Although Chris says he can never love anyone but her, Cathy leaves for New York with Julian the next day with hopes of starting afresh with him. \n Pressured by his boss, Chris proposes to Sarah and she accepts. However, the day before the wedding, Chris admits to Cathy he still loves her and doesn't want to marry Sarah. Cathy tells him that while she still does love him, she wants him to move on with his life, as their relationship can't lead to anything. Despite this, the two irresistibly end up sharing a passionate kiss. Sarah walks in and, horrified, ends her engagement with Chris, who is fired from his job as rumors of the incestuous relationship spread. \n The film received a positive response from critics. \n Variety reviewed the film, stating that it \"looks and feels like a rush job, but improves on its predecessor in nearly every way.\" The A.V. Club gave the movie a rating of B -, as they felt that it \"largely skews a bit underbaked to meet the promise of its own third act, and lacks the strength of Ellen Burstyn as its central figure, but there's enough of the all-out V.C. Andrews flavor to make this installment worth a look for those who want to catch up with a family of soap people 30 years in the making.\" Entertainment Weekly described the film as being \"muted\", similarly to the first one, and stated that the actors shouldn't have taken the material as seriously as they did. Despite this, they found the film to have numerous instances that either meet or exceed the book's \"ludicrous level\". \n Ten years after escaping from Foxworth Hall, the surviving Dollanganger children-Cathy, Chris, and Carrie-attend the funeral of their adoptive father, Paul Sheffield, who took them in. They are still traumatized by their grandmother's abuse and their mother's betrayal, which led to the death of Carrie's twin, Cory. Meanwhile, their grandmother, Olivia, is an invalid after having suffered a stroke a couple of years prior. Corrine has avoided all contact with her children and begins to renovate Foxworth Hall so she can take full ownership of the mansion. \n * Heather Graham as Corrine Winslow \n * Ellen Burstyn as Olivia Foxworth \n * Rose McIver as Cathy Dollanganger \n * Wyatt Nash as Christopher Dollanganger, Jr. \n * Bailey De Young as Carrie Dollanganger \n * Ellia English as Henny \n * Nick Searcy as Dr. Reeves \n * Whitney Hoy as Sarah Reeves \n * Dylan Bruce as Bart Winslow \n * Will Kemp as Julian Marquet \n * Helen Nasilski as Marisha Marquet \n * George Korov as Ravil Isyanov \n * Stephanie Kim as Yolanda Lange \n * Ross Philips as Alex Conroy \n * Skyler Vallo as Lacey St. Morgan \n * Megan Easton as Ashley", "* Heather Graham as Corrine Winslow \n * Ellen Burstyn as Olivia Foxworth \n * Rose McIver as Cathy Dollanganger \n * Wyatt Nash as Christopher Dollanganger, Jr. \n * Bailey De Young as Carrie Dollanganger \n * Ellia English as Henny \n * Nick Searcy as Dr. Reeves \n * Whitney Hoy as Sarah Reeves \n * Dylan Bruce as Bart Winslow \n * Will Kemp as Julian Marquet \n * Helen Nasilski as Marisha Marquet \n * George Korov as Ravil Isyanov \n * Stephanie Kim as Yolanda Lange \n * Ross Philips as Alex Conroy \n * Skyler Vallo as Lacey St. Morgan \n * Megan Easton as Ashley \n * Molly Hagan as Miss Calhoun \n * Gabriel Bateman as Michael \n * Talitha Bateman as Emma", "Chris asks Cathy to bring Jory and start a new life with him in California, where no one will know them. However, Cathy reveals that she is pregnant with Bart's child and intends to finish what she started. Chris decides to go with her to finally confront their mother and they sneak into Foxworth Hall on the day of Corrine's Christmas party. Cathy encounters her grandmother and confronts her about her religious hypocrisy and abuse towards her and her siblings. Undeterred, Olivia tells her that while she can abandon the family she will nevertheless forever be \"the devil's spawn.\" During the party, Cathy reveals her identity and her mother's crimes to the stunned guests. Corrine initially denies everything, but Bart is suspicious and Olivia refuses to defend her. Corrine finally admits to everything, but insists she never intended to kill Cory or have the children put in the attic, defending her actions on the basis that her father would have rejected her and left all of them out of his will. Cathy then publicly reveals her pregnancy caused by Bart. \n On September 16, 2015, it was released as a single-disc DVD. It was later re-released on June 23, 2015, with Flowers in the Attic as a \"Double Feature.\" On November 10, 2015, it was included in a \"4-Film Collection\" with Flowers in the Attic, If There Be Thorns, and Seeds of Yesterday. \n Corrine blames Olivia for forcing her to put the children in the attic. Olivia counters that the children are abominations and didn't deserve to be born. She gives Corrine a trunk of her old possessions, which when opened reveal the skeletal remains of Cory. Corrine has a mental breakdown and sets the bed and her mother on fire. Bart rushes in to save Olivia, but they both die in the flames. Cathy and Chris escape and watch Foxworth Hall burn to the ground. \n Six years later, Cathy and Chris are now married and happily living in California with Jory and Bart Jr. under the surname Dollanganger. Corrine is institutionalized and deemed incompetent to stand trial for her crimes. \n On January 28, 2014 it was announced that Heather Graham and Ellen Burstyn would reprise their roles from Flowers in the Attic as Corrine and Olivia Foxworth, respectively. On February 18 it was revealed that Rose McIver had landed the role of Cathy Dollanganger, taking over from Kiernan Shipka. During the same month, it was revealed that Wyatt Nash had been cast as Christopher; Bailey De Young role as Carrie was announced the following day." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Philippe I, Duke of Orléans Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria. His older brother was the famous \"Sun King\", Louis XIV. Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston in 1660. In 1661, Philippe also received the dukedoms of Valois and Chartres. Following Philippe's victory in battle in 1671, Louis XIV added the dukedom of Nemours, the marquisates of Coucy and Folembray, and the countships of Dourdan and Romorantin. During the reign of his brother he was known simply as \"Monsieur\", the traditional style at the court of France for the younger brother of the king. Although he was open about his homosexual behaviour and freely acted effeminately, he fulfilled his royal duty and married twice fathering several children. In fact, he was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 until 1848 in the July Monarchy. Through the children of his two marriages, Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royalty, giving him the nickname of \"the grandfather of Europe\". Philippe's other achievements include his decisive victory as military commander at the Battle of Cassel in 1677. Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented the fortunes of the House of Orléans. Philippe was born on 21 September 1640 at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, the day before his mother Anne’s 39th birthday. As the son of a ruling king, the infant Philippe held the rank of a \"Fils de France\" (son of France). As such, he ranked immediately behind his older brother Louis, Dauphin of France, who inherited the French throne before Philippe reached the age of three. From birth, Philippe was second in line to the throne of France and was entitled to the style of \"Royal Highness\". He was born in the presence of his father Louis XIII, the Princess of Condé, and the Duchess of Vendôme, prominent members of the Bourbon dynasty. An hour after his birth, he was baptised in a private ceremony by Dominique Séguier, Bishop of Meaux, and given the name Philippe. Louis XIII had wanted to give the infant the title Count of Artois in honour of a recent French victory in Arras within the county of Artois. However, Louis respected tradition and gave him the title of Duke of Anjou instead, a title commonly granted to the younger sons of French kings since the fourteenth century. After his baptism, Philippe was put in the care of Françoise de Souvré, marquise de Lansac, who also looked after his older brother, in 1643 succeeded by Marie-Catherine de Senecey. At the death of their father Louis XIII in May 1643, Philippe's older brother ascended to the throne of France as Louis XIV. Their mother Queen Anne revoked the late king's will to arrange for a power-sharing agreement with Cardinal Mazarin, who had been serving as Louis XIII's chief minister. Anne was now in full control of her children, something she had been vying for since their birth. As the younger brother of the king, Philippe was addressed as \"le Petit Monsieur\", since his uncle Gaston, who had also been the younger brother of a French king, was still alive. Gaston was then known as \"le Grand Monsieur\". It was not until 1660 at the death of Gaston that Philippe would be known simply as \"Monsieur\" or as the Duke of Orléans. The child Philippe was acknowledged to be attractive and intelligent. The Duchess of Montpensier dubbed him the \"prettiest child in the world\", while his mother's friend and confidant, Madame de Motteville, later said of Philippe that he displayed a \"lively intelligence\" early on. From 1646 on Philippe spend some of his childhood at the Hôtel de Villeroy / Cremerie de Paris, house of Nicolas V de Villeroy tutor of his brother Louis XIV. The children played there with Catherine de Villeroy and François de Villeroy In the autumn of 1647, at age seven, Philippe caught smallpox, but recovered and convalesced at the Palais-Royal. A year later, he was taken from the care of women and, on 11 May 1648 carried out his first official ceremony when he was baptised publicly at the Palais Royal. His godparents were his uncle Gaston and aunt Queen Henrietta Maria of England. Later, he was placed in the care of François de La Mothe Le Vayer and the Abbé de Choisy. He was also educated by the maréchal du Plessis-Praslin. His tutors were chosen by Mazarin, who was created the superintendent of the prince's education by his mother. His education emphasized languages, history, literature, mathematics and dancing. Despite having a household of his own, his behaviour was closely watched by his mother and Mazarin, who made sure that Philippe had no meaningful financial freedom from the crown. When Philippe was eight, the civil war known as the Fronde began in France. It lasted until 1653 in its two main phases: the \"Fronde Parlementaire\" (1648–1649) and the \"Fronde des nobles\" (1650–1653). During the conflict, the royal family was obliged to flee Paris on the night of 9 February 1651 for the safety of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in order to avoid a revolt by the nobility against Mazarin. When peace returned, the decision was made for Philippe to move his household to the Palais des Tuileries, previously the residence of the duchess of Montpensier opposite the Palais Royal. At the coronation of Louis XIV on 7 June 1654, Philippe acted as dean, placing the crown of France on his brother's head. All his life, Philippe would be a noted lover of etiquette and panoply, ensuring that all ceremonial details were adhered to. In late June 1658, Louis became gravely ill. Presumed to have typhoid, Louis was almost pronounced dead when, in mid-July, he began to recover. The illness made Philippe, heir presumptive to the throne, the centre of attention. For fear of infection, Philippe could not see his brother. During the crisis, Queen Anne became closer to her younger son, showing him more affection. After Louis's recovery, Philippe was once again left to his own devices. Later in 1658, Philippe made his most significant purchase, the Château de Saint-Cloud, a building about 10 kilometres west of Paris. On 8 October 1658, its proprietor Barthélemy Hervart organised a sumptuous feast at Saint Cloud in honour of the royal family. Some two weeks later, on 25 October, Philippe bought the estate for 240,000 livres. He immediately began to organise improvements to what was then a small villa. When Philippe's uncle Gaston died in February 1660, the Duchy of Orléans reverted to the crown, as he had no surviving male issue. The duchy was one of the most highly regarded appanages of the \"ancien régime\", and it was traditionally Philippe's birthright as the brother of the king. Thus, at the death of Gaston, Philippe himself took on the new style of Duke of Orléans and Louis XIV granted Philippe the title officially on 10 May 1661 along with the subsidiary titles duke of Valois and duke of Chartres, all registered peerages with the Parlement de Paris. He was also granted the lordship of Montargis. In order to discourage the type of tempestuous relationship that had developed between Louis XIII and his younger brother Gaston, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin made it a private policy to prevent Philippe from pursuing ambitions which might prompt rivalry with or defiance of the king. Aside from his appanage, he was given no meaningful financial freedom from the Crown. Later, to his already rich holdings Philippe wanted to add the countship of Blois, with its château de Chambord, and the governorship of Languedoc, but both would be refused him by his brother. During his childhood, Queen Anne was observed to address Philippe by such nicknames as \"my little girl\" and encouraged him to dress in feminine clothing even as a young man", "Paris. He was also granted the lordship of Montargis. In order to discourage the type of tempestuous relationship that had developed between Louis XIII and his younger brother Gaston, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin made it a private policy to prevent Philippe from pursuing ambitions which might prompt rivalry with or defiance of the king. Aside from his appanage, he was given no meaningful financial freedom from the Crown. Later, to his already rich holdings Philippe wanted to add the countship of Blois, with its château de Chambord, and the governorship of Languedoc, but both would be refused him by his brother. During his childhood, Queen Anne was observed to address Philippe by such nicknames as \"my little girl\" and encouraged him to dress in feminine clothing even as a young man – a habit he would retain all his life. A contemporary would later call him the \"silliest woman who ever lived\", a reference to his effeminacy. As a young man, Philippe would dress up and attend balls and parties in female attire, for example, dressed as a shepherdess. Mindful that Gaston's treasonous habits had not only been evoked by the Fronde, but by his secret elopement with a foreign princess which had left the royal brothers estranged for years, his homosexual activity was not unwelcome, because it was seen to reduce any potential threat he may have posed to his older brother. It appears that 1658 was the key year in which Philippe's sexuality became well defined. Court gossip said that Cardinal Mazarin's own nephew Philippe Jules Mancini, the Duke of Nevers, had been the \"first to [have] corrupted\" Philippe in what was referred to as the \"Italian vice\" – contemporary slang for male homosexuality. Phillippe certainly did make his first contacts that year with Philippe de Lorraine, known as the Chevalier de Lorraine, the male lover with whom he would establish the closest emotional attachment throughout his life. Even once married, he reportedly carried on open romantic affairs with German nobles, with no regard to either of his two wives. Philippe's favourites, invariably younger, handsome men, dominated contemporary and historical commentaries about his role at court, as had the \"mignons\" of Henry III. Philippe was infatuated with the famously arrogant Armand de Gramont, comte de Guiche. There were also rumours at court that Philippe in fact had a mistress and had shown an interest in the Duchess of Mercœur, Mazarin's niece. Another lover of Philippe at this time was Antoine Coiffier, the Marquis d'Effiat. The latter had entered Philippe's life as captain of the chase and stayed in his household until Philippe's death. Among the lovers, one man stands out, Philip of Lorraine-Armagnac, the never-married Chevalier de Lorraine, who was described as \"insinuating, brutal and devoid of scruple\". As a member of the House of Guise, ranking as a \"prince étranger\", Philippe could keep him near while at court and promote him within his own household without initially evoking scandal or offending sensibilities. In January 1670, Philippe's wife prevailed upon the King to imprison the chevalier, first near Lyon, then in the Mediterranean island-fortress of Château d'If. Finally, he was banished to Rome. However, by February, the Duke of Orléans' protests and pleas persuaded the King to restore him to his brother's entourage. After Louis XIV's marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain on 9 June 1660, Queen Anne turned her attention to the marriage of Philippe. He had previously been encouraged to court his older cousin the Duchess of Montpensier, eldest daughter of Gaston and his first wife Marie de Bourbon. Known as \"Mademoiselle\" at this time, she had an immense private fortune and had previously rejected suitors such as Charles II of England. Born in 1627, she was the sole heiress of her mother who died in childbirth. Mademoiselle declined the union, complaining that Philippe always stayed near his mother as if he was \"like a child\". Mademoiselle instead remained unmarried. Philippe would marry instead another first cousin, Princess Henrietta of England, youngest child of King Charles I of England and his wife Queen Henrietta Maria, who was Philippe's aunt and had taken refuge at the court of France after the birth of Princess Henrietta in 1644. They lived at the Palais Royal and at the Palais du Louvre. In 1660, after the restoration of the House of Stuart to the throne of England under her brother Charles II, Princess Henrietta returned to England to visit her sister, the Princess of Orange, who later caught smallpox and died. The French court officially asked for Henrietta's hand on behalf of Philippe on 22 November 1660 while she was in England. The couple signed their marriage contract at the Palais Royal on 30 March 1661. The ceremony took place the next day in the same building in front of select members of the court. The dowry promised was a huge 840,000 livres. Known as \"Henriette d'Angleterre\" in France, and \"Minette\" to her intimates, she was known officially as \"Madame\" and was ever popular with the court. Court gossip later said that the king was the father of Henrietta's first child. Henrietta's very open flirting is said to have caused a jealous Philippe to retaliate by beginning to flaunt his sexuality openly in a less than accepting era. Henrietta's flirting with the king started early in the summer of 1661 while the newlyweds were staying at the Palace of Fontainebleau for the summer. Philippe complained to his mother about the intimacy that Louis and Henrietta displayed, which led Queen Anne to reprimand both son and daughter-in-law. Relations were further strained when Henrietta allegedly seduced Philippe's old lover, the comte de Guiche. The couple moved from the Tuileries in early 1662 to the Palais Royal. Later in March of the same year, Philippe became a father when Henrietta gave birth to their daughter Marie Louise, the future wife of Charles II of Spain. Henrietta's disappointment at the birth of a daughter was great, and she even remarked that she should \"throw her into the river!\" This greatly offended Queen Anne, who adored her first granddaughter. For his part, Philippe would always consider Marie Louise his favourite child. The girl was baptised on 21 May 1662. On the same day Philippe took part in the famous \"Carrousel du Louvre\", where he dressed extravagantly as the King of Persia with the king as the King of the Romans and all ladies of the court in attendance. In 1664, Henrietta gave birth at Fontainebleau to a son who was given the title Duke of Valois. Philippe wrote to his brother-in-law Charles II of England \"that your sister was this morning safely delivered of a fine boy. The child seems to be in excellent health\". The child nonetheless died of convulsions in 1666, having been baptised Philippe Charles d'Orléans hours before death. The loss of the little Duke of Valois affected Henrietta greatly. Philippe, however, was anxious to maintain the allowance which his son had received from the king. This death only augmented the grief of a court still in mourning for the death of Queen Anne in January. In 1665, the comte de Guiche was exiled from the court with Philippe reporting to Queen Anne that Henrietta had had private interviews with the dashing nobleman. Philippe took part in the War of Devolution in 1667 while Henrietta remained at Saint Cloud in a state of pregnancy. On the field, Philippe took an active part in the trenches at Tournai and Douay and distinguished himself through his valour and coolness under fire. But Philippe later became bored with battle and interested himself more in the decoration of his tent. Hearing that Henrietta was ill due to a miscarriage, he returned to Saint Cloud, where she was recovering from an ordeal which almost cost her her life. Upon her recovery, Philippe returned to the battlefield and distinguished himself at the Siege of Lille (1667). In January 1670, Henrietta prevailed upon the king to", "with Philippe reporting to Queen Anne that Henrietta had had private interviews with the dashing nobleman. Philippe took part in the War of Devolution in 1667 while Henrietta remained at Saint Cloud in a state of pregnancy. On the field, Philippe took an active part in the trenches at Tournai and Douay and distinguished himself through his valour and coolness under fire. But Philippe later became bored with battle and interested himself more in the decoration of his tent. Hearing that Henrietta was ill due to a miscarriage, he returned to Saint Cloud, where she was recovering from an ordeal which almost cost her her life. Upon her recovery, Philippe returned to the battlefield and distinguished himself at the Siege of Lille (1667). In January 1670, Henrietta prevailed upon the king to imprison the Chevalier de Lorraine, first near Lyon, then in the Mediterranean island-fortress of the Château d'If. He was finally banished to Rome after offending the king and Henrietta by boasting that he could get Philippe to divorce her. In retaliation for the Chevalier's treatment, Philippe withdrew to his estate at Villers-Cotterêts, dragging Henrietta with him. By February, Philippe's protests and pleas persuaded the king to restore the Chevalier to his brother's entourage. The couple had their last child in August 1669, a daughter who was baptised Anne Marie at the private chapel of the Palais Royal on 8 April 1670 by Philippe's first chaplain, the bishop of Vabres. Henrietta is best known to political historians in France for her part in negotiating the \"Secret Treaty of Dover\", an offensive and defensive treaty between England and France signed at Dover on 1 June 1670. It required France to assist England in her aim to rejoin the Roman Catholic Church and England to assist France in her war of conquest against the Dutch Republic. The Third Anglo-Dutch War was a direct consequence of this treaty. Having returned to France at the end of June 1670, Henrietta had to endure Philippe's blatant spite for her part in the Chevalier's exile and her secret mission to Dover. Despite tense relations, she travelled to Saint Cloud on 24 June, when she started to complain of pains in her side. Relaxing at Saint Cloud on 30 June, she collapsed on the terrace at the palace. Taken inside, she was undressed and started to exclaim that she had been poisoned. She subsequently died between the hours of two and three in the morning of 30 June 1670 at the age of 26. The Chevalier de Lorraine and the Marquis d'Effiat were accused of poisoning her, however an autopsy was performed which found that Henrietta died of peritonitis caused by a perforated ulcer. Henrietta was mourned greatly at the court of France, but little by her husband, due to their strained relationship. Louis XIV himself looked for a second wife for Philippe, who was eager to have a male heir to continue the Orléans line. Attention again turned to the duchess of Montpensier, by now known as \"la Grande Mademoiselle\". Louis himself asked her if she wanted to fill \"the vacant place\", but she politely declined the offer. Louis rejected many other candidates before settling on the Protestant Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Known as \"Liselotte\" within her family, she was the only daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, and his estranged wife Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel. She was recommended by Anna Gonzaga, a confidante of Philippe's and wife of the bride's uncle, the Prince Palatine Edward. Elizabeth Charlotte had grown up with her aunt Sophia of Hanover due to her parents' bad relationship. Throughout her life she would remain in contact with the Electress Sophia, writing some 50,000 letters that detailed life at the court of France. The Princess Palatine was Henrietta's first cousin once removed, since the latter's father (Charles I of England and Scotland) was the brother of Elisabeth Charlotte's paternal grandmother, Elisabeth Stuart, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia. Philippe married Elizabeth Charlotte, who converted to Roman Catholicism on 16 November 1671. She was not attractive, as Henrietta had been. When Philippe first saw her, he is said to have remarked \"how will I ever be able to sleep with her?\" Madame de Sévigné noted how popular the new \"Madame\" was with the court. She became renowned for her brusque candour, upright character, and lack of vanity. Her letters record how willingly she gave up sharing Philippe's bed at his request after their children's births and how unwillingly she quietly endured the presence of his male favourites in their household. The couple were very happy in the first years of their marriage. The Chevalier de Lorraine was in Italy, but returned in spring 1672. Pregnant later that year, Elizabeth Charlotte gave birth to a son in June 1673 who was named Alexandre Louis and given the title Duke of Valois. Alexandre Louis died, however, in 1676. A second son, Philippe, followed in 1674, and then a daughter, Élisabeth Charlotte, in 1676, after which the two mutually agreed to sleep in separate beds. Elizabeth Charlotte was praised as being a natural mother. Philippe's second son with Elizabeth Charlotte, known as the Duke of Chartres until he inherited the dukedom of Orléans in 1701, later served as Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Elizabeth Charlotte acted as a mother to Philippe's children by Henrietta and maintained correspondence with them until their last days. Having already established himself as a successful military commander during the War of Devolution in 1667, Philippe was eager to return to the field. In 1676 and 1677 he took part in sieges in Flanders, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant general, which made him second-in-command to Louis XIV himself. The most impressive victory won under Philippe's command took place on 11 April 1677: the Battle of Cassel against William III, Prince of Orange, later the king of England and son of Philippe's own first cousin Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. William decided to relieve some besieged towns; from Ypres he marched with 32,000 men through Poperinge and Oxelaëre in the Cassel Valley. Philippe, who learned of his plans, arranged to meet William's forces at Penebeek between Noordpeene and Zuytpeene. Louis XIV sent him some 25,000 footsoldiers and 9,000 cavalry from Cambrai under the command of Marshal Luxembourg. By nightfall there were 66,000 soldiers ready for battle. The Dutch attacked the French positions without scouting first. Marshal Luxembourg surprised the Dutch with a cavalry attack that practically destroyed three battalions and routed William's army. In all, casualties on both sides amounted to 4,200 dead and 7,000 wounded. Philippe was hailed for his skill as a military commander, much to the annoyance of his brother, the king. He was presumably jealous of Philippe's growing popularity at court as well as on the battlefield. In honour of his victory at Cassel, Philippe set up a Barnabite College in Paris. The campaign marked the end of his military career; he soon immersed himself once again in a life of pleasure. From the time of the victory at Cassel until the 1690s, Philippe mainly concentrated his energies on the expansion of his estates, personal fortune, and art collection, including the renovation of his residences, the Palais Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud. The latter was his favourite residence, the home of an ever-expanding and \"stormy\" court. Philippe became an important patron of the artists Jean Nocret and Pierre Mignard, both of whom were employed to elaborate the décor at Saint Cloud and the Palais Royal. As early as 1660, Philippe also ordered Antoine Lepautre to begin extensions at Saint Cloud; later he became \"contrôleur général\" of Philippe's properties. Following Lepautre's death in 1679, work on Saint Cloud was continued by his executive assistant Jean Girard in collaboration with Thomas Gobert. Later on, Philippe sought Mansart", "mainly concentrated his energies on the expansion of his estates, personal fortune, and art collection, including the renovation of his residences, the Palais Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud. The latter was his favourite residence, the home of an ever-expanding and \"stormy\" court. Philippe became an important patron of the artists Jean Nocret and Pierre Mignard, both of whom were employed to elaborate the décor at Saint Cloud and the Palais Royal. As early as 1660, Philippe also ordered Antoine Lepautre to begin extensions at Saint Cloud; later he became \"contrôleur général\" of Philippe's properties. Following Lepautre's death in 1679, work on Saint Cloud was continued by his executive assistant Jean Girard in collaboration with Thomas Gobert. Later on, Philippe sought Mansart to design a grand staircase in the left wing in the manner of the Ambassadors' Staircase at Versailles. The gardens were redesigned by André Le Nôtre, while the basin and lowermost canal were added by Mansart in 1698. At the time of Philippe's death in 1701, the estate of Saint Cloud covered some. Saint Cloud remained with the Orléans family until 1785, when Philippe's great-grandson Louis Philippe d'Orléans sold it to Marie Antoinette, Philippe's great-granddaughter, for the sum of 6,000,000 livres. Minor improvements at the Palais Royal began in 1661 at the time of Philippe's marriage to Henrietta, but the property was part of the crown holdings, and had not been used officially for years. Philippe was limited in what he could do to renovate the building until it was given to him in 1692. Philippe again turned to Mansart for assistance in modernizing it. The interior décor was entrusted to Antoine Coypel, whose father Noël Coypel had previously worked at the palace. In 1695, Philippe bought a small island in the Seine directly opposite the château, which he renamed the \"\"Île de Monsieur\"\". Philippe not only enjoyed architecture and court society, but also music and dancing; he was in fact famed for his exceptional dancing abilities. Philippe was a patron of musicians such as Anglebert, Dumont, Arlaud, and Marie Aubry, many of whom would stay part of his son's household after his death in 1701. Lully was also a protégé of Philippe after he left Mademoiselle's household. Philippe's small art collection created the basis for the \"Orleans Collection\", one of the most important art collections ever assembled. With the permission of the \"parlement\" of Paris, Philippe sponsored projects to help maintain his estates and enhance their profitability. From 1679, he was granted the right to build the Canal d'Orléans, a large canal that connected the Loire River at Orléans to a junction with the Canal du Loing and the Canal de Briare in the village of Buges near Montargis. As the largest canal built in France since Philippe's grandfather Henri IV built the Canal de Briare in 1604, its construction was considered an engineering feat. The canal, used to transport goods from Orléans to Paris, was a great success in its time and is still used widely today. Philippe's careful investment and management of his various estates made him a wealthy man in his own right, and his fortune was augmented considerably at the death of his cousin Mademoiselle in 1693. Philippe is acknowledged as being not only the biological founder of the House of Orléans, but as financial founder of a family whose monetary value would rival that of the main line of the House of Bourbon. Upon the death of Mademoiselle in 1693, Philippe acquired the dukedoms of Montpensier, Châtellerault, Saint-Fargeau and Beaupréau. He also became prince of Joinville, count of Dourdan, Mortain and Bar-sur-Seine and viscount of Auge and Domfront. In later life, Philippe was thus able to maintain his lavish lifestyle easily, and he found much satisfaction in the activities of his children and grandchildren. Both of his daughters by his first wife Henrietta became queens, and his son the Duke of Chartres pursued an active and distinguished military career, having served at the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692 as well as the Siege of Namur, much to his father's pride. As he had with Philippe, Louis XIV was careful to limit the power of Chartres. In 1696, Philippe's granddaughter Maria Adelaide came to the French court from Italy for her marriage to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, who was third in line to the throne. The two were married in 1697 and became the parents of Louis XV. In 1701, Chartres was denied a position on the front in the War of the Spanish Succession, which began that year. This slight was the source of great bitterness on the part of both father and son after. The pretext seems to have been the behaviour of Chartres in parading his mistress Mademoiselle de Séry in view of his wife. On 8 June 1701, Louis XIV and Philippe met at the Château de Marly to dine together. At first meeting, Louis XIV attacked Philippe about Chartres' conduct with Mademoiselle de Séry. Philippe responded by reprimanding Louis for similar conduct with his own mistresses during his marriage to Queen Marie Thérèse, adding that Chartres had still not received the favours promised to him for having married the King's daughter, Françoise Marie. Nonetheless, the announcement of dinner halted the argument, and the brothers sat down to dine. Philippe angrily returned to Saint Cloud early the same evening to dine with his son. Philippe collapsed onto his son after suffering a fatal stroke at noon 9 June 1701 at the age of sixty. Louis XIV, upon hearing his only sibling had died, said \"I cannot believe I will never see my brother again.\" The Duchess of Burgundy, his granddaughter, was distraught, avowing that she \"had loved Monsieur very much.\" Philippe's heart was taken to the Val-de-Grâce convent on 14 June, and his body was taken on 21 June to the Basilica of St Denis, where it remained until the French Revolution, at which time the basilica was desecrated and all graves destroyed. Elizabeth Charlotte, worried that she would be put in a convent (a stipulation of her wedding contract in the event of Philippe's death) was assured by the king that she could remain at court as long as she wished. She burnt all the letters of Philippe's lovers through the years lest they fall into \"the wrong hands\", noting that the scent of the perfumed letters nauseated her. Louis XIV assured the new Duke of Orléans, formerly the Duke of Chartres, that the past was forgotten and that henceforth he was to look on him as his father. The court was devastated and his old friend, Louis XIV's discarded mistress Madame de Montespan, was also greatly affected, the two having been very close. The widowed Elizabeth Charlotte continued to write frequently to her daughter, stepdaughter, and the Duchess of Modena. She herself died at Saint Cloud in December 1722 and was also buried at Saint Denis. The Chevalier de Lorraine died impoverished in 1702. Philippe has been portrayed in various modern media: Married his first cousin, Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal. The couple had four children, in addition to two miscarriages: Married Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Châlons. The couple had three children: Azure, three \"fleur-de-lis\" or, differenced by a label argent [In heraldic blazon, \"Azure\" is blue, \"Or\" is gold, and \"Argent\" is silver] Philippe I, Duke of Orléans Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria. His older brother was the famous \"Sun King\", Louis XIV. Styled Duke of Anjou" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Directorate of Army Research and Analysis The Directorate of Army Research and Analysis (DARA) is a branch of the Australian Army Headquarters and serves as the Army’s think tank. DARA is part of the Army's Modernisation and Strategic Plans division, and is located in Russell Offices, Canberra. DARA provides research and analysis to the Australian Army and Government to support the Army’s modernisation and strategic planning. DARA also promotes professional debate on topics such as the changing character of land warfare and Australia’s strategic environment. The primary focus of DARA is conceptual research into land warfare issues, including land warfare strategy and operations, maritime strategy, the changing character of war, the human dimension of warfare, military sociology and Australian military strategy. DARA retains close links with like organisations in the other services of the Australian Defence Force, notably the Seapower Centre and the Airpower Development Centre. DARA houses the Deputy Director Strategy - Army (STRAT-A) who works in areas of strategic planning and doctrine. Responsibilities of STRAT-A includes conducting analysis of the nature of future land warfare, articulating the capability development Army requires in order to achieve success into the future and monitoring Australia’s strategic environment. STRAT-A works to identify emerging strategic level drivers and engages with Australian and international strategic community members to contribute to public debate and policy development. DARA works closely with the Land Warfare Studies Centre (LWSC), which supports the Chief of Army (Australia), Army Headquarters and the Army as a whole through a range of research, publication and conference programs. LWSC engages with research commentators, academic institutions and military agencies in order to explore the changing character of war, both in its historical context and how such changes will affect the Army of the future. LWSC also works to build upon conceptual dialogue of land warfare concepts within joint and combined contexts. DARA also makes contributions to public debate on defence and strategic policy issues. LWSC sponsors regular seminars which seek to explore the various issues surrounding the contemporary strategic, political and military environment. These seminars include presentations by recognised experts in fields such as strategy development and the Indo-Pacific region. In 2012, DARA coordinated the Chief of Army's Exercise, held in Melbourne and involving the Chiefs of Army, or their representatives, from 15 countries. The theme of this activity was \"The Australian Army's role in a Maritime Strategy\", and exercise participants explored topics relevant to land forces throughout the region. DARA has previously existed in many different forms and can trace roots back to the controversial World War II Directorate of Research and Civil Affairs or DORCA. From 1975 to 1997, DARA was known as the Directorate of Army Research, or DAR. In 1997, under then Lieutenant Colonel Neil James, DAR split into two separate organisations. The first of these was named DARA and was responsible for development of Army futures planning. The second, the Land Warfare Studies Centre (LWSC), was designed to be an independent think tank, in a similar fashion to the Royal Australian Air Force’s Air Power Development Centre and the Royal Australian Navy’s Sea Power Centre. In order to facilitate this, LWSC was excised from Army Headquarters as an independent unit, and moved premises to the Royal Military College, Duntroon where it remains to this day. LWSC achieves diversity of thought by drawing staff from many separate areas, including serving army officers, academics and Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) scientists. Academics who have worked for LWSC include Dr Michael Evans, Professor Alan Dupont and Professor David Horner. Other notable alumni include: Key publications produced by LWSC are: Directorate of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Electorate of Salzburg The Electorate of Salzburg ( or '), occasionally known as the Grand Duchy of Salzburg, was an electoral principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803–05, the short-lived successor state of the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg. In 1800 the territory of the Prince-Archbishopric had been occupied by French forces during the War of the Second Coalition, whereby Archbishop Count Hieronymus von Colloredo fled to Vienna. Augmented by the Berchtesgaden Provostry and parts of the former prince-bishoprics of Eichstätt and Passau, his lands were reorganized as the Electorate of Salzburg, created for Ferdinand III of Habsburg-Lorraine, younger brother of Emperor Francis II. Ferdinand had held the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1801, when Emperor Francis had to cede the rule over Tuscany to France and Louis of Bourbon-Parma according to the Treaty of Lunéville. The Grand Duke, on good terms with Napoleon, reached his compensation with the former Archbishopric in December 1802. The secularisation was accomplished, when Prince-Archbishop Colloredo in his Vienna exile formally resigned in favour of Ferdinand on 11 February 1803. Two weeks later, the episcopal territory was secularized as part of the German Mediatisation (\"Reichsdeputationshauptschluss\"). Ferdinand turned out to be a capable ruler. He established the Faculty of Medicine at the Salzburg University and insatted the distinguished pedagogue Franz Michael Vierthaler to introduce an education reform. He also ordered the improvement of mountain pass roads to Bad Gastein, Sankt Johann im Pongau and Radstadt, while his economic reforms roused opposition by the Salzburg guilds. When in October 1805 French troops again moved in during the War of the Third Coalition, Ferdinand, like his predecessor Archbishop Colloredo, had to leave his residence for his brother's court in Vienna. Upon the crushing Austrian defeat in the Battle of Austerlitz, the Salzburg electorate was dissolved by the Peace of Pressburg signed on 26 December 1805. The lands of the former Archbishopric with Berchtesgaden passed to the Austrian Empire, while the Eichstätt and Passau territories were annexed by the Kingdom of Bavaria. Ferdinand was again compensated, this time with the newly established Electorate of Würzburg. With the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Electorate was re-established as the Austrian Duchy of Salzburg and Francis added \"Duke of Salzburg\" to his title as Emperor of Austria. However, Salzburg remained an object of interests and negotiations during the Napoleonic Wars. After the War of the Fifth Coalition it passed to Bavaria according to the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn, incorporated into the Salzach District together with Tyrolean Kitzbühel, Traunstein and Ried im Innkreis in 1810. The Salzburg region was finally divided between Austria and Bavaria in the 1814 Peace of Paris. From 1816 the major part east of the Salzach River was subsequently administered from Linz within Upper Austria, until the Salzburg duchy was re-established in 1850. Electorate of Salzburg The Electorate of Salzburg ( or '), occasionally known as the Grand Duchy of Salzburg, was an electoral principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803–05, the short-lived successor" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bhoopgarhi Bhoopgarhi is a small village in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh, near the Vikas Khand administrative region of Jani Khurd, on the Bagpat road. The village was established in 1910 by Chaudhary Bhoopat Singh Teotia, who came from Bhatona village in Bulandshahar, West Uttar Pradesh. It is also associated with former prime minister This is a historical village blong to former prime minister Chaudhary Charan Singh. [Also blong to PCS officer- pardeep kumar teotia s/o shri Krishan pal singh].The population today is around 700, of whom all are Hindus of the Teotia gotra of Jats. The village's present gram pradhan (village leader) is Anil kumar .jaata da gaam. The village had a literacy rate of 95.2% in 2009. The villagers are predominantly farmers, and water from the Gaangnehar canal is used as irrigation to sustain sugarcane cultivation in the village. Bhoopgarhi Bhoopgarhi is a small village in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh, near the Vikas Khand administrative region of Jani Khurd, on the Bagpat road. The village was established in 1910 by Chaudhary Bhoopat Singh Teotia, who came from Bhatona village in Bulandshahar, West Uttar Pradesh. It is also associated with former prime minister This is a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bitch Hug Bitch Hug () is a 2012 Swedish drama film directed by Andreas Öhman. It stars Linda Molin as Kristin, and Fanny Ketter as Andrea, as the main characters. The movie was filmed in the Sundsvall fjord area in 2011. Kristin is an 18-year-old girl who wrote for her school newspaper. She has a list of a thousand things she wishes to do before she dies, and to visit New York City as the first on the list. Kristin has a rocky relationship with her sister Linn, with Linn telling Kristin that Kristin is pathetic with no talent. After graduating gymasium, Kristin is given an assignment to report on her upcoming trip to New York. The night prior the flight, she attended a graduation party with her schoolmates, where she met Gustav. They then went to Gustav's house in the woods to have sex, but were interrupted when Gustav's little brother asked to be tucked in. With the night ruined, Kristin explores the house, where she meets Gustav's sister Andrea, a 16-year old coming back from her nightly run through the woods. Kristin and Andrea then get to chatting, while laying back and drinking strong alcohol. Andrea convinces Kristin to watch \"half a movie\", since Kristin must go to New York in two hours. Nonetheless, they both sleep in during the entire movie, and Gustav unwittingly shut off Kristin's alarm on her phone. Panicked, she rushed to the airport to no avail, and comes back to Andrea angry, blaming her for the delay. Kristin tries to reschedule her ticket, but the airline could only book her on another flight if another passenger cancels their reservations. Kristin initially goes back home, but realizing that all her acquaintances believe she's on her way to New York, she asks Andrea if she could hide in her house. During the house tour, finding a room for Kristin to stay in, Kristin jokes to Andrea next to the swimming pool that Andrea and Gustav, and their parents, had sex in the pool. In anger, Andrea pushed kristin in the pool, where Kristin reveals her inability to swim. Andrea finally gives the attic for Kristin, despite having the master bedroom vacant and having a hole in the roof. Andrea explains that their parents are away on a trip. In the meanwhile, under pressure from the newspaper to publish her trip's experiences, she must fake her trip to New York with Andrea's help. During Kristin's stay in the house, they befriend each other. During the \"trip\", Kristin sets out with Andrea and Gustav to accomplish some of the 1000 activities on her list. Kristin and Andrea stay out for too long, so Gustav had to skip his shift at work to care for their little brother. After Kristin complained that their parents are incompetent for leaving them alone for themselves, Gustav explains that their parents are dead. The next night, when Andrea believed everyone was asleep, she ran through her usual route to a cliff overlooking the city and the fjord. Unbeknownst to her until the cliff, Kristin chased Andrea and asked her to tell her everything so she'd share her own secrets. Andrea confesses that she's an orphan and she quit school due to the unwanted attention, complaining that no one really knows a person's true feelings but one's self. When Gustav hosts a midsummer party with his friends at his place, Kristin and Andrea hide in the attic and have a little party for themselves. However, Linn is present in the party, and bumps into Andrea when Andrea had to visit the kitchen for a while. Andrea runs up to the attic to Kristin, fearing Linn may have recognized her from a video chat as the French exchange student Kristin is \"staying with\" in New York. They escape the house through the hole in the roof, and hang out by the fjord. When Andrea and Kristin hear the party approaching the pier they're sitting on, Kristin realizes she has nowhere to hide, and tries to swim away through the fjord. Having only had a few swimming lessons with Andrea, she drowns but is swiftly rescued by Andrea. Word spreads that the entire trip to New York was a hoax, with rumors spreading that she had to live off the earth and that she attempted suicide by drowning after being caught. The editor-in-chief of the newspaper Kristin was writing for forgives the incident, telling her that the controversy helped them sell much more copies, and that he wants Kristin to write about her lie, and to write again about a real trip. He then gives her a flight ticket to New York. During this entire time, Andrea's and Kristin's friendship is strained. Kristin's friends held a surprise welcome home/farewell party for her after she was released from hospital. Despite not being in the mood for a party, she is coerced by her friends to stay. Andrea visits the party, expecting to get back on good terms with Kristin, but Kristin reverted to her former apathetic self before meeting Andrea. In grief, Andrea and Kristin get extremely drunk, and Andrea pulls Kristin's ex-boyfriend into the bathroom to have sex with her. Upon realizing the situation, Andrea pushes him off her, and runs out of the party. Kristin chases her and attempts to explain her behavior, and bursts out that their experience wasn't real. Andrea takes this as their relationship meant nothing to Kristin. Devastated, Kristin returns to the party and Andrea is picked up by Gustav while she states that she wishes to resume her education. In an attempt to fix their relationship, Kristin buys a window to cover the hole on the roof of the attic, and hands Andrea her diary. They get back on friendly terms. Kristin explains that she doesn't wish to visit New York anymore, since it doesn't feel sincere and real anymore, having had the experience with Andrea already. Despite this, Andrea convinces Kristin to fly anyways. The next day, Kristin boards the flight to New York, Andrea watches the plane take off and looks back to not see Kristin coming up the escalator again. Full credits can be seen on the film's IMDb page. The film was rated 6/10 out of 876 votes on IMDb. Bitch Hug Bitch Hug () is a 2012 Swedish drama film directed by Andreas Öhman. It stars Linda Molin as Kristin, and Fanny Ketter as Andrea, as the main characters. The movie was filmed in the Sundsvall fjord area in 2011. Kristin is an 18-year-old girl who wrote for her school newspaper. She has a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Charles Bigelow (type designer) Charles A. Bigelow (born July 29, 1945 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American type historian, professor, and designer. Bigelow grew up in the Detroit suburbs and attended the Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1982, the Frederic W. Goudy Award in 1987, Sloan Science and Film screenwriting awards in 2001 and 2002, and other honors. Along with Kris Holmes, he is the co-creator of Lucida and Wingdings font families. He is a principal of the Bigelow and Holmes studio. Bigelow received a BA in anthropology in Reed College was a professor of digital typography at Stanford University from 1982 to 1995. As president of the Committee on Letterform Research and Education of ATypI, he organized the first international seminar on digital type design: “The Computer and the Hand in Type Design”, at Stanford in 1983. In mid-2006, Bigelow was appointed to the Melbert B. Cary Distinguished Professorship at Rochester Institute of Technology. At RIT, he co-organized the 2010 international symposium on \"The Future of Reading\" and the 2012 \"Reading Digital\" symposium, in which type designers, publication designers, and vision scientists discussed the present and future of reading on digital devices. He retired from teaching at RIT in 2012, and is currently Cary Scholar in Residence at the Cary Graphic Arts Collection of the RIT Wallace Center. Charles Bigelow (type designer) Charles A. Bigelow (born July 29, 1945 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American type historian, professor, and designer. Bigelow grew up in the Detroit suburbs and attended the Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1982, the Frederic W. Goudy Award in 1987, Sloan Science and Film screenwriting awards in 2001 and 2002, and other honors. Along with Kris Holmes, he is the co-creator of Lucida and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fuglsang Art Museum Fuglsang Art Museum () is an art museum set in rural surroundings in Guldborgsund Municipality on the island of Lolland in Denmark. It is part of the Fuglsang Cultural Centre. The museum features Danish art with an emphasis on artists and motifs of local provenance. The museum is located in a purpose-built building, designed by Tony Fretton. Noted for its integration with the surrounding architecture and landscape, the museum building won a 2009 RIBA European Award and was short-listed for the Stirling prize the same year. An architecture competition for the design of a building was won by Tony Fretton in May 2005. Construction started in August 2006 and the museum was inaugurated in January 2008. The Fuglsang Art Museum is located in a whitewashed, modernistic building, designed to fit into the existing architecture of the Fuglsang estate and the surrounding landscape. The galleries are arranged around a long corridor which itself serves as a significant exhibition space. At the end of the corridor is a small room with three large windows, one of which is slightly offset from the axis and visible from the corridor. With no artworks displayed, it is entirely dedicated to contemplation and viewing of the exterior landscape. On one side of the corridor are fairly small galleries with gold ornaments inspired by the architecture of the adjoining Fuglsang manor house. These are dedicated to smaller scale works. On the other side of the corridor are larger toplit galleries. The museum houses a notable collection of Danish art ranging from the end of the 18th century to the current day and includes paintings, sculptures and sketches. The collection has an emphasis on local artists and motifs. The museum holds approximately 500 paintings, with a few dating from the late 18th century and the Danish Golden Age during the first half of the 19th century, while the main focus of the collection is on paintings from around 1900. Represented are important Danish artists like the Skagen Painters, the Fynboerne, Theodor Philipsen, L. A. Ring and Vilhelm Hammershøi. The collection features around 199 sculptures, dating from the late 19th century to 1950. The main emphasis is on the period 1930-50. The museum's extensive collection of drawings, watercolours and particularly graphic works are mainly from the 20th century. Fuglsang Art Museum has regular shows of its works and arranges several special exhibitions annually. Moreover, the shows and special exhibitions are complemented with a diverse programme of arrangements and presentations. There is also an interdisciplinary school service attached to the museum. Fuglsang Art Museum Fuglsang Art Museum () is an art museum set in rural surroundings in Guldborgsund Municipality on the island of Lolland in Denmark. It is part of the Fuglsang Cultural Centre. The museum features Danish art with an emphasis on artists and motifs of local provenance. The museum is located in a purpose-built building, designed by Tony Fretton. Noted for its integration with the surrounding architecture and landscape, the museum building won a 2009" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "German submarine U-2543 German submarine \"U-2543\" was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the \"\"Elektroboote\"\") of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\", built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 13 November 1944 at the Blohm & Voss yard at Hamburg, as yard number 2543. She was launched on 9 February 1945, and commissioned under the command of \"Oberleutnant zur See \" Gottfried Stolzenburg, on 7 March 1945. Like all Type XXI U-boats, \"U-2543\" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of (o/a), a beam length of , and a draught length of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at for ; when surfaced, she could travel at . \"U-2543\" was fitted with six torpedo tubes in the bow and four C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men. \"U-2543\" was scuttled on 3 May 1945, at Kiel as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up. German submarine U-2543 German submarine \"U-2543\" was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the \"\"Elektroboote\"\") of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\", built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 13 November 1944 at the Blohm & Voss yard at Hamburg, as yard number 2543." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mendoza HM-3 The HM-3 is a submachine gun of Mexican origin chambered in the 9mm calibre and, since 2011, in .380 ACP caliber for private security forces, from a magazine fed from the grip, much like the Uzi. This sub-machine gun is manufactured by Productos Mendoza, S.A. in Mexico. It is a lightweight weapon of reduced overall length achieved by largely extending the wrap around bolt forward around the barrel. A grip safety is provided to prevent accidental discharge. The stock is designed in a manner that makes folding and unfolding easy and provides a foregrip when the stock is folded. The selector lever is on the right-hand side of the weapon so that it can be operated by the right hand without releasing the weapon with either hand. The stock can be folded or unfolded while gripping the weapon with both hands unlike the previous models of the same gun. It is much like the UZI in the way that the magazine is located on the grip. There are currently three variations on the HM-3 using a 9mm caliber round. The HM-3-S LONG is a 15.74 in (23.85 in with extended stock) long model, used primarily for the Mexican Police and other State and Municipal security forces. The HM-3-S SHORT is almost identical, with the exception that the barrel is shortened and therefore measures only 12.99 in (21.06 in with extended stock). The HM-3-S BULLDOG (also called HM-3-S Mini) is a miniature version of the weapon, especially designed to be carried by motorcycle police and bodyguards, and measures only 10.8 in (19.3 in with extended stock) in longitude and weighs 2,827 g (6.2 lbs) with a full 32-round magazine. All versions may use 20 or 32-round magazines. Since 2011, Productos Mendoza has manufactured a variation of the HM-3-S that shoots a .380 ACP caliber round. This is the largest caliber available to use by private security companies and individuals in Mexico, and the most popular caliber for personal defence in Latin America. The HM-3-S LONG model is called \"COBRA .380\" and the HM-3-S BULLDOG is called \"BULLDOG .380\". These names were created to facilitate the models' introduction to the consumer market. All specs are the same (excluding caliber) than the HM-3-S 9mm models, with the exception that .380 models can carry a 35-round magazine. Mendoza HM-3 The HM-3 is a submachine gun of Mexican origin chambered in the 9mm" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "San Pedro Nopala San Pedro Nopala is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Teposcolula District in the center of the Mixteca Region. The name Nopala means \"Where prickly pear cactus is abundant\". The municipality covers an area of 20.41 km² at an altitude of 2,180 metres above sea level. The climate is moderate, with temperature no higher than 22°C. Trees include oak and pine. Wild fauna includes deer, coyote, hares and rabbits. As of 2005, the municipality had 212 households with a total population of 834 of whom four spoke an indigenous language. Some of the population works in agriculture, growing corn, beans and wheat. Other engage in animal husbandry, raising pigs and cattle. There is some cottage industry production of textiles and palm weaving. San Pedro Nopala San Pedro Nopala is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Teposcolula District in the center of the Mixteca Region. The name Nopala means \"Where prickly pear cactus is abundant\". The municipality covers an area of 20.41 km² at an altitude of 2,180 metres above sea level. The climate is moderate, with temperature no higher than 22°C." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wittenförden Wittenförden is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The municipality has a seat in the Office of Stralendorf from where it is administered. It lies on the western boundary of Schwerin by the Neumühler See, one of several lakes in the area. There is evidence that man has settled in the area since the Neolithic period although the exact date of the origin of the municipality is not known. The first mention of the area in writing was in 1217 about the building of a church and a cemetery. The German derivative of the local name is \"White Fjord\", which suggests that it is taken from the Neumühler See and its sinuous form. The local industry was primarily agriculture and forestry, and after the Thirty-Year War, peat-extraction. A commercial district developed after 1990, which provides about 500 jobs. After the reunification of Germany, the population of Wittenförden has occasionally almost tripled due primarily to the migration of people from urban areas. Wittenförden is situated two kilometres from the Schwerin bypass (B 106). The nearest railway station five kilometres away at Schwerin. Wittenförden has a bus service as part of the Schwerin transport network. A Neo-Gothic village church dating from the 19th century. The design of the crest is a white willow tree with three branches on a red background and between the two longer outside branches, a golden bell. Wittenförden Wittenförden is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The municipality has a seat in the Office of Stralendorf from where it is administered. It lies on the western boundary of Schwerin by the Neumühler See, one of several lakes in the area. There is evidence that man has settled in the area since the Neolithic period although the exact date of the origin" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hardened steel The term hardened steel is often used for a medium or high carbon steel that has been given heat treatment and then quenching followed by tempering. The quenching results in the formation of metastable martensite, the fraction of which is reduced to the desired amount during tempering. This is the most common state for finished articles such as tools and machine parts. In contrast, the same steel composition in annealed state is softer, as required for forming and machining. Depending on the temperature and composition of the steel, it can be hardened or softened. To make steel harder, it must be heated to very high temperatures. The final result of exactly how hard the steel becomes depends on the amount of carbon present in the metal. Only steel that is high in carbon can be hardened and tempered. If a metal does not contain the necessary quantity of carbon, then its crystalline structure cannot be broken, and therefore the physical makeup of the steel cannot be altered. Frequently, the term \"hardening\" is associated with tempered steel. Both processes are used hand in hand when hardening steel. The two part process begins with hardening the steel so that it becomes hard and does not wear over time. However, very often, this process leaves the steel very brittle and susceptible to breaking during use. Tempering reduces the hardness of the forged steel very slightly but improves the overall product as it results in steel that is much less brittle. The two major processes of hardening and tempering can be broken down into four major steps. First, a piece of carbon steel is heated gradually until it reaches a temperature above the alloy's critical temperature. The steel is then quenched, usually in water or oil (though other quenches, such as brine or sodium hydroxide solutions, are sometimes used to achieve a particular result). The steel is now at that given alloy's maximum hardness, but as discussed above, also brittle. At this point, tempering is usually performed to achieve a more useful balance of hardness and toughness. The steel is gradually heated until the desired temper colours are drawn, generally at a temperature significantly lower than the alloy's critical point. Different colours in the temper spectrum reflect different balances of hardness to toughness, so different temper levels are appropriate for different applications. The steel is then re-quenched to 'fix' the temper at the desired level. A talented smith or metalworker can fine-tune the performance of a steel tool or item to precisely what is required based solely on careful observation of temper colours. A visual representation of this process may make the concept easier to understand. It is not easy to determine if steel has undergone the hardening and tempering process by simply looking at it, but there is a reliable and simple test. To examine a piece of steel, obtain a hand file and file an edge of the selected metal. If the piece of steel has not undergone the hardening process, the metal file should easily 'bite' into the sample. If the metal has been hardened, the file fails to cut into the sample and glances off with little visible effect. Case hardened articles starting as low carbon steel (0.5 - 1.5% carbon content) can also be labeled hardened steel. Hardened steel The term hardened steel is often used for a medium or high carbon steel that has been given heat treatment and then quenching followed by tempering. The quenching results in the formation of metastable martensite, the fraction of which is reduced to the desired amount during tempering. This" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "AP site In biochemistry and molecular genetics, an AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic site), also known as an abasic site, is a location in DNA (also in RNA but much less likely) that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base, either spontaneously or due to DNA damage. It has been estimated that under physiological conditions 10,000 apurinic sites and 500 apyrimidinic may be generated in a cell daily. AP sites can be formed by spontaneous depurination, but also occur as intermediates in base excision repair. In this process, a DNA glycosylase recognizes a damaged base and cleaves the N-glycosidic bond to release the base, leaving an AP site. A variety of glycosylases that recognize different types of damage exist, including oxidized or methylated bases, or uracil in DNA. The AP site can then be cleaved by an AP endonuclease, leaving 3' hydroxyl and 5' deoxyribosephosphate termini (see DNA structure). In alternative fashion, bifunctional glycosylase-lyases can cleave the AP site, leaving a 5' phosphate adjacent to a 3' α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. Both mechanisms form a single-strand break, which is then repaired by either short-patch or long-patch base excision repair. If left unrepaired, AP sites can lead to mutation during semiconservative replication. They can cause replication fork stalling and are bypassed by translesion synthesis. In \"E. coli\", adenine is preferentially inserted across from AP sites, known as the \"A rule\". The situation is more complex in higher eukaryotes, with different nucleotides showing a preference depending on the organism and experimental conditions. AP sites form when deoxyribose is cleaved from its nitrogenous base, breaking the glycosidic linkage between the two. This can happen spontaneously, as a result of chemical activity, radiation, or due to enzyme activity. The glycosidic linkages in DNA can be broken via acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Purine bases can be ejected under weakly acidic conditions, while pyrimidines require stronger acidity in order to be cleaved. Purines may even be removed at neutral pH, if temperature increases sufficiently. AP site formation can also be caused by various base-modifying chemicals. Alkylation, deamination, and oxidation of individual bases can all lead to the weakening of the glycosyl bond, so exposure to agents that cause those modifications can encourage AP site formation. Ionizing radiation can also lead to AP site formation. Irradiated environments contain radicals, which can contribute to AP sites in multiple ways. Hydroxyl radicals can attack the glycosidic linkages, directly creating an AP site, or make the glycosl bond less favorable by linking to the base or the deoxyribose ring. Enzymes, namely DNA glycosylases, also commonly create AP sites, as part of the base excision repair pathway. In a given mammalian cell, 5000-10,000 apurinic sites are estimated to form per day. Apyrimidinic sites form at a rate roughly 20 times slower, with estimates at around 500 formation events per day, per cell. At rates this high, it is critical for cells to have a robust repair apparatus in place in order to prevent mutation. AP sites are extremely reactive. They fluctuate between a furanose ring and an open-chain free aldehyde and free alcohol confirmation. Exposure to a nucleophile can cause a β-elimination reaction, wherein the 3' phosphoester bond is broken, causing a single-stranded break. This reaction can be catalyzed by AP lyase. In the presence of excess reagent, an additional elimination can occur on the 5' side. The free aldehyde can also react with nucleophilic, amine-containing aldehydes. These reactions can further promote phosphoester bond cleavage. Aldehydes containing O-HN groups can serve to stabilize the abasic site by reacting with the aldehyde group. This interaction does not cleave the phosphoester bond. AP sites in living cells can cause various and severe consequences, including cell death. The single-stranded breaks occurring due to β-elimination require repair by DNA Ligase in order to avoid mutation. When DNA polymerase encounters an abasic site, DNA replication is usually blocked, which may itself lead to a single-stranded or double-stranded break in the DNA helix. In \"E. coli\", when the enzyme manages to bypass the abasic site, an adenine is preferentially incorporated into the new strand. If AP sites in DNA are not repaired, DNA replication cannot proceed normally, and significant mutations can result. If mutations are merely single nucleotide polymorphisms, then the cell can potentially be unaffected. However, if more serious mutations occur, cell function can be severely impaired, growth and division may be impaired, or the cell may simply die. AP sites are an important feature of the base excision repair pathway. DNA glycosylases first create abasic sites by recognizing and removing modified bases. Many glycosylase variants exist to deal with the multiple ways a base can be damaged. The most common circumstances are base alkylation, oxidation, and the presence of a uracil in the DNA strand. Once an AP site has been successful created, an AP endonuclease catalyzes the breakage of one phosphoester bond, creating a nick in the backbone of the helix. The breakage can be either 3' or 5' of the site, depending on the variant of the enzyme. End processing enzymes then prepare the site for nick for ligation, which is performed by DNA polymerase. The base inserted into the nick is determined by the corresponding base on the opposite strand. The nick is then sealed by DNA ligase. AP site In biochemistry and molecular genetics, an AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic site), also known as an abasic site, is a location in DNA (also in RNA but much less" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Antico Pizza Antico Pizza Napoletana is a pizzeria located in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2015, it is considered the 7th highest rated pizzeria in the United States by TripAdvisor. Antico's serves Neapolitan pizza and was originally opened in 2009 as a take out only restaurant located Westside halfway between Georgia Institute of Technology and Atlantic Station. Due to popularity the restaurant expanded to include full service. It is popular among Georgia Tech students. Antico pizza maker, Luca Varuni, opened his own restaurant in Midtown Atlanta called Varuni-Napoli. In 2014, Di Palma was under investigation for labor conditions in his pizzeria after accusations of sweatshop conditions. Later, Di Palma reached a settlement out of court that would pay 56 independent contractors and employees of Antico a total of $329,445 for damages and back wages. In a statement after the settlement was reached Di Palma said, \"...we have been fully compliant and transparent throughout the labor audit and are thankful the government was reasonable in our meetings to hear our comments and arrive at a fair settlement.\" In 2016, Antico Pizza opened a restaurant in Miami Beach, Florida. In 2017, \"Sports Illustrated\" listed Antico Pizza as one of the \"tastiest destinations\" in Atlanta. Antico Pizza Antico Pizza Napoletana is a pizzeria located in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2015, it is considered the 7th highest rated pizzeria in the United States by TripAdvisor. Antico's serves Neapolitan pizza and was originally opened in 2009 as a take out only restaurant located Westside halfway between Georgia Institute of Technology and Atlantic Station. Due to popularity the restaurant expanded to include full service. It is popular among Georgia Tech students. Antico pizza maker, Luca Varuni, opened his own restaurant in Midtown Atlanta called Varuni-Napoli. In 2014, Di Palma was under investigation for labor conditions in his pizzeria after" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "B4329 road The B4329 is a scenic route and a former turnpike in Pembrokeshire, West Wales. It links Eglwyswrw and Haverfordwest in an approximately northsouth direction , by crossing the Preseli Mountains. The road is long and varies in elevation from above sea level. Much of the route is through farmland with scattered settlements with a section through high moorland grazing with extensive views. The road has been the main link between Eglwyswrw and Haverfordwest since mediaeval times, and was subsequently turnpiked. In Lewis's 1833 \"Topographical Dictionary of Wales\" it is described as the \"\"great road\"\" linking Cardigan with Haverfordwest. While the A487 (Cardigan to Fishguard) and the A40 (Fishguard to Haverforwest) sections were later upgraded to trunk routes, the direct route was not, and was designated in the early 20th century road classification scheme as the B4329. From the 1920s to 1935, the B4329 was a multiplex with the A487 and an unclassified road from Boncath but reverted to the original start point in Eglwyswrw. The unclassified road became the B4332. Before that, when most journeys were made on foot, horseback or horse-drawn vehicle, travellers were provided for by inns along the route, such as those at Crosswell, Tufton, Greenway and Crundale. From the high moorland, there are extensive views across much of Pembrokeshire with the Bristol Channel, St George's Channel and the Irish Sea beyond. On clear days there are views as far as the Gower Peninsula in the southeast, much of mid-Wales to the north as far as Snowdonia and the Llŷn Peninsula as well as across much of the Preseli range. It is also possible, atmospheric conditions permitting, to see the tops of mountains in Ireland over 100 miles away. The Preselis are noted for their many prehistoric sites, some of which are close to the B4329. Because of the steep inclines in the mountains, few heavy goods vehicles use the route, which is popular with tourists and bikers. In winter, the highest parts of the road can occasionally be closed when ice or snow make driving conditions dangerous. Branching from the A487, southwest of Eglwyswrw, the road drops down to cross the River Nevern by a single-lane stone bridge just north of the hamlet of Crosswell. The road enters the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, then climbs steadily through farmland, over a 400-year-old bridge crossing the \"Afon Brynberian\", and past the hamlet of Brynberian with views of the mountains to the south and east. The gradient increases until the road passes the site of Tafarn-y-Bwlch (\"approximate English: Tavern at the Pass\"), an inn which existed at least as early as 1729. The road crosses a cattle grid marking a boundary between enclosed agricultural land and unenclosed moorland and continues to climb to between Carn Lladron and Mynydd-du Commin. Now the route crosses the imaginary Landsker Line marking the change from the largely Welsh place names of north Pembrokeshire to the largely English place names in the south of the county. After the summit, the road drops steeply by Bwlch Gwynt to another cattle grid and the intersection with the B4313 at Greenway, also known as New Inn, which in the 19th century sustained northbound travellers before \"\"the arduous task of winding up the painful ascent of Bwlch Gwynt\"\". After the crossroads, the road slopes more gently downwards past Rosebush reservoir and Henry's Moat, leaving the National Park just before passing through the hamlet of Tufton. The road passes close by Llys y Fran Country Park, through the village of Woodstock and past Scolton Manor, then through the hamlets of Bethlehem and Poyston Cross and Crundale in Rudbaxton parish. The section between Greenway and Woodstock is on the 345 bus route. South of Crundale, the road crosses the bridge at Stephen's Ford, then crosses the A40 Haverfordwest bypass on a roundabout and ends at another roundabout in the centre of Haverfordwest connecting with the A40 spur (Cartlet Road) and the A487. B4329 road The B4329 is a scenic route and a former turnpike in Pembrokeshire, West Wales. It links Eglwyswrw and Haverfordwest in an approximately northsouth direction , by crossing the Preseli Mountains. The road is long and varies in elevation from above sea level. Much of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cheltenham Township School District The Cheltenham Township School District is a public school district serving Cheltenham Township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania. The District encompasses approximately . According to 2000 federal census data, it served a resident population of 36,875. By 2010, the District's population declined to 36,000 people. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $31,424, while the median family income was $76,792. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100. According to District officials, in school year 2007-08 the Cheltenham Township School District provided basic educational services to 4,365 pupils. Cheltenham Township School District employed: 399 teachers, 259 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 38 administrators. Cheltenham Township School District received more than $12.2 million in state funding in school year 2007-08. In school year 2005-06, Cheltenham Township School District reported an enrollment of 4,642 pupils. Cheltenham Township School District employed: 413 teachers, 253 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 39 administrators. Cheltenham Township School District received more than $11.7 million in state funding in school year 2005-06. The district operates seven schools. Cheltenham Township School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve without compensation for a term of four years), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The federal government controls programs it funds like: Title I funding for low income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates the district focus resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. The Superintendent and Business Manager are appointed by the school board. The Superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance. The Business Manager is responsible for budget and financial operations. Neither of these officials are voting members of the School Board. The School Board enters into individual employment contracts for these positions. In Pennsylvania, public school districts are required to give 150 days notice to the Superintendent regarding renewal of the employment contract. The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the school board and district administration a \"C\" for transparency based on a review of \"What information can people find on their school district's website\". It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more. Cheltenham parted ways with an embattled superintendent Natalie Feder Thomas in a vote of 9-0 in January 2015. In the spring of 2013, the Cheltenham board hired Thomas, who had been superintendent in two suburban Missouri school districts. At the time, little was made of controversies that had marked her time there, including two lawsuits she filed against the Riverview Gardens district, where she had last worked. Thomas defended her tenure amid the rising uproar, asking the Cheltenham community for patience and for feedback. She said in an interview in the fall: \"I've been an educator for going on 30 years, and one of the things I've always found to be helpful is listening to feedback - even feedback that's not easy to hear.\" The superintendent also defended decisions to give district work to a couple of friends or associates, including a former Missouri associate whom she introduces as her \"godmother.\" That friend, Christine Long, worked as a literacy instructor - a \"temporary sub,\" Thomas said - in the CLASP before-and-after-school program for 21/2 months in 2013. Thomas also last year hired a former superintendent from Missouri, Linda Henke, as a personal coach at a cost of $5,000. Cheltenham Township School District was ranked 117th out of 498 Pennsylvania school districts by the Pittsburgh Business Times in 2013. The ranking was based on student academic achievement as demonstrated on the last three years of the PSSAs for: reading, writing, math and science. The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th and the 11th grade in high school. Adapted examinations are given to children in the special education programs. Writing exams were given to children in 5th, 8th and 11th grades. In 2013, the \"Pittsburgh Business Times\" also reported an Overachievers Ranking for 498 Pennsylvania school districts. Cheltenham Township School District ranked 302nd. In 2012, the District was 286th. The editor describes the ranking as: \"a ranking answers the question - which school districts do better than expectations based upon economics? This rank takes the Honor Roll rank and adds the percentage of students in the district eligible for free and reduced-price lunch into the formula. A district finishing high on this rank is smashing expectations, and any district above the median point is exceeding expectations.\" In 2012, Cheltenham Township School District declined to Warning AYP status due to lagging student academic achievement and a low graduation rate. In 2011, Cheltenham Township School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania public school districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math. In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance. An additional 37.8 percent of Pennsylvania public school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. Cheltenham Township School District achieved AYP status each year from 2006 to 2010. In 2012, Cheltenhem Township School District graduation rate was 89.92%. In 2011, the graduation rate was 93.97%. In 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, 4-year cohort graduation rate. Cheltenham Township High School's rate was 82.37% for 2010. Cedarboork Middle School is located at 300 Longfellow Road, Wyncot. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012, the school reported an enrollment of 740 pupils in grades 7th and 8th, with 22% of its pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price lunch due to family poverty. The school employed 60 teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of 11:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under No Child Left Behind. In 2013, the attendance rate was reported as 96%. Cedarbrook Middle School achieved 81.5 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading, 83% of the students were on grade level. In Mathematics, 84.65% of the students showed on grade level skills. In Science, only 67.95% of the 8th graders demonstrated n grade level understanding. In writing, just 69% of the 8th grade students were on grade level. In 2012, Cedarbrook Middle School declined again to Warning AYP status due to lagging achievement in mathematics and reading by sub groups of students. In 2009 through 2011, Cedarbrook Middle School achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. In 2008, Cedarbrook Middle School declined to Warning AYP status. 8th Grade Reading: 8th Grade Math: 8th Grade Science: 7th Grade Reading: 7th Grade Math: Elkins Park School is located at 8149 New Second Street,", "level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading, 83% of the students were on grade level. In Mathematics, 84.65% of the students showed on grade level skills. In Science, only 67.95% of the 8th graders demonstrated n grade level understanding. In writing, just 69% of the 8th grade students were on grade level. In 2012, Cedarbrook Middle School declined again to Warning AYP status due to lagging achievement in mathematics and reading by sub groups of students. In 2009 through 2011, Cedarbrook Middle School achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. In 2008, Cedarbrook Middle School declined to Warning AYP status. 8th Grade Reading: 8th Grade Math: 8th Grade Science: 7th Grade Reading: 7th Grade Math: Elkins Park School is located at 8149 New Second Street, Elkins Park. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the school reported an enrollment of 656 pupils in grades 5th and 6th, with 25% of its pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price lunch due to family poverty. The school employed 60 teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of 12:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. The attendance rate was 96% in 2013. Elkins Park School achieved 69 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading, 70.6% of the students were on grade level. In Mathematics, 78% of the students showed on grade level skills. In writing, just 60% of the 5th grade students were on grade level. In 2009 through 2012, Elkins Park School achieved AYP status through special exceptions for the lagging achievement in reading and mathematics. 6th Grade Reading: 6th Grade Math: 5th Grade Reading: 5th Grade Math: Cheltenham Elementary School is located at 7853 Front Street, Cheltenham. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012, the school reported an enrollment of 419 pupils in grades kindergarten through 4th, with 27% of its pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price lunch due to family poverty. The school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed 32 teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of 13:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Cheltenham Elementary School provides full day kindergarten to all its pupils. Cheltenham Elementary School achieved a score of 87 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. In 2012-13, 80% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd and 4th. In 3rd grade, 79% of the pupils were reading on grade level. In math, 88% were on grade level (3rd-4th grades). In 4th grade science, just 87.75% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding. In 2011 and 2012, Cheltenham Elementary School achieved AYP status. In 2012, 85% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd and 4th. Boys were lagging behind with just 79% reading on grade level. In math, 90% of the students in 3rd and 4th grades were on grade level and 60% scored advanced. In 4th grade science, 89% of the pupils were on grade level. Glenside Elementary School is located 400 Harrison Avenue, Glenside, PA, 19038. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012, the school reported an enrollment of 463 pupils in grades kindergarten through 4th, with 22.68% of its pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price lunch due to family poverty. The school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of :1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. The school provides full day kindergarten to all its pupils. The attendance rate was 96% in 2013. Glenside Elementary School achieved a score of 82 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science and mathematics achievement. In 2012-13, only 76% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd and 4th. In 3rd grade, 86% of the pupils were reading on grade level. In math, 81% were on grade level (3rd-4th grades). In 4th grade science, just 77% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding. The attendance rate was 96% in 2012. In 2012, Glenside Elementary School declined to Warning AYP status. In 2012, only 79% of the students in 3rd and 4th grade were reading on grade level. In math, 86% of the students in 3rd and 4th grades were on grade level and 55% scored advanced. In 4th grade science, 76% of the pupils were on grade level. In 2011, Glenside Elementary School achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. The attendance rate was 96% in 2012. Myers Elementary School is located at 7609 Montgomery Ave, Elkins Park. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012, the school reported an enrollment of 361 pupils in grades kindergarten through 4th, with 28% of its pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price lunch due to family poverty. The school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed 28 teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of 12:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. The school provides full day kindergarten to all its pupils. in 2013, the attendance rate was 96%. Myers Elementary School achieved a score of 80 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science and mathematics achievement. In 2012-13, only 80% of the students in 3rd and 4th grades were reading on grade level. In 3rd grade, 82% of the pupils were reading on grade level. In math, 86.9% were on grade level (3rd-4th grades). In 4th grade science, just 84.9% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding. In 2011 and 2012, Myers Elementary School achieved AYP status. In 2012, 83% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd and 4th. In math, 92% of the students in 3rd and 4th grades were on grade level and 56% scored advanced. In 4th grade science, 85% of the pupils were on grade level. In December 2011, Cheltenham Township School District administration reported that 628 pupils or 13.9% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 57% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the District administration reported that 205 pupils or 19% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with % of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism. The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding. The Special Education funding structure is through the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) funds and state appropriations. IDEA funds are appropriated to the state on an annual basis and distributed through intermediate units (IUs) to school districts, while state funds are distributed directly to the districts. Total funds that are received by school", "students with autism. The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding. The Special Education funding structure is through the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) funds and state appropriations. IDEA funds are appropriated to the state on an annual basis and distributed through intermediate units (IUs) to school districts, while state funds are distributed directly to the districts. Total funds that are received by school districts are calculated through a formula. The Pennsylvania Department of Education oversees four appropriations used to fund students with special needs: Special Education; Approved Private Schools; Pennsylvania Chartered Schools for the Deaf and Blind; and Early Intervention. The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district’s students receive special education services. It also assumes that each student’s needs accrue the same level of costs. Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education. The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students. In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive that schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports. The Cheltenham Township School District received a $2,244,407 supplement for special education services in 2010. For the 2011-12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required. Additionally, the state provides supplemental funding for extraordinarily impacted students. The District must apply for this added funding. The District Administration reported that 448 or 10.21% of its students were gifted in 2009. The highest percentage of gifted students reported among all 500 school districts and 100 public charter schools in Pennsylvania was North Allegheny School District with 15.5% of its students identified as gifted. By law, the district must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student’s building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility. Cheltenham Township School Board established a district wellness policy in 2006. The policy deals with nutritious meals served at school, the control of access to some foods and beverages during school hours, age appropriate nutrition education for all students, and physical education for students K-12. The policy is in response to state mandates and federal legislation (P.L. 108 – 265). The law dictates that each school district participating in a program authorized by the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq) or the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq) \"shall establish a local school wellness policy by School Year 2006.\" Most districts identified the superintendent and school foodservice director as responsible for ensuring local wellness policy implementation. The legislation placed the responsibility of developing a wellness policy at the local level so the individual needs of each district can be addressed. According to the requirements for the Local Wellness Policy, school districts must set goals for nutrition education, physical activity, campus food provision, and other school-based activities designed to promote student wellness. Additionally, districts were required to involve a broad group of individuals in policy development and to have a plan for measuring policy implementation. Districts were offered a choice of levels of implementation for limiting or prohibiting low nutrition foods on the school campus. In final implementation these regulations prohibit some foods and beverages on the school campus. The Pennsylvania Department of Education required the district to submit a copy of the policy for approval. Cheltenham Township School District offers a free or reduced-price lunch to children in low income families. The District does not offer a free or reduced price school breakfast. All students attending the school can eat breakfast and lunch. Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty level are provided a breakfast and lunch at no cost to the family. Children from families with incomes between 130 and 185 percent of the federal poverty level can be charged no more than 30 cents per breakfast. A foster child whose care and placement is the responsibility of the State or who is placed by a court with a caretaker household is eligible for both a free breakfast and a free lunch. Runaway, homeless and Migrant Youth are also automatically eligible for free meals. The meals are partially funded with federal dollars through the United States Department of Agriculture. In 2013, the USDA issued new restrictions to foods in public schools. The rules apply to foods and beverages sold on all public school district campuses during the day. They limit vending machine snacks to a maximum of 200 calories per item. Additionally, all snack foods sold at school must meet competitive nutrient standards, meaning they must have fruits, vegetables, dairy or protein in them or contain at least 10 percent of the daily value of fiber, calcium, potassium, and Vitamin D. In order to comply with the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 all US public school districts are required to raise the price of their school lunches to $2.60 regardless of the actual cost of providing the lunch. Cheltenham Township School District provides health services as mandated by the Commonwealth and the federal government. Nurses are available in each building to conduct annual health screenings (data reported to the PDE and state Department of Health) and to dispense prescribed medications to students during the school day. Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health’s extensive immunization mandates. School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance. Nurses also monitor each child's weight. Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1. Under Pennsylvania’s Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. This proposed budget must be considered by the Board", "Nurses also monitor each child's weight. Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1. Under Pennsylvania’s Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. This proposed budget must be considered by the Board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year. The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption. The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so. The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006. In 2012, the average teacher salary in Cheltenham Township School District was $82,410.18 a year, while the cost of the benefits teachers received was $25,054 per employee (among the highest in the Commonwealth), for a total annual average teacher compensation of $107,464.39. In 2011, the District employed 421 teachers with an average salary of $85,453 and a top salary of $170,000. According to a study conducted at the American Enterprise Institute, in 2011, public school teachers’ total compensation is roughly 50 percent higher than they would likely receive in the private sector. The study found that the most generous benefits that teachers receive are not accounted for in many studies of compensation including: pension, retiree health benefits and job security. In 2009, the Cheltenham Township School District reported employing 429 teachers and administrators with a median salary of $85,246 and a top salary of $183,600. The teacher’s work day is 7 hours (with a 45-minute duty-free lunch) with 189 days in the contract year. Additionally, the teachers receive a defined benefit pension and a retirement bonus (based on years with the District), health insurance with prescription coverage, life insurance, vision insurance, professional development reimbursement, paid personal days, 10 paid sick days, 5 paid days bereavement leave and other benefits. Administration spending Cheltenham Township School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $1,158.12 per pupil ranking 27th in the Commonwealth. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil. The Pennsylvania School Boards Association collects and maintains statistics on salaries of public school district employees in Pennsylvania. According to the association's report, the average salary for a superintendent, for the 2007-08 school year, was $122,165. Superintendents and administrators receive a benefit package commensurate with that offered to the district's teachers' union. According to PSBA, the median Superintendent salary rose to over $130,000 in 2011. Per pupil spending In 2008, the Cheltenham Township School District administration reported that per pupil spending was $19,482 which ranked 12th among Pennsylvania's then 501 public school districts. In 2010, the District’s per pupil spending had increased to $21,100.97 In 2011, Pennsylvania’s per pupil spending was $13,467, ranking 6th in the United States. In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that Pennsylvania spent $8,191 per pupil in school year 2000-01. In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759. Among the fifty states, Pennsylvania’s total per pupil revenue (including all sources) ranked 11th at $15,023 per student, in 2008-09. Pennsylvania’s total revenue per pupil rose to $16,186 ranking 9th in the nation in 2011. Reserves In 2008, the School District reported a balance of $556,000, in its unreserved-designated fund. The unreserved-undesignated fund balance was reported as $2,717,799. In 2010, Cheltenham Township School District Administration reported an increase to $5,149,988 in the unreserved-undesignated fund balance. By 2013, Cheltenham Township School District had $9,625,631 in reserves. The District also reported zero in its unreserved-designated fund in 2010. Pennsylvania public school district reserve funds are divided into two categories – designated and undesignated. The undesignated funds are not committed to any planned project. Designated funds and any other funds, such as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects. School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds. By 2013, reserves held by Pennsylvania public school districts, as a whole, had increased to over $3.8 billion. \"'Audit\" In December 2010, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the District. The findings were reported to the School Board and the District’s administration. In a prior audit it was fund that Board members chronically failed to submit Statements of Financial Interest as required by state law. They were now 100% compliant according to this audit. Tuition Students who live in the Cheltenham Township School District's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to Cheltenham Township School District. For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district. It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the District's schools. The 2012 tuition rates for Cheltenham Township School District are Elementary School - $15,035.69, High School - $15,321.78. Property Tax Abatement program Commercial property owners could be eligible for tax abatements (relief) on improvements they make to their business properties, as part of an ordinance passed by the Township Board of Commissioners and Cheltenham Township School District in December 2002. The tax break was extended in 2005. Under the ordinance, tax on the improved part of the property would be phased in over five years, and the owner would not pay the full amount of municipal and school district taxes on the improvements until six years after the abatement is granted. To be eligible for the tax abatement, properties must be deemed “deteriorating” (“a commercial, industrial, retail or other non-residential business property… that has fallen into a state of degeneration, decline or disrepair…”) and be in one of the Township’s five commercial districts – Glenside, Elkins Park East, Elkins Park West, East Cheltenham Avenue and Cheltenham Village. Cheltenham Township School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax 0.5%, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government. Grants can provide an opportunity to supplement school funding without raising local taxes. Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the District. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless", "that has fallen into a state of degeneration, decline or disrepair…”) and be in one of the Township’s five commercial districts – Glenside, Elkins Park East, Elkins Park West, East Cheltenham Avenue and Cheltenham Village. Cheltenham Township School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax 0.5%, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government. Grants can provide an opportunity to supplement school funding without raising local taxes. Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the District. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the level of the individual’s personal wealth. The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools. For the 2013-14 school year, the Cheltenham Township School District received a 3.7% increase or $4,333,766 in Pennsylvania Basic Education Funding. This is $156,432 more than its 2012-13 state BEF to the District. Additionally, Cheltenham Township School District received $114,171 in Accountability Block Grant funding to focus on academic achievement and level funding for special education services. Among the public school districts in Montgomery County, Perkiomen Valley School District received the highest percentage increase in BEF at 4.9%. The District has the option of applying for several other state and federal grants to increase revenues. The Commonwealth’s budget increased Basic Education Funding statewide by $123 million to over $5.5 billion. Most of Pennsylvania’s 500 public school districts received an increase of Basic Education Funding in a range of 0.9% to 4%. Eight public school districts received exceptionally high funding increases of 10% to 16%. The highest increase in state funding was awarded to Austin Area School District which received a 22.5% increase in Basic Education Funding. The state funded the PSERS (Pennsylvania school employee pension fund) with $1,017,000,000 and Social Security payments for school employees of $495 million. For the 2012-13 school year, the Cheltenham Township School District received $4,177,334. The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 included $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which was an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget. In addition, the Commonwealth provided $100 million for the Accountability Block Grant (ABG) program. Cheltenham Township School District received $114,171 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The state also provided a $544.4 million payment for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS. This amount was a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation. Since taking office, Corbett’s first two budgets have restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year. In 2011-12, Cheltenham Township School District received a $4,177,334 allocation, of state Basic Education Funding. Additionally, CHeltenham Township School District received $114,171 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget included $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation. This amount was a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011. The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District of Allegheny County, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12. In 2010, the district reported that 882 students received free or reduced price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. In the 2010-11 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a minimum 2% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $4,346,099 to Cheltenham Township School District. Among the districts in Montgomery County, the highest increase went to Perkiomen Valley School District which got a 9.13% increase. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. The highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County, which received a 23.65% increase in state funding. Fifteen (15) Pennsylvania public school districts received a BEF increase of greater than 10%. The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even when enrollment had significantly declined. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward Rendell and then Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. This was the second year of Governor Rendell’s policy to fund some public school districts at a far greater rate than others. In the 2009-10 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 2% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $4,260,881 to Cheltenham Township. Among the districts in Montgomery County, the highest increase went to Norristown Area School District which got a 13.10%. Ninety (90) Pennsylvania public school districts received the base 2% increase. Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received a 22.31% increase in state basic education funding in 2009. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward G. Rendell and the Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal. In 2008-09, Cheltenham Township School District received $4,177,333.95 in Basic Education Funding form the state. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 338 district students received free or reduced- price lunches due to low family income in the 2007–2008 school year. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania spent $7,824 Per Pupil in the year 2000. This amount increased up to $12,085 by the year 2008. Cheltenham Township School District The Cheltenham Township School District is a public school district serving Cheltenham Township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania. The District encompasses approximately . According to 2000 federal census data, it served a resident population of 36,875. By 2010, the District's population declined to 36,000 people. In 2009, the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Snow road A snow road is a type of winter road, which is a road that is used or trafficable only in the winter. Snow roads make up some or all of the on-land segments of a winter road. The snow is either compacted in place or, when there is not enough of it, is hauled from elsewhere, then compacted. The snow may be processed, for instance, by agitation to reduce the size of the particles before compaction. Additional snow is also used to help protect the vegetation and as a means of improving trafficability. This snow, sometimes referred to as 'snow pavement', can be compacted to various level, depending on requirements and available equipment – a higher compaction will accommodate heavier vehicles and higher tire pressures. To increase the road's load capacity and its resistance to wear, water can be added onto the snow surface, resulting in a denser pavement and the formation of an ice cap. Ultimately, with a sufficient amount of flooding, an ice layer of significant thickness can be built, for a higher quality road in terms of effectiveness and load bearing capacity. Ice aggregate, typically collected from a nearby frozen lake, is also used on uneven terrain - it is flooded and allowed to freeze. Snow road A snow road is a type of winter road, which is a road that is used or trafficable only in the winter. Snow roads make up some or all of the on-land segments of a winter road. The snow is either compacted in place or, when there is not enough of it, is hauled from elsewhere, then compacted. The snow may be processed, for instance, by agitation to reduce the size of the particles before compaction. Additional snow is also used to help protect the vegetation and as" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election The third legislative assembly election to the Madras state (presently Tamil Nadu) was held on 21 February 1962. The Indian National Congress party, led by K. Kamaraj, won the election. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam made significant in-roads in the election and emerged as the second party for the first time by winning 50 seats. Two member constituencies were abolished in 1961 by the \"Two-Member Constituencies(Abolition) Act, 1961\". 38 two member constituencies were abolished and an equal number of single member constituencies were established and reserved for Scheduled Caste and Scheulde Tribe candidates. The total number of constituencies remained at 206. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was emerging as a major challenger to Indian National Congress party in Tamil Nadu. However, its popularity was limited to the urban areas surrounding Madras and North and South Arcot districts. It had lacked a major support base in rural central and southern Tamil Nadu, a strong base of the Congress party. It won three city elections of the five largest cities, Madras, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Salem and Coimbatore in Madras state in alliance with the Communist Party of India in 1959 capitalising on its powerful urban base. While trying to clarify DMK's position on \"Northern domination\", Annadurai said his party only meant that the existing Central Government was holding extraordinary powers over the States and his party only seeks to change this by \"amendment of the Constitution through Constitutional methods'. Infuriated by the softening of DMK's position, E. V. K. Sampath condemned what he called Annadurai's \"dictatorship\". Indian National Congress contested the election alone. Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported Congress headed by K. Kamaraj. He said I am old. I may not live long. After I am gone, Kamaraj will safeguard the interest of the Tamils. He is my heir. Ultimately it is Kamaraj who counts-not others, candidates or even voters who are anyway unfit to judge what is right and good for them! Take my word, vote Congress and you will be well. If you dont, the ingenious Rajaji riding the DMK horse will trample you all without mercy. Kamaraj fully made use of the popularity of E. V. Ramaswamy and identified himself with Tamil Nationalist aspirations. On February 1962, he introduced a bill Changing the name of Madras to Tamil Nadu for communications within the state and advocated to establish Madurai as the capital city of Madras. As the 1962 election approached, the two wings of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam further polarised over the issue of electoral alliance. E. V. K. Sampath favoured alliance with Communist Party of India and Annadurai favoured alliance with the newly formed C. Rajagopalachari's Swatantra Party. Rajaji, the Chief Minister of Madras State between 1952 and 1954 had been a declared enemy of DMK and now he sought alliance with DMK. He said that the Congress party is more communal than parties which are openly communal. In 1961, Sampath left DMK to form his own party Tamil Nationalist Party with an objective and goal to establish an \"autonomous Tamil State\". Annadurai's idea to include Swatantra Party in the electoral alliance was not totally welcome in the DMK party and despite Rajaji's opposition DMK aligned with the Communist Party of India. It also formed coalition with Muthuramalinga Thevar's Forward Bloc and Mohammad Ismail's Muslim League. M. G. Ramachandran actively campaigned for Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. S. S. Rajendran, one of the popular actors contested and won from Theni Constituency. Shivaji Ganesan extended his support to Tamil Nationalist Party though he also warned artists to keep away from politics. Congress party made a movie \"Vakkurimai\" by popular film actors which was played all across Tamil Nadu. Source: Election Commission of India Kamaraj's council of ministers during his third tenure as Chief Minister(3 March 1962 - 2 October 1963) 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election The third legislative assembly election to the Madras state (presently Tamil Nadu) was held on 21 February 1962. The Indian National Congress party, led by K. Kamaraj, won the election. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam made significant in-roads in the election and emerged as the second party for the first time by winning 50 seats. Two member constituencies were abolished in 1961 by the \"Two-Member Constituencies(Abolition) Act, 1961\". 38" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Matteo Bassi Matteo Serafini (Matteo da Bascio) (b. in 1495, at Molino di Bascio, Diocese of Montefeltro, in the Duchy of Urbino; d. at Venice in 1552) was the co-founder and first Superior-General of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, the principal branch of the Franciscans issued from the Reform of the Observance. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the Franciscans were divided into the two distinct families of Conventuals and Observants. The difference between the two families was their adhesion to the primitive ideal of Franciscan poverty and simplicity; the Conventuals accepted revenues by papal dispensation; the Observants refused fixed revenues and lived by casual alms. At least such was the principle; but in practice the Observants had come themselves to relax the principle under various legal devices. Thus, though they would not accept money themselves, they allowed secular individuals to accept money for their use; they accepted chaplaincies to which were affixed regular stipends. To those who looked to the primitive custom of the order, such acceptances seemed inappropriate. Hence it was that the Observants, after breaking away from the Conventuals, themselves gave rise to various reforms which aimed at a more perfect return to the primitive type. Matteo Serafini was born in 1495, at Molino di Bascio in the Duchy of Urbino. At the age of seventeen he entered the Order of the Observants at Montefiorentino. According to one tradition, the friar had been attending a funeral and was returning to his convent, when he met a beggar by the wayside barely clad. Moved with compassion, Father Matteo gave the beggar part of his own clothing. Shortly afterwards the friar was in prayer when he heard a voice, which three times admonished him, saying \"Observe the Rule to the letter\". He sought a more austere life away from the call of possessions, position, and wealthy benefactors to spend a life as a hermit, and went about bare-foot. His superiors tried to suppress these innovations. It is said that Pope Leo X had given him permission to institute a reform amongst the Observants; but if so Father Matteo did not avail himself of the permission, perhaps because of the death of that pontiff. Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by the Camaldolese monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or cappuccio) worn by that Order — which was the mark of a hermit in that region of Italy — and the practice of wearing a beard. The popular name of their Order originates from this feature of their religious habit. The aspiration to observe the rule to the letter was the one compelling motive of the reform, and that the taking of the habit with the long pointed hood was the symbol of this aspiration. In 1525 he was a priest and missionary, being a member of the Reformed Province of Ancona. That was a year of Jubilee, so he went to Rome and while there obtained from Pope Clement VII leave to wear the Capuchin habit and to live in strictest poverty, and also the permission to live as a hermit and to go about everywhere preaching to the poor. These permissions were not only for himself, but for all such as might join him in the attempt to restore the most literal observance possible of St Francis’s rule. Matteo was soon joined by others. The Observants opposed the movement, but the Conventuals supported it, and so Matteo and his companions were formed into a congregation, called the Hermit Friars Minor, as a branch of the Conventual Franciscans, but with a vicar of their own, subject to the jurisdiction of the general of the Conventuals. On the 3rd of July, 1528, the pope issue the Bull \"Religionis zelus\", by which the new Reform was canonically approved and placed under the nominal jurisdiction of the Conventuals. The name \"Capuchin\", at first given by the people to the new Franciscan friars, was afterwards officially adopted. In April, 1529, the new order held its first chapter at Albacina, where Matteo was elected vicar-general by acclamation. A code of constitutions which was to serve as a basis to the Reform was elaborated. But the founder did not hold his charge very long. After visiting his brethren, wishing to resume his apostolic career, and perhaps feeling powerless against the difficulties which menaced his disciples, he resigned his office. Thenceforward he took no part in the government of the order. About 1537, he returned to the obedience of the Observants, through fear of incurring some ecclesiastical censure. As it was, these last had obtained, at different times, Bulls or Decrees against the new Reform. Matteo preached through the whole of Italy and part of Germany. He died at Venice, in the midst of his labours, and was buried in the Church of the Observants of that city in the presence of a vast concourse of people attracted by his reputation as a saint. The following eulogy by Arthur du Monstier is read in the \"Franciscan Martyrologium\" (3 August: \"There died at Venice, Blessed Matthew, confessor, founder of the congregation of Capuchins. His continual fastings, vigils and prayer, his most high poverty and ardent zeal for souls, lastly his extraordinary holiness and the gift of miracles made his memory glorious\". He is buried in the church of San Francesco della Vigna in Venice. Matteo Bassi Matteo Serafini (Matteo da Bascio) (b. in 1495, at Molino di Bascio, Diocese of Montefeltro, in the Duchy of Urbino; d. at Venice in 1552) was the co-founder and first Superior-General of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, the principal branch of the Franciscans issued from the Reform of the Observance. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the Franciscans were divided into the two distinct families of Conventuals and Observants. The difference between the two families was their adhesion to the primitive" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Robert Hirsch (actor) Robert Hirsch (26 July 1925 – 16 November 2017) was a French actor. He was a \"sociétaire\" of the Comédie-Française since 1952. In 1990, he won César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in \"Hiver 54, l'abbé Pierre\". His other film appearances included \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and in 2006/07 he appeared in \"Le gardien\" (a French adaptation of Harold Pinter's \"The Caretaker\") at Théâtre de l'Oeuvre then Théâtre de Paris. In April 2011, he asked Florian Zeller to write a part specially for him. The result was Le Père which had its first performance in Le Théâtre Hébertot, Paris, in September 2012. Hirsch played the central character, André, at the age of 87. Robert Hirsch (actor) Robert Hirsch (26 July 1925 – 16 November 2017) was a French actor. He was a \"sociétaire\" of the Comédie-Française since 1952. In 1990, he won César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in \"Hiver 54, l'abbé Pierre\". His other film appearances included \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and in 2006/07 he appeared in \"Le gardien\" (a French adaptation of Harold Pinter's \"The Caretaker\") at Théâtre de l'Oeuvre then" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Clavister <br>Clavister is a Swedish company specialized in network security solutions, listed on NASDAQ First North. According to a report from 451 Research, the Edward Snowden NSA leaks and consequent loss of trust with US-based products has helped with the international expansion of Clavister. Clavister has a global presence with customers such as the Japanese NTT-BP and the German Marbach Group. Also, the traffic of all 3.000 Regus business centers in more than 100 countries are protected by Clavister solutions. Clavister has partnerships with for example the Japanese Canon-ITS, and in the area of virtualized network security with Nokia Networks and Artesyn. Clavister has recently acquired the authentication solutions company PhenixID. Comparison of firewalls Clavister <br>Clavister is a Swedish company specialized in network security solutions, listed on NASDAQ First North. According to a report from 451 Research, the Edward Snowden NSA leaks and consequent loss of trust with US-based products has helped with the international expansion of Clavister. Clavister has a global presence with customers such as the Japanese NTT-BP and the German Marbach Group. Also, the traffic of all 3.000 Regus business centers in more than 100 countries are protected by Clavister solutions. Clavister has partnerships with for example" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Construction Careers Academy Construction Careers Academy is a magnet school in the Northside Independent School District of San Antonio, Texas, United States. Founded in 2009, the school is a \"school within a school\" sharing the campus of Earl Warren High School with an academic focus on construction related skills. The mission of CCA “is to provide an advanced and rigorous curriculum with a focus on construction technology, construction management, architectural design, applied engineering and real-world experience that will prepare students for studies in higher education and/or a career in a construction-related industry.\" Students accepted to the Academy can choose from one of nine majors to include architecture and design, engineering, construction management, electrical, HVAC, plumbing, pipefitting, welding and carpentry. CCA offers a wide variety of opportunities for students. Whether a student plans to attend a four-year university, get a two-year associate degree, or enter the workforce after high school, CCA will provide them the skills necessary to achieve their goals. Students attending CCA can expect to receive a “top flight” education from one of the most prestigious academies in the state of Texas. Students will have the opportunity to obtain industry recognized certifications, participate in internships and practicums, earn college credit, and gain valuable skills that are certain to prepare them for the national and global job market. Students who choose to attend CCA are guaranteed a challenging, rigorous, and enjoyable education experience. Graduates earn a high school diploma they can be proud of, and become alumni of one of the most-recognized schools in Texas. Construction Careers Academy Construction Careers Academy is a magnet school in the Northside Independent School District of San Antonio, Texas, United States. Founded in 2009, the school is a \"school within a school\" sharing the campus of Earl Warren High School with an academic focus" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Manchester Mummy Hannah Beswick (1688 – February 1758), of Birchin Bower, Hollinwood, Oldham, Lancashire, was a wealthy woman who had a pathological fear of premature burial. Following her death in 1758 her body was embalmed and kept above ground, to be periodically checked for signs of life. The method of embalming was not recorded, but it probably involved replacing the blood with a mixture of turpentine and vermilion. The body was then put in an old clock case and stored in the house of Beswick's family physician, Dr Charles White. Beswick's apparently eccentric will made her a local celebrity, and visitors were allowed to view her at White's house. Beswick's mummified body was eventually bequeathed to the Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society, where she was put on display and acquired the soubriquet of the Manchester Mummy, or the Mummy of Birchin Bower. The museum's collection was later transferred to Manchester University, when it was decided, with the permission of the Bishop of Manchester, that Beswick should finally be buried. The ceremony took place at Harpurhey Cemetery on 22 July 1868, more than 110 years after her death; the grave is unmarked. The mid-18th century saw an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive, and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet, or even into the rectum. Writing in 1895, the physician J. C. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,700 people were buried prematurely each year in England and Wales, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 800. Hannah Beswick was born in 1688, the daughter of John and Patience Beswick, of Cheetwood Old Hall, Manchester, she inherited considerable wealth from her father who died in 1706. Some years before her own death, one of Hannah's brothers, John, had shown signs of life just as his coffin lid had been about to be closed. A mourner noticed that John's eyelids appeared to be flickering, and on examination the family physician, Dr Charles White, confirmed that he was still alive. John regained consciousness a few days later, and lived for many more years. Jessie Dobson, Recorder of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, has said that there appear to be many \"inaccuracies and contradictions\" in accounts of the events following Beswick's death in 1758. Many suggest that she left £25,000 (equivalent to about £ as of 2019) to White, a pioneer of obstetrics and one of the founders of the Manchester Royal Infirmary, on the condition that her body was kept above ground, and that periodically she was to be checked for signs of life. Beswick's will however, dated 25 July 1757 (less than a year before her death), states only that White was to receive £100 (£ as of 2019), and that £400 (£ as of 2019) was to be allocated for funeral expenses. Some accounts have suggested that White was an executor of Beswick's will and that he received the £400 himself, from which he was permitted to keep any surplus after the funeral expenses had been paid. Having Beswick embalmed therefore allowed him to keep the whole amount. Alternatively it has been suggested that White was considerably in debt to Beswick, a debt that would have to be repaid after the funeral, which was avoided by her embalming, but Beswick's will names Mary Graeme and Esther Robinson as her executors, not White. In 1866, more than 100 years after her death, the details of Beswick's will were still being disputed. There is no mention in Beswick's 1757 will of her desire to be embalmed. It has been suggested that White had been asked to keep Beswick above ground only until it became obvious that she was actually dead, but that he was unable to resist the temptation to add a mummy to his collection of \"wet and dry\" exhibits, and so made the decision to embalm her. White had developed a particular interest in anatomy while studying medicine in London and was building up a collection of \"curiosities\", which by the time of his death included the skeleton of Thomas Higgins, a highwayman and sheep-stealer hanged for burglary, as well as Hannah Beswick's mummy. The method of embalming used by White is unrecorded, but in 1748 he had studied under the anatomist William Hunter, who had developed an early system of arterial embalming, therefore it is likely that White used the same method. The veins and arteries would have been injected with a mixture of turpentine and vermilion, after which the organs would have been removed from the chest and abdomen and placed in water, to clean them and to reduce their bulk. As much blood as possible would then have been squeezed out of the corpse, and the whole body washed with alcohol. The next stage would have been to replace the organs and to repeat the injection of turpentine and vermilion. The body cavities would then have been filled with a mixture of camphor, nitre and resin, before the body was sewn up and all openings filled with camphor. After a final washing, the body would have been packed into a box containing plaster of Paris, to absorb any moisture, and then probably coated with tar, to preserve it. Beswick's mummified body was initially kept at Ancoats Hall, the home of another Beswick family member, but it was soon moved to a room in Dr White's home in Sale, Manchester, where it was stored in an old clock case. Beswick's apparently eccentric will made her a celebrity; the author Thomas de Quincey was one of those who went to view her at White's house. Following White's death in 1813, Beswick's body was bequeathed to a Dr Ollier, on whose death in 1828 it was donated to the Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society, where she became known as the Manchester Mummy, or the Mummy of Birchin Bower. She was displayed in the museum's entrance hall, next to a Peruvian and an Egyptian mummy, and her relatives were allowed free access to visit her as they wished. She was described by a visitor in 1844 as \"one of the most remarkable objects in the museum\". The \"cold dark shadow of her mummy hung over Manchester in the middle of the eighteenth century\", according to writer Edith Sitwell. There are no pictures of Hannah Beswick. One of the few contemporary accounts of her is provided by Philip Wentworth, a local historian: Shortly after the museum's transfer to Manchester University in 1867 it was decided that as Beswick was \"irrevocably and unmistakably dead\", the time had come for her to be buried. But since 1837 UK law had required that a medical examiner issue a certificate of death before a burial could take place; as Beswick had died in 1758 an appeal had to be made to the Secretary of State, who issued an order for her burial. With the permission of the Bishop of Manchester, Hannah Beswick was interred in an unmarked grave in Harpurhey Cemetery on 22 July 1868, more than 110 years after her death. Bonnie Prince Charlie entered Manchester at the head of his invading army in 1745, causing Beswick some apprehension over the safety of her money, which she therefore decided to bury. Shortly before her death she promised to show her relatives where the treasure was hidden, but she did not survive long enough to do so. Her home, Birchin Bower, was converted into workers' tenements following her death. Several of those living there claimed to have seen a figure dressed in a black silk gown and a white cap, and described it as Hannah Beswick. After gliding across the house's parlour, the apparition would vanish at one particular flagstone. It is claimed that while digging to fit a new loom, a weaver living there discovered Beswick's hoard of gold, hidden underneath that same flagstone. Oliphant's, a Manchester gold dealer, paid the weaver £3 10s for each gold piece, the equivalent of almost £ in 2019. Birchin Bower was eventually demolished to make way for a", "to bury. Shortly before her death she promised to show her relatives where the treasure was hidden, but she did not survive long enough to do so. Her home, Birchin Bower, was converted into workers' tenements following her death. Several of those living there claimed to have seen a figure dressed in a black silk gown and a white cap, and described it as Hannah Beswick. After gliding across the house's parlour, the apparition would vanish at one particular flagstone. It is claimed that while digging to fit a new loom, a weaver living there discovered Beswick's hoard of gold, hidden underneath that same flagstone. Oliphant's, a Manchester gold dealer, paid the weaver £3 10s for each gold piece, the equivalent of almost £ in 2019. Birchin Bower was eventually demolished to make way for a Ferranti factory, but sightings of the apparition were still reported. When Beswick's family home, Cheetwood Old Hall was demolished in 1890 to make way for a brickyard, contractors discovered a double coffin buried underneath the drawing room, the mystery of the burial was never solved but at the time it was thought to be connected to the Beswick family and Dr White who had resided at the hall after Hannah Beswick removed to Oldham. Manchester Mummy Hannah Beswick (1688 – February 1758), of Birchin Bower, Hollinwood, Oldham, Lancashire, was a wealthy woman who had a pathological fear of premature burial. Following her death in 1758 her body was embalmed and kept above ground, to be periodically checked for signs of life. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pitney Pitney is a village and parish in Somerset, England, located east of Langport and west of Somerton in the South Somerset district. In 2011, the village had a population of 374. Pitney is home to St John the Baptist Church, the Pitney Farm Shop, and the \"Halfway House\", selected as England's Pub of the Year in 1996 by CAMRA (Campaign for Real Ale). The name means \"Pytta's place\" from Pytta the Saxon, however there is evidence of much earlier occupation from a Bronze Age sword dating from 200 BC found on Pitney Moor. It was recorded in the Domesday book as \"Petenie\" supporting the alternative meaning of 'the traversing stream' from the Old English \"pæþþan\" and \"ea\". Several significant archaeological finds have been made at Pitney, including the remains of a Roman villa (roof tiles, pottery, and mosaic) uncovered in the 19th century, and the Pitney brooch, a Saxon cast bronze openwork brooch, modelled after a late Viking design and now in the British Museum. The medieval manors originated in grants made to Richard Rivel (of Curry Rivel) from the Royal manor of Somerton between 1190 and 1003. The parish was part of the Pitney Hundred. Pitney Warne manor was granted to the Compton family in 1610 and split up and sold by their descendant the Duke of Devonshire in 1919. The lesser manor of Pitney Lortie was held by the Pyne family; the manor house may be the building now known as The Old Court, which has its origins prior to the 16th century. The 1848 publication, \"A Topographical Dictionary of England\", describes Pitney as an agricultural village of 465 people and writes of the Roman villa: At this place has been discovered perhaps the most perfect pavement of an ancient villa yet found in England; the ruins cover about an acre and a half of ground, and the remains of the mosaics show the former splendour of the buildings. In the principal apartment are four pavements of great beauty, with nine figures in good preservation, and four well-drawn busts; in another room is the figure of a youth striking a serpent. The late Sir Richard C. Hoare, who had the subjects illustrated by engravings, supposes, from the English costume of the chief figures, that the villa belonged to the lord of the manor, and was not raised till after the departure of the Romans. The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council. The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Langport Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning. It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament which elects seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. Pitney's church is dedicated to St John the Baptist. The west tower and south doorway to the nave date to the 14th century, with other parts from the 15th century. The chancel was restored in 1853, with additional restoration to the church in 1875. It was a daughter chapel to Huish Episcopi. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building. Pitney Pitney is a village and parish in Somerset, England, located east of Langport and west of Somerton in the South Somerset district. In 2011, the village had a population of 374. Pitney is home to St John the Baptist Church, the Pitney Farm Shop, and the \"Halfway House\", selected as England's Pub of the Year in 1996 by CAMRA (Campaign for Real Ale). The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mikhail Gromov (military) Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gromov (; 23 February 1899 – 22 January 1985) was a Russian and Soviet military aviator, test pilot and researcher, Hero of the Soviet Union. Upon graduation from the Moscow Central Aviation School in 1918 serves as a flight instructor and military pilot. Since 1925 started working as a test pilot testing the aeroplanes designed by Andrei Tupolev and Nikolai Polikarpov. Later became chief-pilot of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. On 25 April 1927 made the first Soviet parachute jump out of a Polikarpov I-1 under testing that had entered an unrecoverable spin. In June-September 1925 flew the Polikarpov R-1 in the long-haul group flight of nine aeroplanes on the route Moscow-Beijing-Tokyo. On 30 August 1926 started and completed in 3 days a European promotional flight in a Tupolev ANT-3 on the route Moscow-Königsberg-Berlin-Paris-Rome-Vienna-Prague-Warsaw-Moscow. On 12–14 July 1937 together with A. B. Yumashev and S. A. Danilin established a new non-stop flight distance record of from Moscow to San Jacinto, US, via the North Pole in a Tupolev ANT-25. Became the first director of the Flight Research Institute, a flight research and testing centre in Zhukovsky. The name of M. M. Gromov was awarded to the institute in 1991 to celebrate 50th anniversary of the institute. In late 1940th initiated the establishment of the Fedotov Test Pilot School. The Gromov Medal was established in March 2011 by the Gromov Flight Research Institute as a highest corporate award in memory of the founder of the institute. Mikhail Gromov (military) Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gromov (; 23 February 1899 – 22 January 1985) was a Russian and Soviet military aviator, test pilot and researcher, Hero of the Soviet Union. Upon graduation from the Moscow Central Aviation School in 1918 serves as a flight instructor and military pilot. Since 1925 started" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bahasa Melayu the standardised form of the Malay language, is the national language of Singapore and one of its official languages. It is written in a Roman script known as Rumi. It is the home language of 13% of the Singaporean population. Malay is also the ceremonial national language and used in the national anthem of Singapore, in citations for Singapore orders and decorations and military foot drill commands, mottos of several organizations, and is the variety taught in Singapore's language education system. Historically Malay was written in the Jawi script, based on Arabic. Under the British and Dutch Malay began to be written in Rumi. Efforts to create a standardised spelling for Malaya and Singapore emerged in 1904 by colonial officer Richard Wilkinson. In 1910 the Malay of the Riau Islands was chosen by the Dutch van Ophuijsen as the dialect for his book \"Malay Grammar\", intended for Dutch officials, standardising Rumi usage in Dutch territories. In 1933 grammarian Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad made further changes to Rumi as used in Malaya and Singapore. Many Chinese immigrants who spoke Malay were supporters of British rule, and purposely used Rumi when writing newspapers or translating Chinese literature. Printing presses used by colonial officials and Christian missionaries further spread Rumi, while Jawi was mostly written by hand. The transition to Rumi changed the Malay language due to the influence of English grammar. In 1972 Malaysia and Indonesia reached an agreement to standardise Rumi Malay spelling. Singaporean Malays still learn some Jawi as children alongside Rumi, and Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean Identity Cards. \n Apart from Tamil, some of the other Indian languages spoken by minorities in Singapore include Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindi, and Gujarati. \n Chinese clan associations play a role in maintaining the non-standard Chinese varieties. In the past, they provided support to migrant Chinese, based on the province they originated. Today, they provide a place for people who speak the same variety to gather and interact. For example, the Hokkien Huay Kuan holds classes for performing arts, calligraphy, and Hokkien Chinese. They also organize the biennial Hokkien Festival, which aims to promote Hokkien customs and culture. With such efforts, perhaps non-standard Chinese varieties in Singapore will be better equipped to resist erosion. \n Tamil is one of the official languages of Singapore and written Tamil uses the Tamil script. According to the population census of 2010, 9.2% of the Singaporean population were Indians, with approximately 76.7% who spoke Tamil most frequently as their home language. It is a drop from 2000, where Tamil-speaking homes comprised 82.9% . On the other hand, the percentage of Singaporean Indians speaking languages other than Tamil, categorised under \"others\", have increased from 9.7% in 2005 to 13.6% in 2010. Meanwhile, the percentage of the total population speaking Tamil at home as remained steady, or has even slightly risen over the years, to just above 4% , due to immigration from India and Sri Lanka. \n Language plays an important role in Singapore's politics. Even until today, it is important for politicians in Singapore to be able to speak fluent English along with their Mother Tongue (including different varieties of Chinese) in order to reach out to the multilingual community in Singapore. This is evident in Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's annual National Day Rally speech, which is communicated through the use of English, Malay and Mandarin. \n Traditional Chinese characters were used in Singapore until 1969, when the Ministry of Education promulgated the Table of Simplified Characters (simplified Chinese:简体字表; traditional Chinese:簡體字表; pinyin:jiăntǐzìbiǎo), which while similar to the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme of the People's Republic of China had 40 differences. In 1974 a new Table was published, and this second table was revised in 1976 to remove all differences between simplified Chinese characters in Singapore and China. Although simplified characters are currently used in official documents, the government does not ban the use of traditional characters. Hence, traditional characters are still used in signs, advertisements and Chinese calligraphy, while books in both character sets are available in Singapore. \n Singapore English is regarded as the main language in Singapore, and is officially the main language of instruction in all school subjects except for Mother Tongue lessons in Singapore's education system. It is also the common language of the administration, and is promoted as an important language for international business. Spelling in Singapore largely follows British conventions, owing to the country's status as a former Crown Colony. English is the country's default lingua franca despite the fact that four languages have official status. \n Despite government efforts to promote Mandarin through the Speak Mandarin Campaign, the propagation of Mandarin and Chinese culture amongst Chinese Singaporeans continues to be a challenge because Mandarin faces stiff competition from the strong presence of English. However, this situation is not only limited to Mandarin, but also Malay and Tamil, where rising statistics show that English is progressively taking over as home language of Singaporeans. \n Language most frequently spoken at home (% ) Language \| 1990 \| 2000 \| \| 2015 \n---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nEnglish \| 18.8 \| 23.0 \| 32.3 \| 36.9 \nMandarin \| 23.7 \| 35.0 \| 35.6 \| 34.9 \nChinese Dialects \| \| 23.8 \| 14.3 \| 12.2 \nMalay \| 14.3 \| 14.1 \| 12.2 \| 10.7 \nTamil \| 2.9 \| 3.2 \| 3.3 \| 3.3 \nOthers \| \| 0.9 \| 2.3 \| 2.0 \n Despite this, Singlish is still widely spoken across the island and viewed by most Singaporeans as a trait that identifies them as uniquely Singaporean. \n With the influx of foreigners, the population of non-English speaking foreigners in Singapore offers new challenges to the concept of language proficiency in the country. Foreigners in Singapore constitute 36% of the population and they dominate 50% of Singapore's service sectors. Thus, it is not uncommon to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English, especially those who do not use English regularly. In response to this situation, the Straits Times reported that from July 2010, foreigners working in service sectors would have to pass an English test before they can obtain their work permits. \n This prompted a reply from Mr Chee Hong Tat, the Principal Private Secretary of Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew. In a letter to the editor in the Straits Times Forum, he underlined the importance of English and Mandarin over other Chinese varieties and how using these varieties \"interferes with the learning of Mandarin and English\"; a statement that Mr Lee Kuan Yew later corroborated in a speech at the 30th anniversary of the Speak Mandarin Campaign. Referring to the progress of Singapore's bilingual education policy over the decades, Mr Chee Hong Tat also commented that \"it would be stupid for any Singapore agency or NTU to advocate the learning of dialects, which must be at the expense of English and Mandarin.\" \n In 2007, in a bid to enhance the linguistic experience of students, the Ministry of Education strongly encouraged schools to offer Conversational Malay and Chinese to those who do not take either of these languages as their Mother Tongue. By providing the schools with the resources needed to implement the programme, the Ministry of Education has succeeded in significantly increasing the number of participating schools. More importantly, the programme was also well received by students.", "In 2007, in a bid to enhance the linguistic experience of students, the Ministry of Education strongly encouraged schools to offer Conversational Malay and Chinese to those who do not take either of these languages as their Mother Tongue. By providing the schools with the resources needed to implement the programme, the Ministry of Education has succeeded in significantly increasing the number of participating schools. More importantly, the programme was also well received by students. \n The multi-ethnic background of Singapore's society can be seen in its linguistic landscape. While English dominates as the working language of Singapore, the city does not possess a monolingual linguistic landscape. These can be seen from the variety of signs strewn around the city. Signs are colour-coded and categorised by their respective functions:for example, signs which are pointing to attractions are brown with white words, while road signs and street names are green with white words. Some of the most evident signs of multilingualism in Singapore's linguistic landscape include danger/warning signs at construction sites, as well as road signs for tourist attractions. By observing the variation in languages used in the different contexts, we are able to obtain information on the ethnolinguistic vitality of the country. \n Language most frequently spoken at home among Chinese resident population aged 5 and over \n--- \nHome language \| 1990 \| 2000 \| \| 1990 (% ) \| 2000 (% ) \| 2010 (% ) \| 2015 (% ) \nTotal \| 1,884,000 \| 2,236,100 \| 2,527,562 \| 100.0 \| 100.0 \| 100.0 \| 100.0 \nEnglish \| 363,400 \| 533,900 \| 824,616 \| 19.3 \| 23.9 \| 32.6 \| 37.4 \nMandarin \| 566,200 \| 1,008,500 \| 1,206,556 \| 30.1 \| 45.1 \| 47.7 \| 46.1 \nOther Chinese varieties \| 948,100 \| 685,800 \| 485,765 \| 50.3 \| 30.7 \| 19.2 \| 16.1 \nOthers \| 6,400 \| 7,900 \| 10,625 \| 0.3 \| 0.4 \| 0.4 \| 0.4 \n While \"Mother Tongue\" generally refers to the first language (L1) elsewhere, it is used to denote the \"ethnic language\" or the second language (L2) in Singapore. Prior to 1 January 2011, the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Singapore defined \"Mother Tongue\" not as the home language or the first language acquired by the student but by his/her father's ethnicity. For example, a child born to a Tamil-speaking Indian father and Hokkien-speaking Chinese mother would automatically be assigned to take Tamil as the Mother Tongue language. \n The majority of Singapore's tourist attractions provide information through English in the Roman script. In many cases, the entrances of the attraction is written in English (usually with no other accompanying languages) while the distinctive brown road signs seen along streets and expressways which direct tourists come in up to four or five languages, with English as the largest and most prominent language on the sign. \n In a 2012 pilot program, SMRT trains began announcements of station names in both English and Mandarin Chinese so as to help Mandarin Chinese-speaking senior citizens cope better with the sudden increase in new stations. However, this received mixed reactions from the public. Some people pointed out that there were senior citizens who did not speak Mandarin, while others complained of feeling alienated. In reaction to this, SMRT claimed that the announcements were only recorded in English and Mandarin because the Malay and Tamil names of stations sounded very similar to the English names. \n Some examples of the different ways in which popular tourist attractions in Singapore display ethnolinguistic diversity can be seen at tourist attractions such as Lau Pa Sat, where the words \"Lau Pa Sat\" on the directory boards consist of the Mandarin Chinese word lau for \"old\" (老; lăo) and from the Hokkien words pa sat for \"market\" (巴刹; bā sha), written in roman script. The entrance sign of the attraction also includes a non-literal translation in English below its traditional name (Festival Market). It is also called the Telok Ayer Market, a name which makes reference to the location of the attraction and does not have anything to do with its cultural name. \n In 2013, a group of Tamil speakers petitioned the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore to include Tamil instead of Japanese on all the signs in the Singapore Changi Airport. Even though only 5% of the Singapore population speaks Tamil, they argued that since Tamil is one of the four official languages of Singapore, it should be used to reflect Singapore's multi-racial background. \n Since 2000, Singapore's government appears to have relaxed its stance towards Chinese varieties. In 2002, clan associations such as Hainanese Association of Singapore (Kheng Chiu Hwee Kuan) and Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan started classes to teach other Chinese varieties. This was in response to an increased desire among Singaporeans to reconnect with their Chinese heritage and culture through learning other Chinese varieties. In 2007, a group of 140 students from Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' Primary School learnt Hokkien and Cantonese as an effort to communicate better with the elderly. The elderly themselves taught the students the varieties. The programme was organised in the hope of bridging the generational gap that was formed due to the suppression of these dialects in Singapore. \n In 1979, the government heavily promoted Mandarin through its Speak Mandarin campaign. The then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew stated that Mandarin was chosen to unify the Chinese community with a single language. With the rising prominence of Mandarin in Singapore at that time, politicians such as Lee theorized that it might overtake English, despite strong evidence to the contrary. From the 1990s, with the perceived increase in commerce and trade possibilities with Mainland China, the Singaporean government promoted Mandarin as a language with high economic advantage and value. Today, Mandarin is generally seen as a way to maintain a link to Chinese culture. \n During the 2003 SARS epidemic, the government relied heavily on the media to emphasise the importance of personal hygiene, and also to educate the general public on the symptoms of SARS, in which a Singlish rap video featuring Gurmit Singh as Phua Chu Kang was used as the main medium. Similarly in 2014, the Pioneer Generation Package (for senior citizens above 65 years of age in 2014 who obtained Singapore citizenship on or before 31 December 1986) made use of Chinese varieties commonly spoken in Singapore such as Hokkien, Cantonese and Teochew, and also Singlish in order to make the policies more relatable, and at the same time raise awareness about the benefits that this new scheme provides for them. These allowances of different language varieties is an exception to the four official languages. This exception is seen for campaigns that are deemed as highly important, and include the elderly, or those who are not as proficient in the English language as the target audience. \n Chinese varieties (classified as dialects by the Singapore government), with the exception of Mandarin, have been in steep decline since the independence of Singapore in 1965. This is in part due to the Speak Mandarin Campaign that was launched in 1979. As part of the campaign, all programmes on TV and radio using non-standard varieties were stopped. Speeches in Hokkien by the prime minister were discontinued to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people. By the late 1980s, Mandarin managed to some extent, to replace these varieties as the preferred language for communication in public places, such as restaurants and public transport.", "Chinese varieties (classified as dialects by the Singapore government), with the exception of Mandarin, have been in steep decline since the independence of Singapore in 1965. This is in part due to the Speak Mandarin Campaign that was launched in 1979. As part of the campaign, all programmes on TV and radio using non-standard varieties were stopped. Speeches in Hokkien by the prime minister were discontinued to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people. By the late 1980s, Mandarin managed to some extent, to replace these varieties as the preferred language for communication in public places, such as restaurants and public transport. \n Furthermore, the switch to English as the only medium of instruction in schools aided in bridging the social distance between the various groups of ethnic language speakers in the country. Between the early 1960s to the late 1970s, the number of students registering for primarily English-medium schools leapt from 50% to 90% , as more parents elected to send their children to English-medium schools. Attendance in Mandarin, Malay and Tamil-medium schools consequently dropped and schools began to close down. The Chinese-medium Nanyang University also made the switch to English as the medium of instruction despite meeting resistance, especially from the Chinese community. \n Other Chinese varieties also have a presence in Singapore. Amongst them, Hokkien (Min Nan) and Cantonese used to be an unofficial language of business until the 1980s. Hokkien (Min Nan) or Cantonese are also used as a lingua franca among Chinese Singaporeans, and also among Malays and Indians to communicate with the Chinese majority. As of 2012, according to demographic figures, the five main Chinese linguistic groups in Singapore are Hokkien (Min Nan) (41.1%), Teochew (21.0%), Cantonese (15.4%), Hakka (7.9%) and Hainanese (6.7%), while Fuzhou dialect (Hokchia, Hokchew), Pu-Xian Min (HengHua), and Shanghainese have smaller speaker bases. However, in this present day, the two most commonly Chinese varieties spoken today are Hokkien (Min Nan) being the dominant dialect and Cantonese being second. Teochew is being replaced by Min Nan, while other Chinese varieties are increasingly less commonly heard nowadays. \n According to the Constitution of Singapore, the four official languages of Singapore are English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil while the symbolic national language is Malay. The three languages other than English were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time:Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese-medium schools; Malay was deemed the \"most obvious choice\" for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being \"the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore\". In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city. Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders, and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire. \n Kristang is a creole spoken by Portuguese Eurasians in Singapore and Malaysia. It developed when Portuguese colonizers incorporated borrowings from Malay, Chinese, Indian and Arab languages. When the British took over Singapore, Kristang declined as the Portuguese Eurasians learned English instead. Today, it is largely spoken by the elderly. \n Out of the eight general hospitals overseen by Singapore's Ministry of Health, only Singapore General Hospital has signages in the four official languages. Along Hospital Drive (where Singapore General Hospital is located) and various national medical centres, road directories are entirely in English. Within the hospital itself, signs for individual blocks, wards, Accident and Emergency department, Specialist Outpatient Clinics, National Heart Centre and National Cancer Centre have signs written in the four official languages. The English titles are still expressed with the largest font first, followed by Malay, Chinese and Tamil in smaller but equally-sized fonts, which is in accordance with order given by Singapore's constitution. Surprisingly, the Health Promotion Board, National Eye and Dental Centres, which are also in the same region, have English signs only. All of the other seven public hospitals have their \"Accident and Emergency\" sign in English only, with some highlighted in a red background. \n While the above examples show how the different languages are used on signs within Singapore, there is scant data on the motivations behind these variations seen, as exemplified by the advisory for \"No Alcohol\" sales in Little India, which showcased a rare variation from the usage of the four main languages that are commonly seen on most advisory signs. Similarly, the Ministry of Health, in a response to a feedback requesting all hospitals to have four languages on its entrances, has claimed that usage of pictorial signages was better in conveying messages, as opposed to using all four languages. Due to problems in the research methodology and lack of governmental statutes that explain these variations, the study on the linguistics landscape in Singapore remain as a controversial field. These problems include non-linearity, where the large numbers of variations seen in Singapore prevents the application of any trends to understand the landscape; and also the lack of any standard legislation that determines any fixed rules on usage of languages on signs. \n Messages and campaigns that have a very specific target audience and purpose are usually printed in the language of intended readers. For example, the \"No Alcohol\" signs put up along Little India after the Little India Riots are notably printed in only Tamil and English as a reflection of the racial demographics in the region. \n In 2014, there were reports of erroneous translations on road signs of popular tourist attractions such as Lau Pa Sat and Gardens by the Bay made by the Singapore Tourism Board, mostly involving English to Tamil translations. According to The Straits Times, rectifications are underway to ensure that the translations are now correct. \n Singapore has a bilingual education policy, where all students in government schools are taught English as their first language. Students in Primary and Secondary schools also learn a second language called their \"Mother Tongue\" by the Ministry of Education, where they are either taught Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil. English is the main language of instruction for most subjects, while Mother Tongue is used in Mother Tongue lessons and moral education classes. This is because Singapore's \"bilingualism\" policy of teaching and learning English and Mother Tongue in primary and secondary schools is viewed as a \"cultural ballast\" to safeguard Asian cultural identities and values against Western influence. \n There has been a continuous debate between the general Singaporean population and the Government with regard to the status of Singlish in local domains. While the government fears that the prevalence of Singlish would affect Singapore's overall image as a world class financial and business hub, most Singaporeans on the other hand have chosen to embrace Singlish as an identity marker and as a language of solidarity. In an attempt to eradicate the usage of Singlish, the government then began the Speak Good English Movement, encouraging people to use Standard Singaporean English in all contexts instead. Despite the success of the campaign, most Singaporeans surveyed still preferred the use of Singlish to communicate with fellow Singaporeans, and they also believed that they had the ability to code switch between Singlish and Standard Singaporean English, depending on the requirements of the particular situation.", "Almost all Singaporeans are bilingual since Singapore's bilingual language education policy promotes a dual-language learning system. Learning a second language has been compulsory in primary schools since 1960 and secondary schools since 1966. English is used as the main medium of instruction. On top of this, most children learn one of the three official languages (or, occasionally, another approved language) as a second language, according to their official registered ethnic group. Since 1 January 2011, if a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format, the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race. \n Prior to independence Singapore was a centre for Malay literature and Malay culture, however after independence its cultural role diminished. Singapore is an observer to the Language Council for Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia which works to standardise Malay spelling, however it has not applied to be a member. It nonetheless applies standardisations agreed to in this forum, and following the Malaysian standard when there are disagreements. \n The majority of Singaporeans are bilingual in English and one of the other three official languages. For instance, most Chinese Singaporeans can speak English and Mandarin. Some, especially the older generation, can speak Malay and additional Chinese varieties such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, and Hainanese. \n Under the British colonial government, English gained prestige as the language of administration, law and business in Singapore. As government administration increased, infrastructure and commerce developed, and access to education further catalysed the spread of English among Singaporeans. \n Hokkien (Min Nan) and Cantonese briefly emerged as a lingua franca among the Chinese, but by the late 20th century it had been eclipsed by Mandarin. The Government promotes Mandarin among Singaporean Chinese, since it views the language as a bridge between Singapore's diverse non-Mandarin speaking groups, and as a tool for forging a common Chinese cultural identity. China's economic rise in the 21st century has also encouraged a greater use of Mandarin. Other Chinese varieties such as Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka, Hainanese and Cantonese have been classified by the Government as \"dialects\", and language policies and changes in language attitudes based on this classification have led to a decrease in the number of speakers of these varieties. While Tamil is one of Singapore's official languages, other Indian languages are also frequently used. \n Standard Mandarin is generally spoken as the lingua franca among the Chinese community in Singapore. Simply known as Chinese, it is the designated mother tongue or' ethnic language' of Chinese Singaporeans, at the expense of the other Chinese varieties. \n Since 1 January 2011, Mother Tongue is defined solely by a person's official registered race. If a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format, the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race. \n The Lee Kuan Yew Fund for Bilingualism was set up on 28 November 2011. The Fund aims to promote bilingualism amongst young children in Singapore, is set up to supplement existing English and Mother Tongue language programmes in teaching and language learning. It is managed by a Board chaired by the Singapore's Minister of Education, Mr Heng Swee Keat and advised by an International Advisory Panel of Experts. \n The free-to-air channels in Singapore are run by MediaCorp and each channel is aired in one of the four official languages of Singapore. For example, Channel U and Channel 8 are Mandarin-medium channels, Channel 5, Okto and Channel News Asia are English-medium channels, Suria is a Malay-medium channel, and Vasantham is a predominantly Tamil-medium channel. However, these channels might also feature programmes in other languages. For example, apart from programmes in Mandarin, Channel U also broadcasts Korean television programmes at specific allotted times. \n Life in Singapore \n--- \n \n * Culture \n * Dance \n * Demographics \n * Driving \n * Economy \n * Education \n * Film \n * Holidays \n * Languages \n * Literature \n * Music \n * Politics \n * Religion \n * Singapore English \n * Sports \n * Transport \n * Conscription", "* * *", "The use of Chinese varieties other than Mandarin in Singapore media is restricted by the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA). The rationale given for the resistance towards nonstandard Chinese varieties was that their presence would hinder language learning of English and Mandarin. However, in order to cater to older Singaporeans who speak only non-standard Chinese varieties, videos, VCDs, DVDs, paid subscription radio services and paid TV channels are exempted from MICA's restrictions. Two free-to-air channels, Okto and Channel 8, are also allowed to show operas and arthouse movies with some non-standard variety content, respectively. \n English is the native language of 32% of Singaporeans, but has the largest number of speakers if statistics were to account for speakers of English as a second language. \n In the early years, the lingua franca of the island was Bazaar Malay (Melayu Pasar), a creole of Malay and Chinese, the language of trade in the Malay Archipelago. While it continues to be used among many on the island, especially Singaporean Malays, Malay has now been displaced by English. English became the lingua franca due to British rule of Singapore, and was made the main language upon Singaporean independence. Thus, English is the medium of instruction in schools, and is also the main language used in formal settings such as in government departments and the courts. \n There has been a steep increase in the use of the English language over the years. Singapore is currently the most proficient English-speaking country in Asia. Then Education Minister, Ng Eng Hen, noted a rising number of Singaporeans using English as their home language in December 2009. Of children enrolled in primary school in 2009, 60% of the Chinese and Indian pupils and 35% of the Malay pupils spoke predominantly English at home. \n Other varieties that are still spoken in Singapore include Bazaar Malay (Melayu Pasar), a Malay-lexified pidgin, which was once an interethnic lingua franca when Singapore was under British rule. Another is Baba Malay, a variety of Malay Creole influenced by Hokkien and Bazaar Malay and the mother tongue of the Peranakans, which is still spoken today by approximately 10,000 Peranakans in Singapore. Other Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, Buginese, Minangkabau, Batak, Sundanese, Boyanese (which is a dialect of Madurese) and Banjarese, are also spoken in Singapore, but their use has declined. Orang Seletar, the language of the Orang Seletar, the first people of Singapore and closely related to Malay is also spoken near the Johor Strait, between Singapore and the state of Johor, Malaysia. \n The impact of the bilingual policy differs amongst students from the various ethnic groups. For the Chinese, when the policy was first implemented, many students found themselves struggling with two foreign languages:English and Mandarin. Even though several different Chinese varieties were widely spoken at home, they were excluded from the classroom as it was felt that they would be an \"impediment to learning Chinese\". Today, although Mandarin is widely spoken, proficiency in second languages has declined. In response to these falling standards, several revisions have been made to the education system. These include the introduction of the Mother Tongue \"B\" syllabus and the now-defunct EM3 stream, in both of which Mother Tongue is taught at a level lower than the mainstream standard. In the case of Mandarin, Chinese students would study Chinese \"B\". \n In March 2009, a newspaper article was published in Singapore broadsheet daily The Straits Times on a Language and Diversity Symposium organised by the Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies at Nanyang Technological University. Dr Ng Bee Chin, Acting Head of the Division, was quoted in the article as saying, \"Although Singaporeans are still multilingual, 40 years ago, we were even more multilingual. Young children are not speaking some of these languages at all any more. All it takes is one generation for a language to die.\" \n Despite the fact that Malay is the national language of Singapore, government buildings are often indicated by signs in English and not Malay. Comparing the relative occurrences of English and Malay in building signs, the use of the working language is far more common in Singapore's linguistic landscape than that of the national language, which is limited to ceremonial purposes. This can also be seen on the entrance sign to most Ministries and government buildings, which are expressed only in English, the working language. \n Before the 1980s, it was common for politicians to broadcast their speech in Malay, English, Singaporean Hokkien, Singaporean Mandarin and other Chinese varieties. For instance, during the 1960s, Lee Kuan Yew learned and used Hokkien frequently in his political or rally speeches, as it was vital for him to secure votes in elections from the Hokkien-speaking community. Similarly, Lim Chin Siong, who was charismatic in the use of Hokkien, was able to secure opposition votes. Facing competition and difficulty in securing votes from the Chinese-educated, Lee Kuan Yew also had to learn Mandarin, in order to win the votes from the Mandarin-speaking community. \n The conversion and expression in Roman script of Mandarin and Hokkien into pīnyīn helps non-Mandarin and non-Hokkien speakers with the pronunciation of the name of a place whilst remaining in tandem with the use of English and Roman script in Singapore. The repackaging of the original names of Lau Pa Sat in Roman script, and inclusion of the appearance of an English translation as a secondary title can be seen as a way of heightening the sense of authenticity and heritage of the attraction as it is marketed as a culturally-rich area in Singapore, similar to Chinatown and Little India; both of which were formerly cultural enclaves of the distinctive races. Similarly in places that bear cultural significance, the signs are printed in the language associated with the culture, such as The Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall which has an entirely Chinese sign without any translations. \n Similar to Chinese opera, there are no language restrictions on entries for film festivals. In recent years, more local film makers have incorporated non-standard Chinese varieties into their films. For example, the local movie 881 revived the popularity of getai after it was released. Getai, which is mainly conducted in Hokkien and Teochew, became more popular with the younger generations since the release of the movie. On the effect triggered by the release of the movie 881, Professor Chua Beng Huat, Head of the Department of Sociology in the National University of Singapore (NUS), commented in the Straits Times that ``' ' putting Hokkien on the silver screen gives Hokkien a kind of rebellious effect. It's like the return of the repressed.\" The success of 881 is also reflected by album sales of 881 movie soundtrack, which became the first local film soundtrack to hit platinum in Singapore. In other instances, the movie Singapore Ga Ga, a tissue seller sings a Hokkien song while Perth features a Singaporean taxi driver using Hokkien and Cantonese. Local directors have commented that non-standard Chinese varieties are vital as there are some expressions which just can not be put across in Mandarin Chinese, and that the different Chinese varieties are an important part of Singapore that adds a sense of authenticity that locals will enjoy. \n Apart from the efforts to maintain local Chinese varieties, the Eurasian Association holds Kristang classes for people who are interested in learning Kristang. In this way, it hopes to preserve what it perceives to be a unique part of the Eurasian heritage in Singapore.", "Apart from the efforts to maintain local Chinese varieties, the Eurasian Association holds Kristang classes for people who are interested in learning Kristang. In this way, it hopes to preserve what it perceives to be a unique part of the Eurasian heritage in Singapore. \n Although the use of other Chinese varieties among the Singapore population has dwindled, they continue to be used in election rallies as of the 2011 parliamentary election. For instance, both Low Thia Khiang and Chan Chun Sing were noted for their usage of different Chinese varieties during election rallies. \n When Singapore gained self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, the local government decided to keep English as the main language to maximise economic benefits. Since English was rising as the global language for commerce, technology and science, promotion of its use in Singapore would expedite Singapore's development and integration into the global economy. \n The teaching of Mother Tongue (especially Mandarin) in schools has encountered challenges due to more Singaporeans speaking and using English at home. The declining standards and command of Mandarin amongst younger generations of Chinese Singaporeans continue to be of concern to the older generations of Chinese Singaporeans, as they perceive it to be an erosion of Chinese culture and heritage. This concern has led to the establishment the Singapore Centre for Chinese Language (SCCL) by the government on November 2009. The SCCL's stated purpose is to enhance the effectiveness of teaching Mandarin as a second language in a bilingual environment as well as to meet the learning needs of students from non-Mandarin speaking homes. \n Most recently, Singlish came into the limelight when Republic of Singapore Air Force pilots supposedly used the language to much effect to prevent their American counterparts from intercepting their communications during the 2014 Red Flag exercise, resulting in a boost in support for the usefulness of Singlish among Singaporean netizens. \n The preservation of local varieties in Singapore has been of increasing concern in Singapore since the 2000s, especially among the younger generation of Chinese youths. This sudden revival of other varieties can mainly be attributed to a feeling of disconnection between the younger and the elder generations, as well as a sense of loss of identity from their own linguistic roots for many others. While more work has to be put in to revive these varieties, the recent 2014 Singapore Teochew Festival held in Ngee Ann City can be regarded as a positive sign that more people are becoming more actively involved in reconnecting with their linguistic roots. \n \| This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---\|---\n Singlish is an English-based creole language with its own consistent rules and phonology widely used in Singapore. However, usage of this language is discouraged by the local government, which favours Standard English. \n Most of the foreign embassies in Singapore are able to use their own national or working languages as a representation of their respective embassies in Singapore, as long as their language can be expressed in the script of any of Singapore's official languages. For example, embassies representing non-English speaking countries such as the French Embassy are allowed to use their own languages because the language can be expressed in Roman script, thus explaining why the French embassy uses its French name. However, for the case of the Royal Thai Embassy, English was chosen to represent it in Singapore because the Thai script is not recognized as a script in any of Singapore's official languages, even though English is less widely used in Thailand than standard Thai. \n In contrast to the language policy for Mandarin and Malay, Indian students are given a wider variety of Indian languages to choose from. For example, Indian students speaking Dravidian languages study Tamil as a Mother Tongue. However, schools with low numbers of Tamil students might not provide Tamil language classes. As a result, students from such schools will attend Tamil language classes at the Umar Pulavar Tamil Language Centre (UPTLC). On the other hand, Indian students who speak non-Dravidian languages can choose from Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati and Urdu. However, as with Tamil, only certain schools offer these non-Dravidian languages. Thus, students will attend their respective language classes at designated language centres, held by the Board for the Teaching and Testing of South Asian Languages (BTTSAL). \n Likewise, third-year students from Dunman High can now take a module called \"Pop Song Culture\". This module lets them learn about pop culture in different dialect groups through pop songs from the 70s and 80s performed in different varieties. Besides this, students can also take an elective on different flavours and food cultures from various dialect groups. \n The Malay-speaking community also faced similar problems after the implementation of the policy. In Singapore, Malay, not its non-standard dialects, is valued as a mean for transmitting familial and religious values. For instance, ' Madrasahs' , or religious schools, mosques and religious classes all employ the Malay language. However, Malay in turn is facing competition from the increased popularity of English. \n According to the population census, Mandarin and other varieties of Chinese are the most common languages spoken at home. They are used by 51% of the population. The table below shows the change in distribution of Mandarin and other Chinese varieties, as well as English, as home languages of the resident Chinese population of Singapore in 1990, 2000 and 2010. It can be observed that the percentage of the population which speaks English and Mandarin has increased, while the percentage of those who speak other Chinese varieties has collapsed and is now limited mainly to the elderly. More recently, English appears to be starting to displace Mandarin as well. \n Some notable exceptions include the brown directional road signs for the Merlion Park which are written not only in the four national languages, but also in Japanese. Although many variations exist, this arrangement is widely applied to most places of interest as well as places of worship, such as the Burmese Buddhist Temple which has signs in Burmese and some mosques in Singapore which also have their names printed in the Jawi script even though the Malay language was standardized with the Roman alphabet in Singapore. \n Indian languages besides Tamil are managed slightly differently from the Chinese varieties. Even though only Tamil has official language status, there have been no attempts to discourage the use or spread of other Indian languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, Telugu, and Urdu. For one, movies in these languages are shown in some local cinemas, such as Rex and Screens of Bombay Talkies. Furthermore, the local Indian TV channel Vasantham has also allocated specific programme timeslots to cater to the variety of Indian language speakers in Singapore.", "Indian languages besides Tamil are managed slightly differently from the Chinese varieties. Even though only Tamil has official language status, there have been no attempts to discourage the use or spread of other Indian languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, Telugu, and Urdu. For one, movies in these languages are shown in some local cinemas, such as Rex and Screens of Bombay Talkies. Furthermore, the local Indian TV channel Vasantham has also allocated specific programme timeslots to cater to the variety of Indian language speakers in Singapore. \n The use of Chinese varieties is not controlled tightly in traditional arts, such as Chinese opera. As such, they have managed to survive, and even flourish in these areas. In Singapore, various types of Chinese opera include Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese and Cantonese. In the past, this diversity encouraged the translation between varieties for scripts of popular stories. After the implementation of the bilingual policy and Speak Mandarin Campaign, Mandarin subtitles were introduced to help the audience understand the performances. Today, as usage of English rises, some opera troupes not only provide English subtitles but also English translations of their works. For these English-Chinese operas, subtitles may be provided in either Mandarin, other Chinese varieties, or both. In this way, Chinese opera will be able to reach out to a wider audience despite being variety-specific. \n The government (in this case the Media Development Authority) does not support using Singlish in television and radio advertising." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Church of the Holy Trinity, Pikeliai The Church of the Holy Trinity (, Samogitian: \"Švt. Trejībės bažninčė\") is a Roman Catholic church in Pikeliai, Lithuania. It is located close to Lithuania-Latvia border. Pikeliai' church is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Mažeikiai District Municipality. The first church was built prior to 1625 but according to sources, the church that was located in Pikeliai was destroyed in 1625 by a Protestant Melchioras Bilevičius who took the remains of the church to his manor in Griežė. However, the church was quickly rebuilt because it was mentioned in written sources again already in 1636. Current wooden church was built in 1752 and consecrated by Bishop of Samogitia Antoni Dominik Tyszkiewicz () on 26 April 1761. It was renovated in 1880. During the Second World War, in 1944, the church suffered great losses because its tower was destroyed and its wooden belfry was burned. Currently the church is a filial of Mažeikiai parish of St. Francis of Assisi. The church is rectangle, without towers, with low ceiling and tall roof. There are 7 altars that reflect the styles of baroque and local vernacular architecture. The church has three naves and a three-wall apse, seven ornate and colorful altars. The high altar was created c. 1752, the altar of St. Michael c. 1785. The plasticity of the wooden altars imitates stone architecture. The interior architecture of the church was determined by those who supported the construction of it, i.e. Sapieha, Gadonas, Stirpeika families, treasurer of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Mykolas Važinskis. According to Dalius Stancikas, they were the ones whose support allowed to synchronize the unique Samogitian carving together with the European level works making this church one of the most beautiful wooden churches in Lithuania. Church of the Holy Trinity, Pikeliai The Church of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ed Levy Edward Clarence Levy (October 28, 1916 – October 27, 2008), born Edward Clarence Whitner, was a left fielder/first baseman in Major League Baseball who played between and for the Philadelphia Phillies (1940) and New York Yankees (, 1944). Listed at 6' 5.5\", 190 lb., he batted and threw right-handed. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, Levy was one of many major leaguers who saw his baseball career interrupted by World War II: he served in the US Coast Guard. He played parts of three seasons: he appeared in just one game in 1940 for the Philadelphia Phillies and subsequently joined the New York Yankees for two brief stints in April 1942 and April through June, 1944. He appeared in the opening day starting lineup both years. He posted a .215 batting average (42–for–195) with four home runs and 32 RBI in 54 games played, including 17 runs, 11 doubles, two triples, and two stolen bases. As a fielder, he appeared in 36 games at left field and 13 on first base. In June 1944, he was traded to a minor league team, the American Association's Milwaukee Brewers and he never returned to the majors. Ed Levy Edward Clarence Levy" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window is the second and last staged play by playwright Lorraine Hansberry, author of \"A Raisin in the Sun\". The play is a story about a man named Sidney, his pitfalls within his personal life, and struggles in Bohemian culture. The play premiered October 15, 1964 and received mixed reviews. It encompasses themes of race, suicide, homosexuality, and also focuses on individual characters learning to cope with life. Lorraine Hansberry, the author of \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\", had several works produced prior to this piece. Hansberry used to write for a paper as an author before deciding to write her first play. Before becoming a playwright, she actively wrote for groups promoting African-American rights. She published a piece produced by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, advocating for the well being of African Americans. Hansberry's personal past, values, and involvement with ideological movements heavily influenced thematic elements in her plays. Her first piece as a playwright, \"A Raisin in the Sun\", drew attention to her as not only an author but as playwright. This piece received several awards and was the first Broadway production written by an African-American woman. After this play, Lorraine continued to write, leading to the production of her next play, \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\". \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\" opened on Broadway at the Longacre Theatre on October 15, 1964, and was directed by Peter Kass. Jack Blackman designed scenery, Jules Fisher designed lighting, and Fred Voelpel designed costumes. The original Broadway cast featured Gabriel Dell as Sidney Brustein, Rita Moreno as Iris Parodus Brustein, Ben Aliza as Alton Scales, Frank Schofield as Wally O'Hara, Dolph Sweet as Max, Alice Ghostley as Mavis Parodus Bryson, John Alderman as David Ragin, Cynthia O'Neal as Gloria Parodus, and Joseph Elic as the policeman. Ten days after opening night, it was announced that the play was in jeopardy of closing. On November 30, 1964, actor and playwright Ossie Davis made an appeal for funds following a matinee performance, which raised only $5,000. In 2016 the play was performed in the author's hometown at the Goodman Theatre to a positive critical response. \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\" depicts Sidney, an intellectual writer and his wife, Iris, who are in a difficult marriage. Sidney struggles through life in New York City's Greenwich Village neighborhood as an unsuccessful artist. His ideals cause him to avoid politics and its corruption while facing a painful home life. Iris is a struggling actress who, during the course of the play, leaves her antagonistic husband to enter the television scene. Both Sidney and Iris attack each other's self-confidence through extensive dialogue, despite their affection for each other. Alton Scales is an African-American activist and Sidney's friend who falls in love with Iris's beautiful sister Gloria, a supposed international model. He is able to persuade Sidney to support the candidacy of Wally O’Hara despite Sidney's initial refusal to incorporate politics into his newly established artistic newspaper. Wally is a local reform politician who is appalled by the extensive drug use in Greenwich Village and the surrounding area. Sidney agrees to support him but later learns of O’Hara’s corruption; afterwards Sidney harbors significant hatred for the reform politician. Gloria's idealistic image is shattered when Alton learns that she is a prostitute and not an international model as she and her sister Iris had insisted. Wrought with anguish at the idea of his beloved being used as a commodity, and tying it to the same ideology used to justify the African slave trade (to which he traces his roots), Alton leaves Gloria. In an act of desperation and shame, she commits suicide. Attributing Gloria's suicide to the campaigning slogans of Wally, Sidney develops a position in opposition to the politician. This creates problems that reconcile Sidney and Iris. The play ends with a scene of Sidney and Iris in a devastated embrace at the loss of Gloria. Iris indicates with her last lines of the play that she wants to come home. Sidney makes a silent agreement that they will figure everything out. Despite the constant dark bickering that the two had throughout the play, it closes while the two are interlocked as the sun rises. The play is presented in various ways through its acts: Act I consists of dialogue, Act II consists of multiple monologues tying together Acts I and Act II, while Act III ends tragically, concluding the play. Howard Taubman wrote in \"The New York Times\" following the opening performance of \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\" that the play \"lacks concision and cohesion\" and that \"one remembers isolated passages rather than the work as a whole.\" \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\" was first on stage in the 1960s, a time of great social reform in America. Carl and Nanie Hansberry, Lorraine Hansberry's parents, were leaders in the Civil Rights Movement, and her parents' values affected her writing. One prominent social movement in \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\" is the non-conformist or bohemian movement. The play revolves around Sidney Brustein and his non-conformist lifestyle. The setting is Sidney's apartment in Greenwich Village. Hansberry describes this area as \"bohemia.\" A place where people relish living an unglamorous and nontraditional life. Sidney's apartment parallels the bohemian atmosphere in Greenwich Village. The apartment differs from contemporary homes because it has an endearing \"carelessness.\" Sidney's style even goes against social norms, rather than the \"toggle-coated, woven, mustardy, corduroy appearance\". Sidney dresses without concern for what others think. Iris's sister, Mavis Parodus, is a source of contempt for Sidney because she is \"the Mother of MiddleClass itself\" and her prejudices. The interaction between Mavis and Sidney in Act 1, Scene 2 show Sidney's contempt for Mavis, and her African-American prejudice and Anti-Semitism. When Mavis leaves Sidney's apartment, she makes comments on how the bohemian culture isn't as enlightened as they believe. It isn't until Sidney experiences a change in understanding that he sees Mavis's true colors and realize that she also has the qualities of \"awareness, sensitivity, integrity, and, above all, the capacity for growth.\" Sidney also develops a better understanding for Mavis in their last Aspects of \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\" can be seen as Hansberry's reaction to a popular movement in theatre, Theater of the Absurd. Theatre of the Absurd was a form of drama which mixed clarity with absurdity, profundity with ridiculousness. It was understood to reflect the lack of coherence in most people's lives, and the endless search for meaning in a life with no purpose, no certainty, no god, and no absolute values. Hansberry's play juxtaposes an absurd character, David Ragin, and the socially concerned Sidney Brustein. The arguments of the two display Hansberry's critique of searching for meaning; instead, she argues through Sidney Brustein, one should search for how to live. The humanist in Sidney reflects Hansberry's commitment to social values and human rights. The underground press was a movement during the 1960s that gave rise to independent, bohemian newspapers. These papers were easily accessible to amateurs because newspaper production became cost-effective after photo-offset printing. One popular underground publication in America was \"The Rag\" in Austin, TX, which was part of the Underground Press Syndicate. The paper claimed its mission was to \"experiment with new forms of news media or expanding the old forms.\" In the play, Harvey Wyatt \"unloads\" a small, community paper on Sidney, which is representative of the underground press movement. Sidney cites that he wants the paper to be a part", "through Sidney Brustein, one should search for how to live. The humanist in Sidney reflects Hansberry's commitment to social values and human rights. The underground press was a movement during the 1960s that gave rise to independent, bohemian newspapers. These papers were easily accessible to amateurs because newspaper production became cost-effective after photo-offset printing. One popular underground publication in America was \"The Rag\" in Austin, TX, which was part of the Underground Press Syndicate. The paper claimed its mission was to \"experiment with new forms of news media or expanding the old forms.\" In the play, Harvey Wyatt \"unloads\" a small, community paper on Sidney, which is representative of the underground press movement. Sidney cites that he wants the paper to be a part of the Greenwich Village culture. The amateur, counter-culture quality this paper is reflected in the \"artistic\" approach Max takes when designing the layout for the paper. In Act 1 scene 2, Alton and Max disagree about the nameplate, which Max puts in a small font at the bottom of the page. Margaret Wilkerson, an acclaimed African-American historian and playwright, criticized the play because it was not about the \"black experience.\" Sidney Brustein, a white, Jewish male, is the main character. Hansberry's only African-American character is Alton. Sidney has deep connection with his Judaism, and with that connection comes an understanding of oppression, which connects him with the oppressed African Americans of that time period. This connection is represented in Sidney's feelings for Alton. Hansberry also connects Sidney with the Gay rights movement in the 1960s through David, a gay playwright. Sidney has disputes with David, but he offers support and advice for David's troubles. Sidney's opinion on dealing with prejudices are \"aggressive,\" and they mimic Hansberry's opinions on dealing with prejudice. \"The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window\" reflects many cultural disputes of the time one of which is women's struggle for equality. The women in the play struggle to be recognized in a male-dominated world. Iris Brustein, the wife of the title character, is chastised by Sidney for her costly acting classes while he constantly makes equally flippant monetary decisions without consulting her. She finally takes her own stand by leaving him. Iris's sister Gloria commits suicide after her fiance rejects her when he finds out she is a prostitute, a label she cannot escape. Iris's other sister Mavis represents the theme of social stigmas. She chastises Gloria's prostitution and black fiance, and does not see how anyone has a different mindset than her own. Another theme in the play is the frailty of the human race. The characters all have personal flaws. Gloria cannot face the challenge of coming to terms with her life choices while Alton fails to look past her flaws. Iris and Sidney are unable to see what they have until tragedy strikes. Throughout the play these intrinsic flaws represent the imperfection of people. The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window is the second and last staged play by playwright Lorraine Hansberry, author of \"A Raisin in the Sun\". The play is a story about a man named Sidney, his pitfalls within his personal life, and struggles in Bohemian culture. The play premiered October 15, 1964 and received mixed reviews. It encompasses themes of race, suicide, homosexuality, and also focuses on individual characters learning to cope with life. Lorraine Hansberry," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stac Fada Member The Stac Fada Member is a distinctive layer towards the top of the Mesoproterozoic Bay of Stoer Formation, part of the Torridonian Supergroup. This rock unit is generally 10 to 15 metres thick and is made of sandstone that contains accretionary lapilli and many dark green glassy fragments of mafic composition. Evidence for a bolide impact near Ullapool or Lairg has been published and refined in studies in 2008 and 2015. It is prospectively among the twenty largest impact craters on Earth, is 40 km across, and dates from 1.2 billion years ago. Evidence for a bolide impact close to Ullapool was published by a combined team of scientists from the University of Oxford and the University of Aberdeen, in March 2008. Additional evidence for an impact origin for the deposit comes from the identification of the mineral Reidite as lamellae in Zircon grains, indicating pressures of at least 30 GPa. The evidence is centred on Ullapool, a harbour town on Loch Broom in the Ross and Cromarty district of the Highland council area of northwest Scotland. It may have been the largest known bolide impact ever to strike what are now the British Isles. The impact, which has been dated to about 1.18 Ga, melted rock at the site and left parallel shock fractures in quartz and biotite and a tell-tale trace of iridium. Centered on the impact crater, a wide ejecta field has been traced, some 50 km across, forming the Stac Fada Member within the Stoer Group of the Torridonian. The affected layer of rock, which on land stretches from Gairloch in the south to Stoer in the north is six to 22 metres thick. Before 2008, this anomalous unit was unsatisfactorily credited to an isolated instance of volcanism. The crater, preserved under sedimentary layers of sandstone, is currently presumed to either lie to the west under the Minch, the waterway that separates the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides from the north-west Highlands of Scotland, or to be the cause of the Lairg Gravity Low, beneath the Moine Thrust Belt to the east. It has been estimated that the crater is about 10 km across. The impact would have created a blast with the force of 145,000 megatons and that the shock wave would have created winds of 420 km/h as far away as the site of modern Aberdeen. Stac Fada Member" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Electricity Authority of Cambodia The Electricity Authority of Cambodia \"(EAC, )\" is an autonomous government agency responsible for managing and administering the provision of electric power in Cambodia. In conjunction with the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy, which is responsible for creating and operating the electrical power infrastructure, the role of the EAC involves both producers and consumers of electricity. On the supply side, the EAC licenses electric power suppliers, manages the systems of tariffs and fees, and in general regulates the economic environment of power production. On the consumer side, the EAC is responsible for managing consumer activities including managing complicated customer contracts for major industrial and government customers, resolution of tariff-related disputes and the issuance of warnings and penalties. The Authority is governed by a four-person board; the current chairman is H.E. Dr. Ty Norin. The EAC is located in Phnom Penh. The EAC issues five types of licenses to producers of electricity: Electricity Authority of Cambodia The Electricity Authority of Cambodia \"(EAC, )\" is an autonomous government agency responsible for managing and administering the provision of electric power in Cambodia. In conjunction with the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy, which is responsible for creating and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2017–18 Liga Bolasepak Rakyat The 2017–18 Liga Bolasepak Rakyat is the third season of the Liga Bolasepak Rakyat since its establishment in 2015. The league is currently the fourth level football league in Malaysia. There are 100 clubs participating in this season. Clubs from Johor did not participated in this season league. Currently there are a total of 100 clubs out of more than 150 possible districts in the country participated in the \"Liga Bolasepak Rakyat\" for 2017–18 season. For current season, all clubs from Johor has been excluded from the league as the league schedules conflicted with the Johor Darul Ta’zim League. The clubs were divided into 8 zones according to regional location. Clubs listed in Bold are new to the league. Clubs listed in Bold are new to the league. Kelantan League There are 15 clubs competing in North Zone this season. There are 12 clubs competing in West Zone this season. There are 30 clubs competing in Middle Zone 1 & 2 this season. There are nine clubs competing in South Zone this season. There are 17 clubs competing in East Zone this season. There are 12 clubs competing in Borneo Zone 1 this season. There are 9 clubs competing in Borneo Zone 2 this season. Below are the list of clubs which participated in last season but did not participated in current season. Below are the list of stadium for clubs in the league. Each zone will provide two groups winners for national round where if the zone have more than two groups, each group winners will compete in play-off round and the top two will qualified for their zone. Clubs that qualified from each group will compete with other groups within their zone and only two best clubs from each zone will proceed to next national round. Zone with only two group will not compete in play-off and both group winners will automatically qualified to the next round. After the play-off round is over, there will be only 16 clubs left from 8 zones total. 2017–18 Liga Bolasepak Rakyat The 2017–18 Liga Bolasepak Rakyat is the third season of the Liga Bolasepak Rakyat since its establishment in 2015. The league is currently the fourth level football league in Malaysia. There are 100 clubs participating in this season. Clubs from Johor did not participated in this season league. Currently there are a total of 100 clubs" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Sudden Storm The Sudden Storm is the last episode of the third series of the period drama \"Upstairs, Downstairs\". It first aired on 19 January 1974 on ITV. Rose the lady's maid awakens Georgina, who raves about the wonderful ball she attended the previous evening. Downstairs, Ruby is reading a newspaper account of the ball to Edward. Edward then explains that Mr. Lyons, a shopkeeper, will be joining them for lunch, and whispers that Lyons has taken a fancy to Mrs. Bridges. Upstairs, Rose and Daisy are cleaning Georgina's room. Daisy talks about how lovely going to balls must be, but Rose berates her for being too fanciful, and warns her that she better hide her affair with Edward or risk losing her job. In the morning room, James, Richard, and Hazel have coffee. James, in a typically grumpy mood, casually insists the way to solve the Irish Crisis is to \"blow up\" Belfast and Dublin, then stalks off to work. Hazel admits to Richard that she and James are not suited to each other, and says she will leave him whether he accepts a job offer in India or not. It is August 1914, and the servants are offered a day's holiday in Herne Bay in Kent. They enjoy a rare day out together, and Hudson goes so far as to offer a song on the vaudeville stage, but their enjoyment is curtailed by the announcement that Britain is about to go to war with Germany. Hudson sings \"Rule Britannia\" instead. Director Bill Bain won an Emmy Award in 1975 for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series for his work this episode. The Sudden Storm The Sudden Storm is the last episode of the third series of the period drama \"Upstairs, Downstairs\". It first aired on 19 January" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2008 Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup The 2008 Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup was the third Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup season. The season began at Hockenheim on 26 April and finished on 5 October at Spa, after sixteen races. Motopark Academy driver Valtteri Bottas won the NEC championship title, having won twelve races during the season, bringing the team their third successive drivers' championship title. His teammates António Félix da Costa and Tobias Hegewald, completed the top three, for the team's second consecutive championship title. \"Points are awarded only based on position. There are 2 races by rounds, each 25 minutes.\" † — Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance. 2008 Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup The 2008 Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup was the third Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup season. The season began at Hockenheim on 26 April and finished on 5 October at Spa, after sixteen races. Motopark Academy driver Valtteri Bottas won the NEC championship title, having won twelve races during the season, bringing the team their third successive drivers' championship title. His teammates António Félix da Costa" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Miercurea Ciuc Miercurea Ciuc (, ; , , ; ) is the county seat of Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, a mainly Hungarian-speaking ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is situated in the Olt River valley. The city administers three villages: According to the census of 2011, there were 37,980 people living in the city. Of this population, 81.39% are ethnic Hungarians, while 17.4% are ethnic Romanians, 0.9% are ethnic Romani and 0.33% declare other nationalities. According to the census of 2002, there were 42,029 people living in the city. Of this population, 81.75% are ethnic Hungarians, while 17.3% are ethnic Romanians, 0.62% are ethnic Romani and 0.33% declare other nationalities. \"Demographic movements according to census data:\" Roman Catholicism is the majority religion of Miercurea Ciuc, its adherents numbering 74.06% of the total population. Romanian Orthodox (14.99%), Hungarian Reformed (7.41%), and Unitarian (2.05%) adherents represent the most significant other religious groups. The remains of three Dacian fortifications were found in the Jigodin neighbourhood of Miercurea Ciuc; they belong to the Dacian culture of the 1st century. In the Middle Ages it was the capital of \"Csíkszék\" (Csik seat). Between 1876 and 1918, Csíkszereda was the seat of Csík County of the historical Szeklerland in the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, it became part of Kingdom of Romania, and was seat of the Ciuc County between 1927 and 1938. Miercurea Ciuc became part of Hungary again between 1940 and 1944 as a result of the Second Vienna Award. In 1944, the Soviet Red Army captured the town. It was returned to Romania in 1945, a move confirmed by the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947. Between 1952-1960, the town was part of the Magyar Autonomous Region, later named the Mureş-Magyar Autonomous Region between 1960-1968. In 1968, Miercurea Ciuc became the county seat of Harghita. In the post-World War II period, the town was industrialized; among other projects, a tractor factory, a textile factory and, in the 1960s, a beer factory were built here. The Ciuc Beer products have gained an increasing popularity in Romania. Miercurea Ciuc has a cool continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb - without a dry season, although summer is wetter than winter and with a cold summer). At an average temperature of , July is the hottest month of the year. January has the lowest average temperature of the year: . Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is . Miercurea Ciuc is one of the coldest cities in Romania, with temperatures plummeting towards much more often than anywhere in the country, sometimes as early as November. Snow falls as early as October and as late as April. In 2001 the Sapientia Transylvanian Hungarian University opened in the building of the former Harghita Hotel. The privately run institution is the first Hungarian university in modern Romania. Other cities in Transylvania also have Sapientia University faculties. Since the university opened, it has been attracting growing numbers of young people and intellectuals. The Early Music Festival takes place every year in July, from 1980 onwards, mainly in the court of the castle. From 2008 it joins a Summer Music University for early music. Its concerts, held by the most important ensembles for early music in Romania and by the most famous ensembles of Europe, are with free admission. Miercurea Ciuc is one of the coldest cities in Romania, with winter temperatures often going under , making the city ideal for winter sports. The Vákár Lajos Ice Hall annually hosts the national ice hockey championships, often won by the best-supported local team, HSC Csíkszereda. In 2006 the ice rink hosted the world junior championship in short track speed skating. The only long track speed skating oval in Romania is situated next to the indoor ice hockey rink. Petőfi Street is the main pedestrian street in the city. It houses numerous restaurants and cafés. Their Székely specialties conjure up images of a small city in Western Europe. Miercurea-Ciuc is home to the Baroque church at Şumuleu Ciuc and, in the city center, the Mikó Castle, built in a late Renaissance style. The original more decorative castle was raised in the 17th century on the orders of Ferenc Mikó Hídvégi, the personal advisor of Gabriel Bethlen, then prince of Transylvania. Much of the castle was destroyed in 1661 during the Tatar raids, but it was rebuilt at the beginning of the 18th century and was mainly used as a barracks; today it houses the Csík Székely Museum. Behind the castle is a small \"Skanzen\" (museum village), consisting of a few traditional Csíki houses and wooden gates. Across the road from the castle is the city hall built in 1886, originally the county hall of the old Hungarian Csík County. Beside the castle is the 1904 Courthouse. The latest significant addition to the architectural landscape is the controversial 2001 Millennium Church, designed by Hungarian architect Imre Makovecz and located next to the Baroque Church of the Holy Cross. There is a large Romanian Orthodox church (1929-1939) in the city center. The Orthodox Church has Neo-Byzantine characteristics. It was built in the former administrative center of Miercurea Ciuc, the Castle Square. A few kilometres to the east of the city centre is the Franciscan monastery of Şumuleu Ciuc, known in Hungarian as \"Csíksomlyó\". A wooden-sculpture figure of the Virgin Mary, known as the Weeping Mary, can be found in the monastery church, which is the destination of a traditional pilgrimage of Roman Catholic Székely held since 1567, called the \"Csíksomlyó Pilgrimage\" (Romanian: \"Pelerinajul de la Sumuleu\"; Hungarian: \"Csíksomlyói Búcsú\"). The event, held on the Saturday before Pentecost, attracts several hundred thousand people every year. The mass for the pilgrims is held on a meadow near the church. This traditional gathering is not only attended by Székely and Csángó Hungarians living in the region, but also by a great number of mostly Hungarian Catholics from other parts of Transylvania region, Hungary and all over the world. Beside its religious importance, the pilgrimage has also become a demonstration of the awareness and solidarity of Catholic Hungarian people living in and outside the historical region of Transylvania. The City Council has 19 members: Miercurea Ciuc is twinned with: Miercurea Ciuc Miercurea Ciuc (, ; , , ; ) is the county seat of Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, a mainly Hungarian-speaking ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is situated in the Olt River valley. The city administers three villages: According to the census of 2011, there were 37,980 people living in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Catholic and Royal Army The Catholic and Royal Armies () is the name given to the royalist armies in western France composed of insurgents during the war in the Vendée and the Chouannerie, who opposed the French revolution, hence they were counterrevolutionary by definition. They were also known as the \"Red Army\" on account of their emblem: the Sacred Heart. The Catholic and Royal Army of Vendée was composed of the three Vendéen armies although that of Lower Poitou joined only occasionally. During the year 1793, the Vendéen army was distinguished into sub-armies : the \"army of Charette\" in the Marais breton, the \"Catholic and Royal Army of Anjou and of Haut-Poitou\", and that of \"Bas-Poitou and Retz country\", south of the Loire. The Chouans of the north of the Loire who joined the Vendéens during the Virée de Galerne were named \"Catholic and Royal Army of Bas-Anjou and of Haute-Bretagne\". In reality, those armies were simply groups of fluctuating insurgents led by a chief who had authority over people following his beliefs. The only units with a quasi-permanent existence and organization are the \"compagnies de paroisse\" which grouped together members of the rural community who elected their captains. Although two-thirds of the insurgents were peasants, they only represented half of the men in these units, the rest being artisans and shopkeepers. The flaws of this army were its few health services and its lack of permanent fighters, even considering their reinforcements of republican deserters, \"gabelous\", Germans or Swiss. Their weaponry and provisions were also poor. The cavalry was only composed of noble chiefs, a few game wardens and peasants mounted on farm horses. The artillery was composed only of old culverin taken from castles and a few cannons taken from the republicans, making it impossible for the Catholic and Royal Army to oppose a strong Republican army on open field, or to break the fortifications of a town like at Granville. After the Battle of Savenay, the army was reconstructed on paper but its actual existence was insignificant; the insurrection became a chouannerie. The royalist insurgents who take the name of Vendéens, and that the Republicans named \"Brigands\", originated from four departments, southern Maine-et-Loire, northern Vendée, northern Deux-Sèvres, et southern Loire-Atlantique in the provinces of Poitou, Anjou and Brittany. The insurgent territory took the name of \"military Vendée\". The great majority of Vendéen insurgents were peasants, armed with scythes if they didn't have rifles, but there were also a great number of artisans, especially in the Mauges region of Anjou. The mobilisation in the insurgent territories was massive. In Chemillé, the age of the insurgents varied from 11 to 67 years old. The average age was 25 to 30 years old. A few women also fought among the Vendéens; the most famous one was Renée Bordereau. The \"army of Charette\" was known to have a few amazons in its ranks, including Céleste Bulkeley. It was only during the Virée de Galerne that the officers started adopting signs to distinguish themselves from the troops. The generals and officers of the counsel took white scarves worn at the belt with knots of different colors. La Rochejaquelein and Donnissan wore a black knot, Stofflet a red one, and Marigny a blue one. Officers of a lower rank started wearing a white scarf attached to their left arm. Priests who opposed the revolution didn't have a direct role in the war, a few held a seat in the royalist counsels and mainly took care of correspondences. Priests serving as officers or physically participating in combats was generally not well considered by Vendéens. A few regular troops were formed in the army of Vendée, where they served as elite troops. Charles de Bonchamps organized infantry and cavalry units whom he equipped with his own means. These troops were even given uniforms, grey for the infantry, green for the cavalry. Nonetheless, the Vendéens didn't like leaving their homes for too long, so after a few days of combat they would leave the army and go back to their villages. Hence the Vendéens were incapable of keeping conquered towns like Angers, Saumur, Thouars and Fontenay-le-Comte, which were progressively abandoned and retaken by the republicans without difficulty. To fix this disadvantage, regular troops were recruited among republican deserters and insurgents exterior to Vendée, especially Angevins from northern Maine-et-Loire and Bretons from the [Loire-Atlantique]. A few future Chouan officers served in this troops, including Georges Cadoudal, Pierre-Mathurin Mercier, Scépeaux, Jean Terrien, Joseph-Juste Coquereau and Louis Courtillé. Regular cen troops also included a high number of foreigners, including Russians, Germans and many Jews (according to republican Jacques Léonard Laplanche's writings). Among the foreign soldiers who joined the Vendéens are included the Germans of the La Marck regiment and of the Germanic Legion, as well as a battalion of 600 Swiss and Germans commanded by the baron of Keller, of which some were former Swiss Guards. Other leaders include: Jacques Nicolas Fleuriot de La Fleuriais and Charles Aimé de Royrand. From the Breton association of La Rouërie, this army was created by Joseph de Puisaye to unify the different chouans divisions. On 15 October 1794, Puisaye was named Lieutenant General of the \"army of Brittany\" by the Count Charles of Artois, future king Charles X of France. Following the failure of the Quiberon expedition in July 1795, Puisaye's commandment was questioned, and the army was broken into factions, especially with the \"army of Morbihan\" commanded by Cadoudal who didn't recognize the authority of the Lieutenant General. Other factions were the \"army of the Côtes du Nord\", and the \"army of Maine, Anjou and of Haute-Bretagne\". Puisaye was only recognized by the \"army of Rennes and Fougères\", although he still gathered support from the princes. Finally, Puisaye resigned in 1798. After René Augustin de Chalus commanded for a short while, then the Count of Artois chose Marigny to succeed him but he refused. The commandment went to Béhague who only stayed a few months in Brittany during the year 1798 and headed back to England. In the end, it was Georges Cadoudal, named Major General of Béhague, who led the command of the army. Dead in 1804, Cadoudal was named Marshal of France after his death. The Catholic and Royal Army of Normandy, sometimes simply named \"Royal Army of Normandy\" because it hosted a few protestants in its ranks, was an army of Chouans commanded by Louis de Frotté. In Normandy, its territory was limited to the Orne and southern Manche, and in Maine only a few zones in northern Mayenne. Catholic and Royal Army The Catholic and Royal Armies ()" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Orlin Vallecillo Orlin Jared Vallecillo Paguada (born July 1, 1983) is a Honduran football goalkeeper, who currently plays for Honduras Progreso in the Honduran second division. Vallecillo started his career at Marathón and played for Hispano and Real España. In December 2008 he moved to Real Juventud with whom he got relegated in May 2009 before returning to Hispano a month later and then Marathón ahead of the 2010 Clausura. He joined Victoria for the 2012 Clausura and Honduras Progreso for the 2013 Apertura. Vallecillo made his debut for Honduras in a March 2007 friendly match against El Salvador, when he came on as a late sub for Noel Valladares, and has earned a total of 8 caps, scoring no goals. He has represented his country at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and was a non-playing squad member at the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup. His final international was an August 2007 friendly match against El Salvador. His brother, Erick Vallecillo, has also played for Real España and the national team. Orlin Vallecillo Orlin Jared Vallecillo Paguada (born July 1, 1983) is a Honduran football goalkeeper, who currently plays for Honduras Progreso in the Honduran second division. Vallecillo started his career" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Percy Abercrombie Percy John Abercrombie (1 January 1884 – 22 May 1964) was an Australian rules footballer of the 1900s who played with Essendon and South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Percy Abercrombie was born on New Year’s Day in 1884, the second son of teacher Ralph Abercrombie and Mary Pearsall Lear. He was educated at Kew State School and Camberwell Grammar School. Abercrombie was a member of Hawthorn’s first ever team in 1902 in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association (MJFA) and established himself as a leading player, being selected as part of a MJFA representative team. Abercrombie was then promoted to senior ranks, making two appearances for Essendon in the 1903 VFL season. He was reported as promising “to become a fine footballer” and “greatly pleasing the critics”, however failed to secure a regular place in the Essendon team. He continued at Hawthorn, playing 30 games for them, and then in 1905 returned to the VFL competition with South Melbourne and made 12 appearances for them that year. In 1906 he moved to Western Australia and he became a leading player at South Fremantle. In June 1908 Abercrombie abruptly left for Kalgoorlie, securing a permit and playing out the remainder of the season for the Railways club in the Goldfields League. In 1909 Abercrombie returned to Melbourne, obtaining a permit to play with Carlton but after failing to secure a place in their team instead playing for Brighton in the Victorian Football Association. He only managed three appearances for Brighton before his senior career ended. On 6 January 1912 Percy Abercrombie married Elizabeth Adelaide Glenn at her parent’s residence in Albert Park. Abercrombie enlisted to serve in World War I in January 1916 and after completing 11 months of training at Royal Park embarked for France on the SS Victoria. In April 1918 at Ville-sur-Ancre Abercrombie rushed a gun, threw a bomb and took 15 prisoners in hand-to-hand combat. For this “conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty” he was awarded the Military Cross in June 1918. He was also Mentioned in Despatches and gained promotion to Lieutenant during his service in France. He returned to Australia in December 1919. Abercrombie again volunteered to serve his country in World War II at the age of 56 (mis-representing his birth date in order to be eligible to serve). He joined the 6th Training Battalion and served for 9 months, being discharged in March 1941. Percy Abercrombie died in Heidelberg at the age of 80 in May 1964. Percy Abercrombie Percy John Abercrombie (1 January 1884 – 22 May 1964) was an Australian rules footballer of the 1900s who played with Essendon and South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Percy Abercrombie was born on New Year’s Day in 1884, the second son of teacher Ralph Abercrombie and Mary Pearsall Lear. He was educated at Kew State School and Camberwell Grammar School. Abercrombie was a member of Hawthorn’s first ever team in 1902 in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2005 NBA All-Star Game The 2005 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 20, 2005 at Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado, home of the Denver Nuggets. This game was the 54th edition of the North American National Basketball Association (NBA) All-Star Game and was played during the 2004–05 NBA season. For the second time in the last six years, the East defeated the West 125-115, with Allen Iverson of the Philadelphia 76ers named the Most Valuable Player. Iverson scored 15 points, handed out 10 assists, and had 5 steals. Ray Allen led the West with 17, and 5-for-11 from three-point range. The coaches for the All-Star game were the head coaches who led the teams with the best winning percentages in their conference through the games of February 6, 2005. The coach for the Western Conference team was San Antonio Spurs head coach Gregg Popovich. The Spurs had a 41-12 record on February 20. The coach for the Eastern Conference team was Miami Heat head coach Stan Van Gundy. The Heat had a 40-14 record on February 20. The rosters for the All-Star Game were chosen in two ways. The starters were chosen via a fan ballot. Two guards, two forwards and one center who received the highest vote were named the All-Star starters. The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences. The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players. The reserves consist of two guards, two forwards, one center and two players regardless of position. If a player is unable to participate due to injury, the commissioner will select a replacement. The 2005 NBA All-Star introduced international players who have become today’s superstars. Amongst the players selected were: Žydrūnas Ilgauskas (Lithuania), Manu Ginóbili (Argentina), Steve Nash (Canada), Dirk Nowitzki (Germany) along with voted-starters Tim Duncan (U.S. Virgin Islands) and Yao Ming (China). This game tied the 2003 and 2004 All-Star Game record for the most international All-Stars in one year. Yao Ming of the Houston Rockets led the ballots with 2,558,578 votes, which earned him a starting position in the Western Conference team for the third year in a row. Tracy McGrady, Kobe Bryant, Kevin Garnett, and Duncan completed the Western Conference starting positions. This was also the same starting line-up as the previous year, with the exception that McGrady started for the East. The Western Conference reserves included three first-time selections, Ginobili of the San Antonio Spurs, Amar'e Stoudemire of the Phoenix Suns, and Rashard Lewis of the Seattle SuperSonics. The team is rounded out by Nash, Nowitzki, Ray Allen, and Shawn Marion. The Phoenix Suns had three representations at the All-Star Game (Marion, Stoudemire, Nash), while two other teams, Houston Rockets, and San Antonio Spurs, had two representations with McGrady/Yao, and Duncan/Ginobili. After being traded to the Eastern Conference's Miami Heat, Shaquille O'Neal led the East ballots with 2,488,089 votes. This would be O'Neal's twelfth appearance as an All-Star. Allen Iverson, Vince Carter, LeBron James, and Grant Hill completed the Eastern Conference starting position. This was James' first All-Star appearance. The Eastern Conference reserves included three first-time selections, Dwyane Wade, Gilbert Arenas, and Antawn Jamison. Ilgauskas, Ben Wallace, Jermaine O'Neal, and Paul Pierce rounded out the team. Three teams, Cleveland Cavaliers, Miami Heat, and Washington Wizards, had two representations at the All-Star Game with James/Ilgauskas, O'Neal/Wade, and Arenas/Jamison. 2005 NBA All-Star Game The 2005 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 20, 2005 at Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado, home of the Denver Nuggets. This" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pets.com Pets.com was a dot-com enterprise headquartered in San Francisco that sold pet supplies to retail customers. It began operations in November 1998 and liquidated in November 2000. A high-profile marketing campaign gave it a widely recognized public presence, including an appearance in the 1999 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and an advertisement in the 2000 Super Bowl. Its popular sock puppet advertising mascot was interviewed by \"People\" magazine and appeared on \"Good Morning America\". Although sales rose dramatically due to the attention, the company was weak on fundamentals and lost money on most of its sales. Its high public profile during its brief existence made it one of the more noteworthy victims of the dot-com crash in the 2000s. On November 21, 1994, the Pets.com domain name was registered by Pasadena-based Entrepreneur Greg McLemore. The Pets.com website launched in early November 1998 as a spinoff of WebMagic and was incorporated In February 1999. After its start by Greg McLemore and Eva Woodsmall, Pets.com was purchased in early 1999 by Julie Wainwright. Amazon.com was involved in Pets.com's first round of venture funding, purchasing a majority 54% stake in the company. Amazon, along with Winblad Venture Partners and Bowman Capital Management invested $10.5 million into Pets.com in March 1999. The CEO of Pets.com, Julie Wainwright, said of Amazon's investment, \"This is a marriage made in heaven\". By October 2000, Amazon had a 30% stake in the company. Pets.com spent most of the venture funding on large warehouses and other shipment infrastructures, as well as purchasing their biggest online competitor at the time, Petstore.com in June 2000 for $10.6 million. A regional advertising campaign using a variety of media began, which included television, radio, print, outdoor advertising and a Pets.com magazine, which had its first issue published in November 1999. The first issue was sent to 1 million pet owners in the United States during the month it was first published. Pets.com started with a five-city advertising campaign, which was expanded to 10 cities by Christmas 1999. The company succeeded wildly in making its mascot, the Pets.com sock puppet, well known. The Pets.com site design was extremely well-received, garnering several advertising awards. In January 2000, the company aired its first national commercial as a Super Bowl ad which cost the company $1.2 million. That ad was ranked #5 by \"USA Today\"'s Ad Meter. The company went public on the NASDAQ stock exchange in February 2000 and raised $82.5 million; the former Nasdaq stock symbol was IPET. Despite its success in building brand recognition, it was uncertain whether a substantial market niche existed for Pets.com. No independent market research preceded the launch of Pets.com. During its first fiscal year (February to September 1999) Pets.com earned $619,000 in revenue, and spent $11.8 million on advertising. Pets.com lacked a workable business plan and lost money on nearly every sale because, even before the cost of advertising, it was selling merchandise for approximately one-third the price it paid to obtain the products. Pets.com tried to build a customer base by offering discounts and free shipping, but it was impossible to turn a profit while absorbing the costs of shipping for heavy bags of cat litter and cans of pet food within a business field whose conventional profit margins are only two to four percent. The company hoped to shift customers into higher-margin purchases, but customer purchasing patterns failed to change and during its second fiscal year the company continued to sell merchandise for approximately 27% less than cost, so the dramatic rise in sales during Pets.com's second fiscal year only hastened the firm's demise. In September 2000, Pets.com opened a new customer service call center in Greenwood, Indiana and relocated the majority of its customer work force to Indiana in order to cut costs. They aggressively undertook actions to sell the company. PetSmart offered less than the net cash value of the company, and Pets.com's board turned down that offer (PetSmart would later buy a more successful version of Pets.com in 2017 called Chewy). The company announced on November 7, 2000 that they would cease taking orders on November 9, 2000 at 11am PST and laid off 255 of their 320 employees. Pets.com had around 570,000 customers before its shutdown. Pets.com stock had fallen from its IPO price of $11 per share in February 2000 to $0.19 the day of its liquidation announcement. At its peak, the company had 320 employees, of which 250 were employed in the warehouses across the United States. While the offer from PetSmart was declined, some assets of Pets.com, including its domains, trademarks and subsidiaries such as Flying Fish Express, were sold to PetSmart in December 2000. As of 2018, the Pets.com domain redirects to PetSmart.com. The Pets.com management stayed during the liquidation, which was finalized during a meeting on January 16, 2001 and CEO Julie Wainwright received $235,000 in severance on top of a $225,000 \"retention payment\" while overseeing the closure. During the company's existence, Pets.com partnered with Best Friends Animal Sanctuary to start a charity called \"Pets.commitment\", which provided funding and support for animal shelters, animal therapy, service dog programs, pet care and wellness organizations. The charity's motto was \"people helping animals, animals helping people.\" After the Pets.com website closed in November 2000, Pets.com donated more than 21 tons of dog food to help Mushers in Alaska's Interior in December 2000. Pets.com hired the San Francisco office of TBWA\\Chiat\\Day to design its advertising campaign. The firm had recently created the popular Taco Bell chihuahua. For Pets.com, they designed a doglike sock puppet that carried a microphone in its paw. The puppet, performed by Michael Ian Black (an alumnus of MTV's surrealist comedy sketch show \"The State\"), was a simple sock puppet with button eyes, flailing arms, a watch for a collar, and a stick microphone emblazoned with \"pets.com\". The sock puppet first appeared in Pets.com's advertising in August 1999. As the puppet's fame grew through 1999 and 2000, it gained almost cult status and widespread popularity. The puppet made an appearance on ABC's \"Good Morning America\" and \"Nightline\", WABC-TV-produced \"Live with Regis and Kathie Lee\", was interviewed in \"People\" Magazine, \"Time\" Magazine, Entertainment Weekly and Adweek and even had a 36 foot tall \"falloon\" made in its image for the 1999 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. In addition to the media appearances the Pets.com puppet made, merchandising was also done for the company including clothing, other trinkets, and a retail version of the sock puppet that delivered some of the puppet's famous lines, which started shipping on June 13, 2000. The Pets.com sock puppet toy was available until the website's shutdown. The Pets.com sock puppet also had an autobiography of himself titled \"\"Me by Me\",\" which was released in 2000\".\" After Pets.com liquidated, Hakan and Associates and Bar None, Inc. purchased the rights to the puppet under a joint venture called Sock Puppet LLC for $125,000 in 2002. Bar None, Inc., an American automotive loan firm, gave the puppet a new slogan: \"Everyone deserves a second chance.\" and aired nine commercials featuring the puppet in July 2002. As Pets.com's recognition began to grow, it attracted the attention of the creators of Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog and Ed the Sock. Representatives from Robert Smigel sent letters, including a cease and desist demand, to Pets.com claiming that the puppet was based on Triumph. Pets.com responded by suing Smigel in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco in April 2000, demanding $20 million in damages for defamation and trade libel. But in revenge, on an episode of Saturday Night Live, Triumph humped the Pets.com dog in a bathroom. The lawsuit was", "a joint venture called Sock Puppet LLC for $125,000 in 2002. Bar None, Inc., an American automotive loan firm, gave the puppet a new slogan: \"Everyone deserves a second chance.\" and aired nine commercials featuring the puppet in July 2002. As Pets.com's recognition began to grow, it attracted the attention of the creators of Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog and Ed the Sock. Representatives from Robert Smigel sent letters, including a cease and desist demand, to Pets.com claiming that the puppet was based on Triumph. Pets.com responded by suing Smigel in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco in April 2000, demanding $20 million in damages for defamation and trade libel. But in revenge, on an episode of Saturday Night Live, Triumph humped the Pets.com dog in a bathroom. The lawsuit was dismissed in February 2001 by Judge Charles R. Breyer. The publicity surrounding the Pets.com puppet, combined with the company's collapse, made it such a symbol of dot-com folly that E-Trade referred to it in an advertisement during the 2001 Super Bowl. The commercial, which parodies the famous crying Indian public service advertisement from 1971, shows a chimpanzee riding on horseback through a ruined dot-com landscape. The chimpanzee comes across a company named \"eSocks.com\" that is being demolished and weeps when a discarded sock puppet lands at his feet. In June 2008, CNET named Pets.com as one of the greatest dot-com disasters in history. Pets.com Pets.com was a dot-com enterprise headquartered in San Francisco that sold pet supplies to retail customers. It began operations in November 1998 and liquidated in November 2000. A" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Máel Muire Othain Máel Muire Othain (died 887) was an Irish poet. Máel Muire Othain held the post of Chief Ollam of Ireland. He died in 887 A.D. His nickname ‘Othna’, referred to him being a member of the monastery of Othain at Fahan, County Donegal. He was amongst the early poets and historians who produced various parts of Lebor Gabála Érenn. Edward O'Reilly gives a full account of Máel Muru’s works in his Irish Writers, LXXXII sq.; d. anno 884. His obit is given in the \"Annals of Ulster\" as follows:– “U887.5 Mael Muru, chief poet of Ireland, died. <poem> 1. The choice earth has not covered, To Temair's multitudes there shall not come, Ireland of the great territories(?) shall not contain A man like the pure and gentle Mael Muru. 2. There has never tasted death fearlessly, Nor reached the known dead, The cultivator's soil has never covered A more wonderful keeper of tradition.” </poem> His obit is given in the \"Chronicon Scotorum\" as follows:– “Annal CS887 Kalends. Mael Muire, the learned poet of the Irish, rested.” His obit is given in the \"Annals of the Four Masters\" as follows:– “M884.12 Maelmura, the learned and truly intelligent poet, the erudite historian of the Scotic language, died. It is of him this testimony was given: <poem> 1. There trod not the charming earth, there never flourished at affluent Teamhair, The great and fertile Ireland never produced a man like the mild fine Maelmura. 2. There sipped not death without sorrow, there mixed not a nobler face with the dead, The habitable earth was not closed over a historian more illustrious.” </poem> Máel Muire Othain Máel Muire Othain (died 887) was an Irish poet. Máel Muire Othain held the post of Chief Ollam of Ireland. He died in 887 A.D." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Samsung Galaxy S III Progre The Samsung Galaxy S III Progre (Galaxy Esley ProgreScroel Nichi) is a mobile phone developed for the domestic market by Samsung Electronics of Korea (importer: Samsung Telecommunications Japan), KDDI and Okinawa. It uses au brand CDMA 1X WIN, and 3.9-generation mobile communication system (au 4G LTE) smartphone. The product number is SCH-J 021. In the au version of Galaxy S III, the basic performance is almost the same as SC - 06D which was released for NTT DoCoMo. However, its appearance is somewhat different, and in the global and DoCoMo version the glass part of the display, which had been shaped to protrude from the surrounding frame, instead the frame part protrudes above the glass surface. In addition, a strap attachment hole is available. The antenna for Osaifu-Keitai is not built in the rechargeable battery but attached to the battery lid. Its length is 2 mm longer, and is 2 g heavier. It does not support NFC/ infrared communication and is not waterproof. The SAR value of this machine is 0.275 W / kg, which is the lowest as of November 2012 as an existing smartphone for au, including corporate users. On November 12, 013 the phone's OS received a version upgrade: Samsung Galaxy S III Progre The Samsung Galaxy S III Progre (Galaxy Esley ProgreScroel Nichi) is a mobile phone developed for the domestic market by Samsung Electronics of Korea (importer: Samsung Telecommunications Japan), KDDI and Okinawa. It uses au brand CDMA 1X WIN, and 3.9-generation mobile communication system (au 4G LTE) smartphone. The product number is SCH-J 021. In the au version of Galaxy S III, the basic performance is almost the same as SC - 06D which was released for NTT DoCoMo. However, its appearance is somewhat different, and in the global" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rewanchal Express The Rewanchal Express is a daily express train operated by West Central Railway's Bhopal division in India. The train's route runs between Bhopal Habibganj railway station of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh and Rewa. The train No.12185 departs daily from Bhopal Habibganj at 22:00 hrs and reaches Rewa the next day at 08:00 hrs. On return, it departs from Rewa daily at 20:05 hrs and reaches Bhopal Habibganj at 06:05 hrs. The train is a Super Fast Express which consist a total number of 22 coaches : The coaches of the train are very neat and clean meeting up with all the world standards, hence it got an ISO CERTIFICATE by Indian Railways. The train goes via Bina–Katni rail route. The main important halts on the way are start from Habibganj 22:00 Rewanchal Express The Rewanchal Express is a daily express train operated by West Central Railway's Bhopal division in India. The train's route runs between Bhopal Habibganj railway station of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh and Rewa. The train No.12185 departs daily from Bhopal Habibganj at 22:00 hrs and reaches Rewa the next day at 08:00 hrs. On return, it departs from Rewa daily at 20:05 hrs and reaches" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Double Feature (ballet) Double Feature (A Ballet in Two Acts) was choreographed by Susan Stroman for the New York City Ballet to music by Irving Berlin and Walter Donaldson. The libretto is by Ms. Stroman and Glen Kelly, with orchestrations by Doug Besterman and arrangement by Mr. Kelly; the libretto for \"Makin' Whoopee!\" is based on the play \"Seven Chances\", variously attributed to Roi Cooper Megris and David Belasco. The premiere took place on 23 January 2004 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center, with scenery by Robin Wagner, costumes by William Ivey Long, and lighting by Mark Stanley. Double Feature (ballet) Double Feature (A Ballet in Two Acts) was choreographed by Susan Stroman for the New York City Ballet to music by Irving Berlin and Walter Donaldson. The libretto is by Ms. Stroman and Glen Kelly, with orchestrations by Doug Besterman and arrangement by Mr. Kelly; the libretto for \"Makin' Whoopee!\" is based on the play \"Seven Chances\", variously attributed to Roi Cooper Megris and David Belasco. The premiere took place on 23 January 2004 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center, with scenery by Robin Wagner, costumes by William Ivey Long, and lighting by Mark Stanley." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "IS-3 ABC The IS-3 ABC (\"Instytut Szybownictwa\" – Gliding Institute) was a single-seat training glider designed and built in Poland from 1947. From 1946 the IS (Gliding Institute) started work on designing gliders to rebuild the shattered by the war Polish gliding movement. Four types were required: To fulfil the 'School' requirement the IS-3 ABC primary glider was designed by Rudolf Matz and Roman Zatwarnicki, and built at the workshops in Bielsko. Using the sole remaining W.W.S.1 Salamandra as a starting point, the IS-3 ABC emerged looking similar to most primary gliders, with a high set rectangular low aspect ratio wing, wire-braced to an open structure wire-braced fuselage, which did nothing more than connect the seat, skid and tail unit to the wings. The IS-3 ABC prototype first flew on New Year's Eve of 1948 by Peter Mynarski and after successful trials, a production commenced as the IS-3 ABC-bis. Further improvements resulted in the IS-3 ABC-ter, with a cabin and windscreen for the pilot. Last and most numerous variant was ABC-A of 1955, produced in 1956-57. 256 of all variants were manufactured in workshops in Bielsko (of IS, later SZD), Krosno and Lubawka (according to other publications, 280, including 74 bis, 30 ter and 176 A). Polish instructors were also instrumental in boosting the gliding movement in the People's Republic of China, providing instruction and advice with the 50 IS-3 ABC A's exported there. This variant was modified with less dihedral (1°), to allow the generally shorter Chinese students to hold the wings level for take-off. After flight trials in Poland it was confirmed that the it did not appreciably affect the handling. The Chinese also manufactured these gliders on the licence. The IS-3 ABC series was in use at Polish state gliding clubs up to 1961, when the dual training syllabus was finally introduced. Many of the IS-3 primary gliders were dispersed to schools and clubs for use as training aids, some of which survive as exhibits in museums today. IS-3 ABC The IS-3 ABC (\"Instytut Szybownictwa\" – Gliding Institute) was a single-seat training glider designed and built in Poland from 1947. From 1946 the IS (Gliding Institute) started work on designing gliders to rebuild the shattered by the war Polish gliding movement. Four types were required: To fulfil the 'School' requirement the IS-3 ABC primary glider was designed by Rudolf Matz and Roman Zatwarnicki, and built at the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bacacay (short story collection) Bacacay () is a short story collection by the Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz. The stories were originally published in 1933, in an edition called Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania (\"Memoirs from puberty\" or lit. \"Memoirs from the time of immaturity\"), which was Gombrowicz's literary debut. In 1957 it was re-released as Bakakaj, and included five additional stories. \"Lawyer Kraykowski's Dancer\" (1926, \"Tancerz mecenasa Kraykowskiego\") \"The Memoirs of Stefan Czarniecki\" (1926, \"Pamiętnik Stefana Czarnieckiego\") \"A Premeditated Crime\" (1928, \"Zbrodnia z premedytacją\") \"Dinner at Countess Pavahoke's\" (1928, \"Biesiada u hrabiny Kotłubaj\") \"Virginity\" (1928, \"Dziewictwo\") \"Adventures\" (1930, \"Przygody\") \"The Events on the Banbury\" (1932, \"Zdarzenia na brygu Banbury\") \"Bakakaj\" edition only: \"Philidor's Child Within\" (1935, \"Filidor podszyty dzieckiem\") \"Philibert's Child Within\" (1935, \"Filibert podszyty dzieckiem\") \"On the Kitchen Steps\" (1929, \"Na kuchennych schodach\") \"The Rat\" (1937, \"Szczur\") \"The Banquet\" (1946, \"Bankiet\") The stories in the first edition were written from 1926 to 1932, and the second from 1935 to 1946. One exception was \"On the Kitchen Steps\", which was written in 1929, but omitted from the first edition to avoid the interpretation that it was about the writer's father. \"Philidor's Child Within\" and \"Philibert's Child Within\" were also featured in the novel \"Ferdydurke\". The book was first published in Poland in 1933. Upon the 1957 re-release, Gombrowicz decided to change the original title since it had led to misinterpretations. He chose \"Bakakaj\" as the new title because it was the name of the street (Bacacay) where he lived during his stay in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An English translation by Bill Johnston was published in 2004 in the United States through Archipelago Books. Louis Begley reviewed the book in \"The Washington Post\" upon the American release in 2004, and called the stories \"all highly accomplished\". Begley described Gombrowicz as an aesthete with an element of moralism, comparing \"Dinner at Countess Pavahoke's\" to Jonathan Swift's \"A Modest Proposal\", but wrote that \"the effervescent and amusing stories in \"Bacacay\" should be read in the spirit of fun and not in search for an aesthetic system or clues to his psyche\". Bacacay (short story collection) Bacacay () is a short story collection by the Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz. The stories were originally published in 1933, in an edition called Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania (\"Memoirs from puberty\" or lit. \"Memoirs from the time of immaturity\"), which was Gombrowicz's literary debut. In 1957 it was re-released" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "West Irondequoit Central School District The West Irondequoit Central School District is a public school district in New York State that serves approximately 4000 students in the western half of the town of Irondequoit in Monroe County, with over 600 employees and an operating budget of $57 million (~$13,722 per student). The average class size is 21 students and the student-teacher ratio is 13.6:1(elementary), 13.6:1(middle-high school). The District motto is \"Peak Performance\". Jeffrey B. Crane is the Superintendent of Schools. A high school building was erected in 1924 as the Irondequoit Free Union School, District Number 3. In 1953, District Number 3 and District Number 4 combined to become the West Irondequoit Central School District. The Board of Education (BOE) consists of 7 members who serve rotating 3-year terms. Elections are held each May for board members and to vote on the School District Budget. Two student representatives, elected by the student body for 1-year terms, also attend BOE meetings; their vote is unofficial. Current board members are: To improve K-3 achievement, the administration of the elementary schools changed in July 2007 one principal per school to one principal for each pair of schools: Briarwood/Colebrook, Brookview/Seneca and Listwood/Southlawn. West Irondequoit" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Broadway Boogie Woogie Broadway Boogie Woogie is a painting by Piet Mondrian completed in 1943, after he had moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Broadway Boogie Woogie Broadway Boogie Woogie is a painting by Piet Mondrian completed in 1943, after he had moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Melody Hossaini Melody Hossaini (Born 18 September 1984) is a social entrepreneur, a professional speaker and personal development trainer and coach. Melody is the Founder and CEO of social enterprise, InspirEngage International. She is best known as a contestant on the seventh series of the BBC television series \"The Apprentice\" (2011) where she made it to week ten out of twelve, before being fired by Lord Sugar 'with regret’ and being described as ‘a woman with exceptional ability’. Hossaini was born in 1984 in Tehran, Iran. During the Gulf war, her family fled to Sweden as refugees from the Iran-Iraq War when Melody was just 3. She grew up in the southern city of Malmo until the family decided to move to the UK when Melody was 12. Hossaini was educated at Great Wyrley High School, a state comprehensive school in the large village of Great Wyrley in South Staffordshire, England. She says that her success as a youth leader led to jealousy from her peers, which resulted in bullying and racism. Nevertheless, she performed well in her GCSEs and A-levels before going on to Oxford Brookes University, where she obtained a 2:1 LLB Hons. Law degree in 2006. She has lived in four countries and speaks five different languages. Melody Hossaini was the first ever Social Entrepreneur to compete on \"The Apprentice\". She began the series confidently, coming up with the team name 'Venture' and winning as Project Manager on the first week and avoiding the boardroom for a number of tasks. Hossaini became the target of an online campaign of abuse by Muslims during the airing of the series who assumed wrongly that she was Muslim. The hate campaign branded her a \"bitch\" and included comments like \"You don't deserve your surname.\" and \"Melody is a bitch for eating sinful food\". In reality, Hossaini practices the Zoroastrian religion which places an emphasis on good deeds, thoughts and words. Melody Hossaini is the Founder and CEO of social enterprise, InspirEngage International, established in 2009 offering speaking, training and coaching. The company delivers self-development training, preparing people for the future world of work, to set up businesses and to create social impact in communities. Starting her career aged 13, she now specialises in skills training to support individuals into employment and enterprise, through the delivery of tailored 'InspirEngage Skills Bootcamps'. InspirEngage is the UK’s first complete hands-on social enterprise programme to be embedded into the curriculum. From 2006 until 2009 Hossaini worked as a project officer co-managing a £2million government project with The National Youth Agency. As Public Relations Director, Hossaini played an instrumental part in building strategic relationships with the voluntary sector and non-profit student-oriented organisations. Hossaini spent a year with Nkd Guru.com at the start-up phase, and declined to relocate to New York for the post. At the age of 13, Hossaini became a co-founder of the UK Youth Parliament (UKYP), and subsequently made history becoming the first female to chair its board of trustees. During her 11 years of volunteering, she spearheaded several campaigns with Government to improve communities. In October 2003 she became Outreach Officer with Oxford City Council where she took on a varied project management role initiating healthy sport activities for ethnic minority women. Whilst in her teens Hossaini was selected in her region to work with Sir Patrick Cormack (MP) as his PA. Attending Parliamentary meetings on behalf of Sir Patrick as well as administrative tasks and contributing to political thought-processes including a contingency plan on the Iraq war. Hossaini is a Visiting Fellow at Birmingham City University, delivering lectures supporting young people to prepare for the future world of work by developing core life skills. Since 2011 Hossaini has been an ambassador for The Prince’s Trust. In 2007, Hossaini was invited to be trained by Nobel Peace Prize winner and Vice President Al Gore at Cambridge, as part of ‘The Inconvenient Truth’. Melody has since adapted materials to be suitable for young people and worked on international projects combating climate change. Hossaini was approached by JCWI to work on the ‘I am a Refugee project’ aimed at humanising the immigration debate and celebrating the world-changing contributions and stories made by high-profile refugees. To launch the ‘I am a Refugee’ campaign in 2016. Hossaini became the face of the campaign alongside several other names also supporting the campaign including singer Rita Ora and Michael Marks founder of Marks and Spencer. A plaque bearing Hossaini’s name has been placed in honour at Oxford Brookes University where she studied, in a symbolic gesture for World Refugee Day. As the UK representative, Hossaini attended PeaceJam in Los Angeles, where she worked with Nobel Laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu and other Nobel laureates on peace implementation in communities. In 2013 Hossaini set up a bootcamp, in partnership with Hillcroft college, supporting women to prosper in business. Hossaini has also worked on a number of programmes, coaching and providing support to help young people with career choices. Hossaini delivered an InspirEngage Skills Bootcamp with the finalists from the Apax-Mosaic Enterprise Challenge. The workshop was part of a series of follow-up prizes to the Enterprise Challenge supporting students to set up their own social enterprises. Melody is married and lives in Warwickshire with her husband Aman and their son, Kian Kennedy and daughter Arielle Persia. Hossaini was once held at gunpoint at the age of 12 at her family home in Sweden. It was after this incident that her family decided to relocate to the UK. Whilst Hossaini was away on business in Abu Dhabi she was kidnapped and dumped in the desert by a deranged taxi driver. Melody Hossaini Melody Hossaini (Born 18 September 1984) is a social entrepreneur, a professional speaker and personal development trainer and coach. Melody is the Founder and CEO of social enterprise, InspirEngage International. She is best known as a contestant on the seventh series of the BBC television series \"The Apprentice\" (2011) where she made it to week ten out of twelve, before" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "K-Y Jelly K-Y Jelly is a water-based, water-soluble personal lubricant, most commonly used as a lubricant for sexual intercourse. A variety of different products and formulas are produced under the K-Y banner. According to the manufacturer, \"The origins [and meaning] of the brand name 'K-Y®' are unknown. Two popular myths are that (1) it was created in Kentucky and (2) the letters represent the key ingredients used to make the lubricant. . . . [W]e can confirm that neither of these myths are true . . . .\" Introduced in January 1904 by pharmaceutical company and suture manufacturer Van Horn and Sawtell of New York City, and later acquired by Johnson & Johnson, K-Y Jelly's original stated purpose was as a surgical lubricant, and it was often chosen by doctors because of its natural base. The product is now more widely used as a sexual lubricant. Reckitt Benckiser purchased the brand in 2014. Unlike petroleum-based lubricants, K-Y jelly is biologically inert and contains no added colors or perfumes. The lubricant remains extremely popular because it is easy to clean up, staining neither fabrics nor other surfaces, and does not react with latex condoms and silicone-based sex toys. Despite having a thick consistency and a tendency to dry out during use, it can be \"reactivated\" by the addition of saliva or water. The product contains no spermicide and thus cannot be used to prevent pregnancy. A formulation containing nonoxynol-9 was removed from the market after the spermicide was found to facilitate the spread of HIV. K-Y Jelly has been available over the counter in the United States since 1980. K-Y NG uses glycerin and hydroxyethyl cellulose as the lubricant, with chlorhexidine gluconate, glucono delta-lactone, methylparaben and sodium hydroxide as antiseptic and preservative additives. The liquid form of the product combines glycerin with propylene glycol, sorbitol, and Natrosol 250H (a brand of hydroxyethyl cellulose) for lubrication, with benzoic acid, methylparaben and sodium hydroxide as additives. While K-Y Jelly can be and is used for a variety of different purposes, it is most commonly associated with being a personal lubricant used to enhance sexual intercourse and masturbation. One or more of the participants will typically apply a small amount to their genitals to enhance or supplement the moisture required to perform sexual acts. K-Y Jelly is also used clinically to perform prostate examinations in men and gynecological examinations in women. For prostate exams, physicians use K-Y Jelly to lubricate a finger to ease insertion into the rectum for prostate assessment. Similarly for female pelvic exams, K-Y Jelly is used to lubricate a physician's index and middle finger to be inserted into the vagina to assess pelvic muscle tone and tenderness. A rectovaginal examination is also often performed in which the index finger is inserted into the vagina and the middle finger into the rectum. The physician's other hand is then used to assess the structure of pelvic organs put into place by the intra-vaginal hand. As stated in documentaries such as \"The Terror Takes Shape\" found on the DVD and Blu-ray Editions of John Carpenter's \"The Thing\", K-Y Jelly has also found use in the horror-movie industry by special effects technicians like Stan Winston and Rob Bottin to create a \"slimy\" appearance for monster puppet effects. Cinematographer Peter Kuran reminisces during \"The Terror Takes Shape\" how a major studio ordered multiple \"five-gallon pails of K-Y Jelly\" in order to \"slime up\" the Dog-Monster for the infamous \"kennel\" scene from \"The Thing\". Copious amounts of K-Y Jelly were also used to simulate saliva and to give the eponymous Alien of the 1979 film an overall slimy appearance as well as the blood of the eponymous \"Predator\" of the 1987 film which was mixed with chemiluminescence fluid from green glowsticks. K-Y Jelly was used for the \"Dilophosaurus's\" venom in \"Jurassic Park\". K-Y Jelly K-Y Jelly is a water-based, water-soluble personal lubricant, most commonly used as a lubricant for sexual intercourse. A variety of different products and formulas are produced under the K-Y banner. According to the manufacturer, \"The origins [and meaning] of the brand name 'K-Y®' are unknown. Two popular myths are that (1) it was created in Kentucky and (2) the letters represent the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gachie Gachie is a settlement in Kenya's Kiambu County. It enjoys close geographical proximity to the city of Nairobi and it neighbors Nyari Estate. A few years ago, the small town had set a track record for being a den of thugs and insecurity. However this is fast changing as the Government of Kenya has beefed up security around the area. According to an article in the Standard Newspaper, Gachie and Kihara areas are enjoying a steady property demand. Another research paper by the University of Nairobi Digital Repository says \"The area (Gachie) which was previously rural in character has changed and is now acquiring an urban character\". Gachie Gachie is a settlement in Kenya's Kiambu County. It enjoys close geographical proximity to the city of Nairobi and it neighbors Nyari Estate. A few years ago, the small town had set a track record for being a den of thugs and insecurity. However this is fast changing as the Government of Kenya has beefed up security around the area. According to an article in the Standard Newspaper, Gachie and Kihara areas are enjoying a steady property demand. Another research paper by the University of Nairobi Digital Repository says \"The area" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Joan of Lorraine Joan of Lorraine is a 1946 play-within-a-play by Maxwell Anderson. It is about a company of actors who stage a dramatization of the story of Joan of Arc, and the effect that the story has on them. As in the musical \"Man of La Mancha\", most of the actors in the drama play two or more roles. Ingrid Bergman was the star of the original production, playing both Joan and Mary Grey, the fictional star actress who portrays her. As the play begins, Mary Grey and the fictional director of the play-within-a-play, Jimmy Masters, are in conflict over how Joan is to be played. The conflict is resolved during the course of the play. Bergman won a Tony Award for this performance — one of the first such awards ever given. Other notable actors who appeared in this production were Joseph Wiseman and Sam Wanamaker. In 1948, an adaptation of \"Joan of Lorraine\" was filmed in Technicolor as \"Joan of Arc\". This film also starred Ingrid Bergman, but it did not use the play-within-a-play framework. Instead, it made the story a straightforward account of Joan's life, omitting the fictional acting company altogether. Anderson's dialogue for the story of Joan was not only retained, but, in collaboration with Andrew Solt, expanded with additional scenes involving historical characters who do not appear in the original play. For her performance, Ingrid Bergman was nominated for an Academy Award, but lost out to Jane Wyman in \"Johnny Belinda\". Joan of Lorraine Joan of Lorraine is a 1946 play-within-a-play by Maxwell Anderson. It is about a company of actors who stage a dramatization of the story of Joan of Arc, and the effect that the story has on them. As in the musical \"Man of La Mancha\", most of the actors in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Susan Norton Susan Norton () is an England international and world champion bridge player. Norton was taught bridge by her parents. She made her junior international debut at the age of 14. She read physics at Oxford University, where she succeeded in combining her academic pursuits with her interests in bridge, athletics and korfball. At the age of 22, Norton formed a bridge partnership with Bryony Youngs. They were part of an England team which won the Lady Milne Trophy; but, that partnership disbanded when Youngs moved to the USA to continue her studies. Norton then formed a partnership with Fiona Brown, in which she has had her greatest successes. Norton has always been a non-professional player, whose bridge career is secondary to her professional career and to her family life. She married in June 2015, and gave birth to a daughter in April 2016. , she is a director of a company which markets and distributes products to the veterinary and animal healthcare sectors, and is taking a break from international and 'high level' bridge. Susan Norton Susan Norton () is an England international and world champion bridge player. Norton was taught bridge by her parents. She made her" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Salt Ash, New South Wales Salt Ash is a rural suburb of the Port Stephens local government areas in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the main road between Newcastle and Nelson Bay but is largely undeveloped, partly because it is the location of the Salt Ash Air Weapons Range which is used by pilots from RAAF Base Williamtown for training purposes. The southern border of Salt Ash is occupied entirely by Stockton Beach. Oakvale Farm & Fauna World is a local tourist attraction. On 14 April 1943 a RAAF Supermarine Spitfire made a forced landing at the \"Oaklands\" property near Salt Ash. On 31 January 1945 a RAAF Mosquito broke up in flight over the firing range, killing both crew members. Salt Ash, New South Wales Salt Ash is a rural suburb of the Port Stephens local government areas in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the main road between Newcastle and Nelson Bay but is largely undeveloped, partly because it is the location of the Salt Ash Air Weapons Range which is used by pilots from RAAF Base Williamtown for training purposes. The southern border of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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