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Which team did Tim Sandercombe play for in Jan, 2013?
|
January 01, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Truro City F.C.",
"Dorchester Town F.C.",
"Bideford A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7804228_P54_8
|
Tim Sandercombe plays for Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Dorchester Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Tiverton Town F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Truro City F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Stafford Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Notts County F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Bideford A.F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
|
Tim SandercombeTimothy Eric Alfred Sandercombe (born 15 June 1989) is an English football goalkeeper who is currently playing at Weston-super-Mare.Born in Enfield, London, Sandercombe joined Notts County following his release from Plymouth Argyle. He joined on 1 July 2007 along with Paul Mayo, Adam Tann, and Hector Sam. Sandercombe made his professional debut for County in a Football League Trophy game against Leyton Orient on 3 September 2007. County lost the game 1–0 to an Efe Echanomi goal. Only 22 days after that appearance, Sandercombe put pen to paper on a new contract at Meadow Lane.On 14 August 2008, Sandercombe had his contract cancelled with Notts County by mutual consent. After a spell in the Conference North with Stafford Rangers, he joined Mansfield Town on a one-year contract on 27 May 2009.In February 2010, Sandercombe signed for Conference South club Weymouth until the end of the season and in March 2010 he started training with Exeter City at their Cat & Fiddle training base just so he can keep his fitness levels up between Weymouth matches and the possibility of being used as cover for the Exeter City reserves on a non contract basis.He signed a one-year deal for Conference North club Worcester City in July 2010.In July 2011 Sandercombe signed for newly promoted Truro City as a replacement for Martin Rice who returned to Torquay United. After a season and a half, he was injured during a league match against A.F.C. Hornchurch and Truro brought in Luke McCormick as a replacement. Truro were in administration and McCormick was playing for free, and Sandercombe subsequently left the club the following week, on 16 November 2012.Sandercombe joined Bideford in January 2013 and made his debut against Banbury United on Saturday 12 January 2013.
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Notts County F.C.",
"Stafford Rangers F.C.",
"Weymouth F.C.",
"Mansfield Town F.C.",
"Tiverton Town F.C.",
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Notts County F.C.",
"Stafford Rangers F.C.",
"Weymouth F.C.",
"Mansfield Town F.C.",
"Tiverton Town F.C.",
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Notts County F.C.",
"Stafford Rangers F.C.",
"Weymouth F.C.",
"Mansfield Town F.C.",
"Tiverton Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Tim Sandercombe play for in May, 2013?
|
May 10, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Dorchester Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7804228_P54_9
|
Tim Sandercombe plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Bideford A.F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Tiverton Town F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Truro City F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Stafford Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Dorchester Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Notts County F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Tim SandercombeTimothy Eric Alfred Sandercombe (born 15 June 1989) is an English football goalkeeper who is currently playing at Weston-super-Mare.Born in Enfield, London, Sandercombe joined Notts County following his release from Plymouth Argyle. He joined on 1 July 2007 along with Paul Mayo, Adam Tann, and Hector Sam. Sandercombe made his professional debut for County in a Football League Trophy game against Leyton Orient on 3 September 2007. County lost the game 1–0 to an Efe Echanomi goal. Only 22 days after that appearance, Sandercombe put pen to paper on a new contract at Meadow Lane.On 14 August 2008, Sandercombe had his contract cancelled with Notts County by mutual consent. After a spell in the Conference North with Stafford Rangers, he joined Mansfield Town on a one-year contract on 27 May 2009.In February 2010, Sandercombe signed for Conference South club Weymouth until the end of the season and in March 2010 he started training with Exeter City at their Cat & Fiddle training base just so he can keep his fitness levels up between Weymouth matches and the possibility of being used as cover for the Exeter City reserves on a non contract basis.He signed a one-year deal for Conference North club Worcester City in July 2010.In July 2011 Sandercombe signed for newly promoted Truro City as a replacement for Martin Rice who returned to Torquay United. After a season and a half, he was injured during a league match against A.F.C. Hornchurch and Truro brought in Luke McCormick as a replacement. Truro were in administration and McCormick was playing for free, and Sandercombe subsequently left the club the following week, on 16 November 2012.Sandercombe joined Bideford in January 2013 and made his debut against Banbury United on Saturday 12 January 2013.
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.",
"Truro City F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Notts County F.C.",
"Stafford Rangers F.C.",
"Weymouth F.C.",
"Mansfield Town F.C.",
"Tiverton Town F.C.",
"Bideford A.F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Tim Sandercombe play for in Jan, 2022?
|
January 30, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7804228_P54_10
|
Tim Sandercombe plays for Stafford Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Worcester City F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Notts County F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Dorchester Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Truro City F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Bideford A.F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Tim Sandercombe plays for Tiverton Town F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
|
Tim SandercombeTimothy Eric Alfred Sandercombe (born 15 June 1989) is an English football goalkeeper who is currently playing at Weston-super-Mare.Born in Enfield, London, Sandercombe joined Notts County following his release from Plymouth Argyle. He joined on 1 July 2007 along with Paul Mayo, Adam Tann, and Hector Sam. Sandercombe made his professional debut for County in a Football League Trophy game against Leyton Orient on 3 September 2007. County lost the game 1–0 to an Efe Echanomi goal. Only 22 days after that appearance, Sandercombe put pen to paper on a new contract at Meadow Lane.On 14 August 2008, Sandercombe had his contract cancelled with Notts County by mutual consent. After a spell in the Conference North with Stafford Rangers, he joined Mansfield Town on a one-year contract on 27 May 2009.In February 2010, Sandercombe signed for Conference South club Weymouth until the end of the season and in March 2010 he started training with Exeter City at their Cat & Fiddle training base just so he can keep his fitness levels up between Weymouth matches and the possibility of being used as cover for the Exeter City reserves on a non contract basis.He signed a one-year deal for Conference North club Worcester City in July 2010.In July 2011 Sandercombe signed for newly promoted Truro City as a replacement for Martin Rice who returned to Torquay United. After a season and a half, he was injured during a league match against A.F.C. Hornchurch and Truro brought in Luke McCormick as a replacement. Truro were in administration and McCormick was playing for free, and Sandercombe subsequently left the club the following week, on 16 November 2012.Sandercombe joined Bideford in January 2013 and made his debut against Banbury United on Saturday 12 January 2013.
|
[
"Worcester City F.C.",
"Truro City F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Notts County F.C.",
"Stafford Rangers F.C.",
"Dorchester Town F.C.",
"Weymouth F.C.",
"Mansfield Town F.C.",
"Tiverton Town F.C.",
"Bideford A.F.C."
] |
|
Which employer did Sebastián Edwards work for in Sep, 1981?
|
September 30, 1981
|
{
"text": [
"University of California, Los Angeles"
]
}
|
L2_Q7442638_P108_0
|
Sebastián Edwards works for UCLA Anderson School of Management from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Sebastián Edwards works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Sebastián Edwards works for Austral University from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
|
Sebastián EdwardsSebastián Edwards (born 16 August 1953, Santiago, Chile) a member of the Edwards family is a Chilean economist, professor, speaker, and consultant. He is currently the Henry Ford II Professor of International Business Economics at the UCLA Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). From 1993 until April 1996, he was the Chief Economist for the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a member of the advisory board of Transnational Research Corporation and co-chairman of the Inter American Seminar on Economics (IASE). He is the Past President of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association (LACEA), an international professional association of economists with academic interests in Latin America and the Caribbean region. He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Kiel Institute of World Economics, Kiel-Germany. He is a member of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Council of Economic Advisors.From 1981 through 1993, he was an assistant, associate, and full Professor of economics at UCLA. From 2000 to 2004, he was Professor Extraordinario at the IAE, Universidad Austral, Argentina.Sebastian Edwards was born in Santiago, Chile. He was educated at the Catholic University of Chile, and received an M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago. He is married to economist Alejandra Cox Edwards. They have three grown children and 4 grandchildren.Edwards is the author of more than 200 scientific articles on international economics, macroeconomics, exchange rates, country risk, international investment, and economic development. His articles have appeared in the "American Economic Review", the "Journal of Monetary Economics", "The Economic Journal", "Oxford Economic Papers", the "Journal of Development Economics", the "Quarterly Journal of Economics", the "Journal of Economic Perspectives" and other professional journals.Edwards is an associate editor of the "Journal of International Trade and Economic Development", the "Journal of International Financial Markets", "Institutions and Money", and "Analisis Economico". For almost ten years he was the co-editor of the "Journal of Development Economics".His work and views has been frequently quoted in the media, including the "New York Times", the "Financial Times", the "Los Angeles Times", the "Wall Street Journal" and "The Economist". His op-ed pieces have appeared in the "Wall Street Journal", the "Financial Times", the "Los Angeles Times", the "Miami Herald", "Newsweek", "Time", "El País" (Madrid), "La Vanguardia" (Barcelona), "La Nación" (Argentina), "Clarín" (Argentina), and "La Tercera" (Chile). He is also a columnist for Project Syndicate. He is a frequent guest on CNN en Español and other TV and cable news programs.In 2007 he published the novel "El Misterio de las Tanias" (Alfaguara), a political thriller involving Cuban spies, political kidnappings, and a fabled ransom worth over one billion dollars. The novel was a bestseller in Chile, where it stayed in the Bestseller list for almost 30 weeks. "El Misterio de las Tanias" was released in Argentina in mid 2008 and in the rest of the Spanish speaking world in 2009.In May 2011 his second novel "Un dia perfecto" was published by La otra orilla and Editorial Norma. In "Un día perfecto" two parallel stories develop during one day—June 10, 1962. On that date Chile's soccer national team unexpectedly defeated the Soviet Union during the World Cup. The first story is a love triangle, while the second one deals with the mysterious disappearance of Lev Yashin, the Soviet famous goalkeeper, known as the "Black Spider". Soon after publication, "Un día perfecto" joined the list of bestselling novels in Chile. It will be published in the rest of the Spanish speaking world during the second half of 2011.Sebastian Edwards has been a consultant to a number of multilateral institutions, governments and national and international corporations, including the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentProfessor Edwards has been an expert witness in a number of securities cases that have been litigated in Federal and State courts, and in a number of arbitration cases.
|
[
"UCLA Anderson School of Management",
"Austral University"
] |
|
Which employer did Sebastián Edwards work for in Jan, 1991?
|
January 24, 1991
|
{
"text": [
"UCLA Anderson School of Management"
]
}
|
L2_Q7442638_P108_1
|
Sebastián Edwards works for UCLA Anderson School of Management from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Sebastián Edwards works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Sebastián Edwards works for Austral University from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
|
Sebastián EdwardsSebastián Edwards (born 16 August 1953, Santiago, Chile) a member of the Edwards family is a Chilean economist, professor, speaker, and consultant. He is currently the Henry Ford II Professor of International Business Economics at the UCLA Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). From 1993 until April 1996, he was the Chief Economist for the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a member of the advisory board of Transnational Research Corporation and co-chairman of the Inter American Seminar on Economics (IASE). He is the Past President of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association (LACEA), an international professional association of economists with academic interests in Latin America and the Caribbean region. He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Kiel Institute of World Economics, Kiel-Germany. He is a member of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Council of Economic Advisors.From 1981 through 1993, he was an assistant, associate, and full Professor of economics at UCLA. From 2000 to 2004, he was Professor Extraordinario at the IAE, Universidad Austral, Argentina.Sebastian Edwards was born in Santiago, Chile. He was educated at the Catholic University of Chile, and received an M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago. He is married to economist Alejandra Cox Edwards. They have three grown children and 4 grandchildren.Edwards is the author of more than 200 scientific articles on international economics, macroeconomics, exchange rates, country risk, international investment, and economic development. His articles have appeared in the "American Economic Review", the "Journal of Monetary Economics", "The Economic Journal", "Oxford Economic Papers", the "Journal of Development Economics", the "Quarterly Journal of Economics", the "Journal of Economic Perspectives" and other professional journals.Edwards is an associate editor of the "Journal of International Trade and Economic Development", the "Journal of International Financial Markets", "Institutions and Money", and "Analisis Economico". For almost ten years he was the co-editor of the "Journal of Development Economics".His work and views has been frequently quoted in the media, including the "New York Times", the "Financial Times", the "Los Angeles Times", the "Wall Street Journal" and "The Economist". His op-ed pieces have appeared in the "Wall Street Journal", the "Financial Times", the "Los Angeles Times", the "Miami Herald", "Newsweek", "Time", "El País" (Madrid), "La Vanguardia" (Barcelona), "La Nación" (Argentina), "Clarín" (Argentina), and "La Tercera" (Chile). He is also a columnist for Project Syndicate. He is a frequent guest on CNN en Español and other TV and cable news programs.In 2007 he published the novel "El Misterio de las Tanias" (Alfaguara), a political thriller involving Cuban spies, political kidnappings, and a fabled ransom worth over one billion dollars. The novel was a bestseller in Chile, where it stayed in the Bestseller list for almost 30 weeks. "El Misterio de las Tanias" was released in Argentina in mid 2008 and in the rest of the Spanish speaking world in 2009.In May 2011 his second novel "Un dia perfecto" was published by La otra orilla and Editorial Norma. In "Un día perfecto" two parallel stories develop during one day—June 10, 1962. On that date Chile's soccer national team unexpectedly defeated the Soviet Union during the World Cup. The first story is a love triangle, while the second one deals with the mysterious disappearance of Lev Yashin, the Soviet famous goalkeeper, known as the "Black Spider". Soon after publication, "Un día perfecto" joined the list of bestselling novels in Chile. It will be published in the rest of the Spanish speaking world during the second half of 2011.Sebastian Edwards has been a consultant to a number of multilateral institutions, governments and national and international corporations, including the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentProfessor Edwards has been an expert witness in a number of securities cases that have been litigated in Federal and State courts, and in a number of arbitration cases.
|
[
"University of California, Los Angeles",
"Austral University"
] |
|
Which employer did Sebastián Edwards work for in Aug, 2003?
|
August 28, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Austral University"
]
}
|
L2_Q7442638_P108_2
|
Sebastián Edwards works for UCLA Anderson School of Management from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Sebastián Edwards works for Austral University from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Sebastián Edwards works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
|
Sebastián EdwardsSebastián Edwards (born 16 August 1953, Santiago, Chile) a member of the Edwards family is a Chilean economist, professor, speaker, and consultant. He is currently the Henry Ford II Professor of International Business Economics at the UCLA Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). From 1993 until April 1996, he was the Chief Economist for the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a member of the advisory board of Transnational Research Corporation and co-chairman of the Inter American Seminar on Economics (IASE). He is the Past President of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association (LACEA), an international professional association of economists with academic interests in Latin America and the Caribbean region. He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Kiel Institute of World Economics, Kiel-Germany. He is a member of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Council of Economic Advisors.From 1981 through 1993, he was an assistant, associate, and full Professor of economics at UCLA. From 2000 to 2004, he was Professor Extraordinario at the IAE, Universidad Austral, Argentina.Sebastian Edwards was born in Santiago, Chile. He was educated at the Catholic University of Chile, and received an M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago. He is married to economist Alejandra Cox Edwards. They have three grown children and 4 grandchildren.Edwards is the author of more than 200 scientific articles on international economics, macroeconomics, exchange rates, country risk, international investment, and economic development. His articles have appeared in the "American Economic Review", the "Journal of Monetary Economics", "The Economic Journal", "Oxford Economic Papers", the "Journal of Development Economics", the "Quarterly Journal of Economics", the "Journal of Economic Perspectives" and other professional journals.Edwards is an associate editor of the "Journal of International Trade and Economic Development", the "Journal of International Financial Markets", "Institutions and Money", and "Analisis Economico". For almost ten years he was the co-editor of the "Journal of Development Economics".His work and views has been frequently quoted in the media, including the "New York Times", the "Financial Times", the "Los Angeles Times", the "Wall Street Journal" and "The Economist". His op-ed pieces have appeared in the "Wall Street Journal", the "Financial Times", the "Los Angeles Times", the "Miami Herald", "Newsweek", "Time", "El País" (Madrid), "La Vanguardia" (Barcelona), "La Nación" (Argentina), "Clarín" (Argentina), and "La Tercera" (Chile). He is also a columnist for Project Syndicate. He is a frequent guest on CNN en Español and other TV and cable news programs.In 2007 he published the novel "El Misterio de las Tanias" (Alfaguara), a political thriller involving Cuban spies, political kidnappings, and a fabled ransom worth over one billion dollars. The novel was a bestseller in Chile, where it stayed in the Bestseller list for almost 30 weeks. "El Misterio de las Tanias" was released in Argentina in mid 2008 and in the rest of the Spanish speaking world in 2009.In May 2011 his second novel "Un dia perfecto" was published by La otra orilla and Editorial Norma. In "Un día perfecto" two parallel stories develop during one day—June 10, 1962. On that date Chile's soccer national team unexpectedly defeated the Soviet Union during the World Cup. The first story is a love triangle, while the second one deals with the mysterious disappearance of Lev Yashin, the Soviet famous goalkeeper, known as the "Black Spider". Soon after publication, "Un día perfecto" joined the list of bestselling novels in Chile. It will be published in the rest of the Spanish speaking world during the second half of 2011.Sebastian Edwards has been a consultant to a number of multilateral institutions, governments and national and international corporations, including the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentProfessor Edwards has been an expert witness in a number of securities cases that have been litigated in Federal and State courts, and in a number of arbitration cases.
|
[
"University of California, Los Angeles",
"UCLA Anderson School of Management"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Olympiacos F.C. in Nov, 1999?
|
November 19, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Alberto Bigon"
]
}
|
L2_Q19628_P286_0
|
Míchel is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Sep, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Pedro Martins is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Apr, 2018 to Aug, 2022.
Carlos Corberán is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Aug, 2022 to Sep, 2022.
Ernesto Valverde is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to May, 2009.
Alberto Bigon is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Nov, 1999 to Apr, 2000.
|
Olympiacos F.C.Olympiacos Football Club ( ), also known simply as Olympiacos, Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P. ( "Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós", "Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus"), is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus, Attica. Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP, their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club's emblem, the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete, symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece. Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus.Founded on 10 March 1925, Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history, having won 46 League titles, 28 Cups (18 Doubles) and 4 Super Cups, all records. Τotalling 78 national trophies, Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club. The club's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles, while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won, with seven in a row in two occasions (1997–2003 and 2011–2017), breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s (1954–1959), when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed "Thrylos" (, "The Legend").Having won the 2014–15 League title, Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history, a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president, Sepp Blatter. They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups (1957–1961), as well as six League titles undefeated (1937, 1938, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955). Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football, and by winning the 2012–13 title, their 40th in total, they added a fourth star above their crest, each one representing 10 League titles.In European competitions, Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998–99, losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus, as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals in 1992–93. The Red-Whites are by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 30th in the ten-year ranking as of 2021, and one of the founding members of the European Club Association. Olympiacos won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.Olympiacos is the most popular football club in Greece, also being the most popular club among the population of Athens, and gathering strong support from Greek communities all over the world. With 83,000 registered members as of April 2006, the club was placed 9th in the 2006 list of football clubs with the most paying members in the world; that figure increased to 98,000 in 2014. Olympiacos share a long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos, with whom they contest in the "derby of the eternal enemies", the most classic football derby in Greece and one of the most well known around the world.Olympiacos was founded on 10 March 1925, in the Athenian port city of Piraeus. The club's initial aim, as stated in the statutes, was the systematic cultivation and development of its athletes' possibilities for participation in athletic competitions, the spreading of the Olympic athletic ideal and the promotion of sportsmanship and fanship among the youth according to egalitarian principles, by stressing a healthy, ethical and social basis as its foundation. Members of "Piraikos Podosfairikos Omilos FC" (Sport and Football Club of Piraeus) and "Piraeus Fans Club FC" decided, during a historical assembly, to dissolve the two clubs in order to establish a new unified one, which would bring this new vision and dynamic to the community. , a senior officer of the Hellenic Navy, proposed the name "Olympiacos" and the profile of a laurel-crowned Olympic winner as the emblem of the new club. , a prominent Piraeus industrialist, expanded the name to its complete and current status, "Olympiacos Syndesmos Filathlon Pireos". Besides Kamperos and Manouskos, among the most notable founding members were Stavros Maragoudakis, the post office director; Nikos Andronikos, a merchant; Dimitrios Sklias, a Hellenic Army officer; Nikolaos Zacharias, an attorney; Athanasios Mermigas, a notary public; , who became the first goalkeeper in the club's history; Ioannis Kekkes, a stockbroker; and above all, the Andrianopoulos family. Andrianopoulos, a family of well-established Piraeus merchants, played a pivotal role in the founding of Olympiacos. The five brothers, Yiannis, , , Vassilis and Leonidas Andrianopoulos raised the reputation of the club and brought it to its current glory. Yiannis, Dinos, Giorgos and Vassilis were the first to play, while Leonidas, the youngest of the five, made his debut later on and played for the club for eight years (1927–1935). The club's offensive line, made up of the five brothers, became legendary, rising to a mythical status and soon Olympiacos gained enormous popularity and became the most successful and well-supported club in Greece. Back then, their fan base consisted mainly of the working class, with the team's home ground at Neo Phaliron Velodrome, before moving to its current Karaiskakis Stadium. They became Piraeus Champions in 1925 and 1926.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation was founded and organized the Panhellenic Championship in the 1927–1928 season. This was the first national championship, where the regional champions from EPSA league (Athens), EPSP league (Piraeus) and EPSM league (Thessaloniki) competed for the national title during play-offs, with Aris becoming the first champion. The Panhellenic Championship was organized in this manner up until 1958–59. However, in the second season (1928–29) a dispute arose between Olympiacos and the Hellenic Football Federation and as a result, the club did not participate in the championship, with Panathinaikos and AEK Athens deciding to follow Olympiacos. During the course of that season, the three of them played friendly games with each other and formed a group called P.O.K..Meanwhile, the club continued to dominate the Piraeus Championship, winning the 1926–27, 1928–29, 1929–30 and 1930–31 titles and started establishing themselves as the leading force in Greek football; they managed to set a record by staying undefeated against all Greek teams for three straight years (from 14 March 1926 to 3 March 1929), counting 30 wins and only 6 draws in 36 games. Those results ignited an enthusiastic reception from the Greek press, who called Olympiacos "Thrylos" ("Legend") for the first time in history. The fourth Panhellenic Championship took place in 1930–31 and found Olympiacos winning the Greek national league title for the first time ever, which was a milestone that marked the beginning of a very successful era in Olympiacos history. Olympiacos put in a great performance during the competition and won the title very convincingly with 11 wins, 2 draws and only one game lost. They managed to score 7 wins in 7 matches at home, beating Panathinaikos, AEK Athens, Aris, Iraklis and PAOK with the same score: 3–1. The sole exception was the match against Ethnikos, where Olympiacos netted 4 goals and won with 4–1. Besides the Andrianopoulos brothers and Kostas Klidouchakis, other notable players of the first era in the club's history (1925–1931) were Achilleas Grammatikopoulos, , , Nikos Panopoulos, Charalambos Pezonis and Kostas Terezakis.The rise of the new decade marked a substantial rise in Panhellenic Championship's popularity throughout Greece. In October 1931, Giorgos and Yiannis Andrianopoulos, emblematic players and founding members of Olympiacos, retired from active football. However, new heroes emerged, such as , , , , , , Nikos Grigoratos, Panagis Korsianos as well as the iconic brothers and and the club won five Championships in nine seasons (1932–33, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38) and by 1940, Olympiacos had already won six Championships in the eleven first seasons of the Panhellenic Championship. Especially Giannis Vazos, Christoforos Raggos and Theologos Symeonidis composed a formidable trio of attacking players, scoring numerous goals and became nothing short of legendary. Giannis Vazos played for 18 years for Olympiacos (1931–1949), and managed to score 450 goals in 364 games (179 goals in 156 official games) for the club, being the club's second all-time scorer, winning also the Greek Championship top scorer award four times (1933, 1936, 1937 and 1947).In addition, the club managed to win the 1936–37 and 1937–38 Championship titles undefeated. Ιn Greek Cup, the team did not manage to win the competition in its first four editions, despite some outstanding wins such as the record-setting 1–6 away victory against Panathinaikos in Leoforos Stadium in 1932 (V. Andrianopoulos 16', 68', 88', 24', 69', 70'), which is the biggest away victory in this derby's history.On 28 October 1940, Fascist Italy invaded Greece, and several Olympiacos players joined the Hellenic Army to fight against the Axis invaders. Chistoforos Raggos was heavily injured in his left leg in January 1941, and wasn't able to play football again. Leonidas Andrianopoulos suffered severe frostbite in the Albanian front and almost lost his life, while Nikos Grigoratos was injured in the leg during the Battle of Klisura. Furthermore, after the subsequent German occupation of Greece, Olympiacos players joined the Greek Resistance and fought fiercely against the Nazis. Olympiacos player , an emblematic figure for the club, was captain of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and fought against the Germans in many fronts. He was executed wearing Olympiacos shirt and shorts, as was his last wish: "Shoot me and kill me with my Olympiacos shirt on, and do not blindfold me, I want to see the colours of my team before the final shot." Michalis Anamateros was also an active member of the Greek Resistance and was killed in 1944. Olympiacos paid a heavy price during the destructive war, the Axis occupation and the ensuing Greek Civil War and the club's progress was put on temporary hold.After the war, Olympiacos saw many of its key-players of the pre-war era retire, with many significant changes being made in the team's roster. Olympiacos captain and prolific scorer Giannis Vazos remained in the club, along with Giannis Chelmis. New important players joined the club, such as Andreas Mouratis, , and . As soon as regular fixtures recommenced, the Piraeus club returned to their dominant position in Greek football. From 1946 to 1959, Olympiacos won 9 out of the 11 Greek Championships (1947, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959), bringing home 15 Championship titles in a total of 23 completed seasons of the Greek League. The six-straight Greek Championships won by Olympiacos from 1954 to 1959 was an unmatched achievement in Greek football history, an all-time record which stood for 44 years, up until Olympiacos managed to win seven-straight Greek Championships from 1997 to 2003.Furthermore, during the same period (1946–1959), the club won 8 Greek Cups out of 13 editions (1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), thus completing 6 Doubles (1947, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), three of which being consecutive (1957–1959). The legendary Olympiacos team of the 1950s, with key performers such as Andreas Mouratis, Ilias Rossidis, , Ilias Yfantis, , Kostas Polychroniou, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and marked Olympiacos' period of absolute domination in Greek football, which skyrocketed the club's popularity and spread the word of Olympiacos' superiority throughout Greece. Hence, after the club's record-breaking performance in the trophy-laden era of the 1950s, the club gained unequivocally the nickname of "Thrylos", meaning "The Legend".On 13 September 1959, Olympiacos made its debut in Europe against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup and became the first Greek club that ever played in the European competitions. The first leg was held at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus and Olympiacos took the lead with a goal by (1–0), which was the first goal ever scored by a Greek club (and by a Greek player as well) in the European competitions. Milan's prolific goalscorer José Altafini equalised the match with a header in the 33rd minute, after a cross by Giancarlo Danova. Ilias Yfantis scored an outstanding goal and gave Olympiacos the lead again in the 45th minute of the game, when he controlled the ball between Cesare Maldini and and unleashed a powerful volley, burying the ball into the back of the net (2–1). Altafini scored his second goal once again with a header (72nd minute), after a free-kick by Nils Liedholm. The match ended 2–2, with Olympiacos putting in a great performance against the Italian champions, despite the fact that they had no foreign players in their roster, while Milan had four world-class foreign players, such as Altafini, Liedholm, Juan Alberto Schiaffino and Ernesto Grillo. In the second leg Milan won 3–1 (Giancarlo Danova 12', 26', 85'; 68') and qualified for the next round, despite Olympiacos' good performance especially in the second half.Olympiacos entered the 1960s by winning the 1960 and 1961 Greek Cups, thus completing five consecutive Greek Cup wins, which is an all-time record in Greek football history. In this decade, a strong side was created with players from the late 1950s and new important players, such as , , , Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , Giangos Simantiris, , , , Sotiris Gavetsos, Tasos Sourounis, Vangelis Milisis, Orestis Pavlidis, Panagiotis Barbalias and last but not least the prolific goalscorer Giorgos Sideris, top-scorer in the club's history with 493 goals in 519 matches in all competitions (224 goals in 284 Greek Championship matches).In 1963, Olympiacos became the first ever Greek club to win a non-domestic competition, winning the Balkans Cup, which marked the first international success by any Greek football club. The Balkans Cup was a very popular international competition in the 1960s (the 1967 final attracted 42.000 spectators), being the second most important international club competition for clubs from the Balkans (after the European Champions' Cup). Olympiacos topped his group after some notable wins, beating Galatasaray 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 49'), as well as FK Sarajevo (3–2) and FC Brașov (1–0), bagging also two away draws against Galatasaray (1–1) in Mithatpaşa Stadium (Metin Oktay 78' – 6') and FK Sarajevo in Koševo Stadium (3–3). In the final, they faced Levski Sofia, winning the first match in Piraeus (1–0, Giorgos Sideris 37') and losing the second match in Vasil Levski Stadium with the same score. In the third decisive final in Istanbul (a neutral ground), Olympiacos beat Levski 1–0 in Mithatpaşa Stadium with a goal by in the 87th minute and won the Balkans Cup.The club went on to win the 1963 and 1965 Greek Cups, completing seven Greek Cup titles in nine years. However, the years 1959–1965 were not fruitful for Olympiacos in the Greek Championship, as the team was not able to win the title for six years. This mediocre performance led Olympiacos board to hire the legendary Márton Bukovi as the club's head coach, with Mihály Lantos (prominent member of the Hungary national team of the 1950s widely known as the "Mighty Magyars" or ""Aranycsapat"") as his assistant coach. The innovative Hungarian coach, pioneer of the 4–2–4 formation (along with Béla Guttmann and Gusztáv Sebes) was a solid tactician and favoured attacking football and very demanding training sessions. Bukovi's innovatory tactics and groundbreaking training methods transformed Olympiacos and created a powerful, attacking team with constant player movement and solid combination game that often played spectacular football. Under Bukovi's guidance and with the great performance of key players such as Giorgos Sideris, , Kostas Polychroniou, Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , , and Orestis Pavlidis, Olympiacos won 2 straight Greek Championships (1966, 1967). They won the 1966 title with 23 wins and 4 draws in 30 games and in the decisive away match against Trikala, an estimated 15,000 ecstatic Olympiacos fans swarmed into the city of Trikala to celebrate the win (0–5) and the Championship title after seven years.The next season 1966–67, Olympiacos won 12 out of the first 14 games in the league, which was an all-time record in Greek football history, which lasted for 46 years and up until 2013, when Olympiacos, under coach Míchel's guidance, broke his own record by winning 13 out of the 14 first matches of the 2013–14 season. They won the title in a convincing way and with some notable wins, like the 4–0 smashing victory against arch-rivals Panathinaikos at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 17', Sideris 20', 35', 62'), where Olympiacos played spectacular football and missed a plethora of chances for a much bigger score. Bukovi became a legend for the club's fans and his creation, the Olympiacos team of 1965–67, became nothing short of legendary. A special anthem was written for Bukovi's Olympiacos and became popular throughout Greece: ""Του Μπούκοβι την ομαδάρα, τη λένε Ολυμπιακάρα"" ("Bukovi's mighty team is called Olympiacos").Shortly before the end of the 1966–67 season, a military coup d'état took place and the Colonels seized power in Greece, establishing a dictatorship. The regime of the Colonels had devastating consequences for Olympiacos. In December 1967, , club legend and president of the club for 13 years (1954–1967) was forced out of the club's presidency by the military regime. Furthermore, the regime canceled the transfer of Giorgos Koudas to Olympiacos and days later another blow was delivered to the club: Márton Bukovi, already a legend and architect of the great 1965–67 team, was forced out of Greece by the military junta, being labeled a communist. He left Greece on 21 December 1967, along with Mihály Lantos.Another chapter began in 1972, after Nikos Goulandris became president of the club. He reinstated all the prominent members of Olympiacos board that had been forced out by the military regime (including Giorgos Andrianopoulos) and opened-up the member election process, establishing a new, trustworthy board of directors. He appointed Lakis Petropoulos as head coach and signed top-class players, creating a great roster with key performers such as Giorgos Delikaris, Yves Triantafyllos, Julio Losada, Milton Viera, , Michalis Kritikopoulos, Takis Synetopoulos, Romain Argyroudis, Maik Galakos, , , , , Lakis Glezos, , Kostas Davourlis, Giannis Kyrastas, Dimitris Persidis, Lefteris Poupakis and . Under Goulandris' presidency, Olympiacos won the Greek Championship three times in a row (1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75), combining it with the Greek Cup in 1973 (beating PAOK 1–0 in the final) and 1975 (beating Panathinaikos 1–0 in the final) to celebrate two Doubles in three years. Ιn the 1972–73 season, Olympiacos won the title by conceding only 13 goals in 34 matches, which is an-all-time record in Greek football history. The team's best year though, was undoubtedly the 1973–74 season, when Olympiacos won the league with 26 wins and 7 draws in 34 games, scoring an all-time record of 102 goals and conceding only 14.In European competitions, they managed to eliminate Cagliari in the 1972–73 UEFA Cup, a major force in Italian football during the late 1960s and the early 1970s, (1970 Serie A Champions, 1972 Serie A title contenders), with world-class Italian international players like Gigi Riva, Angelo Domenghini, Enrico Albertosi, Pierluigi Cera, Sergio Gori and Fabrizio Poletti. Olympiacos managed to beat Cagliari twice, 2–1 in Piraeus and 1–0 in Cagliari, becoming the first ever Greek football club to win on Italian soil. In the next round they faced the competition's defending champions Tottenham Hotspur, who were undefeated for 16-straight games in all European competitions. Olympiacos did not manage to qualify against Spurs, but they managed to get a 1–0 win in Piraeus, which ended Tottenham's undefeated streak and marked the first ever victory of a Greek football club against an English side. Two years later, Olympiacos entered the 1974–75 European Cup and they were drawn to face Kenny Dalglish's Celtic, one of the strongest teams in European football at that time and semi-finalists of the previous season. The first leg was played in Celtic Park, where Celtic had never been defeated, running an undefeated streak of 36 straight home games in all European competitions (27 wins, 9 draws) from 1962 to 1974. Olympiacos took the lead through Milton Viera's strike in the 36th minute, with Celtic equalising late in the game. The away draw gave Olympiacos the advantage and they finished the job in Piraeus, after a spectacular 2–0 win against the Scottish Champions with Kritikopoulos and finding the net. In the next round, they were drawn to play against Anderlecht for a place in the quarter-finals of the competition. Anderlecht won the first leg with 5–1 and Olympiacos' task seemed impossible. In the second leg in Greece, however, Olympiacos put on a dominant display and almost reached a winning score in a match that was marked by referee Károly Palotai's decisions. Olympiacos beat Anderlecht 3–0, while Palotai disallowed four Olympiacos goals and did not give at least three clear penalties committed by Anderlecht players, while Stavropoulos was shown a red card for no good reason. The match is widely known in Greece as the ""Palotai massacre"" with Olympiacos coming close to one of the biggest comebacks in European Cup history.Following Goulandris resignation from the presidency in 1975, the team went through a relative dry spell in the second half of the 1970s. However, in the summer of 1979, the Greek championship turned professional and became owner and president of the club. Olympiacos emerged again as the dominant force in Greek football, winning the title four times in a row (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983) with players like the relentless goalscorer Nikos Anastopoulos, Martin Novoselac, Vicente Estavillo, Thomas Ahlström, Roger Albertsen, Maik Galakos, Tasos Mitropoulos, Takis Nikoloudis, Nikos Sarganis, Nikos Vamvakoulas, Giorgos Kokolakis, , Petros Michos, Takis Lemonis, , Petros Xanthopoulos, , , and . Kazimierz Górski, the iconic Polish coach, led Olympiacos to the 1980, 1981 and 1983 titles (winning also the Double in 1981, the 9th Double in Olympiacos' history) while Alketas Panagoulias, who had also been manager of the Greek national football team and the United States national team as well, led the team to the 1982 title after a memorable 2–1 win (Estavillo 6', Anastopoulos 69') against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the crucial Championship final match in Volos. With Panagoulias as head coach, Olympiacos won the 1986–87 title as well, having a solid roster with players from the early 1980s like Anastopoulos, Mitropoulos, Michos, Xanthopoulos and other strong players like Miloš Šestić, Giorgos Vaitsis, Jorge Barrios, Andreas Bonovas, Alexis Alexiou and .Olympiacos experienced its darkest days from the late-1980s until the mid-'90s. In the mid-'80s, Olympiacos came into the hands of Greek businessman George Koskotas who was soon accused of and convicted for embezzlement, leaving Olympiacos deep in debt. The club went through a period of administrative turbulence until 1993, when Sokratis Kokkalis became majority shareholder and president of the club. As soon as he took the club's presidency, Kokkalis agreed a settlement to pay off all the club's debts and started reorganising and restructuring the club. On the pitch, the team, with all the financial and managerial problems, as well as the lack of strong administrative leadership until the Kokkalis arrival, spent nine seasons without a league title, from 1988 to 1996, despite the foreign top-class players that played for the club at that period, such as Lajos Détári, Oleh Protasov, Juan Gilberto Funes, Bent Christensen, Hennadiy Lytovchenko, Yuri Savichev, Andrzej Juskowiak, Daniel Batista, Fabián Estay and the backbone of solid Greek players like Vassilis Karapialis, Kiriakos Karataidis, Giotis Tsalouchidis, Nikos Tsiantakis, Giorgos Vaitsis, Minas Hantzidis, Theodoros Pahatouridis, Savvas Kofidis, Chris Kalantzis, Gιorgοs Mitsibonas, Ilias Talikriadis, Alekos Rantos, , Ilias Savvidis and Michalis Vlachos. This period is so called as "Olympiacos' stone years". Nevertheless, the club brought home the 1990 (beating OFI Crete 4–2 in the final) and 1992 Greek Cups (beating PAOK 2–0 in the second leg of the double final in Piraeus), as well as the 1992 Greek Super Cup, beating AEK 3–1 in the final. In addition, the team, under the guidance of the legendary Ukrainian coach Oleg Blokhin, managed to reach the quarter-finals of the 1992–93 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, eliminating Arsène Wenger's Monaco, after a hard-fought 1–0 away win in Stade Louis II with a late goal by Giorgos Vaitsis and a goalless draw at Karaiskakis Stadium in the second leg. They did not manage to qualify for the semi-finals, however, as they were eliminated by Atlético Madrid (1–1 draw at home, 3–1 loss in Madrid).In 1996, Socratis Kokkalis appointed Dušan Bajević as the team's head coach. By that time, Olympiacos had already a very strong roster, with players like Kyriakos Karataidis, Vassilis Karapialis, Grigoris Georgatos, Alexis Alexandris, Giorgos Amanatidis, Nikos Dabizas and Ilija Ivić. Upon Bajević's arrival, Kokkalis opted to strengthen the team significantly in order to create a very strong roster that would dominate Greek football for years to come. He purchased the highly rated prospects Predrag Đorđević and Stelios Giannakopoulos from Paniliakos, outbidding both AEK Athens and Panathinaikos; signed Refik Šabanadžović, Andreas Niniadis, Giorgos Anatolakis and Alekos Kaklamanos; and brought Olympiacos Academy product Dimitris Eleftheropoulos back from his loan spell at Proodeftiki. With all these players up front, Olympiacos strode to the 1996–97 title by 12 clear points over AEK and 20 points over the third Panathinaikos in Bajević's first season in charge; this was the club's first Greek Championship in nine seasons, putting an end to the "stone years" and officially beginning Olympiacos' era of domination. In the next season, 1997–98, Dimitris Mavrogenidis, Siniša Gogić, Ilias Poursanidis and the Ghanaian striker Peter Ofori-Quaye were transferred to the club and Olympiacos won the 1997–98 Championship. Bajević's team, along with AEK and Panathinaikos, were closely separated in the table, but finally Olympiacos made an important away win against Panathinaikos (0–2) and celebrated the second consecutive Championship, with three points difference from Panathinaikos. Olympiacos participated for the first time in the UEFA Champions League group stage and took third place in a tough group, leaving Porto in fourth place, while Real Madrid, the eventual champions, topped the group and qualified for the quarter-finals.The 1998–99 season was undoubtedly one of the best seasons in Olympiacos history. They won the 1998–99 Greek Championship quite convincingly, with ten points difference from AEK and 11 from third-placed Panathinaikos, and also celebrated the domestic double, bringing home the 1998–99 Greek Cup after a convincing 2–0 win against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the final (Mavrogenidis 54', Ofori-Quaye 90'), despite the fact that they played for more than 60 minutes in the game with ten players. In European competitions, they entered the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage, being drawn in a group with Ajax, Porto and Croatia Zagreb. They won the group and qualified to the quarter-finals, gathering 11 points with 3 home wins against Ajax (1–0), Porto (2–1) and Croatia Zagreb (2–0) and two away draws in Porto (2–2) and Zagreb (1–1). In the quarter-finals of the competition, they faced Juventus, with the first leg in Turin. Juventus took a 2–0 lead, but Olympiacos scored a crucial away goal in the 90th minute of the game with a penalty by Andreas Niniadis, a goal that caused the 10.000 Olympiacos fans who travelled to Italy to erupt into joyous ecstasy. In the second leg in Athens, Olympiacos totally dominated the match, and scored the goal that put them in the driving seat in the 12th minute of the game, when Siniša Gogić's powerful header found the back of the net after Grigoris Georgatos's superb cross. They also missed an outstanding chance to double the lead, when Giorgos Amanatidis' powerful header from short distance was saved by Michelangelo Rampulla. Olympiacos kept the ticket to the semi-finals in his hands until the 85th minute, when Juventus, who hadn't produced any chances in the game, equalised the score after a crucial mistake by Dimitris Eleftheropoulos, who had been the team's hero in all the previous games. Despite the big disappointment from the way the qualification to the semi-finals was lost, the presence of the team in the Champions League quarter-finals, their best-ever European campaign, combined with the domestic double, marked a very successful season for the club, arguably the best in their long history.The next four seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03) Olympiacos signed world-class players of great magnitude such as Giovanni, Zlatko Zahovič and the World champion Christian Karembeu, as well as other top-class players including Pär Zetterberg, Zé Elias, Nery Castillo, Christos Patsatzoglou, Lampros Choutos and Stelios Venetidis. These transfers strengthened even more the already strong roster from the previous successful years and under the guidance of coaches like Giannis Matzourakis, Takis Lemonis and Oleg Protasov (Bajević had left the club in 1999). Olympiacos managed to win seven consecutive Greek Championships (1997–2003), breaking their own past record of six (1954–1959). Olympiacos won their seventh consecutive title after a breathtaking closing of the 2002–03 Greek League: Olympiacos was hosting arch-rivals Panathinaikos in matchday 29, who led the table with a three-point difference. Olympiacos needed to win the derby by two clear goals in order to overthrow their rivals in the championship race. Olympiacos beat Panathinaikos 3–0 (Giovanni 3', Giannakopoulos 15' 48') in a dominant display in Rizoupoli and celebrated the all-time record of seven straight Championships, which was a dream and a historic objective for the club and especially for the fans.In 2004, Olympiacos rehired Dušan Bajević and signed the 1999 World Footballer of the Year and 2002 World Champion Brazilian superstar Rivaldo and the 2004 European champion Antonis Nikopolidis. The end of the season found Olympiacos winning the domestic double and having a decent Champions League display, gathering ten points in a tough group alongside Liverpool, Monaco and Deportivo de La Coruña and losing the qualification to the knockout phase in the last four minutes of the last game against the eventual European champions Liverpool at Anfield. Bajević left the club and the Norwegian coach Trond Sollied was hired in his place. They club signed Cypriot striker Michalis Konstantinou from Panathinaikos, 2004 European champion defender Michalis Kapsis from Bordeaux and the versatile box-to-box Ivorian midfielder Yaya Touré. During the 2005–06 season, Olympiacos won all the four derbies against their major rivals, Panathinaikos and AEK Athens, something only achieved once more, during the season 1972–73. The combined goal total in these four matches was 11–3 in favour of Olympiacos. They also beat AEK Athens 3–0 in the Greek Cup Final to clinch their second-straight double and managed to win an all-time record of 16 consecutive matches in the championship, breaking their own past record.After a record-breaking season, in the 2006 summer transfers, Trond Sollied signed Michał Żewłakow, Júlio César and Tomislav Butina among others. However, he did not live up to expectations in the 2006–07 Champions League and was replaced by Takis Lemonis at the end of 2006. Lemonis transferred the young star Vasilis Torosidis, and led Olympiacos in their third consecutive championship, but failed to win the Greek Cup after a surprise elimination by PAS Giannina.In the summer of 2007, Olympiacos made very expensive transfers like Luciano Galletti, Darko Kovačević, Raúl Bravo, Lomana LuaLua, Cristian Ledesma and Leonel Núñez. They also brought back the solid Greek defender Paraskevas Antzas and signed the very talented young striker Kostas Mitroglou from Borussia Mönchengladbach. Furthermore, they accomplished the most lucrative sale in Greek football history after selling striker-midfielder Nery Castillo to Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk for the record sum of €20 million ($27.5M). Because of a clause in Castillo's contract, Olympiacos received €15 million, with the remaining €5 million given directly to the player. Furthermore, a controversy started between the team and Rivaldo, as Olympiacos did not wish to renew the player's contract despite the fact that Rivaldo had featured heavily in the club's successful campaigns, both in Greece and abroad. Former player Ilija Ivić was selected for the role of the team's football director. The team did not start well in the Greek championship, but it achieved a stunning performance in the Champions League, qualifying for the last 16 as they finished second in their group, level on 11 points with group winners Real Madrid, eliminating Werder Bremen and Lazio. However, the team's less than satisfactory performance in the league, coupled with the defeat from Chelsea in Stamford Bridge for the knockout phase, prompted club owner Sokratis Kokkalis to sack coach Takis Lemonis. The team's assistant manager, José Segura, coached the team for the remainder of the season. Olympiacos managed to win both the Greek Championship and Cup, but Segura left the club at the end of the season.In the summer of 2008, Olympiacos made prominent transfers, signing Dudu Cearense, Avraam Papadopoulos, Diogo Luis Santo and Matt Derbyshire and appointed Ernesto Valverde as the new coach with a three-year contract worth approximately €6 million. The 2008–09 season started badly for Olympiacos, with the team losing their first few official matches, against Anorthosis Famagusta for the Champions League third qualifying round, and was eliminated from the tournament, which resulted to a seat in the UEFA Cup first round, where Olympiacos beat Nordsjælland to qualify for the group stage. The team also started well in the 2008–09 Super League Greece, winning every match at home, but facing difficulties away. They ended up winning the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, celebrating the 14th double in Olympiacos history. After an impressive UEFA Cup run at home, with some spectacular wins against Benfica (5–1) and Hertha BSC (4–0), the team managed to get through to the round of 32, facing French side Saint-Étienne.In the summer of 2009, Olympiacos signed major players, such as Olof Mellberg from Juventus for €2.5 million, midfielder Jaouad Zairi from Asteras Tripolis and Enzo Maresca from Sevilla. Many other players returned from loan spells, such as former Real Madrid defender Raúl Bravo, Georgios Katsikogiannis and midfielder Cristian Ledesma. Olympiacos appointed former Brazil legend Zico as their coach and started the 2009–10 season with great success, as they qualified for the Champions League final 16, finishing second in Group H only 3 points behind Arsenal, despite the absence of numerous first-team players due to injuries. They faced Bordeaux in the final 16 and lost the first match at home (0–1). In the second match, despite Bordeaux's early lead, Olympiacos leveled the match and missed some great chances to score a second goal, before eventually losing in the dying moments of the match (1–2). Domestically, Olympiacos secured a 2–0 derby win over arch-rivals Panathinaikos, with striker Kostas Mitroglou scoring twice. However, this was only a highlight in an otherwise below-par season for the club, as they not only lost the championship to Panathinaikos, but were also defeated in four out of their six playoff games, eventually finishing last, in the 5th position of the league table; this result marked the team's worst ranking since being placed 8th in 1988, and meant that the club would start their Europa League campaign from the second qualifying round the following season.In 2010, Evangelos Marinakis, a successful shipping magnate, bought the team from Sokratis Kokkalis. During the first year of his presidency, Marinakis appointed fans' favourite Ernesto Valverde as coach (who came back for a second tenure in the club) and signed players with international pedigree, such as Albert Riera, Ariel Ibagaza, Kevin Mirallas, Marko Pantelić and François Modesto. As a result, Olympiacos won the Greek title for the 38th time in its history, 13 points ahead of second-placed Panathinaikos.In the 2011–12 season, the team's roster was strengthened with players like Jean Makoun, Pablo Orbaiz, Iván Marcano, Rafik Djebbour and Djamel Abdoun and with Ernesto Valverde as their coach for the second straight season, Olympiacos had a very successful campaign both domestically and internationally. They won both the Greek league and the Greek Cup to complete the 15th domestic double in the club's history. In European competitions, Olympiacos had a solid Champions League campaign, having been drawn in Group F against Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund and Marseille. Despite delivering nine points in the group, with two emphatic wins against Arsenal and Dortmund at home (both with a 3–1 scoreline) and an away win against Marseille (0–1), they lost the qualification to the knock-out stage after Marseille's controversial 2–3 away win in Dortmund in game 6, with Marseille scoring two goals in the last five minutes of the match to come back from an early 2–0 Dortmund lead. Olympiacos continued in Europa League where he was drawn to play against Rubin Kazan. The Greek champions eliminated the Russian side with two wins (1–0 in both Kazan and Piraeus) and were up to play against Metalist Kharkiv in the Last 16 of the competition. They won the first match in Ukraine with David Fuster scoring the winning goal (0–1) but in the second match, despite their early lead and the plethora of missed chances (they hit the woodwork twice in the first half), they conceded two goals in the last nine minutes of the game and lost the qualification to the quarter-finals.At the end of the season, Ernesto Valverde announced his decision to return to Spain, thus ending his second successful spell at Olympiacos. The club announced the Portuguese Leonardo Jardim as their new head coach. The team performed very well in the Greek league and had a decent Champions league campaign, gathering nine points in Group B, after wins against Arsenal (2–1 at home) and Montpellier (1–2 in Montpellier, 3–1 in Piraeus). Despite the relatively good results, Leonardo Jardim was replaced by the Spanish coach and Real Madrid legend Míchel. The team went on to celebrate the 16th double in their history by winning their 40th Greek Championship, 15 points ahead the second PAOK, as well as their 26th Greek Cup after a 3–1 win against Asteras Tripolis in the final. The 40th Greek championship title gave Olympiacos the fourth star on top of the club's emblem, which was a major goal for the club and especially for the fans.The expectations for the 2013–14 season were very high, especially after the signing of players such as striker Javier Saviola, Joel Campbell, Roberto, Alejandro Domínguez, Vladimír Weiss, Delvin N'Dinga and Leandro Salino. Olympiacos had a great season both domestically and internationally. In Europe, they were drawn in Group C of the 2013–14 Champions League alongside Paris Saint-Germain, Benfica and Anderlecht. After a strong performance in the group, Olympiacos finished second with ten points and qualified for the Last 16 at the expense of Benfica (1–0 win in Piraeus, 1–1 draw in Lisbon) and Anderlecht (0–3 win in Brussels, 3–1 win in Piraeus). In the round of 16, they were drawn to play against Manchester United. Olympiacos, after a solid display, won the first leg with a comfortable 2–0 (Alejandro Domínguez 38', Campbell 55'), in a match where they dominated totally and missed chances to even extend the lead. Despite the two-goal advantage which put them within touching distance of a quarter-final place for the first time since 1999, Olympiacos lost 3–0 in the second leg in Old Trafford, having missed an outstanding double chance to equalize the score in the 40th minute. The Greek champions pushed on in the last ten minutes to find the crucial away goal, but to no avail. Although the ticket to the quarter-finals slipped out of the club's hands, Olympiacos' overall performance and the fact that the club managed to qualify to the knockout phase (round of 16) of the Champions League for the third time in six years (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14), marked a very successful European campaign. Domestically, Olympiacos won their history's 41st Greek Championship very convincingly, 17 points ahead of second-placed PAOK.In the 2014–15 season, Olympiacos entered the 2014–15 Champions League group stage with hopes to repeat the previous year's performance; they were drawn alongside Atlético Madrid, Juventus and Malmö FF. They had a solid performance in the group, managing to beat last year's runners-up Atlético 3–2 and eventual finalists Juventus 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium, but they lost the qualification for the knockout stage in the last game: Olympiacos beat Malmö FF 4–2 at home but at the same time Juventus were drawing against Atlético in Italy, securing the crucial one point they needed to qualify. Had Olympiacos and Juventus finished with the same points, Olympiacos would have qualified due to best aggregate score (away goals) of their two games (1–0 Olympiacos win in Piraeus, 3–2 Juventus win in Turin). The third place in the group gave Olympiacos the ticket for the next round of UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by the eventual runners-up Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. Domestically, the team had a very successful season, winning the 17th double in their history. They won their 42nd Greek Championship with 12 points difference from the second Panathinaikos and their 27th Greek Cup, beating Skoda Xanthi 3–1 in the final.The 2015–16 season started with a new manager replacement, as Marco Silva took over the management over his fellow countryman Vitor Pereira, while the squad was strengthened with the world-class presence of Esteban Cambiasso and a number of other players with European competition experience, including Kostas Fortounis, Felipe Pardo, Sebá, Manuel Da Costa, Brown Ideye and Alfreð Finnbogason. In a tough Champions League group that included Bayern München, Arsenal and Dinamo Zagreb, Olympiacos managed to record 9 points through a 3–2 away win over the Gunners at the Emirates Stadium, considered by many as one of the club's most important European victories, as well as two more wins against Dinamo (1–0 away and 2–1 at home). Last matchday saw the team face Arsenal at the Karaiskakis stadium, needing a 1–0 or 2–1 defeat to the Gunners, as the worst-case scenario, to advance to the knockout phase of the competition based on the away goals rule; the Red-Whites eventually lost 3–0 and continued their European journey in the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by Anderlecht in the first knockout stage. Despite the above, Olympiacos broke the record for most European competition victories recorded by a Greek club, with 97 over the 96 of second-placed Panathinaikos as of the summer of 2016. Domestically, Olympiacos had perhaps their most successful season in years, as the team managed to secure their 43rd Greek Championship, and 6th consecutive, on the last day of February 2016, considered a national record for the earliest time, within a league campaign, when a title is clinched. The team managed to finish their league campaign with a 30-point difference over their arch rivals Panathinaikos, who came in second. The team's 85 points over the course of 30 matchdays, including a 28–1–1 overall result breakdown with 13 away wins and a perfect 15 victories out of 15 home games, are also considered a national record. However, despite the club's expectations of doing the double, they did not manage to win the Greek Cup as they finished runners-up to rivals AEK after a 2–1 loss in the final.The 2016–17 season proved to be rather tumultuous for the club, despite the signing of such key players as Óscar Cardozo, Tarik Elyounoussi, Alaixys Romao, Aly Cissokho and Marko Marin. The main issues that arose were the team's shock elimination from Israeli outfit Hapoel Be'er-Sheva, after a 1–0 aggregate defeat, in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League, and the highly frequent change of managers, leading the club to having been coached by five individuals over the same season: Marco Silva, Victor Sánchez (responsible for the elimination from Hapoel), Paulo Bento, Vasilis Vouzas and Takis Lemonis. The team's UEFA Europa League journey was not as successful as other European campaigns, starting with a difficult 3–1 aggregate victory (1–1 before extra time) over Arouca in the playoffs, continuing with the team's qualification from the group stage but only as second-placed to APOEL (in a group that also included Young Boys and Astana), and ending with a heavy 5–2 aggregate defeat to Besiktas in the last 16 of the knockout stage (with goalkeeper Nicola Leali being highly responsible for 4 out of the 5 goals conceded), despite having advanced from the last 32 thanks to a 3–0 aggregate win over Osmanlispor. The frequent manager change negatively affected the team's stability and rhythm in domestic competitions as well. Firstly, Olympiacos failed to qualify for the Greek Cup final after being ousted by AEK, who advanced on the away goals rule after a 2–2 aggregate draw. Secondly, despite the fact that the Reds clinched their 44th Greek Championship, and 7th consecutive for the second time in Greek football history, they only managed to do so with a six-point difference (67 to 61) over PAOK.At the start of the 2017–18 season, the board decided to hire former Anderlecht manager Besnik Hasi to guide Olympiacos back to the UEFA Champions League group stage after a year's absence. Upon his arrival, Hasi strengthened the squad with players as Vadis Odjidja-Ofoe, Guillaume Gillet, Mehdi Carcela, Jagoš Vuković, Björn Engels, Uroš Đurđević, Emmanuel Emenike and Panagiotis Tachtsidis.Aggregate victories over Partizan (5–3) and Rijeka (3–1) in the two final qualifying rounds ensured the Red-Whites' presence in Group D of the competition, considered perhaps the toughest in Olympiacos' European history due to Barcelona, Juventus and Sporting CP being the opponents. A disheartening 2–3 defeat in the hands of Sporting at Thrylos' European season opener, combined with a 3–2 loss to AEK despite being 0–2 up, led to Hasi's dismissal from the club and his replacement by Takis Lemonis. The latter decided to focus on getting the squad back on track in domestic competitions, at a time when Olympiacos eventually got eliminated from Europe ahead of the Christmas break for the first time in 12 years. Following a home goalless draw against Barcelona and five defeats, the Red-Whites only managed to acquire one point during their entire Champions League group stage campaign, something considered a setback for the club after their 7 previous UEFA Champions League campaigns (2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16), in which they gathered at least 9 points in all of the groups (11 points in 2007–08, 10 points in 2009–10, 9 points in 2011–12, 9 points in 2012–13, 10 points in 2013–14, 9 points in 2014–15 and 9 points in 2015–16), with three qualifications to the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition. Despite their one-point group stage exit, the worst European records by a Greek team in the history of European competitions both belong to AEK Athens: AEK's zero (0) point campaign in Group E of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League and AEK's zero (0) point campaign as well in the Group H of the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, a lower-tier UEFA competition. Panathinaikos has also a one-point campaign in Group G of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. Despite being in the Super League lead halfway through the season, Lemonis was dismissed on grounds of dressing room instability, and Óscar García was subsequently appointed with a vision of increasing attacking efficiency and discipline. Domestically, Olympiacos' Greek Cup run ended in the quarter-finals, marking their third consecutive year that they failed to lift the Cup. In the Super League the Red-Whites conceded the title to AEK three matchdays before completion, thus ending a run of seven consecutive championship wins and leading to the dismissal of García after two months at the club's helm, with Christos Kontis finishing the season as caretaker manager. Portuguese Pedro Martins was appointed head coach in order to lead Olympiacos at the following 2018–19 season.When, in 1925, the merger of the two clubs of Piraeus, Athlitikos Podosfairikos Syllogos Pireos and Omilos Filathlon Pireos, gave birth to the new football club, the latter was unanimously baptized "Olympiacos Club of Fans of Piraeus", a name inspired from the Ancient Olympic Games, the morality, the vying, the splendor, the sportsmanship and the fair play ideal that were represented in Ancient Greece. Consequently, after 's proposal, the club adopted the laurel-crowned adolescent as their emblem, which symbolizes the Olympic Games winner, a crest that underwent minor changes through the ages. Red and white were chosen as the colours of the crest; red for the passion and victory and white for the virtue and purity.The typical kit of the team is that of a shirt with red and white vertical stripes, and red or white shorts and socks. The shirt has taken different forms during the history of the club, for example with thin or wider stripes. The second most common kit is the all-red one and next the all-white one. Olympiacos has used several other colours during its history as an away or third kit, with the most notable of them being the monotint black or silver one. The most common kits of Olympiacos during their history are these below (the year of each one is indicant):Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Olympiacos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1982 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Olympiacos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:The Karaiskakis Stadium, situated at Neo Faliro in Piraeus, is the current (since 2004) and traditional home of Olympiacos. With a capacity of 32,115, it is the largest football-only stadium and the second largest football stadium overall in Greece. It was built in 1895 as Neo Phaliron Velodrome, to host the cycling events for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, and the pitch was covered with curm. Olympiacos started using it since its foundation in 1925. In 1964, the stadium was renovated and was given its current name after Georgios Karaiskakis, a military commander of the Greek War of Independence, with an athletics track around the pitch.Olympiacos left the Karaiskakis Stadium temporarily to play home matches at the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium in 1984. After a five-year use (1984–1989) of the biggest stadium in Greece, the team returned to their traditional home, where they played until 1997. It was then that Olympiacos got back to the Athens Olympic Stadium, where they stayed for another period of five years (1997–2002). In 2002, the Olympic Stadium was closed for renovation works due to the 2004 Summer Olympics and Olympiacos moved to the Georgios Kamaras Stadium in Rizoupoli, home of Apollon Smyrnis, for the following two seasons (2002–2004).Meanwhile, the Karaiskakis Stadium had fallen in disrepair and was not anymore suitable for football matches. In 2003, its use passed to Olympiacos in order to build a football-only ground, to be used for the football tournament of the 2004 Olympics. In return, Olympiacos got exclusive use of the stadium until 2052, covering all maintenance costs and also paying 15% of revenue to the Greek State. The old stadium was demolished in the spring of 2003 and the new one was completed on 30 June 2004 at a total cost of €60 million. Nowadays, the Karaiskakis Stadium is one of the most modern football grounds in Europe, also hosting the museum of Olympiacos, with several facilities around.Olympiacos' traditional fanbase comes from the city of Piraeus, where the club is based, as well as a good part of the rest of the Athens area. The club's popularity increased during the 1950s after winning consecutive titles and setting several records, and they became the best-supported football club in the country. Traditionally, Olympiacos used to represent the working class, but the club has always attracted fans from all the social classes and their fanbase is not associated with any specific social group anymore.Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches. Several newspapers and magazines' polls rank Olympiacos as the most popular club in Greece with a percentage varying between 30–40% among the fans and more or less 30% in total population, which corresponds to around three and a half millions of supporters in Greece. The club is overwhelmingly popular in Piraeus, where almost half of its population supports Olympiacos, while their support in the whole of Athens reaches 45.1% of the fans, making them the most popular club in the Greek capital. They are also the most popular club in the working class with a percentage of 37% and in all age groups, as well as among both male and female fans; the vast majority of their fans comes from the centre-left and centre-right of the political spectrum. Outside of Athens, Olympiacos is the most popular club in Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, the Aegean and the Ionian Islands. Additionally, they have the highest average all-time attendance in Greek football, having topped the attendance tables in most of the seasons in Super League Greece history.In 2006, Olympiacos was placed in the top ten of the clubs with the most paying members in the world, holding ninth place, just ahead of Real Madrid. As of April 2006, the club had some 83,000 registered members. Olympiacos and Red Star Belgrade fans have developed a deep friendship, calling themselves the "Orthodox Brothers". Usually, Olympiacos supporters from several fan-clubs attend Red Star's matches, especially against their old rival Partizan, and vice versa. More recently, the Orthodox Brothers have started to include fans of Spartak Moscow in their club.Olympiacos fans are renowned for their passionate and fervent support to the team, with the atmosphere at home matches regarded as intimidating. When they played Newcastle United at home in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, the match was televised in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 and the guest commentator was former England international Tony Cottee, who was constantly mentioning how great the atmosphere was. During the game he was asked whether it was the most atmospheric stadium he had been to and replied: "I'd have to say it probably is. You hear a lot about various places and the atmosphere there but when you go you realise it's not all that... But this place is the real deal." The experienced Czech international winger Jaroslav Plašil paid further testament to the hostile atmosphere created by Olympiacos fans at home before his team Bordeaux visit the Karaiskakis Stadium, where he had played during his time with Monaco and stated, "It was one of the most intense atmospheres I've ever experienced in a stadium, so I expect it will be a bit like hell for us. Their supporters really can help their team." Former Paris Saint-Germain superstar striker Zlatan Ibrahimović spoke of his admiration for Olympiacos supporters after an Olympiacos–Paris Saint-Germain match on 17 September 2013: "They played in front of their fantastic public. Olympiacos supporters were amazing. My friend Olof Mellberg played here and he talked to me about the supporters. I never saw it live, but now I understand. It's amazing. It's a big advantage for Olympiacos." PSG billionaire owner Nasser Al-Khelaifi stated, "I have big respect for the fans here. I've never seen fans like Olympiacos' fans in my life." PSG and Brazil international winger Lucas Moura in an interview with goal.com stated that Olympiacos home ground was the most intense and heated stadium he's ever played in.The history of the Karaiskakis Stadium and Olympiacos was marked by the worst tragedy that ever hit Greek sports, known as the Karaiskakis Stadium disaster. On 8 February 1981, Olympiacos hosted AEK Athens for a league match, which ended 6–0, in an unprecedented triumph for the host team of Piraeus. During the last minutes of the game, thousands of Olympiacos fans at the Gate 7 rushed to the exit, to get to the stadium's main entrance and celebrate with the players, but the doors were almost closed and the turnstiles still in place, making the exit almost impossible. As people continued to come down from the stands, unable to see what happened, the stairs of Gate 7 became a death trap; people were crushed, tens of fans were seriously injured and twenty-one young people died, most of them by suffocation.In memory of this event, every year on 8 February, there is a memorial service at the stadium in honour of the supporters that died in that incident. The service is attended by thousands of fans every year, who are rhythmically shouting the phrase, "Αδέρφια, ζείτε, εσείς μας οδηγείτε." (Adhélfia, zíte, esís mas odhiyíte, "Brothers, you live, you are the ones who guide us."). At the tribune part of the stadium where Gate 7 is now, some seats are colored black instead of red, shaping the number "7", whereas there is also a monument on the eastern side of the stadium, bearing the names of all 21 supporters killed on that day in the stadium.Even though this incident affected almost solely the fanbase of Olympiacos, other teams occasionally pay their respects to the people killed as well, as they consider the incident to be a tragedy not only for one team, but for the whole country. In the past, even foreign teams, such as Liverpool and Red Star Belgrade, have honoured the incident's victims.Traditionally, Olympiacos' main rival is Panathinaikos and their so-called Derby of the eternal enemies is a classic local derby in Attica, the most famous fixture in Greek football and one of the most well known around the world. The two clubs are the most successful, having won together a total of 66 League titles (Olympiacos 46, Panathinaikos 20), and the most popular football clubs in Greece. The rivalry also encompasses social, cultural and regional differences; Olympiacos, coming from the famous port of Piraeus, used to be very popular in the working to middle classes, while Panathinaikos, of downtown Athens, was considered the representative of middle to higher social classes, although this differentiation has weakened nowadays and the two clubs have similar fanbases. Most recent notorious incidents include a fan's death in 2007, during a pre-arranged clash between hooligans on the occasion of a women's volleyball game between the two clubs, which caused major upset in Greece, and the abandonment of a derby in 2012 after riots at the Athens Olympic Stadium, which resulted in major fires in parts of it.Olympiacos also shares a traditional rivalry with AEK Athens, in one more local derby of the Greek capital with the other member of the so called Big three, but also with PAOK, in the fiercest inter-city rivalry in Greece between the most popular clubs of the two largest Greek cities, Athens and Thessaloniki, a rivalry that erupted in the 1960s for the sake of footballer Giorgos Koudas. A popular rivalry used to be the Piraeus derby, between Olympiacos and Ethnikos Piraeus, the second most successful football club in the region, but the fixture has faded-out due to Ethnikos' constant presence in lower divisions in the last decades.Olympiacos has a long presence in the UEFA competitions, debuting on 13 September 1959, against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup, the first ever Greek club to compete in a European competition. Olympiacos was also the first Greek club to advance to the next round of any European competition, eliminating Zagłębie Sosnowiec for the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Their best European campaigns are their presence in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, where they lost a semi-final spot in the last minutes by Juventus, and in the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals, losing to Atlético Madrid.Olympiacos is by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 31st in the ten-year ranking as of 2019. They are also the Greek team with the most wins in all European competitions, leading also the table with the most home and away wins, and the Greek team with the most games played in European level, celebrating their 200th match on 23 February 2010, against Bordeaux in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League first knockout round. Olympiacos also holds the all-time record attendance for a Greek club of 75,263 in a 1982–83 European Cup match against Hamburg at the Athens Olympic Stadium.Olympiacos has eliminated (in either knockout matches or group stages) clubs like Milan, Arsenal, Ajax, Benfica, Porto, Borussia Dortmund, Lazio, Celtic, Werder Bremen, Anderlecht, Monaco, Deportivo La Coruña, Hertha BSC, Cagliari, PSV Eindhoven, GNK Dinamo Zagreb and Standard Liège among others. They have spent most of their European history in the UEFA Champions League, where they are widely known for being a strong home side, having run some long-standing sequences, such as the 15 straight UEFA Champions League unbeaten home matches since their debut in the tournament under its new format, when Manchester United stopped their record in their fifth consecutive participation, and their 15 wins in 19 UEFA Champions League home matches between 2009–10 and 2014–15. They have a vast record of home wins over traditional European powerhouses and UEFA Champions League winners like Real Madrid, Milan, Liverpool, Manchester United, Ajax, Juventus, Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund, Benfica, Porto, Celtic, Olympique Lyonnais, Olympique Marseille, Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Leverkusen, Galatasaray, Red Star Belgrade, PSV Eindhoven among many others. Olympiacos has also won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.From 2007 to 2016 Olympiacos participated seven times in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, and gathered at least 9 points in every one of those seven groups, qualifying three times for the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14).5-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.10-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.Official websites
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[
"Carlos Corberán",
"Ernesto Valverde",
"Pedro Martins",
"Míchel"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Olympiacos F.C. in Nov, 2008?
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November 20, 2008
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{
"text": [
"Ernesto Valverde"
]
}
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L2_Q19628_P286_1
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Alberto Bigon is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Nov, 1999 to Apr, 2000.
Pedro Martins is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Apr, 2018 to Aug, 2022.
Ernesto Valverde is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to May, 2009.
Míchel is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Sep, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Corberán is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Aug, 2022 to Sep, 2022.
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Olympiacos F.C.Olympiacos Football Club ( ), also known simply as Olympiacos, Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P. ( "Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós", "Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus"), is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus, Attica. Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP, their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club's emblem, the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete, symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece. Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus.Founded on 10 March 1925, Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history, having won 46 League titles, 28 Cups (18 Doubles) and 4 Super Cups, all records. Τotalling 78 national trophies, Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club. The club's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles, while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won, with seven in a row in two occasions (1997–2003 and 2011–2017), breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s (1954–1959), when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed "Thrylos" (, "The Legend").Having won the 2014–15 League title, Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history, a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president, Sepp Blatter. They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups (1957–1961), as well as six League titles undefeated (1937, 1938, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955). Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football, and by winning the 2012–13 title, their 40th in total, they added a fourth star above their crest, each one representing 10 League titles.In European competitions, Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998–99, losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus, as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals in 1992–93. The Red-Whites are by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 30th in the ten-year ranking as of 2021, and one of the founding members of the European Club Association. Olympiacos won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.Olympiacos is the most popular football club in Greece, also being the most popular club among the population of Athens, and gathering strong support from Greek communities all over the world. With 83,000 registered members as of April 2006, the club was placed 9th in the 2006 list of football clubs with the most paying members in the world; that figure increased to 98,000 in 2014. Olympiacos share a long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos, with whom they contest in the "derby of the eternal enemies", the most classic football derby in Greece and one of the most well known around the world.Olympiacos was founded on 10 March 1925, in the Athenian port city of Piraeus. The club's initial aim, as stated in the statutes, was the systematic cultivation and development of its athletes' possibilities for participation in athletic competitions, the spreading of the Olympic athletic ideal and the promotion of sportsmanship and fanship among the youth according to egalitarian principles, by stressing a healthy, ethical and social basis as its foundation. Members of "Piraikos Podosfairikos Omilos FC" (Sport and Football Club of Piraeus) and "Piraeus Fans Club FC" decided, during a historical assembly, to dissolve the two clubs in order to establish a new unified one, which would bring this new vision and dynamic to the community. , a senior officer of the Hellenic Navy, proposed the name "Olympiacos" and the profile of a laurel-crowned Olympic winner as the emblem of the new club. , a prominent Piraeus industrialist, expanded the name to its complete and current status, "Olympiacos Syndesmos Filathlon Pireos". Besides Kamperos and Manouskos, among the most notable founding members were Stavros Maragoudakis, the post office director; Nikos Andronikos, a merchant; Dimitrios Sklias, a Hellenic Army officer; Nikolaos Zacharias, an attorney; Athanasios Mermigas, a notary public; , who became the first goalkeeper in the club's history; Ioannis Kekkes, a stockbroker; and above all, the Andrianopoulos family. Andrianopoulos, a family of well-established Piraeus merchants, played a pivotal role in the founding of Olympiacos. The five brothers, Yiannis, , , Vassilis and Leonidas Andrianopoulos raised the reputation of the club and brought it to its current glory. Yiannis, Dinos, Giorgos and Vassilis were the first to play, while Leonidas, the youngest of the five, made his debut later on and played for the club for eight years (1927–1935). The club's offensive line, made up of the five brothers, became legendary, rising to a mythical status and soon Olympiacos gained enormous popularity and became the most successful and well-supported club in Greece. Back then, their fan base consisted mainly of the working class, with the team's home ground at Neo Phaliron Velodrome, before moving to its current Karaiskakis Stadium. They became Piraeus Champions in 1925 and 1926.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation was founded and organized the Panhellenic Championship in the 1927–1928 season. This was the first national championship, where the regional champions from EPSA league (Athens), EPSP league (Piraeus) and EPSM league (Thessaloniki) competed for the national title during play-offs, with Aris becoming the first champion. The Panhellenic Championship was organized in this manner up until 1958–59. However, in the second season (1928–29) a dispute arose between Olympiacos and the Hellenic Football Federation and as a result, the club did not participate in the championship, with Panathinaikos and AEK Athens deciding to follow Olympiacos. During the course of that season, the three of them played friendly games with each other and formed a group called P.O.K..Meanwhile, the club continued to dominate the Piraeus Championship, winning the 1926–27, 1928–29, 1929–30 and 1930–31 titles and started establishing themselves as the leading force in Greek football; they managed to set a record by staying undefeated against all Greek teams for three straight years (from 14 March 1926 to 3 March 1929), counting 30 wins and only 6 draws in 36 games. Those results ignited an enthusiastic reception from the Greek press, who called Olympiacos "Thrylos" ("Legend") for the first time in history. The fourth Panhellenic Championship took place in 1930–31 and found Olympiacos winning the Greek national league title for the first time ever, which was a milestone that marked the beginning of a very successful era in Olympiacos history. Olympiacos put in a great performance during the competition and won the title very convincingly with 11 wins, 2 draws and only one game lost. They managed to score 7 wins in 7 matches at home, beating Panathinaikos, AEK Athens, Aris, Iraklis and PAOK with the same score: 3–1. The sole exception was the match against Ethnikos, where Olympiacos netted 4 goals and won with 4–1. Besides the Andrianopoulos brothers and Kostas Klidouchakis, other notable players of the first era in the club's history (1925–1931) were Achilleas Grammatikopoulos, , , Nikos Panopoulos, Charalambos Pezonis and Kostas Terezakis.The rise of the new decade marked a substantial rise in Panhellenic Championship's popularity throughout Greece. In October 1931, Giorgos and Yiannis Andrianopoulos, emblematic players and founding members of Olympiacos, retired from active football. However, new heroes emerged, such as , , , , , , Nikos Grigoratos, Panagis Korsianos as well as the iconic brothers and and the club won five Championships in nine seasons (1932–33, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38) and by 1940, Olympiacos had already won six Championships in the eleven first seasons of the Panhellenic Championship. Especially Giannis Vazos, Christoforos Raggos and Theologos Symeonidis composed a formidable trio of attacking players, scoring numerous goals and became nothing short of legendary. Giannis Vazos played for 18 years for Olympiacos (1931–1949), and managed to score 450 goals in 364 games (179 goals in 156 official games) for the club, being the club's second all-time scorer, winning also the Greek Championship top scorer award four times (1933, 1936, 1937 and 1947).In addition, the club managed to win the 1936–37 and 1937–38 Championship titles undefeated. Ιn Greek Cup, the team did not manage to win the competition in its first four editions, despite some outstanding wins such as the record-setting 1–6 away victory against Panathinaikos in Leoforos Stadium in 1932 (V. Andrianopoulos 16', 68', 88', 24', 69', 70'), which is the biggest away victory in this derby's history.On 28 October 1940, Fascist Italy invaded Greece, and several Olympiacos players joined the Hellenic Army to fight against the Axis invaders. Chistoforos Raggos was heavily injured in his left leg in January 1941, and wasn't able to play football again. Leonidas Andrianopoulos suffered severe frostbite in the Albanian front and almost lost his life, while Nikos Grigoratos was injured in the leg during the Battle of Klisura. Furthermore, after the subsequent German occupation of Greece, Olympiacos players joined the Greek Resistance and fought fiercely against the Nazis. Olympiacos player , an emblematic figure for the club, was captain of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and fought against the Germans in many fronts. He was executed wearing Olympiacos shirt and shorts, as was his last wish: "Shoot me and kill me with my Olympiacos shirt on, and do not blindfold me, I want to see the colours of my team before the final shot." Michalis Anamateros was also an active member of the Greek Resistance and was killed in 1944. Olympiacos paid a heavy price during the destructive war, the Axis occupation and the ensuing Greek Civil War and the club's progress was put on temporary hold.After the war, Olympiacos saw many of its key-players of the pre-war era retire, with many significant changes being made in the team's roster. Olympiacos captain and prolific scorer Giannis Vazos remained in the club, along with Giannis Chelmis. New important players joined the club, such as Andreas Mouratis, , and . As soon as regular fixtures recommenced, the Piraeus club returned to their dominant position in Greek football. From 1946 to 1959, Olympiacos won 9 out of the 11 Greek Championships (1947, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959), bringing home 15 Championship titles in a total of 23 completed seasons of the Greek League. The six-straight Greek Championships won by Olympiacos from 1954 to 1959 was an unmatched achievement in Greek football history, an all-time record which stood for 44 years, up until Olympiacos managed to win seven-straight Greek Championships from 1997 to 2003.Furthermore, during the same period (1946–1959), the club won 8 Greek Cups out of 13 editions (1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), thus completing 6 Doubles (1947, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), three of which being consecutive (1957–1959). The legendary Olympiacos team of the 1950s, with key performers such as Andreas Mouratis, Ilias Rossidis, , Ilias Yfantis, , Kostas Polychroniou, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and marked Olympiacos' period of absolute domination in Greek football, which skyrocketed the club's popularity and spread the word of Olympiacos' superiority throughout Greece. Hence, after the club's record-breaking performance in the trophy-laden era of the 1950s, the club gained unequivocally the nickname of "Thrylos", meaning "The Legend".On 13 September 1959, Olympiacos made its debut in Europe against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup and became the first Greek club that ever played in the European competitions. The first leg was held at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus and Olympiacos took the lead with a goal by (1–0), which was the first goal ever scored by a Greek club (and by a Greek player as well) in the European competitions. Milan's prolific goalscorer José Altafini equalised the match with a header in the 33rd minute, after a cross by Giancarlo Danova. Ilias Yfantis scored an outstanding goal and gave Olympiacos the lead again in the 45th minute of the game, when he controlled the ball between Cesare Maldini and and unleashed a powerful volley, burying the ball into the back of the net (2–1). Altafini scored his second goal once again with a header (72nd minute), after a free-kick by Nils Liedholm. The match ended 2–2, with Olympiacos putting in a great performance against the Italian champions, despite the fact that they had no foreign players in their roster, while Milan had four world-class foreign players, such as Altafini, Liedholm, Juan Alberto Schiaffino and Ernesto Grillo. In the second leg Milan won 3–1 (Giancarlo Danova 12', 26', 85'; 68') and qualified for the next round, despite Olympiacos' good performance especially in the second half.Olympiacos entered the 1960s by winning the 1960 and 1961 Greek Cups, thus completing five consecutive Greek Cup wins, which is an all-time record in Greek football history. In this decade, a strong side was created with players from the late 1950s and new important players, such as , , , Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , Giangos Simantiris, , , , Sotiris Gavetsos, Tasos Sourounis, Vangelis Milisis, Orestis Pavlidis, Panagiotis Barbalias and last but not least the prolific goalscorer Giorgos Sideris, top-scorer in the club's history with 493 goals in 519 matches in all competitions (224 goals in 284 Greek Championship matches).In 1963, Olympiacos became the first ever Greek club to win a non-domestic competition, winning the Balkans Cup, which marked the first international success by any Greek football club. The Balkans Cup was a very popular international competition in the 1960s (the 1967 final attracted 42.000 spectators), being the second most important international club competition for clubs from the Balkans (after the European Champions' Cup). Olympiacos topped his group after some notable wins, beating Galatasaray 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 49'), as well as FK Sarajevo (3–2) and FC Brașov (1–0), bagging also two away draws against Galatasaray (1–1) in Mithatpaşa Stadium (Metin Oktay 78' – 6') and FK Sarajevo in Koševo Stadium (3–3). In the final, they faced Levski Sofia, winning the first match in Piraeus (1–0, Giorgos Sideris 37') and losing the second match in Vasil Levski Stadium with the same score. In the third decisive final in Istanbul (a neutral ground), Olympiacos beat Levski 1–0 in Mithatpaşa Stadium with a goal by in the 87th minute and won the Balkans Cup.The club went on to win the 1963 and 1965 Greek Cups, completing seven Greek Cup titles in nine years. However, the years 1959–1965 were not fruitful for Olympiacos in the Greek Championship, as the team was not able to win the title for six years. This mediocre performance led Olympiacos board to hire the legendary Márton Bukovi as the club's head coach, with Mihály Lantos (prominent member of the Hungary national team of the 1950s widely known as the "Mighty Magyars" or ""Aranycsapat"") as his assistant coach. The innovative Hungarian coach, pioneer of the 4–2–4 formation (along with Béla Guttmann and Gusztáv Sebes) was a solid tactician and favoured attacking football and very demanding training sessions. Bukovi's innovatory tactics and groundbreaking training methods transformed Olympiacos and created a powerful, attacking team with constant player movement and solid combination game that often played spectacular football. Under Bukovi's guidance and with the great performance of key players such as Giorgos Sideris, , Kostas Polychroniou, Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , , and Orestis Pavlidis, Olympiacos won 2 straight Greek Championships (1966, 1967). They won the 1966 title with 23 wins and 4 draws in 30 games and in the decisive away match against Trikala, an estimated 15,000 ecstatic Olympiacos fans swarmed into the city of Trikala to celebrate the win (0–5) and the Championship title after seven years.The next season 1966–67, Olympiacos won 12 out of the first 14 games in the league, which was an all-time record in Greek football history, which lasted for 46 years and up until 2013, when Olympiacos, under coach Míchel's guidance, broke his own record by winning 13 out of the 14 first matches of the 2013–14 season. They won the title in a convincing way and with some notable wins, like the 4–0 smashing victory against arch-rivals Panathinaikos at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 17', Sideris 20', 35', 62'), where Olympiacos played spectacular football and missed a plethora of chances for a much bigger score. Bukovi became a legend for the club's fans and his creation, the Olympiacos team of 1965–67, became nothing short of legendary. A special anthem was written for Bukovi's Olympiacos and became popular throughout Greece: ""Του Μπούκοβι την ομαδάρα, τη λένε Ολυμπιακάρα"" ("Bukovi's mighty team is called Olympiacos").Shortly before the end of the 1966–67 season, a military coup d'état took place and the Colonels seized power in Greece, establishing a dictatorship. The regime of the Colonels had devastating consequences for Olympiacos. In December 1967, , club legend and president of the club for 13 years (1954–1967) was forced out of the club's presidency by the military regime. Furthermore, the regime canceled the transfer of Giorgos Koudas to Olympiacos and days later another blow was delivered to the club: Márton Bukovi, already a legend and architect of the great 1965–67 team, was forced out of Greece by the military junta, being labeled a communist. He left Greece on 21 December 1967, along with Mihály Lantos.Another chapter began in 1972, after Nikos Goulandris became president of the club. He reinstated all the prominent members of Olympiacos board that had been forced out by the military regime (including Giorgos Andrianopoulos) and opened-up the member election process, establishing a new, trustworthy board of directors. He appointed Lakis Petropoulos as head coach and signed top-class players, creating a great roster with key performers such as Giorgos Delikaris, Yves Triantafyllos, Julio Losada, Milton Viera, , Michalis Kritikopoulos, Takis Synetopoulos, Romain Argyroudis, Maik Galakos, , , , , Lakis Glezos, , Kostas Davourlis, Giannis Kyrastas, Dimitris Persidis, Lefteris Poupakis and . Under Goulandris' presidency, Olympiacos won the Greek Championship three times in a row (1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75), combining it with the Greek Cup in 1973 (beating PAOK 1–0 in the final) and 1975 (beating Panathinaikos 1–0 in the final) to celebrate two Doubles in three years. Ιn the 1972–73 season, Olympiacos won the title by conceding only 13 goals in 34 matches, which is an-all-time record in Greek football history. The team's best year though, was undoubtedly the 1973–74 season, when Olympiacos won the league with 26 wins and 7 draws in 34 games, scoring an all-time record of 102 goals and conceding only 14.In European competitions, they managed to eliminate Cagliari in the 1972–73 UEFA Cup, a major force in Italian football during the late 1960s and the early 1970s, (1970 Serie A Champions, 1972 Serie A title contenders), with world-class Italian international players like Gigi Riva, Angelo Domenghini, Enrico Albertosi, Pierluigi Cera, Sergio Gori and Fabrizio Poletti. Olympiacos managed to beat Cagliari twice, 2–1 in Piraeus and 1–0 in Cagliari, becoming the first ever Greek football club to win on Italian soil. In the next round they faced the competition's defending champions Tottenham Hotspur, who were undefeated for 16-straight games in all European competitions. Olympiacos did not manage to qualify against Spurs, but they managed to get a 1–0 win in Piraeus, which ended Tottenham's undefeated streak and marked the first ever victory of a Greek football club against an English side. Two years later, Olympiacos entered the 1974–75 European Cup and they were drawn to face Kenny Dalglish's Celtic, one of the strongest teams in European football at that time and semi-finalists of the previous season. The first leg was played in Celtic Park, where Celtic had never been defeated, running an undefeated streak of 36 straight home games in all European competitions (27 wins, 9 draws) from 1962 to 1974. Olympiacos took the lead through Milton Viera's strike in the 36th minute, with Celtic equalising late in the game. The away draw gave Olympiacos the advantage and they finished the job in Piraeus, after a spectacular 2–0 win against the Scottish Champions with Kritikopoulos and finding the net. In the next round, they were drawn to play against Anderlecht for a place in the quarter-finals of the competition. Anderlecht won the first leg with 5–1 and Olympiacos' task seemed impossible. In the second leg in Greece, however, Olympiacos put on a dominant display and almost reached a winning score in a match that was marked by referee Károly Palotai's decisions. Olympiacos beat Anderlecht 3–0, while Palotai disallowed four Olympiacos goals and did not give at least three clear penalties committed by Anderlecht players, while Stavropoulos was shown a red card for no good reason. The match is widely known in Greece as the ""Palotai massacre"" with Olympiacos coming close to one of the biggest comebacks in European Cup history.Following Goulandris resignation from the presidency in 1975, the team went through a relative dry spell in the second half of the 1970s. However, in the summer of 1979, the Greek championship turned professional and became owner and president of the club. Olympiacos emerged again as the dominant force in Greek football, winning the title four times in a row (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983) with players like the relentless goalscorer Nikos Anastopoulos, Martin Novoselac, Vicente Estavillo, Thomas Ahlström, Roger Albertsen, Maik Galakos, Tasos Mitropoulos, Takis Nikoloudis, Nikos Sarganis, Nikos Vamvakoulas, Giorgos Kokolakis, , Petros Michos, Takis Lemonis, , Petros Xanthopoulos, , , and . Kazimierz Górski, the iconic Polish coach, led Olympiacos to the 1980, 1981 and 1983 titles (winning also the Double in 1981, the 9th Double in Olympiacos' history) while Alketas Panagoulias, who had also been manager of the Greek national football team and the United States national team as well, led the team to the 1982 title after a memorable 2–1 win (Estavillo 6', Anastopoulos 69') against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the crucial Championship final match in Volos. With Panagoulias as head coach, Olympiacos won the 1986–87 title as well, having a solid roster with players from the early 1980s like Anastopoulos, Mitropoulos, Michos, Xanthopoulos and other strong players like Miloš Šestić, Giorgos Vaitsis, Jorge Barrios, Andreas Bonovas, Alexis Alexiou and .Olympiacos experienced its darkest days from the late-1980s until the mid-'90s. In the mid-'80s, Olympiacos came into the hands of Greek businessman George Koskotas who was soon accused of and convicted for embezzlement, leaving Olympiacos deep in debt. The club went through a period of administrative turbulence until 1993, when Sokratis Kokkalis became majority shareholder and president of the club. As soon as he took the club's presidency, Kokkalis agreed a settlement to pay off all the club's debts and started reorganising and restructuring the club. On the pitch, the team, with all the financial and managerial problems, as well as the lack of strong administrative leadership until the Kokkalis arrival, spent nine seasons without a league title, from 1988 to 1996, despite the foreign top-class players that played for the club at that period, such as Lajos Détári, Oleh Protasov, Juan Gilberto Funes, Bent Christensen, Hennadiy Lytovchenko, Yuri Savichev, Andrzej Juskowiak, Daniel Batista, Fabián Estay and the backbone of solid Greek players like Vassilis Karapialis, Kiriakos Karataidis, Giotis Tsalouchidis, Nikos Tsiantakis, Giorgos Vaitsis, Minas Hantzidis, Theodoros Pahatouridis, Savvas Kofidis, Chris Kalantzis, Gιorgοs Mitsibonas, Ilias Talikriadis, Alekos Rantos, , Ilias Savvidis and Michalis Vlachos. This period is so called as "Olympiacos' stone years". Nevertheless, the club brought home the 1990 (beating OFI Crete 4–2 in the final) and 1992 Greek Cups (beating PAOK 2–0 in the second leg of the double final in Piraeus), as well as the 1992 Greek Super Cup, beating AEK 3–1 in the final. In addition, the team, under the guidance of the legendary Ukrainian coach Oleg Blokhin, managed to reach the quarter-finals of the 1992–93 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, eliminating Arsène Wenger's Monaco, after a hard-fought 1–0 away win in Stade Louis II with a late goal by Giorgos Vaitsis and a goalless draw at Karaiskakis Stadium in the second leg. They did not manage to qualify for the semi-finals, however, as they were eliminated by Atlético Madrid (1–1 draw at home, 3–1 loss in Madrid).In 1996, Socratis Kokkalis appointed Dušan Bajević as the team's head coach. By that time, Olympiacos had already a very strong roster, with players like Kyriakos Karataidis, Vassilis Karapialis, Grigoris Georgatos, Alexis Alexandris, Giorgos Amanatidis, Nikos Dabizas and Ilija Ivić. Upon Bajević's arrival, Kokkalis opted to strengthen the team significantly in order to create a very strong roster that would dominate Greek football for years to come. He purchased the highly rated prospects Predrag Đorđević and Stelios Giannakopoulos from Paniliakos, outbidding both AEK Athens and Panathinaikos; signed Refik Šabanadžović, Andreas Niniadis, Giorgos Anatolakis and Alekos Kaklamanos; and brought Olympiacos Academy product Dimitris Eleftheropoulos back from his loan spell at Proodeftiki. With all these players up front, Olympiacos strode to the 1996–97 title by 12 clear points over AEK and 20 points over the third Panathinaikos in Bajević's first season in charge; this was the club's first Greek Championship in nine seasons, putting an end to the "stone years" and officially beginning Olympiacos' era of domination. In the next season, 1997–98, Dimitris Mavrogenidis, Siniša Gogić, Ilias Poursanidis and the Ghanaian striker Peter Ofori-Quaye were transferred to the club and Olympiacos won the 1997–98 Championship. Bajević's team, along with AEK and Panathinaikos, were closely separated in the table, but finally Olympiacos made an important away win against Panathinaikos (0–2) and celebrated the second consecutive Championship, with three points difference from Panathinaikos. Olympiacos participated for the first time in the UEFA Champions League group stage and took third place in a tough group, leaving Porto in fourth place, while Real Madrid, the eventual champions, topped the group and qualified for the quarter-finals.The 1998–99 season was undoubtedly one of the best seasons in Olympiacos history. They won the 1998–99 Greek Championship quite convincingly, with ten points difference from AEK and 11 from third-placed Panathinaikos, and also celebrated the domestic double, bringing home the 1998–99 Greek Cup after a convincing 2–0 win against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the final (Mavrogenidis 54', Ofori-Quaye 90'), despite the fact that they played for more than 60 minutes in the game with ten players. In European competitions, they entered the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage, being drawn in a group with Ajax, Porto and Croatia Zagreb. They won the group and qualified to the quarter-finals, gathering 11 points with 3 home wins against Ajax (1–0), Porto (2–1) and Croatia Zagreb (2–0) and two away draws in Porto (2–2) and Zagreb (1–1). In the quarter-finals of the competition, they faced Juventus, with the first leg in Turin. Juventus took a 2–0 lead, but Olympiacos scored a crucial away goal in the 90th minute of the game with a penalty by Andreas Niniadis, a goal that caused the 10.000 Olympiacos fans who travelled to Italy to erupt into joyous ecstasy. In the second leg in Athens, Olympiacos totally dominated the match, and scored the goal that put them in the driving seat in the 12th minute of the game, when Siniša Gogić's powerful header found the back of the net after Grigoris Georgatos's superb cross. They also missed an outstanding chance to double the lead, when Giorgos Amanatidis' powerful header from short distance was saved by Michelangelo Rampulla. Olympiacos kept the ticket to the semi-finals in his hands until the 85th minute, when Juventus, who hadn't produced any chances in the game, equalised the score after a crucial mistake by Dimitris Eleftheropoulos, who had been the team's hero in all the previous games. Despite the big disappointment from the way the qualification to the semi-finals was lost, the presence of the team in the Champions League quarter-finals, their best-ever European campaign, combined with the domestic double, marked a very successful season for the club, arguably the best in their long history.The next four seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03) Olympiacos signed world-class players of great magnitude such as Giovanni, Zlatko Zahovič and the World champion Christian Karembeu, as well as other top-class players including Pär Zetterberg, Zé Elias, Nery Castillo, Christos Patsatzoglou, Lampros Choutos and Stelios Venetidis. These transfers strengthened even more the already strong roster from the previous successful years and under the guidance of coaches like Giannis Matzourakis, Takis Lemonis and Oleg Protasov (Bajević had left the club in 1999). Olympiacos managed to win seven consecutive Greek Championships (1997–2003), breaking their own past record of six (1954–1959). Olympiacos won their seventh consecutive title after a breathtaking closing of the 2002–03 Greek League: Olympiacos was hosting arch-rivals Panathinaikos in matchday 29, who led the table with a three-point difference. Olympiacos needed to win the derby by two clear goals in order to overthrow their rivals in the championship race. Olympiacos beat Panathinaikos 3–0 (Giovanni 3', Giannakopoulos 15' 48') in a dominant display in Rizoupoli and celebrated the all-time record of seven straight Championships, which was a dream and a historic objective for the club and especially for the fans.In 2004, Olympiacos rehired Dušan Bajević and signed the 1999 World Footballer of the Year and 2002 World Champion Brazilian superstar Rivaldo and the 2004 European champion Antonis Nikopolidis. The end of the season found Olympiacos winning the domestic double and having a decent Champions League display, gathering ten points in a tough group alongside Liverpool, Monaco and Deportivo de La Coruña and losing the qualification to the knockout phase in the last four minutes of the last game against the eventual European champions Liverpool at Anfield. Bajević left the club and the Norwegian coach Trond Sollied was hired in his place. They club signed Cypriot striker Michalis Konstantinou from Panathinaikos, 2004 European champion defender Michalis Kapsis from Bordeaux and the versatile box-to-box Ivorian midfielder Yaya Touré. During the 2005–06 season, Olympiacos won all the four derbies against their major rivals, Panathinaikos and AEK Athens, something only achieved once more, during the season 1972–73. The combined goal total in these four matches was 11–3 in favour of Olympiacos. They also beat AEK Athens 3–0 in the Greek Cup Final to clinch their second-straight double and managed to win an all-time record of 16 consecutive matches in the championship, breaking their own past record.After a record-breaking season, in the 2006 summer transfers, Trond Sollied signed Michał Żewłakow, Júlio César and Tomislav Butina among others. However, he did not live up to expectations in the 2006–07 Champions League and was replaced by Takis Lemonis at the end of 2006. Lemonis transferred the young star Vasilis Torosidis, and led Olympiacos in their third consecutive championship, but failed to win the Greek Cup after a surprise elimination by PAS Giannina.In the summer of 2007, Olympiacos made very expensive transfers like Luciano Galletti, Darko Kovačević, Raúl Bravo, Lomana LuaLua, Cristian Ledesma and Leonel Núñez. They also brought back the solid Greek defender Paraskevas Antzas and signed the very talented young striker Kostas Mitroglou from Borussia Mönchengladbach. Furthermore, they accomplished the most lucrative sale in Greek football history after selling striker-midfielder Nery Castillo to Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk for the record sum of €20 million ($27.5M). Because of a clause in Castillo's contract, Olympiacos received €15 million, with the remaining €5 million given directly to the player. Furthermore, a controversy started between the team and Rivaldo, as Olympiacos did not wish to renew the player's contract despite the fact that Rivaldo had featured heavily in the club's successful campaigns, both in Greece and abroad. Former player Ilija Ivić was selected for the role of the team's football director. The team did not start well in the Greek championship, but it achieved a stunning performance in the Champions League, qualifying for the last 16 as they finished second in their group, level on 11 points with group winners Real Madrid, eliminating Werder Bremen and Lazio. However, the team's less than satisfactory performance in the league, coupled with the defeat from Chelsea in Stamford Bridge for the knockout phase, prompted club owner Sokratis Kokkalis to sack coach Takis Lemonis. The team's assistant manager, José Segura, coached the team for the remainder of the season. Olympiacos managed to win both the Greek Championship and Cup, but Segura left the club at the end of the season.In the summer of 2008, Olympiacos made prominent transfers, signing Dudu Cearense, Avraam Papadopoulos, Diogo Luis Santo and Matt Derbyshire and appointed Ernesto Valverde as the new coach with a three-year contract worth approximately €6 million. The 2008–09 season started badly for Olympiacos, with the team losing their first few official matches, against Anorthosis Famagusta for the Champions League third qualifying round, and was eliminated from the tournament, which resulted to a seat in the UEFA Cup first round, where Olympiacos beat Nordsjælland to qualify for the group stage. The team also started well in the 2008–09 Super League Greece, winning every match at home, but facing difficulties away. They ended up winning the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, celebrating the 14th double in Olympiacos history. After an impressive UEFA Cup run at home, with some spectacular wins against Benfica (5–1) and Hertha BSC (4–0), the team managed to get through to the round of 32, facing French side Saint-Étienne.In the summer of 2009, Olympiacos signed major players, such as Olof Mellberg from Juventus for €2.5 million, midfielder Jaouad Zairi from Asteras Tripolis and Enzo Maresca from Sevilla. Many other players returned from loan spells, such as former Real Madrid defender Raúl Bravo, Georgios Katsikogiannis and midfielder Cristian Ledesma. Olympiacos appointed former Brazil legend Zico as their coach and started the 2009–10 season with great success, as they qualified for the Champions League final 16, finishing second in Group H only 3 points behind Arsenal, despite the absence of numerous first-team players due to injuries. They faced Bordeaux in the final 16 and lost the first match at home (0–1). In the second match, despite Bordeaux's early lead, Olympiacos leveled the match and missed some great chances to score a second goal, before eventually losing in the dying moments of the match (1–2). Domestically, Olympiacos secured a 2–0 derby win over arch-rivals Panathinaikos, with striker Kostas Mitroglou scoring twice. However, this was only a highlight in an otherwise below-par season for the club, as they not only lost the championship to Panathinaikos, but were also defeated in four out of their six playoff games, eventually finishing last, in the 5th position of the league table; this result marked the team's worst ranking since being placed 8th in 1988, and meant that the club would start their Europa League campaign from the second qualifying round the following season.In 2010, Evangelos Marinakis, a successful shipping magnate, bought the team from Sokratis Kokkalis. During the first year of his presidency, Marinakis appointed fans' favourite Ernesto Valverde as coach (who came back for a second tenure in the club) and signed players with international pedigree, such as Albert Riera, Ariel Ibagaza, Kevin Mirallas, Marko Pantelić and François Modesto. As a result, Olympiacos won the Greek title for the 38th time in its history, 13 points ahead of second-placed Panathinaikos.In the 2011–12 season, the team's roster was strengthened with players like Jean Makoun, Pablo Orbaiz, Iván Marcano, Rafik Djebbour and Djamel Abdoun and with Ernesto Valverde as their coach for the second straight season, Olympiacos had a very successful campaign both domestically and internationally. They won both the Greek league and the Greek Cup to complete the 15th domestic double in the club's history. In European competitions, Olympiacos had a solid Champions League campaign, having been drawn in Group F against Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund and Marseille. Despite delivering nine points in the group, with two emphatic wins against Arsenal and Dortmund at home (both with a 3–1 scoreline) and an away win against Marseille (0–1), they lost the qualification to the knock-out stage after Marseille's controversial 2–3 away win in Dortmund in game 6, with Marseille scoring two goals in the last five minutes of the match to come back from an early 2–0 Dortmund lead. Olympiacos continued in Europa League where he was drawn to play against Rubin Kazan. The Greek champions eliminated the Russian side with two wins (1–0 in both Kazan and Piraeus) and were up to play against Metalist Kharkiv in the Last 16 of the competition. They won the first match in Ukraine with David Fuster scoring the winning goal (0–1) but in the second match, despite their early lead and the plethora of missed chances (they hit the woodwork twice in the first half), they conceded two goals in the last nine minutes of the game and lost the qualification to the quarter-finals.At the end of the season, Ernesto Valverde announced his decision to return to Spain, thus ending his second successful spell at Olympiacos. The club announced the Portuguese Leonardo Jardim as their new head coach. The team performed very well in the Greek league and had a decent Champions league campaign, gathering nine points in Group B, after wins against Arsenal (2–1 at home) and Montpellier (1–2 in Montpellier, 3–1 in Piraeus). Despite the relatively good results, Leonardo Jardim was replaced by the Spanish coach and Real Madrid legend Míchel. The team went on to celebrate the 16th double in their history by winning their 40th Greek Championship, 15 points ahead the second PAOK, as well as their 26th Greek Cup after a 3–1 win against Asteras Tripolis in the final. The 40th Greek championship title gave Olympiacos the fourth star on top of the club's emblem, which was a major goal for the club and especially for the fans.The expectations for the 2013–14 season were very high, especially after the signing of players such as striker Javier Saviola, Joel Campbell, Roberto, Alejandro Domínguez, Vladimír Weiss, Delvin N'Dinga and Leandro Salino. Olympiacos had a great season both domestically and internationally. In Europe, they were drawn in Group C of the 2013–14 Champions League alongside Paris Saint-Germain, Benfica and Anderlecht. After a strong performance in the group, Olympiacos finished second with ten points and qualified for the Last 16 at the expense of Benfica (1–0 win in Piraeus, 1–1 draw in Lisbon) and Anderlecht (0–3 win in Brussels, 3–1 win in Piraeus). In the round of 16, they were drawn to play against Manchester United. Olympiacos, after a solid display, won the first leg with a comfortable 2–0 (Alejandro Domínguez 38', Campbell 55'), in a match where they dominated totally and missed chances to even extend the lead. Despite the two-goal advantage which put them within touching distance of a quarter-final place for the first time since 1999, Olympiacos lost 3–0 in the second leg in Old Trafford, having missed an outstanding double chance to equalize the score in the 40th minute. The Greek champions pushed on in the last ten minutes to find the crucial away goal, but to no avail. Although the ticket to the quarter-finals slipped out of the club's hands, Olympiacos' overall performance and the fact that the club managed to qualify to the knockout phase (round of 16) of the Champions League for the third time in six years (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14), marked a very successful European campaign. Domestically, Olympiacos won their history's 41st Greek Championship very convincingly, 17 points ahead of second-placed PAOK.In the 2014–15 season, Olympiacos entered the 2014–15 Champions League group stage with hopes to repeat the previous year's performance; they were drawn alongside Atlético Madrid, Juventus and Malmö FF. They had a solid performance in the group, managing to beat last year's runners-up Atlético 3–2 and eventual finalists Juventus 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium, but they lost the qualification for the knockout stage in the last game: Olympiacos beat Malmö FF 4–2 at home but at the same time Juventus were drawing against Atlético in Italy, securing the crucial one point they needed to qualify. Had Olympiacos and Juventus finished with the same points, Olympiacos would have qualified due to best aggregate score (away goals) of their two games (1–0 Olympiacos win in Piraeus, 3–2 Juventus win in Turin). The third place in the group gave Olympiacos the ticket for the next round of UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by the eventual runners-up Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. Domestically, the team had a very successful season, winning the 17th double in their history. They won their 42nd Greek Championship with 12 points difference from the second Panathinaikos and their 27th Greek Cup, beating Skoda Xanthi 3–1 in the final.The 2015–16 season started with a new manager replacement, as Marco Silva took over the management over his fellow countryman Vitor Pereira, while the squad was strengthened with the world-class presence of Esteban Cambiasso and a number of other players with European competition experience, including Kostas Fortounis, Felipe Pardo, Sebá, Manuel Da Costa, Brown Ideye and Alfreð Finnbogason. In a tough Champions League group that included Bayern München, Arsenal and Dinamo Zagreb, Olympiacos managed to record 9 points through a 3–2 away win over the Gunners at the Emirates Stadium, considered by many as one of the club's most important European victories, as well as two more wins against Dinamo (1–0 away and 2–1 at home). Last matchday saw the team face Arsenal at the Karaiskakis stadium, needing a 1–0 or 2–1 defeat to the Gunners, as the worst-case scenario, to advance to the knockout phase of the competition based on the away goals rule; the Red-Whites eventually lost 3–0 and continued their European journey in the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by Anderlecht in the first knockout stage. Despite the above, Olympiacos broke the record for most European competition victories recorded by a Greek club, with 97 over the 96 of second-placed Panathinaikos as of the summer of 2016. Domestically, Olympiacos had perhaps their most successful season in years, as the team managed to secure their 43rd Greek Championship, and 6th consecutive, on the last day of February 2016, considered a national record for the earliest time, within a league campaign, when a title is clinched. The team managed to finish their league campaign with a 30-point difference over their arch rivals Panathinaikos, who came in second. The team's 85 points over the course of 30 matchdays, including a 28–1–1 overall result breakdown with 13 away wins and a perfect 15 victories out of 15 home games, are also considered a national record. However, despite the club's expectations of doing the double, they did not manage to win the Greek Cup as they finished runners-up to rivals AEK after a 2–1 loss in the final.The 2016–17 season proved to be rather tumultuous for the club, despite the signing of such key players as Óscar Cardozo, Tarik Elyounoussi, Alaixys Romao, Aly Cissokho and Marko Marin. The main issues that arose were the team's shock elimination from Israeli outfit Hapoel Be'er-Sheva, after a 1–0 aggregate defeat, in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League, and the highly frequent change of managers, leading the club to having been coached by five individuals over the same season: Marco Silva, Victor Sánchez (responsible for the elimination from Hapoel), Paulo Bento, Vasilis Vouzas and Takis Lemonis. The team's UEFA Europa League journey was not as successful as other European campaigns, starting with a difficult 3–1 aggregate victory (1–1 before extra time) over Arouca in the playoffs, continuing with the team's qualification from the group stage but only as second-placed to APOEL (in a group that also included Young Boys and Astana), and ending with a heavy 5–2 aggregate defeat to Besiktas in the last 16 of the knockout stage (with goalkeeper Nicola Leali being highly responsible for 4 out of the 5 goals conceded), despite having advanced from the last 32 thanks to a 3–0 aggregate win over Osmanlispor. The frequent manager change negatively affected the team's stability and rhythm in domestic competitions as well. Firstly, Olympiacos failed to qualify for the Greek Cup final after being ousted by AEK, who advanced on the away goals rule after a 2–2 aggregate draw. Secondly, despite the fact that the Reds clinched their 44th Greek Championship, and 7th consecutive for the second time in Greek football history, they only managed to do so with a six-point difference (67 to 61) over PAOK.At the start of the 2017–18 season, the board decided to hire former Anderlecht manager Besnik Hasi to guide Olympiacos back to the UEFA Champions League group stage after a year's absence. Upon his arrival, Hasi strengthened the squad with players as Vadis Odjidja-Ofoe, Guillaume Gillet, Mehdi Carcela, Jagoš Vuković, Björn Engels, Uroš Đurđević, Emmanuel Emenike and Panagiotis Tachtsidis.Aggregate victories over Partizan (5–3) and Rijeka (3–1) in the two final qualifying rounds ensured the Red-Whites' presence in Group D of the competition, considered perhaps the toughest in Olympiacos' European history due to Barcelona, Juventus and Sporting CP being the opponents. A disheartening 2–3 defeat in the hands of Sporting at Thrylos' European season opener, combined with a 3–2 loss to AEK despite being 0–2 up, led to Hasi's dismissal from the club and his replacement by Takis Lemonis. The latter decided to focus on getting the squad back on track in domestic competitions, at a time when Olympiacos eventually got eliminated from Europe ahead of the Christmas break for the first time in 12 years. Following a home goalless draw against Barcelona and five defeats, the Red-Whites only managed to acquire one point during their entire Champions League group stage campaign, something considered a setback for the club after their 7 previous UEFA Champions League campaigns (2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16), in which they gathered at least 9 points in all of the groups (11 points in 2007–08, 10 points in 2009–10, 9 points in 2011–12, 9 points in 2012–13, 10 points in 2013–14, 9 points in 2014–15 and 9 points in 2015–16), with three qualifications to the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition. Despite their one-point group stage exit, the worst European records by a Greek team in the history of European competitions both belong to AEK Athens: AEK's zero (0) point campaign in Group E of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League and AEK's zero (0) point campaign as well in the Group H of the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, a lower-tier UEFA competition. Panathinaikos has also a one-point campaign in Group G of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. Despite being in the Super League lead halfway through the season, Lemonis was dismissed on grounds of dressing room instability, and Óscar García was subsequently appointed with a vision of increasing attacking efficiency and discipline. Domestically, Olympiacos' Greek Cup run ended in the quarter-finals, marking their third consecutive year that they failed to lift the Cup. In the Super League the Red-Whites conceded the title to AEK three matchdays before completion, thus ending a run of seven consecutive championship wins and leading to the dismissal of García after two months at the club's helm, with Christos Kontis finishing the season as caretaker manager. Portuguese Pedro Martins was appointed head coach in order to lead Olympiacos at the following 2018–19 season.When, in 1925, the merger of the two clubs of Piraeus, Athlitikos Podosfairikos Syllogos Pireos and Omilos Filathlon Pireos, gave birth to the new football club, the latter was unanimously baptized "Olympiacos Club of Fans of Piraeus", a name inspired from the Ancient Olympic Games, the morality, the vying, the splendor, the sportsmanship and the fair play ideal that were represented in Ancient Greece. Consequently, after 's proposal, the club adopted the laurel-crowned adolescent as their emblem, which symbolizes the Olympic Games winner, a crest that underwent minor changes through the ages. Red and white were chosen as the colours of the crest; red for the passion and victory and white for the virtue and purity.The typical kit of the team is that of a shirt with red and white vertical stripes, and red or white shorts and socks. The shirt has taken different forms during the history of the club, for example with thin or wider stripes. The second most common kit is the all-red one and next the all-white one. Olympiacos has used several other colours during its history as an away or third kit, with the most notable of them being the monotint black or silver one. The most common kits of Olympiacos during their history are these below (the year of each one is indicant):Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Olympiacos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1982 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Olympiacos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:The Karaiskakis Stadium, situated at Neo Faliro in Piraeus, is the current (since 2004) and traditional home of Olympiacos. With a capacity of 32,115, it is the largest football-only stadium and the second largest football stadium overall in Greece. It was built in 1895 as Neo Phaliron Velodrome, to host the cycling events for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, and the pitch was covered with curm. Olympiacos started using it since its foundation in 1925. In 1964, the stadium was renovated and was given its current name after Georgios Karaiskakis, a military commander of the Greek War of Independence, with an athletics track around the pitch.Olympiacos left the Karaiskakis Stadium temporarily to play home matches at the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium in 1984. After a five-year use (1984–1989) of the biggest stadium in Greece, the team returned to their traditional home, where they played until 1997. It was then that Olympiacos got back to the Athens Olympic Stadium, where they stayed for another period of five years (1997–2002). In 2002, the Olympic Stadium was closed for renovation works due to the 2004 Summer Olympics and Olympiacos moved to the Georgios Kamaras Stadium in Rizoupoli, home of Apollon Smyrnis, for the following two seasons (2002–2004).Meanwhile, the Karaiskakis Stadium had fallen in disrepair and was not anymore suitable for football matches. In 2003, its use passed to Olympiacos in order to build a football-only ground, to be used for the football tournament of the 2004 Olympics. In return, Olympiacos got exclusive use of the stadium until 2052, covering all maintenance costs and also paying 15% of revenue to the Greek State. The old stadium was demolished in the spring of 2003 and the new one was completed on 30 June 2004 at a total cost of €60 million. Nowadays, the Karaiskakis Stadium is one of the most modern football grounds in Europe, also hosting the museum of Olympiacos, with several facilities around.Olympiacos' traditional fanbase comes from the city of Piraeus, where the club is based, as well as a good part of the rest of the Athens area. The club's popularity increased during the 1950s after winning consecutive titles and setting several records, and they became the best-supported football club in the country. Traditionally, Olympiacos used to represent the working class, but the club has always attracted fans from all the social classes and their fanbase is not associated with any specific social group anymore.Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches. Several newspapers and magazines' polls rank Olympiacos as the most popular club in Greece with a percentage varying between 30–40% among the fans and more or less 30% in total population, which corresponds to around three and a half millions of supporters in Greece. The club is overwhelmingly popular in Piraeus, where almost half of its population supports Olympiacos, while their support in the whole of Athens reaches 45.1% of the fans, making them the most popular club in the Greek capital. They are also the most popular club in the working class with a percentage of 37% and in all age groups, as well as among both male and female fans; the vast majority of their fans comes from the centre-left and centre-right of the political spectrum. Outside of Athens, Olympiacos is the most popular club in Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, the Aegean and the Ionian Islands. Additionally, they have the highest average all-time attendance in Greek football, having topped the attendance tables in most of the seasons in Super League Greece history.In 2006, Olympiacos was placed in the top ten of the clubs with the most paying members in the world, holding ninth place, just ahead of Real Madrid. As of April 2006, the club had some 83,000 registered members. Olympiacos and Red Star Belgrade fans have developed a deep friendship, calling themselves the "Orthodox Brothers". Usually, Olympiacos supporters from several fan-clubs attend Red Star's matches, especially against their old rival Partizan, and vice versa. More recently, the Orthodox Brothers have started to include fans of Spartak Moscow in their club.Olympiacos fans are renowned for their passionate and fervent support to the team, with the atmosphere at home matches regarded as intimidating. When they played Newcastle United at home in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, the match was televised in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 and the guest commentator was former England international Tony Cottee, who was constantly mentioning how great the atmosphere was. During the game he was asked whether it was the most atmospheric stadium he had been to and replied: "I'd have to say it probably is. You hear a lot about various places and the atmosphere there but when you go you realise it's not all that... But this place is the real deal." The experienced Czech international winger Jaroslav Plašil paid further testament to the hostile atmosphere created by Olympiacos fans at home before his team Bordeaux visit the Karaiskakis Stadium, where he had played during his time with Monaco and stated, "It was one of the most intense atmospheres I've ever experienced in a stadium, so I expect it will be a bit like hell for us. Their supporters really can help their team." Former Paris Saint-Germain superstar striker Zlatan Ibrahimović spoke of his admiration for Olympiacos supporters after an Olympiacos–Paris Saint-Germain match on 17 September 2013: "They played in front of their fantastic public. Olympiacos supporters were amazing. My friend Olof Mellberg played here and he talked to me about the supporters. I never saw it live, but now I understand. It's amazing. It's a big advantage for Olympiacos." PSG billionaire owner Nasser Al-Khelaifi stated, "I have big respect for the fans here. I've never seen fans like Olympiacos' fans in my life." PSG and Brazil international winger Lucas Moura in an interview with goal.com stated that Olympiacos home ground was the most intense and heated stadium he's ever played in.The history of the Karaiskakis Stadium and Olympiacos was marked by the worst tragedy that ever hit Greek sports, known as the Karaiskakis Stadium disaster. On 8 February 1981, Olympiacos hosted AEK Athens for a league match, which ended 6–0, in an unprecedented triumph for the host team of Piraeus. During the last minutes of the game, thousands of Olympiacos fans at the Gate 7 rushed to the exit, to get to the stadium's main entrance and celebrate with the players, but the doors were almost closed and the turnstiles still in place, making the exit almost impossible. As people continued to come down from the stands, unable to see what happened, the stairs of Gate 7 became a death trap; people were crushed, tens of fans were seriously injured and twenty-one young people died, most of them by suffocation.In memory of this event, every year on 8 February, there is a memorial service at the stadium in honour of the supporters that died in that incident. The service is attended by thousands of fans every year, who are rhythmically shouting the phrase, "Αδέρφια, ζείτε, εσείς μας οδηγείτε." (Adhélfia, zíte, esís mas odhiyíte, "Brothers, you live, you are the ones who guide us."). At the tribune part of the stadium where Gate 7 is now, some seats are colored black instead of red, shaping the number "7", whereas there is also a monument on the eastern side of the stadium, bearing the names of all 21 supporters killed on that day in the stadium.Even though this incident affected almost solely the fanbase of Olympiacos, other teams occasionally pay their respects to the people killed as well, as they consider the incident to be a tragedy not only for one team, but for the whole country. In the past, even foreign teams, such as Liverpool and Red Star Belgrade, have honoured the incident's victims.Traditionally, Olympiacos' main rival is Panathinaikos and their so-called Derby of the eternal enemies is a classic local derby in Attica, the most famous fixture in Greek football and one of the most well known around the world. The two clubs are the most successful, having won together a total of 66 League titles (Olympiacos 46, Panathinaikos 20), and the most popular football clubs in Greece. The rivalry also encompasses social, cultural and regional differences; Olympiacos, coming from the famous port of Piraeus, used to be very popular in the working to middle classes, while Panathinaikos, of downtown Athens, was considered the representative of middle to higher social classes, although this differentiation has weakened nowadays and the two clubs have similar fanbases. Most recent notorious incidents include a fan's death in 2007, during a pre-arranged clash between hooligans on the occasion of a women's volleyball game between the two clubs, which caused major upset in Greece, and the abandonment of a derby in 2012 after riots at the Athens Olympic Stadium, which resulted in major fires in parts of it.Olympiacos also shares a traditional rivalry with AEK Athens, in one more local derby of the Greek capital with the other member of the so called Big three, but also with PAOK, in the fiercest inter-city rivalry in Greece between the most popular clubs of the two largest Greek cities, Athens and Thessaloniki, a rivalry that erupted in the 1960s for the sake of footballer Giorgos Koudas. A popular rivalry used to be the Piraeus derby, between Olympiacos and Ethnikos Piraeus, the second most successful football club in the region, but the fixture has faded-out due to Ethnikos' constant presence in lower divisions in the last decades.Olympiacos has a long presence in the UEFA competitions, debuting on 13 September 1959, against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup, the first ever Greek club to compete in a European competition. Olympiacos was also the first Greek club to advance to the next round of any European competition, eliminating Zagłębie Sosnowiec for the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Their best European campaigns are their presence in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, where they lost a semi-final spot in the last minutes by Juventus, and in the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals, losing to Atlético Madrid.Olympiacos is by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 31st in the ten-year ranking as of 2019. They are also the Greek team with the most wins in all European competitions, leading also the table with the most home and away wins, and the Greek team with the most games played in European level, celebrating their 200th match on 23 February 2010, against Bordeaux in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League first knockout round. Olympiacos also holds the all-time record attendance for a Greek club of 75,263 in a 1982–83 European Cup match against Hamburg at the Athens Olympic Stadium.Olympiacos has eliminated (in either knockout matches or group stages) clubs like Milan, Arsenal, Ajax, Benfica, Porto, Borussia Dortmund, Lazio, Celtic, Werder Bremen, Anderlecht, Monaco, Deportivo La Coruña, Hertha BSC, Cagliari, PSV Eindhoven, GNK Dinamo Zagreb and Standard Liège among others. They have spent most of their European history in the UEFA Champions League, where they are widely known for being a strong home side, having run some long-standing sequences, such as the 15 straight UEFA Champions League unbeaten home matches since their debut in the tournament under its new format, when Manchester United stopped their record in their fifth consecutive participation, and their 15 wins in 19 UEFA Champions League home matches between 2009–10 and 2014–15. They have a vast record of home wins over traditional European powerhouses and UEFA Champions League winners like Real Madrid, Milan, Liverpool, Manchester United, Ajax, Juventus, Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund, Benfica, Porto, Celtic, Olympique Lyonnais, Olympique Marseille, Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Leverkusen, Galatasaray, Red Star Belgrade, PSV Eindhoven among many others. Olympiacos has also won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.From 2007 to 2016 Olympiacos participated seven times in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, and gathered at least 9 points in every one of those seven groups, qualifying three times for the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14).5-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.10-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.Official websites
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[
"Carlos Corberán",
"Alberto Bigon",
"Pedro Martins",
"Míchel"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Olympiacos F.C. in Feb, 2021?
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February 09, 2021
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{
"text": [
"Pedro Martins"
]
}
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L2_Q19628_P286_2
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Carlos Corberán is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Aug, 2022 to Sep, 2022.
Míchel is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Sep, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Ernesto Valverde is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to May, 2009.
Pedro Martins is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Apr, 2018 to Aug, 2022.
Alberto Bigon is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Nov, 1999 to Apr, 2000.
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Olympiacos F.C.Olympiacos Football Club ( ), also known simply as Olympiacos, Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P. ( "Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós", "Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus"), is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus, Attica. Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP, their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club's emblem, the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete, symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece. Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus.Founded on 10 March 1925, Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history, having won 46 League titles, 28 Cups (18 Doubles) and 4 Super Cups, all records. Τotalling 78 national trophies, Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club. The club's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles, while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won, with seven in a row in two occasions (1997–2003 and 2011–2017), breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s (1954–1959), when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed "Thrylos" (, "The Legend").Having won the 2014–15 League title, Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history, a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president, Sepp Blatter. They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups (1957–1961), as well as six League titles undefeated (1937, 1938, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955). Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football, and by winning the 2012–13 title, their 40th in total, they added a fourth star above their crest, each one representing 10 League titles.In European competitions, Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998–99, losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus, as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals in 1992–93. The Red-Whites are by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 30th in the ten-year ranking as of 2021, and one of the founding members of the European Club Association. Olympiacos won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.Olympiacos is the most popular football club in Greece, also being the most popular club among the population of Athens, and gathering strong support from Greek communities all over the world. With 83,000 registered members as of April 2006, the club was placed 9th in the 2006 list of football clubs with the most paying members in the world; that figure increased to 98,000 in 2014. Olympiacos share a long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos, with whom they contest in the "derby of the eternal enemies", the most classic football derby in Greece and one of the most well known around the world.Olympiacos was founded on 10 March 1925, in the Athenian port city of Piraeus. The club's initial aim, as stated in the statutes, was the systematic cultivation and development of its athletes' possibilities for participation in athletic competitions, the spreading of the Olympic athletic ideal and the promotion of sportsmanship and fanship among the youth according to egalitarian principles, by stressing a healthy, ethical and social basis as its foundation. Members of "Piraikos Podosfairikos Omilos FC" (Sport and Football Club of Piraeus) and "Piraeus Fans Club FC" decided, during a historical assembly, to dissolve the two clubs in order to establish a new unified one, which would bring this new vision and dynamic to the community. , a senior officer of the Hellenic Navy, proposed the name "Olympiacos" and the profile of a laurel-crowned Olympic winner as the emblem of the new club. , a prominent Piraeus industrialist, expanded the name to its complete and current status, "Olympiacos Syndesmos Filathlon Pireos". Besides Kamperos and Manouskos, among the most notable founding members were Stavros Maragoudakis, the post office director; Nikos Andronikos, a merchant; Dimitrios Sklias, a Hellenic Army officer; Nikolaos Zacharias, an attorney; Athanasios Mermigas, a notary public; , who became the first goalkeeper in the club's history; Ioannis Kekkes, a stockbroker; and above all, the Andrianopoulos family. Andrianopoulos, a family of well-established Piraeus merchants, played a pivotal role in the founding of Olympiacos. The five brothers, Yiannis, , , Vassilis and Leonidas Andrianopoulos raised the reputation of the club and brought it to its current glory. Yiannis, Dinos, Giorgos and Vassilis were the first to play, while Leonidas, the youngest of the five, made his debut later on and played for the club for eight years (1927–1935). The club's offensive line, made up of the five brothers, became legendary, rising to a mythical status and soon Olympiacos gained enormous popularity and became the most successful and well-supported club in Greece. Back then, their fan base consisted mainly of the working class, with the team's home ground at Neo Phaliron Velodrome, before moving to its current Karaiskakis Stadium. They became Piraeus Champions in 1925 and 1926.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation was founded and organized the Panhellenic Championship in the 1927–1928 season. This was the first national championship, where the regional champions from EPSA league (Athens), EPSP league (Piraeus) and EPSM league (Thessaloniki) competed for the national title during play-offs, with Aris becoming the first champion. The Panhellenic Championship was organized in this manner up until 1958–59. However, in the second season (1928–29) a dispute arose between Olympiacos and the Hellenic Football Federation and as a result, the club did not participate in the championship, with Panathinaikos and AEK Athens deciding to follow Olympiacos. During the course of that season, the three of them played friendly games with each other and formed a group called P.O.K..Meanwhile, the club continued to dominate the Piraeus Championship, winning the 1926–27, 1928–29, 1929–30 and 1930–31 titles and started establishing themselves as the leading force in Greek football; they managed to set a record by staying undefeated against all Greek teams for three straight years (from 14 March 1926 to 3 March 1929), counting 30 wins and only 6 draws in 36 games. Those results ignited an enthusiastic reception from the Greek press, who called Olympiacos "Thrylos" ("Legend") for the first time in history. The fourth Panhellenic Championship took place in 1930–31 and found Olympiacos winning the Greek national league title for the first time ever, which was a milestone that marked the beginning of a very successful era in Olympiacos history. Olympiacos put in a great performance during the competition and won the title very convincingly with 11 wins, 2 draws and only one game lost. They managed to score 7 wins in 7 matches at home, beating Panathinaikos, AEK Athens, Aris, Iraklis and PAOK with the same score: 3–1. The sole exception was the match against Ethnikos, where Olympiacos netted 4 goals and won with 4–1. Besides the Andrianopoulos brothers and Kostas Klidouchakis, other notable players of the first era in the club's history (1925–1931) were Achilleas Grammatikopoulos, , , Nikos Panopoulos, Charalambos Pezonis and Kostas Terezakis.The rise of the new decade marked a substantial rise in Panhellenic Championship's popularity throughout Greece. In October 1931, Giorgos and Yiannis Andrianopoulos, emblematic players and founding members of Olympiacos, retired from active football. However, new heroes emerged, such as , , , , , , Nikos Grigoratos, Panagis Korsianos as well as the iconic brothers and and the club won five Championships in nine seasons (1932–33, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38) and by 1940, Olympiacos had already won six Championships in the eleven first seasons of the Panhellenic Championship. Especially Giannis Vazos, Christoforos Raggos and Theologos Symeonidis composed a formidable trio of attacking players, scoring numerous goals and became nothing short of legendary. Giannis Vazos played for 18 years for Olympiacos (1931–1949), and managed to score 450 goals in 364 games (179 goals in 156 official games) for the club, being the club's second all-time scorer, winning also the Greek Championship top scorer award four times (1933, 1936, 1937 and 1947).In addition, the club managed to win the 1936–37 and 1937–38 Championship titles undefeated. Ιn Greek Cup, the team did not manage to win the competition in its first four editions, despite some outstanding wins such as the record-setting 1–6 away victory against Panathinaikos in Leoforos Stadium in 1932 (V. Andrianopoulos 16', 68', 88', 24', 69', 70'), which is the biggest away victory in this derby's history.On 28 October 1940, Fascist Italy invaded Greece, and several Olympiacos players joined the Hellenic Army to fight against the Axis invaders. Chistoforos Raggos was heavily injured in his left leg in January 1941, and wasn't able to play football again. Leonidas Andrianopoulos suffered severe frostbite in the Albanian front and almost lost his life, while Nikos Grigoratos was injured in the leg during the Battle of Klisura. Furthermore, after the subsequent German occupation of Greece, Olympiacos players joined the Greek Resistance and fought fiercely against the Nazis. Olympiacos player , an emblematic figure for the club, was captain of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and fought against the Germans in many fronts. He was executed wearing Olympiacos shirt and shorts, as was his last wish: "Shoot me and kill me with my Olympiacos shirt on, and do not blindfold me, I want to see the colours of my team before the final shot." Michalis Anamateros was also an active member of the Greek Resistance and was killed in 1944. Olympiacos paid a heavy price during the destructive war, the Axis occupation and the ensuing Greek Civil War and the club's progress was put on temporary hold.After the war, Olympiacos saw many of its key-players of the pre-war era retire, with many significant changes being made in the team's roster. Olympiacos captain and prolific scorer Giannis Vazos remained in the club, along with Giannis Chelmis. New important players joined the club, such as Andreas Mouratis, , and . As soon as regular fixtures recommenced, the Piraeus club returned to their dominant position in Greek football. From 1946 to 1959, Olympiacos won 9 out of the 11 Greek Championships (1947, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959), bringing home 15 Championship titles in a total of 23 completed seasons of the Greek League. The six-straight Greek Championships won by Olympiacos from 1954 to 1959 was an unmatched achievement in Greek football history, an all-time record which stood for 44 years, up until Olympiacos managed to win seven-straight Greek Championships from 1997 to 2003.Furthermore, during the same period (1946–1959), the club won 8 Greek Cups out of 13 editions (1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), thus completing 6 Doubles (1947, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), three of which being consecutive (1957–1959). The legendary Olympiacos team of the 1950s, with key performers such as Andreas Mouratis, Ilias Rossidis, , Ilias Yfantis, , Kostas Polychroniou, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and marked Olympiacos' period of absolute domination in Greek football, which skyrocketed the club's popularity and spread the word of Olympiacos' superiority throughout Greece. Hence, after the club's record-breaking performance in the trophy-laden era of the 1950s, the club gained unequivocally the nickname of "Thrylos", meaning "The Legend".On 13 September 1959, Olympiacos made its debut in Europe against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup and became the first Greek club that ever played in the European competitions. The first leg was held at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus and Olympiacos took the lead with a goal by (1–0), which was the first goal ever scored by a Greek club (and by a Greek player as well) in the European competitions. Milan's prolific goalscorer José Altafini equalised the match with a header in the 33rd minute, after a cross by Giancarlo Danova. Ilias Yfantis scored an outstanding goal and gave Olympiacos the lead again in the 45th minute of the game, when he controlled the ball between Cesare Maldini and and unleashed a powerful volley, burying the ball into the back of the net (2–1). Altafini scored his second goal once again with a header (72nd minute), after a free-kick by Nils Liedholm. The match ended 2–2, with Olympiacos putting in a great performance against the Italian champions, despite the fact that they had no foreign players in their roster, while Milan had four world-class foreign players, such as Altafini, Liedholm, Juan Alberto Schiaffino and Ernesto Grillo. In the second leg Milan won 3–1 (Giancarlo Danova 12', 26', 85'; 68') and qualified for the next round, despite Olympiacos' good performance especially in the second half.Olympiacos entered the 1960s by winning the 1960 and 1961 Greek Cups, thus completing five consecutive Greek Cup wins, which is an all-time record in Greek football history. In this decade, a strong side was created with players from the late 1950s and new important players, such as , , , Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , Giangos Simantiris, , , , Sotiris Gavetsos, Tasos Sourounis, Vangelis Milisis, Orestis Pavlidis, Panagiotis Barbalias and last but not least the prolific goalscorer Giorgos Sideris, top-scorer in the club's history with 493 goals in 519 matches in all competitions (224 goals in 284 Greek Championship matches).In 1963, Olympiacos became the first ever Greek club to win a non-domestic competition, winning the Balkans Cup, which marked the first international success by any Greek football club. The Balkans Cup was a very popular international competition in the 1960s (the 1967 final attracted 42.000 spectators), being the second most important international club competition for clubs from the Balkans (after the European Champions' Cup). Olympiacos topped his group after some notable wins, beating Galatasaray 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 49'), as well as FK Sarajevo (3–2) and FC Brașov (1–0), bagging also two away draws against Galatasaray (1–1) in Mithatpaşa Stadium (Metin Oktay 78' – 6') and FK Sarajevo in Koševo Stadium (3–3). In the final, they faced Levski Sofia, winning the first match in Piraeus (1–0, Giorgos Sideris 37') and losing the second match in Vasil Levski Stadium with the same score. In the third decisive final in Istanbul (a neutral ground), Olympiacos beat Levski 1–0 in Mithatpaşa Stadium with a goal by in the 87th minute and won the Balkans Cup.The club went on to win the 1963 and 1965 Greek Cups, completing seven Greek Cup titles in nine years. However, the years 1959–1965 were not fruitful for Olympiacos in the Greek Championship, as the team was not able to win the title for six years. This mediocre performance led Olympiacos board to hire the legendary Márton Bukovi as the club's head coach, with Mihály Lantos (prominent member of the Hungary national team of the 1950s widely known as the "Mighty Magyars" or ""Aranycsapat"") as his assistant coach. The innovative Hungarian coach, pioneer of the 4–2–4 formation (along with Béla Guttmann and Gusztáv Sebes) was a solid tactician and favoured attacking football and very demanding training sessions. Bukovi's innovatory tactics and groundbreaking training methods transformed Olympiacos and created a powerful, attacking team with constant player movement and solid combination game that often played spectacular football. Under Bukovi's guidance and with the great performance of key players such as Giorgos Sideris, , Kostas Polychroniou, Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , , and Orestis Pavlidis, Olympiacos won 2 straight Greek Championships (1966, 1967). They won the 1966 title with 23 wins and 4 draws in 30 games and in the decisive away match against Trikala, an estimated 15,000 ecstatic Olympiacos fans swarmed into the city of Trikala to celebrate the win (0–5) and the Championship title after seven years.The next season 1966–67, Olympiacos won 12 out of the first 14 games in the league, which was an all-time record in Greek football history, which lasted for 46 years and up until 2013, when Olympiacos, under coach Míchel's guidance, broke his own record by winning 13 out of the 14 first matches of the 2013–14 season. They won the title in a convincing way and with some notable wins, like the 4–0 smashing victory against arch-rivals Panathinaikos at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 17', Sideris 20', 35', 62'), where Olympiacos played spectacular football and missed a plethora of chances for a much bigger score. Bukovi became a legend for the club's fans and his creation, the Olympiacos team of 1965–67, became nothing short of legendary. A special anthem was written for Bukovi's Olympiacos and became popular throughout Greece: ""Του Μπούκοβι την ομαδάρα, τη λένε Ολυμπιακάρα"" ("Bukovi's mighty team is called Olympiacos").Shortly before the end of the 1966–67 season, a military coup d'état took place and the Colonels seized power in Greece, establishing a dictatorship. The regime of the Colonels had devastating consequences for Olympiacos. In December 1967, , club legend and president of the club for 13 years (1954–1967) was forced out of the club's presidency by the military regime. Furthermore, the regime canceled the transfer of Giorgos Koudas to Olympiacos and days later another blow was delivered to the club: Márton Bukovi, already a legend and architect of the great 1965–67 team, was forced out of Greece by the military junta, being labeled a communist. He left Greece on 21 December 1967, along with Mihály Lantos.Another chapter began in 1972, after Nikos Goulandris became president of the club. He reinstated all the prominent members of Olympiacos board that had been forced out by the military regime (including Giorgos Andrianopoulos) and opened-up the member election process, establishing a new, trustworthy board of directors. He appointed Lakis Petropoulos as head coach and signed top-class players, creating a great roster with key performers such as Giorgos Delikaris, Yves Triantafyllos, Julio Losada, Milton Viera, , Michalis Kritikopoulos, Takis Synetopoulos, Romain Argyroudis, Maik Galakos, , , , , Lakis Glezos, , Kostas Davourlis, Giannis Kyrastas, Dimitris Persidis, Lefteris Poupakis and . Under Goulandris' presidency, Olympiacos won the Greek Championship three times in a row (1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75), combining it with the Greek Cup in 1973 (beating PAOK 1–0 in the final) and 1975 (beating Panathinaikos 1–0 in the final) to celebrate two Doubles in three years. Ιn the 1972–73 season, Olympiacos won the title by conceding only 13 goals in 34 matches, which is an-all-time record in Greek football history. The team's best year though, was undoubtedly the 1973–74 season, when Olympiacos won the league with 26 wins and 7 draws in 34 games, scoring an all-time record of 102 goals and conceding only 14.In European competitions, they managed to eliminate Cagliari in the 1972–73 UEFA Cup, a major force in Italian football during the late 1960s and the early 1970s, (1970 Serie A Champions, 1972 Serie A title contenders), with world-class Italian international players like Gigi Riva, Angelo Domenghini, Enrico Albertosi, Pierluigi Cera, Sergio Gori and Fabrizio Poletti. Olympiacos managed to beat Cagliari twice, 2–1 in Piraeus and 1–0 in Cagliari, becoming the first ever Greek football club to win on Italian soil. In the next round they faced the competition's defending champions Tottenham Hotspur, who were undefeated for 16-straight games in all European competitions. Olympiacos did not manage to qualify against Spurs, but they managed to get a 1–0 win in Piraeus, which ended Tottenham's undefeated streak and marked the first ever victory of a Greek football club against an English side. Two years later, Olympiacos entered the 1974–75 European Cup and they were drawn to face Kenny Dalglish's Celtic, one of the strongest teams in European football at that time and semi-finalists of the previous season. The first leg was played in Celtic Park, where Celtic had never been defeated, running an undefeated streak of 36 straight home games in all European competitions (27 wins, 9 draws) from 1962 to 1974. Olympiacos took the lead through Milton Viera's strike in the 36th minute, with Celtic equalising late in the game. The away draw gave Olympiacos the advantage and they finished the job in Piraeus, after a spectacular 2–0 win against the Scottish Champions with Kritikopoulos and finding the net. In the next round, they were drawn to play against Anderlecht for a place in the quarter-finals of the competition. Anderlecht won the first leg with 5–1 and Olympiacos' task seemed impossible. In the second leg in Greece, however, Olympiacos put on a dominant display and almost reached a winning score in a match that was marked by referee Károly Palotai's decisions. Olympiacos beat Anderlecht 3–0, while Palotai disallowed four Olympiacos goals and did not give at least three clear penalties committed by Anderlecht players, while Stavropoulos was shown a red card for no good reason. The match is widely known in Greece as the ""Palotai massacre"" with Olympiacos coming close to one of the biggest comebacks in European Cup history.Following Goulandris resignation from the presidency in 1975, the team went through a relative dry spell in the second half of the 1970s. However, in the summer of 1979, the Greek championship turned professional and became owner and president of the club. Olympiacos emerged again as the dominant force in Greek football, winning the title four times in a row (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983) with players like the relentless goalscorer Nikos Anastopoulos, Martin Novoselac, Vicente Estavillo, Thomas Ahlström, Roger Albertsen, Maik Galakos, Tasos Mitropoulos, Takis Nikoloudis, Nikos Sarganis, Nikos Vamvakoulas, Giorgos Kokolakis, , Petros Michos, Takis Lemonis, , Petros Xanthopoulos, , , and . Kazimierz Górski, the iconic Polish coach, led Olympiacos to the 1980, 1981 and 1983 titles (winning also the Double in 1981, the 9th Double in Olympiacos' history) while Alketas Panagoulias, who had also been manager of the Greek national football team and the United States national team as well, led the team to the 1982 title after a memorable 2–1 win (Estavillo 6', Anastopoulos 69') against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the crucial Championship final match in Volos. With Panagoulias as head coach, Olympiacos won the 1986–87 title as well, having a solid roster with players from the early 1980s like Anastopoulos, Mitropoulos, Michos, Xanthopoulos and other strong players like Miloš Šestić, Giorgos Vaitsis, Jorge Barrios, Andreas Bonovas, Alexis Alexiou and .Olympiacos experienced its darkest days from the late-1980s until the mid-'90s. In the mid-'80s, Olympiacos came into the hands of Greek businessman George Koskotas who was soon accused of and convicted for embezzlement, leaving Olympiacos deep in debt. The club went through a period of administrative turbulence until 1993, when Sokratis Kokkalis became majority shareholder and president of the club. As soon as he took the club's presidency, Kokkalis agreed a settlement to pay off all the club's debts and started reorganising and restructuring the club. On the pitch, the team, with all the financial and managerial problems, as well as the lack of strong administrative leadership until the Kokkalis arrival, spent nine seasons without a league title, from 1988 to 1996, despite the foreign top-class players that played for the club at that period, such as Lajos Détári, Oleh Protasov, Juan Gilberto Funes, Bent Christensen, Hennadiy Lytovchenko, Yuri Savichev, Andrzej Juskowiak, Daniel Batista, Fabián Estay and the backbone of solid Greek players like Vassilis Karapialis, Kiriakos Karataidis, Giotis Tsalouchidis, Nikos Tsiantakis, Giorgos Vaitsis, Minas Hantzidis, Theodoros Pahatouridis, Savvas Kofidis, Chris Kalantzis, Gιorgοs Mitsibonas, Ilias Talikriadis, Alekos Rantos, , Ilias Savvidis and Michalis Vlachos. This period is so called as "Olympiacos' stone years". Nevertheless, the club brought home the 1990 (beating OFI Crete 4–2 in the final) and 1992 Greek Cups (beating PAOK 2–0 in the second leg of the double final in Piraeus), as well as the 1992 Greek Super Cup, beating AEK 3–1 in the final. In addition, the team, under the guidance of the legendary Ukrainian coach Oleg Blokhin, managed to reach the quarter-finals of the 1992–93 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, eliminating Arsène Wenger's Monaco, after a hard-fought 1–0 away win in Stade Louis II with a late goal by Giorgos Vaitsis and a goalless draw at Karaiskakis Stadium in the second leg. They did not manage to qualify for the semi-finals, however, as they were eliminated by Atlético Madrid (1–1 draw at home, 3–1 loss in Madrid).In 1996, Socratis Kokkalis appointed Dušan Bajević as the team's head coach. By that time, Olympiacos had already a very strong roster, with players like Kyriakos Karataidis, Vassilis Karapialis, Grigoris Georgatos, Alexis Alexandris, Giorgos Amanatidis, Nikos Dabizas and Ilija Ivić. Upon Bajević's arrival, Kokkalis opted to strengthen the team significantly in order to create a very strong roster that would dominate Greek football for years to come. He purchased the highly rated prospects Predrag Đorđević and Stelios Giannakopoulos from Paniliakos, outbidding both AEK Athens and Panathinaikos; signed Refik Šabanadžović, Andreas Niniadis, Giorgos Anatolakis and Alekos Kaklamanos; and brought Olympiacos Academy product Dimitris Eleftheropoulos back from his loan spell at Proodeftiki. With all these players up front, Olympiacos strode to the 1996–97 title by 12 clear points over AEK and 20 points over the third Panathinaikos in Bajević's first season in charge; this was the club's first Greek Championship in nine seasons, putting an end to the "stone years" and officially beginning Olympiacos' era of domination. In the next season, 1997–98, Dimitris Mavrogenidis, Siniša Gogić, Ilias Poursanidis and the Ghanaian striker Peter Ofori-Quaye were transferred to the club and Olympiacos won the 1997–98 Championship. Bajević's team, along with AEK and Panathinaikos, were closely separated in the table, but finally Olympiacos made an important away win against Panathinaikos (0–2) and celebrated the second consecutive Championship, with three points difference from Panathinaikos. Olympiacos participated for the first time in the UEFA Champions League group stage and took third place in a tough group, leaving Porto in fourth place, while Real Madrid, the eventual champions, topped the group and qualified for the quarter-finals.The 1998–99 season was undoubtedly one of the best seasons in Olympiacos history. They won the 1998–99 Greek Championship quite convincingly, with ten points difference from AEK and 11 from third-placed Panathinaikos, and also celebrated the domestic double, bringing home the 1998–99 Greek Cup after a convincing 2–0 win against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the final (Mavrogenidis 54', Ofori-Quaye 90'), despite the fact that they played for more than 60 minutes in the game with ten players. In European competitions, they entered the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage, being drawn in a group with Ajax, Porto and Croatia Zagreb. They won the group and qualified to the quarter-finals, gathering 11 points with 3 home wins against Ajax (1–0), Porto (2–1) and Croatia Zagreb (2–0) and two away draws in Porto (2–2) and Zagreb (1–1). In the quarter-finals of the competition, they faced Juventus, with the first leg in Turin. Juventus took a 2–0 lead, but Olympiacos scored a crucial away goal in the 90th minute of the game with a penalty by Andreas Niniadis, a goal that caused the 10.000 Olympiacos fans who travelled to Italy to erupt into joyous ecstasy. In the second leg in Athens, Olympiacos totally dominated the match, and scored the goal that put them in the driving seat in the 12th minute of the game, when Siniša Gogić's powerful header found the back of the net after Grigoris Georgatos's superb cross. They also missed an outstanding chance to double the lead, when Giorgos Amanatidis' powerful header from short distance was saved by Michelangelo Rampulla. Olympiacos kept the ticket to the semi-finals in his hands until the 85th minute, when Juventus, who hadn't produced any chances in the game, equalised the score after a crucial mistake by Dimitris Eleftheropoulos, who had been the team's hero in all the previous games. Despite the big disappointment from the way the qualification to the semi-finals was lost, the presence of the team in the Champions League quarter-finals, their best-ever European campaign, combined with the domestic double, marked a very successful season for the club, arguably the best in their long history.The next four seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03) Olympiacos signed world-class players of great magnitude such as Giovanni, Zlatko Zahovič and the World champion Christian Karembeu, as well as other top-class players including Pär Zetterberg, Zé Elias, Nery Castillo, Christos Patsatzoglou, Lampros Choutos and Stelios Venetidis. These transfers strengthened even more the already strong roster from the previous successful years and under the guidance of coaches like Giannis Matzourakis, Takis Lemonis and Oleg Protasov (Bajević had left the club in 1999). Olympiacos managed to win seven consecutive Greek Championships (1997–2003), breaking their own past record of six (1954–1959). Olympiacos won their seventh consecutive title after a breathtaking closing of the 2002–03 Greek League: Olympiacos was hosting arch-rivals Panathinaikos in matchday 29, who led the table with a three-point difference. Olympiacos needed to win the derby by two clear goals in order to overthrow their rivals in the championship race. Olympiacos beat Panathinaikos 3–0 (Giovanni 3', Giannakopoulos 15' 48') in a dominant display in Rizoupoli and celebrated the all-time record of seven straight Championships, which was a dream and a historic objective for the club and especially for the fans.In 2004, Olympiacos rehired Dušan Bajević and signed the 1999 World Footballer of the Year and 2002 World Champion Brazilian superstar Rivaldo and the 2004 European champion Antonis Nikopolidis. The end of the season found Olympiacos winning the domestic double and having a decent Champions League display, gathering ten points in a tough group alongside Liverpool, Monaco and Deportivo de La Coruña and losing the qualification to the knockout phase in the last four minutes of the last game against the eventual European champions Liverpool at Anfield. Bajević left the club and the Norwegian coach Trond Sollied was hired in his place. They club signed Cypriot striker Michalis Konstantinou from Panathinaikos, 2004 European champion defender Michalis Kapsis from Bordeaux and the versatile box-to-box Ivorian midfielder Yaya Touré. During the 2005–06 season, Olympiacos won all the four derbies against their major rivals, Panathinaikos and AEK Athens, something only achieved once more, during the season 1972–73. The combined goal total in these four matches was 11–3 in favour of Olympiacos. They also beat AEK Athens 3–0 in the Greek Cup Final to clinch their second-straight double and managed to win an all-time record of 16 consecutive matches in the championship, breaking their own past record.After a record-breaking season, in the 2006 summer transfers, Trond Sollied signed Michał Żewłakow, Júlio César and Tomislav Butina among others. However, he did not live up to expectations in the 2006–07 Champions League and was replaced by Takis Lemonis at the end of 2006. Lemonis transferred the young star Vasilis Torosidis, and led Olympiacos in their third consecutive championship, but failed to win the Greek Cup after a surprise elimination by PAS Giannina.In the summer of 2007, Olympiacos made very expensive transfers like Luciano Galletti, Darko Kovačević, Raúl Bravo, Lomana LuaLua, Cristian Ledesma and Leonel Núñez. They also brought back the solid Greek defender Paraskevas Antzas and signed the very talented young striker Kostas Mitroglou from Borussia Mönchengladbach. Furthermore, they accomplished the most lucrative sale in Greek football history after selling striker-midfielder Nery Castillo to Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk for the record sum of €20 million ($27.5M). Because of a clause in Castillo's contract, Olympiacos received €15 million, with the remaining €5 million given directly to the player. Furthermore, a controversy started between the team and Rivaldo, as Olympiacos did not wish to renew the player's contract despite the fact that Rivaldo had featured heavily in the club's successful campaigns, both in Greece and abroad. Former player Ilija Ivić was selected for the role of the team's football director. The team did not start well in the Greek championship, but it achieved a stunning performance in the Champions League, qualifying for the last 16 as they finished second in their group, level on 11 points with group winners Real Madrid, eliminating Werder Bremen and Lazio. However, the team's less than satisfactory performance in the league, coupled with the defeat from Chelsea in Stamford Bridge for the knockout phase, prompted club owner Sokratis Kokkalis to sack coach Takis Lemonis. The team's assistant manager, José Segura, coached the team for the remainder of the season. Olympiacos managed to win both the Greek Championship and Cup, but Segura left the club at the end of the season.In the summer of 2008, Olympiacos made prominent transfers, signing Dudu Cearense, Avraam Papadopoulos, Diogo Luis Santo and Matt Derbyshire and appointed Ernesto Valverde as the new coach with a three-year contract worth approximately €6 million. The 2008–09 season started badly for Olympiacos, with the team losing their first few official matches, against Anorthosis Famagusta for the Champions League third qualifying round, and was eliminated from the tournament, which resulted to a seat in the UEFA Cup first round, where Olympiacos beat Nordsjælland to qualify for the group stage. The team also started well in the 2008–09 Super League Greece, winning every match at home, but facing difficulties away. They ended up winning the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, celebrating the 14th double in Olympiacos history. After an impressive UEFA Cup run at home, with some spectacular wins against Benfica (5–1) and Hertha BSC (4–0), the team managed to get through to the round of 32, facing French side Saint-Étienne.In the summer of 2009, Olympiacos signed major players, such as Olof Mellberg from Juventus for €2.5 million, midfielder Jaouad Zairi from Asteras Tripolis and Enzo Maresca from Sevilla. Many other players returned from loan spells, such as former Real Madrid defender Raúl Bravo, Georgios Katsikogiannis and midfielder Cristian Ledesma. Olympiacos appointed former Brazil legend Zico as their coach and started the 2009–10 season with great success, as they qualified for the Champions League final 16, finishing second in Group H only 3 points behind Arsenal, despite the absence of numerous first-team players due to injuries. They faced Bordeaux in the final 16 and lost the first match at home (0–1). In the second match, despite Bordeaux's early lead, Olympiacos leveled the match and missed some great chances to score a second goal, before eventually losing in the dying moments of the match (1–2). Domestically, Olympiacos secured a 2–0 derby win over arch-rivals Panathinaikos, with striker Kostas Mitroglou scoring twice. However, this was only a highlight in an otherwise below-par season for the club, as they not only lost the championship to Panathinaikos, but were also defeated in four out of their six playoff games, eventually finishing last, in the 5th position of the league table; this result marked the team's worst ranking since being placed 8th in 1988, and meant that the club would start their Europa League campaign from the second qualifying round the following season.In 2010, Evangelos Marinakis, a successful shipping magnate, bought the team from Sokratis Kokkalis. During the first year of his presidency, Marinakis appointed fans' favourite Ernesto Valverde as coach (who came back for a second tenure in the club) and signed players with international pedigree, such as Albert Riera, Ariel Ibagaza, Kevin Mirallas, Marko Pantelić and François Modesto. As a result, Olympiacos won the Greek title for the 38th time in its history, 13 points ahead of second-placed Panathinaikos.In the 2011–12 season, the team's roster was strengthened with players like Jean Makoun, Pablo Orbaiz, Iván Marcano, Rafik Djebbour and Djamel Abdoun and with Ernesto Valverde as their coach for the second straight season, Olympiacos had a very successful campaign both domestically and internationally. They won both the Greek league and the Greek Cup to complete the 15th domestic double in the club's history. In European competitions, Olympiacos had a solid Champions League campaign, having been drawn in Group F against Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund and Marseille. Despite delivering nine points in the group, with two emphatic wins against Arsenal and Dortmund at home (both with a 3–1 scoreline) and an away win against Marseille (0–1), they lost the qualification to the knock-out stage after Marseille's controversial 2–3 away win in Dortmund in game 6, with Marseille scoring two goals in the last five minutes of the match to come back from an early 2–0 Dortmund lead. Olympiacos continued in Europa League where he was drawn to play against Rubin Kazan. The Greek champions eliminated the Russian side with two wins (1–0 in both Kazan and Piraeus) and were up to play against Metalist Kharkiv in the Last 16 of the competition. They won the first match in Ukraine with David Fuster scoring the winning goal (0–1) but in the second match, despite their early lead and the plethora of missed chances (they hit the woodwork twice in the first half), they conceded two goals in the last nine minutes of the game and lost the qualification to the quarter-finals.At the end of the season, Ernesto Valverde announced his decision to return to Spain, thus ending his second successful spell at Olympiacos. The club announced the Portuguese Leonardo Jardim as their new head coach. The team performed very well in the Greek league and had a decent Champions league campaign, gathering nine points in Group B, after wins against Arsenal (2–1 at home) and Montpellier (1–2 in Montpellier, 3–1 in Piraeus). Despite the relatively good results, Leonardo Jardim was replaced by the Spanish coach and Real Madrid legend Míchel. The team went on to celebrate the 16th double in their history by winning their 40th Greek Championship, 15 points ahead the second PAOK, as well as their 26th Greek Cup after a 3–1 win against Asteras Tripolis in the final. The 40th Greek championship title gave Olympiacos the fourth star on top of the club's emblem, which was a major goal for the club and especially for the fans.The expectations for the 2013–14 season were very high, especially after the signing of players such as striker Javier Saviola, Joel Campbell, Roberto, Alejandro Domínguez, Vladimír Weiss, Delvin N'Dinga and Leandro Salino. Olympiacos had a great season both domestically and internationally. In Europe, they were drawn in Group C of the 2013–14 Champions League alongside Paris Saint-Germain, Benfica and Anderlecht. After a strong performance in the group, Olympiacos finished second with ten points and qualified for the Last 16 at the expense of Benfica (1–0 win in Piraeus, 1–1 draw in Lisbon) and Anderlecht (0–3 win in Brussels, 3–1 win in Piraeus). In the round of 16, they were drawn to play against Manchester United. Olympiacos, after a solid display, won the first leg with a comfortable 2–0 (Alejandro Domínguez 38', Campbell 55'), in a match where they dominated totally and missed chances to even extend the lead. Despite the two-goal advantage which put them within touching distance of a quarter-final place for the first time since 1999, Olympiacos lost 3–0 in the second leg in Old Trafford, having missed an outstanding double chance to equalize the score in the 40th minute. The Greek champions pushed on in the last ten minutes to find the crucial away goal, but to no avail. Although the ticket to the quarter-finals slipped out of the club's hands, Olympiacos' overall performance and the fact that the club managed to qualify to the knockout phase (round of 16) of the Champions League for the third time in six years (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14), marked a very successful European campaign. Domestically, Olympiacos won their history's 41st Greek Championship very convincingly, 17 points ahead of second-placed PAOK.In the 2014–15 season, Olympiacos entered the 2014–15 Champions League group stage with hopes to repeat the previous year's performance; they were drawn alongside Atlético Madrid, Juventus and Malmö FF. They had a solid performance in the group, managing to beat last year's runners-up Atlético 3–2 and eventual finalists Juventus 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium, but they lost the qualification for the knockout stage in the last game: Olympiacos beat Malmö FF 4–2 at home but at the same time Juventus were drawing against Atlético in Italy, securing the crucial one point they needed to qualify. Had Olympiacos and Juventus finished with the same points, Olympiacos would have qualified due to best aggregate score (away goals) of their two games (1–0 Olympiacos win in Piraeus, 3–2 Juventus win in Turin). The third place in the group gave Olympiacos the ticket for the next round of UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by the eventual runners-up Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. Domestically, the team had a very successful season, winning the 17th double in their history. They won their 42nd Greek Championship with 12 points difference from the second Panathinaikos and their 27th Greek Cup, beating Skoda Xanthi 3–1 in the final.The 2015–16 season started with a new manager replacement, as Marco Silva took over the management over his fellow countryman Vitor Pereira, while the squad was strengthened with the world-class presence of Esteban Cambiasso and a number of other players with European competition experience, including Kostas Fortounis, Felipe Pardo, Sebá, Manuel Da Costa, Brown Ideye and Alfreð Finnbogason. In a tough Champions League group that included Bayern München, Arsenal and Dinamo Zagreb, Olympiacos managed to record 9 points through a 3–2 away win over the Gunners at the Emirates Stadium, considered by many as one of the club's most important European victories, as well as two more wins against Dinamo (1–0 away and 2–1 at home). Last matchday saw the team face Arsenal at the Karaiskakis stadium, needing a 1–0 or 2–1 defeat to the Gunners, as the worst-case scenario, to advance to the knockout phase of the competition based on the away goals rule; the Red-Whites eventually lost 3–0 and continued their European journey in the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by Anderlecht in the first knockout stage. Despite the above, Olympiacos broke the record for most European competition victories recorded by a Greek club, with 97 over the 96 of second-placed Panathinaikos as of the summer of 2016. Domestically, Olympiacos had perhaps their most successful season in years, as the team managed to secure their 43rd Greek Championship, and 6th consecutive, on the last day of February 2016, considered a national record for the earliest time, within a league campaign, when a title is clinched. The team managed to finish their league campaign with a 30-point difference over their arch rivals Panathinaikos, who came in second. The team's 85 points over the course of 30 matchdays, including a 28–1–1 overall result breakdown with 13 away wins and a perfect 15 victories out of 15 home games, are also considered a national record. However, despite the club's expectations of doing the double, they did not manage to win the Greek Cup as they finished runners-up to rivals AEK after a 2–1 loss in the final.The 2016–17 season proved to be rather tumultuous for the club, despite the signing of such key players as Óscar Cardozo, Tarik Elyounoussi, Alaixys Romao, Aly Cissokho and Marko Marin. The main issues that arose were the team's shock elimination from Israeli outfit Hapoel Be'er-Sheva, after a 1–0 aggregate defeat, in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League, and the highly frequent change of managers, leading the club to having been coached by five individuals over the same season: Marco Silva, Victor Sánchez (responsible for the elimination from Hapoel), Paulo Bento, Vasilis Vouzas and Takis Lemonis. The team's UEFA Europa League journey was not as successful as other European campaigns, starting with a difficult 3–1 aggregate victory (1–1 before extra time) over Arouca in the playoffs, continuing with the team's qualification from the group stage but only as second-placed to APOEL (in a group that also included Young Boys and Astana), and ending with a heavy 5–2 aggregate defeat to Besiktas in the last 16 of the knockout stage (with goalkeeper Nicola Leali being highly responsible for 4 out of the 5 goals conceded), despite having advanced from the last 32 thanks to a 3–0 aggregate win over Osmanlispor. The frequent manager change negatively affected the team's stability and rhythm in domestic competitions as well. Firstly, Olympiacos failed to qualify for the Greek Cup final after being ousted by AEK, who advanced on the away goals rule after a 2–2 aggregate draw. Secondly, despite the fact that the Reds clinched their 44th Greek Championship, and 7th consecutive for the second time in Greek football history, they only managed to do so with a six-point difference (67 to 61) over PAOK.At the start of the 2017–18 season, the board decided to hire former Anderlecht manager Besnik Hasi to guide Olympiacos back to the UEFA Champions League group stage after a year's absence. Upon his arrival, Hasi strengthened the squad with players as Vadis Odjidja-Ofoe, Guillaume Gillet, Mehdi Carcela, Jagoš Vuković, Björn Engels, Uroš Đurđević, Emmanuel Emenike and Panagiotis Tachtsidis.Aggregate victories over Partizan (5–3) and Rijeka (3–1) in the two final qualifying rounds ensured the Red-Whites' presence in Group D of the competition, considered perhaps the toughest in Olympiacos' European history due to Barcelona, Juventus and Sporting CP being the opponents. A disheartening 2–3 defeat in the hands of Sporting at Thrylos' European season opener, combined with a 3–2 loss to AEK despite being 0–2 up, led to Hasi's dismissal from the club and his replacement by Takis Lemonis. The latter decided to focus on getting the squad back on track in domestic competitions, at a time when Olympiacos eventually got eliminated from Europe ahead of the Christmas break for the first time in 12 years. Following a home goalless draw against Barcelona and five defeats, the Red-Whites only managed to acquire one point during their entire Champions League group stage campaign, something considered a setback for the club after their 7 previous UEFA Champions League campaigns (2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16), in which they gathered at least 9 points in all of the groups (11 points in 2007–08, 10 points in 2009–10, 9 points in 2011–12, 9 points in 2012–13, 10 points in 2013–14, 9 points in 2014–15 and 9 points in 2015–16), with three qualifications to the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition. Despite their one-point group stage exit, the worst European records by a Greek team in the history of European competitions both belong to AEK Athens: AEK's zero (0) point campaign in Group E of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League and AEK's zero (0) point campaign as well in the Group H of the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, a lower-tier UEFA competition. Panathinaikos has also a one-point campaign in Group G of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. Despite being in the Super League lead halfway through the season, Lemonis was dismissed on grounds of dressing room instability, and Óscar García was subsequently appointed with a vision of increasing attacking efficiency and discipline. Domestically, Olympiacos' Greek Cup run ended in the quarter-finals, marking their third consecutive year that they failed to lift the Cup. In the Super League the Red-Whites conceded the title to AEK three matchdays before completion, thus ending a run of seven consecutive championship wins and leading to the dismissal of García after two months at the club's helm, with Christos Kontis finishing the season as caretaker manager. Portuguese Pedro Martins was appointed head coach in order to lead Olympiacos at the following 2018–19 season.When, in 1925, the merger of the two clubs of Piraeus, Athlitikos Podosfairikos Syllogos Pireos and Omilos Filathlon Pireos, gave birth to the new football club, the latter was unanimously baptized "Olympiacos Club of Fans of Piraeus", a name inspired from the Ancient Olympic Games, the morality, the vying, the splendor, the sportsmanship and the fair play ideal that were represented in Ancient Greece. Consequently, after 's proposal, the club adopted the laurel-crowned adolescent as their emblem, which symbolizes the Olympic Games winner, a crest that underwent minor changes through the ages. Red and white were chosen as the colours of the crest; red for the passion and victory and white for the virtue and purity.The typical kit of the team is that of a shirt with red and white vertical stripes, and red or white shorts and socks. The shirt has taken different forms during the history of the club, for example with thin or wider stripes. The second most common kit is the all-red one and next the all-white one. Olympiacos has used several other colours during its history as an away or third kit, with the most notable of them being the monotint black or silver one. The most common kits of Olympiacos during their history are these below (the year of each one is indicant):Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Olympiacos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1982 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Olympiacos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:The Karaiskakis Stadium, situated at Neo Faliro in Piraeus, is the current (since 2004) and traditional home of Olympiacos. With a capacity of 32,115, it is the largest football-only stadium and the second largest football stadium overall in Greece. It was built in 1895 as Neo Phaliron Velodrome, to host the cycling events for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, and the pitch was covered with curm. Olympiacos started using it since its foundation in 1925. In 1964, the stadium was renovated and was given its current name after Georgios Karaiskakis, a military commander of the Greek War of Independence, with an athletics track around the pitch.Olympiacos left the Karaiskakis Stadium temporarily to play home matches at the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium in 1984. After a five-year use (1984–1989) of the biggest stadium in Greece, the team returned to their traditional home, where they played until 1997. It was then that Olympiacos got back to the Athens Olympic Stadium, where they stayed for another period of five years (1997–2002). In 2002, the Olympic Stadium was closed for renovation works due to the 2004 Summer Olympics and Olympiacos moved to the Georgios Kamaras Stadium in Rizoupoli, home of Apollon Smyrnis, for the following two seasons (2002–2004).Meanwhile, the Karaiskakis Stadium had fallen in disrepair and was not anymore suitable for football matches. In 2003, its use passed to Olympiacos in order to build a football-only ground, to be used for the football tournament of the 2004 Olympics. In return, Olympiacos got exclusive use of the stadium until 2052, covering all maintenance costs and also paying 15% of revenue to the Greek State. The old stadium was demolished in the spring of 2003 and the new one was completed on 30 June 2004 at a total cost of €60 million. Nowadays, the Karaiskakis Stadium is one of the most modern football grounds in Europe, also hosting the museum of Olympiacos, with several facilities around.Olympiacos' traditional fanbase comes from the city of Piraeus, where the club is based, as well as a good part of the rest of the Athens area. The club's popularity increased during the 1950s after winning consecutive titles and setting several records, and they became the best-supported football club in the country. Traditionally, Olympiacos used to represent the working class, but the club has always attracted fans from all the social classes and their fanbase is not associated with any specific social group anymore.Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches. Several newspapers and magazines' polls rank Olympiacos as the most popular club in Greece with a percentage varying between 30–40% among the fans and more or less 30% in total population, which corresponds to around three and a half millions of supporters in Greece. The club is overwhelmingly popular in Piraeus, where almost half of its population supports Olympiacos, while their support in the whole of Athens reaches 45.1% of the fans, making them the most popular club in the Greek capital. They are also the most popular club in the working class with a percentage of 37% and in all age groups, as well as among both male and female fans; the vast majority of their fans comes from the centre-left and centre-right of the political spectrum. Outside of Athens, Olympiacos is the most popular club in Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, the Aegean and the Ionian Islands. Additionally, they have the highest average all-time attendance in Greek football, having topped the attendance tables in most of the seasons in Super League Greece history.In 2006, Olympiacos was placed in the top ten of the clubs with the most paying members in the world, holding ninth place, just ahead of Real Madrid. As of April 2006, the club had some 83,000 registered members. Olympiacos and Red Star Belgrade fans have developed a deep friendship, calling themselves the "Orthodox Brothers". Usually, Olympiacos supporters from several fan-clubs attend Red Star's matches, especially against their old rival Partizan, and vice versa. More recently, the Orthodox Brothers have started to include fans of Spartak Moscow in their club.Olympiacos fans are renowned for their passionate and fervent support to the team, with the atmosphere at home matches regarded as intimidating. When they played Newcastle United at home in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, the match was televised in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 and the guest commentator was former England international Tony Cottee, who was constantly mentioning how great the atmosphere was. During the game he was asked whether it was the most atmospheric stadium he had been to and replied: "I'd have to say it probably is. You hear a lot about various places and the atmosphere there but when you go you realise it's not all that... But this place is the real deal." The experienced Czech international winger Jaroslav Plašil paid further testament to the hostile atmosphere created by Olympiacos fans at home before his team Bordeaux visit the Karaiskakis Stadium, where he had played during his time with Monaco and stated, "It was one of the most intense atmospheres I've ever experienced in a stadium, so I expect it will be a bit like hell for us. Their supporters really can help their team." Former Paris Saint-Germain superstar striker Zlatan Ibrahimović spoke of his admiration for Olympiacos supporters after an Olympiacos–Paris Saint-Germain match on 17 September 2013: "They played in front of their fantastic public. Olympiacos supporters were amazing. My friend Olof Mellberg played here and he talked to me about the supporters. I never saw it live, but now I understand. It's amazing. It's a big advantage for Olympiacos." PSG billionaire owner Nasser Al-Khelaifi stated, "I have big respect for the fans here. I've never seen fans like Olympiacos' fans in my life." PSG and Brazil international winger Lucas Moura in an interview with goal.com stated that Olympiacos home ground was the most intense and heated stadium he's ever played in.The history of the Karaiskakis Stadium and Olympiacos was marked by the worst tragedy that ever hit Greek sports, known as the Karaiskakis Stadium disaster. On 8 February 1981, Olympiacos hosted AEK Athens for a league match, which ended 6–0, in an unprecedented triumph for the host team of Piraeus. During the last minutes of the game, thousands of Olympiacos fans at the Gate 7 rushed to the exit, to get to the stadium's main entrance and celebrate with the players, but the doors were almost closed and the turnstiles still in place, making the exit almost impossible. As people continued to come down from the stands, unable to see what happened, the stairs of Gate 7 became a death trap; people were crushed, tens of fans were seriously injured and twenty-one young people died, most of them by suffocation.In memory of this event, every year on 8 February, there is a memorial service at the stadium in honour of the supporters that died in that incident. The service is attended by thousands of fans every year, who are rhythmically shouting the phrase, "Αδέρφια, ζείτε, εσείς μας οδηγείτε." (Adhélfia, zíte, esís mas odhiyíte, "Brothers, you live, you are the ones who guide us."). At the tribune part of the stadium where Gate 7 is now, some seats are colored black instead of red, shaping the number "7", whereas there is also a monument on the eastern side of the stadium, bearing the names of all 21 supporters killed on that day in the stadium.Even though this incident affected almost solely the fanbase of Olympiacos, other teams occasionally pay their respects to the people killed as well, as they consider the incident to be a tragedy not only for one team, but for the whole country. In the past, even foreign teams, such as Liverpool and Red Star Belgrade, have honoured the incident's victims.Traditionally, Olympiacos' main rival is Panathinaikos and their so-called Derby of the eternal enemies is a classic local derby in Attica, the most famous fixture in Greek football and one of the most well known around the world. The two clubs are the most successful, having won together a total of 66 League titles (Olympiacos 46, Panathinaikos 20), and the most popular football clubs in Greece. The rivalry also encompasses social, cultural and regional differences; Olympiacos, coming from the famous port of Piraeus, used to be very popular in the working to middle classes, while Panathinaikos, of downtown Athens, was considered the representative of middle to higher social classes, although this differentiation has weakened nowadays and the two clubs have similar fanbases. Most recent notorious incidents include a fan's death in 2007, during a pre-arranged clash between hooligans on the occasion of a women's volleyball game between the two clubs, which caused major upset in Greece, and the abandonment of a derby in 2012 after riots at the Athens Olympic Stadium, which resulted in major fires in parts of it.Olympiacos also shares a traditional rivalry with AEK Athens, in one more local derby of the Greek capital with the other member of the so called Big three, but also with PAOK, in the fiercest inter-city rivalry in Greece between the most popular clubs of the two largest Greek cities, Athens and Thessaloniki, a rivalry that erupted in the 1960s for the sake of footballer Giorgos Koudas. A popular rivalry used to be the Piraeus derby, between Olympiacos and Ethnikos Piraeus, the second most successful football club in the region, but the fixture has faded-out due to Ethnikos' constant presence in lower divisions in the last decades.Olympiacos has a long presence in the UEFA competitions, debuting on 13 September 1959, against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup, the first ever Greek club to compete in a European competition. Olympiacos was also the first Greek club to advance to the next round of any European competition, eliminating Zagłębie Sosnowiec for the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Their best European campaigns are their presence in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, where they lost a semi-final spot in the last minutes by Juventus, and in the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals, losing to Atlético Madrid.Olympiacos is by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 31st in the ten-year ranking as of 2019. They are also the Greek team with the most wins in all European competitions, leading also the table with the most home and away wins, and the Greek team with the most games played in European level, celebrating their 200th match on 23 February 2010, against Bordeaux in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League first knockout round. Olympiacos also holds the all-time record attendance for a Greek club of 75,263 in a 1982–83 European Cup match against Hamburg at the Athens Olympic Stadium.Olympiacos has eliminated (in either knockout matches or group stages) clubs like Milan, Arsenal, Ajax, Benfica, Porto, Borussia Dortmund, Lazio, Celtic, Werder Bremen, Anderlecht, Monaco, Deportivo La Coruña, Hertha BSC, Cagliari, PSV Eindhoven, GNK Dinamo Zagreb and Standard Liège among others. They have spent most of their European history in the UEFA Champions League, where they are widely known for being a strong home side, having run some long-standing sequences, such as the 15 straight UEFA Champions League unbeaten home matches since their debut in the tournament under its new format, when Manchester United stopped their record in their fifth consecutive participation, and their 15 wins in 19 UEFA Champions League home matches between 2009–10 and 2014–15. They have a vast record of home wins over traditional European powerhouses and UEFA Champions League winners like Real Madrid, Milan, Liverpool, Manchester United, Ajax, Juventus, Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund, Benfica, Porto, Celtic, Olympique Lyonnais, Olympique Marseille, Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Leverkusen, Galatasaray, Red Star Belgrade, PSV Eindhoven among many others. Olympiacos has also won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.From 2007 to 2016 Olympiacos participated seven times in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, and gathered at least 9 points in every one of those seven groups, qualifying three times for the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14).5-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.10-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.Official websites
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[
"Carlos Corberán",
"Alberto Bigon",
"Ernesto Valverde",
"Míchel"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Olympiacos F.C. in Aug, 2022?
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August 31, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Carlos Corberán",
"Pedro Martins"
]
}
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L2_Q19628_P286_3
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Ernesto Valverde is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to May, 2009.
Alberto Bigon is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Nov, 1999 to Apr, 2000.
Míchel is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Sep, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Carlos Corberán is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Aug, 2022 to Sep, 2022.
Pedro Martins is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Apr, 2018 to Aug, 2022.
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Olympiacos F.C.Olympiacos Football Club ( ), also known simply as Olympiacos, Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P. ( "Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós", "Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus"), is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus, Attica. Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP, their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club's emblem, the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete, symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece. Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus.Founded on 10 March 1925, Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history, having won 46 League titles, 28 Cups (18 Doubles) and 4 Super Cups, all records. Τotalling 78 national trophies, Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club. The club's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles, while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won, with seven in a row in two occasions (1997–2003 and 2011–2017), breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s (1954–1959), when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed "Thrylos" (, "The Legend").Having won the 2014–15 League title, Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history, a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president, Sepp Blatter. They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups (1957–1961), as well as six League titles undefeated (1937, 1938, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955). Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football, and by winning the 2012–13 title, their 40th in total, they added a fourth star above their crest, each one representing 10 League titles.In European competitions, Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998–99, losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus, as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals in 1992–93. The Red-Whites are by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 30th in the ten-year ranking as of 2021, and one of the founding members of the European Club Association. Olympiacos won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.Olympiacos is the most popular football club in Greece, also being the most popular club among the population of Athens, and gathering strong support from Greek communities all over the world. With 83,000 registered members as of April 2006, the club was placed 9th in the 2006 list of football clubs with the most paying members in the world; that figure increased to 98,000 in 2014. Olympiacos share a long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos, with whom they contest in the "derby of the eternal enemies", the most classic football derby in Greece and one of the most well known around the world.Olympiacos was founded on 10 March 1925, in the Athenian port city of Piraeus. The club's initial aim, as stated in the statutes, was the systematic cultivation and development of its athletes' possibilities for participation in athletic competitions, the spreading of the Olympic athletic ideal and the promotion of sportsmanship and fanship among the youth according to egalitarian principles, by stressing a healthy, ethical and social basis as its foundation. Members of "Piraikos Podosfairikos Omilos FC" (Sport and Football Club of Piraeus) and "Piraeus Fans Club FC" decided, during a historical assembly, to dissolve the two clubs in order to establish a new unified one, which would bring this new vision and dynamic to the community. , a senior officer of the Hellenic Navy, proposed the name "Olympiacos" and the profile of a laurel-crowned Olympic winner as the emblem of the new club. , a prominent Piraeus industrialist, expanded the name to its complete and current status, "Olympiacos Syndesmos Filathlon Pireos". Besides Kamperos and Manouskos, among the most notable founding members were Stavros Maragoudakis, the post office director; Nikos Andronikos, a merchant; Dimitrios Sklias, a Hellenic Army officer; Nikolaos Zacharias, an attorney; Athanasios Mermigas, a notary public; , who became the first goalkeeper in the club's history; Ioannis Kekkes, a stockbroker; and above all, the Andrianopoulos family. Andrianopoulos, a family of well-established Piraeus merchants, played a pivotal role in the founding of Olympiacos. The five brothers, Yiannis, , , Vassilis and Leonidas Andrianopoulos raised the reputation of the club and brought it to its current glory. Yiannis, Dinos, Giorgos and Vassilis were the first to play, while Leonidas, the youngest of the five, made his debut later on and played for the club for eight years (1927–1935). The club's offensive line, made up of the five brothers, became legendary, rising to a mythical status and soon Olympiacos gained enormous popularity and became the most successful and well-supported club in Greece. Back then, their fan base consisted mainly of the working class, with the team's home ground at Neo Phaliron Velodrome, before moving to its current Karaiskakis Stadium. They became Piraeus Champions in 1925 and 1926.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation was founded and organized the Panhellenic Championship in the 1927–1928 season. This was the first national championship, where the regional champions from EPSA league (Athens), EPSP league (Piraeus) and EPSM league (Thessaloniki) competed for the national title during play-offs, with Aris becoming the first champion. The Panhellenic Championship was organized in this manner up until 1958–59. However, in the second season (1928–29) a dispute arose between Olympiacos and the Hellenic Football Federation and as a result, the club did not participate in the championship, with Panathinaikos and AEK Athens deciding to follow Olympiacos. During the course of that season, the three of them played friendly games with each other and formed a group called P.O.K..Meanwhile, the club continued to dominate the Piraeus Championship, winning the 1926–27, 1928–29, 1929–30 and 1930–31 titles and started establishing themselves as the leading force in Greek football; they managed to set a record by staying undefeated against all Greek teams for three straight years (from 14 March 1926 to 3 March 1929), counting 30 wins and only 6 draws in 36 games. Those results ignited an enthusiastic reception from the Greek press, who called Olympiacos "Thrylos" ("Legend") for the first time in history. The fourth Panhellenic Championship took place in 1930–31 and found Olympiacos winning the Greek national league title for the first time ever, which was a milestone that marked the beginning of a very successful era in Olympiacos history. Olympiacos put in a great performance during the competition and won the title very convincingly with 11 wins, 2 draws and only one game lost. They managed to score 7 wins in 7 matches at home, beating Panathinaikos, AEK Athens, Aris, Iraklis and PAOK with the same score: 3–1. The sole exception was the match against Ethnikos, where Olympiacos netted 4 goals and won with 4–1. Besides the Andrianopoulos brothers and Kostas Klidouchakis, other notable players of the first era in the club's history (1925–1931) were Achilleas Grammatikopoulos, , , Nikos Panopoulos, Charalambos Pezonis and Kostas Terezakis.The rise of the new decade marked a substantial rise in Panhellenic Championship's popularity throughout Greece. In October 1931, Giorgos and Yiannis Andrianopoulos, emblematic players and founding members of Olympiacos, retired from active football. However, new heroes emerged, such as , , , , , , Nikos Grigoratos, Panagis Korsianos as well as the iconic brothers and and the club won five Championships in nine seasons (1932–33, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38) and by 1940, Olympiacos had already won six Championships in the eleven first seasons of the Panhellenic Championship. Especially Giannis Vazos, Christoforos Raggos and Theologos Symeonidis composed a formidable trio of attacking players, scoring numerous goals and became nothing short of legendary. Giannis Vazos played for 18 years for Olympiacos (1931–1949), and managed to score 450 goals in 364 games (179 goals in 156 official games) for the club, being the club's second all-time scorer, winning also the Greek Championship top scorer award four times (1933, 1936, 1937 and 1947).In addition, the club managed to win the 1936–37 and 1937–38 Championship titles undefeated. Ιn Greek Cup, the team did not manage to win the competition in its first four editions, despite some outstanding wins such as the record-setting 1–6 away victory against Panathinaikos in Leoforos Stadium in 1932 (V. Andrianopoulos 16', 68', 88', 24', 69', 70'), which is the biggest away victory in this derby's history.On 28 October 1940, Fascist Italy invaded Greece, and several Olympiacos players joined the Hellenic Army to fight against the Axis invaders. Chistoforos Raggos was heavily injured in his left leg in January 1941, and wasn't able to play football again. Leonidas Andrianopoulos suffered severe frostbite in the Albanian front and almost lost his life, while Nikos Grigoratos was injured in the leg during the Battle of Klisura. Furthermore, after the subsequent German occupation of Greece, Olympiacos players joined the Greek Resistance and fought fiercely against the Nazis. Olympiacos player , an emblematic figure for the club, was captain of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and fought against the Germans in many fronts. He was executed wearing Olympiacos shirt and shorts, as was his last wish: "Shoot me and kill me with my Olympiacos shirt on, and do not blindfold me, I want to see the colours of my team before the final shot." Michalis Anamateros was also an active member of the Greek Resistance and was killed in 1944. Olympiacos paid a heavy price during the destructive war, the Axis occupation and the ensuing Greek Civil War and the club's progress was put on temporary hold.After the war, Olympiacos saw many of its key-players of the pre-war era retire, with many significant changes being made in the team's roster. Olympiacos captain and prolific scorer Giannis Vazos remained in the club, along with Giannis Chelmis. New important players joined the club, such as Andreas Mouratis, , and . As soon as regular fixtures recommenced, the Piraeus club returned to their dominant position in Greek football. From 1946 to 1959, Olympiacos won 9 out of the 11 Greek Championships (1947, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959), bringing home 15 Championship titles in a total of 23 completed seasons of the Greek League. The six-straight Greek Championships won by Olympiacos from 1954 to 1959 was an unmatched achievement in Greek football history, an all-time record which stood for 44 years, up until Olympiacos managed to win seven-straight Greek Championships from 1997 to 2003.Furthermore, during the same period (1946–1959), the club won 8 Greek Cups out of 13 editions (1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), thus completing 6 Doubles (1947, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), three of which being consecutive (1957–1959). The legendary Olympiacos team of the 1950s, with key performers such as Andreas Mouratis, Ilias Rossidis, , Ilias Yfantis, , Kostas Polychroniou, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and marked Olympiacos' period of absolute domination in Greek football, which skyrocketed the club's popularity and spread the word of Olympiacos' superiority throughout Greece. Hence, after the club's record-breaking performance in the trophy-laden era of the 1950s, the club gained unequivocally the nickname of "Thrylos", meaning "The Legend".On 13 September 1959, Olympiacos made its debut in Europe against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup and became the first Greek club that ever played in the European competitions. The first leg was held at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus and Olympiacos took the lead with a goal by (1–0), which was the first goal ever scored by a Greek club (and by a Greek player as well) in the European competitions. Milan's prolific goalscorer José Altafini equalised the match with a header in the 33rd minute, after a cross by Giancarlo Danova. Ilias Yfantis scored an outstanding goal and gave Olympiacos the lead again in the 45th minute of the game, when he controlled the ball between Cesare Maldini and and unleashed a powerful volley, burying the ball into the back of the net (2–1). Altafini scored his second goal once again with a header (72nd minute), after a free-kick by Nils Liedholm. The match ended 2–2, with Olympiacos putting in a great performance against the Italian champions, despite the fact that they had no foreign players in their roster, while Milan had four world-class foreign players, such as Altafini, Liedholm, Juan Alberto Schiaffino and Ernesto Grillo. In the second leg Milan won 3–1 (Giancarlo Danova 12', 26', 85'; 68') and qualified for the next round, despite Olympiacos' good performance especially in the second half.Olympiacos entered the 1960s by winning the 1960 and 1961 Greek Cups, thus completing five consecutive Greek Cup wins, which is an all-time record in Greek football history. In this decade, a strong side was created with players from the late 1950s and new important players, such as , , , Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , Giangos Simantiris, , , , Sotiris Gavetsos, Tasos Sourounis, Vangelis Milisis, Orestis Pavlidis, Panagiotis Barbalias and last but not least the prolific goalscorer Giorgos Sideris, top-scorer in the club's history with 493 goals in 519 matches in all competitions (224 goals in 284 Greek Championship matches).In 1963, Olympiacos became the first ever Greek club to win a non-domestic competition, winning the Balkans Cup, which marked the first international success by any Greek football club. The Balkans Cup was a very popular international competition in the 1960s (the 1967 final attracted 42.000 spectators), being the second most important international club competition for clubs from the Balkans (after the European Champions' Cup). Olympiacos topped his group after some notable wins, beating Galatasaray 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 49'), as well as FK Sarajevo (3–2) and FC Brașov (1–0), bagging also two away draws against Galatasaray (1–1) in Mithatpaşa Stadium (Metin Oktay 78' – 6') and FK Sarajevo in Koševo Stadium (3–3). In the final, they faced Levski Sofia, winning the first match in Piraeus (1–0, Giorgos Sideris 37') and losing the second match in Vasil Levski Stadium with the same score. In the third decisive final in Istanbul (a neutral ground), Olympiacos beat Levski 1–0 in Mithatpaşa Stadium with a goal by in the 87th minute and won the Balkans Cup.The club went on to win the 1963 and 1965 Greek Cups, completing seven Greek Cup titles in nine years. However, the years 1959–1965 were not fruitful for Olympiacos in the Greek Championship, as the team was not able to win the title for six years. This mediocre performance led Olympiacos board to hire the legendary Márton Bukovi as the club's head coach, with Mihály Lantos (prominent member of the Hungary national team of the 1950s widely known as the "Mighty Magyars" or ""Aranycsapat"") as his assistant coach. The innovative Hungarian coach, pioneer of the 4–2–4 formation (along with Béla Guttmann and Gusztáv Sebes) was a solid tactician and favoured attacking football and very demanding training sessions. Bukovi's innovatory tactics and groundbreaking training methods transformed Olympiacos and created a powerful, attacking team with constant player movement and solid combination game that often played spectacular football. Under Bukovi's guidance and with the great performance of key players such as Giorgos Sideris, , Kostas Polychroniou, Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , , and Orestis Pavlidis, Olympiacos won 2 straight Greek Championships (1966, 1967). They won the 1966 title with 23 wins and 4 draws in 30 games and in the decisive away match against Trikala, an estimated 15,000 ecstatic Olympiacos fans swarmed into the city of Trikala to celebrate the win (0–5) and the Championship title after seven years.The next season 1966–67, Olympiacos won 12 out of the first 14 games in the league, which was an all-time record in Greek football history, which lasted for 46 years and up until 2013, when Olympiacos, under coach Míchel's guidance, broke his own record by winning 13 out of the 14 first matches of the 2013–14 season. They won the title in a convincing way and with some notable wins, like the 4–0 smashing victory against arch-rivals Panathinaikos at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 17', Sideris 20', 35', 62'), where Olympiacos played spectacular football and missed a plethora of chances for a much bigger score. Bukovi became a legend for the club's fans and his creation, the Olympiacos team of 1965–67, became nothing short of legendary. A special anthem was written for Bukovi's Olympiacos and became popular throughout Greece: ""Του Μπούκοβι την ομαδάρα, τη λένε Ολυμπιακάρα"" ("Bukovi's mighty team is called Olympiacos").Shortly before the end of the 1966–67 season, a military coup d'état took place and the Colonels seized power in Greece, establishing a dictatorship. The regime of the Colonels had devastating consequences for Olympiacos. In December 1967, , club legend and president of the club for 13 years (1954–1967) was forced out of the club's presidency by the military regime. Furthermore, the regime canceled the transfer of Giorgos Koudas to Olympiacos and days later another blow was delivered to the club: Márton Bukovi, already a legend and architect of the great 1965–67 team, was forced out of Greece by the military junta, being labeled a communist. He left Greece on 21 December 1967, along with Mihály Lantos.Another chapter began in 1972, after Nikos Goulandris became president of the club. He reinstated all the prominent members of Olympiacos board that had been forced out by the military regime (including Giorgos Andrianopoulos) and opened-up the member election process, establishing a new, trustworthy board of directors. He appointed Lakis Petropoulos as head coach and signed top-class players, creating a great roster with key performers such as Giorgos Delikaris, Yves Triantafyllos, Julio Losada, Milton Viera, , Michalis Kritikopoulos, Takis Synetopoulos, Romain Argyroudis, Maik Galakos, , , , , Lakis Glezos, , Kostas Davourlis, Giannis Kyrastas, Dimitris Persidis, Lefteris Poupakis and . Under Goulandris' presidency, Olympiacos won the Greek Championship three times in a row (1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75), combining it with the Greek Cup in 1973 (beating PAOK 1–0 in the final) and 1975 (beating Panathinaikos 1–0 in the final) to celebrate two Doubles in three years. Ιn the 1972–73 season, Olympiacos won the title by conceding only 13 goals in 34 matches, which is an-all-time record in Greek football history. The team's best year though, was undoubtedly the 1973–74 season, when Olympiacos won the league with 26 wins and 7 draws in 34 games, scoring an all-time record of 102 goals and conceding only 14.In European competitions, they managed to eliminate Cagliari in the 1972–73 UEFA Cup, a major force in Italian football during the late 1960s and the early 1970s, (1970 Serie A Champions, 1972 Serie A title contenders), with world-class Italian international players like Gigi Riva, Angelo Domenghini, Enrico Albertosi, Pierluigi Cera, Sergio Gori and Fabrizio Poletti. Olympiacos managed to beat Cagliari twice, 2–1 in Piraeus and 1–0 in Cagliari, becoming the first ever Greek football club to win on Italian soil. In the next round they faced the competition's defending champions Tottenham Hotspur, who were undefeated for 16-straight games in all European competitions. Olympiacos did not manage to qualify against Spurs, but they managed to get a 1–0 win in Piraeus, which ended Tottenham's undefeated streak and marked the first ever victory of a Greek football club against an English side. Two years later, Olympiacos entered the 1974–75 European Cup and they were drawn to face Kenny Dalglish's Celtic, one of the strongest teams in European football at that time and semi-finalists of the previous season. The first leg was played in Celtic Park, where Celtic had never been defeated, running an undefeated streak of 36 straight home games in all European competitions (27 wins, 9 draws) from 1962 to 1974. Olympiacos took the lead through Milton Viera's strike in the 36th minute, with Celtic equalising late in the game. The away draw gave Olympiacos the advantage and they finished the job in Piraeus, after a spectacular 2–0 win against the Scottish Champions with Kritikopoulos and finding the net. In the next round, they were drawn to play against Anderlecht for a place in the quarter-finals of the competition. Anderlecht won the first leg with 5–1 and Olympiacos' task seemed impossible. In the second leg in Greece, however, Olympiacos put on a dominant display and almost reached a winning score in a match that was marked by referee Károly Palotai's decisions. Olympiacos beat Anderlecht 3–0, while Palotai disallowed four Olympiacos goals and did not give at least three clear penalties committed by Anderlecht players, while Stavropoulos was shown a red card for no good reason. The match is widely known in Greece as the ""Palotai massacre"" with Olympiacos coming close to one of the biggest comebacks in European Cup history.Following Goulandris resignation from the presidency in 1975, the team went through a relative dry spell in the second half of the 1970s. However, in the summer of 1979, the Greek championship turned professional and became owner and president of the club. Olympiacos emerged again as the dominant force in Greek football, winning the title four times in a row (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983) with players like the relentless goalscorer Nikos Anastopoulos, Martin Novoselac, Vicente Estavillo, Thomas Ahlström, Roger Albertsen, Maik Galakos, Tasos Mitropoulos, Takis Nikoloudis, Nikos Sarganis, Nikos Vamvakoulas, Giorgos Kokolakis, , Petros Michos, Takis Lemonis, , Petros Xanthopoulos, , , and . Kazimierz Górski, the iconic Polish coach, led Olympiacos to the 1980, 1981 and 1983 titles (winning also the Double in 1981, the 9th Double in Olympiacos' history) while Alketas Panagoulias, who had also been manager of the Greek national football team and the United States national team as well, led the team to the 1982 title after a memorable 2–1 win (Estavillo 6', Anastopoulos 69') against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the crucial Championship final match in Volos. With Panagoulias as head coach, Olympiacos won the 1986–87 title as well, having a solid roster with players from the early 1980s like Anastopoulos, Mitropoulos, Michos, Xanthopoulos and other strong players like Miloš Šestić, Giorgos Vaitsis, Jorge Barrios, Andreas Bonovas, Alexis Alexiou and .Olympiacos experienced its darkest days from the late-1980s until the mid-'90s. In the mid-'80s, Olympiacos came into the hands of Greek businessman George Koskotas who was soon accused of and convicted for embezzlement, leaving Olympiacos deep in debt. The club went through a period of administrative turbulence until 1993, when Sokratis Kokkalis became majority shareholder and president of the club. As soon as he took the club's presidency, Kokkalis agreed a settlement to pay off all the club's debts and started reorganising and restructuring the club. On the pitch, the team, with all the financial and managerial problems, as well as the lack of strong administrative leadership until the Kokkalis arrival, spent nine seasons without a league title, from 1988 to 1996, despite the foreign top-class players that played for the club at that period, such as Lajos Détári, Oleh Protasov, Juan Gilberto Funes, Bent Christensen, Hennadiy Lytovchenko, Yuri Savichev, Andrzej Juskowiak, Daniel Batista, Fabián Estay and the backbone of solid Greek players like Vassilis Karapialis, Kiriakos Karataidis, Giotis Tsalouchidis, Nikos Tsiantakis, Giorgos Vaitsis, Minas Hantzidis, Theodoros Pahatouridis, Savvas Kofidis, Chris Kalantzis, Gιorgοs Mitsibonas, Ilias Talikriadis, Alekos Rantos, , Ilias Savvidis and Michalis Vlachos. This period is so called as "Olympiacos' stone years". Nevertheless, the club brought home the 1990 (beating OFI Crete 4–2 in the final) and 1992 Greek Cups (beating PAOK 2–0 in the second leg of the double final in Piraeus), as well as the 1992 Greek Super Cup, beating AEK 3–1 in the final. In addition, the team, under the guidance of the legendary Ukrainian coach Oleg Blokhin, managed to reach the quarter-finals of the 1992–93 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, eliminating Arsène Wenger's Monaco, after a hard-fought 1–0 away win in Stade Louis II with a late goal by Giorgos Vaitsis and a goalless draw at Karaiskakis Stadium in the second leg. They did not manage to qualify for the semi-finals, however, as they were eliminated by Atlético Madrid (1–1 draw at home, 3–1 loss in Madrid).In 1996, Socratis Kokkalis appointed Dušan Bajević as the team's head coach. By that time, Olympiacos had already a very strong roster, with players like Kyriakos Karataidis, Vassilis Karapialis, Grigoris Georgatos, Alexis Alexandris, Giorgos Amanatidis, Nikos Dabizas and Ilija Ivić. Upon Bajević's arrival, Kokkalis opted to strengthen the team significantly in order to create a very strong roster that would dominate Greek football for years to come. He purchased the highly rated prospects Predrag Đorđević and Stelios Giannakopoulos from Paniliakos, outbidding both AEK Athens and Panathinaikos; signed Refik Šabanadžović, Andreas Niniadis, Giorgos Anatolakis and Alekos Kaklamanos; and brought Olympiacos Academy product Dimitris Eleftheropoulos back from his loan spell at Proodeftiki. With all these players up front, Olympiacos strode to the 1996–97 title by 12 clear points over AEK and 20 points over the third Panathinaikos in Bajević's first season in charge; this was the club's first Greek Championship in nine seasons, putting an end to the "stone years" and officially beginning Olympiacos' era of domination. In the next season, 1997–98, Dimitris Mavrogenidis, Siniša Gogić, Ilias Poursanidis and the Ghanaian striker Peter Ofori-Quaye were transferred to the club and Olympiacos won the 1997–98 Championship. Bajević's team, along with AEK and Panathinaikos, were closely separated in the table, but finally Olympiacos made an important away win against Panathinaikos (0–2) and celebrated the second consecutive Championship, with three points difference from Panathinaikos. Olympiacos participated for the first time in the UEFA Champions League group stage and took third place in a tough group, leaving Porto in fourth place, while Real Madrid, the eventual champions, topped the group and qualified for the quarter-finals.The 1998–99 season was undoubtedly one of the best seasons in Olympiacos history. They won the 1998–99 Greek Championship quite convincingly, with ten points difference from AEK and 11 from third-placed Panathinaikos, and also celebrated the domestic double, bringing home the 1998–99 Greek Cup after a convincing 2–0 win against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the final (Mavrogenidis 54', Ofori-Quaye 90'), despite the fact that they played for more than 60 minutes in the game with ten players. In European competitions, they entered the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage, being drawn in a group with Ajax, Porto and Croatia Zagreb. They won the group and qualified to the quarter-finals, gathering 11 points with 3 home wins against Ajax (1–0), Porto (2–1) and Croatia Zagreb (2–0) and two away draws in Porto (2–2) and Zagreb (1–1). In the quarter-finals of the competition, they faced Juventus, with the first leg in Turin. Juventus took a 2–0 lead, but Olympiacos scored a crucial away goal in the 90th minute of the game with a penalty by Andreas Niniadis, a goal that caused the 10.000 Olympiacos fans who travelled to Italy to erupt into joyous ecstasy. In the second leg in Athens, Olympiacos totally dominated the match, and scored the goal that put them in the driving seat in the 12th minute of the game, when Siniša Gogić's powerful header found the back of the net after Grigoris Georgatos's superb cross. They also missed an outstanding chance to double the lead, when Giorgos Amanatidis' powerful header from short distance was saved by Michelangelo Rampulla. Olympiacos kept the ticket to the semi-finals in his hands until the 85th minute, when Juventus, who hadn't produced any chances in the game, equalised the score after a crucial mistake by Dimitris Eleftheropoulos, who had been the team's hero in all the previous games. Despite the big disappointment from the way the qualification to the semi-finals was lost, the presence of the team in the Champions League quarter-finals, their best-ever European campaign, combined with the domestic double, marked a very successful season for the club, arguably the best in their long history.The next four seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03) Olympiacos signed world-class players of great magnitude such as Giovanni, Zlatko Zahovič and the World champion Christian Karembeu, as well as other top-class players including Pär Zetterberg, Zé Elias, Nery Castillo, Christos Patsatzoglou, Lampros Choutos and Stelios Venetidis. These transfers strengthened even more the already strong roster from the previous successful years and under the guidance of coaches like Giannis Matzourakis, Takis Lemonis and Oleg Protasov (Bajević had left the club in 1999). Olympiacos managed to win seven consecutive Greek Championships (1997–2003), breaking their own past record of six (1954–1959). Olympiacos won their seventh consecutive title after a breathtaking closing of the 2002–03 Greek League: Olympiacos was hosting arch-rivals Panathinaikos in matchday 29, who led the table with a three-point difference. Olympiacos needed to win the derby by two clear goals in order to overthrow their rivals in the championship race. Olympiacos beat Panathinaikos 3–0 (Giovanni 3', Giannakopoulos 15' 48') in a dominant display in Rizoupoli and celebrated the all-time record of seven straight Championships, which was a dream and a historic objective for the club and especially for the fans.In 2004, Olympiacos rehired Dušan Bajević and signed the 1999 World Footballer of the Year and 2002 World Champion Brazilian superstar Rivaldo and the 2004 European champion Antonis Nikopolidis. The end of the season found Olympiacos winning the domestic double and having a decent Champions League display, gathering ten points in a tough group alongside Liverpool, Monaco and Deportivo de La Coruña and losing the qualification to the knockout phase in the last four minutes of the last game against the eventual European champions Liverpool at Anfield. Bajević left the club and the Norwegian coach Trond Sollied was hired in his place. They club signed Cypriot striker Michalis Konstantinou from Panathinaikos, 2004 European champion defender Michalis Kapsis from Bordeaux and the versatile box-to-box Ivorian midfielder Yaya Touré. During the 2005–06 season, Olympiacos won all the four derbies against their major rivals, Panathinaikos and AEK Athens, something only achieved once more, during the season 1972–73. The combined goal total in these four matches was 11–3 in favour of Olympiacos. They also beat AEK Athens 3–0 in the Greek Cup Final to clinch their second-straight double and managed to win an all-time record of 16 consecutive matches in the championship, breaking their own past record.After a record-breaking season, in the 2006 summer transfers, Trond Sollied signed Michał Żewłakow, Júlio César and Tomislav Butina among others. However, he did not live up to expectations in the 2006–07 Champions League and was replaced by Takis Lemonis at the end of 2006. Lemonis transferred the young star Vasilis Torosidis, and led Olympiacos in their third consecutive championship, but failed to win the Greek Cup after a surprise elimination by PAS Giannina.In the summer of 2007, Olympiacos made very expensive transfers like Luciano Galletti, Darko Kovačević, Raúl Bravo, Lomana LuaLua, Cristian Ledesma and Leonel Núñez. They also brought back the solid Greek defender Paraskevas Antzas and signed the very talented young striker Kostas Mitroglou from Borussia Mönchengladbach. Furthermore, they accomplished the most lucrative sale in Greek football history after selling striker-midfielder Nery Castillo to Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk for the record sum of €20 million ($27.5M). Because of a clause in Castillo's contract, Olympiacos received €15 million, with the remaining €5 million given directly to the player. Furthermore, a controversy started between the team and Rivaldo, as Olympiacos did not wish to renew the player's contract despite the fact that Rivaldo had featured heavily in the club's successful campaigns, both in Greece and abroad. Former player Ilija Ivić was selected for the role of the team's football director. The team did not start well in the Greek championship, but it achieved a stunning performance in the Champions League, qualifying for the last 16 as they finished second in their group, level on 11 points with group winners Real Madrid, eliminating Werder Bremen and Lazio. However, the team's less than satisfactory performance in the league, coupled with the defeat from Chelsea in Stamford Bridge for the knockout phase, prompted club owner Sokratis Kokkalis to sack coach Takis Lemonis. The team's assistant manager, José Segura, coached the team for the remainder of the season. Olympiacos managed to win both the Greek Championship and Cup, but Segura left the club at the end of the season.In the summer of 2008, Olympiacos made prominent transfers, signing Dudu Cearense, Avraam Papadopoulos, Diogo Luis Santo and Matt Derbyshire and appointed Ernesto Valverde as the new coach with a three-year contract worth approximately €6 million. The 2008–09 season started badly for Olympiacos, with the team losing their first few official matches, against Anorthosis Famagusta for the Champions League third qualifying round, and was eliminated from the tournament, which resulted to a seat in the UEFA Cup first round, where Olympiacos beat Nordsjælland to qualify for the group stage. The team also started well in the 2008–09 Super League Greece, winning every match at home, but facing difficulties away. They ended up winning the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, celebrating the 14th double in Olympiacos history. After an impressive UEFA Cup run at home, with some spectacular wins against Benfica (5–1) and Hertha BSC (4–0), the team managed to get through to the round of 32, facing French side Saint-Étienne.In the summer of 2009, Olympiacos signed major players, such as Olof Mellberg from Juventus for €2.5 million, midfielder Jaouad Zairi from Asteras Tripolis and Enzo Maresca from Sevilla. Many other players returned from loan spells, such as former Real Madrid defender Raúl Bravo, Georgios Katsikogiannis and midfielder Cristian Ledesma. Olympiacos appointed former Brazil legend Zico as their coach and started the 2009–10 season with great success, as they qualified for the Champions League final 16, finishing second in Group H only 3 points behind Arsenal, despite the absence of numerous first-team players due to injuries. They faced Bordeaux in the final 16 and lost the first match at home (0–1). In the second match, despite Bordeaux's early lead, Olympiacos leveled the match and missed some great chances to score a second goal, before eventually losing in the dying moments of the match (1–2). Domestically, Olympiacos secured a 2–0 derby win over arch-rivals Panathinaikos, with striker Kostas Mitroglou scoring twice. However, this was only a highlight in an otherwise below-par season for the club, as they not only lost the championship to Panathinaikos, but were also defeated in four out of their six playoff games, eventually finishing last, in the 5th position of the league table; this result marked the team's worst ranking since being placed 8th in 1988, and meant that the club would start their Europa League campaign from the second qualifying round the following season.In 2010, Evangelos Marinakis, a successful shipping magnate, bought the team from Sokratis Kokkalis. During the first year of his presidency, Marinakis appointed fans' favourite Ernesto Valverde as coach (who came back for a second tenure in the club) and signed players with international pedigree, such as Albert Riera, Ariel Ibagaza, Kevin Mirallas, Marko Pantelić and François Modesto. As a result, Olympiacos won the Greek title for the 38th time in its history, 13 points ahead of second-placed Panathinaikos.In the 2011–12 season, the team's roster was strengthened with players like Jean Makoun, Pablo Orbaiz, Iván Marcano, Rafik Djebbour and Djamel Abdoun and with Ernesto Valverde as their coach for the second straight season, Olympiacos had a very successful campaign both domestically and internationally. They won both the Greek league and the Greek Cup to complete the 15th domestic double in the club's history. In European competitions, Olympiacos had a solid Champions League campaign, having been drawn in Group F against Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund and Marseille. Despite delivering nine points in the group, with two emphatic wins against Arsenal and Dortmund at home (both with a 3–1 scoreline) and an away win against Marseille (0–1), they lost the qualification to the knock-out stage after Marseille's controversial 2–3 away win in Dortmund in game 6, with Marseille scoring two goals in the last five minutes of the match to come back from an early 2–0 Dortmund lead. Olympiacos continued in Europa League where he was drawn to play against Rubin Kazan. The Greek champions eliminated the Russian side with two wins (1–0 in both Kazan and Piraeus) and were up to play against Metalist Kharkiv in the Last 16 of the competition. They won the first match in Ukraine with David Fuster scoring the winning goal (0–1) but in the second match, despite their early lead and the plethora of missed chances (they hit the woodwork twice in the first half), they conceded two goals in the last nine minutes of the game and lost the qualification to the quarter-finals.At the end of the season, Ernesto Valverde announced his decision to return to Spain, thus ending his second successful spell at Olympiacos. The club announced the Portuguese Leonardo Jardim as their new head coach. The team performed very well in the Greek league and had a decent Champions league campaign, gathering nine points in Group B, after wins against Arsenal (2–1 at home) and Montpellier (1–2 in Montpellier, 3–1 in Piraeus). Despite the relatively good results, Leonardo Jardim was replaced by the Spanish coach and Real Madrid legend Míchel. The team went on to celebrate the 16th double in their history by winning their 40th Greek Championship, 15 points ahead the second PAOK, as well as their 26th Greek Cup after a 3–1 win against Asteras Tripolis in the final. The 40th Greek championship title gave Olympiacos the fourth star on top of the club's emblem, which was a major goal for the club and especially for the fans.The expectations for the 2013–14 season were very high, especially after the signing of players such as striker Javier Saviola, Joel Campbell, Roberto, Alejandro Domínguez, Vladimír Weiss, Delvin N'Dinga and Leandro Salino. Olympiacos had a great season both domestically and internationally. In Europe, they were drawn in Group C of the 2013–14 Champions League alongside Paris Saint-Germain, Benfica and Anderlecht. After a strong performance in the group, Olympiacos finished second with ten points and qualified for the Last 16 at the expense of Benfica (1–0 win in Piraeus, 1–1 draw in Lisbon) and Anderlecht (0–3 win in Brussels, 3–1 win in Piraeus). In the round of 16, they were drawn to play against Manchester United. Olympiacos, after a solid display, won the first leg with a comfortable 2–0 (Alejandro Domínguez 38', Campbell 55'), in a match where they dominated totally and missed chances to even extend the lead. Despite the two-goal advantage which put them within touching distance of a quarter-final place for the first time since 1999, Olympiacos lost 3–0 in the second leg in Old Trafford, having missed an outstanding double chance to equalize the score in the 40th minute. The Greek champions pushed on in the last ten minutes to find the crucial away goal, but to no avail. Although the ticket to the quarter-finals slipped out of the club's hands, Olympiacos' overall performance and the fact that the club managed to qualify to the knockout phase (round of 16) of the Champions League for the third time in six years (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14), marked a very successful European campaign. Domestically, Olympiacos won their history's 41st Greek Championship very convincingly, 17 points ahead of second-placed PAOK.In the 2014–15 season, Olympiacos entered the 2014–15 Champions League group stage with hopes to repeat the previous year's performance; they were drawn alongside Atlético Madrid, Juventus and Malmö FF. They had a solid performance in the group, managing to beat last year's runners-up Atlético 3–2 and eventual finalists Juventus 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium, but they lost the qualification for the knockout stage in the last game: Olympiacos beat Malmö FF 4–2 at home but at the same time Juventus were drawing against Atlético in Italy, securing the crucial one point they needed to qualify. Had Olympiacos and Juventus finished with the same points, Olympiacos would have qualified due to best aggregate score (away goals) of their two games (1–0 Olympiacos win in Piraeus, 3–2 Juventus win in Turin). The third place in the group gave Olympiacos the ticket for the next round of UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by the eventual runners-up Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. Domestically, the team had a very successful season, winning the 17th double in their history. They won their 42nd Greek Championship with 12 points difference from the second Panathinaikos and their 27th Greek Cup, beating Skoda Xanthi 3–1 in the final.The 2015–16 season started with a new manager replacement, as Marco Silva took over the management over his fellow countryman Vitor Pereira, while the squad was strengthened with the world-class presence of Esteban Cambiasso and a number of other players with European competition experience, including Kostas Fortounis, Felipe Pardo, Sebá, Manuel Da Costa, Brown Ideye and Alfreð Finnbogason. In a tough Champions League group that included Bayern München, Arsenal and Dinamo Zagreb, Olympiacos managed to record 9 points through a 3–2 away win over the Gunners at the Emirates Stadium, considered by many as one of the club's most important European victories, as well as two more wins against Dinamo (1–0 away and 2–1 at home). Last matchday saw the team face Arsenal at the Karaiskakis stadium, needing a 1–0 or 2–1 defeat to the Gunners, as the worst-case scenario, to advance to the knockout phase of the competition based on the away goals rule; the Red-Whites eventually lost 3–0 and continued their European journey in the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by Anderlecht in the first knockout stage. Despite the above, Olympiacos broke the record for most European competition victories recorded by a Greek club, with 97 over the 96 of second-placed Panathinaikos as of the summer of 2016. Domestically, Olympiacos had perhaps their most successful season in years, as the team managed to secure their 43rd Greek Championship, and 6th consecutive, on the last day of February 2016, considered a national record for the earliest time, within a league campaign, when a title is clinched. The team managed to finish their league campaign with a 30-point difference over their arch rivals Panathinaikos, who came in second. The team's 85 points over the course of 30 matchdays, including a 28–1–1 overall result breakdown with 13 away wins and a perfect 15 victories out of 15 home games, are also considered a national record. However, despite the club's expectations of doing the double, they did not manage to win the Greek Cup as they finished runners-up to rivals AEK after a 2–1 loss in the final.The 2016–17 season proved to be rather tumultuous for the club, despite the signing of such key players as Óscar Cardozo, Tarik Elyounoussi, Alaixys Romao, Aly Cissokho and Marko Marin. The main issues that arose were the team's shock elimination from Israeli outfit Hapoel Be'er-Sheva, after a 1–0 aggregate defeat, in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League, and the highly frequent change of managers, leading the club to having been coached by five individuals over the same season: Marco Silva, Victor Sánchez (responsible for the elimination from Hapoel), Paulo Bento, Vasilis Vouzas and Takis Lemonis. The team's UEFA Europa League journey was not as successful as other European campaigns, starting with a difficult 3–1 aggregate victory (1–1 before extra time) over Arouca in the playoffs, continuing with the team's qualification from the group stage but only as second-placed to APOEL (in a group that also included Young Boys and Astana), and ending with a heavy 5–2 aggregate defeat to Besiktas in the last 16 of the knockout stage (with goalkeeper Nicola Leali being highly responsible for 4 out of the 5 goals conceded), despite having advanced from the last 32 thanks to a 3–0 aggregate win over Osmanlispor. The frequent manager change negatively affected the team's stability and rhythm in domestic competitions as well. Firstly, Olympiacos failed to qualify for the Greek Cup final after being ousted by AEK, who advanced on the away goals rule after a 2–2 aggregate draw. Secondly, despite the fact that the Reds clinched their 44th Greek Championship, and 7th consecutive for the second time in Greek football history, they only managed to do so with a six-point difference (67 to 61) over PAOK.At the start of the 2017–18 season, the board decided to hire former Anderlecht manager Besnik Hasi to guide Olympiacos back to the UEFA Champions League group stage after a year's absence. Upon his arrival, Hasi strengthened the squad with players as Vadis Odjidja-Ofoe, Guillaume Gillet, Mehdi Carcela, Jagoš Vuković, Björn Engels, Uroš Đurđević, Emmanuel Emenike and Panagiotis Tachtsidis.Aggregate victories over Partizan (5–3) and Rijeka (3–1) in the two final qualifying rounds ensured the Red-Whites' presence in Group D of the competition, considered perhaps the toughest in Olympiacos' European history due to Barcelona, Juventus and Sporting CP being the opponents. A disheartening 2–3 defeat in the hands of Sporting at Thrylos' European season opener, combined with a 3–2 loss to AEK despite being 0–2 up, led to Hasi's dismissal from the club and his replacement by Takis Lemonis. The latter decided to focus on getting the squad back on track in domestic competitions, at a time when Olympiacos eventually got eliminated from Europe ahead of the Christmas break for the first time in 12 years. Following a home goalless draw against Barcelona and five defeats, the Red-Whites only managed to acquire one point during their entire Champions League group stage campaign, something considered a setback for the club after their 7 previous UEFA Champions League campaigns (2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16), in which they gathered at least 9 points in all of the groups (11 points in 2007–08, 10 points in 2009–10, 9 points in 2011–12, 9 points in 2012–13, 10 points in 2013–14, 9 points in 2014–15 and 9 points in 2015–16), with three qualifications to the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition. Despite their one-point group stage exit, the worst European records by a Greek team in the history of European competitions both belong to AEK Athens: AEK's zero (0) point campaign in Group E of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League and AEK's zero (0) point campaign as well in the Group H of the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, a lower-tier UEFA competition. Panathinaikos has also a one-point campaign in Group G of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. Despite being in the Super League lead halfway through the season, Lemonis was dismissed on grounds of dressing room instability, and Óscar García was subsequently appointed with a vision of increasing attacking efficiency and discipline. Domestically, Olympiacos' Greek Cup run ended in the quarter-finals, marking their third consecutive year that they failed to lift the Cup. In the Super League the Red-Whites conceded the title to AEK three matchdays before completion, thus ending a run of seven consecutive championship wins and leading to the dismissal of García after two months at the club's helm, with Christos Kontis finishing the season as caretaker manager. Portuguese Pedro Martins was appointed head coach in order to lead Olympiacos at the following 2018–19 season.When, in 1925, the merger of the two clubs of Piraeus, Athlitikos Podosfairikos Syllogos Pireos and Omilos Filathlon Pireos, gave birth to the new football club, the latter was unanimously baptized "Olympiacos Club of Fans of Piraeus", a name inspired from the Ancient Olympic Games, the morality, the vying, the splendor, the sportsmanship and the fair play ideal that were represented in Ancient Greece. Consequently, after 's proposal, the club adopted the laurel-crowned adolescent as their emblem, which symbolizes the Olympic Games winner, a crest that underwent minor changes through the ages. Red and white were chosen as the colours of the crest; red for the passion and victory and white for the virtue and purity.The typical kit of the team is that of a shirt with red and white vertical stripes, and red or white shorts and socks. The shirt has taken different forms during the history of the club, for example with thin or wider stripes. The second most common kit is the all-red one and next the all-white one. Olympiacos has used several other colours during its history as an away or third kit, with the most notable of them being the monotint black or silver one. The most common kits of Olympiacos during their history are these below (the year of each one is indicant):Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Olympiacos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1982 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Olympiacos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:The Karaiskakis Stadium, situated at Neo Faliro in Piraeus, is the current (since 2004) and traditional home of Olympiacos. With a capacity of 32,115, it is the largest football-only stadium and the second largest football stadium overall in Greece. It was built in 1895 as Neo Phaliron Velodrome, to host the cycling events for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, and the pitch was covered with curm. Olympiacos started using it since its foundation in 1925. In 1964, the stadium was renovated and was given its current name after Georgios Karaiskakis, a military commander of the Greek War of Independence, with an athletics track around the pitch.Olympiacos left the Karaiskakis Stadium temporarily to play home matches at the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium in 1984. After a five-year use (1984–1989) of the biggest stadium in Greece, the team returned to their traditional home, where they played until 1997. It was then that Olympiacos got back to the Athens Olympic Stadium, where they stayed for another period of five years (1997–2002). In 2002, the Olympic Stadium was closed for renovation works due to the 2004 Summer Olympics and Olympiacos moved to the Georgios Kamaras Stadium in Rizoupoli, home of Apollon Smyrnis, for the following two seasons (2002–2004).Meanwhile, the Karaiskakis Stadium had fallen in disrepair and was not anymore suitable for football matches. In 2003, its use passed to Olympiacos in order to build a football-only ground, to be used for the football tournament of the 2004 Olympics. In return, Olympiacos got exclusive use of the stadium until 2052, covering all maintenance costs and also paying 15% of revenue to the Greek State. The old stadium was demolished in the spring of 2003 and the new one was completed on 30 June 2004 at a total cost of €60 million. Nowadays, the Karaiskakis Stadium is one of the most modern football grounds in Europe, also hosting the museum of Olympiacos, with several facilities around.Olympiacos' traditional fanbase comes from the city of Piraeus, where the club is based, as well as a good part of the rest of the Athens area. The club's popularity increased during the 1950s after winning consecutive titles and setting several records, and they became the best-supported football club in the country. Traditionally, Olympiacos used to represent the working class, but the club has always attracted fans from all the social classes and their fanbase is not associated with any specific social group anymore.Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches. Several newspapers and magazines' polls rank Olympiacos as the most popular club in Greece with a percentage varying between 30–40% among the fans and more or less 30% in total population, which corresponds to around three and a half millions of supporters in Greece. The club is overwhelmingly popular in Piraeus, where almost half of its population supports Olympiacos, while their support in the whole of Athens reaches 45.1% of the fans, making them the most popular club in the Greek capital. They are also the most popular club in the working class with a percentage of 37% and in all age groups, as well as among both male and female fans; the vast majority of their fans comes from the centre-left and centre-right of the political spectrum. Outside of Athens, Olympiacos is the most popular club in Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, the Aegean and the Ionian Islands. Additionally, they have the highest average all-time attendance in Greek football, having topped the attendance tables in most of the seasons in Super League Greece history.In 2006, Olympiacos was placed in the top ten of the clubs with the most paying members in the world, holding ninth place, just ahead of Real Madrid. As of April 2006, the club had some 83,000 registered members. Olympiacos and Red Star Belgrade fans have developed a deep friendship, calling themselves the "Orthodox Brothers". Usually, Olympiacos supporters from several fan-clubs attend Red Star's matches, especially against their old rival Partizan, and vice versa. More recently, the Orthodox Brothers have started to include fans of Spartak Moscow in their club.Olympiacos fans are renowned for their passionate and fervent support to the team, with the atmosphere at home matches regarded as intimidating. When they played Newcastle United at home in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, the match was televised in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 and the guest commentator was former England international Tony Cottee, who was constantly mentioning how great the atmosphere was. During the game he was asked whether it was the most atmospheric stadium he had been to and replied: "I'd have to say it probably is. You hear a lot about various places and the atmosphere there but when you go you realise it's not all that... But this place is the real deal." The experienced Czech international winger Jaroslav Plašil paid further testament to the hostile atmosphere created by Olympiacos fans at home before his team Bordeaux visit the Karaiskakis Stadium, where he had played during his time with Monaco and stated, "It was one of the most intense atmospheres I've ever experienced in a stadium, so I expect it will be a bit like hell for us. Their supporters really can help their team." Former Paris Saint-Germain superstar striker Zlatan Ibrahimović spoke of his admiration for Olympiacos supporters after an Olympiacos–Paris Saint-Germain match on 17 September 2013: "They played in front of their fantastic public. Olympiacos supporters were amazing. My friend Olof Mellberg played here and he talked to me about the supporters. I never saw it live, but now I understand. It's amazing. It's a big advantage for Olympiacos." PSG billionaire owner Nasser Al-Khelaifi stated, "I have big respect for the fans here. I've never seen fans like Olympiacos' fans in my life." PSG and Brazil international winger Lucas Moura in an interview with goal.com stated that Olympiacos home ground was the most intense and heated stadium he's ever played in.The history of the Karaiskakis Stadium and Olympiacos was marked by the worst tragedy that ever hit Greek sports, known as the Karaiskakis Stadium disaster. On 8 February 1981, Olympiacos hosted AEK Athens for a league match, which ended 6–0, in an unprecedented triumph for the host team of Piraeus. During the last minutes of the game, thousands of Olympiacos fans at the Gate 7 rushed to the exit, to get to the stadium's main entrance and celebrate with the players, but the doors were almost closed and the turnstiles still in place, making the exit almost impossible. As people continued to come down from the stands, unable to see what happened, the stairs of Gate 7 became a death trap; people were crushed, tens of fans were seriously injured and twenty-one young people died, most of them by suffocation.In memory of this event, every year on 8 February, there is a memorial service at the stadium in honour of the supporters that died in that incident. The service is attended by thousands of fans every year, who are rhythmically shouting the phrase, "Αδέρφια, ζείτε, εσείς μας οδηγείτε." (Adhélfia, zíte, esís mas odhiyíte, "Brothers, you live, you are the ones who guide us."). At the tribune part of the stadium where Gate 7 is now, some seats are colored black instead of red, shaping the number "7", whereas there is also a monument on the eastern side of the stadium, bearing the names of all 21 supporters killed on that day in the stadium.Even though this incident affected almost solely the fanbase of Olympiacos, other teams occasionally pay their respects to the people killed as well, as they consider the incident to be a tragedy not only for one team, but for the whole country. In the past, even foreign teams, such as Liverpool and Red Star Belgrade, have honoured the incident's victims.Traditionally, Olympiacos' main rival is Panathinaikos and their so-called Derby of the eternal enemies is a classic local derby in Attica, the most famous fixture in Greek football and one of the most well known around the world. The two clubs are the most successful, having won together a total of 66 League titles (Olympiacos 46, Panathinaikos 20), and the most popular football clubs in Greece. The rivalry also encompasses social, cultural and regional differences; Olympiacos, coming from the famous port of Piraeus, used to be very popular in the working to middle classes, while Panathinaikos, of downtown Athens, was considered the representative of middle to higher social classes, although this differentiation has weakened nowadays and the two clubs have similar fanbases. Most recent notorious incidents include a fan's death in 2007, during a pre-arranged clash between hooligans on the occasion of a women's volleyball game between the two clubs, which caused major upset in Greece, and the abandonment of a derby in 2012 after riots at the Athens Olympic Stadium, which resulted in major fires in parts of it.Olympiacos also shares a traditional rivalry with AEK Athens, in one more local derby of the Greek capital with the other member of the so called Big three, but also with PAOK, in the fiercest inter-city rivalry in Greece between the most popular clubs of the two largest Greek cities, Athens and Thessaloniki, a rivalry that erupted in the 1960s for the sake of footballer Giorgos Koudas. A popular rivalry used to be the Piraeus derby, between Olympiacos and Ethnikos Piraeus, the second most successful football club in the region, but the fixture has faded-out due to Ethnikos' constant presence in lower divisions in the last decades.Olympiacos has a long presence in the UEFA competitions, debuting on 13 September 1959, against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup, the first ever Greek club to compete in a European competition. Olympiacos was also the first Greek club to advance to the next round of any European competition, eliminating Zagłębie Sosnowiec for the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Their best European campaigns are their presence in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, where they lost a semi-final spot in the last minutes by Juventus, and in the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals, losing to Atlético Madrid.Olympiacos is by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 31st in the ten-year ranking as of 2019. They are also the Greek team with the most wins in all European competitions, leading also the table with the most home and away wins, and the Greek team with the most games played in European level, celebrating their 200th match on 23 February 2010, against Bordeaux in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League first knockout round. Olympiacos also holds the all-time record attendance for a Greek club of 75,263 in a 1982–83 European Cup match against Hamburg at the Athens Olympic Stadium.Olympiacos has eliminated (in either knockout matches or group stages) clubs like Milan, Arsenal, Ajax, Benfica, Porto, Borussia Dortmund, Lazio, Celtic, Werder Bremen, Anderlecht, Monaco, Deportivo La Coruña, Hertha BSC, Cagliari, PSV Eindhoven, GNK Dinamo Zagreb and Standard Liège among others. They have spent most of their European history in the UEFA Champions League, where they are widely known for being a strong home side, having run some long-standing sequences, such as the 15 straight UEFA Champions League unbeaten home matches since their debut in the tournament under its new format, when Manchester United stopped their record in their fifth consecutive participation, and their 15 wins in 19 UEFA Champions League home matches between 2009–10 and 2014–15. They have a vast record of home wins over traditional European powerhouses and UEFA Champions League winners like Real Madrid, Milan, Liverpool, Manchester United, Ajax, Juventus, Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund, Benfica, Porto, Celtic, Olympique Lyonnais, Olympique Marseille, Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Leverkusen, Galatasaray, Red Star Belgrade, PSV Eindhoven among many others. Olympiacos has also won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.From 2007 to 2016 Olympiacos participated seven times in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, and gathered at least 9 points in every one of those seven groups, qualifying three times for the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14).5-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.10-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.Official websites
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[
"Ernesto Valverde",
"Alberto Bigon",
"Pedro Martins",
"Míchel",
"Ernesto Valverde",
"Alberto Bigon",
"Míchel"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Olympiacos F.C. in Oct, 2022?
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October 25, 2022
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{
"text": [
"Míchel"
]
}
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L2_Q19628_P286_4
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Pedro Martins is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Apr, 2018 to Aug, 2022.
Carlos Corberán is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Aug, 2022 to Sep, 2022.
Alberto Bigon is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Nov, 1999 to Apr, 2000.
Ernesto Valverde is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Jun, 2008 to May, 2009.
Míchel is the head coach of Olympiacos F.C. from Sep, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
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Olympiacos F.C.Olympiacos Football Club ( ), also known simply as Olympiacos, Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P. ( "Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós", "Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus"), is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus, Attica. Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP, their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club's emblem, the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete, symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece. Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus.Founded on 10 March 1925, Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history, having won 46 League titles, 28 Cups (18 Doubles) and 4 Super Cups, all records. Τotalling 78 national trophies, Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club. The club's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles, while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won, with seven in a row in two occasions (1997–2003 and 2011–2017), breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s (1954–1959), when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed "Thrylos" (, "The Legend").Having won the 2014–15 League title, Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history, a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president, Sepp Blatter. They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups (1957–1961), as well as six League titles undefeated (1937, 1938, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955). Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football, and by winning the 2012–13 title, their 40th in total, they added a fourth star above their crest, each one representing 10 League titles.In European competitions, Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998–99, losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus, as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals in 1992–93. The Red-Whites are by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 30th in the ten-year ranking as of 2021, and one of the founding members of the European Club Association. Olympiacos won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.Olympiacos is the most popular football club in Greece, also being the most popular club among the population of Athens, and gathering strong support from Greek communities all over the world. With 83,000 registered members as of April 2006, the club was placed 9th in the 2006 list of football clubs with the most paying members in the world; that figure increased to 98,000 in 2014. Olympiacos share a long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos, with whom they contest in the "derby of the eternal enemies", the most classic football derby in Greece and one of the most well known around the world.Olympiacos was founded on 10 March 1925, in the Athenian port city of Piraeus. The club's initial aim, as stated in the statutes, was the systematic cultivation and development of its athletes' possibilities for participation in athletic competitions, the spreading of the Olympic athletic ideal and the promotion of sportsmanship and fanship among the youth according to egalitarian principles, by stressing a healthy, ethical and social basis as its foundation. Members of "Piraikos Podosfairikos Omilos FC" (Sport and Football Club of Piraeus) and "Piraeus Fans Club FC" decided, during a historical assembly, to dissolve the two clubs in order to establish a new unified one, which would bring this new vision and dynamic to the community. , a senior officer of the Hellenic Navy, proposed the name "Olympiacos" and the profile of a laurel-crowned Olympic winner as the emblem of the new club. , a prominent Piraeus industrialist, expanded the name to its complete and current status, "Olympiacos Syndesmos Filathlon Pireos". Besides Kamperos and Manouskos, among the most notable founding members were Stavros Maragoudakis, the post office director; Nikos Andronikos, a merchant; Dimitrios Sklias, a Hellenic Army officer; Nikolaos Zacharias, an attorney; Athanasios Mermigas, a notary public; , who became the first goalkeeper in the club's history; Ioannis Kekkes, a stockbroker; and above all, the Andrianopoulos family. Andrianopoulos, a family of well-established Piraeus merchants, played a pivotal role in the founding of Olympiacos. The five brothers, Yiannis, , , Vassilis and Leonidas Andrianopoulos raised the reputation of the club and brought it to its current glory. Yiannis, Dinos, Giorgos and Vassilis were the first to play, while Leonidas, the youngest of the five, made his debut later on and played for the club for eight years (1927–1935). The club's offensive line, made up of the five brothers, became legendary, rising to a mythical status and soon Olympiacos gained enormous popularity and became the most successful and well-supported club in Greece. Back then, their fan base consisted mainly of the working class, with the team's home ground at Neo Phaliron Velodrome, before moving to its current Karaiskakis Stadium. They became Piraeus Champions in 1925 and 1926.In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation was founded and organized the Panhellenic Championship in the 1927–1928 season. This was the first national championship, where the regional champions from EPSA league (Athens), EPSP league (Piraeus) and EPSM league (Thessaloniki) competed for the national title during play-offs, with Aris becoming the first champion. The Panhellenic Championship was organized in this manner up until 1958–59. However, in the second season (1928–29) a dispute arose between Olympiacos and the Hellenic Football Federation and as a result, the club did not participate in the championship, with Panathinaikos and AEK Athens deciding to follow Olympiacos. During the course of that season, the three of them played friendly games with each other and formed a group called P.O.K..Meanwhile, the club continued to dominate the Piraeus Championship, winning the 1926–27, 1928–29, 1929–30 and 1930–31 titles and started establishing themselves as the leading force in Greek football; they managed to set a record by staying undefeated against all Greek teams for three straight years (from 14 March 1926 to 3 March 1929), counting 30 wins and only 6 draws in 36 games. Those results ignited an enthusiastic reception from the Greek press, who called Olympiacos "Thrylos" ("Legend") for the first time in history. The fourth Panhellenic Championship took place in 1930–31 and found Olympiacos winning the Greek national league title for the first time ever, which was a milestone that marked the beginning of a very successful era in Olympiacos history. Olympiacos put in a great performance during the competition and won the title very convincingly with 11 wins, 2 draws and only one game lost. They managed to score 7 wins in 7 matches at home, beating Panathinaikos, AEK Athens, Aris, Iraklis and PAOK with the same score: 3–1. The sole exception was the match against Ethnikos, where Olympiacos netted 4 goals and won with 4–1. Besides the Andrianopoulos brothers and Kostas Klidouchakis, other notable players of the first era in the club's history (1925–1931) were Achilleas Grammatikopoulos, , , Nikos Panopoulos, Charalambos Pezonis and Kostas Terezakis.The rise of the new decade marked a substantial rise in Panhellenic Championship's popularity throughout Greece. In October 1931, Giorgos and Yiannis Andrianopoulos, emblematic players and founding members of Olympiacos, retired from active football. However, new heroes emerged, such as , , , , , , Nikos Grigoratos, Panagis Korsianos as well as the iconic brothers and and the club won five Championships in nine seasons (1932–33, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38) and by 1940, Olympiacos had already won six Championships in the eleven first seasons of the Panhellenic Championship. Especially Giannis Vazos, Christoforos Raggos and Theologos Symeonidis composed a formidable trio of attacking players, scoring numerous goals and became nothing short of legendary. Giannis Vazos played for 18 years for Olympiacos (1931–1949), and managed to score 450 goals in 364 games (179 goals in 156 official games) for the club, being the club's second all-time scorer, winning also the Greek Championship top scorer award four times (1933, 1936, 1937 and 1947).In addition, the club managed to win the 1936–37 and 1937–38 Championship titles undefeated. Ιn Greek Cup, the team did not manage to win the competition in its first four editions, despite some outstanding wins such as the record-setting 1–6 away victory against Panathinaikos in Leoforos Stadium in 1932 (V. Andrianopoulos 16', 68', 88', 24', 69', 70'), which is the biggest away victory in this derby's history.On 28 October 1940, Fascist Italy invaded Greece, and several Olympiacos players joined the Hellenic Army to fight against the Axis invaders. Chistoforos Raggos was heavily injured in his left leg in January 1941, and wasn't able to play football again. Leonidas Andrianopoulos suffered severe frostbite in the Albanian front and almost lost his life, while Nikos Grigoratos was injured in the leg during the Battle of Klisura. Furthermore, after the subsequent German occupation of Greece, Olympiacos players joined the Greek Resistance and fought fiercely against the Nazis. Olympiacos player , an emblematic figure for the club, was captain of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and fought against the Germans in many fronts. He was executed wearing Olympiacos shirt and shorts, as was his last wish: "Shoot me and kill me with my Olympiacos shirt on, and do not blindfold me, I want to see the colours of my team before the final shot." Michalis Anamateros was also an active member of the Greek Resistance and was killed in 1944. Olympiacos paid a heavy price during the destructive war, the Axis occupation and the ensuing Greek Civil War and the club's progress was put on temporary hold.After the war, Olympiacos saw many of its key-players of the pre-war era retire, with many significant changes being made in the team's roster. Olympiacos captain and prolific scorer Giannis Vazos remained in the club, along with Giannis Chelmis. New important players joined the club, such as Andreas Mouratis, , and . As soon as regular fixtures recommenced, the Piraeus club returned to their dominant position in Greek football. From 1946 to 1959, Olympiacos won 9 out of the 11 Greek Championships (1947, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959), bringing home 15 Championship titles in a total of 23 completed seasons of the Greek League. The six-straight Greek Championships won by Olympiacos from 1954 to 1959 was an unmatched achievement in Greek football history, an all-time record which stood for 44 years, up until Olympiacos managed to win seven-straight Greek Championships from 1997 to 2003.Furthermore, during the same period (1946–1959), the club won 8 Greek Cups out of 13 editions (1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), thus completing 6 Doubles (1947, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959), three of which being consecutive (1957–1959). The legendary Olympiacos team of the 1950s, with key performers such as Andreas Mouratis, Ilias Rossidis, , Ilias Yfantis, , Kostas Polychroniou, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and marked Olympiacos' period of absolute domination in Greek football, which skyrocketed the club's popularity and spread the word of Olympiacos' superiority throughout Greece. Hence, after the club's record-breaking performance in the trophy-laden era of the 1950s, the club gained unequivocally the nickname of "Thrylos", meaning "The Legend".On 13 September 1959, Olympiacos made its debut in Europe against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup and became the first Greek club that ever played in the European competitions. The first leg was held at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus and Olympiacos took the lead with a goal by (1–0), which was the first goal ever scored by a Greek club (and by a Greek player as well) in the European competitions. Milan's prolific goalscorer José Altafini equalised the match with a header in the 33rd minute, after a cross by Giancarlo Danova. Ilias Yfantis scored an outstanding goal and gave Olympiacos the lead again in the 45th minute of the game, when he controlled the ball between Cesare Maldini and and unleashed a powerful volley, burying the ball into the back of the net (2–1). Altafini scored his second goal once again with a header (72nd minute), after a free-kick by Nils Liedholm. The match ended 2–2, with Olympiacos putting in a great performance against the Italian champions, despite the fact that they had no foreign players in their roster, while Milan had four world-class foreign players, such as Altafini, Liedholm, Juan Alberto Schiaffino and Ernesto Grillo. In the second leg Milan won 3–1 (Giancarlo Danova 12', 26', 85'; 68') and qualified for the next round, despite Olympiacos' good performance especially in the second half.Olympiacos entered the 1960s by winning the 1960 and 1961 Greek Cups, thus completing five consecutive Greek Cup wins, which is an all-time record in Greek football history. In this decade, a strong side was created with players from the late 1950s and new important players, such as , , , Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , Giangos Simantiris, , , , Sotiris Gavetsos, Tasos Sourounis, Vangelis Milisis, Orestis Pavlidis, Panagiotis Barbalias and last but not least the prolific goalscorer Giorgos Sideris, top-scorer in the club's history with 493 goals in 519 matches in all competitions (224 goals in 284 Greek Championship matches).In 1963, Olympiacos became the first ever Greek club to win a non-domestic competition, winning the Balkans Cup, which marked the first international success by any Greek football club. The Balkans Cup was a very popular international competition in the 1960s (the 1967 final attracted 42.000 spectators), being the second most important international club competition for clubs from the Balkans (after the European Champions' Cup). Olympiacos topped his group after some notable wins, beating Galatasaray 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 49'), as well as FK Sarajevo (3–2) and FC Brașov (1–0), bagging also two away draws against Galatasaray (1–1) in Mithatpaşa Stadium (Metin Oktay 78' – 6') and FK Sarajevo in Koševo Stadium (3–3). In the final, they faced Levski Sofia, winning the first match in Piraeus (1–0, Giorgos Sideris 37') and losing the second match in Vasil Levski Stadium with the same score. In the third decisive final in Istanbul (a neutral ground), Olympiacos beat Levski 1–0 in Mithatpaşa Stadium with a goal by in the 87th minute and won the Balkans Cup.The club went on to win the 1963 and 1965 Greek Cups, completing seven Greek Cup titles in nine years. However, the years 1959–1965 were not fruitful for Olympiacos in the Greek Championship, as the team was not able to win the title for six years. This mediocre performance led Olympiacos board to hire the legendary Márton Bukovi as the club's head coach, with Mihály Lantos (prominent member of the Hungary national team of the 1950s widely known as the "Mighty Magyars" or ""Aranycsapat"") as his assistant coach. The innovative Hungarian coach, pioneer of the 4–2–4 formation (along with Béla Guttmann and Gusztáv Sebes) was a solid tactician and favoured attacking football and very demanding training sessions. Bukovi's innovatory tactics and groundbreaking training methods transformed Olympiacos and created a powerful, attacking team with constant player movement and solid combination game that often played spectacular football. Under Bukovi's guidance and with the great performance of key players such as Giorgos Sideris, , Kostas Polychroniou, Vasilis Botinos, , , , , , , and Orestis Pavlidis, Olympiacos won 2 straight Greek Championships (1966, 1967). They won the 1966 title with 23 wins and 4 draws in 30 games and in the decisive away match against Trikala, an estimated 15,000 ecstatic Olympiacos fans swarmed into the city of Trikala to celebrate the win (0–5) and the Championship title after seven years.The next season 1966–67, Olympiacos won 12 out of the first 14 games in the league, which was an all-time record in Greek football history, which lasted for 46 years and up until 2013, when Olympiacos, under coach Míchel's guidance, broke his own record by winning 13 out of the 14 first matches of the 2013–14 season. They won the title in a convincing way and with some notable wins, like the 4–0 smashing victory against arch-rivals Panathinaikos at the Karaiskakis Stadium ( 17', Sideris 20', 35', 62'), where Olympiacos played spectacular football and missed a plethora of chances for a much bigger score. Bukovi became a legend for the club's fans and his creation, the Olympiacos team of 1965–67, became nothing short of legendary. A special anthem was written for Bukovi's Olympiacos and became popular throughout Greece: ""Του Μπούκοβι την ομαδάρα, τη λένε Ολυμπιακάρα"" ("Bukovi's mighty team is called Olympiacos").Shortly before the end of the 1966–67 season, a military coup d'état took place and the Colonels seized power in Greece, establishing a dictatorship. The regime of the Colonels had devastating consequences for Olympiacos. In December 1967, , club legend and president of the club for 13 years (1954–1967) was forced out of the club's presidency by the military regime. Furthermore, the regime canceled the transfer of Giorgos Koudas to Olympiacos and days later another blow was delivered to the club: Márton Bukovi, already a legend and architect of the great 1965–67 team, was forced out of Greece by the military junta, being labeled a communist. He left Greece on 21 December 1967, along with Mihály Lantos.Another chapter began in 1972, after Nikos Goulandris became president of the club. He reinstated all the prominent members of Olympiacos board that had been forced out by the military regime (including Giorgos Andrianopoulos) and opened-up the member election process, establishing a new, trustworthy board of directors. He appointed Lakis Petropoulos as head coach and signed top-class players, creating a great roster with key performers such as Giorgos Delikaris, Yves Triantafyllos, Julio Losada, Milton Viera, , Michalis Kritikopoulos, Takis Synetopoulos, Romain Argyroudis, Maik Galakos, , , , , Lakis Glezos, , Kostas Davourlis, Giannis Kyrastas, Dimitris Persidis, Lefteris Poupakis and . Under Goulandris' presidency, Olympiacos won the Greek Championship three times in a row (1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75), combining it with the Greek Cup in 1973 (beating PAOK 1–0 in the final) and 1975 (beating Panathinaikos 1–0 in the final) to celebrate two Doubles in three years. Ιn the 1972–73 season, Olympiacos won the title by conceding only 13 goals in 34 matches, which is an-all-time record in Greek football history. The team's best year though, was undoubtedly the 1973–74 season, when Olympiacos won the league with 26 wins and 7 draws in 34 games, scoring an all-time record of 102 goals and conceding only 14.In European competitions, they managed to eliminate Cagliari in the 1972–73 UEFA Cup, a major force in Italian football during the late 1960s and the early 1970s, (1970 Serie A Champions, 1972 Serie A title contenders), with world-class Italian international players like Gigi Riva, Angelo Domenghini, Enrico Albertosi, Pierluigi Cera, Sergio Gori and Fabrizio Poletti. Olympiacos managed to beat Cagliari twice, 2–1 in Piraeus and 1–0 in Cagliari, becoming the first ever Greek football club to win on Italian soil. In the next round they faced the competition's defending champions Tottenham Hotspur, who were undefeated for 16-straight games in all European competitions. Olympiacos did not manage to qualify against Spurs, but they managed to get a 1–0 win in Piraeus, which ended Tottenham's undefeated streak and marked the first ever victory of a Greek football club against an English side. Two years later, Olympiacos entered the 1974–75 European Cup and they were drawn to face Kenny Dalglish's Celtic, one of the strongest teams in European football at that time and semi-finalists of the previous season. The first leg was played in Celtic Park, where Celtic had never been defeated, running an undefeated streak of 36 straight home games in all European competitions (27 wins, 9 draws) from 1962 to 1974. Olympiacos took the lead through Milton Viera's strike in the 36th minute, with Celtic equalising late in the game. The away draw gave Olympiacos the advantage and they finished the job in Piraeus, after a spectacular 2–0 win against the Scottish Champions with Kritikopoulos and finding the net. In the next round, they were drawn to play against Anderlecht for a place in the quarter-finals of the competition. Anderlecht won the first leg with 5–1 and Olympiacos' task seemed impossible. In the second leg in Greece, however, Olympiacos put on a dominant display and almost reached a winning score in a match that was marked by referee Károly Palotai's decisions. Olympiacos beat Anderlecht 3–0, while Palotai disallowed four Olympiacos goals and did not give at least three clear penalties committed by Anderlecht players, while Stavropoulos was shown a red card for no good reason. The match is widely known in Greece as the ""Palotai massacre"" with Olympiacos coming close to one of the biggest comebacks in European Cup history.Following Goulandris resignation from the presidency in 1975, the team went through a relative dry spell in the second half of the 1970s. However, in the summer of 1979, the Greek championship turned professional and became owner and president of the club. Olympiacos emerged again as the dominant force in Greek football, winning the title four times in a row (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983) with players like the relentless goalscorer Nikos Anastopoulos, Martin Novoselac, Vicente Estavillo, Thomas Ahlström, Roger Albertsen, Maik Galakos, Tasos Mitropoulos, Takis Nikoloudis, Nikos Sarganis, Nikos Vamvakoulas, Giorgos Kokolakis, , Petros Michos, Takis Lemonis, , Petros Xanthopoulos, , , and . Kazimierz Górski, the iconic Polish coach, led Olympiacos to the 1980, 1981 and 1983 titles (winning also the Double in 1981, the 9th Double in Olympiacos' history) while Alketas Panagoulias, who had also been manager of the Greek national football team and the United States national team as well, led the team to the 1982 title after a memorable 2–1 win (Estavillo 6', Anastopoulos 69') against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the crucial Championship final match in Volos. With Panagoulias as head coach, Olympiacos won the 1986–87 title as well, having a solid roster with players from the early 1980s like Anastopoulos, Mitropoulos, Michos, Xanthopoulos and other strong players like Miloš Šestić, Giorgos Vaitsis, Jorge Barrios, Andreas Bonovas, Alexis Alexiou and .Olympiacos experienced its darkest days from the late-1980s until the mid-'90s. In the mid-'80s, Olympiacos came into the hands of Greek businessman George Koskotas who was soon accused of and convicted for embezzlement, leaving Olympiacos deep in debt. The club went through a period of administrative turbulence until 1993, when Sokratis Kokkalis became majority shareholder and president of the club. As soon as he took the club's presidency, Kokkalis agreed a settlement to pay off all the club's debts and started reorganising and restructuring the club. On the pitch, the team, with all the financial and managerial problems, as well as the lack of strong administrative leadership until the Kokkalis arrival, spent nine seasons without a league title, from 1988 to 1996, despite the foreign top-class players that played for the club at that period, such as Lajos Détári, Oleh Protasov, Juan Gilberto Funes, Bent Christensen, Hennadiy Lytovchenko, Yuri Savichev, Andrzej Juskowiak, Daniel Batista, Fabián Estay and the backbone of solid Greek players like Vassilis Karapialis, Kiriakos Karataidis, Giotis Tsalouchidis, Nikos Tsiantakis, Giorgos Vaitsis, Minas Hantzidis, Theodoros Pahatouridis, Savvas Kofidis, Chris Kalantzis, Gιorgοs Mitsibonas, Ilias Talikriadis, Alekos Rantos, , Ilias Savvidis and Michalis Vlachos. This period is so called as "Olympiacos' stone years". Nevertheless, the club brought home the 1990 (beating OFI Crete 4–2 in the final) and 1992 Greek Cups (beating PAOK 2–0 in the second leg of the double final in Piraeus), as well as the 1992 Greek Super Cup, beating AEK 3–1 in the final. In addition, the team, under the guidance of the legendary Ukrainian coach Oleg Blokhin, managed to reach the quarter-finals of the 1992–93 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, eliminating Arsène Wenger's Monaco, after a hard-fought 1–0 away win in Stade Louis II with a late goal by Giorgos Vaitsis and a goalless draw at Karaiskakis Stadium in the second leg. They did not manage to qualify for the semi-finals, however, as they were eliminated by Atlético Madrid (1–1 draw at home, 3–1 loss in Madrid).In 1996, Socratis Kokkalis appointed Dušan Bajević as the team's head coach. By that time, Olympiacos had already a very strong roster, with players like Kyriakos Karataidis, Vassilis Karapialis, Grigoris Georgatos, Alexis Alexandris, Giorgos Amanatidis, Nikos Dabizas and Ilija Ivić. Upon Bajević's arrival, Kokkalis opted to strengthen the team significantly in order to create a very strong roster that would dominate Greek football for years to come. He purchased the highly rated prospects Predrag Đorđević and Stelios Giannakopoulos from Paniliakos, outbidding both AEK Athens and Panathinaikos; signed Refik Šabanadžović, Andreas Niniadis, Giorgos Anatolakis and Alekos Kaklamanos; and brought Olympiacos Academy product Dimitris Eleftheropoulos back from his loan spell at Proodeftiki. With all these players up front, Olympiacos strode to the 1996–97 title by 12 clear points over AEK and 20 points over the third Panathinaikos in Bajević's first season in charge; this was the club's first Greek Championship in nine seasons, putting an end to the "stone years" and officially beginning Olympiacos' era of domination. In the next season, 1997–98, Dimitris Mavrogenidis, Siniša Gogić, Ilias Poursanidis and the Ghanaian striker Peter Ofori-Quaye were transferred to the club and Olympiacos won the 1997–98 Championship. Bajević's team, along with AEK and Panathinaikos, were closely separated in the table, but finally Olympiacos made an important away win against Panathinaikos (0–2) and celebrated the second consecutive Championship, with three points difference from Panathinaikos. Olympiacos participated for the first time in the UEFA Champions League group stage and took third place in a tough group, leaving Porto in fourth place, while Real Madrid, the eventual champions, topped the group and qualified for the quarter-finals.The 1998–99 season was undoubtedly one of the best seasons in Olympiacos history. They won the 1998–99 Greek Championship quite convincingly, with ten points difference from AEK and 11 from third-placed Panathinaikos, and also celebrated the domestic double, bringing home the 1998–99 Greek Cup after a convincing 2–0 win against arch-rivals Panathinaikos in the final (Mavrogenidis 54', Ofori-Quaye 90'), despite the fact that they played for more than 60 minutes in the game with ten players. In European competitions, they entered the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage, being drawn in a group with Ajax, Porto and Croatia Zagreb. They won the group and qualified to the quarter-finals, gathering 11 points with 3 home wins against Ajax (1–0), Porto (2–1) and Croatia Zagreb (2–0) and two away draws in Porto (2–2) and Zagreb (1–1). In the quarter-finals of the competition, they faced Juventus, with the first leg in Turin. Juventus took a 2–0 lead, but Olympiacos scored a crucial away goal in the 90th minute of the game with a penalty by Andreas Niniadis, a goal that caused the 10.000 Olympiacos fans who travelled to Italy to erupt into joyous ecstasy. In the second leg in Athens, Olympiacos totally dominated the match, and scored the goal that put them in the driving seat in the 12th minute of the game, when Siniša Gogić's powerful header found the back of the net after Grigoris Georgatos's superb cross. They also missed an outstanding chance to double the lead, when Giorgos Amanatidis' powerful header from short distance was saved by Michelangelo Rampulla. Olympiacos kept the ticket to the semi-finals in his hands until the 85th minute, when Juventus, who hadn't produced any chances in the game, equalised the score after a crucial mistake by Dimitris Eleftheropoulos, who had been the team's hero in all the previous games. Despite the big disappointment from the way the qualification to the semi-finals was lost, the presence of the team in the Champions League quarter-finals, their best-ever European campaign, combined with the domestic double, marked a very successful season for the club, arguably the best in their long history.The next four seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03) Olympiacos signed world-class players of great magnitude such as Giovanni, Zlatko Zahovič and the World champion Christian Karembeu, as well as other top-class players including Pär Zetterberg, Zé Elias, Nery Castillo, Christos Patsatzoglou, Lampros Choutos and Stelios Venetidis. These transfers strengthened even more the already strong roster from the previous successful years and under the guidance of coaches like Giannis Matzourakis, Takis Lemonis and Oleg Protasov (Bajević had left the club in 1999). Olympiacos managed to win seven consecutive Greek Championships (1997–2003), breaking their own past record of six (1954–1959). Olympiacos won their seventh consecutive title after a breathtaking closing of the 2002–03 Greek League: Olympiacos was hosting arch-rivals Panathinaikos in matchday 29, who led the table with a three-point difference. Olympiacos needed to win the derby by two clear goals in order to overthrow their rivals in the championship race. Olympiacos beat Panathinaikos 3–0 (Giovanni 3', Giannakopoulos 15' 48') in a dominant display in Rizoupoli and celebrated the all-time record of seven straight Championships, which was a dream and a historic objective for the club and especially for the fans.In 2004, Olympiacos rehired Dušan Bajević and signed the 1999 World Footballer of the Year and 2002 World Champion Brazilian superstar Rivaldo and the 2004 European champion Antonis Nikopolidis. The end of the season found Olympiacos winning the domestic double and having a decent Champions League display, gathering ten points in a tough group alongside Liverpool, Monaco and Deportivo de La Coruña and losing the qualification to the knockout phase in the last four minutes of the last game against the eventual European champions Liverpool at Anfield. Bajević left the club and the Norwegian coach Trond Sollied was hired in his place. They club signed Cypriot striker Michalis Konstantinou from Panathinaikos, 2004 European champion defender Michalis Kapsis from Bordeaux and the versatile box-to-box Ivorian midfielder Yaya Touré. During the 2005–06 season, Olympiacos won all the four derbies against their major rivals, Panathinaikos and AEK Athens, something only achieved once more, during the season 1972–73. The combined goal total in these four matches was 11–3 in favour of Olympiacos. They also beat AEK Athens 3–0 in the Greek Cup Final to clinch their second-straight double and managed to win an all-time record of 16 consecutive matches in the championship, breaking their own past record.After a record-breaking season, in the 2006 summer transfers, Trond Sollied signed Michał Żewłakow, Júlio César and Tomislav Butina among others. However, he did not live up to expectations in the 2006–07 Champions League and was replaced by Takis Lemonis at the end of 2006. Lemonis transferred the young star Vasilis Torosidis, and led Olympiacos in their third consecutive championship, but failed to win the Greek Cup after a surprise elimination by PAS Giannina.In the summer of 2007, Olympiacos made very expensive transfers like Luciano Galletti, Darko Kovačević, Raúl Bravo, Lomana LuaLua, Cristian Ledesma and Leonel Núñez. They also brought back the solid Greek defender Paraskevas Antzas and signed the very talented young striker Kostas Mitroglou from Borussia Mönchengladbach. Furthermore, they accomplished the most lucrative sale in Greek football history after selling striker-midfielder Nery Castillo to Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk for the record sum of €20 million ($27.5M). Because of a clause in Castillo's contract, Olympiacos received €15 million, with the remaining €5 million given directly to the player. Furthermore, a controversy started between the team and Rivaldo, as Olympiacos did not wish to renew the player's contract despite the fact that Rivaldo had featured heavily in the club's successful campaigns, both in Greece and abroad. Former player Ilija Ivić was selected for the role of the team's football director. The team did not start well in the Greek championship, but it achieved a stunning performance in the Champions League, qualifying for the last 16 as they finished second in their group, level on 11 points with group winners Real Madrid, eliminating Werder Bremen and Lazio. However, the team's less than satisfactory performance in the league, coupled with the defeat from Chelsea in Stamford Bridge for the knockout phase, prompted club owner Sokratis Kokkalis to sack coach Takis Lemonis. The team's assistant manager, José Segura, coached the team for the remainder of the season. Olympiacos managed to win both the Greek Championship and Cup, but Segura left the club at the end of the season.In the summer of 2008, Olympiacos made prominent transfers, signing Dudu Cearense, Avraam Papadopoulos, Diogo Luis Santo and Matt Derbyshire and appointed Ernesto Valverde as the new coach with a three-year contract worth approximately €6 million. The 2008–09 season started badly for Olympiacos, with the team losing their first few official matches, against Anorthosis Famagusta for the Champions League third qualifying round, and was eliminated from the tournament, which resulted to a seat in the UEFA Cup first round, where Olympiacos beat Nordsjælland to qualify for the group stage. The team also started well in the 2008–09 Super League Greece, winning every match at home, but facing difficulties away. They ended up winning the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, celebrating the 14th double in Olympiacos history. After an impressive UEFA Cup run at home, with some spectacular wins against Benfica (5–1) and Hertha BSC (4–0), the team managed to get through to the round of 32, facing French side Saint-Étienne.In the summer of 2009, Olympiacos signed major players, such as Olof Mellberg from Juventus for €2.5 million, midfielder Jaouad Zairi from Asteras Tripolis and Enzo Maresca from Sevilla. Many other players returned from loan spells, such as former Real Madrid defender Raúl Bravo, Georgios Katsikogiannis and midfielder Cristian Ledesma. Olympiacos appointed former Brazil legend Zico as their coach and started the 2009–10 season with great success, as they qualified for the Champions League final 16, finishing second in Group H only 3 points behind Arsenal, despite the absence of numerous first-team players due to injuries. They faced Bordeaux in the final 16 and lost the first match at home (0–1). In the second match, despite Bordeaux's early lead, Olympiacos leveled the match and missed some great chances to score a second goal, before eventually losing in the dying moments of the match (1–2). Domestically, Olympiacos secured a 2–0 derby win over arch-rivals Panathinaikos, with striker Kostas Mitroglou scoring twice. However, this was only a highlight in an otherwise below-par season for the club, as they not only lost the championship to Panathinaikos, but were also defeated in four out of their six playoff games, eventually finishing last, in the 5th position of the league table; this result marked the team's worst ranking since being placed 8th in 1988, and meant that the club would start their Europa League campaign from the second qualifying round the following season.In 2010, Evangelos Marinakis, a successful shipping magnate, bought the team from Sokratis Kokkalis. During the first year of his presidency, Marinakis appointed fans' favourite Ernesto Valverde as coach (who came back for a second tenure in the club) and signed players with international pedigree, such as Albert Riera, Ariel Ibagaza, Kevin Mirallas, Marko Pantelić and François Modesto. As a result, Olympiacos won the Greek title for the 38th time in its history, 13 points ahead of second-placed Panathinaikos.In the 2011–12 season, the team's roster was strengthened with players like Jean Makoun, Pablo Orbaiz, Iván Marcano, Rafik Djebbour and Djamel Abdoun and with Ernesto Valverde as their coach for the second straight season, Olympiacos had a very successful campaign both domestically and internationally. They won both the Greek league and the Greek Cup to complete the 15th domestic double in the club's history. In European competitions, Olympiacos had a solid Champions League campaign, having been drawn in Group F against Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund and Marseille. Despite delivering nine points in the group, with two emphatic wins against Arsenal and Dortmund at home (both with a 3–1 scoreline) and an away win against Marseille (0–1), they lost the qualification to the knock-out stage after Marseille's controversial 2–3 away win in Dortmund in game 6, with Marseille scoring two goals in the last five minutes of the match to come back from an early 2–0 Dortmund lead. Olympiacos continued in Europa League where he was drawn to play against Rubin Kazan. The Greek champions eliminated the Russian side with two wins (1–0 in both Kazan and Piraeus) and were up to play against Metalist Kharkiv in the Last 16 of the competition. They won the first match in Ukraine with David Fuster scoring the winning goal (0–1) but in the second match, despite their early lead and the plethora of missed chances (they hit the woodwork twice in the first half), they conceded two goals in the last nine minutes of the game and lost the qualification to the quarter-finals.At the end of the season, Ernesto Valverde announced his decision to return to Spain, thus ending his second successful spell at Olympiacos. The club announced the Portuguese Leonardo Jardim as their new head coach. The team performed very well in the Greek league and had a decent Champions league campaign, gathering nine points in Group B, after wins against Arsenal (2–1 at home) and Montpellier (1–2 in Montpellier, 3–1 in Piraeus). Despite the relatively good results, Leonardo Jardim was replaced by the Spanish coach and Real Madrid legend Míchel. The team went on to celebrate the 16th double in their history by winning their 40th Greek Championship, 15 points ahead the second PAOK, as well as their 26th Greek Cup after a 3–1 win against Asteras Tripolis in the final. The 40th Greek championship title gave Olympiacos the fourth star on top of the club's emblem, which was a major goal for the club and especially for the fans.The expectations for the 2013–14 season were very high, especially after the signing of players such as striker Javier Saviola, Joel Campbell, Roberto, Alejandro Domínguez, Vladimír Weiss, Delvin N'Dinga and Leandro Salino. Olympiacos had a great season both domestically and internationally. In Europe, they were drawn in Group C of the 2013–14 Champions League alongside Paris Saint-Germain, Benfica and Anderlecht. After a strong performance in the group, Olympiacos finished second with ten points and qualified for the Last 16 at the expense of Benfica (1–0 win in Piraeus, 1–1 draw in Lisbon) and Anderlecht (0–3 win in Brussels, 3–1 win in Piraeus). In the round of 16, they were drawn to play against Manchester United. Olympiacos, after a solid display, won the first leg with a comfortable 2–0 (Alejandro Domínguez 38', Campbell 55'), in a match where they dominated totally and missed chances to even extend the lead. Despite the two-goal advantage which put them within touching distance of a quarter-final place for the first time since 1999, Olympiacos lost 3–0 in the second leg in Old Trafford, having missed an outstanding double chance to equalize the score in the 40th minute. The Greek champions pushed on in the last ten minutes to find the crucial away goal, but to no avail. Although the ticket to the quarter-finals slipped out of the club's hands, Olympiacos' overall performance and the fact that the club managed to qualify to the knockout phase (round of 16) of the Champions League for the third time in six years (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14), marked a very successful European campaign. Domestically, Olympiacos won their history's 41st Greek Championship very convincingly, 17 points ahead of second-placed PAOK.In the 2014–15 season, Olympiacos entered the 2014–15 Champions League group stage with hopes to repeat the previous year's performance; they were drawn alongside Atlético Madrid, Juventus and Malmö FF. They had a solid performance in the group, managing to beat last year's runners-up Atlético 3–2 and eventual finalists Juventus 1–0 at the Karaiskakis Stadium, but they lost the qualification for the knockout stage in the last game: Olympiacos beat Malmö FF 4–2 at home but at the same time Juventus were drawing against Atlético in Italy, securing the crucial one point they needed to qualify. Had Olympiacos and Juventus finished with the same points, Olympiacos would have qualified due to best aggregate score (away goals) of their two games (1–0 Olympiacos win in Piraeus, 3–2 Juventus win in Turin). The third place in the group gave Olympiacos the ticket for the next round of UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by the eventual runners-up Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. Domestically, the team had a very successful season, winning the 17th double in their history. They won their 42nd Greek Championship with 12 points difference from the second Panathinaikos and their 27th Greek Cup, beating Skoda Xanthi 3–1 in the final.The 2015–16 season started with a new manager replacement, as Marco Silva took over the management over his fellow countryman Vitor Pereira, while the squad was strengthened with the world-class presence of Esteban Cambiasso and a number of other players with European competition experience, including Kostas Fortounis, Felipe Pardo, Sebá, Manuel Da Costa, Brown Ideye and Alfreð Finnbogason. In a tough Champions League group that included Bayern München, Arsenal and Dinamo Zagreb, Olympiacos managed to record 9 points through a 3–2 away win over the Gunners at the Emirates Stadium, considered by many as one of the club's most important European victories, as well as two more wins against Dinamo (1–0 away and 2–1 at home). Last matchday saw the team face Arsenal at the Karaiskakis stadium, needing a 1–0 or 2–1 defeat to the Gunners, as the worst-case scenario, to advance to the knockout phase of the competition based on the away goals rule; the Red-Whites eventually lost 3–0 and continued their European journey in the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated by Anderlecht in the first knockout stage. Despite the above, Olympiacos broke the record for most European competition victories recorded by a Greek club, with 97 over the 96 of second-placed Panathinaikos as of the summer of 2016. Domestically, Olympiacos had perhaps their most successful season in years, as the team managed to secure their 43rd Greek Championship, and 6th consecutive, on the last day of February 2016, considered a national record for the earliest time, within a league campaign, when a title is clinched. The team managed to finish their league campaign with a 30-point difference over their arch rivals Panathinaikos, who came in second. The team's 85 points over the course of 30 matchdays, including a 28–1–1 overall result breakdown with 13 away wins and a perfect 15 victories out of 15 home games, are also considered a national record. However, despite the club's expectations of doing the double, they did not manage to win the Greek Cup as they finished runners-up to rivals AEK after a 2–1 loss in the final.The 2016–17 season proved to be rather tumultuous for the club, despite the signing of such key players as Óscar Cardozo, Tarik Elyounoussi, Alaixys Romao, Aly Cissokho and Marko Marin. The main issues that arose were the team's shock elimination from Israeli outfit Hapoel Be'er-Sheva, after a 1–0 aggregate defeat, in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League, and the highly frequent change of managers, leading the club to having been coached by five individuals over the same season: Marco Silva, Victor Sánchez (responsible for the elimination from Hapoel), Paulo Bento, Vasilis Vouzas and Takis Lemonis. The team's UEFA Europa League journey was not as successful as other European campaigns, starting with a difficult 3–1 aggregate victory (1–1 before extra time) over Arouca in the playoffs, continuing with the team's qualification from the group stage but only as second-placed to APOEL (in a group that also included Young Boys and Astana), and ending with a heavy 5–2 aggregate defeat to Besiktas in the last 16 of the knockout stage (with goalkeeper Nicola Leali being highly responsible for 4 out of the 5 goals conceded), despite having advanced from the last 32 thanks to a 3–0 aggregate win over Osmanlispor. The frequent manager change negatively affected the team's stability and rhythm in domestic competitions as well. Firstly, Olympiacos failed to qualify for the Greek Cup final after being ousted by AEK, who advanced on the away goals rule after a 2–2 aggregate draw. Secondly, despite the fact that the Reds clinched their 44th Greek Championship, and 7th consecutive for the second time in Greek football history, they only managed to do so with a six-point difference (67 to 61) over PAOK.At the start of the 2017–18 season, the board decided to hire former Anderlecht manager Besnik Hasi to guide Olympiacos back to the UEFA Champions League group stage after a year's absence. Upon his arrival, Hasi strengthened the squad with players as Vadis Odjidja-Ofoe, Guillaume Gillet, Mehdi Carcela, Jagoš Vuković, Björn Engels, Uroš Đurđević, Emmanuel Emenike and Panagiotis Tachtsidis.Aggregate victories over Partizan (5–3) and Rijeka (3–1) in the two final qualifying rounds ensured the Red-Whites' presence in Group D of the competition, considered perhaps the toughest in Olympiacos' European history due to Barcelona, Juventus and Sporting CP being the opponents. A disheartening 2–3 defeat in the hands of Sporting at Thrylos' European season opener, combined with a 3–2 loss to AEK despite being 0–2 up, led to Hasi's dismissal from the club and his replacement by Takis Lemonis. The latter decided to focus on getting the squad back on track in domestic competitions, at a time when Olympiacos eventually got eliminated from Europe ahead of the Christmas break for the first time in 12 years. Following a home goalless draw against Barcelona and five defeats, the Red-Whites only managed to acquire one point during their entire Champions League group stage campaign, something considered a setback for the club after their 7 previous UEFA Champions League campaigns (2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16), in which they gathered at least 9 points in all of the groups (11 points in 2007–08, 10 points in 2009–10, 9 points in 2011–12, 9 points in 2012–13, 10 points in 2013–14, 9 points in 2014–15 and 9 points in 2015–16), with three qualifications to the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition. Despite their one-point group stage exit, the worst European records by a Greek team in the history of European competitions both belong to AEK Athens: AEK's zero (0) point campaign in Group E of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League and AEK's zero (0) point campaign as well in the Group H of the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, a lower-tier UEFA competition. Panathinaikos has also a one-point campaign in Group G of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. Despite being in the Super League lead halfway through the season, Lemonis was dismissed on grounds of dressing room instability, and Óscar García was subsequently appointed with a vision of increasing attacking efficiency and discipline. Domestically, Olympiacos' Greek Cup run ended in the quarter-finals, marking their third consecutive year that they failed to lift the Cup. In the Super League the Red-Whites conceded the title to AEK three matchdays before completion, thus ending a run of seven consecutive championship wins and leading to the dismissal of García after two months at the club's helm, with Christos Kontis finishing the season as caretaker manager. Portuguese Pedro Martins was appointed head coach in order to lead Olympiacos at the following 2018–19 season.When, in 1925, the merger of the two clubs of Piraeus, Athlitikos Podosfairikos Syllogos Pireos and Omilos Filathlon Pireos, gave birth to the new football club, the latter was unanimously baptized "Olympiacos Club of Fans of Piraeus", a name inspired from the Ancient Olympic Games, the morality, the vying, the splendor, the sportsmanship and the fair play ideal that were represented in Ancient Greece. Consequently, after 's proposal, the club adopted the laurel-crowned adolescent as their emblem, which symbolizes the Olympic Games winner, a crest that underwent minor changes through the ages. Red and white were chosen as the colours of the crest; red for the passion and victory and white for the virtue and purity.The typical kit of the team is that of a shirt with red and white vertical stripes, and red or white shorts and socks. The shirt has taken different forms during the history of the club, for example with thin or wider stripes. The second most common kit is the all-red one and next the all-white one. Olympiacos has used several other colours during its history as an away or third kit, with the most notable of them being the monotint black or silver one. The most common kits of Olympiacos during their history are these below (the year of each one is indicant):Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Olympiacos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1982 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Olympiacos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:The Karaiskakis Stadium, situated at Neo Faliro in Piraeus, is the current (since 2004) and traditional home of Olympiacos. With a capacity of 32,115, it is the largest football-only stadium and the second largest football stadium overall in Greece. It was built in 1895 as Neo Phaliron Velodrome, to host the cycling events for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, and the pitch was covered with curm. Olympiacos started using it since its foundation in 1925. In 1964, the stadium was renovated and was given its current name after Georgios Karaiskakis, a military commander of the Greek War of Independence, with an athletics track around the pitch.Olympiacos left the Karaiskakis Stadium temporarily to play home matches at the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium in 1984. After a five-year use (1984–1989) of the biggest stadium in Greece, the team returned to their traditional home, where they played until 1997. It was then that Olympiacos got back to the Athens Olympic Stadium, where they stayed for another period of five years (1997–2002). In 2002, the Olympic Stadium was closed for renovation works due to the 2004 Summer Olympics and Olympiacos moved to the Georgios Kamaras Stadium in Rizoupoli, home of Apollon Smyrnis, for the following two seasons (2002–2004).Meanwhile, the Karaiskakis Stadium had fallen in disrepair and was not anymore suitable for football matches. In 2003, its use passed to Olympiacos in order to build a football-only ground, to be used for the football tournament of the 2004 Olympics. In return, Olympiacos got exclusive use of the stadium until 2052, covering all maintenance costs and also paying 15% of revenue to the Greek State. The old stadium was demolished in the spring of 2003 and the new one was completed on 30 June 2004 at a total cost of €60 million. Nowadays, the Karaiskakis Stadium is one of the most modern football grounds in Europe, also hosting the museum of Olympiacos, with several facilities around.Olympiacos' traditional fanbase comes from the city of Piraeus, where the club is based, as well as a good part of the rest of the Athens area. The club's popularity increased during the 1950s after winning consecutive titles and setting several records, and they became the best-supported football club in the country. Traditionally, Olympiacos used to represent the working class, but the club has always attracted fans from all the social classes and their fanbase is not associated with any specific social group anymore.Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches. Several newspapers and magazines' polls rank Olympiacos as the most popular club in Greece with a percentage varying between 30–40% among the fans and more or less 30% in total population, which corresponds to around three and a half millions of supporters in Greece. The club is overwhelmingly popular in Piraeus, where almost half of its population supports Olympiacos, while their support in the whole of Athens reaches 45.1% of the fans, making them the most popular club in the Greek capital. They are also the most popular club in the working class with a percentage of 37% and in all age groups, as well as among both male and female fans; the vast majority of their fans comes from the centre-left and centre-right of the political spectrum. Outside of Athens, Olympiacos is the most popular club in Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, the Aegean and the Ionian Islands. Additionally, they have the highest average all-time attendance in Greek football, having topped the attendance tables in most of the seasons in Super League Greece history.In 2006, Olympiacos was placed in the top ten of the clubs with the most paying members in the world, holding ninth place, just ahead of Real Madrid. As of April 2006, the club had some 83,000 registered members. Olympiacos and Red Star Belgrade fans have developed a deep friendship, calling themselves the "Orthodox Brothers". Usually, Olympiacos supporters from several fan-clubs attend Red Star's matches, especially against their old rival Partizan, and vice versa. More recently, the Orthodox Brothers have started to include fans of Spartak Moscow in their club.Olympiacos fans are renowned for their passionate and fervent support to the team, with the atmosphere at home matches regarded as intimidating. When they played Newcastle United at home in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, the match was televised in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 and the guest commentator was former England international Tony Cottee, who was constantly mentioning how great the atmosphere was. During the game he was asked whether it was the most atmospheric stadium he had been to and replied: "I'd have to say it probably is. You hear a lot about various places and the atmosphere there but when you go you realise it's not all that... But this place is the real deal." The experienced Czech international winger Jaroslav Plašil paid further testament to the hostile atmosphere created by Olympiacos fans at home before his team Bordeaux visit the Karaiskakis Stadium, where he had played during his time with Monaco and stated, "It was one of the most intense atmospheres I've ever experienced in a stadium, so I expect it will be a bit like hell for us. Their supporters really can help their team." Former Paris Saint-Germain superstar striker Zlatan Ibrahimović spoke of his admiration for Olympiacos supporters after an Olympiacos–Paris Saint-Germain match on 17 September 2013: "They played in front of their fantastic public. Olympiacos supporters were amazing. My friend Olof Mellberg played here and he talked to me about the supporters. I never saw it live, but now I understand. It's amazing. It's a big advantage for Olympiacos." PSG billionaire owner Nasser Al-Khelaifi stated, "I have big respect for the fans here. I've never seen fans like Olympiacos' fans in my life." PSG and Brazil international winger Lucas Moura in an interview with goal.com stated that Olympiacos home ground was the most intense and heated stadium he's ever played in.The history of the Karaiskakis Stadium and Olympiacos was marked by the worst tragedy that ever hit Greek sports, known as the Karaiskakis Stadium disaster. On 8 February 1981, Olympiacos hosted AEK Athens for a league match, which ended 6–0, in an unprecedented triumph for the host team of Piraeus. During the last minutes of the game, thousands of Olympiacos fans at the Gate 7 rushed to the exit, to get to the stadium's main entrance and celebrate with the players, but the doors were almost closed and the turnstiles still in place, making the exit almost impossible. As people continued to come down from the stands, unable to see what happened, the stairs of Gate 7 became a death trap; people were crushed, tens of fans were seriously injured and twenty-one young people died, most of them by suffocation.In memory of this event, every year on 8 February, there is a memorial service at the stadium in honour of the supporters that died in that incident. The service is attended by thousands of fans every year, who are rhythmically shouting the phrase, "Αδέρφια, ζείτε, εσείς μας οδηγείτε." (Adhélfia, zíte, esís mas odhiyíte, "Brothers, you live, you are the ones who guide us."). At the tribune part of the stadium where Gate 7 is now, some seats are colored black instead of red, shaping the number "7", whereas there is also a monument on the eastern side of the stadium, bearing the names of all 21 supporters killed on that day in the stadium.Even though this incident affected almost solely the fanbase of Olympiacos, other teams occasionally pay their respects to the people killed as well, as they consider the incident to be a tragedy not only for one team, but for the whole country. In the past, even foreign teams, such as Liverpool and Red Star Belgrade, have honoured the incident's victims.Traditionally, Olympiacos' main rival is Panathinaikos and their so-called Derby of the eternal enemies is a classic local derby in Attica, the most famous fixture in Greek football and one of the most well known around the world. The two clubs are the most successful, having won together a total of 66 League titles (Olympiacos 46, Panathinaikos 20), and the most popular football clubs in Greece. The rivalry also encompasses social, cultural and regional differences; Olympiacos, coming from the famous port of Piraeus, used to be very popular in the working to middle classes, while Panathinaikos, of downtown Athens, was considered the representative of middle to higher social classes, although this differentiation has weakened nowadays and the two clubs have similar fanbases. Most recent notorious incidents include a fan's death in 2007, during a pre-arranged clash between hooligans on the occasion of a women's volleyball game between the two clubs, which caused major upset in Greece, and the abandonment of a derby in 2012 after riots at the Athens Olympic Stadium, which resulted in major fires in parts of it.Olympiacos also shares a traditional rivalry with AEK Athens, in one more local derby of the Greek capital with the other member of the so called Big three, but also with PAOK, in the fiercest inter-city rivalry in Greece between the most popular clubs of the two largest Greek cities, Athens and Thessaloniki, a rivalry that erupted in the 1960s for the sake of footballer Giorgos Koudas. A popular rivalry used to be the Piraeus derby, between Olympiacos and Ethnikos Piraeus, the second most successful football club in the region, but the fixture has faded-out due to Ethnikos' constant presence in lower divisions in the last decades.Olympiacos has a long presence in the UEFA competitions, debuting on 13 September 1959, against Milan for the 1959–60 European Cup, the first ever Greek club to compete in a European competition. Olympiacos was also the first Greek club to advance to the next round of any European competition, eliminating Zagłębie Sosnowiec for the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup. Their best European campaigns are their presence in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, where they lost a semi-final spot in the last minutes by Juventus, and in the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals, losing to Atlético Madrid.Olympiacos is by far the highest ranked Greek club in the UEFA rankings, occupying the 37th place in Europe in the five-year ranking and the 31st in the ten-year ranking as of 2019. They are also the Greek team with the most wins in all European competitions, leading also the table with the most home and away wins, and the Greek team with the most games played in European level, celebrating their 200th match on 23 February 2010, against Bordeaux in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League first knockout round. Olympiacos also holds the all-time record attendance for a Greek club of 75,263 in a 1982–83 European Cup match against Hamburg at the Athens Olympic Stadium.Olympiacos has eliminated (in either knockout matches or group stages) clubs like Milan, Arsenal, Ajax, Benfica, Porto, Borussia Dortmund, Lazio, Celtic, Werder Bremen, Anderlecht, Monaco, Deportivo La Coruña, Hertha BSC, Cagliari, PSV Eindhoven, GNK Dinamo Zagreb and Standard Liège among others. They have spent most of their European history in the UEFA Champions League, where they are widely known for being a strong home side, having run some long-standing sequences, such as the 15 straight UEFA Champions League unbeaten home matches since their debut in the tournament under its new format, when Manchester United stopped their record in their fifth consecutive participation, and their 15 wins in 19 UEFA Champions League home matches between 2009–10 and 2014–15. They have a vast record of home wins over traditional European powerhouses and UEFA Champions League winners like Real Madrid, Milan, Liverpool, Manchester United, Ajax, Juventus, Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund, Benfica, Porto, Celtic, Olympique Lyonnais, Olympique Marseille, Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Leverkusen, Galatasaray, Red Star Belgrade, PSV Eindhoven among many others. Olympiacos has also won the Balkans Cup in 1963, at a time when the competition was considered the second most important in the region after the European Cup, becoming the first ever Greek club to win an international competition.From 2007 to 2016 Olympiacos participated seven times in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, and gathered at least 9 points in every one of those seven groups, qualifying three times for the knockout stage (Last 16) of the competition (2007–08, 2009–10, 2013–14).5-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.10-year club ranking at the end of season 2018–19.Official websites
|
[
"Carlos Corberán",
"Ernesto Valverde",
"Alberto Bigon",
"Pedro Martins"
] |
|
Which employer did Eugen Slutsky work for in Dec, 1917?
|
December 10, 1917
|
{
"text": [
"Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman"
]
}
|
L2_Q709432_P108_0
|
Eugen Slutsky works for Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1926.
Eugen Slutsky works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1938.
Eugen Slutsky works for Institute of Conjuncture from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930.
Eugen Slutsky works for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1948.
|
Eugen SlutskyEvgeny "Eugen" Evgenievich Slutsky (; – 10 March 1948) was a Russian and Soviet mathematical statistician, economist and political economist.He is principally known for work in deriving the relationships embodied in the very well known Slutsky equation which is widely used in microeconomic consumer theory for separating the substitution effect and the income effect of a price change on the total quantity of a good demanded following a price change in that good, or in a related good that may have a cross-price effect on the original good quantity. There are many Slutsky analogs in producer theory.He is less well known by Western economists than some of his contemporaries, due to his own changing intellectual interests as well as external factors forced upon him after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. His seminal paper in Economics, and some argue his last paper in Economics rather than probability theory, was published in 1915 ("Sulla teoria del bilancio del consumatore"). Paul Samuelson noted that until 1936, he had been entirely unaware of Slutsky's 1915 "masterpiece" due to World War I and the paper's Italian language publication. R. G. D. Allen did the most to propagate Slutsky's work on consumer theory in published papers in 1936 and 1950.Vincent Barnett argues:In the 1920s Slutsky turned to working on probability theory and stochastic processes, but in 1927 he published his second famous article on economic theory, 'The Summation of Random Causes as a Source of Cyclical Processes'. This showed that it was possible for apparently cyclic behaviour to emerge as the result of random shocks to the economy if the latter were modelled using a stable stochastic difference equation with certain technical properties. This opened up a new approach to business cycle theory by hypothesising that the interaction of chance events could generate periodicity when none existed initially.Slutsky's later work was principally in probability theory and the theory of stochastic processes. He is generally credited for the result known as Slutsky's theorem. In 1928 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Bologna.
|
[
"Steklov Institute of Mathematics",
"Institute of Conjuncture",
"Moscow State University"
] |
|
Which employer did Eugen Slutsky work for in Apr, 1929?
|
April 04, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Institute of Conjuncture"
]
}
|
L2_Q709432_P108_1
|
Eugen Slutsky works for Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1926.
Eugen Slutsky works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1938.
Eugen Slutsky works for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1948.
Eugen Slutsky works for Institute of Conjuncture from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930.
|
Eugen SlutskyEvgeny "Eugen" Evgenievich Slutsky (; – 10 March 1948) was a Russian and Soviet mathematical statistician, economist and political economist.He is principally known for work in deriving the relationships embodied in the very well known Slutsky equation which is widely used in microeconomic consumer theory for separating the substitution effect and the income effect of a price change on the total quantity of a good demanded following a price change in that good, or in a related good that may have a cross-price effect on the original good quantity. There are many Slutsky analogs in producer theory.He is less well known by Western economists than some of his contemporaries, due to his own changing intellectual interests as well as external factors forced upon him after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. His seminal paper in Economics, and some argue his last paper in Economics rather than probability theory, was published in 1915 ("Sulla teoria del bilancio del consumatore"). Paul Samuelson noted that until 1936, he had been entirely unaware of Slutsky's 1915 "masterpiece" due to World War I and the paper's Italian language publication. R. G. D. Allen did the most to propagate Slutsky's work on consumer theory in published papers in 1936 and 1950.Vincent Barnett argues:In the 1920s Slutsky turned to working on probability theory and stochastic processes, but in 1927 he published his second famous article on economic theory, 'The Summation of Random Causes as a Source of Cyclical Processes'. This showed that it was possible for apparently cyclic behaviour to emerge as the result of random shocks to the economy if the latter were modelled using a stable stochastic difference equation with certain technical properties. This opened up a new approach to business cycle theory by hypothesising that the interaction of chance events could generate periodicity when none existed initially.Slutsky's later work was principally in probability theory and the theory of stochastic processes. He is generally credited for the result known as Slutsky's theorem. In 1928 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Bologna.
|
[
"Steklov Institute of Mathematics",
"Moscow State University",
"Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman"
] |
|
Which employer did Eugen Slutsky work for in Jun, 1934?
|
June 10, 1934
|
{
"text": [
"Moscow State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q709432_P108_2
|
Eugen Slutsky works for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1948.
Eugen Slutsky works for Institute of Conjuncture from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930.
Eugen Slutsky works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1938.
Eugen Slutsky works for Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1926.
|
Eugen SlutskyEvgeny "Eugen" Evgenievich Slutsky (; – 10 March 1948) was a Russian and Soviet mathematical statistician, economist and political economist.He is principally known for work in deriving the relationships embodied in the very well known Slutsky equation which is widely used in microeconomic consumer theory for separating the substitution effect and the income effect of a price change on the total quantity of a good demanded following a price change in that good, or in a related good that may have a cross-price effect on the original good quantity. There are many Slutsky analogs in producer theory.He is less well known by Western economists than some of his contemporaries, due to his own changing intellectual interests as well as external factors forced upon him after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. His seminal paper in Economics, and some argue his last paper in Economics rather than probability theory, was published in 1915 ("Sulla teoria del bilancio del consumatore"). Paul Samuelson noted that until 1936, he had been entirely unaware of Slutsky's 1915 "masterpiece" due to World War I and the paper's Italian language publication. R. G. D. Allen did the most to propagate Slutsky's work on consumer theory in published papers in 1936 and 1950.Vincent Barnett argues:In the 1920s Slutsky turned to working on probability theory and stochastic processes, but in 1927 he published his second famous article on economic theory, 'The Summation of Random Causes as a Source of Cyclical Processes'. This showed that it was possible for apparently cyclic behaviour to emerge as the result of random shocks to the economy if the latter were modelled using a stable stochastic difference equation with certain technical properties. This opened up a new approach to business cycle theory by hypothesising that the interaction of chance events could generate periodicity when none existed initially.Slutsky's later work was principally in probability theory and the theory of stochastic processes. He is generally credited for the result known as Slutsky's theorem. In 1928 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Bologna.
|
[
"Steklov Institute of Mathematics",
"Institute of Conjuncture",
"Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman"
] |
|
Which employer did Eugen Slutsky work for in Jul, 1943?
|
July 16, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Steklov Institute of Mathematics"
]
}
|
L2_Q709432_P108_3
|
Eugen Slutsky works for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1948.
Eugen Slutsky works for Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1926.
Eugen Slutsky works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1938.
Eugen Slutsky works for Institute of Conjuncture from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1930.
|
Eugen SlutskyEvgeny "Eugen" Evgenievich Slutsky (; – 10 March 1948) was a Russian and Soviet mathematical statistician, economist and political economist.He is principally known for work in deriving the relationships embodied in the very well known Slutsky equation which is widely used in microeconomic consumer theory for separating the substitution effect and the income effect of a price change on the total quantity of a good demanded following a price change in that good, or in a related good that may have a cross-price effect on the original good quantity. There are many Slutsky analogs in producer theory.He is less well known by Western economists than some of his contemporaries, due to his own changing intellectual interests as well as external factors forced upon him after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. His seminal paper in Economics, and some argue his last paper in Economics rather than probability theory, was published in 1915 ("Sulla teoria del bilancio del consumatore"). Paul Samuelson noted that until 1936, he had been entirely unaware of Slutsky's 1915 "masterpiece" due to World War I and the paper's Italian language publication. R. G. D. Allen did the most to propagate Slutsky's work on consumer theory in published papers in 1936 and 1950.Vincent Barnett argues:In the 1920s Slutsky turned to working on probability theory and stochastic processes, but in 1927 he published his second famous article on economic theory, 'The Summation of Random Causes as a Source of Cyclical Processes'. This showed that it was possible for apparently cyclic behaviour to emerge as the result of random shocks to the economy if the latter were modelled using a stable stochastic difference equation with certain technical properties. This opened up a new approach to business cycle theory by hypothesising that the interaction of chance events could generate periodicity when none existed initially.Slutsky's later work was principally in probability theory and the theory of stochastic processes. He is generally credited for the result known as Slutsky's theorem. In 1928 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Bologna.
|
[
"Institute of Conjuncture",
"Moscow State University",
"Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman"
] |
|
Which team did James McFadden play for in Oct, 2008?
|
October 11, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Scotland national football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q310700_P54_0
|
James McFadden plays for Sunderland A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
James McFadden plays for St Johnstone F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
James McFadden plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
James McFadden plays for Scotland national football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
James McFadden plays for Everton F.C from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
|
James McFaddenJames Henry McFadden (born 14 April 1983) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player who played as a forward.McFadden started his playing career with Motherwell, where he came to prominence in the 2002–03 season by scoring 19 goals and winning the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year award. Everton signed McFadden for £1.25 million in 2003. McFadden struggled to hold down a regular place in the Everton first-team and moved to Birmingham City for £5 million in January 2008. A serious injury meant that McFadden missed most of the 2010–11 season and the "Blues", who were relegated in his absence, decided not to renew his contract. McFadden signed again for the "Toffees" on a free transfer in October 2011, after regaining his fitness, and spent three months with Sunderland in 2012.Towards the end of his playing career, McFadden had two further spells at Motherwell, either side of a year at St Johnstone. During his third stint with Motherwell, McFadden also took on coaching duties. After a brief spell playing for Queen of the South, McFadden took a coaching position with the Scotland national team.McFadden was first capped by Scotland in 2002. His goal in a Euro 2008 qualification match on 12 September 2007 against France in the Parc des Princes, which gave Scotland a 1–0 win, is regarded as one of the team's most famous goals. McFadden played 48 times for Scotland, scoring 15 goals, in total. He was appointed to an assistant coach position with the Scotland national team in March 2018.McFadden was born and raised in Springburn, Glasgow. McFadden attended Turnbull High School in Bishopbriggs and joined the Motherwell youth system at a young age, making his first-team debut when he was 17 years old. McFadden came to greater prominence during the 2002–03 Scottish Premier League SPL season, scoring 19 goals from 34 starts and winning the Young Player of the Year Award.In this season Motherwell finished bottom of the SPL and should have been relegated but were given a reprieve due to First Division champions Falkirk not meeting stadium criteria.McFadden received some criticism for his lack of discipline, picking up fifteen yellow cards and one red during the campaign. McFadden's final game for Motherwell that season saw him score a hat-trick in a 6–2 defeat of Livingston at Fir Park.English Premier League club Everton signed McFadden in 2003 for £1.25 million. McFadden scored his debut goal for Everton during their 5–2 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 1 January 2005, more than a year after joining the club. One week later, he scored his second goal in a third-round FA Cup tie versus Plymouth Argyle.During the 2005–06 season, McFadden was in and out of the Everton team as they struggled to re-capture their form of the previous season. On 11 March 2006, he scored with a 35-yard volley to help Everton to a 3–1 victory over Fulham. This scoring run of form continued the next week versus Aston Villa, a half-volley from just outside the area helping the Toffees to a 4–1 victory and ended the season with seven goals.McFadden made an indifferent start to the 2006–07 season, following the arrival of record signing Andrew Johnson, managing only two goals in the first half of the campaign. On 24 January 2007, McFadden injured his fifth metatarsal during training for Everton. After nearly three months on the sidelines, he made a scoring return to action for Everton as a second-half substitute versus Charlton Athletic on 15 April 2007. McFadden scored a spectacular volley in injury time to secure a 2–1 win for the "Toffees", a goal later voted goal of the season by the readers of Sky Sports.In October 2007, McFadden scored a critical equalising goal in Everton's victory over Metalist Kharkiv in the UEFA Cup. He dedicated his goal against Middlesbrough on 2 January 2008 to the recently deceased Phil O'Donnell, by pointing to his black armband and then to the sky in tribute to the former Motherwell captain.On 18 January 2008, McFadden joined Birmingham City on a three-and-a-half-year deal, with an option for additional two years, for an initial fee of £5 million, potentially rising to £6m depending on appearances. McFadden's first goal arrived in his fourth game for the club, a penalty kick versus West Ham United at Upton Park, after he had been fouled by Lucas Neill. In his next match, at home to Arsenal, he scored from a 20-yard free kick before adding the equalising goal from the penalty spot in the last minute of stoppage time.McFadden scored Birmingham's first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season, a 92nd-minute penalty, to give the club a 1–0 home win against Portsmouth.McFadden suffered anterior cruciate ligament damage in August 2010. He returned to training in March, but suffered a setback which meant he could not play in the 2010–11 season. Following their relegation from the Premier League, Birmingham chose not to take up a two-year option on his contract but attempted to negotiate amended terms. No agreement was reached, and McFadden left Birmingham after his contract expired on 30 June 2011.After continuing to train with Birmingham over the summer to regain fitness while out of contract, McFadden had a successful trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers in September, but was unable to agree contract terms. In mid-October he was reported to be in talks with Celtic, but on 17 October, McFadden signed for Everton until the end of the 2011–12 season. McFadden played in a reserve team match the following day, his first appearance since a knee injury 13 months earlier and made his second debut for the first team on 5 November as an 81st-minute substitute in a 2–1 defeat away to Newcastle United. McFadden had to wait until April 2012 to make his first start, playing the first 64 minutes in a 4–0 league win over Sunderland but was released by the club at the end of the season, having played a total of eight first-team matches during his short return to Goodison Park.Again out of contract, McFadden trained with Motherwell during the 2012–13 pre-season, playing for the club in a testimonial match for Steven Hammell on 21 July 2012 against Everton. Contract speculation followed when Motherwell manager Stuart McCall made an approach to sign McFadden. However, the approach to sign McFadden was unsuccessful as no agreement could be met.In September 2012, McFadden undertook a trial with Sunderland. On 26 October, he joined Sunderland on a three-month contract that ended in January 2013. McFadden's debut was on 15 December 2012, in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford and his home debut was on 12 January 2013 in a 3–0 victory versus West Ham United.After failing to earn a new deal at Sunderland, McFadden again trained with former club Motherwell. On 18 February 2013, McFadden returned to Fir Park, signing on until the end of the season. McFadden made his first start on his return in a 2–1 win over Celtic. On Friday 15 March 2013, McFadden scored his first goal since returning in a 4–1 victory over Hibernian and also set up two goals during the match. McFadden's performance earned him the man-of-the-match award. McFadden then scored the late equaliser in a 2–2 draw versus St Mirren on 6 April 2013 and then on 5 May 2013, scored a brace despite losing 4–3 versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle. At the end of the 2012–13 season, although McFadden was offered a new contract his future still remained uncertain.At the start of pre-season training for the 2013–14 season, McFadden returned to the club and travelled with them to their training camp in Spain. In a 4–2 defeat versus Newcastle United in a friendly match, McFadden scored a penalty with an audacious chip down the centre of the goal, known as a Panenka. After the match, reports suggested that McFadden would remain at Motherwell on a one-year deal. On 19 July 2013, it was confirmed that McFadden had signed a new contract in a decision that he described as "straightforward".At the start of the 2013–14 season, McFadden started as a traditional right winger but soon afterwards his form and fitness slumped, having scored only once versus Livingston in the last sixteen of the Scottish League Cup. McFadden then suffered a back injury but returned soon after to score his first league goal of the season in a 5–1 win over Partick Thistle on 29 December 2013 and followed this up his second league goal in the next match, in a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone. After these two games, McFadden says his performance revived his form and he went on to score and provide three assists, on 1 March 2014 as Motherwell defeated Hearts. McFadden's fourth goal arrived on 22 March 2014 in a 2–1 victory over Ross County.At the end of the 2013–14 season, McFadden was released by the club after they decided not to extend his contract after citing a risk over McFadden's recurring injury problems, even though he had expressed his desire to sign a new contract two months previously.On 1 October 2014, McFadden signed for St Johnstone until the end of the 2014–15 season and had his debut on 4 October 2014 in a 2–1 defeat versus St Mirren. On 22 November 2014, McFadden scored his first goal for the Perth club in a 2–1 win versus Ross County. In May 2015, McFadden was released after only scoring one league goal during his season in Perthshire.As of September 2015, McFadden was training with Motherwell. Two months later, he entered negotiations to be the marquee player of Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters, after the departure of Carlos Marchena.On 18 December 2015, McFadden signed a short-term deal until the end of January 2016. That arrangement expired at the end of January, with McFadden expecting to move on to the USA. On 13 February, McFadden signed a new deal to stay to the end of the season. On 19 March, he was ruled out for the remainder of the 2015–16 season, after suffering a broken ankle in training. On 26 July 2016, Motherwell announced that McFadden had been appointed as the club's assistant-manager, whilst also continuing as a player until the summer of 2017.Nearly seventeen years after making his Motherwell debut, and nearly sixteen after scoring his first league goal, McFadden came on as a second-half substitute in Motherwell's final game of the 2016–17 season versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle and scored his final Motherwell goal in his final appearance. The match ended in a 3–2 win for the Scottish Highlands club. McFadden departed Motherwell at the end of the season, as their manager Stephen Robinson opted for a new coaching set-up.On 13 November 2019, it was announced that McFadden was to be inducted into the Motherwell Hall of Fame.On 8 September 2017, McFadden signed for Dumfries club Queen of the South on a short-term contract. McFadden departed Queens in January 2018, after 15 appearances for the club.McFadden gained his first Scotland cap at the age of 19 against South Africa on a Far East tour, at the end of which a night out drinking caused him to miss his flight home. Despite his domestic performances he became a regular in Berti Vogts' Scotland set-up, scoring his first goal against the Faroe Islands during a 3–1 win in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match at Hampden Park on 6 September 2003.McFadden's goal versus Netherlands in November 2003 gave Scotland a famous 1–0 victory, although they then lost 6–0 in Amsterdam and failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 2004. McFadden was part of the squad which went out to Japan in 2006 and won the Kirin Cup.In September 2007, during Scotland's dramatic but ultimately unsuccessful qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 2008, McFadden scored a long-range goal from 30 yards to secure a famous 1–0 win over France in Paris, securing Scotland's first win on French soil since 1950. He was on target again in the following game a month later, a 3–1 win over Ukraine at Hampden Park. He was unable to score in the last match of the campaign against Italy in November 2007 at Hampden, which Scotland lost 2–1.The winning goal in a September 2008 match against Iceland in the 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign, scored on the rebound after McFadden's penalty kick was saved, was initially credited to McFadden, but in the official match report was awarded to Barry Robson. The SFA lobbied on McFadden's behalf, and in March 2009, FIFA re-credited the goal to him.McFadden was substituted at half-time in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualification match against Liechtenstein in September 2010, and was criticised by manager Craig Levein after the game. McFadden suffered a serious injury soon afterwards. He criticised Levein in February 2012 for describing him as "lazy". In March 2013 new Scotland manager Gordon Strachan said that he would consider McFadden for selection, but noted that he needed to play regularly at club level, having not done so in the previous two seasons.Alex McLeish appointed McFadden to an assistant coaching position with the Scotland national team in March 2018. McLeish and his backroom staff, including McFadden, were fired on 18 April 2019.Birmingham CityScotlandIndividual
|
[
"Sunderland A.F.C.",
"St Johnstone F.C.",
"Everton F.C"
] |
|
Which team did James McFadden play for in Jan, 2008?
|
January 21, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Scotland national football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q310700_P54_1
|
James McFadden plays for Everton F.C from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
James McFadden plays for St Johnstone F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
James McFadden plays for Sunderland A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
James McFadden plays for Scotland national football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
James McFadden plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
|
James McFaddenJames Henry McFadden (born 14 April 1983) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player who played as a forward.McFadden started his playing career with Motherwell, where he came to prominence in the 2002–03 season by scoring 19 goals and winning the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year award. Everton signed McFadden for £1.25 million in 2003. McFadden struggled to hold down a regular place in the Everton first-team and moved to Birmingham City for £5 million in January 2008. A serious injury meant that McFadden missed most of the 2010–11 season and the "Blues", who were relegated in his absence, decided not to renew his contract. McFadden signed again for the "Toffees" on a free transfer in October 2011, after regaining his fitness, and spent three months with Sunderland in 2012.Towards the end of his playing career, McFadden had two further spells at Motherwell, either side of a year at St Johnstone. During his third stint with Motherwell, McFadden also took on coaching duties. After a brief spell playing for Queen of the South, McFadden took a coaching position with the Scotland national team.McFadden was first capped by Scotland in 2002. His goal in a Euro 2008 qualification match on 12 September 2007 against France in the Parc des Princes, which gave Scotland a 1–0 win, is regarded as one of the team's most famous goals. McFadden played 48 times for Scotland, scoring 15 goals, in total. He was appointed to an assistant coach position with the Scotland national team in March 2018.McFadden was born and raised in Springburn, Glasgow. McFadden attended Turnbull High School in Bishopbriggs and joined the Motherwell youth system at a young age, making his first-team debut when he was 17 years old. McFadden came to greater prominence during the 2002–03 Scottish Premier League SPL season, scoring 19 goals from 34 starts and winning the Young Player of the Year Award.In this season Motherwell finished bottom of the SPL and should have been relegated but were given a reprieve due to First Division champions Falkirk not meeting stadium criteria.McFadden received some criticism for his lack of discipline, picking up fifteen yellow cards and one red during the campaign. McFadden's final game for Motherwell that season saw him score a hat-trick in a 6–2 defeat of Livingston at Fir Park.English Premier League club Everton signed McFadden in 2003 for £1.25 million. McFadden scored his debut goal for Everton during their 5–2 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 1 January 2005, more than a year after joining the club. One week later, he scored his second goal in a third-round FA Cup tie versus Plymouth Argyle.During the 2005–06 season, McFadden was in and out of the Everton team as they struggled to re-capture their form of the previous season. On 11 March 2006, he scored with a 35-yard volley to help Everton to a 3–1 victory over Fulham. This scoring run of form continued the next week versus Aston Villa, a half-volley from just outside the area helping the Toffees to a 4–1 victory and ended the season with seven goals.McFadden made an indifferent start to the 2006–07 season, following the arrival of record signing Andrew Johnson, managing only two goals in the first half of the campaign. On 24 January 2007, McFadden injured his fifth metatarsal during training for Everton. After nearly three months on the sidelines, he made a scoring return to action for Everton as a second-half substitute versus Charlton Athletic on 15 April 2007. McFadden scored a spectacular volley in injury time to secure a 2–1 win for the "Toffees", a goal later voted goal of the season by the readers of Sky Sports.In October 2007, McFadden scored a critical equalising goal in Everton's victory over Metalist Kharkiv in the UEFA Cup. He dedicated his goal against Middlesbrough on 2 January 2008 to the recently deceased Phil O'Donnell, by pointing to his black armband and then to the sky in tribute to the former Motherwell captain.On 18 January 2008, McFadden joined Birmingham City on a three-and-a-half-year deal, with an option for additional two years, for an initial fee of £5 million, potentially rising to £6m depending on appearances. McFadden's first goal arrived in his fourth game for the club, a penalty kick versus West Ham United at Upton Park, after he had been fouled by Lucas Neill. In his next match, at home to Arsenal, he scored from a 20-yard free kick before adding the equalising goal from the penalty spot in the last minute of stoppage time.McFadden scored Birmingham's first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season, a 92nd-minute penalty, to give the club a 1–0 home win against Portsmouth.McFadden suffered anterior cruciate ligament damage in August 2010. He returned to training in March, but suffered a setback which meant he could not play in the 2010–11 season. Following their relegation from the Premier League, Birmingham chose not to take up a two-year option on his contract but attempted to negotiate amended terms. No agreement was reached, and McFadden left Birmingham after his contract expired on 30 June 2011.After continuing to train with Birmingham over the summer to regain fitness while out of contract, McFadden had a successful trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers in September, but was unable to agree contract terms. In mid-October he was reported to be in talks with Celtic, but on 17 October, McFadden signed for Everton until the end of the 2011–12 season. McFadden played in a reserve team match the following day, his first appearance since a knee injury 13 months earlier and made his second debut for the first team on 5 November as an 81st-minute substitute in a 2–1 defeat away to Newcastle United. McFadden had to wait until April 2012 to make his first start, playing the first 64 minutes in a 4–0 league win over Sunderland but was released by the club at the end of the season, having played a total of eight first-team matches during his short return to Goodison Park.Again out of contract, McFadden trained with Motherwell during the 2012–13 pre-season, playing for the club in a testimonial match for Steven Hammell on 21 July 2012 against Everton. Contract speculation followed when Motherwell manager Stuart McCall made an approach to sign McFadden. However, the approach to sign McFadden was unsuccessful as no agreement could be met.In September 2012, McFadden undertook a trial with Sunderland. On 26 October, he joined Sunderland on a three-month contract that ended in January 2013. McFadden's debut was on 15 December 2012, in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford and his home debut was on 12 January 2013 in a 3–0 victory versus West Ham United.After failing to earn a new deal at Sunderland, McFadden again trained with former club Motherwell. On 18 February 2013, McFadden returned to Fir Park, signing on until the end of the season. McFadden made his first start on his return in a 2–1 win over Celtic. On Friday 15 March 2013, McFadden scored his first goal since returning in a 4–1 victory over Hibernian and also set up two goals during the match. McFadden's performance earned him the man-of-the-match award. McFadden then scored the late equaliser in a 2–2 draw versus St Mirren on 6 April 2013 and then on 5 May 2013, scored a brace despite losing 4–3 versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle. At the end of the 2012–13 season, although McFadden was offered a new contract his future still remained uncertain.At the start of pre-season training for the 2013–14 season, McFadden returned to the club and travelled with them to their training camp in Spain. In a 4–2 defeat versus Newcastle United in a friendly match, McFadden scored a penalty with an audacious chip down the centre of the goal, known as a Panenka. After the match, reports suggested that McFadden would remain at Motherwell on a one-year deal. On 19 July 2013, it was confirmed that McFadden had signed a new contract in a decision that he described as "straightforward".At the start of the 2013–14 season, McFadden started as a traditional right winger but soon afterwards his form and fitness slumped, having scored only once versus Livingston in the last sixteen of the Scottish League Cup. McFadden then suffered a back injury but returned soon after to score his first league goal of the season in a 5–1 win over Partick Thistle on 29 December 2013 and followed this up his second league goal in the next match, in a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone. After these two games, McFadden says his performance revived his form and he went on to score and provide three assists, on 1 March 2014 as Motherwell defeated Hearts. McFadden's fourth goal arrived on 22 March 2014 in a 2–1 victory over Ross County.At the end of the 2013–14 season, McFadden was released by the club after they decided not to extend his contract after citing a risk over McFadden's recurring injury problems, even though he had expressed his desire to sign a new contract two months previously.On 1 October 2014, McFadden signed for St Johnstone until the end of the 2014–15 season and had his debut on 4 October 2014 in a 2–1 defeat versus St Mirren. On 22 November 2014, McFadden scored his first goal for the Perth club in a 2–1 win versus Ross County. In May 2015, McFadden was released after only scoring one league goal during his season in Perthshire.As of September 2015, McFadden was training with Motherwell. Two months later, he entered negotiations to be the marquee player of Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters, after the departure of Carlos Marchena.On 18 December 2015, McFadden signed a short-term deal until the end of January 2016. That arrangement expired at the end of January, with McFadden expecting to move on to the USA. On 13 February, McFadden signed a new deal to stay to the end of the season. On 19 March, he was ruled out for the remainder of the 2015–16 season, after suffering a broken ankle in training. On 26 July 2016, Motherwell announced that McFadden had been appointed as the club's assistant-manager, whilst also continuing as a player until the summer of 2017.Nearly seventeen years after making his Motherwell debut, and nearly sixteen after scoring his first league goal, McFadden came on as a second-half substitute in Motherwell's final game of the 2016–17 season versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle and scored his final Motherwell goal in his final appearance. The match ended in a 3–2 win for the Scottish Highlands club. McFadden departed Motherwell at the end of the season, as their manager Stephen Robinson opted for a new coaching set-up.On 13 November 2019, it was announced that McFadden was to be inducted into the Motherwell Hall of Fame.On 8 September 2017, McFadden signed for Dumfries club Queen of the South on a short-term contract. McFadden departed Queens in January 2018, after 15 appearances for the club.McFadden gained his first Scotland cap at the age of 19 against South Africa on a Far East tour, at the end of which a night out drinking caused him to miss his flight home. Despite his domestic performances he became a regular in Berti Vogts' Scotland set-up, scoring his first goal against the Faroe Islands during a 3–1 win in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match at Hampden Park on 6 September 2003.McFadden's goal versus Netherlands in November 2003 gave Scotland a famous 1–0 victory, although they then lost 6–0 in Amsterdam and failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 2004. McFadden was part of the squad which went out to Japan in 2006 and won the Kirin Cup.In September 2007, during Scotland's dramatic but ultimately unsuccessful qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 2008, McFadden scored a long-range goal from 30 yards to secure a famous 1–0 win over France in Paris, securing Scotland's first win on French soil since 1950. He was on target again in the following game a month later, a 3–1 win over Ukraine at Hampden Park. He was unable to score in the last match of the campaign against Italy in November 2007 at Hampden, which Scotland lost 2–1.The winning goal in a September 2008 match against Iceland in the 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign, scored on the rebound after McFadden's penalty kick was saved, was initially credited to McFadden, but in the official match report was awarded to Barry Robson. The SFA lobbied on McFadden's behalf, and in March 2009, FIFA re-credited the goal to him.McFadden was substituted at half-time in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualification match against Liechtenstein in September 2010, and was criticised by manager Craig Levein after the game. McFadden suffered a serious injury soon afterwards. He criticised Levein in February 2012 for describing him as "lazy". In March 2013 new Scotland manager Gordon Strachan said that he would consider McFadden for selection, but noted that he needed to play regularly at club level, having not done so in the previous two seasons.Alex McLeish appointed McFadden to an assistant coaching position with the Scotland national team in March 2018. McLeish and his backroom staff, including McFadden, were fired on 18 April 2019.Birmingham CityScotlandIndividual
|
[
"Sunderland A.F.C.",
"St Johnstone F.C.",
"Everton F.C"
] |
|
Which team did James McFadden play for in May, 2011?
|
May 27, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Everton F.C"
]
}
|
L2_Q310700_P54_2
|
James McFadden plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
James McFadden plays for Everton F.C from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
James McFadden plays for Sunderland A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
James McFadden plays for St Johnstone F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
James McFadden plays for Scotland national football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
|
James McFaddenJames Henry McFadden (born 14 April 1983) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player who played as a forward.McFadden started his playing career with Motherwell, where he came to prominence in the 2002–03 season by scoring 19 goals and winning the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year award. Everton signed McFadden for £1.25 million in 2003. McFadden struggled to hold down a regular place in the Everton first-team and moved to Birmingham City for £5 million in January 2008. A serious injury meant that McFadden missed most of the 2010–11 season and the "Blues", who were relegated in his absence, decided not to renew his contract. McFadden signed again for the "Toffees" on a free transfer in October 2011, after regaining his fitness, and spent three months with Sunderland in 2012.Towards the end of his playing career, McFadden had two further spells at Motherwell, either side of a year at St Johnstone. During his third stint with Motherwell, McFadden also took on coaching duties. After a brief spell playing for Queen of the South, McFadden took a coaching position with the Scotland national team.McFadden was first capped by Scotland in 2002. His goal in a Euro 2008 qualification match on 12 September 2007 against France in the Parc des Princes, which gave Scotland a 1–0 win, is regarded as one of the team's most famous goals. McFadden played 48 times for Scotland, scoring 15 goals, in total. He was appointed to an assistant coach position with the Scotland national team in March 2018.McFadden was born and raised in Springburn, Glasgow. McFadden attended Turnbull High School in Bishopbriggs and joined the Motherwell youth system at a young age, making his first-team debut when he was 17 years old. McFadden came to greater prominence during the 2002–03 Scottish Premier League SPL season, scoring 19 goals from 34 starts and winning the Young Player of the Year Award.In this season Motherwell finished bottom of the SPL and should have been relegated but were given a reprieve due to First Division champions Falkirk not meeting stadium criteria.McFadden received some criticism for his lack of discipline, picking up fifteen yellow cards and one red during the campaign. McFadden's final game for Motherwell that season saw him score a hat-trick in a 6–2 defeat of Livingston at Fir Park.English Premier League club Everton signed McFadden in 2003 for £1.25 million. McFadden scored his debut goal for Everton during their 5–2 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 1 January 2005, more than a year after joining the club. One week later, he scored his second goal in a third-round FA Cup tie versus Plymouth Argyle.During the 2005–06 season, McFadden was in and out of the Everton team as they struggled to re-capture their form of the previous season. On 11 March 2006, he scored with a 35-yard volley to help Everton to a 3–1 victory over Fulham. This scoring run of form continued the next week versus Aston Villa, a half-volley from just outside the area helping the Toffees to a 4–1 victory and ended the season with seven goals.McFadden made an indifferent start to the 2006–07 season, following the arrival of record signing Andrew Johnson, managing only two goals in the first half of the campaign. On 24 January 2007, McFadden injured his fifth metatarsal during training for Everton. After nearly three months on the sidelines, he made a scoring return to action for Everton as a second-half substitute versus Charlton Athletic on 15 April 2007. McFadden scored a spectacular volley in injury time to secure a 2–1 win for the "Toffees", a goal later voted goal of the season by the readers of Sky Sports.In October 2007, McFadden scored a critical equalising goal in Everton's victory over Metalist Kharkiv in the UEFA Cup. He dedicated his goal against Middlesbrough on 2 January 2008 to the recently deceased Phil O'Donnell, by pointing to his black armband and then to the sky in tribute to the former Motherwell captain.On 18 January 2008, McFadden joined Birmingham City on a three-and-a-half-year deal, with an option for additional two years, for an initial fee of £5 million, potentially rising to £6m depending on appearances. McFadden's first goal arrived in his fourth game for the club, a penalty kick versus West Ham United at Upton Park, after he had been fouled by Lucas Neill. In his next match, at home to Arsenal, he scored from a 20-yard free kick before adding the equalising goal from the penalty spot in the last minute of stoppage time.McFadden scored Birmingham's first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season, a 92nd-minute penalty, to give the club a 1–0 home win against Portsmouth.McFadden suffered anterior cruciate ligament damage in August 2010. He returned to training in March, but suffered a setback which meant he could not play in the 2010–11 season. Following their relegation from the Premier League, Birmingham chose not to take up a two-year option on his contract but attempted to negotiate amended terms. No agreement was reached, and McFadden left Birmingham after his contract expired on 30 June 2011.After continuing to train with Birmingham over the summer to regain fitness while out of contract, McFadden had a successful trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers in September, but was unable to agree contract terms. In mid-October he was reported to be in talks with Celtic, but on 17 October, McFadden signed for Everton until the end of the 2011–12 season. McFadden played in a reserve team match the following day, his first appearance since a knee injury 13 months earlier and made his second debut for the first team on 5 November as an 81st-minute substitute in a 2–1 defeat away to Newcastle United. McFadden had to wait until April 2012 to make his first start, playing the first 64 minutes in a 4–0 league win over Sunderland but was released by the club at the end of the season, having played a total of eight first-team matches during his short return to Goodison Park.Again out of contract, McFadden trained with Motherwell during the 2012–13 pre-season, playing for the club in a testimonial match for Steven Hammell on 21 July 2012 against Everton. Contract speculation followed when Motherwell manager Stuart McCall made an approach to sign McFadden. However, the approach to sign McFadden was unsuccessful as no agreement could be met.In September 2012, McFadden undertook a trial with Sunderland. On 26 October, he joined Sunderland on a three-month contract that ended in January 2013. McFadden's debut was on 15 December 2012, in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford and his home debut was on 12 January 2013 in a 3–0 victory versus West Ham United.After failing to earn a new deal at Sunderland, McFadden again trained with former club Motherwell. On 18 February 2013, McFadden returned to Fir Park, signing on until the end of the season. McFadden made his first start on his return in a 2–1 win over Celtic. On Friday 15 March 2013, McFadden scored his first goal since returning in a 4–1 victory over Hibernian and also set up two goals during the match. McFadden's performance earned him the man-of-the-match award. McFadden then scored the late equaliser in a 2–2 draw versus St Mirren on 6 April 2013 and then on 5 May 2013, scored a brace despite losing 4–3 versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle. At the end of the 2012–13 season, although McFadden was offered a new contract his future still remained uncertain.At the start of pre-season training for the 2013–14 season, McFadden returned to the club and travelled with them to their training camp in Spain. In a 4–2 defeat versus Newcastle United in a friendly match, McFadden scored a penalty with an audacious chip down the centre of the goal, known as a Panenka. After the match, reports suggested that McFadden would remain at Motherwell on a one-year deal. On 19 July 2013, it was confirmed that McFadden had signed a new contract in a decision that he described as "straightforward".At the start of the 2013–14 season, McFadden started as a traditional right winger but soon afterwards his form and fitness slumped, having scored only once versus Livingston in the last sixteen of the Scottish League Cup. McFadden then suffered a back injury but returned soon after to score his first league goal of the season in a 5–1 win over Partick Thistle on 29 December 2013 and followed this up his second league goal in the next match, in a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone. After these two games, McFadden says his performance revived his form and he went on to score and provide three assists, on 1 March 2014 as Motherwell defeated Hearts. McFadden's fourth goal arrived on 22 March 2014 in a 2–1 victory over Ross County.At the end of the 2013–14 season, McFadden was released by the club after they decided not to extend his contract after citing a risk over McFadden's recurring injury problems, even though he had expressed his desire to sign a new contract two months previously.On 1 October 2014, McFadden signed for St Johnstone until the end of the 2014–15 season and had his debut on 4 October 2014 in a 2–1 defeat versus St Mirren. On 22 November 2014, McFadden scored his first goal for the Perth club in a 2–1 win versus Ross County. In May 2015, McFadden was released after only scoring one league goal during his season in Perthshire.As of September 2015, McFadden was training with Motherwell. Two months later, he entered negotiations to be the marquee player of Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters, after the departure of Carlos Marchena.On 18 December 2015, McFadden signed a short-term deal until the end of January 2016. That arrangement expired at the end of January, with McFadden expecting to move on to the USA. On 13 February, McFadden signed a new deal to stay to the end of the season. On 19 March, he was ruled out for the remainder of the 2015–16 season, after suffering a broken ankle in training. On 26 July 2016, Motherwell announced that McFadden had been appointed as the club's assistant-manager, whilst also continuing as a player until the summer of 2017.Nearly seventeen years after making his Motherwell debut, and nearly sixteen after scoring his first league goal, McFadden came on as a second-half substitute in Motherwell's final game of the 2016–17 season versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle and scored his final Motherwell goal in his final appearance. The match ended in a 3–2 win for the Scottish Highlands club. McFadden departed Motherwell at the end of the season, as their manager Stephen Robinson opted for a new coaching set-up.On 13 November 2019, it was announced that McFadden was to be inducted into the Motherwell Hall of Fame.On 8 September 2017, McFadden signed for Dumfries club Queen of the South on a short-term contract. McFadden departed Queens in January 2018, after 15 appearances for the club.McFadden gained his first Scotland cap at the age of 19 against South Africa on a Far East tour, at the end of which a night out drinking caused him to miss his flight home. Despite his domestic performances he became a regular in Berti Vogts' Scotland set-up, scoring his first goal against the Faroe Islands during a 3–1 win in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match at Hampden Park on 6 September 2003.McFadden's goal versus Netherlands in November 2003 gave Scotland a famous 1–0 victory, although they then lost 6–0 in Amsterdam and failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 2004. McFadden was part of the squad which went out to Japan in 2006 and won the Kirin Cup.In September 2007, during Scotland's dramatic but ultimately unsuccessful qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 2008, McFadden scored a long-range goal from 30 yards to secure a famous 1–0 win over France in Paris, securing Scotland's first win on French soil since 1950. He was on target again in the following game a month later, a 3–1 win over Ukraine at Hampden Park. He was unable to score in the last match of the campaign against Italy in November 2007 at Hampden, which Scotland lost 2–1.The winning goal in a September 2008 match against Iceland in the 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign, scored on the rebound after McFadden's penalty kick was saved, was initially credited to McFadden, but in the official match report was awarded to Barry Robson. The SFA lobbied on McFadden's behalf, and in March 2009, FIFA re-credited the goal to him.McFadden was substituted at half-time in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualification match against Liechtenstein in September 2010, and was criticised by manager Craig Levein after the game. McFadden suffered a serious injury soon afterwards. He criticised Levein in February 2012 for describing him as "lazy". In March 2013 new Scotland manager Gordon Strachan said that he would consider McFadden for selection, but noted that he needed to play regularly at club level, having not done so in the previous two seasons.Alex McLeish appointed McFadden to an assistant coaching position with the Scotland national team in March 2018. McLeish and his backroom staff, including McFadden, were fired on 18 April 2019.Birmingham CityScotlandIndividual
|
[
"Sunderland A.F.C.",
"Scotland national football team",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"St Johnstone F.C."
] |
|
Which team did James McFadden play for in Jun, 2012?
|
June 09, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Sunderland A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q310700_P54_3
|
James McFadden plays for Scotland national football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
James McFadden plays for Sunderland A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
James McFadden plays for Everton F.C from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
James McFadden plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
James McFadden plays for St Johnstone F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
|
James McFaddenJames Henry McFadden (born 14 April 1983) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player who played as a forward.McFadden started his playing career with Motherwell, where he came to prominence in the 2002–03 season by scoring 19 goals and winning the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year award. Everton signed McFadden for £1.25 million in 2003. McFadden struggled to hold down a regular place in the Everton first-team and moved to Birmingham City for £5 million in January 2008. A serious injury meant that McFadden missed most of the 2010–11 season and the "Blues", who were relegated in his absence, decided not to renew his contract. McFadden signed again for the "Toffees" on a free transfer in October 2011, after regaining his fitness, and spent three months with Sunderland in 2012.Towards the end of his playing career, McFadden had two further spells at Motherwell, either side of a year at St Johnstone. During his third stint with Motherwell, McFadden also took on coaching duties. After a brief spell playing for Queen of the South, McFadden took a coaching position with the Scotland national team.McFadden was first capped by Scotland in 2002. His goal in a Euro 2008 qualification match on 12 September 2007 against France in the Parc des Princes, which gave Scotland a 1–0 win, is regarded as one of the team's most famous goals. McFadden played 48 times for Scotland, scoring 15 goals, in total. He was appointed to an assistant coach position with the Scotland national team in March 2018.McFadden was born and raised in Springburn, Glasgow. McFadden attended Turnbull High School in Bishopbriggs and joined the Motherwell youth system at a young age, making his first-team debut when he was 17 years old. McFadden came to greater prominence during the 2002–03 Scottish Premier League SPL season, scoring 19 goals from 34 starts and winning the Young Player of the Year Award.In this season Motherwell finished bottom of the SPL and should have been relegated but were given a reprieve due to First Division champions Falkirk not meeting stadium criteria.McFadden received some criticism for his lack of discipline, picking up fifteen yellow cards and one red during the campaign. McFadden's final game for Motherwell that season saw him score a hat-trick in a 6–2 defeat of Livingston at Fir Park.English Premier League club Everton signed McFadden in 2003 for £1.25 million. McFadden scored his debut goal for Everton during their 5–2 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 1 January 2005, more than a year after joining the club. One week later, he scored his second goal in a third-round FA Cup tie versus Plymouth Argyle.During the 2005–06 season, McFadden was in and out of the Everton team as they struggled to re-capture their form of the previous season. On 11 March 2006, he scored with a 35-yard volley to help Everton to a 3–1 victory over Fulham. This scoring run of form continued the next week versus Aston Villa, a half-volley from just outside the area helping the Toffees to a 4–1 victory and ended the season with seven goals.McFadden made an indifferent start to the 2006–07 season, following the arrival of record signing Andrew Johnson, managing only two goals in the first half of the campaign. On 24 January 2007, McFadden injured his fifth metatarsal during training for Everton. After nearly three months on the sidelines, he made a scoring return to action for Everton as a second-half substitute versus Charlton Athletic on 15 April 2007. McFadden scored a spectacular volley in injury time to secure a 2–1 win for the "Toffees", a goal later voted goal of the season by the readers of Sky Sports.In October 2007, McFadden scored a critical equalising goal in Everton's victory over Metalist Kharkiv in the UEFA Cup. He dedicated his goal against Middlesbrough on 2 January 2008 to the recently deceased Phil O'Donnell, by pointing to his black armband and then to the sky in tribute to the former Motherwell captain.On 18 January 2008, McFadden joined Birmingham City on a three-and-a-half-year deal, with an option for additional two years, for an initial fee of £5 million, potentially rising to £6m depending on appearances. McFadden's first goal arrived in his fourth game for the club, a penalty kick versus West Ham United at Upton Park, after he had been fouled by Lucas Neill. In his next match, at home to Arsenal, he scored from a 20-yard free kick before adding the equalising goal from the penalty spot in the last minute of stoppage time.McFadden scored Birmingham's first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season, a 92nd-minute penalty, to give the club a 1–0 home win against Portsmouth.McFadden suffered anterior cruciate ligament damage in August 2010. He returned to training in March, but suffered a setback which meant he could not play in the 2010–11 season. Following their relegation from the Premier League, Birmingham chose not to take up a two-year option on his contract but attempted to negotiate amended terms. No agreement was reached, and McFadden left Birmingham after his contract expired on 30 June 2011.After continuing to train with Birmingham over the summer to regain fitness while out of contract, McFadden had a successful trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers in September, but was unable to agree contract terms. In mid-October he was reported to be in talks with Celtic, but on 17 October, McFadden signed for Everton until the end of the 2011–12 season. McFadden played in a reserve team match the following day, his first appearance since a knee injury 13 months earlier and made his second debut for the first team on 5 November as an 81st-minute substitute in a 2–1 defeat away to Newcastle United. McFadden had to wait until April 2012 to make his first start, playing the first 64 minutes in a 4–0 league win over Sunderland but was released by the club at the end of the season, having played a total of eight first-team matches during his short return to Goodison Park.Again out of contract, McFadden trained with Motherwell during the 2012–13 pre-season, playing for the club in a testimonial match for Steven Hammell on 21 July 2012 against Everton. Contract speculation followed when Motherwell manager Stuart McCall made an approach to sign McFadden. However, the approach to sign McFadden was unsuccessful as no agreement could be met.In September 2012, McFadden undertook a trial with Sunderland. On 26 October, he joined Sunderland on a three-month contract that ended in January 2013. McFadden's debut was on 15 December 2012, in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford and his home debut was on 12 January 2013 in a 3–0 victory versus West Ham United.After failing to earn a new deal at Sunderland, McFadden again trained with former club Motherwell. On 18 February 2013, McFadden returned to Fir Park, signing on until the end of the season. McFadden made his first start on his return in a 2–1 win over Celtic. On Friday 15 March 2013, McFadden scored his first goal since returning in a 4–1 victory over Hibernian and also set up two goals during the match. McFadden's performance earned him the man-of-the-match award. McFadden then scored the late equaliser in a 2–2 draw versus St Mirren on 6 April 2013 and then on 5 May 2013, scored a brace despite losing 4–3 versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle. At the end of the 2012–13 season, although McFadden was offered a new contract his future still remained uncertain.At the start of pre-season training for the 2013–14 season, McFadden returned to the club and travelled with them to their training camp in Spain. In a 4–2 defeat versus Newcastle United in a friendly match, McFadden scored a penalty with an audacious chip down the centre of the goal, known as a Panenka. After the match, reports suggested that McFadden would remain at Motherwell on a one-year deal. On 19 July 2013, it was confirmed that McFadden had signed a new contract in a decision that he described as "straightforward".At the start of the 2013–14 season, McFadden started as a traditional right winger but soon afterwards his form and fitness slumped, having scored only once versus Livingston in the last sixteen of the Scottish League Cup. McFadden then suffered a back injury but returned soon after to score his first league goal of the season in a 5–1 win over Partick Thistle on 29 December 2013 and followed this up his second league goal in the next match, in a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone. After these two games, McFadden says his performance revived his form and he went on to score and provide three assists, on 1 March 2014 as Motherwell defeated Hearts. McFadden's fourth goal arrived on 22 March 2014 in a 2–1 victory over Ross County.At the end of the 2013–14 season, McFadden was released by the club after they decided not to extend his contract after citing a risk over McFadden's recurring injury problems, even though he had expressed his desire to sign a new contract two months previously.On 1 October 2014, McFadden signed for St Johnstone until the end of the 2014–15 season and had his debut on 4 October 2014 in a 2–1 defeat versus St Mirren. On 22 November 2014, McFadden scored his first goal for the Perth club in a 2–1 win versus Ross County. In May 2015, McFadden was released after only scoring one league goal during his season in Perthshire.As of September 2015, McFadden was training with Motherwell. Two months later, he entered negotiations to be the marquee player of Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters, after the departure of Carlos Marchena.On 18 December 2015, McFadden signed a short-term deal until the end of January 2016. That arrangement expired at the end of January, with McFadden expecting to move on to the USA. On 13 February, McFadden signed a new deal to stay to the end of the season. On 19 March, he was ruled out for the remainder of the 2015–16 season, after suffering a broken ankle in training. On 26 July 2016, Motherwell announced that McFadden had been appointed as the club's assistant-manager, whilst also continuing as a player until the summer of 2017.Nearly seventeen years after making his Motherwell debut, and nearly sixteen after scoring his first league goal, McFadden came on as a second-half substitute in Motherwell's final game of the 2016–17 season versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle and scored his final Motherwell goal in his final appearance. The match ended in a 3–2 win for the Scottish Highlands club. McFadden departed Motherwell at the end of the season, as their manager Stephen Robinson opted for a new coaching set-up.On 13 November 2019, it was announced that McFadden was to be inducted into the Motherwell Hall of Fame.On 8 September 2017, McFadden signed for Dumfries club Queen of the South on a short-term contract. McFadden departed Queens in January 2018, after 15 appearances for the club.McFadden gained his first Scotland cap at the age of 19 against South Africa on a Far East tour, at the end of which a night out drinking caused him to miss his flight home. Despite his domestic performances he became a regular in Berti Vogts' Scotland set-up, scoring his first goal against the Faroe Islands during a 3–1 win in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match at Hampden Park on 6 September 2003.McFadden's goal versus Netherlands in November 2003 gave Scotland a famous 1–0 victory, although they then lost 6–0 in Amsterdam and failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 2004. McFadden was part of the squad which went out to Japan in 2006 and won the Kirin Cup.In September 2007, during Scotland's dramatic but ultimately unsuccessful qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 2008, McFadden scored a long-range goal from 30 yards to secure a famous 1–0 win over France in Paris, securing Scotland's first win on French soil since 1950. He was on target again in the following game a month later, a 3–1 win over Ukraine at Hampden Park. He was unable to score in the last match of the campaign against Italy in November 2007 at Hampden, which Scotland lost 2–1.The winning goal in a September 2008 match against Iceland in the 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign, scored on the rebound after McFadden's penalty kick was saved, was initially credited to McFadden, but in the official match report was awarded to Barry Robson. The SFA lobbied on McFadden's behalf, and in March 2009, FIFA re-credited the goal to him.McFadden was substituted at half-time in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualification match against Liechtenstein in September 2010, and was criticised by manager Craig Levein after the game. McFadden suffered a serious injury soon afterwards. He criticised Levein in February 2012 for describing him as "lazy". In March 2013 new Scotland manager Gordon Strachan said that he would consider McFadden for selection, but noted that he needed to play regularly at club level, having not done so in the previous two seasons.Alex McLeish appointed McFadden to an assistant coaching position with the Scotland national team in March 2018. McLeish and his backroom staff, including McFadden, were fired on 18 April 2019.Birmingham CityScotlandIndividual
|
[
"St Johnstone F.C.",
"Scotland national football team",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Everton F.C"
] |
|
Which team did James McFadden play for in Jan, 2014?
|
January 03, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"St Johnstone F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q310700_P54_4
|
James McFadden plays for St Johnstone F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
James McFadden plays for Scotland national football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2010.
James McFadden plays for Everton F.C from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
James McFadden plays for Sunderland A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
James McFadden plays for Birmingham City F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
|
James McFaddenJames Henry McFadden (born 14 April 1983) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player who played as a forward.McFadden started his playing career with Motherwell, where he came to prominence in the 2002–03 season by scoring 19 goals and winning the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year award. Everton signed McFadden for £1.25 million in 2003. McFadden struggled to hold down a regular place in the Everton first-team and moved to Birmingham City for £5 million in January 2008. A serious injury meant that McFadden missed most of the 2010–11 season and the "Blues", who were relegated in his absence, decided not to renew his contract. McFadden signed again for the "Toffees" on a free transfer in October 2011, after regaining his fitness, and spent three months with Sunderland in 2012.Towards the end of his playing career, McFadden had two further spells at Motherwell, either side of a year at St Johnstone. During his third stint with Motherwell, McFadden also took on coaching duties. After a brief spell playing for Queen of the South, McFadden took a coaching position with the Scotland national team.McFadden was first capped by Scotland in 2002. His goal in a Euro 2008 qualification match on 12 September 2007 against France in the Parc des Princes, which gave Scotland a 1–0 win, is regarded as one of the team's most famous goals. McFadden played 48 times for Scotland, scoring 15 goals, in total. He was appointed to an assistant coach position with the Scotland national team in March 2018.McFadden was born and raised in Springburn, Glasgow. McFadden attended Turnbull High School in Bishopbriggs and joined the Motherwell youth system at a young age, making his first-team debut when he was 17 years old. McFadden came to greater prominence during the 2002–03 Scottish Premier League SPL season, scoring 19 goals from 34 starts and winning the Young Player of the Year Award.In this season Motherwell finished bottom of the SPL and should have been relegated but were given a reprieve due to First Division champions Falkirk not meeting stadium criteria.McFadden received some criticism for his lack of discipline, picking up fifteen yellow cards and one red during the campaign. McFadden's final game for Motherwell that season saw him score a hat-trick in a 6–2 defeat of Livingston at Fir Park.English Premier League club Everton signed McFadden in 2003 for £1.25 million. McFadden scored his debut goal for Everton during their 5–2 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 1 January 2005, more than a year after joining the club. One week later, he scored his second goal in a third-round FA Cup tie versus Plymouth Argyle.During the 2005–06 season, McFadden was in and out of the Everton team as they struggled to re-capture their form of the previous season. On 11 March 2006, he scored with a 35-yard volley to help Everton to a 3–1 victory over Fulham. This scoring run of form continued the next week versus Aston Villa, a half-volley from just outside the area helping the Toffees to a 4–1 victory and ended the season with seven goals.McFadden made an indifferent start to the 2006–07 season, following the arrival of record signing Andrew Johnson, managing only two goals in the first half of the campaign. On 24 January 2007, McFadden injured his fifth metatarsal during training for Everton. After nearly three months on the sidelines, he made a scoring return to action for Everton as a second-half substitute versus Charlton Athletic on 15 April 2007. McFadden scored a spectacular volley in injury time to secure a 2–1 win for the "Toffees", a goal later voted goal of the season by the readers of Sky Sports.In October 2007, McFadden scored a critical equalising goal in Everton's victory over Metalist Kharkiv in the UEFA Cup. He dedicated his goal against Middlesbrough on 2 January 2008 to the recently deceased Phil O'Donnell, by pointing to his black armband and then to the sky in tribute to the former Motherwell captain.On 18 January 2008, McFadden joined Birmingham City on a three-and-a-half-year deal, with an option for additional two years, for an initial fee of £5 million, potentially rising to £6m depending on appearances. McFadden's first goal arrived in his fourth game for the club, a penalty kick versus West Ham United at Upton Park, after he had been fouled by Lucas Neill. In his next match, at home to Arsenal, he scored from a 20-yard free kick before adding the equalising goal from the penalty spot in the last minute of stoppage time.McFadden scored Birmingham's first goal of the 2009–10 Premier League season, a 92nd-minute penalty, to give the club a 1–0 home win against Portsmouth.McFadden suffered anterior cruciate ligament damage in August 2010. He returned to training in March, but suffered a setback which meant he could not play in the 2010–11 season. Following their relegation from the Premier League, Birmingham chose not to take up a two-year option on his contract but attempted to negotiate amended terms. No agreement was reached, and McFadden left Birmingham after his contract expired on 30 June 2011.After continuing to train with Birmingham over the summer to regain fitness while out of contract, McFadden had a successful trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers in September, but was unable to agree contract terms. In mid-October he was reported to be in talks with Celtic, but on 17 October, McFadden signed for Everton until the end of the 2011–12 season. McFadden played in a reserve team match the following day, his first appearance since a knee injury 13 months earlier and made his second debut for the first team on 5 November as an 81st-minute substitute in a 2–1 defeat away to Newcastle United. McFadden had to wait until April 2012 to make his first start, playing the first 64 minutes in a 4–0 league win over Sunderland but was released by the club at the end of the season, having played a total of eight first-team matches during his short return to Goodison Park.Again out of contract, McFadden trained with Motherwell during the 2012–13 pre-season, playing for the club in a testimonial match for Steven Hammell on 21 July 2012 against Everton. Contract speculation followed when Motherwell manager Stuart McCall made an approach to sign McFadden. However, the approach to sign McFadden was unsuccessful as no agreement could be met.In September 2012, McFadden undertook a trial with Sunderland. On 26 October, he joined Sunderland on a three-month contract that ended in January 2013. McFadden's debut was on 15 December 2012, in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford and his home debut was on 12 January 2013 in a 3–0 victory versus West Ham United.After failing to earn a new deal at Sunderland, McFadden again trained with former club Motherwell. On 18 February 2013, McFadden returned to Fir Park, signing on until the end of the season. McFadden made his first start on his return in a 2–1 win over Celtic. On Friday 15 March 2013, McFadden scored his first goal since returning in a 4–1 victory over Hibernian and also set up two goals during the match. McFadden's performance earned him the man-of-the-match award. McFadden then scored the late equaliser in a 2–2 draw versus St Mirren on 6 April 2013 and then on 5 May 2013, scored a brace despite losing 4–3 versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle. At the end of the 2012–13 season, although McFadden was offered a new contract his future still remained uncertain.At the start of pre-season training for the 2013–14 season, McFadden returned to the club and travelled with them to their training camp in Spain. In a 4–2 defeat versus Newcastle United in a friendly match, McFadden scored a penalty with an audacious chip down the centre of the goal, known as a Panenka. After the match, reports suggested that McFadden would remain at Motherwell on a one-year deal. On 19 July 2013, it was confirmed that McFadden had signed a new contract in a decision that he described as "straightforward".At the start of the 2013–14 season, McFadden started as a traditional right winger but soon afterwards his form and fitness slumped, having scored only once versus Livingston in the last sixteen of the Scottish League Cup. McFadden then suffered a back injury but returned soon after to score his first league goal of the season in a 5–1 win over Partick Thistle on 29 December 2013 and followed this up his second league goal in the next match, in a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone. After these two games, McFadden says his performance revived his form and he went on to score and provide three assists, on 1 March 2014 as Motherwell defeated Hearts. McFadden's fourth goal arrived on 22 March 2014 in a 2–1 victory over Ross County.At the end of the 2013–14 season, McFadden was released by the club after they decided not to extend his contract after citing a risk over McFadden's recurring injury problems, even though he had expressed his desire to sign a new contract two months previously.On 1 October 2014, McFadden signed for St Johnstone until the end of the 2014–15 season and had his debut on 4 October 2014 in a 2–1 defeat versus St Mirren. On 22 November 2014, McFadden scored his first goal for the Perth club in a 2–1 win versus Ross County. In May 2015, McFadden was released after only scoring one league goal during his season in Perthshire.As of September 2015, McFadden was training with Motherwell. Two months later, he entered negotiations to be the marquee player of Indian Super League club Kerala Blasters, after the departure of Carlos Marchena.On 18 December 2015, McFadden signed a short-term deal until the end of January 2016. That arrangement expired at the end of January, with McFadden expecting to move on to the USA. On 13 February, McFadden signed a new deal to stay to the end of the season. On 19 March, he was ruled out for the remainder of the 2015–16 season, after suffering a broken ankle in training. On 26 July 2016, Motherwell announced that McFadden had been appointed as the club's assistant-manager, whilst also continuing as a player until the summer of 2017.Nearly seventeen years after making his Motherwell debut, and nearly sixteen after scoring his first league goal, McFadden came on as a second-half substitute in Motherwell's final game of the 2016–17 season versus Inverness Caledonian Thistle and scored his final Motherwell goal in his final appearance. The match ended in a 3–2 win for the Scottish Highlands club. McFadden departed Motherwell at the end of the season, as their manager Stephen Robinson opted for a new coaching set-up.On 13 November 2019, it was announced that McFadden was to be inducted into the Motherwell Hall of Fame.On 8 September 2017, McFadden signed for Dumfries club Queen of the South on a short-term contract. McFadden departed Queens in January 2018, after 15 appearances for the club.McFadden gained his first Scotland cap at the age of 19 against South Africa on a Far East tour, at the end of which a night out drinking caused him to miss his flight home. Despite his domestic performances he became a regular in Berti Vogts' Scotland set-up, scoring his first goal against the Faroe Islands during a 3–1 win in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match at Hampden Park on 6 September 2003.McFadden's goal versus Netherlands in November 2003 gave Scotland a famous 1–0 victory, although they then lost 6–0 in Amsterdam and failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 2004. McFadden was part of the squad which went out to Japan in 2006 and won the Kirin Cup.In September 2007, during Scotland's dramatic but ultimately unsuccessful qualifying campaign for UEFA Euro 2008, McFadden scored a long-range goal from 30 yards to secure a famous 1–0 win over France in Paris, securing Scotland's first win on French soil since 1950. He was on target again in the following game a month later, a 3–1 win over Ukraine at Hampden Park. He was unable to score in the last match of the campaign against Italy in November 2007 at Hampden, which Scotland lost 2–1.The winning goal in a September 2008 match against Iceland in the 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign, scored on the rebound after McFadden's penalty kick was saved, was initially credited to McFadden, but in the official match report was awarded to Barry Robson. The SFA lobbied on McFadden's behalf, and in March 2009, FIFA re-credited the goal to him.McFadden was substituted at half-time in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualification match against Liechtenstein in September 2010, and was criticised by manager Craig Levein after the game. McFadden suffered a serious injury soon afterwards. He criticised Levein in February 2012 for describing him as "lazy". In March 2013 new Scotland manager Gordon Strachan said that he would consider McFadden for selection, but noted that he needed to play regularly at club level, having not done so in the previous two seasons.Alex McLeish appointed McFadden to an assistant coaching position with the Scotland national team in March 2018. McLeish and his backroom staff, including McFadden, were fired on 18 April 2019.Birmingham CityScotlandIndividual
|
[
"Sunderland A.F.C.",
"Scotland national football team",
"Birmingham City F.C.",
"Everton F.C"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Jan, 2001?
|
January 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Gençlerbirliği S.K."
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_0
|
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Jan, 2002?
|
January 01, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_1
|
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC",
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC",
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Nov, 2002?
|
November 29, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Turkey national under-18 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_2
|
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Apr, 2003?
|
April 27, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_3
|
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Jan, 2005?
|
January 01, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Mardinspor"
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_4
|
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Aug, 2007?
|
August 19, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K."
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_5
|
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Apr, 2006?
|
April 09, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K."
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_6
|
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Jul, 2011?
|
July 24, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Fenerbahçe FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_7
|
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Kasımpaşa S.K.",
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team"
] |
|
Which team did Orhan Şam play for in Nov, 2015?
|
November 18, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Kasımpaşa S.K."
]
}
|
L2_Q442755_P54_8
|
Orhan Şam plays for Fenerbahçe FC from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
Orhan Şam plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Orhan Şam plays for Gençlerbirliği S.K. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Hacettepe S.K. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Orhan Şam plays for Mardinspor from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Orhan Şam plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Orhan ŞamOrhan Şam (born 1 June 1986) is a retired Turkish footballer who played as a right back or centre back.His professional football debut for Gençlerbirliği was on 25 May 2003 against Samsunspor. He played on loan contract with Hacettepe in 2005, Mardinspor in 2006 and Hacettepe again between 2006 and 2009. He captained Gençlerbirliği between 2009 and 2011.After Şam's successful season in 2010–11, he was transferred to Turkish champions Fenerbahçe for €3.5 on a four-year deal. Orhan get applause for his fight in Fenerbahçe. He played 20 matches in Fenerbahçe.
|
[
"Turkey national under-21 football team",
"Turkey national under-18 football team",
"Mardinspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Hacettepe S.K.",
"Gençlerbirliği S.K.",
"Turkey national under-19 football team",
"Fenerbahçe FC"
] |
|
Which position did José Pardo y Barreda hold in Apr, 1904?
|
April 13, 1904
|
{
"text": [
"President of the Council of Ministers of Peru",
"Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru"
]
}
|
L2_Q136632_P39_0
|
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of rector of the National University of San Marcos from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1915.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of the Council of Ministers of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of Peru from Aug, 1915 to Jul, 1919.
|
José Pardo y BarredaJosé Simón Pardo y Barreda (February 24, 1864 – August 3, 1947) was a Peruvian politician who served as the 42nd (1904–1908) and 46th (1915–1919) President of Peru.Born in Lima, Peru, he was the son of Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle, who had been the first civilian president of Peru (1872-1876) and the founder the Civilista Party; he is one of two second-generation Peruvian presidents (Manuel Prado, son of former dictator Mariano Ignacio Prado, is the other). His grandfather, Felipe Pardo y Aliaga (1806-1868), was a distinguished diplomat, writer and politician who was also Foreign Minister and Vice President of the Peruvian Council of State before, during and after the presidencies of Vivanco and Castilla.José Pardo headed the Civilista Party and was Foreign Minister under Eduardo López de Romaña and then Prime Minister (1903-1904) under Manuel Candamo. After Candamo's death, Serapio Calderón became the interim president and called for new elections. The Civilista Party named José Pardo as its candidate, while the Democratic Party presented the candidacy of Nicolás de Piérola, who retired early before the elections mentioning a "lack of guarantees." This fact led Pardo to become elected. Both his presidential terms were marked by liberal politics.His government was marked by pushing for better education for all Peruvians. The elementary education in Peru, according to the Law of 1876 proposed by his father, Manuel Pardo, was under the responsibility of the municipalities throughout the country. José Pardo, under his Secretary of Justice and instruction, decided to confront the problem.The law promulgated in 1905 reformed the education system to depend on the Central Government. It also called for primary education to be free and compulsory in far away places such as villages and mines, and that at least a small school for all children be located in any place with more than two hundred inhabitants. The "Escuela Normal de Varones" ("Normal school for males") was founded for the formation of male teachers, as well as the "Escuela Normal de Mujeres" ("Normal school for females").Pardo created a General Branch of Instruction to where inspectors in charge of the work of surveillance in the whole Republic depended. In the cultural field the following were established: The National Academy of History, the School of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes), the National Academy of Music, and the National Museum of History. The superior combat school was also founded to form major state officers.During his second government José Pardo confronted the consequences of the First World War, as well as the labor agitation for the obtainment of the "8 working hours" a day. It was finally granted on January 15, 1919.With barely a month before the end of his second term, he was ousted in a coup by Augusto B. Leguía. He spent the next eleven years in exile in the South of France, until his return to Lima. He died there in 1947.In 1900, Pardo married his first cousin, Carmen Heeren Barreda. The marriage produced seven children: Manuel, José (the Marquis of Fuente Hermosa de Miranda, until his death in 1999), Enrique, Carmen, Juan, Oscar and Felipe. The current Marquis, José Pardo Paredes (born 1947), is one of President Jose Pardo's grandchildren.
|
[
"rector of the National University of San Marcos",
"President of Peru"
] |
|
Which position did José Pardo y Barreda hold in Sep, 1903?
|
September 11, 1903
|
{
"text": [
"President of the Council of Ministers of Peru",
"Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru"
]
}
|
L2_Q136632_P39_1
|
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of the Council of Ministers of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of rector of the National University of San Marcos from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1915.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of Peru from Aug, 1915 to Jul, 1919.
|
José Pardo y BarredaJosé Simón Pardo y Barreda (February 24, 1864 – August 3, 1947) was a Peruvian politician who served as the 42nd (1904–1908) and 46th (1915–1919) President of Peru.Born in Lima, Peru, he was the son of Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle, who had been the first civilian president of Peru (1872-1876) and the founder the Civilista Party; he is one of two second-generation Peruvian presidents (Manuel Prado, son of former dictator Mariano Ignacio Prado, is the other). His grandfather, Felipe Pardo y Aliaga (1806-1868), was a distinguished diplomat, writer and politician who was also Foreign Minister and Vice President of the Peruvian Council of State before, during and after the presidencies of Vivanco and Castilla.José Pardo headed the Civilista Party and was Foreign Minister under Eduardo López de Romaña and then Prime Minister (1903-1904) under Manuel Candamo. After Candamo's death, Serapio Calderón became the interim president and called for new elections. The Civilista Party named José Pardo as its candidate, while the Democratic Party presented the candidacy of Nicolás de Piérola, who retired early before the elections mentioning a "lack of guarantees." This fact led Pardo to become elected. Both his presidential terms were marked by liberal politics.His government was marked by pushing for better education for all Peruvians. The elementary education in Peru, according to the Law of 1876 proposed by his father, Manuel Pardo, was under the responsibility of the municipalities throughout the country. José Pardo, under his Secretary of Justice and instruction, decided to confront the problem.The law promulgated in 1905 reformed the education system to depend on the Central Government. It also called for primary education to be free and compulsory in far away places such as villages and mines, and that at least a small school for all children be located in any place with more than two hundred inhabitants. The "Escuela Normal de Varones" ("Normal school for males") was founded for the formation of male teachers, as well as the "Escuela Normal de Mujeres" ("Normal school for females").Pardo created a General Branch of Instruction to where inspectors in charge of the work of surveillance in the whole Republic depended. In the cultural field the following were established: The National Academy of History, the School of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes), the National Academy of Music, and the National Museum of History. The superior combat school was also founded to form major state officers.During his second government José Pardo confronted the consequences of the First World War, as well as the labor agitation for the obtainment of the "8 working hours" a day. It was finally granted on January 15, 1919.With barely a month before the end of his second term, he was ousted in a coup by Augusto B. Leguía. He spent the next eleven years in exile in the South of France, until his return to Lima. He died there in 1947.In 1900, Pardo married his first cousin, Carmen Heeren Barreda. The marriage produced seven children: Manuel, José (the Marquis of Fuente Hermosa de Miranda, until his death in 1999), Enrique, Carmen, Juan, Oscar and Felipe. The current Marquis, José Pardo Paredes (born 1947), is one of President Jose Pardo's grandchildren.
|
[
"rector of the National University of San Marcos",
"President of Peru",
"rector of the National University of San Marcos",
"President of Peru"
] |
|
Which position did José Pardo y Barreda hold in Nov, 1914?
|
November 10, 1914
|
{
"text": [
"rector of the National University of San Marcos"
]
}
|
L2_Q136632_P39_2
|
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of the Council of Ministers of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of Peru from Aug, 1915 to Jul, 1919.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of rector of the National University of San Marcos from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1915.
|
José Pardo y BarredaJosé Simón Pardo y Barreda (February 24, 1864 – August 3, 1947) was a Peruvian politician who served as the 42nd (1904–1908) and 46th (1915–1919) President of Peru.Born in Lima, Peru, he was the son of Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle, who had been the first civilian president of Peru (1872-1876) and the founder the Civilista Party; he is one of two second-generation Peruvian presidents (Manuel Prado, son of former dictator Mariano Ignacio Prado, is the other). His grandfather, Felipe Pardo y Aliaga (1806-1868), was a distinguished diplomat, writer and politician who was also Foreign Minister and Vice President of the Peruvian Council of State before, during and after the presidencies of Vivanco and Castilla.José Pardo headed the Civilista Party and was Foreign Minister under Eduardo López de Romaña and then Prime Minister (1903-1904) under Manuel Candamo. After Candamo's death, Serapio Calderón became the interim president and called for new elections. The Civilista Party named José Pardo as its candidate, while the Democratic Party presented the candidacy of Nicolás de Piérola, who retired early before the elections mentioning a "lack of guarantees." This fact led Pardo to become elected. Both his presidential terms were marked by liberal politics.His government was marked by pushing for better education for all Peruvians. The elementary education in Peru, according to the Law of 1876 proposed by his father, Manuel Pardo, was under the responsibility of the municipalities throughout the country. José Pardo, under his Secretary of Justice and instruction, decided to confront the problem.The law promulgated in 1905 reformed the education system to depend on the Central Government. It also called for primary education to be free and compulsory in far away places such as villages and mines, and that at least a small school for all children be located in any place with more than two hundred inhabitants. The "Escuela Normal de Varones" ("Normal school for males") was founded for the formation of male teachers, as well as the "Escuela Normal de Mujeres" ("Normal school for females").Pardo created a General Branch of Instruction to where inspectors in charge of the work of surveillance in the whole Republic depended. In the cultural field the following were established: The National Academy of History, the School of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes), the National Academy of Music, and the National Museum of History. The superior combat school was also founded to form major state officers.During his second government José Pardo confronted the consequences of the First World War, as well as the labor agitation for the obtainment of the "8 working hours" a day. It was finally granted on January 15, 1919.With barely a month before the end of his second term, he was ousted in a coup by Augusto B. Leguía. He spent the next eleven years in exile in the South of France, until his return to Lima. He died there in 1947.In 1900, Pardo married his first cousin, Carmen Heeren Barreda. The marriage produced seven children: Manuel, José (the Marquis of Fuente Hermosa de Miranda, until his death in 1999), Enrique, Carmen, Juan, Oscar and Felipe. The current Marquis, José Pardo Paredes (born 1947), is one of President Jose Pardo's grandchildren.
|
[
"President of the Council of Ministers of Peru",
"Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru",
"President of Peru"
] |
|
Which position did José Pardo y Barreda hold in Aug, 1917?
|
August 15, 1917
|
{
"text": [
"President of Peru"
]
}
|
L2_Q136632_P39_3
|
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of Peru from Aug, 1915 to Jul, 1919.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of rector of the National University of San Marcos from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1915.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
José Pardo y Barreda holds the position of President of the Council of Ministers of Peru from Sep, 1903 to May, 1904.
|
José Pardo y BarredaJosé Simón Pardo y Barreda (February 24, 1864 – August 3, 1947) was a Peruvian politician who served as the 42nd (1904–1908) and 46th (1915–1919) President of Peru.Born in Lima, Peru, he was the son of Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle, who had been the first civilian president of Peru (1872-1876) and the founder the Civilista Party; he is one of two second-generation Peruvian presidents (Manuel Prado, son of former dictator Mariano Ignacio Prado, is the other). His grandfather, Felipe Pardo y Aliaga (1806-1868), was a distinguished diplomat, writer and politician who was also Foreign Minister and Vice President of the Peruvian Council of State before, during and after the presidencies of Vivanco and Castilla.José Pardo headed the Civilista Party and was Foreign Minister under Eduardo López de Romaña and then Prime Minister (1903-1904) under Manuel Candamo. After Candamo's death, Serapio Calderón became the interim president and called for new elections. The Civilista Party named José Pardo as its candidate, while the Democratic Party presented the candidacy of Nicolás de Piérola, who retired early before the elections mentioning a "lack of guarantees." This fact led Pardo to become elected. Both his presidential terms were marked by liberal politics.His government was marked by pushing for better education for all Peruvians. The elementary education in Peru, according to the Law of 1876 proposed by his father, Manuel Pardo, was under the responsibility of the municipalities throughout the country. José Pardo, under his Secretary of Justice and instruction, decided to confront the problem.The law promulgated in 1905 reformed the education system to depend on the Central Government. It also called for primary education to be free and compulsory in far away places such as villages and mines, and that at least a small school for all children be located in any place with more than two hundred inhabitants. The "Escuela Normal de Varones" ("Normal school for males") was founded for the formation of male teachers, as well as the "Escuela Normal de Mujeres" ("Normal school for females").Pardo created a General Branch of Instruction to where inspectors in charge of the work of surveillance in the whole Republic depended. In the cultural field the following were established: The National Academy of History, the School of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes), the National Academy of Music, and the National Museum of History. The superior combat school was also founded to form major state officers.During his second government José Pardo confronted the consequences of the First World War, as well as the labor agitation for the obtainment of the "8 working hours" a day. It was finally granted on January 15, 1919.With barely a month before the end of his second term, he was ousted in a coup by Augusto B. Leguía. He spent the next eleven years in exile in the South of France, until his return to Lima. He died there in 1947.In 1900, Pardo married his first cousin, Carmen Heeren Barreda. The marriage produced seven children: Manuel, José (the Marquis of Fuente Hermosa de Miranda, until his death in 1999), Enrique, Carmen, Juan, Oscar and Felipe. The current Marquis, José Pardo Paredes (born 1947), is one of President Jose Pardo's grandchildren.
|
[
"President of the Council of Ministers of Peru",
"rector of the National University of San Marcos",
"Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru"
] |
|
Who was the head of Malang in Jun, 2007?
|
June 14, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Peni Suparto"
]
}
|
L2_Q11445_P6_0
|
Sutiaji is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Peni Suparto is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2003 to Sep, 2013.
Muhammad Anton is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2013 to Feb, 2018.
|
MalangMalang (; ) is a city in the Indonesian province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census. Its metropolitan area is home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency). Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri, with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp. 44.30 trillion.The city is well known for its mild climate. During Dutch colonization, it was a popular destination for European residents. Even now, Malang still holds its position as a popular destination for international tourists. Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period. The existence of Dutch heritage in general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen cathedral which has gothic architecture. Malang also holds various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of them is Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. There's also a lot of historical heritage which has become a landmark like Tugu Malang ("Alun-alun Bundar"). This city is also well known because of its label as an educational city. It has one of the best universities in Indonesia such as Brawijaya University and Malang State University.Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and the world. The population of Malang reaches 895,387 people with a majority of Javanese, followed by the Madurese, and Chinese or "Peranakan". Malang extended urban area or notable known as "Malang Raya", is the second largest in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). From Javanese culture point of view, the majority of Malang people belongs to Arekan Javanese culture.Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis and since that time it has been marked by steady economic and population growth.The etymology of the name "Malang" is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words "Malangkuçeçwara" which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words was taken from an ancient term which mention a legendary temple called "Malangkuçeçwara" supposedly located near the city Malang. The word "Malangkuçeçwara" was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on the Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency. In the copper inscription, one part is written (with the following translation) as follows. Malang here refers to an eastern of Mount Kawi. Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since the 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory.The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara (). The sacred building is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram, namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD. Experts still have not obtained an agreement where the building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang where there is one of its peaks named "Malang". Others on the other hand suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which according to historians comes from the word Malangkuça () which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple which is the territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari.The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara () which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed the vanity".The second hypothesis refers to the story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces to Malang in 1614 led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked the halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from the arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of conquest as Malang.The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the South, Kawi, Butak, and Kelud in the West, Anjasmoro, and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the Northeast and North, and the Tengger Mountains Complex in East. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp. The swamps spread to create ancient lakes.When the ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to advanced stages of Hunting and Collecting Food. The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on the slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains.Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period, early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in the form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house, where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong, which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of the Homo sapiens.The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through the Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to the birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized Hindu kingdom in Malang. From the Dinoyo inscription, it is noted that the inscription used the ""Candra Sengkala"" or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760.Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of "Medang i Bhumi Mataram" (Ancient Mataram Kingdom or Medang) during the leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In the Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as "Rakryan Kanuruhan" (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a "watak" (region) that is on a level with the duchy or district (one level under the authority of the king). "Watak Kanuruhan" which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with "Watak Hujung" (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency) and "Watak Tugaran" (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several "wanua" (village level).When the capital Medang was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh (Jombang) areas during the reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for "sima" (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples.There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to the fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha (Kadiri) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala.Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala. In the Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati (""Panjalu Menang""), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under the authority of Panjalu.The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions a king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both the list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala. Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[...] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [...] Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in Sanskrit means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu.Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto, the location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from the Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya.The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined the political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok. He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja.During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of the strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple. Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw the light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari.During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun). Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition. Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri.Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang, Raden Wijaya, and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol. After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held the title of "Kertarajasa Jayawardhana" moved the center of power to the area he had built in the "Tarik" Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo). However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya.In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447), the Malang region is included in the "Bhumi" or the capital of empire. He is a "nagara" (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a "rajya" (governor) or "natha" (master) or "bhre" (nobleman / prince) —such as dukes.Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in the Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang. This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency). It was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called "Dusun Biru", Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency. It is called "kedung" (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to the recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons. The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency.For the context of pilgrimage, King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma the ancestors (Wangsa Rajasa). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang.The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of the objects of political conflict when the War of Paregreg erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because War Paregreg was won by King Wikramawardhana, Tumapel returned to Majapahit power.When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China (Ming Dynasty) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana (1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming Dynasty at Tumapel. This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in the Majapahit region. During the War of Paregreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming Dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit. However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke ("Bhre") of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD ) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel.Sengguruh is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII, Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh.According to "Babad ing Gresik" (Chronicles of Gresik), the kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions. In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted Islam and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made the Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River. With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan. In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition, the Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency.The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to the major port of Surabaya, made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes a functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network, further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated "gemeente" (city).During the Japanese population in Nusantara, Malang was also occupied by Japan. Imperial Japanese Army began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of the building. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to their functions. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru which was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops was converted into a Kempetai building.After Independence of Indonesia in 1945, Malang became part of the Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the Dutch East Indies. The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution.Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing.Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of . The city is bordered by Singosari and Districts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang Districts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji Districts on the south side; and Wagir and Dau Districts on the west side which are all districts of Malang Regency.The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry, the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for agriculture, the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and the western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area.Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in Java after Bengawan Solo, the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict.The city of Malang is located at a plateau. The city lies at an altitude between 440 and 667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area.The city of Malang is surrounded by mountains and mountain ranges. The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in the north; Mount Semeru to the east; Mount Kawi and Mount Butak in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption.The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate ("Am") as the climate precipitation throughout the year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate ("Cwb"). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 334 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October and November with average 24.3 °C, while the coolest month is July with average 22.4 °C.The city of Malang is currently led by Mayor Sutiaji, which will serve his term from 2018 to 2023. The city's legislative body, the Malang Regional People's Representative Council, has 45 seats, dominated by PDI Perjuangan (11 seats), PKB (6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. Malang is divided into five districts ("kecamatan"), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census.Malang municipality had a population of 843,810 at the 2020 Census, with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley, making it the province's second most populous city. However, the population growth is not very high, at roughly 1 percent a year.The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese, with small percentages of Madurese, Chinese and Arab descent. Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character.Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority Hindu-Buddhist kingdom like most of Java. Now a large majority of Malang residents are Muslims. There are small minorities of Catholics, Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists and Confucians.Many buildings of worship still stand from their construction in the colonial era. For example, the City of Malang Grand Mosque ("Masjid Agung Jami Kota Malang" — مسجد ملانغ الكبير) in Malang City Square ("Alun-alun Kota Malang"); the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ("Gereja Katolik Hati Kudus Yesus") in Kayutangan; Saint Mary from Mount Carmel Cathedral ("Gereja Ijen" or "Katedral Santa Maria dari Gunung Karmel") on Jalan Ijen, which is the seat for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malang; the Immanuel Protestant Church in Alun-alun; and Eng An Kiong Confucian Temple ("Klenteng Eng An Kiong" — 永安宮廟) in Jl. Laksamana Martadinata No. 1 Malang.Malang is famous for being a center of religious education. This is evident with the existence of many Islamic schools (madrasahs and "pesantren") and Christian bible seminaries. Malang has several convents and monasteries: Carmel Monastery, Ursuline Convent, Misericordia monastery, Monastery of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Brothers, Convent of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Monastery Mission Congregatio Brother, Brother Abbey Projo, Passionist Monastery, and several others.The Arekan dialect of the Javanese language is the day-to-day language used in Malang. Like those of Surabaya, citizens of Malang adopt an egalitarian form of Javanese. As becomes a center of educational, there are many languages from outside Java spoken in Malang.Many native Malang youths adopt a dialect that is called '"Boso Walikan"'. This is a form of language game that consists of reversing the pronunciation of the words, e.g. "Malang" becomes "Ngalam".Temporary residents in Malang are mostly there for educational reasons. They come from other islands, mainly in East and Central Indonesia, which includes Bali, Madura, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua, and Maluku. There are also a large number of students originating from Jakarta, West Java, Sumatra and Borneo.Malang has a developed and diverse economy and is also an economic area highlighted by the East Java Provincial Government. The gross regional domestic product (GRDP) of Malang reached 57,171.60 billion rupiahs with economic contribution of 3.06% to the GRDP of East Java; Malang became the city with the third largest GRDP in East Java and second-level region ("daerah tingkat II", includes regencies and cities) with the tenth largest GRDP in East Java. GRDP per capita of Malang City, which is 66,758,1 hundred thousand rupiahs is the sixth largest in East Java, after Pasuruan Regency. Malang has about 6,000 unemployed people with an open unemployment rate of 7.28%. The economy of Malang is supported by various sectors, including industry, services, trade, and tourism. Trade contributed the most, with 29.53% of the total GRDP of Malang City. Malang is also the home of one of the famous tobacco companies, namely Bentoel.Malang implements a system of creative economy. This can be proved by the high role of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the economy. The city government continues to encourage the development of MSMEs, among them by holding various expos and festivals. In addition to MSMEs, applications and digital games were made subsectors of the application of creative economy. Indirectly, this creative economy also increases the human development of Malang City.In 2016, the economy of Malang grew by 5.61%. This rapid economic growth is being boosted by tourism. In addition, rapid economic growth was contributed by MSMEs, industry and trade.Inflation in Malang is very low. In September 2017, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) noted that inflation in Malang was 0.05%. The underlying cause of inflation is the rise in the general consumer price index. Although low, Malang's inflation rate was once the highest in East Java, that is in July 2017 with inflation of 0.30%.There are 2,960 roads in Malang with a total length of . This count does not include provincial and state roads. In addition to being located at Indonesian National Route 23, which connects it to Gempol and Kepanjen, Malang is also connected to provincial roads linking regencies and cities in East Java. To increase connectivity in East Java, toll roads are being built, one of them is the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road. This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang. Now the toll has entered the construction phase.On 28 May 2006, a blow-out occurred during drilling for an exploration of natural gas in Porong, Sidoarjo Regency. The blow-out initially produced of mud flow per day. 18 months after the incident, the mudflow is estimated to be per day. This ongoing mudflow has forced the closure of the Porong-Gempol toll road in East Java, which effectively cut off the transport line from Surabaya to Malang. In mid-2015, a new highway — Gempol-Pandaan Toll Road — opened for the public to ease transport from Malang to Surabaya and Pasuruan to Surabaya, vice versa.The primary public transportation are microvans (most of them are Suzuki Carry), painted blue for legal public use. Those microvans are called "Angkot" both officially and casually (from Angkutan" = transportation and Kota" = city) but some locals prefer to call it by the name "Mikrolet". They are operated privately and cheap, around IDR 4,000 each boarding, but the angkots are usually cramped. The Department of Transportation of Malang operates angkots and school buses. Both services serve both the city centre and the suburbs. There are now 25 "angkot" routes in the city. The school buses began operating on 29 December 2014 and there are now six school buses with six routes. Malang has a large intercity bus terminal, Arjosari, located in Blimbing, North Malang. Gojek and Grab operate in Malang. A protest was held by angkot and taxi drivers opposing these companies on 20 February 2017, leading Gojek to close its office in Malang temporarily.According to INRIX, Malang is one of the most congested cities in the world with total time spent in a year in congestion of 39.3 hours (20% of total time). According to a Brawijaya University survey, 46.2% of city residents consider congestion in the city to be severe. This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists. The city government has tried to overcome it by planning the development of monorail and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that Malang is unable to build monorails and underpasses because it is very expensive.The Malang Station, located in the centre of Malang, is the main railway station of the city and serves 832,181 passengers with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day on the mudik of 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang and connects Malang with other major cities in Indonesia such as Surabaya, Bandung, and Jakarta. It is near Malang City Hall and some other governmental and primary public services. The station is frequently called as the Malang Kotabaru Station to distinguish it from Malang Kotalama Station which is located in Sukun, South Malang. There is also a small train station, Blimbing located in Blimbing, North Malang which is strategically located near five and four-star hotels and the city's business and commercial district.To ease commuters from Yogyakarta to Malang vice versa, on 20 May 2012 Malioboro Express (Moleks) has been operated.Previously, there was a tram system in Malang, but now it is defunct.Malang is served by 2 airports in the region. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport is located closer to the city center. This airport connects the city to domestic cities to Jakarta and Denpasar. The other airport is Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo Regency which is located 96 km from the city center and serves both International and Domestic flights. Both airports can be accessed by bus, taxis and travel cabs.Malang has a strong reputation throughout Indonesia as a center for higher education and learning. The following higher education institutions are located in the city:Public institutions:Private institutions:Malang also has two elementary schools, high schools and two international schools, Wesley International School and Bina Bangsa School Malang.Health services in the city are quite adequate. This is supported by the focus of the city budget carried out by the municipal government. In Malang, there are hundreds of hospitals, clinics, "Puskesmas" (community health centres), "Posyandu" (integrated health posts), and other health services. Provincial and municipal governments have hospitals in this city. The provincial government has a hospital of type A, the Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional General Hospital, while the city government has a smaller hospital, the Malang Regional General Hospital.Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital is the largest hospital in the city. The hospital is a referral hospital in southern East Java. Other public hospitals are the Malang City Hospital, Panti Nirmala Hospital, Lavalette Hospital, Hermina Tangkubanprahu Hospital, RSI Malang, and Persada Hospital.Malang has many teaching hospitals. Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital and University of Brawijaya Hospital accommodate by Faculty of Medicine of University of Brawijaya students. The University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital which accommodates Faculty of Medicine's students of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.As a center of tourism, Malang has various places of interest which can be classified into local, regional, national and international standards, including traditional dance performances such as "Tari Topeng" (Mask Dance), "Jaranan Pegon" (Divine Horse Dance), "Tari Beskalan" (Beskalan Dance), "Tari Bedayan Malang" (Welcome Guests Dance), and "Tari Grebeg Wiratama" (Soldier's Fame Dance). There is also "'Topeng"' or mask handicraft in the villages of Jabung and Kedungmonggo, which have become a familiar landmark in Malang Regency.Football is considered a second religion in Malang. The city is home to Arema FC, a popular football club in Indonesia which is also known in the AFC for its internationally acclaimed achievements.Malang is also home to a thriving transgender ("waria") community headed by Miss Waria Indonesia 2006, Merlyn Sopjan. Many warias work in entertainment industry, beauty salons or become prostitutes. However, they still face prejudice and they can't get many employment options.Because it has been inhabited since prehistoric, various prehistoric objects have been found in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people found mortar and dolmen. In addition, also found mortar and scratch stones in Tlogomas which are stored in the Mpu Purwa Museum. In addition, the relics of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom did not lose. There has been found a Shiva sect of Hindu worship in the days of Singhasari or Majapahit in the place near McDonald's restaurant in Dinoyo named the Ketawanggede Site.The most famous historical landmark is the relics of the Dutch era. There are historical objects such as ceramic paintings at Hotel Pelangi, Dutch heritage buildings on Jalan Ijen, and ancient buildings with colonial architecture style. The Jalan Ijen area is one of the legacies of architect Herman Thomas Karsten. The Dutch inherited utilities such as drainage. Small objects such as ancient Dutch guldier money were exhibited in 2013.As the main city in Indonesia, Malang is involved in various historical events that took place in Indonesia. To mark the event, various monuments and memorials were built that symbolized important historical events. Historic events, especially the struggle for independence which has the most monuments. These monuments include the Tugu Monument which signifies independence from the Dutch Empire; The TGP Monument (Army Genie Student) was built to commemorate the struggle of the TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Army of the Republic of Indonesia Student (TRIP), monument to the triumph of the heroes of the TRIP; The Fighting Monument '45 which signifies the collapse of occupation; The Monument of Hamid Rusdi in memory of Hamid Rusdi; General Sudirman Monument that commemorates the struggle of Commander Sudirman; KNIP Malang Monument, the historical monument of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP); and the Melati Monument (Suropati Cadet Monument), a monument to the awarding of emergency schools at the beginning of the formation of the People's Security Army (TKR).Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is the historic heritage of Indonesia, namely the MiG-17 Aircraft Monument with the NATO code "Fresco" located on Jalan Soekarno-Hatta. This monument is a symbol of the strength of the Air Force. This aircraft was used during the Trikora and Confrontation Operations. There is also the Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance to the northern side of Malang. In Malang there is also a national poet monument, Chairil Anwar, located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat. To symbolize Malang's contemporary history and identity, various monuments were built. Adipura Monument which is located on Jalan Semeru which signifies Adipura achievement by Malang. As "Bhumi Arema", there is the Singo Edan Monument located in Taman Bentoel Trunojoyo and the Arema Monument which is located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang people to their football club, Arema FC.Malang, which is a center of settlements since ancient times, has many historical relics ranging from prehistoric relics to the relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museums already exists to the sub-district level. Museums that store these relics include the Mpu Purwa Museum, a museum containing Hindu-Buddhist relics, Malang Tempo Dooe Museum, Malang historical museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the independence war museum. There is also a museum that leaves the historical heritage of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel Group and its founders.As one of the most important educational cities since the Dutch East Indies, Malang also has a lot of scientific heritage left behind by European and Indonesian scientists. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Brother Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of conological specimens and herpetology specimens.Malang is a city that has various types of traditional dance. According to the cultural area ("tlatah"), Malang belongs to the Arekan Culture. Thus, art dances in the city, especially dance art are more energetic, joyful, and straightforward. Malang dances vary, ranging from welcome dances, namely Beskalan dance, respect dance such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war. Although there are many dances besides these dances, the famous Malang dance is the famous Mask Dance. The dance is a dance art performance where all characters use masks. In general, dances often use banner stories, stories of classical Javanese land.In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most famous show is the Banteng show. This art developed in villages rooted in the history of Singhasari in the district. However, even some areas in the very modern city still have the Bantengan community. This art involves bull ancestors who were summoned by elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are local people who oppose it. Malangan Braiding Line is no less exciting. This show is an art performance that displays a group of people who are ready to act with a braid line (piggyback). Sometimes, Jaran Kapan dancers get tranced state.Malang is a famous culinary city at affordable prices. The number of cheap culinary is caused by many people are students from the rest of Indonesia. Dishes typical of Malang, Javanese cuisine, domestically Indonesia cuisine, Chinese cuisine, Indian cuisine, Arab cuisine and European cuisine in Malang. In regard to food, Malang is also known to have many "warung" that are quite legendary and have lasted for decades. These shops, among others, Toko Oen which was established in 1930; Warung Tahu Telur Lonceng which was established in the early 1900s until it was referred to as colonial-era food to millennials; and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket which was established in 1935.Culinary tourism in the city was mixed with the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. In the festival, a variety of ancient culinary offerings, ranging from cenil, putu, to grendul, were sold. Ancient snacks such as sugar cane, cotton candy, and miller crackers were also sold at the festival. Cotton candy is sold in various forms such as corn, dragons or flowers.Arema FC is the city's most widely supported football team and plays in the Indonesian top league, the 2017 Liga 1. Its home is Kanjuruhan Stadium, located in , Malang Regency. Arema FC has a loyal and large fanbase, those fans are called Aremania. There was also another football club, it goes by the name Persema Malang, now defunct.Malang also has a stadium in Klojen, Central Malang, it is known officially as Gajayana Stadium. Currently it is mostly used for major city events and athletics using its running track. There is also a swimming pool, tennis, basketball, badminton and weightlifting facilities near the stadium area as Central Sports Center. Another large sports center which goes by the name Rampal Sports Center is located near a military base in Kedungkandang, East Malang.The city is also home to the professional basketball team Bimasakti Nikko Steel Malang, which plays in the Indonesian Basketball League.According to research by The Clean Cities Air Partnership Program (CCAP), Malang is one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia. This achievement is one of the results of the community's commitment to continue to cultivate and beautify the city parks. Parks in Malang are known to be clean and have playing facilities so that Malang is considered to be a child-friendly city. The city government also created thematic parks, which helps the city to achieve the Best City Park in Indonesia award. Thematic parks can be found on the green way on Jalan Jakarta, namely the "Taman Kunang-Kunang" (Firefly Park).The biggest parks in Malang are the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Tugu Malang Monument). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Malang Regent's Office and is the oldest square built in 1882. Not only that, Merdeka Square also provides a children playground and a fountain. Tugu Square which is located right in front of the Malang City Hall is decorated by the Tugu Malang, fountains, flowers, ponds with lotuses, typical flowers of Malang, palm trees, and plastic lamps shaped like sunflowers. Although intended for aesthetic elements, the sunflower lights were protested by the local residents because they were considered to be environmentally unfriendly and did not look good.Some parks are the result of development from CSR funds. One of these is the Slamet Park which was built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima. Bentoel's CSR fund was also used to renovate that park and Taman Trunojoyo. One of the famous parks, the Singha Merjosari Park was also renovated with CSR funds. However, the CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies. CSR funds from educational institutions such as the Merdeka Education Foundation that manages the Merdeka Malang University have also provided CSR to revitalize the Dieng Canal Park.In the environmental field, Malang has won several awards including Adipura (given to the cleanest cities in Indonesia), Adiwiyata, and others. In addition, Malang is the city with the highest number of Adiwiyata schools in Indonesia, namely 173 schools from elementary to junior high schools. The Department of Environment of Malang City also received the 2017 Water Supply and Environmental Health ("Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan", AMPL) award from the Head of the National Development Planning Agency. AMPL was achieved by the city because the city was able to reduce solid waste in 2016 by 15.1% and the coverage of access to waste management was 74.8%. In 2017, the city won the Wahana Tata Nugraha award because it was able to transform the slum environment into a tourist attraction such as the Jodipan Tourism Village. The many awards obtained by the city also had an impact on the increase in Regional Incentive Funds ("Dana Insentif Daerah", DID) from 7.5 billion rupiahs in 2017 to 25.5 billion in 2018.The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. In achieving the Adipura Kencana, the education office held the Green School Festival (GSF) which was held annually in schools in the city. The method of implementing the GSF is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools. In addition, the Department of Housing and Settlements (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realising the importance of green open space, and also actively built parks in the city. The city of Malang also seeks to utilise additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalise city parks.
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[
"Sutiaji",
"Muhammad Anton"
] |
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Who was the head of Malang in Aug, 2017?
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August 27, 2017
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{
"text": [
"Muhammad Anton"
]
}
|
L2_Q11445_P6_1
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Sutiaji is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Muhammad Anton is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2013 to Feb, 2018.
Peni Suparto is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2003 to Sep, 2013.
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MalangMalang (; ) is a city in the Indonesian province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census. Its metropolitan area is home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency). Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri, with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp. 44.30 trillion.The city is well known for its mild climate. During Dutch colonization, it was a popular destination for European residents. Even now, Malang still holds its position as a popular destination for international tourists. Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period. The existence of Dutch heritage in general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen cathedral which has gothic architecture. Malang also holds various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of them is Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. There's also a lot of historical heritage which has become a landmark like Tugu Malang ("Alun-alun Bundar"). This city is also well known because of its label as an educational city. It has one of the best universities in Indonesia such as Brawijaya University and Malang State University.Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and the world. The population of Malang reaches 895,387 people with a majority of Javanese, followed by the Madurese, and Chinese or "Peranakan". Malang extended urban area or notable known as "Malang Raya", is the second largest in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). From Javanese culture point of view, the majority of Malang people belongs to Arekan Javanese culture.Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis and since that time it has been marked by steady economic and population growth.The etymology of the name "Malang" is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words "Malangkuçeçwara" which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words was taken from an ancient term which mention a legendary temple called "Malangkuçeçwara" supposedly located near the city Malang. The word "Malangkuçeçwara" was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on the Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency. In the copper inscription, one part is written (with the following translation) as follows. Malang here refers to an eastern of Mount Kawi. Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since the 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory.The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara (). The sacred building is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram, namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD. Experts still have not obtained an agreement where the building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang where there is one of its peaks named "Malang". Others on the other hand suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which according to historians comes from the word Malangkuça () which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple which is the territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari.The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara () which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed the vanity".The second hypothesis refers to the story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces to Malang in 1614 led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked the halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from the arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of conquest as Malang.The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the South, Kawi, Butak, and Kelud in the West, Anjasmoro, and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the Northeast and North, and the Tengger Mountains Complex in East. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp. The swamps spread to create ancient lakes.When the ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to advanced stages of Hunting and Collecting Food. The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on the slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains.Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period, early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in the form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house, where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong, which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of the Homo sapiens.The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through the Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to the birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized Hindu kingdom in Malang. From the Dinoyo inscription, it is noted that the inscription used the ""Candra Sengkala"" or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760.Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of "Medang i Bhumi Mataram" (Ancient Mataram Kingdom or Medang) during the leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In the Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as "Rakryan Kanuruhan" (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a "watak" (region) that is on a level with the duchy or district (one level under the authority of the king). "Watak Kanuruhan" which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with "Watak Hujung" (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency) and "Watak Tugaran" (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several "wanua" (village level).When the capital Medang was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh (Jombang) areas during the reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for "sima" (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples.There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to the fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha (Kadiri) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala.Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala. In the Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati (""Panjalu Menang""), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under the authority of Panjalu.The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions a king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both the list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala. Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[...] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [...] Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in Sanskrit means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu.Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto, the location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from the Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya.The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined the political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok. He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja.During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of the strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple. Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw the light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari.During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun). Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition. Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri.Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang, Raden Wijaya, and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol. After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held the title of "Kertarajasa Jayawardhana" moved the center of power to the area he had built in the "Tarik" Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo). However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya.In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447), the Malang region is included in the "Bhumi" or the capital of empire. He is a "nagara" (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a "rajya" (governor) or "natha" (master) or "bhre" (nobleman / prince) —such as dukes.Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in the Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang. This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency). It was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called "Dusun Biru", Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency. It is called "kedung" (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to the recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons. The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency.For the context of pilgrimage, King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma the ancestors (Wangsa Rajasa). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang.The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of the objects of political conflict when the War of Paregreg erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because War Paregreg was won by King Wikramawardhana, Tumapel returned to Majapahit power.When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China (Ming Dynasty) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana (1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming Dynasty at Tumapel. This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in the Majapahit region. During the War of Paregreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming Dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit. However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke ("Bhre") of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD ) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel.Sengguruh is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII, Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh.According to "Babad ing Gresik" (Chronicles of Gresik), the kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions. In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted Islam and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made the Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River. With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan. In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition, the Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency.The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to the major port of Surabaya, made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes a functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network, further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated "gemeente" (city).During the Japanese population in Nusantara, Malang was also occupied by Japan. Imperial Japanese Army began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of the building. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to their functions. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru which was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops was converted into a Kempetai building.After Independence of Indonesia in 1945, Malang became part of the Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the Dutch East Indies. The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution.Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing.Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of . The city is bordered by Singosari and Districts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang Districts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji Districts on the south side; and Wagir and Dau Districts on the west side which are all districts of Malang Regency.The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry, the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for agriculture, the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and the western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area.Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in Java after Bengawan Solo, the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict.The city of Malang is located at a plateau. The city lies at an altitude between 440 and 667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area.The city of Malang is surrounded by mountains and mountain ranges. The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in the north; Mount Semeru to the east; Mount Kawi and Mount Butak in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption.The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate ("Am") as the climate precipitation throughout the year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate ("Cwb"). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 334 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October and November with average 24.3 °C, while the coolest month is July with average 22.4 °C.The city of Malang is currently led by Mayor Sutiaji, which will serve his term from 2018 to 2023. The city's legislative body, the Malang Regional People's Representative Council, has 45 seats, dominated by PDI Perjuangan (11 seats), PKB (6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. Malang is divided into five districts ("kecamatan"), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census.Malang municipality had a population of 843,810 at the 2020 Census, with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley, making it the province's second most populous city. However, the population growth is not very high, at roughly 1 percent a year.The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese, with small percentages of Madurese, Chinese and Arab descent. Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character.Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority Hindu-Buddhist kingdom like most of Java. Now a large majority of Malang residents are Muslims. There are small minorities of Catholics, Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists and Confucians.Many buildings of worship still stand from their construction in the colonial era. For example, the City of Malang Grand Mosque ("Masjid Agung Jami Kota Malang" — مسجد ملانغ الكبير) in Malang City Square ("Alun-alun Kota Malang"); the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ("Gereja Katolik Hati Kudus Yesus") in Kayutangan; Saint Mary from Mount Carmel Cathedral ("Gereja Ijen" or "Katedral Santa Maria dari Gunung Karmel") on Jalan Ijen, which is the seat for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malang; the Immanuel Protestant Church in Alun-alun; and Eng An Kiong Confucian Temple ("Klenteng Eng An Kiong" — 永安宮廟) in Jl. Laksamana Martadinata No. 1 Malang.Malang is famous for being a center of religious education. This is evident with the existence of many Islamic schools (madrasahs and "pesantren") and Christian bible seminaries. Malang has several convents and monasteries: Carmel Monastery, Ursuline Convent, Misericordia monastery, Monastery of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Brothers, Convent of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Monastery Mission Congregatio Brother, Brother Abbey Projo, Passionist Monastery, and several others.The Arekan dialect of the Javanese language is the day-to-day language used in Malang. Like those of Surabaya, citizens of Malang adopt an egalitarian form of Javanese. As becomes a center of educational, there are many languages from outside Java spoken in Malang.Many native Malang youths adopt a dialect that is called '"Boso Walikan"'. This is a form of language game that consists of reversing the pronunciation of the words, e.g. "Malang" becomes "Ngalam".Temporary residents in Malang are mostly there for educational reasons. They come from other islands, mainly in East and Central Indonesia, which includes Bali, Madura, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua, and Maluku. There are also a large number of students originating from Jakarta, West Java, Sumatra and Borneo.Malang has a developed and diverse economy and is also an economic area highlighted by the East Java Provincial Government. The gross regional domestic product (GRDP) of Malang reached 57,171.60 billion rupiahs with economic contribution of 3.06% to the GRDP of East Java; Malang became the city with the third largest GRDP in East Java and second-level region ("daerah tingkat II", includes regencies and cities) with the tenth largest GRDP in East Java. GRDP per capita of Malang City, which is 66,758,1 hundred thousand rupiahs is the sixth largest in East Java, after Pasuruan Regency. Malang has about 6,000 unemployed people with an open unemployment rate of 7.28%. The economy of Malang is supported by various sectors, including industry, services, trade, and tourism. Trade contributed the most, with 29.53% of the total GRDP of Malang City. Malang is also the home of one of the famous tobacco companies, namely Bentoel.Malang implements a system of creative economy. This can be proved by the high role of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the economy. The city government continues to encourage the development of MSMEs, among them by holding various expos and festivals. In addition to MSMEs, applications and digital games were made subsectors of the application of creative economy. Indirectly, this creative economy also increases the human development of Malang City.In 2016, the economy of Malang grew by 5.61%. This rapid economic growth is being boosted by tourism. In addition, rapid economic growth was contributed by MSMEs, industry and trade.Inflation in Malang is very low. In September 2017, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) noted that inflation in Malang was 0.05%. The underlying cause of inflation is the rise in the general consumer price index. Although low, Malang's inflation rate was once the highest in East Java, that is in July 2017 with inflation of 0.30%.There are 2,960 roads in Malang with a total length of . This count does not include provincial and state roads. In addition to being located at Indonesian National Route 23, which connects it to Gempol and Kepanjen, Malang is also connected to provincial roads linking regencies and cities in East Java. To increase connectivity in East Java, toll roads are being built, one of them is the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road. This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang. Now the toll has entered the construction phase.On 28 May 2006, a blow-out occurred during drilling for an exploration of natural gas in Porong, Sidoarjo Regency. The blow-out initially produced of mud flow per day. 18 months after the incident, the mudflow is estimated to be per day. This ongoing mudflow has forced the closure of the Porong-Gempol toll road in East Java, which effectively cut off the transport line from Surabaya to Malang. In mid-2015, a new highway — Gempol-Pandaan Toll Road — opened for the public to ease transport from Malang to Surabaya and Pasuruan to Surabaya, vice versa.The primary public transportation are microvans (most of them are Suzuki Carry), painted blue for legal public use. Those microvans are called "Angkot" both officially and casually (from Angkutan" = transportation and Kota" = city) but some locals prefer to call it by the name "Mikrolet". They are operated privately and cheap, around IDR 4,000 each boarding, but the angkots are usually cramped. The Department of Transportation of Malang operates angkots and school buses. Both services serve both the city centre and the suburbs. There are now 25 "angkot" routes in the city. The school buses began operating on 29 December 2014 and there are now six school buses with six routes. Malang has a large intercity bus terminal, Arjosari, located in Blimbing, North Malang. Gojek and Grab operate in Malang. A protest was held by angkot and taxi drivers opposing these companies on 20 February 2017, leading Gojek to close its office in Malang temporarily.According to INRIX, Malang is one of the most congested cities in the world with total time spent in a year in congestion of 39.3 hours (20% of total time). According to a Brawijaya University survey, 46.2% of city residents consider congestion in the city to be severe. This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists. The city government has tried to overcome it by planning the development of monorail and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that Malang is unable to build monorails and underpasses because it is very expensive.The Malang Station, located in the centre of Malang, is the main railway station of the city and serves 832,181 passengers with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day on the mudik of 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang and connects Malang with other major cities in Indonesia such as Surabaya, Bandung, and Jakarta. It is near Malang City Hall and some other governmental and primary public services. The station is frequently called as the Malang Kotabaru Station to distinguish it from Malang Kotalama Station which is located in Sukun, South Malang. There is also a small train station, Blimbing located in Blimbing, North Malang which is strategically located near five and four-star hotels and the city's business and commercial district.To ease commuters from Yogyakarta to Malang vice versa, on 20 May 2012 Malioboro Express (Moleks) has been operated.Previously, there was a tram system in Malang, but now it is defunct.Malang is served by 2 airports in the region. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport is located closer to the city center. This airport connects the city to domestic cities to Jakarta and Denpasar. The other airport is Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo Regency which is located 96 km from the city center and serves both International and Domestic flights. Both airports can be accessed by bus, taxis and travel cabs.Malang has a strong reputation throughout Indonesia as a center for higher education and learning. The following higher education institutions are located in the city:Public institutions:Private institutions:Malang also has two elementary schools, high schools and two international schools, Wesley International School and Bina Bangsa School Malang.Health services in the city are quite adequate. This is supported by the focus of the city budget carried out by the municipal government. In Malang, there are hundreds of hospitals, clinics, "Puskesmas" (community health centres), "Posyandu" (integrated health posts), and other health services. Provincial and municipal governments have hospitals in this city. The provincial government has a hospital of type A, the Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional General Hospital, while the city government has a smaller hospital, the Malang Regional General Hospital.Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital is the largest hospital in the city. The hospital is a referral hospital in southern East Java. Other public hospitals are the Malang City Hospital, Panti Nirmala Hospital, Lavalette Hospital, Hermina Tangkubanprahu Hospital, RSI Malang, and Persada Hospital.Malang has many teaching hospitals. Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital and University of Brawijaya Hospital accommodate by Faculty of Medicine of University of Brawijaya students. The University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital which accommodates Faculty of Medicine's students of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.As a center of tourism, Malang has various places of interest which can be classified into local, regional, national and international standards, including traditional dance performances such as "Tari Topeng" (Mask Dance), "Jaranan Pegon" (Divine Horse Dance), "Tari Beskalan" (Beskalan Dance), "Tari Bedayan Malang" (Welcome Guests Dance), and "Tari Grebeg Wiratama" (Soldier's Fame Dance). There is also "'Topeng"' or mask handicraft in the villages of Jabung and Kedungmonggo, which have become a familiar landmark in Malang Regency.Football is considered a second religion in Malang. The city is home to Arema FC, a popular football club in Indonesia which is also known in the AFC for its internationally acclaimed achievements.Malang is also home to a thriving transgender ("waria") community headed by Miss Waria Indonesia 2006, Merlyn Sopjan. Many warias work in entertainment industry, beauty salons or become prostitutes. However, they still face prejudice and they can't get many employment options.Because it has been inhabited since prehistoric, various prehistoric objects have been found in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people found mortar and dolmen. In addition, also found mortar and scratch stones in Tlogomas which are stored in the Mpu Purwa Museum. In addition, the relics of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom did not lose. There has been found a Shiva sect of Hindu worship in the days of Singhasari or Majapahit in the place near McDonald's restaurant in Dinoyo named the Ketawanggede Site.The most famous historical landmark is the relics of the Dutch era. There are historical objects such as ceramic paintings at Hotel Pelangi, Dutch heritage buildings on Jalan Ijen, and ancient buildings with colonial architecture style. The Jalan Ijen area is one of the legacies of architect Herman Thomas Karsten. The Dutch inherited utilities such as drainage. Small objects such as ancient Dutch guldier money were exhibited in 2013.As the main city in Indonesia, Malang is involved in various historical events that took place in Indonesia. To mark the event, various monuments and memorials were built that symbolized important historical events. Historic events, especially the struggle for independence which has the most monuments. These monuments include the Tugu Monument which signifies independence from the Dutch Empire; The TGP Monument (Army Genie Student) was built to commemorate the struggle of the TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Army of the Republic of Indonesia Student (TRIP), monument to the triumph of the heroes of the TRIP; The Fighting Monument '45 which signifies the collapse of occupation; The Monument of Hamid Rusdi in memory of Hamid Rusdi; General Sudirman Monument that commemorates the struggle of Commander Sudirman; KNIP Malang Monument, the historical monument of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP); and the Melati Monument (Suropati Cadet Monument), a monument to the awarding of emergency schools at the beginning of the formation of the People's Security Army (TKR).Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is the historic heritage of Indonesia, namely the MiG-17 Aircraft Monument with the NATO code "Fresco" located on Jalan Soekarno-Hatta. This monument is a symbol of the strength of the Air Force. This aircraft was used during the Trikora and Confrontation Operations. There is also the Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance to the northern side of Malang. In Malang there is also a national poet monument, Chairil Anwar, located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat. To symbolize Malang's contemporary history and identity, various monuments were built. Adipura Monument which is located on Jalan Semeru which signifies Adipura achievement by Malang. As "Bhumi Arema", there is the Singo Edan Monument located in Taman Bentoel Trunojoyo and the Arema Monument which is located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang people to their football club, Arema FC.Malang, which is a center of settlements since ancient times, has many historical relics ranging from prehistoric relics to the relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museums already exists to the sub-district level. Museums that store these relics include the Mpu Purwa Museum, a museum containing Hindu-Buddhist relics, Malang Tempo Dooe Museum, Malang historical museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the independence war museum. There is also a museum that leaves the historical heritage of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel Group and its founders.As one of the most important educational cities since the Dutch East Indies, Malang also has a lot of scientific heritage left behind by European and Indonesian scientists. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Brother Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of conological specimens and herpetology specimens.Malang is a city that has various types of traditional dance. According to the cultural area ("tlatah"), Malang belongs to the Arekan Culture. Thus, art dances in the city, especially dance art are more energetic, joyful, and straightforward. Malang dances vary, ranging from welcome dances, namely Beskalan dance, respect dance such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war. Although there are many dances besides these dances, the famous Malang dance is the famous Mask Dance. The dance is a dance art performance where all characters use masks. In general, dances often use banner stories, stories of classical Javanese land.In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most famous show is the Banteng show. This art developed in villages rooted in the history of Singhasari in the district. However, even some areas in the very modern city still have the Bantengan community. This art involves bull ancestors who were summoned by elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are local people who oppose it. Malangan Braiding Line is no less exciting. This show is an art performance that displays a group of people who are ready to act with a braid line (piggyback). Sometimes, Jaran Kapan dancers get tranced state.Malang is a famous culinary city at affordable prices. The number of cheap culinary is caused by many people are students from the rest of Indonesia. Dishes typical of Malang, Javanese cuisine, domestically Indonesia cuisine, Chinese cuisine, Indian cuisine, Arab cuisine and European cuisine in Malang. In regard to food, Malang is also known to have many "warung" that are quite legendary and have lasted for decades. These shops, among others, Toko Oen which was established in 1930; Warung Tahu Telur Lonceng which was established in the early 1900s until it was referred to as colonial-era food to millennials; and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket which was established in 1935.Culinary tourism in the city was mixed with the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. In the festival, a variety of ancient culinary offerings, ranging from cenil, putu, to grendul, were sold. Ancient snacks such as sugar cane, cotton candy, and miller crackers were also sold at the festival. Cotton candy is sold in various forms such as corn, dragons or flowers.Arema FC is the city's most widely supported football team and plays in the Indonesian top league, the 2017 Liga 1. Its home is Kanjuruhan Stadium, located in , Malang Regency. Arema FC has a loyal and large fanbase, those fans are called Aremania. There was also another football club, it goes by the name Persema Malang, now defunct.Malang also has a stadium in Klojen, Central Malang, it is known officially as Gajayana Stadium. Currently it is mostly used for major city events and athletics using its running track. There is also a swimming pool, tennis, basketball, badminton and weightlifting facilities near the stadium area as Central Sports Center. Another large sports center which goes by the name Rampal Sports Center is located near a military base in Kedungkandang, East Malang.The city is also home to the professional basketball team Bimasakti Nikko Steel Malang, which plays in the Indonesian Basketball League.According to research by The Clean Cities Air Partnership Program (CCAP), Malang is one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia. This achievement is one of the results of the community's commitment to continue to cultivate and beautify the city parks. Parks in Malang are known to be clean and have playing facilities so that Malang is considered to be a child-friendly city. The city government also created thematic parks, which helps the city to achieve the Best City Park in Indonesia award. Thematic parks can be found on the green way on Jalan Jakarta, namely the "Taman Kunang-Kunang" (Firefly Park).The biggest parks in Malang are the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Tugu Malang Monument). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Malang Regent's Office and is the oldest square built in 1882. Not only that, Merdeka Square also provides a children playground and a fountain. Tugu Square which is located right in front of the Malang City Hall is decorated by the Tugu Malang, fountains, flowers, ponds with lotuses, typical flowers of Malang, palm trees, and plastic lamps shaped like sunflowers. Although intended for aesthetic elements, the sunflower lights were protested by the local residents because they were considered to be environmentally unfriendly and did not look good.Some parks are the result of development from CSR funds. One of these is the Slamet Park which was built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima. Bentoel's CSR fund was also used to renovate that park and Taman Trunojoyo. One of the famous parks, the Singha Merjosari Park was also renovated with CSR funds. However, the CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies. CSR funds from educational institutions such as the Merdeka Education Foundation that manages the Merdeka Malang University have also provided CSR to revitalize the Dieng Canal Park.In the environmental field, Malang has won several awards including Adipura (given to the cleanest cities in Indonesia), Adiwiyata, and others. In addition, Malang is the city with the highest number of Adiwiyata schools in Indonesia, namely 173 schools from elementary to junior high schools. The Department of Environment of Malang City also received the 2017 Water Supply and Environmental Health ("Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan", AMPL) award from the Head of the National Development Planning Agency. AMPL was achieved by the city because the city was able to reduce solid waste in 2016 by 15.1% and the coverage of access to waste management was 74.8%. In 2017, the city won the Wahana Tata Nugraha award because it was able to transform the slum environment into a tourist attraction such as the Jodipan Tourism Village. The many awards obtained by the city also had an impact on the increase in Regional Incentive Funds ("Dana Insentif Daerah", DID) from 7.5 billion rupiahs in 2017 to 25.5 billion in 2018.The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. In achieving the Adipura Kencana, the education office held the Green School Festival (GSF) which was held annually in schools in the city. The method of implementing the GSF is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools. In addition, the Department of Housing and Settlements (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realising the importance of green open space, and also actively built parks in the city. The city of Malang also seeks to utilise additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalise city parks.
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[
"Sutiaji",
"Peni Suparto"
] |
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Who was the head of Malang in Mar, 2019?
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March 21, 2019
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{
"text": [
"Sutiaji"
]
}
|
L2_Q11445_P6_2
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Muhammad Anton is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2013 to Feb, 2018.
Sutiaji is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Peni Suparto is the head of the government of Malang from Sep, 2003 to Sep, 2013.
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MalangMalang (; ) is a city in the Indonesian province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census. Its metropolitan area is home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency). Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri, with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp. 44.30 trillion.The city is well known for its mild climate. During Dutch colonization, it was a popular destination for European residents. Even now, Malang still holds its position as a popular destination for international tourists. Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period. The existence of Dutch heritage in general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen cathedral which has gothic architecture. Malang also holds various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of them is Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. There's also a lot of historical heritage which has become a landmark like Tugu Malang ("Alun-alun Bundar"). This city is also well known because of its label as an educational city. It has one of the best universities in Indonesia such as Brawijaya University and Malang State University.Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and the world. The population of Malang reaches 895,387 people with a majority of Javanese, followed by the Madurese, and Chinese or "Peranakan". Malang extended urban area or notable known as "Malang Raya", is the second largest in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). From Javanese culture point of view, the majority of Malang people belongs to Arekan Javanese culture.Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis and since that time it has been marked by steady economic and population growth.The etymology of the name "Malang" is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words "Malangkuçeçwara" which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words was taken from an ancient term which mention a legendary temple called "Malangkuçeçwara" supposedly located near the city Malang. The word "Malangkuçeçwara" was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on the Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency. In the copper inscription, one part is written (with the following translation) as follows. Malang here refers to an eastern of Mount Kawi. Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since the 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory.The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara (). The sacred building is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram, namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD. Experts still have not obtained an agreement where the building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang where there is one of its peaks named "Malang". Others on the other hand suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which according to historians comes from the word Malangkuça () which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple which is the territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari.The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara () which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed the vanity".The second hypothesis refers to the story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces to Malang in 1614 led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked the halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from the arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of conquest as Malang.The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the South, Kawi, Butak, and Kelud in the West, Anjasmoro, and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the Northeast and North, and the Tengger Mountains Complex in East. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp. The swamps spread to create ancient lakes.When the ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to advanced stages of Hunting and Collecting Food. The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on the slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains.Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period, early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in the form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house, where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong, which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of the Homo sapiens.The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through the Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to the birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized Hindu kingdom in Malang. From the Dinoyo inscription, it is noted that the inscription used the ""Candra Sengkala"" or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760.Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of "Medang i Bhumi Mataram" (Ancient Mataram Kingdom or Medang) during the leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In the Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as "Rakryan Kanuruhan" (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a "watak" (region) that is on a level with the duchy or district (one level under the authority of the king). "Watak Kanuruhan" which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with "Watak Hujung" (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency) and "Watak Tugaran" (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several "wanua" (village level).When the capital Medang was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh (Jombang) areas during the reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for "sima" (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples.There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to the fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha (Kadiri) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala.Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala. In the Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati (""Panjalu Menang""), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under the authority of Panjalu.The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions a king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both the list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala. Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[...] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [...] Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in Sanskrit means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu.Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto, the location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from the Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya.The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined the political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok. He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja.During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of the strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple. Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw the light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari.During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun). Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition. Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri.Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang, Raden Wijaya, and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol. After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held the title of "Kertarajasa Jayawardhana" moved the center of power to the area he had built in the "Tarik" Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo). However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya.In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447), the Malang region is included in the "Bhumi" or the capital of empire. He is a "nagara" (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a "rajya" (governor) or "natha" (master) or "bhre" (nobleman / prince) —such as dukes.Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in the Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang. This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency). It was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called "Dusun Biru", Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency. It is called "kedung" (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to the recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons. The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency.For the context of pilgrimage, King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma the ancestors (Wangsa Rajasa). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang.The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of the objects of political conflict when the War of Paregreg erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because War Paregreg was won by King Wikramawardhana, Tumapel returned to Majapahit power.When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China (Ming Dynasty) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana (1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming Dynasty at Tumapel. This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in the Majapahit region. During the War of Paregreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming Dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit. However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke ("Bhre") of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD ) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel.Sengguruh is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII, Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh.According to "Babad ing Gresik" (Chronicles of Gresik), the kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions. In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted Islam and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made the Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River. With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan. In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition, the Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency.The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to the major port of Surabaya, made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes a functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network, further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated "gemeente" (city).During the Japanese population in Nusantara, Malang was also occupied by Japan. Imperial Japanese Army began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of the building. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to their functions. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru which was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops was converted into a Kempetai building.After Independence of Indonesia in 1945, Malang became part of the Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the Dutch East Indies. The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution.Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing.Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of . The city is bordered by Singosari and Districts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang Districts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji Districts on the south side; and Wagir and Dau Districts on the west side which are all districts of Malang Regency.The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry, the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for agriculture, the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and the western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area.Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in Java after Bengawan Solo, the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict.The city of Malang is located at a plateau. The city lies at an altitude between 440 and 667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area.The city of Malang is surrounded by mountains and mountain ranges. The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in the north; Mount Semeru to the east; Mount Kawi and Mount Butak in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption.The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate ("Am") as the climate precipitation throughout the year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate ("Cwb"). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 334 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October and November with average 24.3 °C, while the coolest month is July with average 22.4 °C.The city of Malang is currently led by Mayor Sutiaji, which will serve his term from 2018 to 2023. The city's legislative body, the Malang Regional People's Representative Council, has 45 seats, dominated by PDI Perjuangan (11 seats), PKB (6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. Malang is divided into five districts ("kecamatan"), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census.Malang municipality had a population of 843,810 at the 2020 Census, with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley, making it the province's second most populous city. However, the population growth is not very high, at roughly 1 percent a year.The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese, with small percentages of Madurese, Chinese and Arab descent. Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character.Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority Hindu-Buddhist kingdom like most of Java. Now a large majority of Malang residents are Muslims. There are small minorities of Catholics, Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists and Confucians.Many buildings of worship still stand from their construction in the colonial era. For example, the City of Malang Grand Mosque ("Masjid Agung Jami Kota Malang" — مسجد ملانغ الكبير) in Malang City Square ("Alun-alun Kota Malang"); the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ("Gereja Katolik Hati Kudus Yesus") in Kayutangan; Saint Mary from Mount Carmel Cathedral ("Gereja Ijen" or "Katedral Santa Maria dari Gunung Karmel") on Jalan Ijen, which is the seat for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malang; the Immanuel Protestant Church in Alun-alun; and Eng An Kiong Confucian Temple ("Klenteng Eng An Kiong" — 永安宮廟) in Jl. Laksamana Martadinata No. 1 Malang.Malang is famous for being a center of religious education. This is evident with the existence of many Islamic schools (madrasahs and "pesantren") and Christian bible seminaries. Malang has several convents and monasteries: Carmel Monastery, Ursuline Convent, Misericordia monastery, Monastery of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Brothers, Convent of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Monastery Mission Congregatio Brother, Brother Abbey Projo, Passionist Monastery, and several others.The Arekan dialect of the Javanese language is the day-to-day language used in Malang. Like those of Surabaya, citizens of Malang adopt an egalitarian form of Javanese. As becomes a center of educational, there are many languages from outside Java spoken in Malang.Many native Malang youths adopt a dialect that is called '"Boso Walikan"'. This is a form of language game that consists of reversing the pronunciation of the words, e.g. "Malang" becomes "Ngalam".Temporary residents in Malang are mostly there for educational reasons. They come from other islands, mainly in East and Central Indonesia, which includes Bali, Madura, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua, and Maluku. There are also a large number of students originating from Jakarta, West Java, Sumatra and Borneo.Malang has a developed and diverse economy and is also an economic area highlighted by the East Java Provincial Government. The gross regional domestic product (GRDP) of Malang reached 57,171.60 billion rupiahs with economic contribution of 3.06% to the GRDP of East Java; Malang became the city with the third largest GRDP in East Java and second-level region ("daerah tingkat II", includes regencies and cities) with the tenth largest GRDP in East Java. GRDP per capita of Malang City, which is 66,758,1 hundred thousand rupiahs is the sixth largest in East Java, after Pasuruan Regency. Malang has about 6,000 unemployed people with an open unemployment rate of 7.28%. The economy of Malang is supported by various sectors, including industry, services, trade, and tourism. Trade contributed the most, with 29.53% of the total GRDP of Malang City. Malang is also the home of one of the famous tobacco companies, namely Bentoel.Malang implements a system of creative economy. This can be proved by the high role of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the economy. The city government continues to encourage the development of MSMEs, among them by holding various expos and festivals. In addition to MSMEs, applications and digital games were made subsectors of the application of creative economy. Indirectly, this creative economy also increases the human development of Malang City.In 2016, the economy of Malang grew by 5.61%. This rapid economic growth is being boosted by tourism. In addition, rapid economic growth was contributed by MSMEs, industry and trade.Inflation in Malang is very low. In September 2017, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) noted that inflation in Malang was 0.05%. The underlying cause of inflation is the rise in the general consumer price index. Although low, Malang's inflation rate was once the highest in East Java, that is in July 2017 with inflation of 0.30%.There are 2,960 roads in Malang with a total length of . This count does not include provincial and state roads. In addition to being located at Indonesian National Route 23, which connects it to Gempol and Kepanjen, Malang is also connected to provincial roads linking regencies and cities in East Java. To increase connectivity in East Java, toll roads are being built, one of them is the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road. This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang. Now the toll has entered the construction phase.On 28 May 2006, a blow-out occurred during drilling for an exploration of natural gas in Porong, Sidoarjo Regency. The blow-out initially produced of mud flow per day. 18 months after the incident, the mudflow is estimated to be per day. This ongoing mudflow has forced the closure of the Porong-Gempol toll road in East Java, which effectively cut off the transport line from Surabaya to Malang. In mid-2015, a new highway — Gempol-Pandaan Toll Road — opened for the public to ease transport from Malang to Surabaya and Pasuruan to Surabaya, vice versa.The primary public transportation are microvans (most of them are Suzuki Carry), painted blue for legal public use. Those microvans are called "Angkot" both officially and casually (from Angkutan" = transportation and Kota" = city) but some locals prefer to call it by the name "Mikrolet". They are operated privately and cheap, around IDR 4,000 each boarding, but the angkots are usually cramped. The Department of Transportation of Malang operates angkots and school buses. Both services serve both the city centre and the suburbs. There are now 25 "angkot" routes in the city. The school buses began operating on 29 December 2014 and there are now six school buses with six routes. Malang has a large intercity bus terminal, Arjosari, located in Blimbing, North Malang. Gojek and Grab operate in Malang. A protest was held by angkot and taxi drivers opposing these companies on 20 February 2017, leading Gojek to close its office in Malang temporarily.According to INRIX, Malang is one of the most congested cities in the world with total time spent in a year in congestion of 39.3 hours (20% of total time). According to a Brawijaya University survey, 46.2% of city residents consider congestion in the city to be severe. This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists. The city government has tried to overcome it by planning the development of monorail and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that Malang is unable to build monorails and underpasses because it is very expensive.The Malang Station, located in the centre of Malang, is the main railway station of the city and serves 832,181 passengers with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day on the mudik of 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang and connects Malang with other major cities in Indonesia such as Surabaya, Bandung, and Jakarta. It is near Malang City Hall and some other governmental and primary public services. The station is frequently called as the Malang Kotabaru Station to distinguish it from Malang Kotalama Station which is located in Sukun, South Malang. There is also a small train station, Blimbing located in Blimbing, North Malang which is strategically located near five and four-star hotels and the city's business and commercial district.To ease commuters from Yogyakarta to Malang vice versa, on 20 May 2012 Malioboro Express (Moleks) has been operated.Previously, there was a tram system in Malang, but now it is defunct.Malang is served by 2 airports in the region. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport is located closer to the city center. This airport connects the city to domestic cities to Jakarta and Denpasar. The other airport is Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo Regency which is located 96 km from the city center and serves both International and Domestic flights. Both airports can be accessed by bus, taxis and travel cabs.Malang has a strong reputation throughout Indonesia as a center for higher education and learning. The following higher education institutions are located in the city:Public institutions:Private institutions:Malang also has two elementary schools, high schools and two international schools, Wesley International School and Bina Bangsa School Malang.Health services in the city are quite adequate. This is supported by the focus of the city budget carried out by the municipal government. In Malang, there are hundreds of hospitals, clinics, "Puskesmas" (community health centres), "Posyandu" (integrated health posts), and other health services. Provincial and municipal governments have hospitals in this city. The provincial government has a hospital of type A, the Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional General Hospital, while the city government has a smaller hospital, the Malang Regional General Hospital.Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital is the largest hospital in the city. The hospital is a referral hospital in southern East Java. Other public hospitals are the Malang City Hospital, Panti Nirmala Hospital, Lavalette Hospital, Hermina Tangkubanprahu Hospital, RSI Malang, and Persada Hospital.Malang has many teaching hospitals. Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital and University of Brawijaya Hospital accommodate by Faculty of Medicine of University of Brawijaya students. The University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital which accommodates Faculty of Medicine's students of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.As a center of tourism, Malang has various places of interest which can be classified into local, regional, national and international standards, including traditional dance performances such as "Tari Topeng" (Mask Dance), "Jaranan Pegon" (Divine Horse Dance), "Tari Beskalan" (Beskalan Dance), "Tari Bedayan Malang" (Welcome Guests Dance), and "Tari Grebeg Wiratama" (Soldier's Fame Dance). There is also "'Topeng"' or mask handicraft in the villages of Jabung and Kedungmonggo, which have become a familiar landmark in Malang Regency.Football is considered a second religion in Malang. The city is home to Arema FC, a popular football club in Indonesia which is also known in the AFC for its internationally acclaimed achievements.Malang is also home to a thriving transgender ("waria") community headed by Miss Waria Indonesia 2006, Merlyn Sopjan. Many warias work in entertainment industry, beauty salons or become prostitutes. However, they still face prejudice and they can't get many employment options.Because it has been inhabited since prehistoric, various prehistoric objects have been found in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people found mortar and dolmen. In addition, also found mortar and scratch stones in Tlogomas which are stored in the Mpu Purwa Museum. In addition, the relics of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom did not lose. There has been found a Shiva sect of Hindu worship in the days of Singhasari or Majapahit in the place near McDonald's restaurant in Dinoyo named the Ketawanggede Site.The most famous historical landmark is the relics of the Dutch era. There are historical objects such as ceramic paintings at Hotel Pelangi, Dutch heritage buildings on Jalan Ijen, and ancient buildings with colonial architecture style. The Jalan Ijen area is one of the legacies of architect Herman Thomas Karsten. The Dutch inherited utilities such as drainage. Small objects such as ancient Dutch guldier money were exhibited in 2013.As the main city in Indonesia, Malang is involved in various historical events that took place in Indonesia. To mark the event, various monuments and memorials were built that symbolized important historical events. Historic events, especially the struggle for independence which has the most monuments. These monuments include the Tugu Monument which signifies independence from the Dutch Empire; The TGP Monument (Army Genie Student) was built to commemorate the struggle of the TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Army of the Republic of Indonesia Student (TRIP), monument to the triumph of the heroes of the TRIP; The Fighting Monument '45 which signifies the collapse of occupation; The Monument of Hamid Rusdi in memory of Hamid Rusdi; General Sudirman Monument that commemorates the struggle of Commander Sudirman; KNIP Malang Monument, the historical monument of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP); and the Melati Monument (Suropati Cadet Monument), a monument to the awarding of emergency schools at the beginning of the formation of the People's Security Army (TKR).Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is the historic heritage of Indonesia, namely the MiG-17 Aircraft Monument with the NATO code "Fresco" located on Jalan Soekarno-Hatta. This monument is a symbol of the strength of the Air Force. This aircraft was used during the Trikora and Confrontation Operations. There is also the Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance to the northern side of Malang. In Malang there is also a national poet monument, Chairil Anwar, located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat. To symbolize Malang's contemporary history and identity, various monuments were built. Adipura Monument which is located on Jalan Semeru which signifies Adipura achievement by Malang. As "Bhumi Arema", there is the Singo Edan Monument located in Taman Bentoel Trunojoyo and the Arema Monument which is located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang people to their football club, Arema FC.Malang, which is a center of settlements since ancient times, has many historical relics ranging from prehistoric relics to the relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museums already exists to the sub-district level. Museums that store these relics include the Mpu Purwa Museum, a museum containing Hindu-Buddhist relics, Malang Tempo Dooe Museum, Malang historical museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the independence war museum. There is also a museum that leaves the historical heritage of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel Group and its founders.As one of the most important educational cities since the Dutch East Indies, Malang also has a lot of scientific heritage left behind by European and Indonesian scientists. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Brother Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of conological specimens and herpetology specimens.Malang is a city that has various types of traditional dance. According to the cultural area ("tlatah"), Malang belongs to the Arekan Culture. Thus, art dances in the city, especially dance art are more energetic, joyful, and straightforward. Malang dances vary, ranging from welcome dances, namely Beskalan dance, respect dance such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war. Although there are many dances besides these dances, the famous Malang dance is the famous Mask Dance. The dance is a dance art performance where all characters use masks. In general, dances often use banner stories, stories of classical Javanese land.In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most famous show is the Banteng show. This art developed in villages rooted in the history of Singhasari in the district. However, even some areas in the very modern city still have the Bantengan community. This art involves bull ancestors who were summoned by elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are local people who oppose it. Malangan Braiding Line is no less exciting. This show is an art performance that displays a group of people who are ready to act with a braid line (piggyback). Sometimes, Jaran Kapan dancers get tranced state.Malang is a famous culinary city at affordable prices. The number of cheap culinary is caused by many people are students from the rest of Indonesia. Dishes typical of Malang, Javanese cuisine, domestically Indonesia cuisine, Chinese cuisine, Indian cuisine, Arab cuisine and European cuisine in Malang. In regard to food, Malang is also known to have many "warung" that are quite legendary and have lasted for decades. These shops, among others, Toko Oen which was established in 1930; Warung Tahu Telur Lonceng which was established in the early 1900s until it was referred to as colonial-era food to millennials; and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket which was established in 1935.Culinary tourism in the city was mixed with the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. In the festival, a variety of ancient culinary offerings, ranging from cenil, putu, to grendul, were sold. Ancient snacks such as sugar cane, cotton candy, and miller crackers were also sold at the festival. Cotton candy is sold in various forms such as corn, dragons or flowers.Arema FC is the city's most widely supported football team and plays in the Indonesian top league, the 2017 Liga 1. Its home is Kanjuruhan Stadium, located in , Malang Regency. Arema FC has a loyal and large fanbase, those fans are called Aremania. There was also another football club, it goes by the name Persema Malang, now defunct.Malang also has a stadium in Klojen, Central Malang, it is known officially as Gajayana Stadium. Currently it is mostly used for major city events and athletics using its running track. There is also a swimming pool, tennis, basketball, badminton and weightlifting facilities near the stadium area as Central Sports Center. Another large sports center which goes by the name Rampal Sports Center is located near a military base in Kedungkandang, East Malang.The city is also home to the professional basketball team Bimasakti Nikko Steel Malang, which plays in the Indonesian Basketball League.According to research by The Clean Cities Air Partnership Program (CCAP), Malang is one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia. This achievement is one of the results of the community's commitment to continue to cultivate and beautify the city parks. Parks in Malang are known to be clean and have playing facilities so that Malang is considered to be a child-friendly city. The city government also created thematic parks, which helps the city to achieve the Best City Park in Indonesia award. Thematic parks can be found on the green way on Jalan Jakarta, namely the "Taman Kunang-Kunang" (Firefly Park).The biggest parks in Malang are the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Tugu Malang Monument). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Malang Regent's Office and is the oldest square built in 1882. Not only that, Merdeka Square also provides a children playground and a fountain. Tugu Square which is located right in front of the Malang City Hall is decorated by the Tugu Malang, fountains, flowers, ponds with lotuses, typical flowers of Malang, palm trees, and plastic lamps shaped like sunflowers. Although intended for aesthetic elements, the sunflower lights were protested by the local residents because they were considered to be environmentally unfriendly and did not look good.Some parks are the result of development from CSR funds. One of these is the Slamet Park which was built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima. Bentoel's CSR fund was also used to renovate that park and Taman Trunojoyo. One of the famous parks, the Singha Merjosari Park was also renovated with CSR funds. However, the CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies. CSR funds from educational institutions such as the Merdeka Education Foundation that manages the Merdeka Malang University have also provided CSR to revitalize the Dieng Canal Park.In the environmental field, Malang has won several awards including Adipura (given to the cleanest cities in Indonesia), Adiwiyata, and others. In addition, Malang is the city with the highest number of Adiwiyata schools in Indonesia, namely 173 schools from elementary to junior high schools. The Department of Environment of Malang City also received the 2017 Water Supply and Environmental Health ("Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan", AMPL) award from the Head of the National Development Planning Agency. AMPL was achieved by the city because the city was able to reduce solid waste in 2016 by 15.1% and the coverage of access to waste management was 74.8%. In 2017, the city won the Wahana Tata Nugraha award because it was able to transform the slum environment into a tourist attraction such as the Jodipan Tourism Village. The many awards obtained by the city also had an impact on the increase in Regional Incentive Funds ("Dana Insentif Daerah", DID) from 7.5 billion rupiahs in 2017 to 25.5 billion in 2018.The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. In achieving the Adipura Kencana, the education office held the Green School Festival (GSF) which was held annually in schools in the city. The method of implementing the GSF is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools. In addition, the Department of Housing and Settlements (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realising the importance of green open space, and also actively built parks in the city. The city of Malang also seeks to utilise additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalise city parks.
|
[
"Peni Suparto",
"Muhammad Anton"
] |
|
Which position did Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo hold in Dec, 2006?
|
December 30, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
]
}
|
L2_Q4665233_P39_0
|
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
|
Abdul-Rashid PelpuoAbdul-Rashid Hassan Pelpuo is a Ghanaian politician. He is the current Member of Parliament for Wa Central constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana. He holds a PhD in Development Policy from the University of Ghana, African Studies.He entered the Parliament of Ghana in 2005 after winning a seat on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress in the Ghanaian parliamentary election in December 2004.Pelpuo was a Minister of State at the office of the President when he was appointed Minister for Youth and Sports by President John Atta Mills in September 2009 following the resignation of Muntaka Mohammed Mubarak who was also MP for Asawase. He served in this capacity until when in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2010. he was replaced by Ghana's first female Minister for Sports, Akua Dansua and appointed deputy Majority Leader in Parliament instead. He was also voted one of Ghana's five Members of the Africa's Parliament in South Africa where he served for a term until 2013. In the John Mahama administration (2012 - 2016) he was appointed Minister of State at the Office of the President in Charge of Private Sector Development and Public Private Partnership (PPP). He was also a member of the Economic Management Team (EMT). In the 2016 he won his seat for the fourth time for another four-year term as the Member of Parliament for the Wa Central Constituency. He is presently the chairman of the largest caucus in Parliament of Ghana, The Population Caucus and Leader of the Parliamentarians for Global Action, Ghana Chapter. He also holds the chairmanship of the Government Assurance Committee, an important oversight committee that monitors and holds government Ministers to task for promises they make to the people and don't follow up on those promises.Pelpuo was elected as the member of parliament of the Wa Central constituency in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He thus represented the constituency in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana. He was elected with 21,272votes out of a total 41,501valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 51.3% of the total valid votes cast. He was elected over Mornah Anbataayela Bernard of the People's National Convention, Mohammed Adama KPpegla of the New Patriotic Party, Abu Mumuni of the Convention People's Party, Osman Mohammed of the Democratic People's Party and Osman Imam Sidik an independent candidate. These obtained 12,280votes, 7,249votes, 376votes, 172votes and 152votes respectively out of the total valid votes cast. These were equivalent to 29.6%, 17.5%, 0.9%,0.4% and 0.4% respectively of the total valid votes cast. Pelpuo was elected on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. In all the National Democratic Congress won a minority total of 94 parliamentary representation out of 230 seats in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana.
|
[
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
] |
|
Which position did Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo hold in Jun, 2009?
|
June 23, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
]
}
|
L2_Q4665233_P39_1
|
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
|
Abdul-Rashid PelpuoAbdul-Rashid Hassan Pelpuo is a Ghanaian politician. He is the current Member of Parliament for Wa Central constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana. He holds a PhD in Development Policy from the University of Ghana, African Studies.He entered the Parliament of Ghana in 2005 after winning a seat on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress in the Ghanaian parliamentary election in December 2004.Pelpuo was a Minister of State at the office of the President when he was appointed Minister for Youth and Sports by President John Atta Mills in September 2009 following the resignation of Muntaka Mohammed Mubarak who was also MP for Asawase. He served in this capacity until when in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2010. he was replaced by Ghana's first female Minister for Sports, Akua Dansua and appointed deputy Majority Leader in Parliament instead. He was also voted one of Ghana's five Members of the Africa's Parliament in South Africa where he served for a term until 2013. In the John Mahama administration (2012 - 2016) he was appointed Minister of State at the Office of the President in Charge of Private Sector Development and Public Private Partnership (PPP). He was also a member of the Economic Management Team (EMT). In the 2016 he won his seat for the fourth time for another four-year term as the Member of Parliament for the Wa Central Constituency. He is presently the chairman of the largest caucus in Parliament of Ghana, The Population Caucus and Leader of the Parliamentarians for Global Action, Ghana Chapter. He also holds the chairmanship of the Government Assurance Committee, an important oversight committee that monitors and holds government Ministers to task for promises they make to the people and don't follow up on those promises.Pelpuo was elected as the member of parliament of the Wa Central constituency in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He thus represented the constituency in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana. He was elected with 21,272votes out of a total 41,501valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 51.3% of the total valid votes cast. He was elected over Mornah Anbataayela Bernard of the People's National Convention, Mohammed Adama KPpegla of the New Patriotic Party, Abu Mumuni of the Convention People's Party, Osman Mohammed of the Democratic People's Party and Osman Imam Sidik an independent candidate. These obtained 12,280votes, 7,249votes, 376votes, 172votes and 152votes respectively out of the total valid votes cast. These were equivalent to 29.6%, 17.5%, 0.9%,0.4% and 0.4% respectively of the total valid votes cast. Pelpuo was elected on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. In all the National Democratic Congress won a minority total of 94 parliamentary representation out of 230 seats in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana.
|
[
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
] |
|
Which position did Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo hold in Jul, 2013?
|
July 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
]
}
|
L2_Q4665233_P39_2
|
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
Abdul-Rashid PelpuoAbdul-Rashid Hassan Pelpuo is a Ghanaian politician. He is the current Member of Parliament for Wa Central constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana. He holds a PhD in Development Policy from the University of Ghana, African Studies.He entered the Parliament of Ghana in 2005 after winning a seat on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress in the Ghanaian parliamentary election in December 2004.Pelpuo was a Minister of State at the office of the President when he was appointed Minister for Youth and Sports by President John Atta Mills in September 2009 following the resignation of Muntaka Mohammed Mubarak who was also MP for Asawase. He served in this capacity until when in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2010. he was replaced by Ghana's first female Minister for Sports, Akua Dansua and appointed deputy Majority Leader in Parliament instead. He was also voted one of Ghana's five Members of the Africa's Parliament in South Africa where he served for a term until 2013. In the John Mahama administration (2012 - 2016) he was appointed Minister of State at the Office of the President in Charge of Private Sector Development and Public Private Partnership (PPP). He was also a member of the Economic Management Team (EMT). In the 2016 he won his seat for the fourth time for another four-year term as the Member of Parliament for the Wa Central Constituency. He is presently the chairman of the largest caucus in Parliament of Ghana, The Population Caucus and Leader of the Parliamentarians for Global Action, Ghana Chapter. He also holds the chairmanship of the Government Assurance Committee, an important oversight committee that monitors and holds government Ministers to task for promises they make to the people and don't follow up on those promises.Pelpuo was elected as the member of parliament of the Wa Central constituency in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He thus represented the constituency in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana. He was elected with 21,272votes out of a total 41,501valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 51.3% of the total valid votes cast. He was elected over Mornah Anbataayela Bernard of the People's National Convention, Mohammed Adama KPpegla of the New Patriotic Party, Abu Mumuni of the Convention People's Party, Osman Mohammed of the Democratic People's Party and Osman Imam Sidik an independent candidate. These obtained 12,280votes, 7,249votes, 376votes, 172votes and 152votes respectively out of the total valid votes cast. These were equivalent to 29.6%, 17.5%, 0.9%,0.4% and 0.4% respectively of the total valid votes cast. Pelpuo was elected on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. In all the National Democratic Congress won a minority total of 94 parliamentary representation out of 230 seats in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana.
|
[
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
] |
|
Which position did Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo hold in May, 2020?
|
May 30, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
]
}
|
L2_Q4665233_P39_3
|
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
Abdul-Rashid PelpuoAbdul-Rashid Hassan Pelpuo is a Ghanaian politician. He is the current Member of Parliament for Wa Central constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana. He holds a PhD in Development Policy from the University of Ghana, African Studies.He entered the Parliament of Ghana in 2005 after winning a seat on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress in the Ghanaian parliamentary election in December 2004.Pelpuo was a Minister of State at the office of the President when he was appointed Minister for Youth and Sports by President John Atta Mills in September 2009 following the resignation of Muntaka Mohammed Mubarak who was also MP for Asawase. He served in this capacity until when in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2010. he was replaced by Ghana's first female Minister for Sports, Akua Dansua and appointed deputy Majority Leader in Parliament instead. He was also voted one of Ghana's five Members of the Africa's Parliament in South Africa where he served for a term until 2013. In the John Mahama administration (2012 - 2016) he was appointed Minister of State at the Office of the President in Charge of Private Sector Development and Public Private Partnership (PPP). He was also a member of the Economic Management Team (EMT). In the 2016 he won his seat for the fourth time for another four-year term as the Member of Parliament for the Wa Central Constituency. He is presently the chairman of the largest caucus in Parliament of Ghana, The Population Caucus and Leader of the Parliamentarians for Global Action, Ghana Chapter. He also holds the chairmanship of the Government Assurance Committee, an important oversight committee that monitors and holds government Ministers to task for promises they make to the people and don't follow up on those promises.Pelpuo was elected as the member of parliament of the Wa Central constituency in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He thus represented the constituency in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana. He was elected with 21,272votes out of a total 41,501valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 51.3% of the total valid votes cast. He was elected over Mornah Anbataayela Bernard of the People's National Convention, Mohammed Adama KPpegla of the New Patriotic Party, Abu Mumuni of the Convention People's Party, Osman Mohammed of the Democratic People's Party and Osman Imam Sidik an independent candidate. These obtained 12,280votes, 7,249votes, 376votes, 172votes and 152votes respectively out of the total valid votes cast. These were equivalent to 29.6%, 17.5%, 0.9%,0.4% and 0.4% respectively of the total valid votes cast. Pelpuo was elected on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. In all the National Democratic Congress won a minority total of 94 parliamentary representation out of 230 seats in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana.
|
[
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
] |
|
Which position did Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo hold in Sep, 2022?
|
September 06, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
]
}
|
L2_Q4665233_P39_4
|
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2009.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2017.
Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.
|
Abdul-Rashid PelpuoAbdul-Rashid Hassan Pelpuo is a Ghanaian politician. He is the current Member of Parliament for Wa Central constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana. He holds a PhD in Development Policy from the University of Ghana, African Studies.He entered the Parliament of Ghana in 2005 after winning a seat on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress in the Ghanaian parliamentary election in December 2004.Pelpuo was a Minister of State at the office of the President when he was appointed Minister for Youth and Sports by President John Atta Mills in September 2009 following the resignation of Muntaka Mohammed Mubarak who was also MP for Asawase. He served in this capacity until when in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2010. he was replaced by Ghana's first female Minister for Sports, Akua Dansua and appointed deputy Majority Leader in Parliament instead. He was also voted one of Ghana's five Members of the Africa's Parliament in South Africa where he served for a term until 2013. In the John Mahama administration (2012 - 2016) he was appointed Minister of State at the Office of the President in Charge of Private Sector Development and Public Private Partnership (PPP). He was also a member of the Economic Management Team (EMT). In the 2016 he won his seat for the fourth time for another four-year term as the Member of Parliament for the Wa Central Constituency. He is presently the chairman of the largest caucus in Parliament of Ghana, The Population Caucus and Leader of the Parliamentarians for Global Action, Ghana Chapter. He also holds the chairmanship of the Government Assurance Committee, an important oversight committee that monitors and holds government Ministers to task for promises they make to the people and don't follow up on those promises.Pelpuo was elected as the member of parliament of the Wa Central constituency in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He thus represented the constituency in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana. He was elected with 21,272votes out of a total 41,501valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 51.3% of the total valid votes cast. He was elected over Mornah Anbataayela Bernard of the People's National Convention, Mohammed Adama KPpegla of the New Patriotic Party, Abu Mumuni of the Convention People's Party, Osman Mohammed of the Democratic People's Party and Osman Imam Sidik an independent candidate. These obtained 12,280votes, 7,249votes, 376votes, 172votes and 152votes respectively out of the total valid votes cast. These were equivalent to 29.6%, 17.5%, 0.9%,0.4% and 0.4% respectively of the total valid votes cast. Pelpuo was elected on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. In all the National Democratic Congress won a minority total of 94 parliamentary representation out of 230 seats in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana.
|
[
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana"
] |
|
Which employer did Fazlur Rahman Malik work for in Jun, 1952?
|
June 14, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Durham University"
]
}
|
L2_Q2066255_P108_0
|
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for Durham University from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1958.
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for McGill University from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1988.
|
Fazlur Rahman MalikFazlur Rahman Malik () (September 21, 1919 – July 26, 1988), generally known as Fazlur Rahman, was a modernist scholar and philosopher of Islam from today's Pakistan. He is renowned as a prominent liberal reformer of Islam, who devoted himself to educational reform and the revival of independent reasoning ("ijtihad"). His works are subject of widespread interest in countries such as Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia and Turkey.After teaching in Britain and Canada, he was appointed head of the Central Institute of Islamic Research of Pakistan in 1963. Although his works were widely respected by other Islamic reformers, they were also heavily criticized by conservative scholars as being overtly liberal. This was quickly exploited by opponents of his political patron, General Ayub Khan, and led to his eventual exile in the United States. He left Pakistan in 1968 for the United States where he taught at the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of Chicago.Rahman was born in the Hazara District of the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India (now Pakistan). His father, Maulana Shihab al-Din, was a well-known scholar of the time who had studied at Deoband and had achieved the rank of alim, through his studies of Islamic law, prophetic narrations, Quran'ic commentaries, logic, philosophy and other subjects. Although Fazlur Rahman may not have himself attended a Darul uloom (traditional seat of Islamic knowledge), his father acquainted him with the traditional Islamic sciences, and he eventually memorized the entire Qur'an at the age of ten.Rahman studied Arabic at Punjab University, and went on to Oxford University, where he wrote a dissertation on Ibn Sina. Afterwards, he began a teaching career, first at Durham University, where he taught Persian and Islamic philosophy, and then at McGill University, where he taught Islamic studies until 1961.In that year, he returned to Pakistan at the behest of President Ayub Khan to head up the Central Institute of Islamic Research in Karachi which was set up by the Pakistani government in order to implement Islam into the daily dealings of the nation. However, due to the political situation in Pakistan, Rahman was hindered from making any progress in this endeavour. Orthodox ulema opposed his modernist interpretations and after Ayub Khan's power weakened, they denounced Rahman as an apostate and called for his death as a wajib ul qatl. He resigned from the post in September 1968 and left for the United States.In the US he returned to teaching, and taught at UCLA as a visiting professor for a year. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1969 and established himself there becoming the Harold H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of Islamic Thought. At Chicago he was instrumental for building a strong Near Eastern Studies program that continues to be among the best in the world. Rahman also became a proponent for a reform of the Islamic polity and was an advisor to the State Department. Rahman died in Chicago, Illinois July 26, 1988 at the University of Chicago Medical Center from complications of coronary bypass surgery. A resident of suburban Naperville, Illinois, at his death, he is buried in Arlington Cemetery, Elmhurst, Illinois.Since Rahman's death his writings have continued to be popular among scholars of Islam and the Near East. His contributions to the University of Chicago are still evident in its excellent programs in these areas. In his memory, the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago named its common area after him, due to his many years of service at the center and at the University of Chicago at large.He was a polyglot who, apart from mastering Urdu, Persian, Arabic and English quite early in his life, eventually also learned classical Greek, Latin, German and French in order to be more efficient in his academic career.He argued that the basis of Islamic revival was the return to the intellectual dynamism that was the hallmark of the Islamic scholarly tradition (these ideas are outlined in "Revival and Reform in Islam: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism" and his magnum opus, "Islam"). He sought to give philosophy free rein, and was keen on Muslims appreciating how the modern nation-state understood law, as opposed to ethics; his view being that the shari'ah was a mixture of both ethics and law. He was critical of historical Muslim theologies and philosophies for failing to create a moral and ethical worldview based on the values derived from the Qur'an: 'moral values', unlike socioeconomic values, 'are not exhausted at any point in history' but require constant interpretation.He also believed that the modern conservatism of Islamic world is a defensive and temporary posture against the perceived political and economic setbacks of the Muslim world. Adding to this was stagnation in Islamic education begun in the early Middle Ages, which led to the inadequate understanding of Qur'anic teachings. He saw it as a priority to re-introduce intellectual disciplines such as philosophy, rationalist theology, and social sciences in education.Rahman criticizes Islamic tradition for failing to develop a systematic Quran-based ethical theory, rather than merely a judicial code. He considers the theocracy and monarchy (imamate and caliphate) to be understandable attempts at creating a just society in historical times, and stresses the Quranic concept of "shura" (mutual consultation) for modern governance. He believes in extending the principle of "shura" to all of society, not only the elite, and in collaboration between religious and secular experts.The issue of what "riba" is and whether it includes all interest on loans has been a major issue in Islam during the 20th century and early 21st. The Islamic revival movement that grew in strength and influence during Rahman's lifetime, considered all and any interest on loans "riba" and a "curse", and considered putting an end to it a top priority. As an Islamic Modernist, Rahman disagreed, believing that only high-interest loans were "riba", and in particularly that "riba" referred only to a particular type of interest charged in the time of Muhammad. He cited the "Muwatta" of Imam Malik in arguing that "riba" should not be interpreted literally but must be understood in the context of pre-Islamic Arab moneylending customs. Feisal Khan describes his position as being that The banned "riba" in the Quran referred to a particular custom, "riba al-nasiah" or "riba al-jahaliyah", where when the debt came due it was traditional to ask the borrower `will you pay or will you "riba"?` If the borrower chose the latter, he would be granted an extension on the loan but the amount due would be doubled -- hense the "riba". ... If the borrower then defaulted on the doubled amount, his debt was redoubled and he was given another time extension: if unable to pay, he and all his possessions could be auctioned off to satisfy his creditors.Rahman himself wrote that the initial interest itself was not usurious and was, therefore, not considered riba. What made it riba was the increase ... that raised the principal several-fold by continued redoubling.This contradicted the contention of famous Islamist author Maulana Maududi that there was no initial interest—that money lenders made initial loans "granted free of interest"—which was doubtful on the grounds that professional moneylenders would ever make loans for free. Rahman concluded that the Quran banned "extreme usury and so by extension injustice but not interest."Rahman criticizes the pre-modern revivalist movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth century for discouraging intellectualism; Modernism for selectively using passages and not being grounded in methodology; and neo-fundamentalism for likewise not being based on proper analyses. Rather than Islamic secularism, he was most optimistic about a "neo-modernism" based on an Islamic methodology, in contrast to previous reform efforts.
|
[
"University of Chicago",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Which employer did Fazlur Rahman Malik work for in Jan, 1958?
|
January 06, 1958
|
{
"text": [
"McGill University",
"Durham University"
]
}
|
L2_Q2066255_P108_1
|
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1988.
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for McGill University from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for Durham University from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1958.
|
Fazlur Rahman MalikFazlur Rahman Malik () (September 21, 1919 – July 26, 1988), generally known as Fazlur Rahman, was a modernist scholar and philosopher of Islam from today's Pakistan. He is renowned as a prominent liberal reformer of Islam, who devoted himself to educational reform and the revival of independent reasoning ("ijtihad"). His works are subject of widespread interest in countries such as Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia and Turkey.After teaching in Britain and Canada, he was appointed head of the Central Institute of Islamic Research of Pakistan in 1963. Although his works were widely respected by other Islamic reformers, they were also heavily criticized by conservative scholars as being overtly liberal. This was quickly exploited by opponents of his political patron, General Ayub Khan, and led to his eventual exile in the United States. He left Pakistan in 1968 for the United States where he taught at the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of Chicago.Rahman was born in the Hazara District of the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India (now Pakistan). His father, Maulana Shihab al-Din, was a well-known scholar of the time who had studied at Deoband and had achieved the rank of alim, through his studies of Islamic law, prophetic narrations, Quran'ic commentaries, logic, philosophy and other subjects. Although Fazlur Rahman may not have himself attended a Darul uloom (traditional seat of Islamic knowledge), his father acquainted him with the traditional Islamic sciences, and he eventually memorized the entire Qur'an at the age of ten.Rahman studied Arabic at Punjab University, and went on to Oxford University, where he wrote a dissertation on Ibn Sina. Afterwards, he began a teaching career, first at Durham University, where he taught Persian and Islamic philosophy, and then at McGill University, where he taught Islamic studies until 1961.In that year, he returned to Pakistan at the behest of President Ayub Khan to head up the Central Institute of Islamic Research in Karachi which was set up by the Pakistani government in order to implement Islam into the daily dealings of the nation. However, due to the political situation in Pakistan, Rahman was hindered from making any progress in this endeavour. Orthodox ulema opposed his modernist interpretations and after Ayub Khan's power weakened, they denounced Rahman as an apostate and called for his death as a wajib ul qatl. He resigned from the post in September 1968 and left for the United States.In the US he returned to teaching, and taught at UCLA as a visiting professor for a year. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1969 and established himself there becoming the Harold H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of Islamic Thought. At Chicago he was instrumental for building a strong Near Eastern Studies program that continues to be among the best in the world. Rahman also became a proponent for a reform of the Islamic polity and was an advisor to the State Department. Rahman died in Chicago, Illinois July 26, 1988 at the University of Chicago Medical Center from complications of coronary bypass surgery. A resident of suburban Naperville, Illinois, at his death, he is buried in Arlington Cemetery, Elmhurst, Illinois.Since Rahman's death his writings have continued to be popular among scholars of Islam and the Near East. His contributions to the University of Chicago are still evident in its excellent programs in these areas. In his memory, the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago named its common area after him, due to his many years of service at the center and at the University of Chicago at large.He was a polyglot who, apart from mastering Urdu, Persian, Arabic and English quite early in his life, eventually also learned classical Greek, Latin, German and French in order to be more efficient in his academic career.He argued that the basis of Islamic revival was the return to the intellectual dynamism that was the hallmark of the Islamic scholarly tradition (these ideas are outlined in "Revival and Reform in Islam: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism" and his magnum opus, "Islam"). He sought to give philosophy free rein, and was keen on Muslims appreciating how the modern nation-state understood law, as opposed to ethics; his view being that the shari'ah was a mixture of both ethics and law. He was critical of historical Muslim theologies and philosophies for failing to create a moral and ethical worldview based on the values derived from the Qur'an: 'moral values', unlike socioeconomic values, 'are not exhausted at any point in history' but require constant interpretation.He also believed that the modern conservatism of Islamic world is a defensive and temporary posture against the perceived political and economic setbacks of the Muslim world. Adding to this was stagnation in Islamic education begun in the early Middle Ages, which led to the inadequate understanding of Qur'anic teachings. He saw it as a priority to re-introduce intellectual disciplines such as philosophy, rationalist theology, and social sciences in education.Rahman criticizes Islamic tradition for failing to develop a systematic Quran-based ethical theory, rather than merely a judicial code. He considers the theocracy and monarchy (imamate and caliphate) to be understandable attempts at creating a just society in historical times, and stresses the Quranic concept of "shura" (mutual consultation) for modern governance. He believes in extending the principle of "shura" to all of society, not only the elite, and in collaboration between religious and secular experts.The issue of what "riba" is and whether it includes all interest on loans has been a major issue in Islam during the 20th century and early 21st. The Islamic revival movement that grew in strength and influence during Rahman's lifetime, considered all and any interest on loans "riba" and a "curse", and considered putting an end to it a top priority. As an Islamic Modernist, Rahman disagreed, believing that only high-interest loans were "riba", and in particularly that "riba" referred only to a particular type of interest charged in the time of Muhammad. He cited the "Muwatta" of Imam Malik in arguing that "riba" should not be interpreted literally but must be understood in the context of pre-Islamic Arab moneylending customs. Feisal Khan describes his position as being that The banned "riba" in the Quran referred to a particular custom, "riba al-nasiah" or "riba al-jahaliyah", where when the debt came due it was traditional to ask the borrower `will you pay or will you "riba"?` If the borrower chose the latter, he would be granted an extension on the loan but the amount due would be doubled -- hense the "riba". ... If the borrower then defaulted on the doubled amount, his debt was redoubled and he was given another time extension: if unable to pay, he and all his possessions could be auctioned off to satisfy his creditors.Rahman himself wrote that the initial interest itself was not usurious and was, therefore, not considered riba. What made it riba was the increase ... that raised the principal several-fold by continued redoubling.This contradicted the contention of famous Islamist author Maulana Maududi that there was no initial interest—that money lenders made initial loans "granted free of interest"—which was doubtful on the grounds that professional moneylenders would ever make loans for free. Rahman concluded that the Quran banned "extreme usury and so by extension injustice but not interest."Rahman criticizes the pre-modern revivalist movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth century for discouraging intellectualism; Modernism for selectively using passages and not being grounded in methodology; and neo-fundamentalism for likewise not being based on proper analyses. Rather than Islamic secularism, he was most optimistic about a "neo-modernism" based on an Islamic methodology, in contrast to previous reform efforts.
|
[
"Durham University",
"University of Chicago",
"University of Chicago"
] |
|
Which employer did Fazlur Rahman Malik work for in Aug, 1969?
|
August 30, 1969
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
}
|
L2_Q2066255_P108_2
|
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1988.
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for McGill University from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
Fazlur Rahman Malik works for Durham University from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1958.
|
Fazlur Rahman MalikFazlur Rahman Malik () (September 21, 1919 – July 26, 1988), generally known as Fazlur Rahman, was a modernist scholar and philosopher of Islam from today's Pakistan. He is renowned as a prominent liberal reformer of Islam, who devoted himself to educational reform and the revival of independent reasoning ("ijtihad"). His works are subject of widespread interest in countries such as Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia and Turkey.After teaching in Britain and Canada, he was appointed head of the Central Institute of Islamic Research of Pakistan in 1963. Although his works were widely respected by other Islamic reformers, they were also heavily criticized by conservative scholars as being overtly liberal. This was quickly exploited by opponents of his political patron, General Ayub Khan, and led to his eventual exile in the United States. He left Pakistan in 1968 for the United States where he taught at the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of Chicago.Rahman was born in the Hazara District of the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of British India (now Pakistan). His father, Maulana Shihab al-Din, was a well-known scholar of the time who had studied at Deoband and had achieved the rank of alim, through his studies of Islamic law, prophetic narrations, Quran'ic commentaries, logic, philosophy and other subjects. Although Fazlur Rahman may not have himself attended a Darul uloom (traditional seat of Islamic knowledge), his father acquainted him with the traditional Islamic sciences, and he eventually memorized the entire Qur'an at the age of ten.Rahman studied Arabic at Punjab University, and went on to Oxford University, where he wrote a dissertation on Ibn Sina. Afterwards, he began a teaching career, first at Durham University, where he taught Persian and Islamic philosophy, and then at McGill University, where he taught Islamic studies until 1961.In that year, he returned to Pakistan at the behest of President Ayub Khan to head up the Central Institute of Islamic Research in Karachi which was set up by the Pakistani government in order to implement Islam into the daily dealings of the nation. However, due to the political situation in Pakistan, Rahman was hindered from making any progress in this endeavour. Orthodox ulema opposed his modernist interpretations and after Ayub Khan's power weakened, they denounced Rahman as an apostate and called for his death as a wajib ul qatl. He resigned from the post in September 1968 and left for the United States.In the US he returned to teaching, and taught at UCLA as a visiting professor for a year. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1969 and established himself there becoming the Harold H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of Islamic Thought. At Chicago he was instrumental for building a strong Near Eastern Studies program that continues to be among the best in the world. Rahman also became a proponent for a reform of the Islamic polity and was an advisor to the State Department. Rahman died in Chicago, Illinois July 26, 1988 at the University of Chicago Medical Center from complications of coronary bypass surgery. A resident of suburban Naperville, Illinois, at his death, he is buried in Arlington Cemetery, Elmhurst, Illinois.Since Rahman's death his writings have continued to be popular among scholars of Islam and the Near East. His contributions to the University of Chicago are still evident in its excellent programs in these areas. In his memory, the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago named its common area after him, due to his many years of service at the center and at the University of Chicago at large.He was a polyglot who, apart from mastering Urdu, Persian, Arabic and English quite early in his life, eventually also learned classical Greek, Latin, German and French in order to be more efficient in his academic career.He argued that the basis of Islamic revival was the return to the intellectual dynamism that was the hallmark of the Islamic scholarly tradition (these ideas are outlined in "Revival and Reform in Islam: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism" and his magnum opus, "Islam"). He sought to give philosophy free rein, and was keen on Muslims appreciating how the modern nation-state understood law, as opposed to ethics; his view being that the shari'ah was a mixture of both ethics and law. He was critical of historical Muslim theologies and philosophies for failing to create a moral and ethical worldview based on the values derived from the Qur'an: 'moral values', unlike socioeconomic values, 'are not exhausted at any point in history' but require constant interpretation.He also believed that the modern conservatism of Islamic world is a defensive and temporary posture against the perceived political and economic setbacks of the Muslim world. Adding to this was stagnation in Islamic education begun in the early Middle Ages, which led to the inadequate understanding of Qur'anic teachings. He saw it as a priority to re-introduce intellectual disciplines such as philosophy, rationalist theology, and social sciences in education.Rahman criticizes Islamic tradition for failing to develop a systematic Quran-based ethical theory, rather than merely a judicial code. He considers the theocracy and monarchy (imamate and caliphate) to be understandable attempts at creating a just society in historical times, and stresses the Quranic concept of "shura" (mutual consultation) for modern governance. He believes in extending the principle of "shura" to all of society, not only the elite, and in collaboration between religious and secular experts.The issue of what "riba" is and whether it includes all interest on loans has been a major issue in Islam during the 20th century and early 21st. The Islamic revival movement that grew in strength and influence during Rahman's lifetime, considered all and any interest on loans "riba" and a "curse", and considered putting an end to it a top priority. As an Islamic Modernist, Rahman disagreed, believing that only high-interest loans were "riba", and in particularly that "riba" referred only to a particular type of interest charged in the time of Muhammad. He cited the "Muwatta" of Imam Malik in arguing that "riba" should not be interpreted literally but must be understood in the context of pre-Islamic Arab moneylending customs. Feisal Khan describes his position as being that The banned "riba" in the Quran referred to a particular custom, "riba al-nasiah" or "riba al-jahaliyah", where when the debt came due it was traditional to ask the borrower `will you pay or will you "riba"?` If the borrower chose the latter, he would be granted an extension on the loan but the amount due would be doubled -- hense the "riba". ... If the borrower then defaulted on the doubled amount, his debt was redoubled and he was given another time extension: if unable to pay, he and all his possessions could be auctioned off to satisfy his creditors.Rahman himself wrote that the initial interest itself was not usurious and was, therefore, not considered riba. What made it riba was the increase ... that raised the principal several-fold by continued redoubling.This contradicted the contention of famous Islamist author Maulana Maududi that there was no initial interest—that money lenders made initial loans "granted free of interest"—which was doubtful on the grounds that professional moneylenders would ever make loans for free. Rahman concluded that the Quran banned "extreme usury and so by extension injustice but not interest."Rahman criticizes the pre-modern revivalist movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth century for discouraging intellectualism; Modernism for selectively using passages and not being grounded in methodology; and neo-fundamentalism for likewise not being based on proper analyses. Rather than Islamic secularism, he was most optimistic about a "neo-modernism" based on an Islamic methodology, in contrast to previous reform efforts.
|
[
"Durham University",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Jul, 1953?
|
July 11, 1953
|
{
"text": [
"University College London"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_0
|
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University",
"New York University",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"University of Paris",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Jan, 1967?
|
January 01, 1967
|
{
"text": [
"University of Paris",
"University College London"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_1
|
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"New York University",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Jan, 1969?
|
January 01, 1969
|
{
"text": [
"University College London",
"University of Chicago",
"University of Illinois system"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_2
|
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"Yale University",
"Columbia University",
"New York University",
"University of Paris",
"Northwestern University",
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"Yale University",
"Columbia University",
"New York University",
"University of Paris",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Jan, 1969?
|
January 01, 1969
|
{
"text": [
"University College London",
"University of Chicago",
"University of Illinois system"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_3
|
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"Yale University",
"Columbia University",
"New York University",
"University of Paris",
"Northwestern University",
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"Yale University",
"Columbia University",
"New York University",
"University of Paris",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Jan, 1977?
|
January 01, 1977
|
{
"text": [
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University College London"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_4
|
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"New York University",
"University of Paris",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Sep, 1978?
|
September 30, 1978
|
{
"text": [
"New York University"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_5
|
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"University of Paris",
"University College London",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Jul, 1979?
|
July 09, 1979
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_6
|
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University",
"New York University",
"University of Chicago",
"University of Paris",
"University College London",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Jan, 1980?
|
January 05, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Yale University",
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_7
|
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University of Illinois system",
"New York University",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"University of Paris",
"University College London",
"Northwestern University",
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University of Illinois system",
"New York University",
"University of Chicago",
"University of Paris",
"University College London",
"Northwestern University"
] |
|
Which employer did Mary Douglas work for in Oct, 1984?
|
October 08, 1984
|
{
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
]
}
|
L2_Q231349_P108_8
|
Mary Douglas works for Russell Sage Foundation from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1977.
Mary Douglas works for Columbia University from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.
Mary Douglas works for University College London from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1978.
Mary Douglas works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
Mary Douglas works for University of Paris from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1967.
Mary Douglas works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1985.
Mary Douglas works for Yale University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mary Douglas works for New York University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1979.
Mary Douglas works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1969.
|
Mary DouglasDame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology. Douglas was considered a follower of Émile Durkheim and a proponent of structuralist analysis, with a strong interest in comparative religion.She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in Sanremo, Italy, to Gilbert and Phyllis (née Twomey) Tew. Her father was in the British colonial service. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic, and Mary and her younger sister, Patricia, were raised in that faith. After their mother's death, the sisters were raised by their maternal grandparents and attended the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. Mary went on to study at St. Anne's College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. She graduated with a second-class degree.She worked in the British Colonial Office, where she encountered many social anthropologists. In 1946, Douglas returned to Oxford to take a "conversion" course in anthropology and registered for the doctorate in anthropology in 1949. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as E. E. Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of what had previously been the Kuba Kingdom. Ultimately, a civil war prevented her from continuing her fieldwork, but nevertheless, this led to Douglas' first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai", published in 1963.In the early 1950s, she completed her doctorate and married James Douglas. Like her, he was a Catholic and had been born into a colonial family (in Simla, while his father served in the Indian army). They would have three children. She taught at University College London, where she remained for around 25 years, becoming Professor of Social Anthropology.Her reputation was established by her most celebrated book, "Purity and Danger" (1966).She wrote "The World of Goods" (1978) with an econometrical, Baron Isherwood, which was considered a pioneering work on economic anthropology.She taught and wrote in the United States for 11 years. She published on such subjects as risk analysis and the environment, consumption and welfare economics, and food and ritual, all increasingly cited outside anthropology circles. After four years (1977–81) as Foundation Research Professor of Cultural Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, she moved to Northwestern University as Avalon Professor of the Humanities with a remit to link the studies of theology and anthropology, and spent three years at Princeton University. She received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden in 1986. In 1988 she returned to Britain, where she gave the Gifford Lectures in 1989.In 1989 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992, and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List published on 30 December 2006. She died on 16 May 2007 in London, aged 86, from complications of cancer, survived by her three children. Her husband died in 2004.In 2002 a twelve volume edition of her "Collected work" was published by Routledge.Douglas’ first publication, "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963), focuses on a matrilineal society in Kasai (now the Kasai-Occidental), the Lele. This matrilineal society is marked by a strong division of tasks, polyandric matrimonial rules, egalitarianism, autonomy and anarchism; a social world that was completely different from her own and that defied the teachings of Evans-Pritchard. She breaks from a functionalist approach by her analyses on the production and distribution of wealth amongst clans, a detailed description of matrilineal organization and the role of aristocratic clans in the power structure, and the place of marriage in the alliance strategies between the clans and the practice and supervision of witchcraft. Her intense empirical work granted to her an insight into the concrete practices of the Lele contrary to the theories developed by institutions. During her research, she establishes the importance of the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic representations of the values upheld in the society.Douglas' book "Purity and Danger" (first published 1966) is an analysis of the concepts of ritual purity and pollution in different societies and times to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established, and is considered a key text in social anthropology. The text is renowned for its passionate defense of both ritual and purity during a time when conceptions of defilement were treated with disdain. "Purity and Danger" is most notable for demonstrating the comparative nature of her reflexions. At the difference to Claude Lévi-Strauss, who utilizes a structuralist approach, Douglas seeks to demonstrate how peoples’ classifications play a role in determining what is considered abnormal and their treatment of it. Douglas insists on the importance of understanding the concept of pollution and ritual purity by comparing our own understandings and rituals to "primitive" rituals.Douglas states that "primitive" societies are classified as those that do not recognize a distinction between being pure and being unclean. For western societies, there exists a clear distinction between what is dirty and what is considered holy. Therefore,"Sacred rules are thus merely rules hedging divinity off, and uncleanness is the two-way danger of contact with divinity."For primitive societies, the ideas of taboo and holiness are personified by the notions of friendly or unfriendly deities; there exists a separation because objects, people, or places are associated with either good or bad deities. For this uncleanness to be transmitted, material contact must occur; being in physical contact with an object considered as unclean allows for the transmission of uncleanness to the body. A distinction to be made with Christianity, for example, would be that the uncleanness would pass not onto the body itself, but the spirit. Douglas emphasizes that in order to fully comprehend other societies understanding of taboo and sacred, one must first understand one’s own.Douglas dismantles a common euro-centric misconception that rituals and rites for cleanliness were devised with hygiene or sanitation as its goals. The avoidance of pork in Islam is often considered as having a hygienic basis, or that incense was used to mask body odors rather than symbolizing the ascending smoke of sacrifice. For Douglas, there exists a clear distinction between recognizing the side-benefits of ritual actions and considering them as a whole and sufficient explanation for ritual actions. Furthermore, Douglas recognized that there exists a strong resemblance between European rituals and primitive rituals in principle, omitting the differing foundations that separate European rituals based on hygiene and primitive ones on symbolism, European rituals of cleanness seek to kill off germs, whereas primitive rituals of cleanness seek to ward off spirits. However, Douglas states that it is not enough to limit the differentiation between European rituals and primitive ritual to simply hygienic benefits. She claims that the modern conception of dirt is synonymous with the knowledge of germs and bacteria;"It is difficult to think of dirt except in the context of pathogenicity."If one removes the notions of bacteria and hygiene from the concept of dirt, all that remains is the symbolism of dirt;The "product of a systematic order and classification of matter."Douglas then proceeds to establish the notion that humans have a tendency to structure objects and situations around them into schema, well-organized systems. The older people become, the more confidence and experiences they establish into their structures. Ideally, the more consistent an experience is within a structure, the more confidence an individual will place on that experience. As a result, when an individual encounters facts or tendencies that disrupt the structure, they will largely ignore it. What is deemed impure are objects or phenomena that do not correspond with the pre-existing social or symbolic structure. Douglas associates dirt as a form of disruption to order, therefore it must be excluded in order to maintain the integrity of the system.Mary Douglas is also known for her interpretation of the book of "Leviticus", in the Chapter "The Abomination of Leviticus" in "Purity and Danger", in which she analyses the dietary laws of Leviticus II through a structuralist and symbolist point of view, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk. In "The Abomination of Leviticus" she states that the dietary laws were not based on medical materialism, but rather social boundaries, deeming that what is pure and impure is a way for a society to structure human experiences. At heart, what matters is using themes such as purity, separation and defilement to bring about order and structure to unorganized experiences. In Leviticus II, when categorizing which animals are authorized to be consumed, the pig is prohibited because while it has cloven feet like cows or goats, it does not produce milk, making it an anomaly within the structure of the world, hence its exclusion from the structure and its categorization as an impure animal.In "Natural Symbols" (first published 1970), Douglas introduced the interrelated concepts of "group" (how clearly defined an individual's social position is as inside or outside a bounded social group) and "grid" (how clearly defined an individual's social role is within networks of social privileges, claims and obligations). The group-grid pattern was to be refined and redeployed in laying the foundations of Cultural Theory.
|
[
"Russell Sage Foundation",
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University",
"New York University",
"University of Chicago",
"Columbia University",
"University of Paris",
"University College London"
] |
|
Which position did William Dougal Christie hold in Jun, 1847?
|
June 19, 1847
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q8007920_P39_0
|
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1842 to Jul, 1847.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Dec, 1847.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1863.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1859.
|
William Dougal ChristieWilliam Dougal Christie (5 January 181627 July 1874) was a British diplomat, politician and man of letters.The son of Dougal Christie, M.D., an officer in the East India Company's medical service, he was born at Bombay on 5 January 1816. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1838, where he was one of the Cambridge Apostles, and was called to the bar in 1840. At this time he was editor of a newspaper, the "Kentish Mercury", "Gravesend Journal", and "Greenwich Gazette", and employed the Chartist Thomas Cooper to edit it. He was also introduced to Thomas Carlyle, perhaps by Albany Fonblanque, and assisted him in the plan for the London Library.In 1841, Christie was for a short time private secretary to Lord Minto at the admiralty, and from April 1842 to November 1847 represented Weymouth as Member of Parliament. In 1843 he proposed a Bill for removing the religious tests in the old universities; it was quickly defeated.The London Library and the Circulation of French Fiction in the 1840sIn May 1848 Christie was appointed consul-general in the Mosquito Territory, and from 1851 to 1854 was secretary of legation, frequently acting as chargé d'affaires, to the Swiss Confederation.In 1854, Christie was made consul-general to the Argentine Republic, and in 1856 minister plenipotentiary. In 1858, he was despatched on a special mission to Paraguay, and in 1859 became envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Empire of Brazil. This post involved him in constant difficulties with the Brazilian government, partly arising from his efforts to enforce the treaties relating to the slave trade, and partly from claims for compensation on the part of British subjects. Christie's position wasn't helped by a quarrel at cards with James Watson Webb, the American ambassador, at the Russian embassy.The situation came to a head in 1863 when Christie sent an ultimatum for reparations for two minor incidents at the end of 1861 and beginning of 1862. The Brazilian government refused to yield, and Christie issued orders for British warships to capture Brazilian merchant vessels as indemnity. While Christie had been instructed to accept a Brazilian offer of arbitration if it was made, he was later accused of not informing the Brazilian government of this until after military action had been taken; he had indicated he wanted to teach Brazil a "lesson". Brazil prepared itself for the imminent conflict. The Brazilian government severed diplomatic ties with Britain in June and Christie retired from the service on a pension. The House of Commons debated his conduct, with some MPs like Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald criticising him for taking disproportionate action, to teach Brazil a "lesson".Christie returned to an old topic, campaigning against electoral corruption. He read a paper on the subject to the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science in February 1864. Later in the year F. D. Maurice praised it in "Macmillan's Magazine". He then made two unsuccessful attempts to re-enter parliament, at Cambridge in 1865 and Greenock in 1868. After a serious illness, he died in Marylebone on 27 July 1874.In 1839 he produced a work advocating the secret ballot, republished with additions in 1872 as "The Ballot, and Corruption and Expenditure at Elections". In the Introductory Note on the ballot he sketched the earlier parliamentary history from his own perspective: George Grote had introduced a motion on it in 1833, and up to 1839 there had been increasing support, with Thomas Babington Macaulay arguing on its side. Henry George Ward took up the cause in 1842, when Grote no longer was an MP. James Mill and Fonblanque were supporters in print; William Empson and John Allen were encouraging about the initial essay of 1839. Only Sydney Smith's witty barbs are mentioned on the other side of the argument.Christie revisited his diplomatic career in "Notes on Brazilian Questions" (1865). In retirement he concentrated on the history and literature of the seventeenth century. He had in 1859 edited a volume of original documents illustrating the life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury up to 1660, and in 1871 he published a complete if partisan biography, largely based on the posthumous papers of Shaftesbury and John Locke, and other manuscripts. He wrote a memoir of John Dryden, prefixed to his edition published in the Globe series (1870). In 1874 Christie edited the correspondence of Sir Joseph Williamson, Charles II's secretary of state, for the Camden Society.Christie became involved in a personal controversy with Abraham Hayward, who had attacked the memory of John Stuart Mill; it included a now-mysterious incident in the whist room of the Athenaeum Club in May 1873. Christie wrote to vindicate Mill, who had contacted him in 1867 over the secret ballot; the debate was cut short by his death.He married Mary Grant, a neighbour and friend of Anthony Trollope, and the eldest daughter of Colonel (later Major-General) James Grant, CB. They had at least 3 sons and 3 daughters, including the novelist Mary Elizabeth Christie (1847–1906).
|
[
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina"
] |
|
Which position did William Dougal Christie hold in Sep, 1847?
|
September 22, 1847
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q8007920_P39_1
|
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1863.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Dec, 1847.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1842 to Jul, 1847.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1859.
|
William Dougal ChristieWilliam Dougal Christie (5 January 181627 July 1874) was a British diplomat, politician and man of letters.The son of Dougal Christie, M.D., an officer in the East India Company's medical service, he was born at Bombay on 5 January 1816. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1838, where he was one of the Cambridge Apostles, and was called to the bar in 1840. At this time he was editor of a newspaper, the "Kentish Mercury", "Gravesend Journal", and "Greenwich Gazette", and employed the Chartist Thomas Cooper to edit it. He was also introduced to Thomas Carlyle, perhaps by Albany Fonblanque, and assisted him in the plan for the London Library.In 1841, Christie was for a short time private secretary to Lord Minto at the admiralty, and from April 1842 to November 1847 represented Weymouth as Member of Parliament. In 1843 he proposed a Bill for removing the religious tests in the old universities; it was quickly defeated.The London Library and the Circulation of French Fiction in the 1840sIn May 1848 Christie was appointed consul-general in the Mosquito Territory, and from 1851 to 1854 was secretary of legation, frequently acting as chargé d'affaires, to the Swiss Confederation.In 1854, Christie was made consul-general to the Argentine Republic, and in 1856 minister plenipotentiary. In 1858, he was despatched on a special mission to Paraguay, and in 1859 became envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Empire of Brazil. This post involved him in constant difficulties with the Brazilian government, partly arising from his efforts to enforce the treaties relating to the slave trade, and partly from claims for compensation on the part of British subjects. Christie's position wasn't helped by a quarrel at cards with James Watson Webb, the American ambassador, at the Russian embassy.The situation came to a head in 1863 when Christie sent an ultimatum for reparations for two minor incidents at the end of 1861 and beginning of 1862. The Brazilian government refused to yield, and Christie issued orders for British warships to capture Brazilian merchant vessels as indemnity. While Christie had been instructed to accept a Brazilian offer of arbitration if it was made, he was later accused of not informing the Brazilian government of this until after military action had been taken; he had indicated he wanted to teach Brazil a "lesson". Brazil prepared itself for the imminent conflict. The Brazilian government severed diplomatic ties with Britain in June and Christie retired from the service on a pension. The House of Commons debated his conduct, with some MPs like Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald criticising him for taking disproportionate action, to teach Brazil a "lesson".Christie returned to an old topic, campaigning against electoral corruption. He read a paper on the subject to the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science in February 1864. Later in the year F. D. Maurice praised it in "Macmillan's Magazine". He then made two unsuccessful attempts to re-enter parliament, at Cambridge in 1865 and Greenock in 1868. After a serious illness, he died in Marylebone on 27 July 1874.In 1839 he produced a work advocating the secret ballot, republished with additions in 1872 as "The Ballot, and Corruption and Expenditure at Elections". In the Introductory Note on the ballot he sketched the earlier parliamentary history from his own perspective: George Grote had introduced a motion on it in 1833, and up to 1839 there had been increasing support, with Thomas Babington Macaulay arguing on its side. Henry George Ward took up the cause in 1842, when Grote no longer was an MP. James Mill and Fonblanque were supporters in print; William Empson and John Allen were encouraging about the initial essay of 1839. Only Sydney Smith's witty barbs are mentioned on the other side of the argument.Christie revisited his diplomatic career in "Notes on Brazilian Questions" (1865). In retirement he concentrated on the history and literature of the seventeenth century. He had in 1859 edited a volume of original documents illustrating the life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury up to 1660, and in 1871 he published a complete if partisan biography, largely based on the posthumous papers of Shaftesbury and John Locke, and other manuscripts. He wrote a memoir of John Dryden, prefixed to his edition published in the Globe series (1870). In 1874 Christie edited the correspondence of Sir Joseph Williamson, Charles II's secretary of state, for the Camden Society.Christie became involved in a personal controversy with Abraham Hayward, who had attacked the memory of John Stuart Mill; it included a now-mysterious incident in the whist room of the Athenaeum Club in May 1873. Christie wrote to vindicate Mill, who had contacted him in 1867 over the secret ballot; the debate was cut short by his death.He married Mary Grant, a neighbour and friend of Anthony Trollope, and the eldest daughter of Colonel (later Major-General) James Grant, CB. They had at least 3 sons and 3 daughters, including the novelist Mary Elizabeth Christie (1847–1906).
|
[
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina"
] |
|
Which position did William Dougal Christie hold in Oct, 1855?
|
October 12, 1855
|
{
"text": [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q8007920_P39_2
|
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1863.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Dec, 1847.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1859.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1842 to Jul, 1847.
|
William Dougal ChristieWilliam Dougal Christie (5 January 181627 July 1874) was a British diplomat, politician and man of letters.The son of Dougal Christie, M.D., an officer in the East India Company's medical service, he was born at Bombay on 5 January 1816. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1838, where he was one of the Cambridge Apostles, and was called to the bar in 1840. At this time he was editor of a newspaper, the "Kentish Mercury", "Gravesend Journal", and "Greenwich Gazette", and employed the Chartist Thomas Cooper to edit it. He was also introduced to Thomas Carlyle, perhaps by Albany Fonblanque, and assisted him in the plan for the London Library.In 1841, Christie was for a short time private secretary to Lord Minto at the admiralty, and from April 1842 to November 1847 represented Weymouth as Member of Parliament. In 1843 he proposed a Bill for removing the religious tests in the old universities; it was quickly defeated.The London Library and the Circulation of French Fiction in the 1840sIn May 1848 Christie was appointed consul-general in the Mosquito Territory, and from 1851 to 1854 was secretary of legation, frequently acting as chargé d'affaires, to the Swiss Confederation.In 1854, Christie was made consul-general to the Argentine Republic, and in 1856 minister plenipotentiary. In 1858, he was despatched on a special mission to Paraguay, and in 1859 became envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Empire of Brazil. This post involved him in constant difficulties with the Brazilian government, partly arising from his efforts to enforce the treaties relating to the slave trade, and partly from claims for compensation on the part of British subjects. Christie's position wasn't helped by a quarrel at cards with James Watson Webb, the American ambassador, at the Russian embassy.The situation came to a head in 1863 when Christie sent an ultimatum for reparations for two minor incidents at the end of 1861 and beginning of 1862. The Brazilian government refused to yield, and Christie issued orders for British warships to capture Brazilian merchant vessels as indemnity. While Christie had been instructed to accept a Brazilian offer of arbitration if it was made, he was later accused of not informing the Brazilian government of this until after military action had been taken; he had indicated he wanted to teach Brazil a "lesson". Brazil prepared itself for the imminent conflict. The Brazilian government severed diplomatic ties with Britain in June and Christie retired from the service on a pension. The House of Commons debated his conduct, with some MPs like Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald criticising him for taking disproportionate action, to teach Brazil a "lesson".Christie returned to an old topic, campaigning against electoral corruption. He read a paper on the subject to the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science in February 1864. Later in the year F. D. Maurice praised it in "Macmillan's Magazine". He then made two unsuccessful attempts to re-enter parliament, at Cambridge in 1865 and Greenock in 1868. After a serious illness, he died in Marylebone on 27 July 1874.In 1839 he produced a work advocating the secret ballot, republished with additions in 1872 as "The Ballot, and Corruption and Expenditure at Elections". In the Introductory Note on the ballot he sketched the earlier parliamentary history from his own perspective: George Grote had introduced a motion on it in 1833, and up to 1839 there had been increasing support, with Thomas Babington Macaulay arguing on its side. Henry George Ward took up the cause in 1842, when Grote no longer was an MP. James Mill and Fonblanque were supporters in print; William Empson and John Allen were encouraging about the initial essay of 1839. Only Sydney Smith's witty barbs are mentioned on the other side of the argument.Christie revisited his diplomatic career in "Notes on Brazilian Questions" (1865). In retirement he concentrated on the history and literature of the seventeenth century. He had in 1859 edited a volume of original documents illustrating the life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury up to 1660, and in 1871 he published a complete if partisan biography, largely based on the posthumous papers of Shaftesbury and John Locke, and other manuscripts. He wrote a memoir of John Dryden, prefixed to his edition published in the Globe series (1870). In 1874 Christie edited the correspondence of Sir Joseph Williamson, Charles II's secretary of state, for the Camden Society.Christie became involved in a personal controversy with Abraham Hayward, who had attacked the memory of John Stuart Mill; it included a now-mysterious incident in the whist room of the Athenaeum Club in May 1873. Christie wrote to vindicate Mill, who had contacted him in 1867 over the secret ballot; the debate was cut short by his death.He married Mary Grant, a neighbour and friend of Anthony Trollope, and the eldest daughter of Colonel (later Major-General) James Grant, CB. They had at least 3 sons and 3 daughters, including the novelist Mary Elizabeth Christie (1847–1906).
|
[
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did William Dougal Christie hold in Aug, 1859?
|
August 02, 1859
|
{
"text": [
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil"
]
}
|
L2_Q8007920_P39_3
|
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1859.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1842 to Jul, 1847.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of ambassador of the United Kingdom to Brazil from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1863.
William Dougal Christie holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Dec, 1847.
|
William Dougal ChristieWilliam Dougal Christie (5 January 181627 July 1874) was a British diplomat, politician and man of letters.The son of Dougal Christie, M.D., an officer in the East India Company's medical service, he was born at Bombay on 5 January 1816. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1838, where he was one of the Cambridge Apostles, and was called to the bar in 1840. At this time he was editor of a newspaper, the "Kentish Mercury", "Gravesend Journal", and "Greenwich Gazette", and employed the Chartist Thomas Cooper to edit it. He was also introduced to Thomas Carlyle, perhaps by Albany Fonblanque, and assisted him in the plan for the London Library.In 1841, Christie was for a short time private secretary to Lord Minto at the admiralty, and from April 1842 to November 1847 represented Weymouth as Member of Parliament. In 1843 he proposed a Bill for removing the religious tests in the old universities; it was quickly defeated.The London Library and the Circulation of French Fiction in the 1840sIn May 1848 Christie was appointed consul-general in the Mosquito Territory, and from 1851 to 1854 was secretary of legation, frequently acting as chargé d'affaires, to the Swiss Confederation.In 1854, Christie was made consul-general to the Argentine Republic, and in 1856 minister plenipotentiary. In 1858, he was despatched on a special mission to Paraguay, and in 1859 became envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Empire of Brazil. This post involved him in constant difficulties with the Brazilian government, partly arising from his efforts to enforce the treaties relating to the slave trade, and partly from claims for compensation on the part of British subjects. Christie's position wasn't helped by a quarrel at cards with James Watson Webb, the American ambassador, at the Russian embassy.The situation came to a head in 1863 when Christie sent an ultimatum for reparations for two minor incidents at the end of 1861 and beginning of 1862. The Brazilian government refused to yield, and Christie issued orders for British warships to capture Brazilian merchant vessels as indemnity. While Christie had been instructed to accept a Brazilian offer of arbitration if it was made, he was later accused of not informing the Brazilian government of this until after military action had been taken; he had indicated he wanted to teach Brazil a "lesson". Brazil prepared itself for the imminent conflict. The Brazilian government severed diplomatic ties with Britain in June and Christie retired from the service on a pension. The House of Commons debated his conduct, with some MPs like Seymour Vesey-FitzGerald criticising him for taking disproportionate action, to teach Brazil a "lesson".Christie returned to an old topic, campaigning against electoral corruption. He read a paper on the subject to the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science in February 1864. Later in the year F. D. Maurice praised it in "Macmillan's Magazine". He then made two unsuccessful attempts to re-enter parliament, at Cambridge in 1865 and Greenock in 1868. After a serious illness, he died in Marylebone on 27 July 1874.In 1839 he produced a work advocating the secret ballot, republished with additions in 1872 as "The Ballot, and Corruption and Expenditure at Elections". In the Introductory Note on the ballot he sketched the earlier parliamentary history from his own perspective: George Grote had introduced a motion on it in 1833, and up to 1839 there had been increasing support, with Thomas Babington Macaulay arguing on its side. Henry George Ward took up the cause in 1842, when Grote no longer was an MP. James Mill and Fonblanque were supporters in print; William Empson and John Allen were encouraging about the initial essay of 1839. Only Sydney Smith's witty barbs are mentioned on the other side of the argument.Christie revisited his diplomatic career in "Notes on Brazilian Questions" (1865). In retirement he concentrated on the history and literature of the seventeenth century. He had in 1859 edited a volume of original documents illustrating the life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury up to 1660, and in 1871 he published a complete if partisan biography, largely based on the posthumous papers of Shaftesbury and John Locke, and other manuscripts. He wrote a memoir of John Dryden, prefixed to his edition published in the Globe series (1870). In 1874 Christie edited the correspondence of Sir Joseph Williamson, Charles II's secretary of state, for the Camden Society.Christie became involved in a personal controversy with Abraham Hayward, who had attacked the memory of John Stuart Mill; it included a now-mysterious incident in the whist room of the Athenaeum Club in May 1873. Christie wrote to vindicate Mill, who had contacted him in 1867 over the secret ballot; the debate was cut short by his death.He married Mary Grant, a neighbour and friend of Anthony Trollope, and the eldest daughter of Colonel (later Major-General) James Grant, CB. They had at least 3 sons and 3 daughters, including the novelist Mary Elizabeth Christie (1847–1906).
|
[
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"ambassador of the United Kingdom to Argentina"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Sep, 1944?
|
September 03, 1944
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_0
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Dec, 1944?
|
December 30, 1944
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of Economy of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_1
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Apr, 1946?
|
April 15, 1946
|
{
"text": [
"Minister without portfolio of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_2
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Feb, 1947?
|
February 06, 1947
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of Public Order",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_3
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy",
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy",
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Feb, 1947?
|
February 23, 1947
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of Public Order",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_4
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy",
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy",
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Apr, 1947?
|
April 01, 1947
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of Aviation of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_5
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Mar, 1950?
|
March 31, 1950
|
{
"text": [
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_6
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Jan, 1954?
|
January 26, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Minister for National Defence of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_7
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Jan, 1959?
|
January 01, 1959
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Athens Academy"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_8
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Mar, 1962?
|
March 16, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_9
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Apr, 1967?
|
April 10, 1967
|
{
"text": [
"Prime Minister of Greece"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_10
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Which position did Panagiotis Kanellopoulos hold in Jan, 1981?
|
January 31, 1981
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament"
]
}
|
L2_Q708364_P39_11
|
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Athens Academy from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1959.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Prime Minister of Greece from Apr, 1967 to Apr, 1967.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Aviation of Greece from Feb, 1947 to Aug, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Apr, 1946 to Apr, 1946.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from Nov, 1961 to Jun, 1963.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Military Affairs of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Dec, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1985.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Jul, 1944 to Oct, 1944.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Dec, 1952 to Jun, 1955.
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos holds the position of Minister of Public Order from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
|
Panagiotis KanellopoulosPanagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.
|
[
"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Naval Affairs of Greece",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister of Public Order",
"Prime Minister of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Aviation of Greece",
"Minister of Military Affairs of Greece",
"Member of the Athens Academy"
] |
|
Where was Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter educated in Aug, 1924?
|
August 11, 1924
|
{
"text": [
"Marlborough College"
]
}
|
L2_Q129916_P69_0
|
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Trinity College from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1928.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Princeton University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Marlborough College from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1925.
|
Harold Scott MacDonald CoxeterHarold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, (February 9, 1907 – March 31, 2003) was a British and later also Canadian geometer. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.Coxeter was born in Kensington to Harold Samuel Coxeter and Lucy (). His father had taken over the family business of Coxeter & Son, manufacturers of surgical instruments and compressed gases (including a mechanism for anaesthetising surgical patients with nitrous oxide), but was able to retire early and focus on sculpting and baritone singing; Lucy Coxeter was a portrait and landscape painter who had attended the Royal Academy of Arts. A maternal cousin was the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.In his youth, Coxeter composed music and was an accomplished pianist at the age of 10. He felt that mathematics and music were intimately related, outlining his ideas in a 1962 article on "Mathematics and Music" in the "Canadian Music Journal". He was educated at King Alfred School, London and St George's School, Harpenden, where his best friend was John Flinders Petrie, later a mathematician for whom Petrie polygons were named. He was accepted at King's College, Cambridge in 1925, but decided to spend a year studying in hopes of gaining admittance to Trinity College, where the standard of mathematics was higher. Coxeter won an entrance scholarship and went up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1926 to read mathematics. There he earned his BA (as Senior Wrangler) in 1928, and his doctorate in 1931. In 1932 he went to Princeton University for a year as a Rockefeller Fellow, where he worked with Hermann Weyl, Oswald Veblen, and Solomon Lefschetz. Returning to Trinity for a year, he attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's seminars on the philosophy of mathematics. In 1934 he spent a further year at Princeton as a Procter Fellow.In 1936 Coxeter moved to the University of Toronto. In 1938 he and P. Du Val, H.T. Flather, and John Flinders Petrie published The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra with University of Toronto Press. In 1940 Coxeter edited the eleventh edition of "Mathematical Recreations and Essays", originally published by W. W. Rouse Ball in 1892. He was elevated to professor in 1948. Coxeter was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1948 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950. He met M. C. Escher in 1954 and the two became lifelong friends; his work on geometric figures helped inspire some of Escher's works, particularly the "Circle Limit" series based on hyperbolic tessellations. He also inspired some of the innovations of Buckminster Fuller. Coxeter, M. S. Longuet-Higgins and J. C. P. Miller were the first to publish the full list of uniform polyhedra (1954).He worked for 60 years at the University of Toronto and published twelve books.Since 1978, the Canadian Mathematical Society have awarded the Coxeter–James Prize in his honor.He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950 and in 1997 he was awarded their Sylvester Medal. In 1990, he became a Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1997 was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.In 1973 he received the Jeffery–Williams Prize.A festschrift in his honour, "The Geometric Vein", was published in 1982. It contained 41 essays on geometry, based on a symposium for Coxeter held at Toronto in 1979.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Trinity College",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Where was Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter educated in Jan, 1927?
|
January 07, 1927
|
{
"text": [
"Trinity College"
]
}
|
L2_Q129916_P69_1
|
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Princeton University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Trinity College from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1928.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Marlborough College from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1925.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1931.
|
Harold Scott MacDonald CoxeterHarold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, (February 9, 1907 – March 31, 2003) was a British and later also Canadian geometer. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.Coxeter was born in Kensington to Harold Samuel Coxeter and Lucy (). His father had taken over the family business of Coxeter & Son, manufacturers of surgical instruments and compressed gases (including a mechanism for anaesthetising surgical patients with nitrous oxide), but was able to retire early and focus on sculpting and baritone singing; Lucy Coxeter was a portrait and landscape painter who had attended the Royal Academy of Arts. A maternal cousin was the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.In his youth, Coxeter composed music and was an accomplished pianist at the age of 10. He felt that mathematics and music were intimately related, outlining his ideas in a 1962 article on "Mathematics and Music" in the "Canadian Music Journal". He was educated at King Alfred School, London and St George's School, Harpenden, where his best friend was John Flinders Petrie, later a mathematician for whom Petrie polygons were named. He was accepted at King's College, Cambridge in 1925, but decided to spend a year studying in hopes of gaining admittance to Trinity College, where the standard of mathematics was higher. Coxeter won an entrance scholarship and went up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1926 to read mathematics. There he earned his BA (as Senior Wrangler) in 1928, and his doctorate in 1931. In 1932 he went to Princeton University for a year as a Rockefeller Fellow, where he worked with Hermann Weyl, Oswald Veblen, and Solomon Lefschetz. Returning to Trinity for a year, he attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's seminars on the philosophy of mathematics. In 1934 he spent a further year at Princeton as a Procter Fellow.In 1936 Coxeter moved to the University of Toronto. In 1938 he and P. Du Val, H.T. Flather, and John Flinders Petrie published The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra with University of Toronto Press. In 1940 Coxeter edited the eleventh edition of "Mathematical Recreations and Essays", originally published by W. W. Rouse Ball in 1892. He was elevated to professor in 1948. Coxeter was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1948 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950. He met M. C. Escher in 1954 and the two became lifelong friends; his work on geometric figures helped inspire some of Escher's works, particularly the "Circle Limit" series based on hyperbolic tessellations. He also inspired some of the innovations of Buckminster Fuller. Coxeter, M. S. Longuet-Higgins and J. C. P. Miller were the first to publish the full list of uniform polyhedra (1954).He worked for 60 years at the University of Toronto and published twelve books.Since 1978, the Canadian Mathematical Society have awarded the Coxeter–James Prize in his honor.He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950 and in 1997 he was awarded their Sylvester Medal. In 1990, he became a Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1997 was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.In 1973 he received the Jeffery–Williams Prize.A festschrift in his honour, "The Geometric Vein", was published in 1982. It contained 41 essays on geometry, based on a symposium for Coxeter held at Toronto in 1979.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Marlborough College",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Where was Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter educated in Jul, 1928?
|
July 24, 1928
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q129916_P69_2
|
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Trinity College from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1928.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Princeton University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Marlborough College from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1925.
|
Harold Scott MacDonald CoxeterHarold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, (February 9, 1907 – March 31, 2003) was a British and later also Canadian geometer. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.Coxeter was born in Kensington to Harold Samuel Coxeter and Lucy (). His father had taken over the family business of Coxeter & Son, manufacturers of surgical instruments and compressed gases (including a mechanism for anaesthetising surgical patients with nitrous oxide), but was able to retire early and focus on sculpting and baritone singing; Lucy Coxeter was a portrait and landscape painter who had attended the Royal Academy of Arts. A maternal cousin was the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.In his youth, Coxeter composed music and was an accomplished pianist at the age of 10. He felt that mathematics and music were intimately related, outlining his ideas in a 1962 article on "Mathematics and Music" in the "Canadian Music Journal". He was educated at King Alfred School, London and St George's School, Harpenden, where his best friend was John Flinders Petrie, later a mathematician for whom Petrie polygons were named. He was accepted at King's College, Cambridge in 1925, but decided to spend a year studying in hopes of gaining admittance to Trinity College, where the standard of mathematics was higher. Coxeter won an entrance scholarship and went up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1926 to read mathematics. There he earned his BA (as Senior Wrangler) in 1928, and his doctorate in 1931. In 1932 he went to Princeton University for a year as a Rockefeller Fellow, where he worked with Hermann Weyl, Oswald Veblen, and Solomon Lefschetz. Returning to Trinity for a year, he attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's seminars on the philosophy of mathematics. In 1934 he spent a further year at Princeton as a Procter Fellow.In 1936 Coxeter moved to the University of Toronto. In 1938 he and P. Du Val, H.T. Flather, and John Flinders Petrie published The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra with University of Toronto Press. In 1940 Coxeter edited the eleventh edition of "Mathematical Recreations and Essays", originally published by W. W. Rouse Ball in 1892. He was elevated to professor in 1948. Coxeter was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1948 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950. He met M. C. Escher in 1954 and the two became lifelong friends; his work on geometric figures helped inspire some of Escher's works, particularly the "Circle Limit" series based on hyperbolic tessellations. He also inspired some of the innovations of Buckminster Fuller. Coxeter, M. S. Longuet-Higgins and J. C. P. Miller were the first to publish the full list of uniform polyhedra (1954).He worked for 60 years at the University of Toronto and published twelve books.Since 1978, the Canadian Mathematical Society have awarded the Coxeter–James Prize in his honor.He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950 and in 1997 he was awarded their Sylvester Medal. In 1990, he became a Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1997 was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.In 1973 he received the Jeffery–Williams Prize.A festschrift in his honour, "The Geometric Vein", was published in 1982. It contained 41 essays on geometry, based on a symposium for Coxeter held at Toronto in 1979.
|
[
"Marlborough College",
"Trinity College",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Where was Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter educated in Apr, 1931?
|
April 12, 1931
|
{
"text": [
"Princeton University"
]
}
|
L2_Q129916_P69_3
|
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Trinity College from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1928.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Princeton University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933.
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter attended Marlborough College from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1925.
|
Harold Scott MacDonald CoxeterHarold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, (February 9, 1907 – March 31, 2003) was a British and later also Canadian geometer. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.Coxeter was born in Kensington to Harold Samuel Coxeter and Lucy (). His father had taken over the family business of Coxeter & Son, manufacturers of surgical instruments and compressed gases (including a mechanism for anaesthetising surgical patients with nitrous oxide), but was able to retire early and focus on sculpting and baritone singing; Lucy Coxeter was a portrait and landscape painter who had attended the Royal Academy of Arts. A maternal cousin was the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.In his youth, Coxeter composed music and was an accomplished pianist at the age of 10. He felt that mathematics and music were intimately related, outlining his ideas in a 1962 article on "Mathematics and Music" in the "Canadian Music Journal". He was educated at King Alfred School, London and St George's School, Harpenden, where his best friend was John Flinders Petrie, later a mathematician for whom Petrie polygons were named. He was accepted at King's College, Cambridge in 1925, but decided to spend a year studying in hopes of gaining admittance to Trinity College, where the standard of mathematics was higher. Coxeter won an entrance scholarship and went up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1926 to read mathematics. There he earned his BA (as Senior Wrangler) in 1928, and his doctorate in 1931. In 1932 he went to Princeton University for a year as a Rockefeller Fellow, where he worked with Hermann Weyl, Oswald Veblen, and Solomon Lefschetz. Returning to Trinity for a year, he attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's seminars on the philosophy of mathematics. In 1934 he spent a further year at Princeton as a Procter Fellow.In 1936 Coxeter moved to the University of Toronto. In 1938 he and P. Du Val, H.T. Flather, and John Flinders Petrie published The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra with University of Toronto Press. In 1940 Coxeter edited the eleventh edition of "Mathematical Recreations and Essays", originally published by W. W. Rouse Ball in 1892. He was elevated to professor in 1948. Coxeter was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1948 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950. He met M. C. Escher in 1954 and the two became lifelong friends; his work on geometric figures helped inspire some of Escher's works, particularly the "Circle Limit" series based on hyperbolic tessellations. He also inspired some of the innovations of Buckminster Fuller. Coxeter, M. S. Longuet-Higgins and J. C. P. Miller were the first to publish the full list of uniform polyhedra (1954).He worked for 60 years at the University of Toronto and published twelve books.Since 1978, the Canadian Mathematical Society have awarded the Coxeter–James Prize in his honor.He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950 and in 1997 he was awarded their Sylvester Medal. In 1990, he became a Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1997 was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.In 1973 he received the Jeffery–Williams Prize.A festschrift in his honour, "The Geometric Vein", was published in 1982. It contained 41 essays on geometry, based on a symposium for Coxeter held at Toronto in 1979.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Marlborough College",
"Trinity College"
] |
|
Which employer did Egor Babaev work for in Sep, 2002?
|
September 30, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Uppsala University"
]
}
|
L2_Q27342353_P108_0
|
Egor Babaev works for Uppsala University from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Egor Babaev works for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
Egor Babaev works for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
Egor Babaev works for Cornell University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
|
Egor BabaevEgor Babaev is Russian-born Swedish physicist. In 2001, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Uppsala University (Sweden). In 2006 he joined the faculty of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 2007-2013 he shared this position with a faculty appointment at Physics Department of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (USA). He is currently full professor at the Physics Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology.He received multiple awards in recognition of his research on superconductivity and superfluidity. His results, obtained with several collaborators and students, include a theory of new types of superconducting states in multicomponent systems Type-1.5 superconductivity,(reviewed in) theory of metallic and superconducting superfluids and inter-component pairing induced by thermal fluctuation in multicomponent systems (reviewed in), prediction, often referred as Babaev-Faddeev-Niemi hypothesis of unconventional excitations in superconducting state: knotted solitons also dubbed as Hopfions.He is actively engaged in science communication to general public. Currently he is serving as the co-organiser and chair of the selection committee of the Lise Meitner Distinguished Lecture, the general audience lecture taking place at AlbaNova University Center in Stockholm on annual basis. He coauthored the textbook on modern theory of superfluidity with Boris Svistunov and Nikolay Prokof'ev.Göran Gustafsson Prize in Physics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For original theoretical research which has already shown new ways to understand complex systems and processes in materials physics"American Physical Society Fellow "For pioneering contributions to the theory of multicomponent superconductors and superfluids"Tage Erlander prize in Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For groundbreaking theoretical work that predicts new states of matter in the form of quantum fluids with novel properties"Outstanding Young Researcher Award from Swedish Research Council US National Science Foundation CAREER Award
|
[
"University of Massachusetts Amherst",
"Cornell University",
"Royal Institute of Technology"
] |
|
Which employer did Egor Babaev work for in Aug, 2004?
|
August 02, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Cornell University"
]
}
|
L2_Q27342353_P108_1
|
Egor Babaev works for Cornell University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Egor Babaev works for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
Egor Babaev works for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
Egor Babaev works for Uppsala University from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
|
Egor BabaevEgor Babaev is Russian-born Swedish physicist. In 2001, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Uppsala University (Sweden). In 2006 he joined the faculty of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 2007-2013 he shared this position with a faculty appointment at Physics Department of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (USA). He is currently full professor at the Physics Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology.He received multiple awards in recognition of his research on superconductivity and superfluidity. His results, obtained with several collaborators and students, include a theory of new types of superconducting states in multicomponent systems Type-1.5 superconductivity,(reviewed in) theory of metallic and superconducting superfluids and inter-component pairing induced by thermal fluctuation in multicomponent systems (reviewed in), prediction, often referred as Babaev-Faddeev-Niemi hypothesis of unconventional excitations in superconducting state: knotted solitons also dubbed as Hopfions.He is actively engaged in science communication to general public. Currently he is serving as the co-organiser and chair of the selection committee of the Lise Meitner Distinguished Lecture, the general audience lecture taking place at AlbaNova University Center in Stockholm on annual basis. He coauthored the textbook on modern theory of superfluidity with Boris Svistunov and Nikolay Prokof'ev.Göran Gustafsson Prize in Physics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For original theoretical research which has already shown new ways to understand complex systems and processes in materials physics"American Physical Society Fellow "For pioneering contributions to the theory of multicomponent superconductors and superfluids"Tage Erlander prize in Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For groundbreaking theoretical work that predicts new states of matter in the form of quantum fluids with novel properties"Outstanding Young Researcher Award from Swedish Research Council US National Science Foundation CAREER Award
|
[
"Uppsala University",
"Royal Institute of Technology",
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
] |
|
Which employer did Egor Babaev work for in Aug, 2012?
|
August 02, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Royal Institute of Technology",
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
]
}
|
L2_Q27342353_P108_2
|
Egor Babaev works for Cornell University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Egor Babaev works for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
Egor Babaev works for Uppsala University from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Egor Babaev works for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Egor BabaevEgor Babaev is Russian-born Swedish physicist. In 2001, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Uppsala University (Sweden). In 2006 he joined the faculty of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 2007-2013 he shared this position with a faculty appointment at Physics Department of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (USA). He is currently full professor at the Physics Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology.He received multiple awards in recognition of his research on superconductivity and superfluidity. His results, obtained with several collaborators and students, include a theory of new types of superconducting states in multicomponent systems Type-1.5 superconductivity,(reviewed in) theory of metallic and superconducting superfluids and inter-component pairing induced by thermal fluctuation in multicomponent systems (reviewed in), prediction, often referred as Babaev-Faddeev-Niemi hypothesis of unconventional excitations in superconducting state: knotted solitons also dubbed as Hopfions.He is actively engaged in science communication to general public. Currently he is serving as the co-organiser and chair of the selection committee of the Lise Meitner Distinguished Lecture, the general audience lecture taking place at AlbaNova University Center in Stockholm on annual basis. He coauthored the textbook on modern theory of superfluidity with Boris Svistunov and Nikolay Prokof'ev.Göran Gustafsson Prize in Physics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For original theoretical research which has already shown new ways to understand complex systems and processes in materials physics"American Physical Society Fellow "For pioneering contributions to the theory of multicomponent superconductors and superfluids"Tage Erlander prize in Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For groundbreaking theoretical work that predicts new states of matter in the form of quantum fluids with novel properties"Outstanding Young Researcher Award from Swedish Research Council US National Science Foundation CAREER Award
|
[
"Uppsala University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Egor Babaev work for in Feb, 2011?
|
February 12, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Royal Institute of Technology",
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
]
}
|
L2_Q27342353_P108_3
|
Egor Babaev works for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
Egor Babaev works for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
Egor Babaev works for Cornell University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Egor Babaev works for Uppsala University from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
|
Egor BabaevEgor Babaev is Russian-born Swedish physicist. In 2001, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Uppsala University (Sweden). In 2006 he joined the faculty of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 2007-2013 he shared this position with a faculty appointment at Physics Department of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (USA). He is currently full professor at the Physics Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology.He received multiple awards in recognition of his research on superconductivity and superfluidity. His results, obtained with several collaborators and students, include a theory of new types of superconducting states in multicomponent systems Type-1.5 superconductivity,(reviewed in) theory of metallic and superconducting superfluids and inter-component pairing induced by thermal fluctuation in multicomponent systems (reviewed in), prediction, often referred as Babaev-Faddeev-Niemi hypothesis of unconventional excitations in superconducting state: knotted solitons also dubbed as Hopfions.He is actively engaged in science communication to general public. Currently he is serving as the co-organiser and chair of the selection committee of the Lise Meitner Distinguished Lecture, the general audience lecture taking place at AlbaNova University Center in Stockholm on annual basis. He coauthored the textbook on modern theory of superfluidity with Boris Svistunov and Nikolay Prokof'ev.Göran Gustafsson Prize in Physics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For original theoretical research which has already shown new ways to understand complex systems and processes in materials physics"American Physical Society Fellow "For pioneering contributions to the theory of multicomponent superconductors and superfluids"Tage Erlander prize in Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For groundbreaking theoretical work that predicts new states of matter in the form of quantum fluids with novel properties"Outstanding Young Researcher Award from Swedish Research Council US National Science Foundation CAREER Award
|
[
"Uppsala University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Teija Tiilikainen work for in Mar, 2006?
|
March 29, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"University of Helsinki"
]
}
|
L2_Q3517186_P108_0
|
Teija Tiilikainen works for European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats from Oct, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Teija Tiilikainen works for Finnish Institute of International Affairs from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2019.
Teija Tiilikainen works for University of Helsinki from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
|
Teija TiilikainenTeija Helena Tiilikainen is a Finnish political scientist. She has been the Director of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Secretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, and a vice-chairperson of the executive board of the University of Helsinki. In August 2019 she was elected Director of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats. Her research focuses on European integration and European security policy.Tiilikainen studied Political Science at Åbo Akademi University. She received a Master in Political Science there in 1989, a graduate diploma in Political Science in 1991, and a doctorate in Political Science in 1997. Her dissertation studied the history of political ideas across Europe and Finland, and the political identity of Finland in Western Europe. Tiilikainen then joined the faculty at The University of Turku, before returning to The Åbo Akademi University, and then in 1998 moving to The University of Helsinki.In 2002–2003, Tiilikainen was chosen as a member of the Convention on the Future of Europe. In 2015, she was selected for the Panel of Eminent Persons on European Security, a Common Project by the ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger.From 2007 to 2008, Tiilikainen was the Secretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. She served in the service of Ilkka Kanerva, and subsequently Alexander Stubb for a short time. In 2009 she returned to the University of Helsinki.Tiilikainen participated in the Bilderberg meetings of 2002, 2005, and 2007. She has also been the editor-in-chief of the Finnish foreign policy journal "Ulkopolitiikka".From 2003 to 2009, Tiilikainen was Director of the Network of European Studies at the University of Helsinki. In 2010, she left the Network of European Studies when she was appointed to be the Director of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, which is an independent research institute in Töölö that studies questions of international relations and the European Union. In 2018, she joined the Peace and Security Cluster at the School of Transnational Governance as a part-time professor.In August 2019, Tiilikainen was elected to a five year term as the director of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, a research centre in Helsinki that studies possible responses to hybrid warfare threats to The European Union and NATO.Tiilikainen's work has been covered in global news media outlets including "Helsingin Sanomat", "The Irish Times", "The Economist", and The "Xinhua News Agency".
|
[
"Finnish Institute of International Affairs",
"European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats"
] |
|
Which employer did Teija Tiilikainen work for in Nov, 2016?
|
November 30, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Finnish Institute of International Affairs"
]
}
|
L2_Q3517186_P108_1
|
Teija Tiilikainen works for Finnish Institute of International Affairs from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2019.
Teija Tiilikainen works for University of Helsinki from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Teija Tiilikainen works for European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats from Oct, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
|
Teija TiilikainenTeija Helena Tiilikainen is a Finnish political scientist. She has been the Director of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Secretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, and a vice-chairperson of the executive board of the University of Helsinki. In August 2019 she was elected Director of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats. Her research focuses on European integration and European security policy.Tiilikainen studied Political Science at Åbo Akademi University. She received a Master in Political Science there in 1989, a graduate diploma in Political Science in 1991, and a doctorate in Political Science in 1997. Her dissertation studied the history of political ideas across Europe and Finland, and the political identity of Finland in Western Europe. Tiilikainen then joined the faculty at The University of Turku, before returning to The Åbo Akademi University, and then in 1998 moving to The University of Helsinki.In 2002–2003, Tiilikainen was chosen as a member of the Convention on the Future of Europe. In 2015, she was selected for the Panel of Eminent Persons on European Security, a Common Project by the ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger.From 2007 to 2008, Tiilikainen was the Secretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. She served in the service of Ilkka Kanerva, and subsequently Alexander Stubb for a short time. In 2009 she returned to the University of Helsinki.Tiilikainen participated in the Bilderberg meetings of 2002, 2005, and 2007. She has also been the editor-in-chief of the Finnish foreign policy journal "Ulkopolitiikka".From 2003 to 2009, Tiilikainen was Director of the Network of European Studies at the University of Helsinki. In 2010, she left the Network of European Studies when she was appointed to be the Director of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, which is an independent research institute in Töölö that studies questions of international relations and the European Union. In 2018, she joined the Peace and Security Cluster at the School of Transnational Governance as a part-time professor.In August 2019, Tiilikainen was elected to a five year term as the director of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, a research centre in Helsinki that studies possible responses to hybrid warfare threats to The European Union and NATO.Tiilikainen's work has been covered in global news media outlets including "Helsingin Sanomat", "The Irish Times", "The Economist", and The "Xinhua News Agency".
|
[
"University of Helsinki",
"European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats"
] |
|
Which employer did Teija Tiilikainen work for in Nov, 2020?
|
November 15, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats"
]
}
|
L2_Q3517186_P108_2
|
Teija Tiilikainen works for University of Helsinki from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Teija Tiilikainen works for Finnish Institute of International Affairs from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2019.
Teija Tiilikainen works for European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats from Oct, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
|
Teija TiilikainenTeija Helena Tiilikainen is a Finnish political scientist. She has been the Director of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Secretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, and a vice-chairperson of the executive board of the University of Helsinki. In August 2019 she was elected Director of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats. Her research focuses on European integration and European security policy.Tiilikainen studied Political Science at Åbo Akademi University. She received a Master in Political Science there in 1989, a graduate diploma in Political Science in 1991, and a doctorate in Political Science in 1997. Her dissertation studied the history of political ideas across Europe and Finland, and the political identity of Finland in Western Europe. Tiilikainen then joined the faculty at The University of Turku, before returning to The Åbo Akademi University, and then in 1998 moving to The University of Helsinki.In 2002–2003, Tiilikainen was chosen as a member of the Convention on the Future of Europe. In 2015, she was selected for the Panel of Eminent Persons on European Security, a Common Project by the ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger.From 2007 to 2008, Tiilikainen was the Secretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. She served in the service of Ilkka Kanerva, and subsequently Alexander Stubb for a short time. In 2009 she returned to the University of Helsinki.Tiilikainen participated in the Bilderberg meetings of 2002, 2005, and 2007. She has also been the editor-in-chief of the Finnish foreign policy journal "Ulkopolitiikka".From 2003 to 2009, Tiilikainen was Director of the Network of European Studies at the University of Helsinki. In 2010, she left the Network of European Studies when she was appointed to be the Director of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, which is an independent research institute in Töölö that studies questions of international relations and the European Union. In 2018, she joined the Peace and Security Cluster at the School of Transnational Governance as a part-time professor.In August 2019, Tiilikainen was elected to a five year term as the director of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, a research centre in Helsinki that studies possible responses to hybrid warfare threats to The European Union and NATO.Tiilikainen's work has been covered in global news media outlets including "Helsingin Sanomat", "The Irish Times", "The Economist", and The "Xinhua News Agency".
|
[
"University of Helsinki",
"Finnish Institute of International Affairs"
] |
|
Which employer did Max Volmer work for in Feb, 1912?
|
February 22, 1912
|
{
"text": [
"Leipzig University"
]
}
|
L2_Q65226_P108_0
|
Max Volmer works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Max Volmer works for Auergesellschaft from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1920.
Max Volmer works for Humboldt University of Berlin from May, 1955 to May, 1955.
Max Volmer works for Leipzig University from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Max Volmer works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1918.
Max Volmer works for Technische Hochschule Berlin from Oct, 1922 to Jan, 1945.
|
Max VolmerMax Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and directorship of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After World War II, he went to the Soviet Union, where he headed a design bureau for the production of heavy water. Upon his return to East Germany ten years later, he became a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was president of the East German Academy of Sciences.From 1905 to 1908, Volmer studied chemistry at the Philipps University of Marburg. After that, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1910, based on his work on photochemical reactions in high vacuums. He became an assistant lecturer at Leipzig in 1912, and after completion of his Habilitation there in 1913, he became a Privatdozent at the University.In 1916, Volmer went to work on military-related research at the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Friedrich-Wilhelms University (today the Humboldt University of Berlin). From 1918 to 1920, he conducted research in industry at the "Auergesellschaft" in Berlin. In 1919, he invented the mercury steam ejector, and he published a paper, with Otto Stern which resulted in the attribution of the Stern–Volmer equation and constant. Also attributed from his work during this time is the Volmer isotherm.In 1920, Volmer was appointed extraordinarius professor of physical chemistry and electrochemistry at the University of Hamburg. In 1922, he was appointed ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin (Berlin-Charlottenburg); the position was previously held by Walther Nernst. It was during his time there that he discovered the migration of adsorbed molecules, known as Volmer diffusion. In 1930, he published a paper from which was attributed the Butler-Volmer equation, based on earlier work of John Alfred Valentine Butler. This work formed the basis of phenomenological kinetic electrochemistry.Volmer, Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik", Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, and Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts. On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi); Volmer was initially assigned to Hertz's institute. Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi.Late in January 1946, Volmer was assigned to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), in Moscow. Volmer was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water; Robert Döpel also worked at NII-9. Volmer's group with Victor Bayerl, a physical chemist and Gustav Richter a physicist, was under Alexander Mikailovich Rosen, and they designed a heavy water production process and facility based on the counterflow of ammonia. The installation was constructed at Norilsk and completed in 1948, after which Volmer's organization was transferred to Zinaida Yershova’s group, which worked on plutonium extraction from fission products.In March 1955, Volmer returned to East Germany. He received the Soviet Union's national prize, first class, "Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes" (Outstanding Scientist of the People). On 1 May 1955, he became an ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. On 10 November 1955, became a member of the "Wissenschaftlichen Rates für die friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie" of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 8 December 1955 to 1959, he became president of the German Academy of Sciences, after which he was vice-president until 1961. From 27 August 1957, he became an initial member of the "Forschungsrat" of the GDR.At the Technical University of Berlin, where Volmer worked for so many years, the Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry was named in his honor. Also in Volmer's honor, a street was named "Volmerstrasse" in Berlin-Adlershof, Potsdam, and Hilden.Volmer married the physical chemist Lotte Pusch. Max and Lotte knew and socialized with the physicist Lise Meitner and the chemist Otto Hahn since the 1920s.
|
[
"Auergesellschaft",
"University of Hamburg",
"Technische Hochschule Berlin",
"Humboldt University of Berlin",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Which employer did Max Volmer work for in Jul, 1917?
|
July 16, 1917
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q65226_P108_1
|
Max Volmer works for Technische Hochschule Berlin from Oct, 1922 to Jan, 1945.
Max Volmer works for Humboldt University of Berlin from May, 1955 to May, 1955.
Max Volmer works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1918.
Max Volmer works for Auergesellschaft from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1920.
Max Volmer works for Leipzig University from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Max Volmer works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
|
Max VolmerMax Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and directorship of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After World War II, he went to the Soviet Union, where he headed a design bureau for the production of heavy water. Upon his return to East Germany ten years later, he became a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was president of the East German Academy of Sciences.From 1905 to 1908, Volmer studied chemistry at the Philipps University of Marburg. After that, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1910, based on his work on photochemical reactions in high vacuums. He became an assistant lecturer at Leipzig in 1912, and after completion of his Habilitation there in 1913, he became a Privatdozent at the University.In 1916, Volmer went to work on military-related research at the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Friedrich-Wilhelms University (today the Humboldt University of Berlin). From 1918 to 1920, he conducted research in industry at the "Auergesellschaft" in Berlin. In 1919, he invented the mercury steam ejector, and he published a paper, with Otto Stern which resulted in the attribution of the Stern–Volmer equation and constant. Also attributed from his work during this time is the Volmer isotherm.In 1920, Volmer was appointed extraordinarius professor of physical chemistry and electrochemistry at the University of Hamburg. In 1922, he was appointed ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin (Berlin-Charlottenburg); the position was previously held by Walther Nernst. It was during his time there that he discovered the migration of adsorbed molecules, known as Volmer diffusion. In 1930, he published a paper from which was attributed the Butler-Volmer equation, based on earlier work of John Alfred Valentine Butler. This work formed the basis of phenomenological kinetic electrochemistry.Volmer, Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik", Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, and Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts. On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi); Volmer was initially assigned to Hertz's institute. Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi.Late in January 1946, Volmer was assigned to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), in Moscow. Volmer was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water; Robert Döpel also worked at NII-9. Volmer's group with Victor Bayerl, a physical chemist and Gustav Richter a physicist, was under Alexander Mikailovich Rosen, and they designed a heavy water production process and facility based on the counterflow of ammonia. The installation was constructed at Norilsk and completed in 1948, after which Volmer's organization was transferred to Zinaida Yershova’s group, which worked on plutonium extraction from fission products.In March 1955, Volmer returned to East Germany. He received the Soviet Union's national prize, first class, "Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes" (Outstanding Scientist of the People). On 1 May 1955, he became an ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. On 10 November 1955, became a member of the "Wissenschaftlichen Rates für die friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie" of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 8 December 1955 to 1959, he became president of the German Academy of Sciences, after which he was vice-president until 1961. From 27 August 1957, he became an initial member of the "Forschungsrat" of the GDR.At the Technical University of Berlin, where Volmer worked for so many years, the Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry was named in his honor. Also in Volmer's honor, a street was named "Volmerstrasse" in Berlin-Adlershof, Potsdam, and Hilden.Volmer married the physical chemist Lotte Pusch. Max and Lotte knew and socialized with the physicist Lise Meitner and the chemist Otto Hahn since the 1920s.
|
[
"Auergesellschaft",
"University of Hamburg",
"Technische Hochschule Berlin",
"Leipzig University",
"Humboldt University of Berlin"
] |
|
Which employer did Max Volmer work for in Jul, 1919?
|
July 05, 1919
|
{
"text": [
"Auergesellschaft"
]
}
|
L2_Q65226_P108_2
|
Max Volmer works for Leipzig University from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Max Volmer works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Max Volmer works for Auergesellschaft from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1920.
Max Volmer works for Humboldt University of Berlin from May, 1955 to May, 1955.
Max Volmer works for Technische Hochschule Berlin from Oct, 1922 to Jan, 1945.
Max Volmer works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1918.
|
Max VolmerMax Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and directorship of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After World War II, he went to the Soviet Union, where he headed a design bureau for the production of heavy water. Upon his return to East Germany ten years later, he became a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was president of the East German Academy of Sciences.From 1905 to 1908, Volmer studied chemistry at the Philipps University of Marburg. After that, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1910, based on his work on photochemical reactions in high vacuums. He became an assistant lecturer at Leipzig in 1912, and after completion of his Habilitation there in 1913, he became a Privatdozent at the University.In 1916, Volmer went to work on military-related research at the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Friedrich-Wilhelms University (today the Humboldt University of Berlin). From 1918 to 1920, he conducted research in industry at the "Auergesellschaft" in Berlin. In 1919, he invented the mercury steam ejector, and he published a paper, with Otto Stern which resulted in the attribution of the Stern–Volmer equation and constant. Also attributed from his work during this time is the Volmer isotherm.In 1920, Volmer was appointed extraordinarius professor of physical chemistry and electrochemistry at the University of Hamburg. In 1922, he was appointed ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin (Berlin-Charlottenburg); the position was previously held by Walther Nernst. It was during his time there that he discovered the migration of adsorbed molecules, known as Volmer diffusion. In 1930, he published a paper from which was attributed the Butler-Volmer equation, based on earlier work of John Alfred Valentine Butler. This work formed the basis of phenomenological kinetic electrochemistry.Volmer, Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik", Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, and Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts. On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi); Volmer was initially assigned to Hertz's institute. Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi.Late in January 1946, Volmer was assigned to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), in Moscow. Volmer was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water; Robert Döpel also worked at NII-9. Volmer's group with Victor Bayerl, a physical chemist and Gustav Richter a physicist, was under Alexander Mikailovich Rosen, and they designed a heavy water production process and facility based on the counterflow of ammonia. The installation was constructed at Norilsk and completed in 1948, after which Volmer's organization was transferred to Zinaida Yershova’s group, which worked on plutonium extraction from fission products.In March 1955, Volmer returned to East Germany. He received the Soviet Union's national prize, first class, "Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes" (Outstanding Scientist of the People). On 1 May 1955, he became an ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. On 10 November 1955, became a member of the "Wissenschaftlichen Rates für die friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie" of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 8 December 1955 to 1959, he became president of the German Academy of Sciences, after which he was vice-president until 1961. From 27 August 1957, he became an initial member of the "Forschungsrat" of the GDR.At the Technical University of Berlin, where Volmer worked for so many years, the Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry was named in his honor. Also in Volmer's honor, a street was named "Volmerstrasse" in Berlin-Adlershof, Potsdam, and Hilden.Volmer married the physical chemist Lotte Pusch. Max and Lotte knew and socialized with the physicist Lise Meitner and the chemist Otto Hahn since the 1920s.
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"Technische Hochschule Berlin",
"Leipzig University",
"Humboldt University of Berlin",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Which employer did Max Volmer work for in Dec, 1921?
|
December 25, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hamburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q65226_P108_3
|
Max Volmer works for Humboldt University of Berlin from May, 1955 to May, 1955.
Max Volmer works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Max Volmer works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1918.
Max Volmer works for Auergesellschaft from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1920.
Max Volmer works for Technische Hochschule Berlin from Oct, 1922 to Jan, 1945.
Max Volmer works for Leipzig University from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
|
Max VolmerMax Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and directorship of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After World War II, he went to the Soviet Union, where he headed a design bureau for the production of heavy water. Upon his return to East Germany ten years later, he became a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was president of the East German Academy of Sciences.From 1905 to 1908, Volmer studied chemistry at the Philipps University of Marburg. After that, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1910, based on his work on photochemical reactions in high vacuums. He became an assistant lecturer at Leipzig in 1912, and after completion of his Habilitation there in 1913, he became a Privatdozent at the University.In 1916, Volmer went to work on military-related research at the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Friedrich-Wilhelms University (today the Humboldt University of Berlin). From 1918 to 1920, he conducted research in industry at the "Auergesellschaft" in Berlin. In 1919, he invented the mercury steam ejector, and he published a paper, with Otto Stern which resulted in the attribution of the Stern–Volmer equation and constant. Also attributed from his work during this time is the Volmer isotherm.In 1920, Volmer was appointed extraordinarius professor of physical chemistry and electrochemistry at the University of Hamburg. In 1922, he was appointed ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin (Berlin-Charlottenburg); the position was previously held by Walther Nernst. It was during his time there that he discovered the migration of adsorbed molecules, known as Volmer diffusion. In 1930, he published a paper from which was attributed the Butler-Volmer equation, based on earlier work of John Alfred Valentine Butler. This work formed the basis of phenomenological kinetic electrochemistry.Volmer, Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik", Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, and Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts. On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi); Volmer was initially assigned to Hertz's institute. Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi.Late in January 1946, Volmer was assigned to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), in Moscow. Volmer was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water; Robert Döpel also worked at NII-9. Volmer's group with Victor Bayerl, a physical chemist and Gustav Richter a physicist, was under Alexander Mikailovich Rosen, and they designed a heavy water production process and facility based on the counterflow of ammonia. The installation was constructed at Norilsk and completed in 1948, after which Volmer's organization was transferred to Zinaida Yershova’s group, which worked on plutonium extraction from fission products.In March 1955, Volmer returned to East Germany. He received the Soviet Union's national prize, first class, "Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes" (Outstanding Scientist of the People). On 1 May 1955, he became an ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. On 10 November 1955, became a member of the "Wissenschaftlichen Rates für die friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie" of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 8 December 1955 to 1959, he became president of the German Academy of Sciences, after which he was vice-president until 1961. From 27 August 1957, he became an initial member of the "Forschungsrat" of the GDR.At the Technical University of Berlin, where Volmer worked for so many years, the Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry was named in his honor. Also in Volmer's honor, a street was named "Volmerstrasse" in Berlin-Adlershof, Potsdam, and Hilden.Volmer married the physical chemist Lotte Pusch. Max and Lotte knew and socialized with the physicist Lise Meitner and the chemist Otto Hahn since the 1920s.
|
[
"Auergesellschaft",
"Technische Hochschule Berlin",
"Leipzig University",
"Humboldt University of Berlin",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Which employer did Max Volmer work for in Apr, 1931?
|
April 10, 1931
|
{
"text": [
"Technische Hochschule Berlin"
]
}
|
L2_Q65226_P108_4
|
Max Volmer works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Max Volmer works for Leipzig University from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Max Volmer works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1918.
Max Volmer works for Auergesellschaft from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1920.
Max Volmer works for Technische Hochschule Berlin from Oct, 1922 to Jan, 1945.
Max Volmer works for Humboldt University of Berlin from May, 1955 to May, 1955.
|
Max VolmerMax Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and directorship of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After World War II, he went to the Soviet Union, where he headed a design bureau for the production of heavy water. Upon his return to East Germany ten years later, he became a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was president of the East German Academy of Sciences.From 1905 to 1908, Volmer studied chemistry at the Philipps University of Marburg. After that, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1910, based on his work on photochemical reactions in high vacuums. He became an assistant lecturer at Leipzig in 1912, and after completion of his Habilitation there in 1913, he became a Privatdozent at the University.In 1916, Volmer went to work on military-related research at the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Friedrich-Wilhelms University (today the Humboldt University of Berlin). From 1918 to 1920, he conducted research in industry at the "Auergesellschaft" in Berlin. In 1919, he invented the mercury steam ejector, and he published a paper, with Otto Stern which resulted in the attribution of the Stern–Volmer equation and constant. Also attributed from his work during this time is the Volmer isotherm.In 1920, Volmer was appointed extraordinarius professor of physical chemistry and electrochemistry at the University of Hamburg. In 1922, he was appointed ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin (Berlin-Charlottenburg); the position was previously held by Walther Nernst. It was during his time there that he discovered the migration of adsorbed molecules, known as Volmer diffusion. In 1930, he published a paper from which was attributed the Butler-Volmer equation, based on earlier work of John Alfred Valentine Butler. This work formed the basis of phenomenological kinetic electrochemistry.Volmer, Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik", Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, and Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts. On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi); Volmer was initially assigned to Hertz's institute. Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi.Late in January 1946, Volmer was assigned to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), in Moscow. Volmer was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water; Robert Döpel also worked at NII-9. Volmer's group with Victor Bayerl, a physical chemist and Gustav Richter a physicist, was under Alexander Mikailovich Rosen, and they designed a heavy water production process and facility based on the counterflow of ammonia. The installation was constructed at Norilsk and completed in 1948, after which Volmer's organization was transferred to Zinaida Yershova’s group, which worked on plutonium extraction from fission products.In March 1955, Volmer returned to East Germany. He received the Soviet Union's national prize, first class, "Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes" (Outstanding Scientist of the People). On 1 May 1955, he became an ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. On 10 November 1955, became a member of the "Wissenschaftlichen Rates für die friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie" of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 8 December 1955 to 1959, he became president of the German Academy of Sciences, after which he was vice-president until 1961. From 27 August 1957, he became an initial member of the "Forschungsrat" of the GDR.At the Technical University of Berlin, where Volmer worked for so many years, the Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry was named in his honor. Also in Volmer's honor, a street was named "Volmerstrasse" in Berlin-Adlershof, Potsdam, and Hilden.Volmer married the physical chemist Lotte Pusch. Max and Lotte knew and socialized with the physicist Lise Meitner and the chemist Otto Hahn since the 1920s.
|
[
"Auergesellschaft",
"University of Hamburg",
"Leipzig University",
"Humboldt University of Berlin",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Which employer did Max Volmer work for in May, 1955?
|
May 01, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Humboldt University of Berlin"
]
}
|
L2_Q65226_P108_5
|
Max Volmer works for Leipzig University from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1914.
Max Volmer works for Auergesellschaft from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1920.
Max Volmer works for Frederick William University from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1918.
Max Volmer works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Max Volmer works for Humboldt University of Berlin from May, 1955 to May, 1955.
Max Volmer works for Technische Hochschule Berlin from Oct, 1922 to Jan, 1945.
|
Max VolmerMax Volmer (; 3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics. He co-developed the Butler–Volmer equation. Volmer held the chair and directorship of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After World War II, he went to the Soviet Union, where he headed a design bureau for the production of heavy water. Upon his return to East Germany ten years later, he became a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was president of the East German Academy of Sciences.From 1905 to 1908, Volmer studied chemistry at the Philipps University of Marburg. After that, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1910, based on his work on photochemical reactions in high vacuums. He became an assistant lecturer at Leipzig in 1912, and after completion of his Habilitation there in 1913, he became a Privatdozent at the University.In 1916, Volmer went to work on military-related research at the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Friedrich-Wilhelms University (today the Humboldt University of Berlin). From 1918 to 1920, he conducted research in industry at the "Auergesellschaft" in Berlin. In 1919, he invented the mercury steam ejector, and he published a paper, with Otto Stern which resulted in the attribution of the Stern–Volmer equation and constant. Also attributed from his work during this time is the Volmer isotherm.In 1920, Volmer was appointed extraordinarius professor of physical chemistry and electrochemistry at the University of Hamburg. In 1922, he was appointed ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Institute of the Technische Hochschule Berlin (Berlin-Charlottenburg); the position was previously held by Walther Nernst. It was during his time there that he discovered the migration of adsorbed molecules, known as Volmer diffusion. In 1930, he published a paper from which was attributed the Butler-Volmer equation, based on earlier work of John Alfred Valentine Butler. This work formed the basis of phenomenological kinetic electrochemistry.Volmer, Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik", Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, and Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts. On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi); Volmer was initially assigned to Hertz's institute. Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi.Late in January 1946, Volmer was assigned to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), in Moscow. Volmer was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water; Robert Döpel also worked at NII-9. Volmer's group with Victor Bayerl, a physical chemist and Gustav Richter a physicist, was under Alexander Mikailovich Rosen, and they designed a heavy water production process and facility based on the counterflow of ammonia. The installation was constructed at Norilsk and completed in 1948, after which Volmer's organization was transferred to Zinaida Yershova’s group, which worked on plutonium extraction from fission products.In March 1955, Volmer returned to East Germany. He received the Soviet Union's national prize, first class, "Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes" (Outstanding Scientist of the People). On 1 May 1955, he became an ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. On 10 November 1955, became a member of the "Wissenschaftlichen Rates für die friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie" of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 8 December 1955 to 1959, he became president of the German Academy of Sciences, after which he was vice-president until 1961. From 27 August 1957, he became an initial member of the "Forschungsrat" of the GDR.At the Technical University of Berlin, where Volmer worked for so many years, the Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry was named in his honor. Also in Volmer's honor, a street was named "Volmerstrasse" in Berlin-Adlershof, Potsdam, and Hilden.Volmer married the physical chemist Lotte Pusch. Max and Lotte knew and socialized with the physicist Lise Meitner and the chemist Otto Hahn since the 1920s.
|
[
"Auergesellschaft",
"University of Hamburg",
"Technische Hochschule Berlin",
"Leipzig University",
"Frederick William University"
] |
|
Who was the head of Dochia in Mar, 2013?
|
March 18, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Iulian-Gheorghe Ciubotaru"
]
}
|
L2_Q2541085_P6_0
|
Iulian-Cornel Iacob is the head of the government of Dochia from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Iulian-Gheorghe Ciubotaru is the head of the government of Dochia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Constantin Păduraru is the head of the government of Dochia from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
|
Dochia, NeamțDochia is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bălușești and Dochia. These were part of Bahna Commune from 1864 to 1880, an independent commune from 1880 to 1968, part of Girov Commune from 1968 to 2003, and independent again since that year.
|
[
"Constantin Păduraru",
"Iulian-Cornel Iacob"
] |
|
Who was the head of Dochia in Sep, 2016?
|
September 10, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Constantin Păduraru"
]
}
|
L2_Q2541085_P6_1
|
Constantin Păduraru is the head of the government of Dochia from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Iulian-Gheorghe Ciubotaru is the head of the government of Dochia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Iulian-Cornel Iacob is the head of the government of Dochia from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
Dochia, NeamțDochia is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bălușești and Dochia. These were part of Bahna Commune from 1864 to 1880, an independent commune from 1880 to 1968, part of Girov Commune from 1968 to 2003, and independent again since that year.
|
[
"Iulian-Gheorghe Ciubotaru",
"Iulian-Cornel Iacob"
] |
|
Who was the head of Dochia in Jun, 2022?
|
June 20, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Iulian-Cornel Iacob"
]
}
|
L2_Q2541085_P6_2
|
Iulian-Gheorghe Ciubotaru is the head of the government of Dochia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Constantin Păduraru is the head of the government of Dochia from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Iulian-Cornel Iacob is the head of the government of Dochia from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
Dochia, NeamțDochia is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bălușești and Dochia. These were part of Bahna Commune from 1864 to 1880, an independent commune from 1880 to 1968, part of Girov Commune from 1968 to 2003, and independent again since that year.
|
[
"Constantin Păduraru",
"Iulian-Gheorghe Ciubotaru"
] |
|
Who was the head of Vologda in Aug, 2006?
|
August 19, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Alexei Jakunitschew"
]
}
|
L2_Q1957_P6_0
|
Alexei Jakunitschew is the head of the government of Vologda from May, 1995 to Jul, 2008.
Evgeny Shulepov is the head of the government of Vologda from Oct, 2008 to Sep, 2016.
Yury Sapozhnikov is the head of the government of Vologda from Sep, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
|
VologdaVologda () is a city and the administrative, cultural, and scientific center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: 293,046 (2002 Census); The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city, one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast. 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments.Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologda's foundation.The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book "Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda". The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda. The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents. This date, which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow, is, however, not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional. The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma, who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus. Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography. The story contains many contradicting details. Besides, the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century: the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152, in Rostov in 1212, in the Belozersk area in 1251. Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either. Instead, they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century.The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir. This date is also supported by archaeological data.The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as "Lazy ground" (), close to the Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood.The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the White Sea (via the Northern Dvina) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic, as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow, who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries.In 1371, Dmitry Prilutsky, a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky, founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, close to the city. Dmitry Donskoy, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod.In 1397, during the reign of Vasily I, Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the Muscovite Civil War, Vologda played a key role. After Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447, he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka; however, they did not manage to occupy the town.After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda. In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia's trade. The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England, Holland, and other western countries via the White Sea. Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda, and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod, and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following the reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya, a native of Vologda.In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a moat. Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason (Nason in Russian tradition) and Saint Sosipater. Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the "Nason-gorod" (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishop's courtyard).Between 1568 and 1570, a new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov. In 1571, Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs.However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building.The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II.In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September 22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants.After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During the reign of Peter the Great, Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye, north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting the lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose.Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda.However, after St. Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk, which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate.The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty, a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate. In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into Vologda Governorate, the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now.A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye, from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with the Buman's creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia.Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as "Siberia close to the capital". In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), Nikolai Berdyaev (the famous Russian philosopher), Boris Savinkov (later known as a successful terrorist), Mariya Ulyanova, and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda. Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov's sister.Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the "zemstvo" and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the "diplomatic capital of Russia" for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador David R. Francis, relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July 24, 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk.During the Russian Civil War, Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army. The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia.In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral, that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city. In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, Northern Krai, which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates, as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast. The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast, with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September 23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast. These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined.In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, "Northern Communard," were constructed.During World War II, martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became a front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment "Vologda Collective Farmer" was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street.Between 1961 and 1985, Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a bearing plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts. In 1976, the Vologda trolleybus system opened.In November 1991, the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People's Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the City Duma was established. The first Duma elections took place on March 20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies.On July 25, 1996, the City Duma adopted the main city document: the Charter of Vologda. On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008.In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since the completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – Novaya Ladoga), Р5 (Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk), and М8 (Moscow – Arkhangelsk). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head.Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda (one of the four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug.Vologda's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification "Dfb") bordering on a mild subarctic climate ("Dfc"). Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is warm, the coldest months are December and January, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn.The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians. A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose.Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance. The most known of them areOf 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda is among them.Vologda's trademark products include Vologda lace, butter, and flax.In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery "Red bridge". The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums,Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918.The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda:Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following:Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov, Varlam Shalamov, Nikolay Rubtsov, and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova, Maria Markova, Galina Schekina, and Anton Chorny.Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways.The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and trolleybus lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center.Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway. It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation, with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1.The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway. Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, Ukhta, Velikiy Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra. Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service.The following highways go through Vologda:The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114, Р-5 and М-8 (the Arkhangelsk destination) is under construction around Vologda. The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road.The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes, and also by lines of fixed-route taxis. Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929, the trolleybus service was open in 1976. As of November 2009, in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes, nineteen municipal bus routes, and about forty "marshrutkas" (routed taxis). The main transport companies are the open society "VologdaElectroTrans" (trolleybuses), PATP-1 and PATP-32 (municipal bus routes).Currently, there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda. The most notable ones are:Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» (lace), limited liability company "Hope" and other enterprises.Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums "Dynamo", "Locomotive", "Vityaz", the swimming pools "Dynamo" and "Lagoon", the sports and concert complex "Spectrum", fitness centers, regional athletic spots.Vologda is a home to:Vologda is twinned with:
|
[
"Evgeny Shulepov",
"Yury Sapozhnikov"
] |
|
Who was the head of Vologda in Jul, 2015?
|
July 15, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Evgeny Shulepov"
]
}
|
L2_Q1957_P6_1
|
Yury Sapozhnikov is the head of the government of Vologda from Sep, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Alexei Jakunitschew is the head of the government of Vologda from May, 1995 to Jul, 2008.
Evgeny Shulepov is the head of the government of Vologda from Oct, 2008 to Sep, 2016.
|
VologdaVologda () is a city and the administrative, cultural, and scientific center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: 293,046 (2002 Census); The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city, one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast. 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments.Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologda's foundation.The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book "Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda". The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda. The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents. This date, which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow, is, however, not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional. The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma, who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus. Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography. The story contains many contradicting details. Besides, the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century: the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152, in Rostov in 1212, in the Belozersk area in 1251. Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either. Instead, they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century.The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir. This date is also supported by archaeological data.The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as "Lazy ground" (), close to the Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood.The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the White Sea (via the Northern Dvina) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic, as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow, who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries.In 1371, Dmitry Prilutsky, a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky, founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, close to the city. Dmitry Donskoy, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod.In 1397, during the reign of Vasily I, Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the Muscovite Civil War, Vologda played a key role. After Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447, he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka; however, they did not manage to occupy the town.After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda. In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia's trade. The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England, Holland, and other western countries via the White Sea. Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda, and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod, and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following the reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya, a native of Vologda.In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a moat. Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason (Nason in Russian tradition) and Saint Sosipater. Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the "Nason-gorod" (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishop's courtyard).Between 1568 and 1570, a new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov. In 1571, Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs.However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building.The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II.In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September 22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants.After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During the reign of Peter the Great, Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye, north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting the lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose.Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda.However, after St. Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk, which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate.The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty, a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate. In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into Vologda Governorate, the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now.A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye, from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with the Buman's creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia.Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as "Siberia close to the capital". In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), Nikolai Berdyaev (the famous Russian philosopher), Boris Savinkov (later known as a successful terrorist), Mariya Ulyanova, and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda. Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov's sister.Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the "zemstvo" and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the "diplomatic capital of Russia" for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador David R. Francis, relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July 24, 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk.During the Russian Civil War, Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army. The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia.In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral, that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city. In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, Northern Krai, which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates, as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast. The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast, with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September 23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast. These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined.In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, "Northern Communard," were constructed.During World War II, martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became a front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment "Vologda Collective Farmer" was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street.Between 1961 and 1985, Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a bearing plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts. In 1976, the Vologda trolleybus system opened.In November 1991, the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People's Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the City Duma was established. The first Duma elections took place on March 20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies.On July 25, 1996, the City Duma adopted the main city document: the Charter of Vologda. On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008.In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since the completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – Novaya Ladoga), Р5 (Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk), and М8 (Moscow – Arkhangelsk). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head.Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda (one of the four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug.Vologda's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification "Dfb") bordering on a mild subarctic climate ("Dfc"). Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is warm, the coldest months are December and January, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn.The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians. A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose.Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance. The most known of them areOf 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda is among them.Vologda's trademark products include Vologda lace, butter, and flax.In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery "Red bridge". The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums,Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918.The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda:Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following:Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov, Varlam Shalamov, Nikolay Rubtsov, and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova, Maria Markova, Galina Schekina, and Anton Chorny.Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways.The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and trolleybus lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center.Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway. It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation, with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1.The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway. Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, Ukhta, Velikiy Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra. Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service.The following highways go through Vologda:The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114, Р-5 and М-8 (the Arkhangelsk destination) is under construction around Vologda. The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road.The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes, and also by lines of fixed-route taxis. Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929, the trolleybus service was open in 1976. As of November 2009, in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes, nineteen municipal bus routes, and about forty "marshrutkas" (routed taxis). The main transport companies are the open society "VologdaElectroTrans" (trolleybuses), PATP-1 and PATP-32 (municipal bus routes).Currently, there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda. The most notable ones are:Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» (lace), limited liability company "Hope" and other enterprises.Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums "Dynamo", "Locomotive", "Vityaz", the swimming pools "Dynamo" and "Lagoon", the sports and concert complex "Spectrum", fitness centers, regional athletic spots.Vologda is a home to:Vologda is twinned with:
|
[
"Alexei Jakunitschew",
"Yury Sapozhnikov"
] |
|
Who was the head of Vologda in May, 2017?
|
May 16, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Yury Sapozhnikov"
]
}
|
L2_Q1957_P6_2
|
Evgeny Shulepov is the head of the government of Vologda from Oct, 2008 to Sep, 2016.
Alexei Jakunitschew is the head of the government of Vologda from May, 1995 to Jul, 2008.
Yury Sapozhnikov is the head of the government of Vologda from Sep, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
|
VologdaVologda () is a city and the administrative, cultural, and scientific center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: 293,046 (2002 Census); The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city, one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast. 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments.Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologda's foundation.The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book "Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda". The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda. The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents. This date, which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow, is, however, not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional. The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma, who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus. Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography. The story contains many contradicting details. Besides, the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century: the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152, in Rostov in 1212, in the Belozersk area in 1251. Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either. Instead, they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century.The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir. This date is also supported by archaeological data.The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as "Lazy ground" (), close to the Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood.The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the White Sea (via the Northern Dvina) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic, as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow, who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries.In 1371, Dmitry Prilutsky, a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky, founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, close to the city. Dmitry Donskoy, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod.In 1397, during the reign of Vasily I, Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the Muscovite Civil War, Vologda played a key role. After Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447, he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka; however, they did not manage to occupy the town.After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda. In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia's trade. The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England, Holland, and other western countries via the White Sea. Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda, and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod, and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following the reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya, a native of Vologda.In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a moat. Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason (Nason in Russian tradition) and Saint Sosipater. Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the "Nason-gorod" (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishop's courtyard).Between 1568 and 1570, a new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov. In 1571, Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs.However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building.The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II.In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September 22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants.After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During the reign of Peter the Great, Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye, north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting the lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose.Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda.However, after St. Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk, which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate.The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty, a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate. In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into Vologda Governorate, the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now.A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye, from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with the Buman's creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia.Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as "Siberia close to the capital". In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), Nikolai Berdyaev (the famous Russian philosopher), Boris Savinkov (later known as a successful terrorist), Mariya Ulyanova, and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda. Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov's sister.Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the "zemstvo" and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the "diplomatic capital of Russia" for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador David R. Francis, relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July 24, 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk.During the Russian Civil War, Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army. The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia.In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral, that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city. In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, Northern Krai, which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates, as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast. The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast, with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September 23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast. These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined.In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, "Northern Communard," were constructed.During World War II, martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became a front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment "Vologda Collective Farmer" was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street.Between 1961 and 1985, Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a bearing plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts. In 1976, the Vologda trolleybus system opened.In November 1991, the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People's Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the City Duma was established. The first Duma elections took place on March 20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies.On July 25, 1996, the City Duma adopted the main city document: the Charter of Vologda. On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008.In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since the completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – Novaya Ladoga), Р5 (Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk), and М8 (Moscow – Arkhangelsk). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head.Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda (one of the four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug.Vologda's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification "Dfb") bordering on a mild subarctic climate ("Dfc"). Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is warm, the coldest months are December and January, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn.The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians. A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose.Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance. The most known of them areOf 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda is among them.Vologda's trademark products include Vologda lace, butter, and flax.In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery "Red bridge". The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums,Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918.The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda:Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following:Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov, Varlam Shalamov, Nikolay Rubtsov, and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova, Maria Markova, Galina Schekina, and Anton Chorny.Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways.The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and trolleybus lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center.Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway. It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation, with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1.The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway. Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, Ukhta, Velikiy Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra. Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service.The following highways go through Vologda:The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114, Р-5 and М-8 (the Arkhangelsk destination) is under construction around Vologda. The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road.The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes, and also by lines of fixed-route taxis. Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929, the trolleybus service was open in 1976. As of November 2009, in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes, nineteen municipal bus routes, and about forty "marshrutkas" (routed taxis). The main transport companies are the open society "VologdaElectroTrans" (trolleybuses), PATP-1 and PATP-32 (municipal bus routes).Currently, there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda. The most notable ones are:Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» (lace), limited liability company "Hope" and other enterprises.Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums "Dynamo", "Locomotive", "Vityaz", the swimming pools "Dynamo" and "Lagoon", the sports and concert complex "Spectrum", fitness centers, regional athletic spots.Vologda is a home to:Vologda is twinned with:
|
[
"Alexei Jakunitschew",
"Evgeny Shulepov"
] |
|
Which employer did John Crank work for in Aug, 1939?
|
August 09, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q1699680_P108_0
|
John Crank works for Courtaulds from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1957.
John Crank works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1945.
John Crank works for Brunel University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1981.
|
John CrankJohn Crank (6 February 1916 – 3 October 2006) was a mathematical physicist, best known for his work on the numerical solution of partial differential equations.Crank was born in Hindley in Lancashire, England. His father was a carpenter's pattern-maker. Crank studied at Manchester University from 1934 to 1938, where he was awarded a BSc and MSc as a student of Lawrence Bragg and Douglas Hartree. In 1953, Manchester University awarded him a DSc. He worked on ballistics during the Second World War, and was then a mathematical physicist at Courtaulds Fundamental Research Laboratory from 1945 to 1957. In 1957, he was appointed as the first Head of Department of Mathematics at Brunel College in Acton. He served two terms of office as vice-principal of Brunel before his retirement in 1981, when he was granted the title of professor emeritus.Crank's main work was on the numerical solution of partial differential equations and, in particular, the solution of heat-conduction problems. He is best known for his work with Phyllis Nicolson on the heat equation, which resulted in the Crank–Nicolson method. He was a keen gardener and established the John Crank Garden as a retirement gift to Brunel University. He was married to his wife, Joan, for 63 years, who died in 2005. They were survived by their two children.
|
[
"Brunel University",
"Courtaulds"
] |
|
Which employer did John Crank work for in Mar, 1946?
|
March 08, 1946
|
{
"text": [
"Courtaulds"
]
}
|
L2_Q1699680_P108_1
|
John Crank works for Brunel University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1981.
John Crank works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1945.
John Crank works for Courtaulds from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1957.
|
John CrankJohn Crank (6 February 1916 – 3 October 2006) was a mathematical physicist, best known for his work on the numerical solution of partial differential equations.Crank was born in Hindley in Lancashire, England. His father was a carpenter's pattern-maker. Crank studied at Manchester University from 1934 to 1938, where he was awarded a BSc and MSc as a student of Lawrence Bragg and Douglas Hartree. In 1953, Manchester University awarded him a DSc. He worked on ballistics during the Second World War, and was then a mathematical physicist at Courtaulds Fundamental Research Laboratory from 1945 to 1957. In 1957, he was appointed as the first Head of Department of Mathematics at Brunel College in Acton. He served two terms of office as vice-principal of Brunel before his retirement in 1981, when he was granted the title of professor emeritus.Crank's main work was on the numerical solution of partial differential equations and, in particular, the solution of heat-conduction problems. He is best known for his work with Phyllis Nicolson on the heat equation, which resulted in the Crank–Nicolson method. He was a keen gardener and established the John Crank Garden as a retirement gift to Brunel University. He was married to his wife, Joan, for 63 years, who died in 2005. They were survived by their two children.
|
[
"Brunel University",
"University of Cambridge"
] |
|
Which employer did John Crank work for in Apr, 1979?
|
April 02, 1979
|
{
"text": [
"Brunel University"
]
}
|
L2_Q1699680_P108_2
|
John Crank works for Courtaulds from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1957.
John Crank works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1939 to Jan, 1945.
John Crank works for Brunel University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1981.
|
John CrankJohn Crank (6 February 1916 – 3 October 2006) was a mathematical physicist, best known for his work on the numerical solution of partial differential equations.Crank was born in Hindley in Lancashire, England. His father was a carpenter's pattern-maker. Crank studied at Manchester University from 1934 to 1938, where he was awarded a BSc and MSc as a student of Lawrence Bragg and Douglas Hartree. In 1953, Manchester University awarded him a DSc. He worked on ballistics during the Second World War, and was then a mathematical physicist at Courtaulds Fundamental Research Laboratory from 1945 to 1957. In 1957, he was appointed as the first Head of Department of Mathematics at Brunel College in Acton. He served two terms of office as vice-principal of Brunel before his retirement in 1981, when he was granted the title of professor emeritus.Crank's main work was on the numerical solution of partial differential equations and, in particular, the solution of heat-conduction problems. He is best known for his work with Phyllis Nicolson on the heat equation, which resulted in the Crank–Nicolson method. He was a keen gardener and established the John Crank Garden as a retirement gift to Brunel University. He was married to his wife, Joan, for 63 years, who died in 2005. They were survived by their two children.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Courtaulds"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Romanian Handball Federation in Jun, 1971?
|
June 13, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Dumitru Costea"
]
}
|
L2_Q2499011_P488_0
|
Cristian Gațu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2004.
Dumitru Costea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1973.
Cornel Oțelea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Valentin Samungi is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Alexandru Dedu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Feb, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Romanian Handball FederationThe Romanian Handball Federation () (FRH) is the governing body of handball in Romania. It is based in Bucharest. FRH is led by 6 departments.The Romanian Handball Federation organizes the following handball leagues:It also organizes the Romania men's national handball team and the Romania women's national handball team and also Carpathian Trophy.
|
[
"Cornel Oțelea",
"Valentin Samungi",
"Alexandru Dedu",
"Cristian Gațu"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Romanian Handball Federation in May, 1994?
|
May 27, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"Cornel Oțelea"
]
}
|
L2_Q2499011_P488_1
|
Alexandru Dedu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Feb, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Valentin Samungi is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Dumitru Costea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1973.
Cornel Oțelea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Cristian Gațu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2004.
|
Romanian Handball FederationThe Romanian Handball Federation () (FRH) is the governing body of handball in Romania. It is based in Bucharest. FRH is led by 6 departments.The Romanian Handball Federation organizes the following handball leagues:It also organizes the Romania men's national handball team and the Romania women's national handball team and also Carpathian Trophy.
|
[
"Valentin Samungi",
"Alexandru Dedu",
"Cristian Gațu",
"Dumitru Costea"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Romanian Handball Federation in Jul, 1995?
|
July 13, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Valentin Samungi"
]
}
|
L2_Q2499011_P488_2
|
Valentin Samungi is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Alexandru Dedu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Feb, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Cornel Oțelea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Dumitru Costea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1973.
Cristian Gațu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2004.
|
Romanian Handball FederationThe Romanian Handball Federation () (FRH) is the governing body of handball in Romania. It is based in Bucharest. FRH is led by 6 departments.The Romanian Handball Federation organizes the following handball leagues:It also organizes the Romania men's national handball team and the Romania women's national handball team and also Carpathian Trophy.
|
[
"Cornel Oțelea",
"Cristian Gațu",
"Alexandru Dedu",
"Dumitru Costea"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Romanian Handball Federation in May, 1996?
|
May 06, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Cristian Gațu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2499011_P488_3
|
Valentin Samungi is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Cornel Oțelea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Cristian Gațu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2004.
Dumitru Costea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1973.
Alexandru Dedu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Feb, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Romanian Handball FederationThe Romanian Handball Federation () (FRH) is the governing body of handball in Romania. It is based in Bucharest. FRH is led by 6 departments.The Romanian Handball Federation organizes the following handball leagues:It also organizes the Romania men's national handball team and the Romania women's national handball team and also Carpathian Trophy.
|
[
"Cornel Oțelea",
"Valentin Samungi",
"Alexandru Dedu",
"Dumitru Costea"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Romanian Handball Federation in Nov, 2016?
|
November 25, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Dedu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2499011_P488_4
|
Cristian Gațu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2004.
Valentin Samungi is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Dumitru Costea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1973.
Cornel Oțelea is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Alexandru Dedu is the chair of Romanian Handball Federation from Feb, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Romanian Handball FederationThe Romanian Handball Federation () (FRH) is the governing body of handball in Romania. It is based in Bucharest. FRH is led by 6 departments.The Romanian Handball Federation organizes the following handball leagues:It also organizes the Romania men's national handball team and the Romania women's national handball team and also Carpathian Trophy.
|
[
"Cornel Oțelea",
"Valentin Samungi",
"Cristian Gațu",
"Dumitru Costea"
] |
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