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Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Feb, 1982?	February 16, 1982	{ "text": [ "Anders Parmström" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_6	Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Jan, 1984?	January 26, 1984	{ "text": [ "Leif Boork", "Anders Parmström" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_7	Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Arne Strömberg", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin", "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Mar, 1987?	March 27, 1987	{ "text": [ "Tommy Sandlin" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_8	Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Mar, 1991?	March 07, 1991	{ "text": [ "Conny Evensson" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_9	Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Oct, 1992?	October 29, 1992	{ "text": [ "Curt Lundmark" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_10	Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Dec, 1995?	December 14, 1995	{ "text": [ "Kent Forsberg" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_11	Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Feb, 1998?	February 07, 1998	{ "text": [ "Peter Wallin" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_12	Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Jun, 2001?	June 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "Anders Hedberg" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_13	Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Sep, 2004?	September 03, 2004	{ "text": [ "Claes-Göran Wallin" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_14	Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Aug, 2008?	August 06, 2008	{ "text": [ "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_15	Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Mar, 2012?	March 23, 2012	{ "text": [ "Pär Mårts" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_16	Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Apr, 2017?	April 11, 2017	{ "text": [ "Rikard Grönborg" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_17	Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Jun, 2020?	June 15, 2020	{ "text": [ "Johan Garpenlöv" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_18	Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Anders Hedberg", "Sam Hallam", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sweden men's national ice hockey team in Oct, 2022?	October 30, 2022	{ "text": [ "Sam Hallam" ] }	L2_Q913643_P286_19	Kjell Svensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1974. Folke "Masen" Jansson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957. Conny Evensson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992. Sam Hallam is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Ed Reigle is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1960. Leif Boork is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985. Anders Parmström is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984. Pär Mårts is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2016. Johan Garpenlöv is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2022. Arne Strömberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1971. Bengt Ohlson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981. Bengt-Åke Gustafsson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Feb, 2005 to Jan, 2010. Anders Hedberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Rikard Grönborg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019. Curt Lundmark is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Kent Forsberg is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998. Tommy Sandlin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1990. Claes-Göran Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 2004 to Feb, 2005. Ronald Pettersson is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976. Peter Wallin is the head coach of Sweden men's national ice hockey team from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.	Sweden men's national ice hockey teamThe Sweden men's national ice hockey team () is governed by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. It is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and the United States.The team's nickname "Tre kronor", meaning "Three Crowns", refers to the emblem on the team jersey, which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden. The first time this emblem was used on the national team's jersey was on 12 February 1938, during the World Championships in Prague.The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics. In 2006, they became the first, and so far only, team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year, by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3–2, and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final, 4–0. In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986. In 2018, the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships. In 2021 Sweden failed to reach the playoffs for the first time after the tournament implemented the playoff system, placing 9th, tying their 1937 team for their worst placement in tournament history.Roster for the 2021 IIHF World Championship.Head coach: Johan GarpenlövThe following table shows Sweden's all-time international record in official matches (WC, OG, EC), correct as of 21 May 2015.Teams named in "italics" are no longer active.	[ "Bengt Ohlson", "Kent Forsberg", "Johan Garpenlöv", "Anders Hedberg", "Ronald Pettersson", "Pär Mårts", "Peter Wallin", "Curt Lundmark", "Tommy Sandlin", "Folke \"Masen\" Jansson", "Ed Reigle", "Rikard Grönborg", "Conny Evensson", "Anders Parmström", "Arne Strömberg", "Leif Boork", "Kjell Svensson", "Bengt-Åke Gustafsson", "Claes-Göran Wallin" ]
Which employer did Warren Weaver work for in Mar, 1917?	March 13, 1917	{ "text": [ "United States Air Force" ] }	L2_Q510591_P108_0	Warren Weaver works for Alfred P. Sloan Foundation from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Warren Weaver works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920. Warren Weaver works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1932. Warren Weaver works for United States Air Force from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1919.	Warren WeaverWarren Weaver (July 17, 1894 – November 24, 1978) was an American scientist, mathematician, and science administrator. He is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of machine translation and as an important figure in creating support for science in the United States.Weaver received three degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison: a Bachelor of Science in 1916, a civil engineering degree in 1917, and a Ph.D. in 1921. He became an assistant professor of mathematics at Throop College (now California Institute of Technology). He served as a second lieutenant in the Air Service during World War I. After the war, he returned to teach mathematics at Wisconsin (1920–32). Weaver married Mary Hemenway, one of his fellow students at Wisconsin, a few years after their graduation. They had a son, Warren Jr., and a daughter, Helen.Weaver was director of the Division of Natural Sciences at the Rockefeller Foundation (1932–55), and was science consultant (1947–51), trustee (1954), and vice president (from 1958) at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. His chief researches were in the problems of communication in science and in the mathematical theory of probability and statistics.At the Rockefeller Foundation, he was responsible for approving grants for major projects in molecular engineering and genetics, in agriculture (particularly for developing new strains of wheat and rice), and in medical research. During World War II, he was seconded from the foundation to head the Applied Mathematics Panel at the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, directing the work of mathematicians in operations research with the assistance of Mina Rees. He was familiar with the development of electronic calculating machines and the successful application of mathematical and statistical techniques in cryptography.When Claude Shannon's landmark 1948 articles on communication theory were republished in 1949 as The Mathematical Theory of Communication, the book also republished a much shorter article authored by Weaver, which discusses the implications of Shannon's more technical work for a general audience.With Max Mason he co-authored the book "The Electromagnetic Field", first published in 1929 and re-issued in 1959. He also authored the book "Lady Luck: The Theory of Probability", first published in 1963 and republished in 1982.The home of the Courant Institute at New York University is Warren Weaver Hall.Weaver had first mentioned the possibility of using digital computers to translate documents between natural human languages in March 1947 in a letter to the cyberneticist Norbert Wiener. In the following two years, he had been urged by his colleagues at the Rockefeller Foundation to elaborate on his ideas. The result was a memorandum, entitled simply "Translation", which he wrote in July 1949 at Carlsbad, New Mexico.Said to be probably the single most influential publication in the early days of machine translation, it formulated goals and methods before most people had any idea of what computers might be capable of, and was the direct stimulus for the beginnings of research first in the United States and then later, indirectly, throughout the world. The impact of Weaver's memorandum is attributable not only to his widely recognized expertise in mathematics and computing, but also, and perhaps even more, to the influence he enjoyed with major policy-makers in U.S. government agencies.Weaver's memorandum was designed to suggest more fruitful methods than any simplistic word-for-word approach, which had grave limitations. He put forward four proposals. The first was that the problem of multiple meanings might be tackled by the examination of immediate context. For example, the English word "fast" has at least two meanings which we can paraphrase as "rapid" or "motionless". If we wish to translate an English text, it is likely that these two senses of "fast" correspond to different words in the target language, and in order to translate the word correctly one needs to know which sense is intended. Weaver proposed that this problem could be solved by looking at the words that occur in the vicinity of the word to be translated, and he conjectured that the number of context words that would be required is fairly small.The second proposal in the memorandum was inspired by work on an early type of neural networks by McCulloch and Pitts. Weaver interpreted these results as meaning that given a set of premises, any logical conclusion could be deduced automatically by computer. To the extent that human language has a logical basis, Weaver hypothesized that translation could be addressed as a problem of formal logic, deducing "conclusions" in the target language from "premises" in the source language.The third proposal was that cryptographic methods were possibly applicable to translation. If we want to translate, say, a Russian text into English, we can take the Russian original as an encrypted version of the English plaintext. Weaver was especially impressed with the potential of Shannon's classified work on cryptography and Information theory from World War II.Finally, the fourth proposal was that there may also be linguistic universals underlying all human languages which could be exploited to make the problem of translation more straightforward. Weaver argued for this position with what is one of the best-known metaphors in the literature of machine translation: "Think, by analogy, of individuals living in a series of tall closed towers, all erected over a common foundation. When they try to communicate with one another, they shout back and forth, each from his own closed tower. It is difficult to make the sound penetrate even the nearest towers, and communication proceeds very poorly indeed. But, when an individual goes down his tower, he finds himself in a great open basement, common to all the towers. Here he establishes easy and useful communication with the persons who have also descended from their towers".Weaver's memorandum has triggered immediate action from the part of other MT specialists. One of the first people on the scene was Erwin Reifler, mentioned in the memorandum itself. In his study carried out in January 1950, he put forward the idea of pre- and post-editing with the assumption that fully automated translation can only be done on the basis of word-for-word substitutions, which would cause inadequacies and errors in the generated translation. His suggestion for eliminating the problem was implementing a human pre-editor with the knowledge of the output language, who would add additional symbols for grammatical, lexical and logical correctness. The post editor, in turn, would have the task of rendering the text generated by MT reasonable and logical; ideally, he would have the knowledge of the source language.Bar-Hillel was appointed as a research assistant in the Research Laboratory for Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1951, and his responsibility was to explore the possibilities for MT implementation and plan further research. In his survey carried out in 1951, he argued that the benefits of MT lie in the satisfying translation demands for financial, diplomatic, science and express translations such as in newspapers or journals. According to him, machine translation could also contribute to explaining certain issues associated with linguistics and communication. A year later, in 1952, he organized the first conference devoted to MT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and machine translation was developed in the further years as articles were published by Bar-Hillel and Reifler. The latter focused on pre- and post-editing, the translation of German compound nouns, and methods for eliminating lexical ambiguity within sentences.The most meaningful effect of the MIT conference of 1952 was the decision of Leon Dorty to develop a program able to demonstrate the possibilities for MT implementation. A small-scale system for translating some Russian sentences into English was developed and on 7 January 1954 a demonstration took place at the New York headquarters of IBM. Although its limitations were acknowledged, people attending the conference were impressed by the machine-generated translation, which resulted in financial support for MT research.Weaver early understood how greatly the tools and techniques of physics and chemistry could advance knowledge of biological processes, and used his position in the Rockefeller Foundation to identify, support, and encourage the young scientists who years later earned Nobel Prizes and other honours for their contributions to genetics or molecular biology.He had a deep personal commitment to improving the public understanding of science. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1954 and chairman of the board in 1955, a member or chairman of numerous boards and committees, and the primary author of the Arden House Statement, a 1951 declaration of principle and guide to setting the association's goals, plans, and procedures. Weaver was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1957. In 1965 he was awarded the first Arches of Science Medal for outstanding contributions to the public understanding of the meaning of science to contemporary men and women, and UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for distinguished contributions to the popular understanding of science.Weaver was fascinated by Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". In 1964, having built up a collection of 160 versions in 42 languages, Weaver wrote a book about the translation history of Alice, called "Alice in Many Tongues: The Translations of Alice in Wonderland". Among other features, it provides excerpts from the business correspondence of the author, Lewis Carroll (the Reverend Charles Dodgson), dealing with publishing royalties and permissions as Alice's fame snowballed worldwide. Ever the scientist, even in the area of literature, Weaver devised a design for evaluating the quality of the various translations, focusing on the nonsense, puns and logical jokes in the Mad Tea-Party scene. His range of contacts provided an impressive if eccentric list of collaborators in the evaluation exercise, including anthropologist Margaret Mead (for the South Pacific Pidgin translation), longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, and Nobel laureate biochemist Hugo Theorell (Swedish). The book "Alice in a World of Wonderlands" (2015) continues and updates Weaver's endeavour, analyzing "Alice" translations in 174 languages in a similar vein.	[ "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation", "California Institute of Technology", "University of Wisconsin–Madison" ]
Which employer did Warren Weaver work for in May, 1919?	May 07, 1919	{ "text": [ "California Institute of Technology" ] }	L2_Q510591_P108_1	Warren Weaver works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920. Warren Weaver works for Alfred P. Sloan Foundation from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Warren Weaver works for United States Air Force from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1919. Warren Weaver works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1932.	Warren WeaverWarren Weaver (July 17, 1894 – November 24, 1978) was an American scientist, mathematician, and science administrator. He is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of machine translation and as an important figure in creating support for science in the United States.Weaver received three degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison: a Bachelor of Science in 1916, a civil engineering degree in 1917, and a Ph.D. in 1921. He became an assistant professor of mathematics at Throop College (now California Institute of Technology). He served as a second lieutenant in the Air Service during World War I. After the war, he returned to teach mathematics at Wisconsin (1920–32). Weaver married Mary Hemenway, one of his fellow students at Wisconsin, a few years after their graduation. They had a son, Warren Jr., and a daughter, Helen.Weaver was director of the Division of Natural Sciences at the Rockefeller Foundation (1932–55), and was science consultant (1947–51), trustee (1954), and vice president (from 1958) at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. His chief researches were in the problems of communication in science and in the mathematical theory of probability and statistics.At the Rockefeller Foundation, he was responsible for approving grants for major projects in molecular engineering and genetics, in agriculture (particularly for developing new strains of wheat and rice), and in medical research. During World War II, he was seconded from the foundation to head the Applied Mathematics Panel at the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, directing the work of mathematicians in operations research with the assistance of Mina Rees. He was familiar with the development of electronic calculating machines and the successful application of mathematical and statistical techniques in cryptography.When Claude Shannon's landmark 1948 articles on communication theory were republished in 1949 as The Mathematical Theory of Communication, the book also republished a much shorter article authored by Weaver, which discusses the implications of Shannon's more technical work for a general audience.With Max Mason he co-authored the book "The Electromagnetic Field", first published in 1929 and re-issued in 1959. He also authored the book "Lady Luck: The Theory of Probability", first published in 1963 and republished in 1982.The home of the Courant Institute at New York University is Warren Weaver Hall.Weaver had first mentioned the possibility of using digital computers to translate documents between natural human languages in March 1947 in a letter to the cyberneticist Norbert Wiener. In the following two years, he had been urged by his colleagues at the Rockefeller Foundation to elaborate on his ideas. The result was a memorandum, entitled simply "Translation", which he wrote in July 1949 at Carlsbad, New Mexico.Said to be probably the single most influential publication in the early days of machine translation, it formulated goals and methods before most people had any idea of what computers might be capable of, and was the direct stimulus for the beginnings of research first in the United States and then later, indirectly, throughout the world. The impact of Weaver's memorandum is attributable not only to his widely recognized expertise in mathematics and computing, but also, and perhaps even more, to the influence he enjoyed with major policy-makers in U.S. government agencies.Weaver's memorandum was designed to suggest more fruitful methods than any simplistic word-for-word approach, which had grave limitations. He put forward four proposals. The first was that the problem of multiple meanings might be tackled by the examination of immediate context. For example, the English word "fast" has at least two meanings which we can paraphrase as "rapid" or "motionless". If we wish to translate an English text, it is likely that these two senses of "fast" correspond to different words in the target language, and in order to translate the word correctly one needs to know which sense is intended. Weaver proposed that this problem could be solved by looking at the words that occur in the vicinity of the word to be translated, and he conjectured that the number of context words that would be required is fairly small.The second proposal in the memorandum was inspired by work on an early type of neural networks by McCulloch and Pitts. Weaver interpreted these results as meaning that given a set of premises, any logical conclusion could be deduced automatically by computer. To the extent that human language has a logical basis, Weaver hypothesized that translation could be addressed as a problem of formal logic, deducing "conclusions" in the target language from "premises" in the source language.The third proposal was that cryptographic methods were possibly applicable to translation. If we want to translate, say, a Russian text into English, we can take the Russian original as an encrypted version of the English plaintext. Weaver was especially impressed with the potential of Shannon's classified work on cryptography and Information theory from World War II.Finally, the fourth proposal was that there may also be linguistic universals underlying all human languages which could be exploited to make the problem of translation more straightforward. Weaver argued for this position with what is one of the best-known metaphors in the literature of machine translation: "Think, by analogy, of individuals living in a series of tall closed towers, all erected over a common foundation. When they try to communicate with one another, they shout back and forth, each from his own closed tower. It is difficult to make the sound penetrate even the nearest towers, and communication proceeds very poorly indeed. But, when an individual goes down his tower, he finds himself in a great open basement, common to all the towers. Here he establishes easy and useful communication with the persons who have also descended from their towers".Weaver's memorandum has triggered immediate action from the part of other MT specialists. One of the first people on the scene was Erwin Reifler, mentioned in the memorandum itself. In his study carried out in January 1950, he put forward the idea of pre- and post-editing with the assumption that fully automated translation can only be done on the basis of word-for-word substitutions, which would cause inadequacies and errors in the generated translation. His suggestion for eliminating the problem was implementing a human pre-editor with the knowledge of the output language, who would add additional symbols for grammatical, lexical and logical correctness. The post editor, in turn, would have the task of rendering the text generated by MT reasonable and logical; ideally, he would have the knowledge of the source language.Bar-Hillel was appointed as a research assistant in the Research Laboratory for Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1951, and his responsibility was to explore the possibilities for MT implementation and plan further research. In his survey carried out in 1951, he argued that the benefits of MT lie in the satisfying translation demands for financial, diplomatic, science and express translations such as in newspapers or journals. According to him, machine translation could also contribute to explaining certain issues associated with linguistics and communication. A year later, in 1952, he organized the first conference devoted to MT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and machine translation was developed in the further years as articles were published by Bar-Hillel and Reifler. The latter focused on pre- and post-editing, the translation of German compound nouns, and methods for eliminating lexical ambiguity within sentences.The most meaningful effect of the MIT conference of 1952 was the decision of Leon Dorty to develop a program able to demonstrate the possibilities for MT implementation. A small-scale system for translating some Russian sentences into English was developed and on 7 January 1954 a demonstration took place at the New York headquarters of IBM. Although its limitations were acknowledged, people attending the conference were impressed by the machine-generated translation, which resulted in financial support for MT research.Weaver early understood how greatly the tools and techniques of physics and chemistry could advance knowledge of biological processes, and used his position in the Rockefeller Foundation to identify, support, and encourage the young scientists who years later earned Nobel Prizes and other honours for their contributions to genetics or molecular biology.He had a deep personal commitment to improving the public understanding of science. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1954 and chairman of the board in 1955, a member or chairman of numerous boards and committees, and the primary author of the Arden House Statement, a 1951 declaration of principle and guide to setting the association's goals, plans, and procedures. Weaver was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1957. In 1965 he was awarded the first Arches of Science Medal for outstanding contributions to the public understanding of the meaning of science to contemporary men and women, and UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for distinguished contributions to the popular understanding of science.Weaver was fascinated by Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". In 1964, having built up a collection of 160 versions in 42 languages, Weaver wrote a book about the translation history of Alice, called "Alice in Many Tongues: The Translations of Alice in Wonderland". Among other features, it provides excerpts from the business correspondence of the author, Lewis Carroll (the Reverend Charles Dodgson), dealing with publishing royalties and permissions as Alice's fame snowballed worldwide. Ever the scientist, even in the area of literature, Weaver devised a design for evaluating the quality of the various translations, focusing on the nonsense, puns and logical jokes in the Mad Tea-Party scene. His range of contacts provided an impressive if eccentric list of collaborators in the evaluation exercise, including anthropologist Margaret Mead (for the South Pacific Pidgin translation), longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, and Nobel laureate biochemist Hugo Theorell (Swedish). The book "Alice in a World of Wonderlands" (2015) continues and updates Weaver's endeavour, analyzing "Alice" translations in 174 languages in a similar vein.	[ "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation", "United States Air Force", "University of Wisconsin–Madison" ]
Which employer did Warren Weaver work for in Sep, 1930?	September 23, 1930	{ "text": [ "University of Wisconsin–Madison" ] }	L2_Q510591_P108_2	Warren Weaver works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1932. Warren Weaver works for Alfred P. Sloan Foundation from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Warren Weaver works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920. Warren Weaver works for United States Air Force from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1919.	Warren WeaverWarren Weaver (July 17, 1894 – November 24, 1978) was an American scientist, mathematician, and science administrator. He is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of machine translation and as an important figure in creating support for science in the United States.Weaver received three degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison: a Bachelor of Science in 1916, a civil engineering degree in 1917, and a Ph.D. in 1921. He became an assistant professor of mathematics at Throop College (now California Institute of Technology). He served as a second lieutenant in the Air Service during World War I. After the war, he returned to teach mathematics at Wisconsin (1920–32). Weaver married Mary Hemenway, one of his fellow students at Wisconsin, a few years after their graduation. They had a son, Warren Jr., and a daughter, Helen.Weaver was director of the Division of Natural Sciences at the Rockefeller Foundation (1932–55), and was science consultant (1947–51), trustee (1954), and vice president (from 1958) at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. His chief researches were in the problems of communication in science and in the mathematical theory of probability and statistics.At the Rockefeller Foundation, he was responsible for approving grants for major projects in molecular engineering and genetics, in agriculture (particularly for developing new strains of wheat and rice), and in medical research. During World War II, he was seconded from the foundation to head the Applied Mathematics Panel at the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, directing the work of mathematicians in operations research with the assistance of Mina Rees. He was familiar with the development of electronic calculating machines and the successful application of mathematical and statistical techniques in cryptography.When Claude Shannon's landmark 1948 articles on communication theory were republished in 1949 as The Mathematical Theory of Communication, the book also republished a much shorter article authored by Weaver, which discusses the implications of Shannon's more technical work for a general audience.With Max Mason he co-authored the book "The Electromagnetic Field", first published in 1929 and re-issued in 1959. He also authored the book "Lady Luck: The Theory of Probability", first published in 1963 and republished in 1982.The home of the Courant Institute at New York University is Warren Weaver Hall.Weaver had first mentioned the possibility of using digital computers to translate documents between natural human languages in March 1947 in a letter to the cyberneticist Norbert Wiener. In the following two years, he had been urged by his colleagues at the Rockefeller Foundation to elaborate on his ideas. The result was a memorandum, entitled simply "Translation", which he wrote in July 1949 at Carlsbad, New Mexico.Said to be probably the single most influential publication in the early days of machine translation, it formulated goals and methods before most people had any idea of what computers might be capable of, and was the direct stimulus for the beginnings of research first in the United States and then later, indirectly, throughout the world. The impact of Weaver's memorandum is attributable not only to his widely recognized expertise in mathematics and computing, but also, and perhaps even more, to the influence he enjoyed with major policy-makers in U.S. government agencies.Weaver's memorandum was designed to suggest more fruitful methods than any simplistic word-for-word approach, which had grave limitations. He put forward four proposals. The first was that the problem of multiple meanings might be tackled by the examination of immediate context. For example, the English word "fast" has at least two meanings which we can paraphrase as "rapid" or "motionless". If we wish to translate an English text, it is likely that these two senses of "fast" correspond to different words in the target language, and in order to translate the word correctly one needs to know which sense is intended. Weaver proposed that this problem could be solved by looking at the words that occur in the vicinity of the word to be translated, and he conjectured that the number of context words that would be required is fairly small.The second proposal in the memorandum was inspired by work on an early type of neural networks by McCulloch and Pitts. Weaver interpreted these results as meaning that given a set of premises, any logical conclusion could be deduced automatically by computer. To the extent that human language has a logical basis, Weaver hypothesized that translation could be addressed as a problem of formal logic, deducing "conclusions" in the target language from "premises" in the source language.The third proposal was that cryptographic methods were possibly applicable to translation. If we want to translate, say, a Russian text into English, we can take the Russian original as an encrypted version of the English plaintext. Weaver was especially impressed with the potential of Shannon's classified work on cryptography and Information theory from World War II.Finally, the fourth proposal was that there may also be linguistic universals underlying all human languages which could be exploited to make the problem of translation more straightforward. Weaver argued for this position with what is one of the best-known metaphors in the literature of machine translation: "Think, by analogy, of individuals living in a series of tall closed towers, all erected over a common foundation. When they try to communicate with one another, they shout back and forth, each from his own closed tower. It is difficult to make the sound penetrate even the nearest towers, and communication proceeds very poorly indeed. But, when an individual goes down his tower, he finds himself in a great open basement, common to all the towers. Here he establishes easy and useful communication with the persons who have also descended from their towers".Weaver's memorandum has triggered immediate action from the part of other MT specialists. One of the first people on the scene was Erwin Reifler, mentioned in the memorandum itself. In his study carried out in January 1950, he put forward the idea of pre- and post-editing with the assumption that fully automated translation can only be done on the basis of word-for-word substitutions, which would cause inadequacies and errors in the generated translation. His suggestion for eliminating the problem was implementing a human pre-editor with the knowledge of the output language, who would add additional symbols for grammatical, lexical and logical correctness. The post editor, in turn, would have the task of rendering the text generated by MT reasonable and logical; ideally, he would have the knowledge of the source language.Bar-Hillel was appointed as a research assistant in the Research Laboratory for Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1951, and his responsibility was to explore the possibilities for MT implementation and plan further research. In his survey carried out in 1951, he argued that the benefits of MT lie in the satisfying translation demands for financial, diplomatic, science and express translations such as in newspapers or journals. According to him, machine translation could also contribute to explaining certain issues associated with linguistics and communication. A year later, in 1952, he organized the first conference devoted to MT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and machine translation was developed in the further years as articles were published by Bar-Hillel and Reifler. The latter focused on pre- and post-editing, the translation of German compound nouns, and methods for eliminating lexical ambiguity within sentences.The most meaningful effect of the MIT conference of 1952 was the decision of Leon Dorty to develop a program able to demonstrate the possibilities for MT implementation. A small-scale system for translating some Russian sentences into English was developed and on 7 January 1954 a demonstration took place at the New York headquarters of IBM. Although its limitations were acknowledged, people attending the conference were impressed by the machine-generated translation, which resulted in financial support for MT research.Weaver early understood how greatly the tools and techniques of physics and chemistry could advance knowledge of biological processes, and used his position in the Rockefeller Foundation to identify, support, and encourage the young scientists who years later earned Nobel Prizes and other honours for their contributions to genetics or molecular biology.He had a deep personal commitment to improving the public understanding of science. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1954 and chairman of the board in 1955, a member or chairman of numerous boards and committees, and the primary author of the Arden House Statement, a 1951 declaration of principle and guide to setting the association's goals, plans, and procedures. Weaver was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1957. In 1965 he was awarded the first Arches of Science Medal for outstanding contributions to the public understanding of the meaning of science to contemporary men and women, and UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for distinguished contributions to the popular understanding of science.Weaver was fascinated by Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". In 1964, having built up a collection of 160 versions in 42 languages, Weaver wrote a book about the translation history of Alice, called "Alice in Many Tongues: The Translations of Alice in Wonderland". Among other features, it provides excerpts from the business correspondence of the author, Lewis Carroll (the Reverend Charles Dodgson), dealing with publishing royalties and permissions as Alice's fame snowballed worldwide. Ever the scientist, even in the area of literature, Weaver devised a design for evaluating the quality of the various translations, focusing on the nonsense, puns and logical jokes in the Mad Tea-Party scene. His range of contacts provided an impressive if eccentric list of collaborators in the evaluation exercise, including anthropologist Margaret Mead (for the South Pacific Pidgin translation), longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, and Nobel laureate biochemist Hugo Theorell (Swedish). The book "Alice in a World of Wonderlands" (2015) continues and updates Weaver's endeavour, analyzing "Alice" translations in 174 languages in a similar vein.	[ "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation", "United States Air Force", "California Institute of Technology" ]
Which employer did Warren Weaver work for in Mar, 1959?	March 04, 1959	{ "text": [ "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" ] }	L2_Q510591_P108_3	Warren Weaver works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1932. Warren Weaver works for Alfred P. Sloan Foundation from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Warren Weaver works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920. Warren Weaver works for United States Air Force from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1919.	Warren WeaverWarren Weaver (July 17, 1894 – November 24, 1978) was an American scientist, mathematician, and science administrator. He is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of machine translation and as an important figure in creating support for science in the United States.Weaver received three degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison: a Bachelor of Science in 1916, a civil engineering degree in 1917, and a Ph.D. in 1921. He became an assistant professor of mathematics at Throop College (now California Institute of Technology). He served as a second lieutenant in the Air Service during World War I. After the war, he returned to teach mathematics at Wisconsin (1920–32). Weaver married Mary Hemenway, one of his fellow students at Wisconsin, a few years after their graduation. They had a son, Warren Jr., and a daughter, Helen.Weaver was director of the Division of Natural Sciences at the Rockefeller Foundation (1932–55), and was science consultant (1947–51), trustee (1954), and vice president (from 1958) at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. His chief researches were in the problems of communication in science and in the mathematical theory of probability and statistics.At the Rockefeller Foundation, he was responsible for approving grants for major projects in molecular engineering and genetics, in agriculture (particularly for developing new strains of wheat and rice), and in medical research. During World War II, he was seconded from the foundation to head the Applied Mathematics Panel at the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, directing the work of mathematicians in operations research with the assistance of Mina Rees. He was familiar with the development of electronic calculating machines and the successful application of mathematical and statistical techniques in cryptography.When Claude Shannon's landmark 1948 articles on communication theory were republished in 1949 as The Mathematical Theory of Communication, the book also republished a much shorter article authored by Weaver, which discusses the implications of Shannon's more technical work for a general audience.With Max Mason he co-authored the book "The Electromagnetic Field", first published in 1929 and re-issued in 1959. He also authored the book "Lady Luck: The Theory of Probability", first published in 1963 and republished in 1982.The home of the Courant Institute at New York University is Warren Weaver Hall.Weaver had first mentioned the possibility of using digital computers to translate documents between natural human languages in March 1947 in a letter to the cyberneticist Norbert Wiener. In the following two years, he had been urged by his colleagues at the Rockefeller Foundation to elaborate on his ideas. The result was a memorandum, entitled simply "Translation", which he wrote in July 1949 at Carlsbad, New Mexico.Said to be probably the single most influential publication in the early days of machine translation, it formulated goals and methods before most people had any idea of what computers might be capable of, and was the direct stimulus for the beginnings of research first in the United States and then later, indirectly, throughout the world. The impact of Weaver's memorandum is attributable not only to his widely recognized expertise in mathematics and computing, but also, and perhaps even more, to the influence he enjoyed with major policy-makers in U.S. government agencies.Weaver's memorandum was designed to suggest more fruitful methods than any simplistic word-for-word approach, which had grave limitations. He put forward four proposals. The first was that the problem of multiple meanings might be tackled by the examination of immediate context. For example, the English word "fast" has at least two meanings which we can paraphrase as "rapid" or "motionless". If we wish to translate an English text, it is likely that these two senses of "fast" correspond to different words in the target language, and in order to translate the word correctly one needs to know which sense is intended. Weaver proposed that this problem could be solved by looking at the words that occur in the vicinity of the word to be translated, and he conjectured that the number of context words that would be required is fairly small.The second proposal in the memorandum was inspired by work on an early type of neural networks by McCulloch and Pitts. Weaver interpreted these results as meaning that given a set of premises, any logical conclusion could be deduced automatically by computer. To the extent that human language has a logical basis, Weaver hypothesized that translation could be addressed as a problem of formal logic, deducing "conclusions" in the target language from "premises" in the source language.The third proposal was that cryptographic methods were possibly applicable to translation. If we want to translate, say, a Russian text into English, we can take the Russian original as an encrypted version of the English plaintext. Weaver was especially impressed with the potential of Shannon's classified work on cryptography and Information theory from World War II.Finally, the fourth proposal was that there may also be linguistic universals underlying all human languages which could be exploited to make the problem of translation more straightforward. Weaver argued for this position with what is one of the best-known metaphors in the literature of machine translation: "Think, by analogy, of individuals living in a series of tall closed towers, all erected over a common foundation. When they try to communicate with one another, they shout back and forth, each from his own closed tower. It is difficult to make the sound penetrate even the nearest towers, and communication proceeds very poorly indeed. But, when an individual goes down his tower, he finds himself in a great open basement, common to all the towers. Here he establishes easy and useful communication with the persons who have also descended from their towers".Weaver's memorandum has triggered immediate action from the part of other MT specialists. One of the first people on the scene was Erwin Reifler, mentioned in the memorandum itself. In his study carried out in January 1950, he put forward the idea of pre- and post-editing with the assumption that fully automated translation can only be done on the basis of word-for-word substitutions, which would cause inadequacies and errors in the generated translation. His suggestion for eliminating the problem was implementing a human pre-editor with the knowledge of the output language, who would add additional symbols for grammatical, lexical and logical correctness. The post editor, in turn, would have the task of rendering the text generated by MT reasonable and logical; ideally, he would have the knowledge of the source language.Bar-Hillel was appointed as a research assistant in the Research Laboratory for Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1951, and his responsibility was to explore the possibilities for MT implementation and plan further research. In his survey carried out in 1951, he argued that the benefits of MT lie in the satisfying translation demands for financial, diplomatic, science and express translations such as in newspapers or journals. According to him, machine translation could also contribute to explaining certain issues associated with linguistics and communication. A year later, in 1952, he organized the first conference devoted to MT at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and machine translation was developed in the further years as articles were published by Bar-Hillel and Reifler. The latter focused on pre- and post-editing, the translation of German compound nouns, and methods for eliminating lexical ambiguity within sentences.The most meaningful effect of the MIT conference of 1952 was the decision of Leon Dorty to develop a program able to demonstrate the possibilities for MT implementation. A small-scale system for translating some Russian sentences into English was developed and on 7 January 1954 a demonstration took place at the New York headquarters of IBM. Although its limitations were acknowledged, people attending the conference were impressed by the machine-generated translation, which resulted in financial support for MT research.Weaver early understood how greatly the tools and techniques of physics and chemistry could advance knowledge of biological processes, and used his position in the Rockefeller Foundation to identify, support, and encourage the young scientists who years later earned Nobel Prizes and other honours for their contributions to genetics or molecular biology.He had a deep personal commitment to improving the public understanding of science. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1954 and chairman of the board in 1955, a member or chairman of numerous boards and committees, and the primary author of the Arden House Statement, a 1951 declaration of principle and guide to setting the association's goals, plans, and procedures. Weaver was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1957. In 1965 he was awarded the first Arches of Science Medal for outstanding contributions to the public understanding of the meaning of science to contemporary men and women, and UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for distinguished contributions to the popular understanding of science.Weaver was fascinated by Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". In 1964, having built up a collection of 160 versions in 42 languages, Weaver wrote a book about the translation history of Alice, called "Alice in Many Tongues: The Translations of Alice in Wonderland". Among other features, it provides excerpts from the business correspondence of the author, Lewis Carroll (the Reverend Charles Dodgson), dealing with publishing royalties and permissions as Alice's fame snowballed worldwide. Ever the scientist, even in the area of literature, Weaver devised a design for evaluating the quality of the various translations, focusing on the nonsense, puns and logical jokes in the Mad Tea-Party scene. His range of contacts provided an impressive if eccentric list of collaborators in the evaluation exercise, including anthropologist Margaret Mead (for the South Pacific Pidgin translation), longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, and Nobel laureate biochemist Hugo Theorell (Swedish). The book "Alice in a World of Wonderlands" (2015) continues and updates Weaver's endeavour, analyzing "Alice" translations in 174 languages in a similar vein.	[ "United States Air Force", "California Institute of Technology", "University of Wisconsin–Madison" ]
Which position did Hans Fredrik Grøvan hold in Apr, 2004?	April 16, 2004	{ "text": [ "mayor of Lyngdal" ] }	L2_Q5650021_P39_0	Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Oct, 2017 to Sep, 2021. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of mayor of Lyngdal from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2007. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Nov, 2013 to Nov, 2017. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013.	Hans Fredrik GrøvanHans Fredrik Grøvan (born 1 November 1953) is a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party. He has served as the party’s parliamentary leader since 2019.He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder in 2013.He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder during the term 2001–2005.On the local level he was the mayor of Lyngdal from 1995 to 2007. He was chairman of the board of Agder Energi to 2005.	[ "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "member of the Parliament of Norway", "deputy member of the Parliament of Norway" ]
Which position did Hans Fredrik Grøvan hold in Dec, 2011?	December 28, 2011	{ "text": [ "deputy member of the Parliament of Norway" ] }	L2_Q5650021_P39_1	Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Nov, 2013 to Nov, 2017. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Oct, 2017 to Sep, 2021. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of mayor of Lyngdal from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2007.	Hans Fredrik GrøvanHans Fredrik Grøvan (born 1 November 1953) is a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party. He has served as the party’s parliamentary leader since 2019.He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder in 2013.He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder during the term 2001–2005.On the local level he was the mayor of Lyngdal from 1995 to 2007. He was chairman of the board of Agder Energi to 2005.	[ "mayor of Lyngdal", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "member of the Parliament of Norway" ]
Which position did Hans Fredrik Grøvan hold in Apr, 2016?	April 07, 2016	{ "text": [ "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe" ] }	L2_Q5650021_P39_2	Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Nov, 2013 to Nov, 2017. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of mayor of Lyngdal from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2007. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Oct, 2017 to Sep, 2021.	Hans Fredrik GrøvanHans Fredrik Grøvan (born 1 November 1953) is a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party. He has served as the party’s parliamentary leader since 2019.He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder in 2013.He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder during the term 2001–2005.On the local level he was the mayor of Lyngdal from 1995 to 2007. He was chairman of the board of Agder Energi to 2005.	[ "mayor of Lyngdal", "member of the Parliament of Norway", "deputy member of the Parliament of Norway" ]
Which position did Hans Fredrik Grøvan hold in Jul, 2021?	July 18, 2021	{ "text": [ "member of the Parliament of Norway" ] }	L2_Q5650021_P39_3	Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of mayor of Lyngdal from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2007. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Nov, 2013 to Nov, 2017. Hans Fredrik Grøvan holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Oct, 2017 to Sep, 2021.	Hans Fredrik GrøvanHans Fredrik Grøvan (born 1 November 1953) is a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party. He has served as the party’s parliamentary leader since 2019.He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder in 2013.He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder during the term 2001–2005.On the local level he was the mayor of Lyngdal from 1995 to 2007. He was chairman of the board of Agder Energi to 2005.	[ "mayor of Lyngdal", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "deputy member of the Parliament of Norway" ]
Which employer did Helmuth Nyborg work for in May, 1997?	May 16, 1997	{ "text": [ "Aarhus University" ] }	L2_Q5709847_P108_0	Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. Helmuth Nyborg works for Aarhus University from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 2007. Helmuth Nyborg works for The Rockefeller University from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of California, Berkeley from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Washington from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.	Helmuth NyborgHelmuth Sørensen Nyborg (born 5 January 1937) is a Danish psychologist and author. He is former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University, Denmark and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen.Nyborg is a controversial figure among the Danish public for his research on topics such as the inheritance of intelligence and the relationship between sex and intelligence. His article in "Personality and Individual Differences", in which he reports a five-point average IQ difference in favour of men, has led to strong reactions in the Danish public and academia, for example in an editorial by the Danish newspaper Politiken. In 2011, he argued in an article that migration from third world countries to Denmark would cause a dysgenic effect on the country's average IQ over time.In his research Nyborg has argued that white people tend to be more intelligent than blacks, that immigration from non-Western countries leads to a decline in the average intelligence of the receiving Western country, and that atheists tend to be more intelligent than religious people. His papers have been criticized within and outside academia and in 2013, the Danish Committees for Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) ruled that he committed scientific misconduct in his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection". This decision was later overturned by a Danish court, clearing him of the charges.A 2019 study found him to be the 6th most controversial intelligence researcher.Nyborg's 2005 paper "Sex-related differences in general intelligence "g", brain size, and social status" was published in "Personality and Individual Differences". Nyborg was suspended following criticism of his research. Aarhus University assembled a committee to investigate, and found him innocent of fraud, but guilty of "grossly negligent behavior" and gave him a severe reprimand. He was eventually acquitted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty of the charges of scientific misconduct and the university was forced to reinstall him to his chair. On 21 September 2006, the university gave Nyborg a "severe reprimand", revoked his suspension, and declared the case closed. According to a 2006 news story in "Science": "Colleagues from around the world have rallied to his defense, accusing the university of having political motives, and claiming that the errors in his research were trivial."In 2011 Nyborg published "The Decay of Western Civilization: Double Relaxed Darwinian Selection" in the journal "Personality and Individual Differences", arguing that Denmark was likely to experience a dysgenic effect on intelligence due to immigration from the Middle East. Following publication he was indicted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD), accused of scientific misconduct and of plagiarism by a number of scholars from the University of Aarhus. They accused him of using a statistical model for the demographic prognoses that was based on the work of Jørn Ebbe Vig, without giving credit, and for using misleading statistics by assuming that Middle Eastern people in Denmark maintained the same reproduction rates as in their countries of origin. Vig had previously published similar demographic models in the journal of "Den Danske Forening", a Danish nationalist organization.On 31 October 2013 he was convicted of scientific misconduct by the Danish Council for Scientific Misconduct after a two-year investigation concerning his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection" published in Personality and Individual Differences. They found him guilty on two charges, out of six in total of which the last was "various other complaints". The first was that he had published the paper without crediting as co-author Jørn Ebbe Vig, whose previously published texts were incorporated into the article without acknowledgement. The DCSD considered that Vig should have been credited, because of the substantial contribution, in terms of data, method and text. Nyborg stated that he had offered co-authorship to Vig, but that the offer was refused and Vig had requested not to be mentioned, making Nyborg choose to publish it himself. The second charge was that Nyborg had neglected to mention in the methodology section that he had converted a total fertility rate into a crude birth rate, a mistake which, because of its consequences, the DCSD considered to be equivalent to constructing data without acknowledging having done so, or substituting fictive data. When Nyborg learned that this was a problem, he sent an addendum to the journal, which is common practice when errors or omissions are found in published papers. However, the DCSD still considered it scientific misconduct, since they considered it an example of gross negligence. In 2015 the journal published an editorial commenting on the paper concluding that Nyborg had not committed fraud or plagiarism. This conclusion was based on the verdict of an ad hoc working group consisting of Ian Deary, Jelte Wicherts, John Loehlin and William Revelle.Nyborg sued the DCSD to get the verdict reversed, won the case in March 2016 and in addition was awarded costs of over 200,000 kr (approximately US$25,000).Nyborg competed as a sprint canoer in the early 1960s. He won a bronze medal for Denmark in the K-1 4×500 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.He is the editor of a 2003 festschrift, "The Scientific Study of General Intelligence: Tribute to Arthur Jensen", published by Pergamon Press (). In 2012 he was the editor of a special issue of "Personality and Individual Differences" dedicated to celebrating the 80th birthday of another controversial psychometrician, Northern Irish psychologist, Richard Lynn.	[ "University of California, Berkeley", "The Rockefeller University", "University of Oxford", "University of Washington" ]
Which employer did Helmuth Nyborg work for in Apr, 1979?	April 28, 1979	{ "text": [ "University of Oxford", "Aarhus University" ] }	L2_Q5709847_P108_1	Helmuth Nyborg works for University of California, Berkeley from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001. Helmuth Nyborg works for The Rockefeller University from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Helmuth Nyborg works for Aarhus University from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 2007. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Washington from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.	Helmuth NyborgHelmuth Sørensen Nyborg (born 5 January 1937) is a Danish psychologist and author. He is former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University, Denmark and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen.Nyborg is a controversial figure among the Danish public for his research on topics such as the inheritance of intelligence and the relationship between sex and intelligence. His article in "Personality and Individual Differences", in which he reports a five-point average IQ difference in favour of men, has led to strong reactions in the Danish public and academia, for example in an editorial by the Danish newspaper Politiken. In 2011, he argued in an article that migration from third world countries to Denmark would cause a dysgenic effect on the country's average IQ over time.In his research Nyborg has argued that white people tend to be more intelligent than blacks, that immigration from non-Western countries leads to a decline in the average intelligence of the receiving Western country, and that atheists tend to be more intelligent than religious people. His papers have been criticized within and outside academia and in 2013, the Danish Committees for Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) ruled that he committed scientific misconduct in his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection". This decision was later overturned by a Danish court, clearing him of the charges.A 2019 study found him to be the 6th most controversial intelligence researcher.Nyborg's 2005 paper "Sex-related differences in general intelligence "g", brain size, and social status" was published in "Personality and Individual Differences". Nyborg was suspended following criticism of his research. Aarhus University assembled a committee to investigate, and found him innocent of fraud, but guilty of "grossly negligent behavior" and gave him a severe reprimand. He was eventually acquitted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty of the charges of scientific misconduct and the university was forced to reinstall him to his chair. On 21 September 2006, the university gave Nyborg a "severe reprimand", revoked his suspension, and declared the case closed. According to a 2006 news story in "Science": "Colleagues from around the world have rallied to his defense, accusing the university of having political motives, and claiming that the errors in his research were trivial."In 2011 Nyborg published "The Decay of Western Civilization: Double Relaxed Darwinian Selection" in the journal "Personality and Individual Differences", arguing that Denmark was likely to experience a dysgenic effect on intelligence due to immigration from the Middle East. Following publication he was indicted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD), accused of scientific misconduct and of plagiarism by a number of scholars from the University of Aarhus. They accused him of using a statistical model for the demographic prognoses that was based on the work of Jørn Ebbe Vig, without giving credit, and for using misleading statistics by assuming that Middle Eastern people in Denmark maintained the same reproduction rates as in their countries of origin. Vig had previously published similar demographic models in the journal of "Den Danske Forening", a Danish nationalist organization.On 31 October 2013 he was convicted of scientific misconduct by the Danish Council for Scientific Misconduct after a two-year investigation concerning his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection" published in Personality and Individual Differences. They found him guilty on two charges, out of six in total of which the last was "various other complaints". The first was that he had published the paper without crediting as co-author Jørn Ebbe Vig, whose previously published texts were incorporated into the article without acknowledgement. The DCSD considered that Vig should have been credited, because of the substantial contribution, in terms of data, method and text. Nyborg stated that he had offered co-authorship to Vig, but that the offer was refused and Vig had requested not to be mentioned, making Nyborg choose to publish it himself. The second charge was that Nyborg had neglected to mention in the methodology section that he had converted a total fertility rate into a crude birth rate, a mistake which, because of its consequences, the DCSD considered to be equivalent to constructing data without acknowledging having done so, or substituting fictive data. When Nyborg learned that this was a problem, he sent an addendum to the journal, which is common practice when errors or omissions are found in published papers. However, the DCSD still considered it scientific misconduct, since they considered it an example of gross negligence. In 2015 the journal published an editorial commenting on the paper concluding that Nyborg had not committed fraud or plagiarism. This conclusion was based on the verdict of an ad hoc working group consisting of Ian Deary, Jelte Wicherts, John Loehlin and William Revelle.Nyborg sued the DCSD to get the verdict reversed, won the case in March 2016 and in addition was awarded costs of over 200,000 kr (approximately US$25,000).Nyborg competed as a sprint canoer in the early 1960s. He won a bronze medal for Denmark in the K-1 4×500 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.He is the editor of a 2003 festschrift, "The Scientific Study of General Intelligence: Tribute to Arthur Jensen", published by Pergamon Press (). In 2012 he was the editor of a special issue of "Personality and Individual Differences" dedicated to celebrating the 80th birthday of another controversial psychometrician, Northern Irish psychologist, Richard Lynn.	[ "University of California, Berkeley", "The Rockefeller University", "University of Washington" ]
Which employer did Helmuth Nyborg work for in Jul, 1989?	July 31, 1989	{ "text": [ "The Rockefeller University", "Aarhus University" ] }	L2_Q5709847_P108_2	Helmuth Nyborg works for University of California, Berkeley from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001. Helmuth Nyborg works for The Rockefeller University from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Washington from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. Helmuth Nyborg works for Aarhus University from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 2007. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980.	Helmuth NyborgHelmuth Sørensen Nyborg (born 5 January 1937) is a Danish psychologist and author. He is former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University, Denmark and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen.Nyborg is a controversial figure among the Danish public for his research on topics such as the inheritance of intelligence and the relationship between sex and intelligence. His article in "Personality and Individual Differences", in which he reports a five-point average IQ difference in favour of men, has led to strong reactions in the Danish public and academia, for example in an editorial by the Danish newspaper Politiken. In 2011, he argued in an article that migration from third world countries to Denmark would cause a dysgenic effect on the country's average IQ over time.In his research Nyborg has argued that white people tend to be more intelligent than blacks, that immigration from non-Western countries leads to a decline in the average intelligence of the receiving Western country, and that atheists tend to be more intelligent than religious people. His papers have been criticized within and outside academia and in 2013, the Danish Committees for Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) ruled that he committed scientific misconduct in his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection". This decision was later overturned by a Danish court, clearing him of the charges.A 2019 study found him to be the 6th most controversial intelligence researcher.Nyborg's 2005 paper "Sex-related differences in general intelligence "g", brain size, and social status" was published in "Personality and Individual Differences". Nyborg was suspended following criticism of his research. Aarhus University assembled a committee to investigate, and found him innocent of fraud, but guilty of "grossly negligent behavior" and gave him a severe reprimand. He was eventually acquitted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty of the charges of scientific misconduct and the university was forced to reinstall him to his chair. On 21 September 2006, the university gave Nyborg a "severe reprimand", revoked his suspension, and declared the case closed. According to a 2006 news story in "Science": "Colleagues from around the world have rallied to his defense, accusing the university of having political motives, and claiming that the errors in his research were trivial."In 2011 Nyborg published "The Decay of Western Civilization: Double Relaxed Darwinian Selection" in the journal "Personality and Individual Differences", arguing that Denmark was likely to experience a dysgenic effect on intelligence due to immigration from the Middle East. Following publication he was indicted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD), accused of scientific misconduct and of plagiarism by a number of scholars from the University of Aarhus. They accused him of using a statistical model for the demographic prognoses that was based on the work of Jørn Ebbe Vig, without giving credit, and for using misleading statistics by assuming that Middle Eastern people in Denmark maintained the same reproduction rates as in their countries of origin. Vig had previously published similar demographic models in the journal of "Den Danske Forening", a Danish nationalist organization.On 31 October 2013 he was convicted of scientific misconduct by the Danish Council for Scientific Misconduct after a two-year investigation concerning his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection" published in Personality and Individual Differences. They found him guilty on two charges, out of six in total of which the last was "various other complaints". The first was that he had published the paper without crediting as co-author Jørn Ebbe Vig, whose previously published texts were incorporated into the article without acknowledgement. The DCSD considered that Vig should have been credited, because of the substantial contribution, in terms of data, method and text. Nyborg stated that he had offered co-authorship to Vig, but that the offer was refused and Vig had requested not to be mentioned, making Nyborg choose to publish it himself. The second charge was that Nyborg had neglected to mention in the methodology section that he had converted a total fertility rate into a crude birth rate, a mistake which, because of its consequences, the DCSD considered to be equivalent to constructing data without acknowledging having done so, or substituting fictive data. When Nyborg learned that this was a problem, he sent an addendum to the journal, which is common practice when errors or omissions are found in published papers. However, the DCSD still considered it scientific misconduct, since they considered it an example of gross negligence. In 2015 the journal published an editorial commenting on the paper concluding that Nyborg had not committed fraud or plagiarism. This conclusion was based on the verdict of an ad hoc working group consisting of Ian Deary, Jelte Wicherts, John Loehlin and William Revelle.Nyborg sued the DCSD to get the verdict reversed, won the case in March 2016 and in addition was awarded costs of over 200,000 kr (approximately US$25,000).Nyborg competed as a sprint canoer in the early 1960s. He won a bronze medal for Denmark in the K-1 4×500 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.He is the editor of a 2003 festschrift, "The Scientific Study of General Intelligence: Tribute to Arthur Jensen", published by Pergamon Press (). In 2012 he was the editor of a special issue of "Personality and Individual Differences" dedicated to celebrating the 80th birthday of another controversial psychometrician, Northern Irish psychologist, Richard Lynn.	[ "University of California, Berkeley", "University of Oxford", "University of Washington" ]
Which employer did Helmuth Nyborg work for in Nov, 1990?	November 16, 1990	{ "text": [ "University of Washington", "Aarhus University" ] }	L2_Q5709847_P108_3	Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Washington from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of California, Berkeley from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001. Helmuth Nyborg works for Aarhus University from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 2007. Helmuth Nyborg works for The Rockefeller University from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.	Helmuth NyborgHelmuth Sørensen Nyborg (born 5 January 1937) is a Danish psychologist and author. He is former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University, Denmark and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen.Nyborg is a controversial figure among the Danish public for his research on topics such as the inheritance of intelligence and the relationship between sex and intelligence. His article in "Personality and Individual Differences", in which he reports a five-point average IQ difference in favour of men, has led to strong reactions in the Danish public and academia, for example in an editorial by the Danish newspaper Politiken. In 2011, he argued in an article that migration from third world countries to Denmark would cause a dysgenic effect on the country's average IQ over time.In his research Nyborg has argued that white people tend to be more intelligent than blacks, that immigration from non-Western countries leads to a decline in the average intelligence of the receiving Western country, and that atheists tend to be more intelligent than religious people. His papers have been criticized within and outside academia and in 2013, the Danish Committees for Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) ruled that he committed scientific misconduct in his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection". This decision was later overturned by a Danish court, clearing him of the charges.A 2019 study found him to be the 6th most controversial intelligence researcher.Nyborg's 2005 paper "Sex-related differences in general intelligence "g", brain size, and social status" was published in "Personality and Individual Differences". Nyborg was suspended following criticism of his research. Aarhus University assembled a committee to investigate, and found him innocent of fraud, but guilty of "grossly negligent behavior" and gave him a severe reprimand. He was eventually acquitted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty of the charges of scientific misconduct and the university was forced to reinstall him to his chair. On 21 September 2006, the university gave Nyborg a "severe reprimand", revoked his suspension, and declared the case closed. According to a 2006 news story in "Science": "Colleagues from around the world have rallied to his defense, accusing the university of having political motives, and claiming that the errors in his research were trivial."In 2011 Nyborg published "The Decay of Western Civilization: Double Relaxed Darwinian Selection" in the journal "Personality and Individual Differences", arguing that Denmark was likely to experience a dysgenic effect on intelligence due to immigration from the Middle East. Following publication he was indicted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD), accused of scientific misconduct and of plagiarism by a number of scholars from the University of Aarhus. They accused him of using a statistical model for the demographic prognoses that was based on the work of Jørn Ebbe Vig, without giving credit, and for using misleading statistics by assuming that Middle Eastern people in Denmark maintained the same reproduction rates as in their countries of origin. Vig had previously published similar demographic models in the journal of "Den Danske Forening", a Danish nationalist organization.On 31 October 2013 he was convicted of scientific misconduct by the Danish Council for Scientific Misconduct after a two-year investigation concerning his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection" published in Personality and Individual Differences. They found him guilty on two charges, out of six in total of which the last was "various other complaints". The first was that he had published the paper without crediting as co-author Jørn Ebbe Vig, whose previously published texts were incorporated into the article without acknowledgement. The DCSD considered that Vig should have been credited, because of the substantial contribution, in terms of data, method and text. Nyborg stated that he had offered co-authorship to Vig, but that the offer was refused and Vig had requested not to be mentioned, making Nyborg choose to publish it himself. The second charge was that Nyborg had neglected to mention in the methodology section that he had converted a total fertility rate into a crude birth rate, a mistake which, because of its consequences, the DCSD considered to be equivalent to constructing data without acknowledging having done so, or substituting fictive data. When Nyborg learned that this was a problem, he sent an addendum to the journal, which is common practice when errors or omissions are found in published papers. However, the DCSD still considered it scientific misconduct, since they considered it an example of gross negligence. In 2015 the journal published an editorial commenting on the paper concluding that Nyborg had not committed fraud or plagiarism. This conclusion was based on the verdict of an ad hoc working group consisting of Ian Deary, Jelte Wicherts, John Loehlin and William Revelle.Nyborg sued the DCSD to get the verdict reversed, won the case in March 2016 and in addition was awarded costs of over 200,000 kr (approximately US$25,000).Nyborg competed as a sprint canoer in the early 1960s. He won a bronze medal for Denmark in the K-1 4×500 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.He is the editor of a 2003 festschrift, "The Scientific Study of General Intelligence: Tribute to Arthur Jensen", published by Pergamon Press (). In 2012 he was the editor of a special issue of "Personality and Individual Differences" dedicated to celebrating the 80th birthday of another controversial psychometrician, Northern Irish psychologist, Richard Lynn.	[ "University of California, Berkeley", "The Rockefeller University", "University of Oxford" ]
Which employer did Helmuth Nyborg work for in Jun, 2000?	June 07, 2000	{ "text": [ "University of California, Berkeley", "Aarhus University" ] }	L2_Q5709847_P108_4	Helmuth Nyborg works for The Rockefeller University from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of California, Berkeley from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001. Helmuth Nyborg works for Aarhus University from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 2007. Helmuth Nyborg works for University of Washington from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.	Helmuth NyborgHelmuth Sørensen Nyborg (born 5 January 1937) is a Danish psychologist and author. He is former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University, Denmark and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen.Nyborg is a controversial figure among the Danish public for his research on topics such as the inheritance of intelligence and the relationship between sex and intelligence. His article in "Personality and Individual Differences", in which he reports a five-point average IQ difference in favour of men, has led to strong reactions in the Danish public and academia, for example in an editorial by the Danish newspaper Politiken. In 2011, he argued in an article that migration from third world countries to Denmark would cause a dysgenic effect on the country's average IQ over time.In his research Nyborg has argued that white people tend to be more intelligent than blacks, that immigration from non-Western countries leads to a decline in the average intelligence of the receiving Western country, and that atheists tend to be more intelligent than religious people. His papers have been criticized within and outside academia and in 2013, the Danish Committees for Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) ruled that he committed scientific misconduct in his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection". This decision was later overturned by a Danish court, clearing him of the charges.A 2019 study found him to be the 6th most controversial intelligence researcher.Nyborg's 2005 paper "Sex-related differences in general intelligence "g", brain size, and social status" was published in "Personality and Individual Differences". Nyborg was suspended following criticism of his research. Aarhus University assembled a committee to investigate, and found him innocent of fraud, but guilty of "grossly negligent behavior" and gave him a severe reprimand. He was eventually acquitted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty of the charges of scientific misconduct and the university was forced to reinstall him to his chair. On 21 September 2006, the university gave Nyborg a "severe reprimand", revoked his suspension, and declared the case closed. According to a 2006 news story in "Science": "Colleagues from around the world have rallied to his defense, accusing the university of having political motives, and claiming that the errors in his research were trivial."In 2011 Nyborg published "The Decay of Western Civilization: Double Relaxed Darwinian Selection" in the journal "Personality and Individual Differences", arguing that Denmark was likely to experience a dysgenic effect on intelligence due to immigration from the Middle East. Following publication he was indicted by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD), accused of scientific misconduct and of plagiarism by a number of scholars from the University of Aarhus. They accused him of using a statistical model for the demographic prognoses that was based on the work of Jørn Ebbe Vig, without giving credit, and for using misleading statistics by assuming that Middle Eastern people in Denmark maintained the same reproduction rates as in their countries of origin. Vig had previously published similar demographic models in the journal of "Den Danske Forening", a Danish nationalist organization.On 31 October 2013 he was convicted of scientific misconduct by the Danish Council for Scientific Misconduct after a two-year investigation concerning his paper "The decay of Western civilization: Double relaxed Darwinian selection" published in Personality and Individual Differences. They found him guilty on two charges, out of six in total of which the last was "various other complaints". The first was that he had published the paper without crediting as co-author Jørn Ebbe Vig, whose previously published texts were incorporated into the article without acknowledgement. The DCSD considered that Vig should have been credited, because of the substantial contribution, in terms of data, method and text. Nyborg stated that he had offered co-authorship to Vig, but that the offer was refused and Vig had requested not to be mentioned, making Nyborg choose to publish it himself. The second charge was that Nyborg had neglected to mention in the methodology section that he had converted a total fertility rate into a crude birth rate, a mistake which, because of its consequences, the DCSD considered to be equivalent to constructing data without acknowledging having done so, or substituting fictive data. When Nyborg learned that this was a problem, he sent an addendum to the journal, which is common practice when errors or omissions are found in published papers. However, the DCSD still considered it scientific misconduct, since they considered it an example of gross negligence. In 2015 the journal published an editorial commenting on the paper concluding that Nyborg had not committed fraud or plagiarism. This conclusion was based on the verdict of an ad hoc working group consisting of Ian Deary, Jelte Wicherts, John Loehlin and William Revelle.Nyborg sued the DCSD to get the verdict reversed, won the case in March 2016 and in addition was awarded costs of over 200,000 kr (approximately US$25,000).Nyborg competed as a sprint canoer in the early 1960s. He won a bronze medal for Denmark in the K-1 4×500 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.He is the editor of a 2003 festschrift, "The Scientific Study of General Intelligence: Tribute to Arthur Jensen", published by Pergamon Press (). In 2012 he was the editor of a special issue of "Personality and Individual Differences" dedicated to celebrating the 80th birthday of another controversial psychometrician, Northern Irish psychologist, Richard Lynn.	[ "University of Washington", "The Rockefeller University", "University of Oxford" ]
Which position did Mario Draghi hold in Sep, 2010?	September 02, 2010	{ "text": [ "Governor of the Banca d'Italia" ] }	L2_Q294460_P39_0	Mario Draghi holds the position of Governor of the Banca d'Italia from Jan, 2006 to Oct, 2011. Mario Draghi holds the position of Prime Minister of Italy from Feb, 2021 to Oct, 2022. Mario Draghi holds the position of President of the European Central Bank from Nov, 2011 to Oct, 2019.	Mario DraghiMario Draghi (; born 3 September 1947) is an Italian economist, banker, academic, civil servant, and politician who has been serving as Prime Minister of Italy since 13 February 2021. He previously served as President of the European Central Bank from 2011 until 2019. Draghi was also Chair of the Financial Stability Board from 2009 to 2011 and Governor of the Bank of Italy from 2006 to 2011.After a lengthy career as an academic economist in Italy, Draghi worked for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., throughout the 1980s, and in 1991 returned to Rome to become Director General of the Italian Treasury. He left that role after a decade to join Goldman Sachs, where he remained until his appointment as Governor of the Bank of Italy in 2006. His tenure as Governor coincided with the 2008 Great Recession, and in the midst of this he was selected to become the first Chair of the Financial Stability Board, the global standard-setter that replaced the Financial Stability Forum.He left those roles after his nomination by the European Council in 2011 to serve as President of the European Central Bank. He presided over the institution during the Eurozone crisis, becoming famous throughout Europe for saying that he would be prepared to do "whatever it takes" to prevent the euro from failing. In 2014, Draghi was listed by "Forbes" magazine as the eighth-most powerful person in the world. In 2015, "Fortune" magazine ranked him as the world's "second greatest leader". In 2019, Paul Krugman described him as "the greatest central banker of modern times." Moreover, thanks to his monetary policies, he is widely considered the "savior of the euro" during the European debt crisis. He has been nicknamed "Super Mario" by some media, a nickname that was popularised during his time as President of the European Central Bank, when he was credited by numerous sources as having played a key role in combatting the Eurozone crisis.After Draghi's term as ECB President ended in 2019, he initially returned to private life. On 3 February 2021, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Draghi was invited by Italian President Sergio Mattarella to form a government of national unity, following the resignation of Giuseppe Conte. After successful negotiations with parties including the League, the Five Star Movement, the Democratic Party and Forza Italia, Draghi was sworn in as Prime Minister on 13 February, pledging to oversee effective implementation of COVID-19 economic stimulus.Mario Draghi was born in Rome in 1947 to an upper-class family; his father Carlo, who was born in Padua, first joined the Bank of Italy in 1922, and later worked for the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (IRI) and for the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro; while his mother, Gilda Mancini, who was born in Monteverde, Campania, near Avellino, was a pharmacist. He is the eldest of three children: Andreina, an art historian, and Marcello, an entrepreneur. When he was 15 years old he lost his father, who was born in 1895, and soon after at 19 he lost his mother.Draghi studied at the Massimiliano Massimo Institute, a Jesuit school in Rome, where he was a classmate of the future chairman of Ferrari, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, and the future television presenter, Giancarlo Magalli. In 1970, he graduated with honours in Economics at the Sapienza University of Rome, under the supervision of Keynesian economist Federico Caffè; his graduation dissertation was titled "Economic integration and the variation of exchange rates". In his dissertation, Draghi was particularly critical of Luxembourg Prime Minister Pierre Werner's remarks that European monetary union was "premature". Draghi went on to earn a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976, this time with a dissertation titled: "Essays on economic theory and applications", under the supervision of Franco Modigliani and Robert Solow.From 1975 to 1981, Draghi was first Professor of Economic and Financial Policy at the University of Trento, then of Macroeconomics at the University of Padua, and later of Mathematical Economics at the University of Venice. In 1981, he was appointed Professor of Economic and Monetary Policy at the University of Florence a position that he held until 1994. During this time, he also spent time as a consultant at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. In 1983, Draghi was also appointed a counsellor to then-Minister of Treasury Giovanni Goria.In 1991, Minister of Treasury Guido Carli and Bank of Italy Governor Carlo Azeglio Ciampi appointed Draghi as Director General of the Italian Treasury; Draghi held this senior position in the civil service until 2001. During his time at the Treasury, he chaired the committee that revised Italian corporate and financial legislation, and drafted the law that continues to govern Italian financial markets. Draghi was also among the main proponents of the privatisations of many state-owned companies which occurred in the Italian economy through the 1990s. He also chaired the management committee of SACE, implementing a complete reformation of the group and managing the transition from the "Mani Pulite" corruption scandal. Draghi returned to chair SACE between 1998 and 2001, before the subsequent privatisation. During these years, he was also a board member of several Italian banks and corporations, like Eni, Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro and Istituto Mobiliare Italiano.In 2001, he left the Treasury to become a fellow of the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Draghi was also appointed a Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Goldman Sachs International in 2002. He was also made a member of the firm's management committee, holding all of these roles until 2005. He led Goldman Sachs's European strategy and its engagements with major European corporations and governments. After the revelation that off-market swaps had been systematically used by the Greek Government, facilitated by Goldman Sachs, Draghi stated that he "knew nothing" about the arrangement, and "had nothing to do with it". During this period, Draghi also worked as a trustee at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and also spent time as a consultant at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.In December 2005, it was announced that Draghi would become Governor of the Bank of Italy. He officially took up the position on 16 January 2006. In April 2006, he was elected by fellow central bank governors to become Chairman of the Financial Stability Forum; this body would later be re-organised to become the Financial Stability Board in April 2009 on behalf of the G20, bringing together representatives of governments, central banks and national supervisors institutions in the wake of the financial crisis. As the inaugural FSB Chairman, Draghi was responsible to the G20 leaders, and worked to promote international financial stability, improve the functioning of markets and reduce systemic risk through information exchange and international cooperation between supervisors.In his capacity as Bank of Italy Governor, Draghi was also a member of the Governing and General Councils of the European Central Bank and a member of the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements. He also represented Italy on the Board of Governors at both the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Asian Development Bank. On 5 August 2011, he made a contribution to domestic political debate when, together with the ECB President Jean Claude Trichet, he published a notable letter to the Italian Government of Silvio Berlusconi to recommend a series of economic measures that should urgently be implemented in Italy.Draghi had for years been mentioned as a possible successor to Jean-Claude Trichet, whose term as President of the European Central Bank was due to end in October 2011. On 13 February 2011, Wolfgang Münchau, associate editor of the "Financial Times", endorsed Draghi as the best candidate for the position. A few days later, "The Economist" wrote that "the next president of the world's second-most-important central bank should be Mario Draghi". Draghi subsequently won the support of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi for the position, who expressed a desire to see an Italian take the pre-eminent economic policymaking role within the European Union. On 17 May 2011, the Council of the European Union recommended the nomination of Draghi as President of the ECB. Draghi's nomination was later approved by the European Parliament and the ECB itself, and on 24 June 2011 his appointment was signed-off by EU leaders. During the nomination process, some concerns were raised about Draghi's past employment at Goldman Sachs. As a member of the Group of Thirty, founded by the Rockefeller Foundation, he was accused in "Der Spiegel", "Tagesschau.de" and "Die Welt" of having a conflict of interest as president of the ECB. Draghi moved to Frankfurt and formally took up the role of ECB President on 1 November 2011, the day after Trichet's term expired.In December 2011, Draghi brokered a €489 billion three-year loan program from the ECB to EU banks. Draghi's ECB also promptly repealed the final two interest rate hikes of Trichet's term, stating this would ease the continuing European sovereign debt crisis. In February 2012, Nobel Prize laureate in economics, Joseph Stiglitz argued that on the issue of the impending Greek debt restructuring, the ECB's insistence that it should be "voluntary", as opposed to a default agreed by Greek authorities, would be "a gift" to the financial institutions that sold credit default insurance on that debt, a position Stiglitz argued was a moral hazard. In March 2012, a second, larger round of ECB loans to EU banks was initiated, this time called the Long-Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO). One commentator, Matthew Lynn, saw the ECB's injection of funds, along with quantitative easing from the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, as feeding increases in oil prices in 2011 and 2012.In July 2012, in the midst of renewed fears about sovereigns in the eurozone, Draghi stated in a panel discussion that, under his leadership, the ECB "...is ready to do "whatever it takes" to preserve the euro. And believe me, it will be enough." This statement was heavily reported throughout the EU and the world's financial markets, and initially led to a steady decline in bond yields (borrowing costs) for eurozone countries, in particular Spain, Italy and France. In light of what had been slow political progress on solving the eurozone crisis, Draghi's statement has come to be seen subsequently as the major turning point in the fortunes of the eurozone, with numerous policymakers and commentators describing it as having been essential to the continuation of the euro currency. Draghi has since come to be prominently associated with the phrase ""whatever it takes"".Beginning in 2013, Draghi was criticised in the context of the scandals rising around the bank Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena which according to at least one German publication was making very risky deals.In April 2013, Draghi said in response to a question regarding membership of the eurozone, "These questions are formulated by people who vastly underestimate what the euro means for the Europeans, for the euro area. They vastly underestimate the political capital that has been invested in the euro." In 2015, in an appearance before the European Parliament, Draghi said that the future of the eurozone was at risk unless member countries gave up some independence and created more Pan-European government institutions. "We have not yet reached the stage of a genuine monetary union," Draghi said. Failure of eurozone countries to harmonise their economies and create stronger institutions would, he said, "put at risk the long-term success of the monetary union when faced with an important shock." In 2015, Draghi said that his political ideas are along to liberal socialismOn 31 October 2019, his mandate as ECB President expired and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde was appointed as his successor.Between December 2020 and January 2021, tensions arose within Italy's ruling coalition, with Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi taking contrary positions on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy as well as its deep economic consequences. On 13 January, Renzi announced the resignation of the two Cabinet Ministers from his party, Italia Viva, triggering the collapse of the Conte Government. On 26 January, after days of inconclusive negotiations with political parties, Conte tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Mattarella.On 2 February 2021, following failed consultations between parties to nominate a replacement, President Mattarella announced he would summon Draghi to the Quirinal Palace, with the intention of giving him the task of forming a technocratic government. The following day, Draghi accepted the task of forming a new government and began consultations with party leaders. Draghi quickly secured the support of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), the centrist Italia Viva (IV), the left-wing Free and Equal (LeU), and other small liberal and centrist parties. After an initial delay, Matteo Salvini, leader of the right-wing League, and Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the centre-right Forza Italia, jointly announced they too would support Draghi. Finally, on 11 February, the membership of the Five Star Movement (M5S) approved the party's support for Draghi, with 59.3% of party members voting in favour of joining the new government.On 12 February, Draghi unveiled the members of his Cabinet, which included representatives from all of the above political parties, including 9 ministers from the outgoing cabinet, as well as independent technocrats. The following day, Draghi was sworn in as Prime Minister. Draghi's cabinet was described as a national unity government by numerous news articles in the wake of its announcement.On 17 February, Draghi won a confidence vote in the Senate, with 262 votes in favour, 40 against and 2 abstentions. On the following day, he won a further confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies with 535 votes in favour, 56 against and 5 abstentions; this margin represented one of the largest ever majorities in the history of the Italian Republic. During his first speech as Prime Minister to both houses of the Italian Parliament, Draghi stated that the Italy that emerged after the COVID-19 pandemic would have to undergo a period of reconstruction similar to post-World War II Italy, and that it would be his government's responsibility to begin this process. He also stressed that his government would adopt a strongly pro-European position, and emphasised the importance of Italy remaining within the Eurosystem.On 13 May, it was announced that Draghi would forego his annual salary of €115,000 for being Prime Minister.Addressing the nation shortly after becoming Prime Minister, Draghi stated that it would be his government's priority to plan a route out of the COVID-19 pandemic, and pledged to reorganise the country's pandemic response units; on 27 February, Draghi replaced the Head of the Civil Protection, Angelo Borrelli, with Fabrizio Curcio, and on 1 March, he replaced the Extraordinary Commissioner for the COVID-19 Emergency, Domenico Arcuri, with the Army General Francesco Paolo Figliuolo, who received the additional mandate of reorganising and implementing the vaccination campaign. Borrelli and Arcuri were both considered very close to former prime minister Conte.Following discussions with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Draghi announced that he had agreed to ensure vaccines produced in Italy were prioritised for distribution to the population of the European Union. On the following day, Draghi made international headlines by authorising the blocking of a shipment of 250,000 Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines that were originally intended to travel to Australia. This led to harsh criticism by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson. Conversely, Draghi's decision was praised by other European leaders, such as French President Emmanuel Macron. In mid-March, the Italian Government announced it would pause the rollout of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, after reports that some Italians treated with it had developed blood clots, although no death cases have been reported directly due to the vaccine. On 16 March 2021, Draghi had a phone call with the French President Macron concerning the suspension of the Astrazeneca vaccine and of the eventual decisions of the European Medicines Agency that will take a definitive decision on 18 March 2021.On 15 March 2021, Draghi placed the majority of Italy under so-called 'full lockdown' conditions, with non-essential businesses closing and travel restricted, in response to an increase in the transmission of COVID-19, although unlike the 2020 lockdown, factories and some other workplaces were allowed to remain open. Announcing the lockdown, Draghi vowed that Italy would see its vaccination programme triple in April, reaching 500,000 people per day by that time. Around this time, Draghi's approval rating as Prime Minister reached a new high of 63% in opinion polls.On 16 April, during a press conference with his health minister Roberto Speranza, Draghi announced that restrictions will be eased from 26 April, allowing the reopening of bars and restaurants, stating that "it is possible to look to the future with prudent optimism and confidence".Since the beginning of his premiership, Draghi implemented an active foreign policy focused on the Mediterranean Sea, North Africa and the Middle East in order to increase Italy's influence over the area. On 6 April 2021, Draghi visited Libya, in his first international trip, during which he met Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, saying he wanted to strengthen ties with the Arab country, a former colony of Italy. The trip was described as an attempt to reduce the Turkish and Egyptian influences over Libya, following the aftermath of the civil war. Days later, Draghi publicly labelled Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as a "dictator", harshly criticising him for his behaviour after a meeting with European leaders Ursula von der Leyen and Charles Michel, during which, according to Draghi, he "humiliated President von der Leyen". The statement caused immediate reactions from the Turkish government. Turkey's foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu summoned Italian ambassador and described Draghi's words as an "unacceptable populist rhetoric", while many other prominent members of Erdoğan's cabinet strongly attacked Draghi. However, Draghi was backed by several European leaders, including the head of the European People's Party, Manfred Weber. On 14 April, Erdoğan accused Draghi of being an "appointed and unelected Prime Minister", describing his statement as "rude and impertinent".In June 2021, Draghi attended his first G7 summit in Cornwall in the United Kingdom. During the meeting, Draghi led discussions on strategy for avoiding adverse market reactions to stimulus spending. During the summit, Draghi held a bilateral meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden. Draghi praised Biden, saying he had improved relations between the European Union and the United States.In 1973, Mario Draghi married Serena Cappello, an expert in English literature, with whom he has two children: Federica, who worked as investment director of Genextra Spa and board member of Italian Angels for Biotechis, and Giacomo, a finance analyst, who worked as an interest-rate derivative trader at investment bank Morgan Stanley until 2017, and is now at the LMR Partners hedge fund.Draghi is a Roman Catholic of Jesuit education and is devout to St. Ignatius of Loyola. Draghi has homes in Rome's Parioli district and in Città della Pieve in Umbria. He is a supporter of A.S. Roma, one of the football teams of his hometown, and a great fan of basketball.	[ "President of the European Central Bank", "Prime Minister of Italy" ]
Which position did Mario Draghi hold in May, 2015?	May 30, 2015	{ "text": [ "President of the European Central Bank" ] }	L2_Q294460_P39_1	Mario Draghi holds the position of Prime Minister of Italy from Feb, 2021 to Oct, 2022. Mario Draghi holds the position of Governor of the Banca d'Italia from Jan, 2006 to Oct, 2011. Mario Draghi holds the position of President of the European Central Bank from Nov, 2011 to Oct, 2019.	Mario DraghiMario Draghi (; born 3 September 1947) is an Italian economist, banker, academic, civil servant, and politician who has been serving as Prime Minister of Italy since 13 February 2021. He previously served as President of the European Central Bank from 2011 until 2019. Draghi was also Chair of the Financial Stability Board from 2009 to 2011 and Governor of the Bank of Italy from 2006 to 2011.After a lengthy career as an academic economist in Italy, Draghi worked for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., throughout the 1980s, and in 1991 returned to Rome to become Director General of the Italian Treasury. He left that role after a decade to join Goldman Sachs, where he remained until his appointment as Governor of the Bank of Italy in 2006. His tenure as Governor coincided with the 2008 Great Recession, and in the midst of this he was selected to become the first Chair of the Financial Stability Board, the global standard-setter that replaced the Financial Stability Forum.He left those roles after his nomination by the European Council in 2011 to serve as President of the European Central Bank. He presided over the institution during the Eurozone crisis, becoming famous throughout Europe for saying that he would be prepared to do "whatever it takes" to prevent the euro from failing. In 2014, Draghi was listed by "Forbes" magazine as the eighth-most powerful person in the world. In 2015, "Fortune" magazine ranked him as the world's "second greatest leader". In 2019, Paul Krugman described him as "the greatest central banker of modern times." Moreover, thanks to his monetary policies, he is widely considered the "savior of the euro" during the European debt crisis. He has been nicknamed "Super Mario" by some media, a nickname that was popularised during his time as President of the European Central Bank, when he was credited by numerous sources as having played a key role in combatting the Eurozone crisis.After Draghi's term as ECB President ended in 2019, he initially returned to private life. On 3 February 2021, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Draghi was invited by Italian President Sergio Mattarella to form a government of national unity, following the resignation of Giuseppe Conte. After successful negotiations with parties including the League, the Five Star Movement, the Democratic Party and Forza Italia, Draghi was sworn in as Prime Minister on 13 February, pledging to oversee effective implementation of COVID-19 economic stimulus.Mario Draghi was born in Rome in 1947 to an upper-class family; his father Carlo, who was born in Padua, first joined the Bank of Italy in 1922, and later worked for the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (IRI) and for the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro; while his mother, Gilda Mancini, who was born in Monteverde, Campania, near Avellino, was a pharmacist. He is the eldest of three children: Andreina, an art historian, and Marcello, an entrepreneur. When he was 15 years old he lost his father, who was born in 1895, and soon after at 19 he lost his mother.Draghi studied at the Massimiliano Massimo Institute, a Jesuit school in Rome, where he was a classmate of the future chairman of Ferrari, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, and the future television presenter, Giancarlo Magalli. In 1970, he graduated with honours in Economics at the Sapienza University of Rome, under the supervision of Keynesian economist Federico Caffè; his graduation dissertation was titled "Economic integration and the variation of exchange rates". In his dissertation, Draghi was particularly critical of Luxembourg Prime Minister Pierre Werner's remarks that European monetary union was "premature". Draghi went on to earn a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976, this time with a dissertation titled: "Essays on economic theory and applications", under the supervision of Franco Modigliani and Robert Solow.From 1975 to 1981, Draghi was first Professor of Economic and Financial Policy at the University of Trento, then of Macroeconomics at the University of Padua, and later of Mathematical Economics at the University of Venice. In 1981, he was appointed Professor of Economic and Monetary Policy at the University of Florence a position that he held until 1994. During this time, he also spent time as a consultant at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. In 1983, Draghi was also appointed a counsellor to then-Minister of Treasury Giovanni Goria.In 1991, Minister of Treasury Guido Carli and Bank of Italy Governor Carlo Azeglio Ciampi appointed Draghi as Director General of the Italian Treasury; Draghi held this senior position in the civil service until 2001. During his time at the Treasury, he chaired the committee that revised Italian corporate and financial legislation, and drafted the law that continues to govern Italian financial markets. Draghi was also among the main proponents of the privatisations of many state-owned companies which occurred in the Italian economy through the 1990s. He also chaired the management committee of SACE, implementing a complete reformation of the group and managing the transition from the "Mani Pulite" corruption scandal. Draghi returned to chair SACE between 1998 and 2001, before the subsequent privatisation. During these years, he was also a board member of several Italian banks and corporations, like Eni, Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro and Istituto Mobiliare Italiano.In 2001, he left the Treasury to become a fellow of the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Draghi was also appointed a Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Goldman Sachs International in 2002. He was also made a member of the firm's management committee, holding all of these roles until 2005. He led Goldman Sachs's European strategy and its engagements with major European corporations and governments. After the revelation that off-market swaps had been systematically used by the Greek Government, facilitated by Goldman Sachs, Draghi stated that he "knew nothing" about the arrangement, and "had nothing to do with it". During this period, Draghi also worked as a trustee at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and also spent time as a consultant at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.In December 2005, it was announced that Draghi would become Governor of the Bank of Italy. He officially took up the position on 16 January 2006. In April 2006, he was elected by fellow central bank governors to become Chairman of the Financial Stability Forum; this body would later be re-organised to become the Financial Stability Board in April 2009 on behalf of the G20, bringing together representatives of governments, central banks and national supervisors institutions in the wake of the financial crisis. As the inaugural FSB Chairman, Draghi was responsible to the G20 leaders, and worked to promote international financial stability, improve the functioning of markets and reduce systemic risk through information exchange and international cooperation between supervisors.In his capacity as Bank of Italy Governor, Draghi was also a member of the Governing and General Councils of the European Central Bank and a member of the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements. He also represented Italy on the Board of Governors at both the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Asian Development Bank. On 5 August 2011, he made a contribution to domestic political debate when, together with the ECB President Jean Claude Trichet, he published a notable letter to the Italian Government of Silvio Berlusconi to recommend a series of economic measures that should urgently be implemented in Italy.Draghi had for years been mentioned as a possible successor to Jean-Claude Trichet, whose term as President of the European Central Bank was due to end in October 2011. On 13 February 2011, Wolfgang Münchau, associate editor of the "Financial Times", endorsed Draghi as the best candidate for the position. A few days later, "The Economist" wrote that "the next president of the world's second-most-important central bank should be Mario Draghi". Draghi subsequently won the support of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi for the position, who expressed a desire to see an Italian take the pre-eminent economic policymaking role within the European Union. On 17 May 2011, the Council of the European Union recommended the nomination of Draghi as President of the ECB. Draghi's nomination was later approved by the European Parliament and the ECB itself, and on 24 June 2011 his appointment was signed-off by EU leaders. During the nomination process, some concerns were raised about Draghi's past employment at Goldman Sachs. As a member of the Group of Thirty, founded by the Rockefeller Foundation, he was accused in "Der Spiegel", "Tagesschau.de" and "Die Welt" of having a conflict of interest as president of the ECB. Draghi moved to Frankfurt and formally took up the role of ECB President on 1 November 2011, the day after Trichet's term expired.In December 2011, Draghi brokered a €489 billion three-year loan program from the ECB to EU banks. Draghi's ECB also promptly repealed the final two interest rate hikes of Trichet's term, stating this would ease the continuing European sovereign debt crisis. In February 2012, Nobel Prize laureate in economics, Joseph Stiglitz argued that on the issue of the impending Greek debt restructuring, the ECB's insistence that it should be "voluntary", as opposed to a default agreed by Greek authorities, would be "a gift" to the financial institutions that sold credit default insurance on that debt, a position Stiglitz argued was a moral hazard. In March 2012, a second, larger round of ECB loans to EU banks was initiated, this time called the Long-Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO). One commentator, Matthew Lynn, saw the ECB's injection of funds, along with quantitative easing from the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, as feeding increases in oil prices in 2011 and 2012.In July 2012, in the midst of renewed fears about sovereigns in the eurozone, Draghi stated in a panel discussion that, under his leadership, the ECB "...is ready to do "whatever it takes" to preserve the euro. And believe me, it will be enough." This statement was heavily reported throughout the EU and the world's financial markets, and initially led to a steady decline in bond yields (borrowing costs) for eurozone countries, in particular Spain, Italy and France. In light of what had been slow political progress on solving the eurozone crisis, Draghi's statement has come to be seen subsequently as the major turning point in the fortunes of the eurozone, with numerous policymakers and commentators describing it as having been essential to the continuation of the euro currency. Draghi has since come to be prominently associated with the phrase ""whatever it takes"".Beginning in 2013, Draghi was criticised in the context of the scandals rising around the bank Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena which according to at least one German publication was making very risky deals.In April 2013, Draghi said in response to a question regarding membership of the eurozone, "These questions are formulated by people who vastly underestimate what the euro means for the Europeans, for the euro area. They vastly underestimate the political capital that has been invested in the euro." In 2015, in an appearance before the European Parliament, Draghi said that the future of the eurozone was at risk unless member countries gave up some independence and created more Pan-European government institutions. "We have not yet reached the stage of a genuine monetary union," Draghi said. Failure of eurozone countries to harmonise their economies and create stronger institutions would, he said, "put at risk the long-term success of the monetary union when faced with an important shock." In 2015, Draghi said that his political ideas are along to liberal socialismOn 31 October 2019, his mandate as ECB President expired and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde was appointed as his successor.Between December 2020 and January 2021, tensions arose within Italy's ruling coalition, with Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi taking contrary positions on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy as well as its deep economic consequences. On 13 January, Renzi announced the resignation of the two Cabinet Ministers from his party, Italia Viva, triggering the collapse of the Conte Government. On 26 January, after days of inconclusive negotiations with political parties, Conte tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Mattarella.On 2 February 2021, following failed consultations between parties to nominate a replacement, President Mattarella announced he would summon Draghi to the Quirinal Palace, with the intention of giving him the task of forming a technocratic government. The following day, Draghi accepted the task of forming a new government and began consultations with party leaders. Draghi quickly secured the support of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), the centrist Italia Viva (IV), the left-wing Free and Equal (LeU), and other small liberal and centrist parties. After an initial delay, Matteo Salvini, leader of the right-wing League, and Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the centre-right Forza Italia, jointly announced they too would support Draghi. Finally, on 11 February, the membership of the Five Star Movement (M5S) approved the party's support for Draghi, with 59.3% of party members voting in favour of joining the new government.On 12 February, Draghi unveiled the members of his Cabinet, which included representatives from all of the above political parties, including 9 ministers from the outgoing cabinet, as well as independent technocrats. The following day, Draghi was sworn in as Prime Minister. Draghi's cabinet was described as a national unity government by numerous news articles in the wake of its announcement.On 17 February, Draghi won a confidence vote in the Senate, with 262 votes in favour, 40 against and 2 abstentions. On the following day, he won a further confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies with 535 votes in favour, 56 against and 5 abstentions; this margin represented one of the largest ever majorities in the history of the Italian Republic. During his first speech as Prime Minister to both houses of the Italian Parliament, Draghi stated that the Italy that emerged after the COVID-19 pandemic would have to undergo a period of reconstruction similar to post-World War II Italy, and that it would be his government's responsibility to begin this process. He also stressed that his government would adopt a strongly pro-European position, and emphasised the importance of Italy remaining within the Eurosystem.On 13 May, it was announced that Draghi would forego his annual salary of €115,000 for being Prime Minister.Addressing the nation shortly after becoming Prime Minister, Draghi stated that it would be his government's priority to plan a route out of the COVID-19 pandemic, and pledged to reorganise the country's pandemic response units; on 27 February, Draghi replaced the Head of the Civil Protection, Angelo Borrelli, with Fabrizio Curcio, and on 1 March, he replaced the Extraordinary Commissioner for the COVID-19 Emergency, Domenico Arcuri, with the Army General Francesco Paolo Figliuolo, who received the additional mandate of reorganising and implementing the vaccination campaign. Borrelli and Arcuri were both considered very close to former prime minister Conte.Following discussions with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Draghi announced that he had agreed to ensure vaccines produced in Italy were prioritised for distribution to the population of the European Union. On the following day, Draghi made international headlines by authorising the blocking of a shipment of 250,000 Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines that were originally intended to travel to Australia. This led to harsh criticism by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson. Conversely, Draghi's decision was praised by other European leaders, such as French President Emmanuel Macron. In mid-March, the Italian Government announced it would pause the rollout of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, after reports that some Italians treated with it had developed blood clots, although no death cases have been reported directly due to the vaccine. On 16 March 2021, Draghi had a phone call with the French President Macron concerning the suspension of the Astrazeneca vaccine and of the eventual decisions of the European Medicines Agency that will take a definitive decision on 18 March 2021.On 15 March 2021, Draghi placed the majority of Italy under so-called 'full lockdown' conditions, with non-essential businesses closing and travel restricted, in response to an increase in the transmission of COVID-19, although unlike the 2020 lockdown, factories and some other workplaces were allowed to remain open. Announcing the lockdown, Draghi vowed that Italy would see its vaccination programme triple in April, reaching 500,000 people per day by that time. Around this time, Draghi's approval rating as Prime Minister reached a new high of 63% in opinion polls.On 16 April, during a press conference with his health minister Roberto Speranza, Draghi announced that restrictions will be eased from 26 April, allowing the reopening of bars and restaurants, stating that "it is possible to look to the future with prudent optimism and confidence".Since the beginning of his premiership, Draghi implemented an active foreign policy focused on the Mediterranean Sea, North Africa and the Middle East in order to increase Italy's influence over the area. On 6 April 2021, Draghi visited Libya, in his first international trip, during which he met Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, saying he wanted to strengthen ties with the Arab country, a former colony of Italy. The trip was described as an attempt to reduce the Turkish and Egyptian influences over Libya, following the aftermath of the civil war. Days later, Draghi publicly labelled Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as a "dictator", harshly criticising him for his behaviour after a meeting with European leaders Ursula von der Leyen and Charles Michel, during which, according to Draghi, he "humiliated President von der Leyen". The statement caused immediate reactions from the Turkish government. Turkey's foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu summoned Italian ambassador and described Draghi's words as an "unacceptable populist rhetoric", while many other prominent members of Erdoğan's cabinet strongly attacked Draghi. However, Draghi was backed by several European leaders, including the head of the European People's Party, Manfred Weber. On 14 April, Erdoğan accused Draghi of being an "appointed and unelected Prime Minister", describing his statement as "rude and impertinent".In June 2021, Draghi attended his first G7 summit in Cornwall in the United Kingdom. During the meeting, Draghi led discussions on strategy for avoiding adverse market reactions to stimulus spending. During the summit, Draghi held a bilateral meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden. Draghi praised Biden, saying he had improved relations between the European Union and the United States.In 1973, Mario Draghi married Serena Cappello, an expert in English literature, with whom he has two children: Federica, who worked as investment director of Genextra Spa and board member of Italian Angels for Biotechis, and Giacomo, a finance analyst, who worked as an interest-rate derivative trader at investment bank Morgan Stanley until 2017, and is now at the LMR Partners hedge fund.Draghi is a Roman Catholic of Jesuit education and is devout to St. Ignatius of Loyola. Draghi has homes in Rome's Parioli district and in Città della Pieve in Umbria. He is a supporter of A.S. Roma, one of the football teams of his hometown, and a great fan of basketball.	[ "Prime Minister of Italy", "Governor of the Banca d'Italia" ]
Which position did Mario Draghi hold in Jun, 2022?	June 30, 2022	{ "text": [ "Prime Minister of Italy" ] }	L2_Q294460_P39_2	Mario Draghi holds the position of Prime Minister of Italy from Feb, 2021 to Oct, 2022. Mario Draghi holds the position of Governor of the Banca d'Italia from Jan, 2006 to Oct, 2011. Mario Draghi holds the position of President of the European Central Bank from Nov, 2011 to Oct, 2019.	Mario DraghiMario Draghi (; born 3 September 1947) is an Italian economist, banker, academic, civil servant, and politician who has been serving as Prime Minister of Italy since 13 February 2021. He previously served as President of the European Central Bank from 2011 until 2019. Draghi was also Chair of the Financial Stability Board from 2009 to 2011 and Governor of the Bank of Italy from 2006 to 2011.After a lengthy career as an academic economist in Italy, Draghi worked for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., throughout the 1980s, and in 1991 returned to Rome to become Director General of the Italian Treasury. He left that role after a decade to join Goldman Sachs, where he remained until his appointment as Governor of the Bank of Italy in 2006. His tenure as Governor coincided with the 2008 Great Recession, and in the midst of this he was selected to become the first Chair of the Financial Stability Board, the global standard-setter that replaced the Financial Stability Forum.He left those roles after his nomination by the European Council in 2011 to serve as President of the European Central Bank. He presided over the institution during the Eurozone crisis, becoming famous throughout Europe for saying that he would be prepared to do "whatever it takes" to prevent the euro from failing. In 2014, Draghi was listed by "Forbes" magazine as the eighth-most powerful person in the world. In 2015, "Fortune" magazine ranked him as the world's "second greatest leader". In 2019, Paul Krugman described him as "the greatest central banker of modern times." Moreover, thanks to his monetary policies, he is widely considered the "savior of the euro" during the European debt crisis. He has been nicknamed "Super Mario" by some media, a nickname that was popularised during his time as President of the European Central Bank, when he was credited by numerous sources as having played a key role in combatting the Eurozone crisis.After Draghi's term as ECB President ended in 2019, he initially returned to private life. On 3 February 2021, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Draghi was invited by Italian President Sergio Mattarella to form a government of national unity, following the resignation of Giuseppe Conte. After successful negotiations with parties including the League, the Five Star Movement, the Democratic Party and Forza Italia, Draghi was sworn in as Prime Minister on 13 February, pledging to oversee effective implementation of COVID-19 economic stimulus.Mario Draghi was born in Rome in 1947 to an upper-class family; his father Carlo, who was born in Padua, first joined the Bank of Italy in 1922, and later worked for the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (IRI) and for the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro; while his mother, Gilda Mancini, who was born in Monteverde, Campania, near Avellino, was a pharmacist. He is the eldest of three children: Andreina, an art historian, and Marcello, an entrepreneur. When he was 15 years old he lost his father, who was born in 1895, and soon after at 19 he lost his mother.Draghi studied at the Massimiliano Massimo Institute, a Jesuit school in Rome, where he was a classmate of the future chairman of Ferrari, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, and the future television presenter, Giancarlo Magalli. In 1970, he graduated with honours in Economics at the Sapienza University of Rome, under the supervision of Keynesian economist Federico Caffè; his graduation dissertation was titled "Economic integration and the variation of exchange rates". In his dissertation, Draghi was particularly critical of Luxembourg Prime Minister Pierre Werner's remarks that European monetary union was "premature". Draghi went on to earn a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976, this time with a dissertation titled: "Essays on economic theory and applications", under the supervision of Franco Modigliani and Robert Solow.From 1975 to 1981, Draghi was first Professor of Economic and Financial Policy at the University of Trento, then of Macroeconomics at the University of Padua, and later of Mathematical Economics at the University of Venice. In 1981, he was appointed Professor of Economic and Monetary Policy at the University of Florence a position that he held until 1994. During this time, he also spent time as a consultant at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. In 1983, Draghi was also appointed a counsellor to then-Minister of Treasury Giovanni Goria.In 1991, Minister of Treasury Guido Carli and Bank of Italy Governor Carlo Azeglio Ciampi appointed Draghi as Director General of the Italian Treasury; Draghi held this senior position in the civil service until 2001. During his time at the Treasury, he chaired the committee that revised Italian corporate and financial legislation, and drafted the law that continues to govern Italian financial markets. Draghi was also among the main proponents of the privatisations of many state-owned companies which occurred in the Italian economy through the 1990s. He also chaired the management committee of SACE, implementing a complete reformation of the group and managing the transition from the "Mani Pulite" corruption scandal. Draghi returned to chair SACE between 1998 and 2001, before the subsequent privatisation. During these years, he was also a board member of several Italian banks and corporations, like Eni, Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro and Istituto Mobiliare Italiano.In 2001, he left the Treasury to become a fellow of the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Draghi was also appointed a Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Goldman Sachs International in 2002. He was also made a member of the firm's management committee, holding all of these roles until 2005. He led Goldman Sachs's European strategy and its engagements with major European corporations and governments. After the revelation that off-market swaps had been systematically used by the Greek Government, facilitated by Goldman Sachs, Draghi stated that he "knew nothing" about the arrangement, and "had nothing to do with it". During this period, Draghi also worked as a trustee at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and also spent time as a consultant at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.In December 2005, it was announced that Draghi would become Governor of the Bank of Italy. He officially took up the position on 16 January 2006. In April 2006, he was elected by fellow central bank governors to become Chairman of the Financial Stability Forum; this body would later be re-organised to become the Financial Stability Board in April 2009 on behalf of the G20, bringing together representatives of governments, central banks and national supervisors institutions in the wake of the financial crisis. As the inaugural FSB Chairman, Draghi was responsible to the G20 leaders, and worked to promote international financial stability, improve the functioning of markets and reduce systemic risk through information exchange and international cooperation between supervisors.In his capacity as Bank of Italy Governor, Draghi was also a member of the Governing and General Councils of the European Central Bank and a member of the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements. He also represented Italy on the Board of Governors at both the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Asian Development Bank. On 5 August 2011, he made a contribution to domestic political debate when, together with the ECB President Jean Claude Trichet, he published a notable letter to the Italian Government of Silvio Berlusconi to recommend a series of economic measures that should urgently be implemented in Italy.Draghi had for years been mentioned as a possible successor to Jean-Claude Trichet, whose term as President of the European Central Bank was due to end in October 2011. On 13 February 2011, Wolfgang Münchau, associate editor of the "Financial Times", endorsed Draghi as the best candidate for the position. A few days later, "The Economist" wrote that "the next president of the world's second-most-important central bank should be Mario Draghi". Draghi subsequently won the support of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi for the position, who expressed a desire to see an Italian take the pre-eminent economic policymaking role within the European Union. On 17 May 2011, the Council of the European Union recommended the nomination of Draghi as President of the ECB. Draghi's nomination was later approved by the European Parliament and the ECB itself, and on 24 June 2011 his appointment was signed-off by EU leaders. During the nomination process, some concerns were raised about Draghi's past employment at Goldman Sachs. As a member of the Group of Thirty, founded by the Rockefeller Foundation, he was accused in "Der Spiegel", "Tagesschau.de" and "Die Welt" of having a conflict of interest as president of the ECB. Draghi moved to Frankfurt and formally took up the role of ECB President on 1 November 2011, the day after Trichet's term expired.In December 2011, Draghi brokered a €489 billion three-year loan program from the ECB to EU banks. Draghi's ECB also promptly repealed the final two interest rate hikes of Trichet's term, stating this would ease the continuing European sovereign debt crisis. In February 2012, Nobel Prize laureate in economics, Joseph Stiglitz argued that on the issue of the impending Greek debt restructuring, the ECB's insistence that it should be "voluntary", as opposed to a default agreed by Greek authorities, would be "a gift" to the financial institutions that sold credit default insurance on that debt, a position Stiglitz argued was a moral hazard. In March 2012, a second, larger round of ECB loans to EU banks was initiated, this time called the Long-Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO). One commentator, Matthew Lynn, saw the ECB's injection of funds, along with quantitative easing from the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, as feeding increases in oil prices in 2011 and 2012.In July 2012, in the midst of renewed fears about sovereigns in the eurozone, Draghi stated in a panel discussion that, under his leadership, the ECB "...is ready to do "whatever it takes" to preserve the euro. And believe me, it will be enough." This statement was heavily reported throughout the EU and the world's financial markets, and initially led to a steady decline in bond yields (borrowing costs) for eurozone countries, in particular Spain, Italy and France. In light of what had been slow political progress on solving the eurozone crisis, Draghi's statement has come to be seen subsequently as the major turning point in the fortunes of the eurozone, with numerous policymakers and commentators describing it as having been essential to the continuation of the euro currency. Draghi has since come to be prominently associated with the phrase ""whatever it takes"".Beginning in 2013, Draghi was criticised in the context of the scandals rising around the bank Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena which according to at least one German publication was making very risky deals.In April 2013, Draghi said in response to a question regarding membership of the eurozone, "These questions are formulated by people who vastly underestimate what the euro means for the Europeans, for the euro area. They vastly underestimate the political capital that has been invested in the euro." In 2015, in an appearance before the European Parliament, Draghi said that the future of the eurozone was at risk unless member countries gave up some independence and created more Pan-European government institutions. "We have not yet reached the stage of a genuine monetary union," Draghi said. Failure of eurozone countries to harmonise their economies and create stronger institutions would, he said, "put at risk the long-term success of the monetary union when faced with an important shock." In 2015, Draghi said that his political ideas are along to liberal socialismOn 31 October 2019, his mandate as ECB President expired and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde was appointed as his successor.Between December 2020 and January 2021, tensions arose within Italy's ruling coalition, with Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi taking contrary positions on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy as well as its deep economic consequences. On 13 January, Renzi announced the resignation of the two Cabinet Ministers from his party, Italia Viva, triggering the collapse of the Conte Government. On 26 January, after days of inconclusive negotiations with political parties, Conte tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Mattarella.On 2 February 2021, following failed consultations between parties to nominate a replacement, President Mattarella announced he would summon Draghi to the Quirinal Palace, with the intention of giving him the task of forming a technocratic government. The following day, Draghi accepted the task of forming a new government and began consultations with party leaders. Draghi quickly secured the support of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), the centrist Italia Viva (IV), the left-wing Free and Equal (LeU), and other small liberal and centrist parties. After an initial delay, Matteo Salvini, leader of the right-wing League, and Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the centre-right Forza Italia, jointly announced they too would support Draghi. Finally, on 11 February, the membership of the Five Star Movement (M5S) approved the party's support for Draghi, with 59.3% of party members voting in favour of joining the new government.On 12 February, Draghi unveiled the members of his Cabinet, which included representatives from all of the above political parties, including 9 ministers from the outgoing cabinet, as well as independent technocrats. The following day, Draghi was sworn in as Prime Minister. Draghi's cabinet was described as a national unity government by numerous news articles in the wake of its announcement.On 17 February, Draghi won a confidence vote in the Senate, with 262 votes in favour, 40 against and 2 abstentions. On the following day, he won a further confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies with 535 votes in favour, 56 against and 5 abstentions; this margin represented one of the largest ever majorities in the history of the Italian Republic. During his first speech as Prime Minister to both houses of the Italian Parliament, Draghi stated that the Italy that emerged after the COVID-19 pandemic would have to undergo a period of reconstruction similar to post-World War II Italy, and that it would be his government's responsibility to begin this process. He also stressed that his government would adopt a strongly pro-European position, and emphasised the importance of Italy remaining within the Eurosystem.On 13 May, it was announced that Draghi would forego his annual salary of €115,000 for being Prime Minister.Addressing the nation shortly after becoming Prime Minister, Draghi stated that it would be his government's priority to plan a route out of the COVID-19 pandemic, and pledged to reorganise the country's pandemic response units; on 27 February, Draghi replaced the Head of the Civil Protection, Angelo Borrelli, with Fabrizio Curcio, and on 1 March, he replaced the Extraordinary Commissioner for the COVID-19 Emergency, Domenico Arcuri, with the Army General Francesco Paolo Figliuolo, who received the additional mandate of reorganising and implementing the vaccination campaign. Borrelli and Arcuri were both considered very close to former prime minister Conte.Following discussions with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Draghi announced that he had agreed to ensure vaccines produced in Italy were prioritised for distribution to the population of the European Union. On the following day, Draghi made international headlines by authorising the blocking of a shipment of 250,000 Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines that were originally intended to travel to Australia. This led to harsh criticism by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson. Conversely, Draghi's decision was praised by other European leaders, such as French President Emmanuel Macron. In mid-March, the Italian Government announced it would pause the rollout of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, after reports that some Italians treated with it had developed blood clots, although no death cases have been reported directly due to the vaccine. On 16 March 2021, Draghi had a phone call with the French President Macron concerning the suspension of the Astrazeneca vaccine and of the eventual decisions of the European Medicines Agency that will take a definitive decision on 18 March 2021.On 15 March 2021, Draghi placed the majority of Italy under so-called 'full lockdown' conditions, with non-essential businesses closing and travel restricted, in response to an increase in the transmission of COVID-19, although unlike the 2020 lockdown, factories and some other workplaces were allowed to remain open. Announcing the lockdown, Draghi vowed that Italy would see its vaccination programme triple in April, reaching 500,000 people per day by that time. Around this time, Draghi's approval rating as Prime Minister reached a new high of 63% in opinion polls.On 16 April, during a press conference with his health minister Roberto Speranza, Draghi announced that restrictions will be eased from 26 April, allowing the reopening of bars and restaurants, stating that "it is possible to look to the future with prudent optimism and confidence".Since the beginning of his premiership, Draghi implemented an active foreign policy focused on the Mediterranean Sea, North Africa and the Middle East in order to increase Italy's influence over the area. On 6 April 2021, Draghi visited Libya, in his first international trip, during which he met Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, saying he wanted to strengthen ties with the Arab country, a former colony of Italy. The trip was described as an attempt to reduce the Turkish and Egyptian influences over Libya, following the aftermath of the civil war. Days later, Draghi publicly labelled Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as a "dictator", harshly criticising him for his behaviour after a meeting with European leaders Ursula von der Leyen and Charles Michel, during which, according to Draghi, he "humiliated President von der Leyen". The statement caused immediate reactions from the Turkish government. Turkey's foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu summoned Italian ambassador and described Draghi's words as an "unacceptable populist rhetoric", while many other prominent members of Erdoğan's cabinet strongly attacked Draghi. However, Draghi was backed by several European leaders, including the head of the European People's Party, Manfred Weber. On 14 April, Erdoğan accused Draghi of being an "appointed and unelected Prime Minister", describing his statement as "rude and impertinent".In June 2021, Draghi attended his first G7 summit in Cornwall in the United Kingdom. During the meeting, Draghi led discussions on strategy for avoiding adverse market reactions to stimulus spending. During the summit, Draghi held a bilateral meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden. Draghi praised Biden, saying he had improved relations between the European Union and the United States.In 1973, Mario Draghi married Serena Cappello, an expert in English literature, with whom he has two children: Federica, who worked as investment director of Genextra Spa and board member of Italian Angels for Biotechis, and Giacomo, a finance analyst, who worked as an interest-rate derivative trader at investment bank Morgan Stanley until 2017, and is now at the LMR Partners hedge fund.Draghi is a Roman Catholic of Jesuit education and is devout to St. Ignatius of Loyola. Draghi has homes in Rome's Parioli district and in Città della Pieve in Umbria. He is a supporter of A.S. Roma, one of the football teams of his hometown, and a great fan of basketball.	[ "President of the European Central Bank", "Governor of the Banca d'Italia" ]
Who was the chair of Scottish National Party in Mar, 1998?	March 13, 1998	{ "text": [ "Alex Salmond" ] }	L2_Q10658_P488_0	John Swinney is the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep, 2000 to Sep, 2004. Nicola Sturgeon is the chair of Scottish National Party from Nov, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Alex Salmond is the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep, 1990 to Sep, 2000.	Scottish National PartyThe Scottish National Party (SNP; , ) is a Scottish nationalist, regionalist, and social-democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for membership of the European Union, with a platform based on civic nationalism. The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland, where it has the most seats in the Scottish Parliament and 45 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons at Westminster, and it is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom, behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. The current Scottish National Party leader, Nicola Sturgeon, has served as First Minister of Scotland since 20 November 2014.Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election. With the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the SNP became the second-largest party, serving two terms as the opposition. The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, forming a minority government, before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election, after which it formed Holyrood's first majority government. After Scotland voted against independence in the 2014 referendum, Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Sturgeon. The SNP was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election.The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of both seats in the Westminster and Holyrood parliaments, and membership, reaching 125,691 members as of March 2021, 45 Members of Parliament (MPs), 64 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) and 400 local councillors. The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance (EFA). The party does not have any members of the House of Lords, as it has always maintained a position of objecting to an unelected upper house.The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first, joint, presidents. Sir Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman. Professor Douglas Young, who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers. Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted.The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942, owing to his failure to change the party's policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that year's conference in Glasgow. McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association, a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly.However, wartime conditions also enabled the SNP's first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945, but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later. The 1950s were characterised by similarly low levels of support, and this made it difficult for the party to advance. Indeed, in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates.The 1960s, however, offered more electoral successes, with candidates polling credibly at Glasgow Bridgeton in 1961, West Lothian in 1962 and Glasgow Pollok in 1967. Indeed, this foreshadowed Winnie Ewing's surprise victory in a by-election at the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton. This brought the SNP to national prominence, leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission.Despite this breakthrough, the 1970 general election was to prove a disappointment for the party as, despite an increase in vote share, Ewing failed to retain her seat in Hamilton. The party did receive some consolation with the capture of the Western Isles, making Donald Stewart the party's only MP. This was to be the case until the 1973 by-election at Glasgow Govan where a hitherto safe Labour seat was claimed by Margo MacDonald.1974 was to prove something of an "annus mirabilis" for the party as it deployed its highly effective "It's Scotland's oil" campaign. The SNP gained 6 seats at the February general election before hitting a high point in the October re-run, polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster. Furthermore, during that year's local elections the party claimed overall control of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth.This success was to continue for much of the decade, and at the 1977 district elections the SNP saw victories at councils including East Kilbride and Falkirk and held the balance of power in Glasgow. However, this level of support was not to last and by 1978 Labour revival was evident at three by-elections (Glasgow Garscadden, Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian) as well as the regional elections.This was to culminate when the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 general election, precipitated by the party bringing down the incumbent Labour minority government following the controversial failure of that year's devolution referendum. Reduced to just 2 MPs, the successes of October 1974 were not to be surpassed until the 2015 general election.Following this defeat, a period of internal strife occurred within the party, culminating with the formation of two internal groups: the ultranationalist Siol nan Gaidheal and left-wing 79 Group. Traditionalists within the party, centred around Winnie Ewing, by this time an MEP, responded by establishing the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland which sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation, even though this would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe, who developed a clearly social democratic policy platform throughout the 1970s.These events ensured the success of a leadership motion at the party's annual conference of 1982, in Ayr, despite the 79 Group being bolstered by the merger of Jim Sillars' Scottish Labour Party (SLP) although this influx of ex-SLP members further shifted the characteristics of the party leftwards. Despite this, traditionalist figure Gordon Wilson remained party leader through the electoral disappointments of 1983 and 1987, where he lost his own Dundee East seat won 13 years prior.Through this period, Sillars grew influence in the party, developing a clear socio-economic platform including "Independence in Europe," reversing the SNP's previous opposition to membership of the then-EEC which had been unsuccessful in a 1975 referendum. This position was enhanced further by Sillars reclaiming Glasgow Govan in a by-election in 1988.Despite this moderation, the party did not join Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens as well as civil society in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which developed a blueprint for a devolved Scottish Parliament due to the unwillingness of the convention to discuss independence as a constitutional option.Alex Salmond had been elected MP for Banff and Buchan in 1987, after the re-admittance of 79 Group members, and was able to seize the party leadership after Wilson's resignation in 1990 after a contest with Margaret Ewing. This was a surprise victory as Ewing had the backing of much of the party establishment, including Sillars and then-Party Secretary John Swinney. The defection of Labour MP Dick Douglas further evidenced the party's clear left-wing positioning, particularly regarding opposition to the poll tax. Despite this, Salmond's leadership was unable to avert a fourth successive general election disappointment in 1992 with the party reduced back from 5 to 3 MPs.The mid-90s offered some successes for the party, with North East Scotland being gained at the 1994 European elections and the party securing a by-election at Perth and Kinross in 1995 after a near-miss at Monklands East the previous year.1997 offered the party's most successful general election for 23 years, although in the face of the Labour landslide the party was unable to match either 1974 election. That September, the party joined with the members of the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the successful Yes-Yes campaign in the devolution referendum which lead to the establishment of a Scottish Parliament with tax-varying powers.By 1999, the first elections to the parliament were being held, although the party suffered a disappointing result, gaining just 35 MSPs in the face of Salmond's unpopular 'Kosovo Broadcast' which opposed NATO intervention in the country.This meant that the party began as the official opposition in the parliament to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government. Salmond found the move to a more consensual politics difficult and sought a return to Westminster, resigning the leadership in 2000 with John Swinney, like Salmond a gradualist, victorious in the ensuring leadership election. Swinney's leadership proved ineffectual, with a loss of one MP in 2001 and a further reduction to 27 MSPs in 2003 despite the Officegate scandal unseating previous First Minister Henry McLeish. However, the only parties to gain seats in that election were the Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) which like the SNP support independence.After an unsuccessful leadership challenge in 2003, Swinney stepped down following disappointing results in the European elections of 2004 with Salmond victorious in the subsequent leadership contest despite initially refusing to be candidate. Nicola Sturgeon was elected Depute Leader and became the party's leader in the Scottish Parliament until Salmond was able to return at the next parliamentary election.In 2007, the SNP emerged as the largest party in the Scottish Parliament with 47 of 129 seats, narrowly ousting the Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats and Alex Salmond becoming First Minister after ousting the Liberal Democrats in Gordon. The Scottish Green Party supported Salmond's election as First Minister, and his subsequent appointments of ministers, in return for early tabling of the climate change bill and the SNP nominating a Green MSP to chair a parliamentary committee. Despite this, Salmond's minority government tended to strike budget deals with the Conservatives to stay in office.In May 2011, the SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats. This was a significant feat as the additional member system used for Scottish Parliament elections was specifically designed to prevent one party from winning an outright majority. This was followed by a reverse in the party's previous opposition to NATO membership at the party's annual conference in 2012 despite Salmond's refusal to apologise for the Kosovo broadcast on the occasion of the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.This majority enabled the SNP government to hold a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014. The "No" vote prevailed in a close-fought campaign, prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond. Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence, with the "Yes" side receiving less support than late polling predicted. This was suggested as due to Salmond's unpopularity among women and Nicola Sturgeon won that year's leadership election unopposed.The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election, led by Nicola Sturgeon. The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56, mostly at the expense of the Labour Party. All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the party's most comprehensive electoral victory at any level.At the 2016 Scottish election, the SNP lost a net total of 6 seats, losing its overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, but returning for a third consecutive term as a minority government despite gaining an additional 1.1% of the constituency vote, for the party's best-ever result, from the 2011 election however 2.3% of the regional list vote. On the constituency vote, the SNP gained 11 seats from Labour, but lost the Edinburgh Southern constituency to the party. The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats each gained two constituency seats from the SNP on 2011 (Aberdeenshire West and Edinburgh Central for the Conservatives and Edinburgh Western and North East Fife for the Liberal Democrats).This election was followed by the 2016 European Union referendum after which the SNP joined with the Liberal Democrats and Greens to call for continued membership of the EU. Despite a consequential increase in the Conservative vote at the 2017 local elections the SNP for the first time became the largest party in each of Scotland's four city councils: Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, where a Labour administration was ousted after 37 years.At the 2017 UK general election the SNP underperformed compared to polling expectations, losing 21 seats to bring their number of Westminster MPs down to 35 – however this was still the party's second best result ever at the time. This was largely attributed by many, including former Deputy First Minister John Swinney, to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a swing to the Unionist parties, with seats being picked up by the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a reduction in their majorities in the other seats. Stephen Gethins, MP for North East Fife, came out of this election with a majority of just 2 to the Liberal Democrat candidate. High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon.The SNP went on to achieve its best-ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit, the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats and achieving a record vote share for the party. This was also the best performance of any party in the era of proportional elections to the European Parliament in Scotland. This was suggested as being due to the party's europhile sentiment during what amounted to a single-issue election, with parties that lacked a clear message performing poorly, such as Labour finishing in 5th place and losing all of their Scottish MEPs for the first time.Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election, winning 45.0% of the vote and 48 seats, its second-best result ever. Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats, it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson, along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour. This victory was generally attributed to Sturgeon's cautious approach regarding holding a second independence referendum and a strong emphasis on EU membership during the election. The following January, the UK-wide Conservative majority ensured that the UK left the EU.At the 2021 Scottish election, the SNP won 64 seats, one seat short of a majority, and leading to another minority government led by the SNP. Sturgeon emphasized after her party's win that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence.The local Branches are the primary level of organisation in the SNP. All of the Branches within each Scottish Parliament constituency form a Constituency Association, which coordinates the work of the Branches within the constituency, coordinates the activities of the party in the constituency and acts as a point of liaison between an MSP or MP and the party. Constituency Associations are composed of delegates from all of the Branches within the constituency.The annual National Conference is the supreme governing body of the SNP and is responsible for determining party policy and electing the National Executive Committee. The National Conference is composed of:There are also regular meetings of the National Assembly, which provides a forum for detailed discussions of party policy by party members.Since 18 September 2014 (the day of the Scottish independence referendum), party membership more than quadrupled (from around 25,000), surpassing the Liberal Democrats to become the third-largest of any political party in the United Kingdom. As of December 2018, the Party had 125,482 members.The SNP retains close links with Plaid Cymru, its counterpart in Wales. MPs from both parties co-operate closely with each other and work as a single parliamentary group within the House of Commons. Both the SNP and Plaid Cymru are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA), a European political party comprising regionalist political parties. The EFA co-operates with the larger European Green Party to form The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament.Before its affiliation with The Greens–European Free Alliance, the SNP had previously been allied with the European Progressive Democrats (1979–1984), Rainbow Group (1989–1994) and European Radical Alliance (1994–1999).As the UK is no longer a member of the EU, the SNP has no MEPs.The Scottish National Party did not have a clear ideological position until the 1970s, when it sought to explicitly present itself as a social democratic party in terms of party policy and publicity. During the period from its foundation until the 1960s, the SNP was essentially a moderate centrist party. Debate within the party focused more on the SNP being distinct as an all-Scotland national movement, with it being neither of the left nor the right, but constituting a new politics that sought to put Scotland first.The SNP was formed through the merger of the centre-left National Party of Scotland (NPS) and the centre-right Scottish Party. The SNP's founders were united over self-determination in principle, though not its exact nature, or the best strategic means to achieve self-government. From the mid-1940s onwards, SNP policy was radical and redistributionist concerning land and in favour of 'the diffusion of economic power', including the decentralisation of industries such as coal to include the involvement of local authorities and regional planning bodies to control industrial structure and development. Party policies supported the economic and social policy status quo of the post-war welfare state.By the 1960s, the SNP was starting to become defined ideologically, with a social democratic tradition emerging as the party grew in urban, industrial Scotland, and its membership experienced an influx of social democrats from the Labour Party, the trade unions and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. The emergence of Billy Wolfe as a leading figure in the SNP also contributed to the leftwards shift. By this period, the Labour Party was also the dominant party in Scotland, in terms of electoral support and representation. Targeting Labour through emphasising left-of-centre policies and values was therefore electorally logical for the SNP, as well as tying in with the ideological preferences of many new party members. In 1961, the SNP conference expressed the party's opposition to the siting of the US Polaris submarine base at the Holy Loch. This policy was followed in 1963 by a motion opposed to nuclear weapons: a policy that has remained in place ever since. The 1964 policy document, "SNP & You", contained a clear centre-left policy platform, including commitments to full employment, government intervention in fuel, power and transport, a state bank to guide economic development, encouragement of cooperatives and credit unions, extensive building of council houses (social housing) by central and local government, pensions adjusted to cost of living, a minimum wage and an improved national health service.The 1960s also saw the beginnings of the SNP's efforts to establish an industrial organisation and mobilise amongst trade unionists in Scotland, with the establishment of the SNP Trade Union Group, and identifying the SNP with industrial campaigns, such as the Upper-Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in and the attempt of the workers at the Scottish "Daily Express" to run as a co-operative. For the party manifestos for the two 1974 general elections, the SNP finally self-identified as a social democratic party, and proposed a range of social democratic policies. There was also an unsuccessful proposal at the 1975 party conference to rename the party as the "Scottish National Party (Social Democrats)". In the UK-wide referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) in the same year as the aforementioned attempted name change, the SNP campaigned for Britain to leave the EEC.There were further ideological and internal struggles after 1979, with the 79 Group attempting to move the SNP further to the left, away from being what could be described a "social-democratic" party, to an expressly "socialist" party. Members of the 79 Group – including future party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond – were expelled from the party. This produced a response in the shape of the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland from those who wanted the SNP to remain a "broad church", apart from arguments of left vs. right. The 1980s saw the SNP further define itself as a party of the political left, such as campaigning against the introduction of the poll tax in Scotland in 1989; one year before the tax was imposed on the rest of the UK.Ideological tensions inside the SNP are further complicated by arguments between the so-called SNP gradualists and SNP fundamentalists. In essence, gradualists seek to advance Scotland to independence through further devolution, in a "step-by-step" strategy. They tend to be in the moderate left grouping, though much of the 79 Group was gradualist in approach. However, this 79 Group gradualism was as much a reaction against the fundamentalists of the day, many of whom believed the SNP should not take a clear left or right position.The Sturgeon Government in 2017 adjusted income tax rates so that low earners would pay less and those earning more than £33,000 a year would pay more. Previously the party had replaced the flat rate Stamp Duty with the LBTT, which uses a graduated tax rate. Whilst in government, the party was also responsible for the establishment of Revenue Scotland to administer devolved taxation.Having previously defined itself in opposition to the poll tax the SNP has also championed progressive taxation at a local level. Despite pledging to introduce a local income tax the Salmond Government found itself unable to replace the council tax and the party has, particularly since the ending of the council tax freeze under Nicola Sturgeon's leadership, committing to increasing the graduated nature of the tax. Conversely, the party has also supported capping and reducing Business Rates in an attempt to support small businesses.It has been noted that the party contains a broader spectrum of opinion regarding economic policy than most political parties in the UK due to its status as "the only viable vehicle for Scottish independence", with the party's parliamentary group at Westminster in 2016 including socialists such as Tommy Sheppard and Mhairi Black, capitalists such as Stewart Hosie and former Conservative, Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh.Under Sturgeon's leadership, Scotland was twice in succession named the best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality. Party policy aims to introduce gender self-identification to allow an easier process of gender recognition for transgender community. This is in stark contrast to Scotland's recent history as a deeply socially conservative country although this transformation can be seen to have taken place in the country's other main political parties largely simultaneously.Particularly since Nicola Sturgeon's elevation to First Minister the party has highlighted its commitments to gender equality – with her first act being to appoint a gender balanced cabinet. The SNP have also taken steps to implement all-women shortlists whilst Sturgeon has introduced a mentoring scheme to encourage women's political engagement.The SNP supports multiculturalism with Scotland receiving thousands of refugees from the Syrian Civil War. To this end it has been claimed that refugees in Scotland are better supported than those in England. More generally, the SNP seeks to increase immigration to combat a declining population and calling for a separate Scottish visa even within the UK.Despite traditionally supporting military neutrality the SNP's policy has in recent years moved to support both the Atlanticist and Europeanist traditions. This is particularly evident in the conclusion of the NATO debate within the party in favour of those who support membership of the military alliance. This is despite the party's continuing opposition to Scotland hosting nuclear weapons and then-leader Salmond's criticism of both the Kosovo intervention and the Iraq War. The party has placed an emphasis on developing positive relations with the United States in recent years despite a lukewarm reaction to the election of Scottish American Donald Trump as President due to long running legal disputes.Having opposed continued membership in the 1975 referendum, the party has supported membership of the European Union since the adoption of the Independence in Europe policy during the 1980s. Consequentially, the SNP supported remaining within the EU during the 2016 referendum where every Scottish council area backed this position. Consequently, the party opposed Brexit and sought a further referendum on the withdrawal agreement, ultimately unsuccessfully. The SNP would like to see an independent Scotland as a member of the European Union and NATO and has left open the prospect of an independent Scotland joining the euro.The SNP has also taken a stance against Russian interference abroad – the party supporting the enlargement of the EU and NATO to areas such as the Western Balkans and Ukraine to counter this influence. The party called for repercussions for Russia regarding the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and has criticised former leader Alex Salmond for broadcasting a chat show on Kremlin-backed network RT. Consequently, party representatives have expressed support for movements such as Euromaidan that support the independence of countries across Eastern Europe.The party have supported measures including foreign aid which seek to facilitate international development through various charitable organisations. In recognition of Scotland's historic links to the country, these programmes are mostly focused in Malawi in common with previous Scottish governments. With local authorities across the country, including Glasgow City Council being involved in this partnership since before the SNP took office in 2007.The SNP have pledged to uphold the public service nature of NHS Scotland and are consequently opposed to any attempts at privatisation of the health service, including any inclusion in a post-Brexit trade deal with the United States. The party has been fond of increasing provision under the NHS with the introduction of universal baby boxes based on the Finnish scheme. This supported child development alongside other commitments including the expansion of free childcare for children younger than school age and the introduction of universal free school meals in the first three years of school.Previously, SNP governments have abolished hospital parking charges as well as prescription charges in efforts to promote enhanced public health outcomes by increasing access to care and treatment. Furthermore, during Sturgeon's premiership, Scotland became the first country in the world to introduce alcohol minimum unit pricing to counter alcohol problems. Recently, the party has also committed to providing universal access to sanitary products and the liberalisation of drugs policy through devolution, in an effort to increase access to treatment and improve public health outcomes.The party also promotes universal access to education, with one of the first acts of the Salmond government being to abolish tuition fees. More recently, the party has turned its attention to widening access to higher education with Nicola Sturgeon stating that education is her number one priority. At school level, the Curriculum for Excellence is currently undergoing a review.The foundations of the SNP are a belief that Scotland would be more prosperous by being governed independently from the United Kingdom, although the party was defeated in the 2014 referendum on this issue. The party has since sought to hold a second referendum at some point in the future, perhaps related to the outcome of Brexit, as the party sees a referendum as the only route to independence. The party is constitutionalist and as such rejects holding such a referendum unilaterally or any course of actions that could lead to comparisons with cases such as Catalonia with the party seeing independence as a process that should be undertaken through a consensual process alongside the UK Government. As part of this process towards independence, the party supports increased devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government, particularly in areas such as welfare and immigration.Official SNP policy is supportive of the monarchy however members are divided on the issue. The party does propose reducing the funds spent on the royal family. Separately, the SNP has always opposed the UK's unelected upper house and would like to see both it and the House of Commons elected by a form of proportional representation. The party also supports the introduction of a written constitution, either for an independent Scotland or the UK as a whole, going as far as producing a proposed interim constitution for Scotland during the independence referendum campaign.With how to achieve independence, the party was traditionally split between fundamentalists and gradualists.The SNP leadership generally subscribe to the gradualist viewpoint, that being the idea that Scottish independence can be won by the accumulation by the Scottish Parliament of powers that the UK Parliament currently has over time.Fundamentalism stands in opposition to the so-called gradualist point of view, which believes that the SNP should emphasise independence more widely to achieve it. The argument goes that if the SNP is unprepared to argue for its central policy then it is unlikely ever to persuade the public of its worthiness., the Cabinet of the Scottish Government is as follows:As of February 2021, the Shadow Cabinet of the SNP in Westminster is as follows.The SNP had 431 councillors in Local Government elected from the 2017 Scottish local elections.	[ "John Swinney", "Nicola Sturgeon" ]
Who was the chair of Scottish National Party in Feb, 2001?	February 23, 2001	{ "text": [ "John Swinney" ] }	L2_Q10658_P488_1	Nicola Sturgeon is the chair of Scottish National Party from Nov, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Alex Salmond is the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep, 1990 to Sep, 2000. John Swinney is the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep, 2000 to Sep, 2004.	Scottish National PartyThe Scottish National Party (SNP; , ) is a Scottish nationalist, regionalist, and social-democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for membership of the European Union, with a platform based on civic nationalism. The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland, where it has the most seats in the Scottish Parliament and 45 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons at Westminster, and it is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom, behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. The current Scottish National Party leader, Nicola Sturgeon, has served as First Minister of Scotland since 20 November 2014.Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election. With the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the SNP became the second-largest party, serving two terms as the opposition. The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, forming a minority government, before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election, after which it formed Holyrood's first majority government. After Scotland voted against independence in the 2014 referendum, Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Sturgeon. The SNP was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election.The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of both seats in the Westminster and Holyrood parliaments, and membership, reaching 125,691 members as of March 2021, 45 Members of Parliament (MPs), 64 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) and 400 local councillors. The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance (EFA). The party does not have any members of the House of Lords, as it has always maintained a position of objecting to an unelected upper house.The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first, joint, presidents. Sir Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman. Professor Douglas Young, who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers. Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted.The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942, owing to his failure to change the party's policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that year's conference in Glasgow. McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association, a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly.However, wartime conditions also enabled the SNP's first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945, but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later. The 1950s were characterised by similarly low levels of support, and this made it difficult for the party to advance. Indeed, in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates.The 1960s, however, offered more electoral successes, with candidates polling credibly at Glasgow Bridgeton in 1961, West Lothian in 1962 and Glasgow Pollok in 1967. Indeed, this foreshadowed Winnie Ewing's surprise victory in a by-election at the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton. This brought the SNP to national prominence, leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission.Despite this breakthrough, the 1970 general election was to prove a disappointment for the party as, despite an increase in vote share, Ewing failed to retain her seat in Hamilton. The party did receive some consolation with the capture of the Western Isles, making Donald Stewart the party's only MP. This was to be the case until the 1973 by-election at Glasgow Govan where a hitherto safe Labour seat was claimed by Margo MacDonald.1974 was to prove something of an "annus mirabilis" for the party as it deployed its highly effective "It's Scotland's oil" campaign. The SNP gained 6 seats at the February general election before hitting a high point in the October re-run, polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster. Furthermore, during that year's local elections the party claimed overall control of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth.This success was to continue for much of the decade, and at the 1977 district elections the SNP saw victories at councils including East Kilbride and Falkirk and held the balance of power in Glasgow. However, this level of support was not to last and by 1978 Labour revival was evident at three by-elections (Glasgow Garscadden, Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian) as well as the regional elections.This was to culminate when the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 general election, precipitated by the party bringing down the incumbent Labour minority government following the controversial failure of that year's devolution referendum. Reduced to just 2 MPs, the successes of October 1974 were not to be surpassed until the 2015 general election.Following this defeat, a period of internal strife occurred within the party, culminating with the formation of two internal groups: the ultranationalist Siol nan Gaidheal and left-wing 79 Group. Traditionalists within the party, centred around Winnie Ewing, by this time an MEP, responded by establishing the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland which sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation, even though this would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe, who developed a clearly social democratic policy platform throughout the 1970s.These events ensured the success of a leadership motion at the party's annual conference of 1982, in Ayr, despite the 79 Group being bolstered by the merger of Jim Sillars' Scottish Labour Party (SLP) although this influx of ex-SLP members further shifted the characteristics of the party leftwards. Despite this, traditionalist figure Gordon Wilson remained party leader through the electoral disappointments of 1983 and 1987, where he lost his own Dundee East seat won 13 years prior.Through this period, Sillars grew influence in the party, developing a clear socio-economic platform including "Independence in Europe," reversing the SNP's previous opposition to membership of the then-EEC which had been unsuccessful in a 1975 referendum. This position was enhanced further by Sillars reclaiming Glasgow Govan in a by-election in 1988.Despite this moderation, the party did not join Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens as well as civil society in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which developed a blueprint for a devolved Scottish Parliament due to the unwillingness of the convention to discuss independence as a constitutional option.Alex Salmond had been elected MP for Banff and Buchan in 1987, after the re-admittance of 79 Group members, and was able to seize the party leadership after Wilson's resignation in 1990 after a contest with Margaret Ewing. This was a surprise victory as Ewing had the backing of much of the party establishment, including Sillars and then-Party Secretary John Swinney. The defection of Labour MP Dick Douglas further evidenced the party's clear left-wing positioning, particularly regarding opposition to the poll tax. Despite this, Salmond's leadership was unable to avert a fourth successive general election disappointment in 1992 with the party reduced back from 5 to 3 MPs.The mid-90s offered some successes for the party, with North East Scotland being gained at the 1994 European elections and the party securing a by-election at Perth and Kinross in 1995 after a near-miss at Monklands East the previous year.1997 offered the party's most successful general election for 23 years, although in the face of the Labour landslide the party was unable to match either 1974 election. That September, the party joined with the members of the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the successful Yes-Yes campaign in the devolution referendum which lead to the establishment of a Scottish Parliament with tax-varying powers.By 1999, the first elections to the parliament were being held, although the party suffered a disappointing result, gaining just 35 MSPs in the face of Salmond's unpopular 'Kosovo Broadcast' which opposed NATO intervention in the country.This meant that the party began as the official opposition in the parliament to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government. Salmond found the move to a more consensual politics difficult and sought a return to Westminster, resigning the leadership in 2000 with John Swinney, like Salmond a gradualist, victorious in the ensuring leadership election. Swinney's leadership proved ineffectual, with a loss of one MP in 2001 and a further reduction to 27 MSPs in 2003 despite the Officegate scandal unseating previous First Minister Henry McLeish. However, the only parties to gain seats in that election were the Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) which like the SNP support independence.After an unsuccessful leadership challenge in 2003, Swinney stepped down following disappointing results in the European elections of 2004 with Salmond victorious in the subsequent leadership contest despite initially refusing to be candidate. Nicola Sturgeon was elected Depute Leader and became the party's leader in the Scottish Parliament until Salmond was able to return at the next parliamentary election.In 2007, the SNP emerged as the largest party in the Scottish Parliament with 47 of 129 seats, narrowly ousting the Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats and Alex Salmond becoming First Minister after ousting the Liberal Democrats in Gordon. The Scottish Green Party supported Salmond's election as First Minister, and his subsequent appointments of ministers, in return for early tabling of the climate change bill and the SNP nominating a Green MSP to chair a parliamentary committee. Despite this, Salmond's minority government tended to strike budget deals with the Conservatives to stay in office.In May 2011, the SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats. This was a significant feat as the additional member system used for Scottish Parliament elections was specifically designed to prevent one party from winning an outright majority. This was followed by a reverse in the party's previous opposition to NATO membership at the party's annual conference in 2012 despite Salmond's refusal to apologise for the Kosovo broadcast on the occasion of the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.This majority enabled the SNP government to hold a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014. The "No" vote prevailed in a close-fought campaign, prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond. Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence, with the "Yes" side receiving less support than late polling predicted. This was suggested as due to Salmond's unpopularity among women and Nicola Sturgeon won that year's leadership election unopposed.The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election, led by Nicola Sturgeon. The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56, mostly at the expense of the Labour Party. All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the party's most comprehensive electoral victory at any level.At the 2016 Scottish election, the SNP lost a net total of 6 seats, losing its overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, but returning for a third consecutive term as a minority government despite gaining an additional 1.1% of the constituency vote, for the party's best-ever result, from the 2011 election however 2.3% of the regional list vote. On the constituency vote, the SNP gained 11 seats from Labour, but lost the Edinburgh Southern constituency to the party. The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats each gained two constituency seats from the SNP on 2011 (Aberdeenshire West and Edinburgh Central for the Conservatives and Edinburgh Western and North East Fife for the Liberal Democrats).This election was followed by the 2016 European Union referendum after which the SNP joined with the Liberal Democrats and Greens to call for continued membership of the EU. Despite a consequential increase in the Conservative vote at the 2017 local elections the SNP for the first time became the largest party in each of Scotland's four city councils: Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, where a Labour administration was ousted after 37 years.At the 2017 UK general election the SNP underperformed compared to polling expectations, losing 21 seats to bring their number of Westminster MPs down to 35 – however this was still the party's second best result ever at the time. This was largely attributed by many, including former Deputy First Minister John Swinney, to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a swing to the Unionist parties, with seats being picked up by the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a reduction in their majorities in the other seats. Stephen Gethins, MP for North East Fife, came out of this election with a majority of just 2 to the Liberal Democrat candidate. High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon.The SNP went on to achieve its best-ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit, the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats and achieving a record vote share for the party. This was also the best performance of any party in the era of proportional elections to the European Parliament in Scotland. This was suggested as being due to the party's europhile sentiment during what amounted to a single-issue election, with parties that lacked a clear message performing poorly, such as Labour finishing in 5th place and losing all of their Scottish MEPs for the first time.Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election, winning 45.0% of the vote and 48 seats, its second-best result ever. Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats, it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson, along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour. This victory was generally attributed to Sturgeon's cautious approach regarding holding a second independence referendum and a strong emphasis on EU membership during the election. The following January, the UK-wide Conservative majority ensured that the UK left the EU.At the 2021 Scottish election, the SNP won 64 seats, one seat short of a majority, and leading to another minority government led by the SNP. Sturgeon emphasized after her party's win that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence.The local Branches are the primary level of organisation in the SNP. All of the Branches within each Scottish Parliament constituency form a Constituency Association, which coordinates the work of the Branches within the constituency, coordinates the activities of the party in the constituency and acts as a point of liaison between an MSP or MP and the party. Constituency Associations are composed of delegates from all of the Branches within the constituency.The annual National Conference is the supreme governing body of the SNP and is responsible for determining party policy and electing the National Executive Committee. The National Conference is composed of:There are also regular meetings of the National Assembly, which provides a forum for detailed discussions of party policy by party members.Since 18 September 2014 (the day of the Scottish independence referendum), party membership more than quadrupled (from around 25,000), surpassing the Liberal Democrats to become the third-largest of any political party in the United Kingdom. As of December 2018, the Party had 125,482 members.The SNP retains close links with Plaid Cymru, its counterpart in Wales. MPs from both parties co-operate closely with each other and work as a single parliamentary group within the House of Commons. Both the SNP and Plaid Cymru are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA), a European political party comprising regionalist political parties. The EFA co-operates with the larger European Green Party to form The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament.Before its affiliation with The Greens–European Free Alliance, the SNP had previously been allied with the European Progressive Democrats (1979–1984), Rainbow Group (1989–1994) and European Radical Alliance (1994–1999).As the UK is no longer a member of the EU, the SNP has no MEPs.The Scottish National Party did not have a clear ideological position until the 1970s, when it sought to explicitly present itself as a social democratic party in terms of party policy and publicity. During the period from its foundation until the 1960s, the SNP was essentially a moderate centrist party. Debate within the party focused more on the SNP being distinct as an all-Scotland national movement, with it being neither of the left nor the right, but constituting a new politics that sought to put Scotland first.The SNP was formed through the merger of the centre-left National Party of Scotland (NPS) and the centre-right Scottish Party. The SNP's founders were united over self-determination in principle, though not its exact nature, or the best strategic means to achieve self-government. From the mid-1940s onwards, SNP policy was radical and redistributionist concerning land and in favour of 'the diffusion of economic power', including the decentralisation of industries such as coal to include the involvement of local authorities and regional planning bodies to control industrial structure and development. Party policies supported the economic and social policy status quo of the post-war welfare state.By the 1960s, the SNP was starting to become defined ideologically, with a social democratic tradition emerging as the party grew in urban, industrial Scotland, and its membership experienced an influx of social democrats from the Labour Party, the trade unions and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. The emergence of Billy Wolfe as a leading figure in the SNP also contributed to the leftwards shift. By this period, the Labour Party was also the dominant party in Scotland, in terms of electoral support and representation. Targeting Labour through emphasising left-of-centre policies and values was therefore electorally logical for the SNP, as well as tying in with the ideological preferences of many new party members. In 1961, the SNP conference expressed the party's opposition to the siting of the US Polaris submarine base at the Holy Loch. This policy was followed in 1963 by a motion opposed to nuclear weapons: a policy that has remained in place ever since. The 1964 policy document, "SNP & You", contained a clear centre-left policy platform, including commitments to full employment, government intervention in fuel, power and transport, a state bank to guide economic development, encouragement of cooperatives and credit unions, extensive building of council houses (social housing) by central and local government, pensions adjusted to cost of living, a minimum wage and an improved national health service.The 1960s also saw the beginnings of the SNP's efforts to establish an industrial organisation and mobilise amongst trade unionists in Scotland, with the establishment of the SNP Trade Union Group, and identifying the SNP with industrial campaigns, such as the Upper-Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in and the attempt of the workers at the Scottish "Daily Express" to run as a co-operative. For the party manifestos for the two 1974 general elections, the SNP finally self-identified as a social democratic party, and proposed a range of social democratic policies. There was also an unsuccessful proposal at the 1975 party conference to rename the party as the "Scottish National Party (Social Democrats)". In the UK-wide referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) in the same year as the aforementioned attempted name change, the SNP campaigned for Britain to leave the EEC.There were further ideological and internal struggles after 1979, with the 79 Group attempting to move the SNP further to the left, away from being what could be described a "social-democratic" party, to an expressly "socialist" party. Members of the 79 Group – including future party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond – were expelled from the party. This produced a response in the shape of the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland from those who wanted the SNP to remain a "broad church", apart from arguments of left vs. right. The 1980s saw the SNP further define itself as a party of the political left, such as campaigning against the introduction of the poll tax in Scotland in 1989; one year before the tax was imposed on the rest of the UK.Ideological tensions inside the SNP are further complicated by arguments between the so-called SNP gradualists and SNP fundamentalists. In essence, gradualists seek to advance Scotland to independence through further devolution, in a "step-by-step" strategy. They tend to be in the moderate left grouping, though much of the 79 Group was gradualist in approach. However, this 79 Group gradualism was as much a reaction against the fundamentalists of the day, many of whom believed the SNP should not take a clear left or right position.The Sturgeon Government in 2017 adjusted income tax rates so that low earners would pay less and those earning more than £33,000 a year would pay more. Previously the party had replaced the flat rate Stamp Duty with the LBTT, which uses a graduated tax rate. Whilst in government, the party was also responsible for the establishment of Revenue Scotland to administer devolved taxation.Having previously defined itself in opposition to the poll tax the SNP has also championed progressive taxation at a local level. Despite pledging to introduce a local income tax the Salmond Government found itself unable to replace the council tax and the party has, particularly since the ending of the council tax freeze under Nicola Sturgeon's leadership, committing to increasing the graduated nature of the tax. Conversely, the party has also supported capping and reducing Business Rates in an attempt to support small businesses.It has been noted that the party contains a broader spectrum of opinion regarding economic policy than most political parties in the UK due to its status as "the only viable vehicle for Scottish independence", with the party's parliamentary group at Westminster in 2016 including socialists such as Tommy Sheppard and Mhairi Black, capitalists such as Stewart Hosie and former Conservative, Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh.Under Sturgeon's leadership, Scotland was twice in succession named the best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality. Party policy aims to introduce gender self-identification to allow an easier process of gender recognition for transgender community. This is in stark contrast to Scotland's recent history as a deeply socially conservative country although this transformation can be seen to have taken place in the country's other main political parties largely simultaneously.Particularly since Nicola Sturgeon's elevation to First Minister the party has highlighted its commitments to gender equality – with her first act being to appoint a gender balanced cabinet. The SNP have also taken steps to implement all-women shortlists whilst Sturgeon has introduced a mentoring scheme to encourage women's political engagement.The SNP supports multiculturalism with Scotland receiving thousands of refugees from the Syrian Civil War. To this end it has been claimed that refugees in Scotland are better supported than those in England. More generally, the SNP seeks to increase immigration to combat a declining population and calling for a separate Scottish visa even within the UK.Despite traditionally supporting military neutrality the SNP's policy has in recent years moved to support both the Atlanticist and Europeanist traditions. This is particularly evident in the conclusion of the NATO debate within the party in favour of those who support membership of the military alliance. This is despite the party's continuing opposition to Scotland hosting nuclear weapons and then-leader Salmond's criticism of both the Kosovo intervention and the Iraq War. The party has placed an emphasis on developing positive relations with the United States in recent years despite a lukewarm reaction to the election of Scottish American Donald Trump as President due to long running legal disputes.Having opposed continued membership in the 1975 referendum, the party has supported membership of the European Union since the adoption of the Independence in Europe policy during the 1980s. Consequentially, the SNP supported remaining within the EU during the 2016 referendum where every Scottish council area backed this position. Consequently, the party opposed Brexit and sought a further referendum on the withdrawal agreement, ultimately unsuccessfully. The SNP would like to see an independent Scotland as a member of the European Union and NATO and has left open the prospect of an independent Scotland joining the euro.The SNP has also taken a stance against Russian interference abroad – the party supporting the enlargement of the EU and NATO to areas such as the Western Balkans and Ukraine to counter this influence. The party called for repercussions for Russia regarding the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and has criticised former leader Alex Salmond for broadcasting a chat show on Kremlin-backed network RT. Consequently, party representatives have expressed support for movements such as Euromaidan that support the independence of countries across Eastern Europe.The party have supported measures including foreign aid which seek to facilitate international development through various charitable organisations. In recognition of Scotland's historic links to the country, these programmes are mostly focused in Malawi in common with previous Scottish governments. With local authorities across the country, including Glasgow City Council being involved in this partnership since before the SNP took office in 2007.The SNP have pledged to uphold the public service nature of NHS Scotland and are consequently opposed to any attempts at privatisation of the health service, including any inclusion in a post-Brexit trade deal with the United States. The party has been fond of increasing provision under the NHS with the introduction of universal baby boxes based on the Finnish scheme. This supported child development alongside other commitments including the expansion of free childcare for children younger than school age and the introduction of universal free school meals in the first three years of school.Previously, SNP governments have abolished hospital parking charges as well as prescription charges in efforts to promote enhanced public health outcomes by increasing access to care and treatment. Furthermore, during Sturgeon's premiership, Scotland became the first country in the world to introduce alcohol minimum unit pricing to counter alcohol problems. Recently, the party has also committed to providing universal access to sanitary products and the liberalisation of drugs policy through devolution, in an effort to increase access to treatment and improve public health outcomes.The party also promotes universal access to education, with one of the first acts of the Salmond government being to abolish tuition fees. More recently, the party has turned its attention to widening access to higher education with Nicola Sturgeon stating that education is her number one priority. At school level, the Curriculum for Excellence is currently undergoing a review.The foundations of the SNP are a belief that Scotland would be more prosperous by being governed independently from the United Kingdom, although the party was defeated in the 2014 referendum on this issue. The party has since sought to hold a second referendum at some point in the future, perhaps related to the outcome of Brexit, as the party sees a referendum as the only route to independence. The party is constitutionalist and as such rejects holding such a referendum unilaterally or any course of actions that could lead to comparisons with cases such as Catalonia with the party seeing independence as a process that should be undertaken through a consensual process alongside the UK Government. As part of this process towards independence, the party supports increased devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government, particularly in areas such as welfare and immigration.Official SNP policy is supportive of the monarchy however members are divided on the issue. The party does propose reducing the funds spent on the royal family. Separately, the SNP has always opposed the UK's unelected upper house and would like to see both it and the House of Commons elected by a form of proportional representation. The party also supports the introduction of a written constitution, either for an independent Scotland or the UK as a whole, going as far as producing a proposed interim constitution for Scotland during the independence referendum campaign.With how to achieve independence, the party was traditionally split between fundamentalists and gradualists.The SNP leadership generally subscribe to the gradualist viewpoint, that being the idea that Scottish independence can be won by the accumulation by the Scottish Parliament of powers that the UK Parliament currently has over time.Fundamentalism stands in opposition to the so-called gradualist point of view, which believes that the SNP should emphasise independence more widely to achieve it. The argument goes that if the SNP is unprepared to argue for its central policy then it is unlikely ever to persuade the public of its worthiness., the Cabinet of the Scottish Government is as follows:As of February 2021, the Shadow Cabinet of the SNP in Westminster is as follows.The SNP had 431 councillors in Local Government elected from the 2017 Scottish local elections.	[ "Alex Salmond", "Nicola Sturgeon" ]
Who was the chair of Scottish National Party in Feb, 2020?	February 16, 2020	{ "text": [ "Nicola Sturgeon" ] }	L2_Q10658_P488_2	Alex Salmond is the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep, 1990 to Sep, 2000. John Swinney is the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep, 2000 to Sep, 2004. Nicola Sturgeon is the chair of Scottish National Party from Nov, 2014 to Dec, 2022.	Scottish National PartyThe Scottish National Party (SNP; , ) is a Scottish nationalist, regionalist, and social-democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for membership of the European Union, with a platform based on civic nationalism. The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland, where it has the most seats in the Scottish Parliament and 45 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons at Westminster, and it is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom, behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. The current Scottish National Party leader, Nicola Sturgeon, has served as First Minister of Scotland since 20 November 2014.Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election. With the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the SNP became the second-largest party, serving two terms as the opposition. The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, forming a minority government, before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election, after which it formed Holyrood's first majority government. After Scotland voted against independence in the 2014 referendum, Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Sturgeon. The SNP was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election.The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of both seats in the Westminster and Holyrood parliaments, and membership, reaching 125,691 members as of March 2021, 45 Members of Parliament (MPs), 64 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) and 400 local councillors. The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance (EFA). The party does not have any members of the House of Lords, as it has always maintained a position of objecting to an unelected upper house.The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first, joint, presidents. Sir Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman. Professor Douglas Young, who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers. Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted.The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942, owing to his failure to change the party's policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that year's conference in Glasgow. McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association, a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly.However, wartime conditions also enabled the SNP's first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945, but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later. The 1950s were characterised by similarly low levels of support, and this made it difficult for the party to advance. Indeed, in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates.The 1960s, however, offered more electoral successes, with candidates polling credibly at Glasgow Bridgeton in 1961, West Lothian in 1962 and Glasgow Pollok in 1967. Indeed, this foreshadowed Winnie Ewing's surprise victory in a by-election at the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton. This brought the SNP to national prominence, leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission.Despite this breakthrough, the 1970 general election was to prove a disappointment for the party as, despite an increase in vote share, Ewing failed to retain her seat in Hamilton. The party did receive some consolation with the capture of the Western Isles, making Donald Stewart the party's only MP. This was to be the case until the 1973 by-election at Glasgow Govan where a hitherto safe Labour seat was claimed by Margo MacDonald.1974 was to prove something of an "annus mirabilis" for the party as it deployed its highly effective "It's Scotland's oil" campaign. The SNP gained 6 seats at the February general election before hitting a high point in the October re-run, polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster. Furthermore, during that year's local elections the party claimed overall control of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth.This success was to continue for much of the decade, and at the 1977 district elections the SNP saw victories at councils including East Kilbride and Falkirk and held the balance of power in Glasgow. However, this level of support was not to last and by 1978 Labour revival was evident at three by-elections (Glasgow Garscadden, Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian) as well as the regional elections.This was to culminate when the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 general election, precipitated by the party bringing down the incumbent Labour minority government following the controversial failure of that year's devolution referendum. Reduced to just 2 MPs, the successes of October 1974 were not to be surpassed until the 2015 general election.Following this defeat, a period of internal strife occurred within the party, culminating with the formation of two internal groups: the ultranationalist Siol nan Gaidheal and left-wing 79 Group. Traditionalists within the party, centred around Winnie Ewing, by this time an MEP, responded by establishing the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland which sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation, even though this would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe, who developed a clearly social democratic policy platform throughout the 1970s.These events ensured the success of a leadership motion at the party's annual conference of 1982, in Ayr, despite the 79 Group being bolstered by the merger of Jim Sillars' Scottish Labour Party (SLP) although this influx of ex-SLP members further shifted the characteristics of the party leftwards. Despite this, traditionalist figure Gordon Wilson remained party leader through the electoral disappointments of 1983 and 1987, where he lost his own Dundee East seat won 13 years prior.Through this period, Sillars grew influence in the party, developing a clear socio-economic platform including "Independence in Europe," reversing the SNP's previous opposition to membership of the then-EEC which had been unsuccessful in a 1975 referendum. This position was enhanced further by Sillars reclaiming Glasgow Govan in a by-election in 1988.Despite this moderation, the party did not join Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens as well as civil society in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which developed a blueprint for a devolved Scottish Parliament due to the unwillingness of the convention to discuss independence as a constitutional option.Alex Salmond had been elected MP for Banff and Buchan in 1987, after the re-admittance of 79 Group members, and was able to seize the party leadership after Wilson's resignation in 1990 after a contest with Margaret Ewing. This was a surprise victory as Ewing had the backing of much of the party establishment, including Sillars and then-Party Secretary John Swinney. The defection of Labour MP Dick Douglas further evidenced the party's clear left-wing positioning, particularly regarding opposition to the poll tax. Despite this, Salmond's leadership was unable to avert a fourth successive general election disappointment in 1992 with the party reduced back from 5 to 3 MPs.The mid-90s offered some successes for the party, with North East Scotland being gained at the 1994 European elections and the party securing a by-election at Perth and Kinross in 1995 after a near-miss at Monklands East the previous year.1997 offered the party's most successful general election for 23 years, although in the face of the Labour landslide the party was unable to match either 1974 election. That September, the party joined with the members of the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the successful Yes-Yes campaign in the devolution referendum which lead to the establishment of a Scottish Parliament with tax-varying powers.By 1999, the first elections to the parliament were being held, although the party suffered a disappointing result, gaining just 35 MSPs in the face of Salmond's unpopular 'Kosovo Broadcast' which opposed NATO intervention in the country.This meant that the party began as the official opposition in the parliament to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government. Salmond found the move to a more consensual politics difficult and sought a return to Westminster, resigning the leadership in 2000 with John Swinney, like Salmond a gradualist, victorious in the ensuring leadership election. Swinney's leadership proved ineffectual, with a loss of one MP in 2001 and a further reduction to 27 MSPs in 2003 despite the Officegate scandal unseating previous First Minister Henry McLeish. However, the only parties to gain seats in that election were the Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) which like the SNP support independence.After an unsuccessful leadership challenge in 2003, Swinney stepped down following disappointing results in the European elections of 2004 with Salmond victorious in the subsequent leadership contest despite initially refusing to be candidate. Nicola Sturgeon was elected Depute Leader and became the party's leader in the Scottish Parliament until Salmond was able to return at the next parliamentary election.In 2007, the SNP emerged as the largest party in the Scottish Parliament with 47 of 129 seats, narrowly ousting the Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats and Alex Salmond becoming First Minister after ousting the Liberal Democrats in Gordon. The Scottish Green Party supported Salmond's election as First Minister, and his subsequent appointments of ministers, in return for early tabling of the climate change bill and the SNP nominating a Green MSP to chair a parliamentary committee. Despite this, Salmond's minority government tended to strike budget deals with the Conservatives to stay in office.In May 2011, the SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats. This was a significant feat as the additional member system used for Scottish Parliament elections was specifically designed to prevent one party from winning an outright majority. This was followed by a reverse in the party's previous opposition to NATO membership at the party's annual conference in 2012 despite Salmond's refusal to apologise for the Kosovo broadcast on the occasion of the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.This majority enabled the SNP government to hold a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014. The "No" vote prevailed in a close-fought campaign, prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond. Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence, with the "Yes" side receiving less support than late polling predicted. This was suggested as due to Salmond's unpopularity among women and Nicola Sturgeon won that year's leadership election unopposed.The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election, led by Nicola Sturgeon. The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56, mostly at the expense of the Labour Party. All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the party's most comprehensive electoral victory at any level.At the 2016 Scottish election, the SNP lost a net total of 6 seats, losing its overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, but returning for a third consecutive term as a minority government despite gaining an additional 1.1% of the constituency vote, for the party's best-ever result, from the 2011 election however 2.3% of the regional list vote. On the constituency vote, the SNP gained 11 seats from Labour, but lost the Edinburgh Southern constituency to the party. The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats each gained two constituency seats from the SNP on 2011 (Aberdeenshire West and Edinburgh Central for the Conservatives and Edinburgh Western and North East Fife for the Liberal Democrats).This election was followed by the 2016 European Union referendum after which the SNP joined with the Liberal Democrats and Greens to call for continued membership of the EU. Despite a consequential increase in the Conservative vote at the 2017 local elections the SNP for the first time became the largest party in each of Scotland's four city councils: Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, where a Labour administration was ousted after 37 years.At the 2017 UK general election the SNP underperformed compared to polling expectations, losing 21 seats to bring their number of Westminster MPs down to 35 – however this was still the party's second best result ever at the time. This was largely attributed by many, including former Deputy First Minister John Swinney, to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a swing to the Unionist parties, with seats being picked up by the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a reduction in their majorities in the other seats. Stephen Gethins, MP for North East Fife, came out of this election with a majority of just 2 to the Liberal Democrat candidate. High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon.The SNP went on to achieve its best-ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit, the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats and achieving a record vote share for the party. This was also the best performance of any party in the era of proportional elections to the European Parliament in Scotland. This was suggested as being due to the party's europhile sentiment during what amounted to a single-issue election, with parties that lacked a clear message performing poorly, such as Labour finishing in 5th place and losing all of their Scottish MEPs for the first time.Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election, winning 45.0% of the vote and 48 seats, its second-best result ever. Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats, it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson, along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour. This victory was generally attributed to Sturgeon's cautious approach regarding holding a second independence referendum and a strong emphasis on EU membership during the election. The following January, the UK-wide Conservative majority ensured that the UK left the EU.At the 2021 Scottish election, the SNP won 64 seats, one seat short of a majority, and leading to another minority government led by the SNP. Sturgeon emphasized after her party's win that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence.The local Branches are the primary level of organisation in the SNP. All of the Branches within each Scottish Parliament constituency form a Constituency Association, which coordinates the work of the Branches within the constituency, coordinates the activities of the party in the constituency and acts as a point of liaison between an MSP or MP and the party. Constituency Associations are composed of delegates from all of the Branches within the constituency.The annual National Conference is the supreme governing body of the SNP and is responsible for determining party policy and electing the National Executive Committee. The National Conference is composed of:There are also regular meetings of the National Assembly, which provides a forum for detailed discussions of party policy by party members.Since 18 September 2014 (the day of the Scottish independence referendum), party membership more than quadrupled (from around 25,000), surpassing the Liberal Democrats to become the third-largest of any political party in the United Kingdom. As of December 2018, the Party had 125,482 members.The SNP retains close links with Plaid Cymru, its counterpart in Wales. MPs from both parties co-operate closely with each other and work as a single parliamentary group within the House of Commons. Both the SNP and Plaid Cymru are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA), a European political party comprising regionalist political parties. The EFA co-operates with the larger European Green Party to form The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament.Before its affiliation with The Greens–European Free Alliance, the SNP had previously been allied with the European Progressive Democrats (1979–1984), Rainbow Group (1989–1994) and European Radical Alliance (1994–1999).As the UK is no longer a member of the EU, the SNP has no MEPs.The Scottish National Party did not have a clear ideological position until the 1970s, when it sought to explicitly present itself as a social democratic party in terms of party policy and publicity. During the period from its foundation until the 1960s, the SNP was essentially a moderate centrist party. Debate within the party focused more on the SNP being distinct as an all-Scotland national movement, with it being neither of the left nor the right, but constituting a new politics that sought to put Scotland first.The SNP was formed through the merger of the centre-left National Party of Scotland (NPS) and the centre-right Scottish Party. The SNP's founders were united over self-determination in principle, though not its exact nature, or the best strategic means to achieve self-government. From the mid-1940s onwards, SNP policy was radical and redistributionist concerning land and in favour of 'the diffusion of economic power', including the decentralisation of industries such as coal to include the involvement of local authorities and regional planning bodies to control industrial structure and development. Party policies supported the economic and social policy status quo of the post-war welfare state.By the 1960s, the SNP was starting to become defined ideologically, with a social democratic tradition emerging as the party grew in urban, industrial Scotland, and its membership experienced an influx of social democrats from the Labour Party, the trade unions and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. The emergence of Billy Wolfe as a leading figure in the SNP also contributed to the leftwards shift. By this period, the Labour Party was also the dominant party in Scotland, in terms of electoral support and representation. Targeting Labour through emphasising left-of-centre policies and values was therefore electorally logical for the SNP, as well as tying in with the ideological preferences of many new party members. In 1961, the SNP conference expressed the party's opposition to the siting of the US Polaris submarine base at the Holy Loch. This policy was followed in 1963 by a motion opposed to nuclear weapons: a policy that has remained in place ever since. The 1964 policy document, "SNP & You", contained a clear centre-left policy platform, including commitments to full employment, government intervention in fuel, power and transport, a state bank to guide economic development, encouragement of cooperatives and credit unions, extensive building of council houses (social housing) by central and local government, pensions adjusted to cost of living, a minimum wage and an improved national health service.The 1960s also saw the beginnings of the SNP's efforts to establish an industrial organisation and mobilise amongst trade unionists in Scotland, with the establishment of the SNP Trade Union Group, and identifying the SNP with industrial campaigns, such as the Upper-Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in and the attempt of the workers at the Scottish "Daily Express" to run as a co-operative. For the party manifestos for the two 1974 general elections, the SNP finally self-identified as a social democratic party, and proposed a range of social democratic policies. There was also an unsuccessful proposal at the 1975 party conference to rename the party as the "Scottish National Party (Social Democrats)". In the UK-wide referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) in the same year as the aforementioned attempted name change, the SNP campaigned for Britain to leave the EEC.There were further ideological and internal struggles after 1979, with the 79 Group attempting to move the SNP further to the left, away from being what could be described a "social-democratic" party, to an expressly "socialist" party. Members of the 79 Group – including future party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond – were expelled from the party. This produced a response in the shape of the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland from those who wanted the SNP to remain a "broad church", apart from arguments of left vs. right. The 1980s saw the SNP further define itself as a party of the political left, such as campaigning against the introduction of the poll tax in Scotland in 1989; one year before the tax was imposed on the rest of the UK.Ideological tensions inside the SNP are further complicated by arguments between the so-called SNP gradualists and SNP fundamentalists. In essence, gradualists seek to advance Scotland to independence through further devolution, in a "step-by-step" strategy. They tend to be in the moderate left grouping, though much of the 79 Group was gradualist in approach. However, this 79 Group gradualism was as much a reaction against the fundamentalists of the day, many of whom believed the SNP should not take a clear left or right position.The Sturgeon Government in 2017 adjusted income tax rates so that low earners would pay less and those earning more than £33,000 a year would pay more. Previously the party had replaced the flat rate Stamp Duty with the LBTT, which uses a graduated tax rate. Whilst in government, the party was also responsible for the establishment of Revenue Scotland to administer devolved taxation.Having previously defined itself in opposition to the poll tax the SNP has also championed progressive taxation at a local level. Despite pledging to introduce a local income tax the Salmond Government found itself unable to replace the council tax and the party has, particularly since the ending of the council tax freeze under Nicola Sturgeon's leadership, committing to increasing the graduated nature of the tax. Conversely, the party has also supported capping and reducing Business Rates in an attempt to support small businesses.It has been noted that the party contains a broader spectrum of opinion regarding economic policy than most political parties in the UK due to its status as "the only viable vehicle for Scottish independence", with the party's parliamentary group at Westminster in 2016 including socialists such as Tommy Sheppard and Mhairi Black, capitalists such as Stewart Hosie and former Conservative, Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh.Under Sturgeon's leadership, Scotland was twice in succession named the best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality. Party policy aims to introduce gender self-identification to allow an easier process of gender recognition for transgender community. This is in stark contrast to Scotland's recent history as a deeply socially conservative country although this transformation can be seen to have taken place in the country's other main political parties largely simultaneously.Particularly since Nicola Sturgeon's elevation to First Minister the party has highlighted its commitments to gender equality – with her first act being to appoint a gender balanced cabinet. The SNP have also taken steps to implement all-women shortlists whilst Sturgeon has introduced a mentoring scheme to encourage women's political engagement.The SNP supports multiculturalism with Scotland receiving thousands of refugees from the Syrian Civil War. To this end it has been claimed that refugees in Scotland are better supported than those in England. More generally, the SNP seeks to increase immigration to combat a declining population and calling for a separate Scottish visa even within the UK.Despite traditionally supporting military neutrality the SNP's policy has in recent years moved to support both the Atlanticist and Europeanist traditions. This is particularly evident in the conclusion of the NATO debate within the party in favour of those who support membership of the military alliance. This is despite the party's continuing opposition to Scotland hosting nuclear weapons and then-leader Salmond's criticism of both the Kosovo intervention and the Iraq War. The party has placed an emphasis on developing positive relations with the United States in recent years despite a lukewarm reaction to the election of Scottish American Donald Trump as President due to long running legal disputes.Having opposed continued membership in the 1975 referendum, the party has supported membership of the European Union since the adoption of the Independence in Europe policy during the 1980s. Consequentially, the SNP supported remaining within the EU during the 2016 referendum where every Scottish council area backed this position. Consequently, the party opposed Brexit and sought a further referendum on the withdrawal agreement, ultimately unsuccessfully. The SNP would like to see an independent Scotland as a member of the European Union and NATO and has left open the prospect of an independent Scotland joining the euro.The SNP has also taken a stance against Russian interference abroad – the party supporting the enlargement of the EU and NATO to areas such as the Western Balkans and Ukraine to counter this influence. The party called for repercussions for Russia regarding the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and has criticised former leader Alex Salmond for broadcasting a chat show on Kremlin-backed network RT. Consequently, party representatives have expressed support for movements such as Euromaidan that support the independence of countries across Eastern Europe.The party have supported measures including foreign aid which seek to facilitate international development through various charitable organisations. In recognition of Scotland's historic links to the country, these programmes are mostly focused in Malawi in common with previous Scottish governments. With local authorities across the country, including Glasgow City Council being involved in this partnership since before the SNP took office in 2007.The SNP have pledged to uphold the public service nature of NHS Scotland and are consequently opposed to any attempts at privatisation of the health service, including any inclusion in a post-Brexit trade deal with the United States. The party has been fond of increasing provision under the NHS with the introduction of universal baby boxes based on the Finnish scheme. This supported child development alongside other commitments including the expansion of free childcare for children younger than school age and the introduction of universal free school meals in the first three years of school.Previously, SNP governments have abolished hospital parking charges as well as prescription charges in efforts to promote enhanced public health outcomes by increasing access to care and treatment. Furthermore, during Sturgeon's premiership, Scotland became the first country in the world to introduce alcohol minimum unit pricing to counter alcohol problems. Recently, the party has also committed to providing universal access to sanitary products and the liberalisation of drugs policy through devolution, in an effort to increase access to treatment and improve public health outcomes.The party also promotes universal access to education, with one of the first acts of the Salmond government being to abolish tuition fees. More recently, the party has turned its attention to widening access to higher education with Nicola Sturgeon stating that education is her number one priority. At school level, the Curriculum for Excellence is currently undergoing a review.The foundations of the SNP are a belief that Scotland would be more prosperous by being governed independently from the United Kingdom, although the party was defeated in the 2014 referendum on this issue. The party has since sought to hold a second referendum at some point in the future, perhaps related to the outcome of Brexit, as the party sees a referendum as the only route to independence. The party is constitutionalist and as such rejects holding such a referendum unilaterally or any course of actions that could lead to comparisons with cases such as Catalonia with the party seeing independence as a process that should be undertaken through a consensual process alongside the UK Government. As part of this process towards independence, the party supports increased devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government, particularly in areas such as welfare and immigration.Official SNP policy is supportive of the monarchy however members are divided on the issue. The party does propose reducing the funds spent on the royal family. Separately, the SNP has always opposed the UK's unelected upper house and would like to see both it and the House of Commons elected by a form of proportional representation. The party also supports the introduction of a written constitution, either for an independent Scotland or the UK as a whole, going as far as producing a proposed interim constitution for Scotland during the independence referendum campaign.With how to achieve independence, the party was traditionally split between fundamentalists and gradualists.The SNP leadership generally subscribe to the gradualist viewpoint, that being the idea that Scottish independence can be won by the accumulation by the Scottish Parliament of powers that the UK Parliament currently has over time.Fundamentalism stands in opposition to the so-called gradualist point of view, which believes that the SNP should emphasise independence more widely to achieve it. The argument goes that if the SNP is unprepared to argue for its central policy then it is unlikely ever to persuade the public of its worthiness., the Cabinet of the Scottish Government is as follows:As of February 2021, the Shadow Cabinet of the SNP in Westminster is as follows.The SNP had 431 councillors in Local Government elected from the 2017 Scottish local elections.	[ "Alex Salmond", "John Swinney" ]
Which team did Terry Bradbury play for in Jan, 1960?	January 27, 1960	{ "text": [ "Chelsea F.C." ] }	L2_Q7704136_P54_0	Terry Bradbury plays for Northwich Victoria F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1973. Terry Bradbury plays for Chelsea F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1962. Terry Bradbury plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971. Terry Bradbury plays for Leyton Orient F.C. from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1967. Terry Bradbury plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972. Terry Bradbury plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Terry Bradbury plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.	Terry BradburyTerence Eugene Bradbury (born 15 November 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played as a wing half.Bradbury began his career with Chelsea, being capped by England Schoolboys on four occasions. He went on to make 29 appearances in the Football League First Division for Chelsea before leaving for Southend United in September 1962, for about £6,000, after falling out with manager Tommy Docherty.After four years of regular football at Roots Hall, Bradbury switched to Leyton Orient for 1966–67 and then moved to Wrexham in the summer of 1967. Bradbury was sent off on his league debut against Luton Town but went on to establish himself as a favourite with Wrexham fans. In 1969, he joined local rivals Chester, combining his playing duties with working as a coach. After leaving Chester in 1971, Bradbury worked as a player-coach at Weymouth and followed it up with a short-spell as player-manager at Northwich Victoria.Away from football, Bradbury has worked in the licensing trade, being based in Derbyshire. In July 2015 Bradbury won a prize of £5.5m on the National Lottery.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "Chester City F.C.", "Northwich Victoria F.C.", "Leyton Orient F.C.", "Weymouth F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Which team did Terry Bradbury play for in Jul, 1963?	July 18, 1963	{ "text": [ "Southend United F.C." ] }	L2_Q7704136_P54_1	Terry Bradbury plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971. Terry Bradbury plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972. Terry Bradbury plays for Chelsea F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1962. Terry Bradbury plays for Northwich Victoria F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1973. Terry Bradbury plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966. Terry Bradbury plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Terry Bradbury plays for Leyton Orient F.C. from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1967.	Terry BradburyTerence Eugene Bradbury (born 15 November 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played as a wing half.Bradbury began his career with Chelsea, being capped by England Schoolboys on four occasions. He went on to make 29 appearances in the Football League First Division for Chelsea before leaving for Southend United in September 1962, for about £6,000, after falling out with manager Tommy Docherty.After four years of regular football at Roots Hall, Bradbury switched to Leyton Orient for 1966–67 and then moved to Wrexham in the summer of 1967. Bradbury was sent off on his league debut against Luton Town but went on to establish himself as a favourite with Wrexham fans. In 1969, he joined local rivals Chester, combining his playing duties with working as a coach. After leaving Chester in 1971, Bradbury worked as a player-coach at Weymouth and followed it up with a short-spell as player-manager at Northwich Victoria.Away from football, Bradbury has worked in the licensing trade, being based in Derbyshire. In July 2015 Bradbury won a prize of £5.5m on the National Lottery.	[ "Chester City F.C.", "Northwich Victoria F.C.", "Chelsea F.C.", "Leyton Orient F.C.", "Weymouth F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Which team did Terry Bradbury play for in Mar, 1966?	March 31, 1966	{ "text": [ "Leyton Orient F.C." ] }	L2_Q7704136_P54_2	Terry Bradbury plays for Northwich Victoria F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1973. Terry Bradbury plays for Leyton Orient F.C. from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1967. Terry Bradbury plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972. Terry Bradbury plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966. Terry Bradbury plays for Chelsea F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1962. Terry Bradbury plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971. Terry Bradbury plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.	Terry BradburyTerence Eugene Bradbury (born 15 November 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played as a wing half.Bradbury began his career with Chelsea, being capped by England Schoolboys on four occasions. He went on to make 29 appearances in the Football League First Division for Chelsea before leaving for Southend United in September 1962, for about £6,000, after falling out with manager Tommy Docherty.After four years of regular football at Roots Hall, Bradbury switched to Leyton Orient for 1966–67 and then moved to Wrexham in the summer of 1967. Bradbury was sent off on his league debut against Luton Town but went on to establish himself as a favourite with Wrexham fans. In 1969, he joined local rivals Chester, combining his playing duties with working as a coach. After leaving Chester in 1971, Bradbury worked as a player-coach at Weymouth and followed it up with a short-spell as player-manager at Northwich Victoria.Away from football, Bradbury has worked in the licensing trade, being based in Derbyshire. In July 2015 Bradbury won a prize of £5.5m on the National Lottery.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "Chester City F.C.", "Northwich Victoria F.C.", "Chelsea F.C.", "Weymouth F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Which team did Terry Bradbury play for in Aug, 1967?	August 13, 1967	{ "text": [ "Wrexham A.F.C." ] }	L2_Q7704136_P54_3	Terry Bradbury plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972. Terry Bradbury plays for Chelsea F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1962. Terry Bradbury plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Terry Bradbury plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971. Terry Bradbury plays for Leyton Orient F.C. from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1967. Terry Bradbury plays for Northwich Victoria F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1973. Terry Bradbury plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966.	Terry BradburyTerence Eugene Bradbury (born 15 November 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played as a wing half.Bradbury began his career with Chelsea, being capped by England Schoolboys on four occasions. He went on to make 29 appearances in the Football League First Division for Chelsea before leaving for Southend United in September 1962, for about £6,000, after falling out with manager Tommy Docherty.After four years of regular football at Roots Hall, Bradbury switched to Leyton Orient for 1966–67 and then moved to Wrexham in the summer of 1967. Bradbury was sent off on his league debut against Luton Town but went on to establish himself as a favourite with Wrexham fans. In 1969, he joined local rivals Chester, combining his playing duties with working as a coach. After leaving Chester in 1971, Bradbury worked as a player-coach at Weymouth and followed it up with a short-spell as player-manager at Northwich Victoria.Away from football, Bradbury has worked in the licensing trade, being based in Derbyshire. In July 2015 Bradbury won a prize of £5.5m on the National Lottery.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "Chester City F.C.", "Northwich Victoria F.C.", "Chelsea F.C.", "Leyton Orient F.C.", "Weymouth F.C." ]
Which team did Terry Bradbury play for in May, 1970?	May 08, 1970	{ "text": [ "Chester City F.C." ] }	L2_Q7704136_P54_4	Terry Bradbury plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966. Terry Bradbury plays for Chelsea F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1962. Terry Bradbury plays for Leyton Orient F.C. from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1967. Terry Bradbury plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Terry Bradbury plays for Northwich Victoria F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1973. Terry Bradbury plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971. Terry Bradbury plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.	Terry BradburyTerence Eugene Bradbury (born 15 November 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played as a wing half.Bradbury began his career with Chelsea, being capped by England Schoolboys on four occasions. He went on to make 29 appearances in the Football League First Division for Chelsea before leaving for Southend United in September 1962, for about £6,000, after falling out with manager Tommy Docherty.After four years of regular football at Roots Hall, Bradbury switched to Leyton Orient for 1966–67 and then moved to Wrexham in the summer of 1967. Bradbury was sent off on his league debut against Luton Town but went on to establish himself as a favourite with Wrexham fans. In 1969, he joined local rivals Chester, combining his playing duties with working as a coach. After leaving Chester in 1971, Bradbury worked as a player-coach at Weymouth and followed it up with a short-spell as player-manager at Northwich Victoria.Away from football, Bradbury has worked in the licensing trade, being based in Derbyshire. In July 2015 Bradbury won a prize of £5.5m on the National Lottery.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "Northwich Victoria F.C.", "Chelsea F.C.", "Leyton Orient F.C.", "Weymouth F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Which team did Terry Bradbury play for in Dec, 1971?	December 05, 1971	{ "text": [ "Weymouth F.C." ] }	L2_Q7704136_P54_5	Terry Bradbury plays for Chelsea F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1962. Terry Bradbury plays for Northwich Victoria F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1973. Terry Bradbury plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971. Terry Bradbury plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972. Terry Bradbury plays for Leyton Orient F.C. from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1967. Terry Bradbury plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966. Terry Bradbury plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969.	Terry BradburyTerence Eugene Bradbury (born 15 November 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played as a wing half.Bradbury began his career with Chelsea, being capped by England Schoolboys on four occasions. He went on to make 29 appearances in the Football League First Division for Chelsea before leaving for Southend United in September 1962, for about £6,000, after falling out with manager Tommy Docherty.After four years of regular football at Roots Hall, Bradbury switched to Leyton Orient for 1966–67 and then moved to Wrexham in the summer of 1967. Bradbury was sent off on his league debut against Luton Town but went on to establish himself as a favourite with Wrexham fans. In 1969, he joined local rivals Chester, combining his playing duties with working as a coach. After leaving Chester in 1971, Bradbury worked as a player-coach at Weymouth and followed it up with a short-spell as player-manager at Northwich Victoria.Away from football, Bradbury has worked in the licensing trade, being based in Derbyshire. In July 2015 Bradbury won a prize of £5.5m on the National Lottery.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "Chester City F.C.", "Northwich Victoria F.C.", "Chelsea F.C.", "Leyton Orient F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Which team did Terry Bradbury play for in Aug, 1972?	August 03, 1972	{ "text": [ "Northwich Victoria F.C." ] }	L2_Q7704136_P54_6	Terry Bradbury plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1966. Terry Bradbury plays for Northwich Victoria F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1973. Terry Bradbury plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971. Terry Bradbury plays for Chelsea F.C. from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1962. Terry Bradbury plays for Weymouth F.C. from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972. Terry Bradbury plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Terry Bradbury plays for Leyton Orient F.C. from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1967.	Terry BradburyTerence Eugene Bradbury (born 15 November 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played as a wing half.Bradbury began his career with Chelsea, being capped by England Schoolboys on four occasions. He went on to make 29 appearances in the Football League First Division for Chelsea before leaving for Southend United in September 1962, for about £6,000, after falling out with manager Tommy Docherty.After four years of regular football at Roots Hall, Bradbury switched to Leyton Orient for 1966–67 and then moved to Wrexham in the summer of 1967. Bradbury was sent off on his league debut against Luton Town but went on to establish himself as a favourite with Wrexham fans. In 1969, he joined local rivals Chester, combining his playing duties with working as a coach. After leaving Chester in 1971, Bradbury worked as a player-coach at Weymouth and followed it up with a short-spell as player-manager at Northwich Victoria.Away from football, Bradbury has worked in the licensing trade, being based in Derbyshire. In July 2015 Bradbury won a prize of £5.5m on the National Lottery.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "Chester City F.C.", "Chelsea F.C.", "Leyton Orient F.C.", "Weymouth F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Who was the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation in Jan, 1934?	January 21, 1934	{ "text": [ "Count Renaud de la Frégeolière" ] }	L2_Q547007_P488_0	Ivo Ferriani is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Klaus Kotter is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1994. Count Renaud de la Frégeolière is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1960. Robert H. Storey is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2010. Amilcare Rotta is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1978.	International Bobsleigh and Skeleton FederationThe International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF), originally known by the French name "Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing" (FIBT), is the international sports federation for bobsleigh and skeleton. It acts as an umbrella organization for 14 national bobsleigh and skeleton associations . It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France. In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.The world's first bobsleigh club was founded in St. Moritz, Switzerland in 1897. By 1904, competitions were taking place on natural ice courses (Olympia Bobrun St. Moritz-Celerina). This growth led to the creation of the FIBT in 1923 with inclusion into the International Olympic Committee (IOC) the following year. At the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, the four-man event took place. In 1930, the first FIBT World Championships took place with the four-man event in Caux-sur-Montreux, Switzerland with the first two-man event taking place in Oberhof, Germany the following year. At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, the two-man competition debuted. In 1935, the Internationaler Schlittensportsverband (ISSV – International Sled Sport Federation in ), a forerunner to the Federation Internationale de Luge de Course (FIL – International Luge Federation in ), was absorbed into the FIBT and a Section de Luge was created. The luge section would be abolished when the FIL was split off in 1957.Because of the growing weight issue at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the first changes occurred when weight limits were introduced. Since then, configurations to the tracks and the bobsleigh itself would be regulated for both competition and safety reasons. Also, bobsleigh was not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California for cost reasons in track construction. The development of artificially refrigerated tracks in the late 1960s and early 1970s would greatly enhance speeds. World Cup competitions were first developed in the 1980s while women's competitions took place in the early 1990s. The 2-woman bobsleigh event had their first World Championships in Winterberg, Germany in 2000 and debuted at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.Skeleton was also founded in Switzerland in 1884 as part of the Cresta Run. It remained a Swiss competition until 1906 when the first competitions outside Switzerland took place in Austria. At the 1926 FIBT World Congress in Paris, it was approved that skeleton was an official Winter Olympic sport with competition taking place at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. 13 competitors from five nations took part. Twenty years later, skeleton reappeared on the Olympic program when the 1948 Winter Olympics returned to St. Moritz.At the 1954 IOC meeting in Athens, Greece, skeleton was replaced by luge on the official Olympic program. This caused skeleton to fall into obscurity until the development of a "bobsleigh skeleton" which could be used on any bobsleigh track in 1970. The development of artificial tracks would also help the rebirth of skeleton as a sport.The first European Championship was held in 1982 at Königsee, Germany, and the first World Championships were also staged in 1982 at St. Moritz. By 1986, the FIBT started funding skeleton and introduced training schools worldwide to grow the sport. The following year, skeleton European Championships were introduced annually. In 1989, skeleton World Championships were introduced, although the women's championships were not formed until 2000 at Igls, Austria. Skeleton was reintroduced in the Winter Olympic program when the IOC allowed competition for the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, US.The IBSF governs competitions on all bobsleigh and skeleton competitions at the European Championships, World Championships, World Cup, and Winter Olympic level.The following persons have served as president of IBSF:	[ "Klaus Kotter", "Ivo Ferriani", "Robert H. Storey", "Amilcare Rotta" ]
Who was the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation in Apr, 1960?	April 19, 1960	{ "text": [ "Amilcare Rotta" ] }	L2_Q547007_P488_1	Count Renaud de la Frégeolière is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1960. Ivo Ferriani is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Klaus Kotter is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1994. Robert H. Storey is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2010. Amilcare Rotta is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1978.	International Bobsleigh and Skeleton FederationThe International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF), originally known by the French name "Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing" (FIBT), is the international sports federation for bobsleigh and skeleton. It acts as an umbrella organization for 14 national bobsleigh and skeleton associations . It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France. In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.The world's first bobsleigh club was founded in St. Moritz, Switzerland in 1897. By 1904, competitions were taking place on natural ice courses (Olympia Bobrun St. Moritz-Celerina). This growth led to the creation of the FIBT in 1923 with inclusion into the International Olympic Committee (IOC) the following year. At the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, the four-man event took place. In 1930, the first FIBT World Championships took place with the four-man event in Caux-sur-Montreux, Switzerland with the first two-man event taking place in Oberhof, Germany the following year. At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, the two-man competition debuted. In 1935, the Internationaler Schlittensportsverband (ISSV – International Sled Sport Federation in ), a forerunner to the Federation Internationale de Luge de Course (FIL – International Luge Federation in ), was absorbed into the FIBT and a Section de Luge was created. The luge section would be abolished when the FIL was split off in 1957.Because of the growing weight issue at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the first changes occurred when weight limits were introduced. Since then, configurations to the tracks and the bobsleigh itself would be regulated for both competition and safety reasons. Also, bobsleigh was not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California for cost reasons in track construction. The development of artificially refrigerated tracks in the late 1960s and early 1970s would greatly enhance speeds. World Cup competitions were first developed in the 1980s while women's competitions took place in the early 1990s. The 2-woman bobsleigh event had their first World Championships in Winterberg, Germany in 2000 and debuted at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.Skeleton was also founded in Switzerland in 1884 as part of the Cresta Run. It remained a Swiss competition until 1906 when the first competitions outside Switzerland took place in Austria. At the 1926 FIBT World Congress in Paris, it was approved that skeleton was an official Winter Olympic sport with competition taking place at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. 13 competitors from five nations took part. Twenty years later, skeleton reappeared on the Olympic program when the 1948 Winter Olympics returned to St. Moritz.At the 1954 IOC meeting in Athens, Greece, skeleton was replaced by luge on the official Olympic program. This caused skeleton to fall into obscurity until the development of a "bobsleigh skeleton" which could be used on any bobsleigh track in 1970. The development of artificial tracks would also help the rebirth of skeleton as a sport.The first European Championship was held in 1982 at Königsee, Germany, and the first World Championships were also staged in 1982 at St. Moritz. By 1986, the FIBT started funding skeleton and introduced training schools worldwide to grow the sport. The following year, skeleton European Championships were introduced annually. In 1989, skeleton World Championships were introduced, although the women's championships were not formed until 2000 at Igls, Austria. Skeleton was reintroduced in the Winter Olympic program when the IOC allowed competition for the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, US.The IBSF governs competitions on all bobsleigh and skeleton competitions at the European Championships, World Championships, World Cup, and Winter Olympic level.The following persons have served as president of IBSF:	[ "Klaus Kotter", "Ivo Ferriani", "Count Renaud de la Frégeolière", "Robert H. Storey" ]
Who was the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation in Feb, 1985?	February 22, 1985	{ "text": [ "Klaus Kotter" ] }	L2_Q547007_P488_2	Klaus Kotter is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1994. Robert H. Storey is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2010. Amilcare Rotta is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1978. Count Renaud de la Frégeolière is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1960. Ivo Ferriani is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.	International Bobsleigh and Skeleton FederationThe International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF), originally known by the French name "Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing" (FIBT), is the international sports federation for bobsleigh and skeleton. It acts as an umbrella organization for 14 national bobsleigh and skeleton associations . It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France. In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.The world's first bobsleigh club was founded in St. Moritz, Switzerland in 1897. By 1904, competitions were taking place on natural ice courses (Olympia Bobrun St. Moritz-Celerina). This growth led to the creation of the FIBT in 1923 with inclusion into the International Olympic Committee (IOC) the following year. At the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, the four-man event took place. In 1930, the first FIBT World Championships took place with the four-man event in Caux-sur-Montreux, Switzerland with the first two-man event taking place in Oberhof, Germany the following year. At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, the two-man competition debuted. In 1935, the Internationaler Schlittensportsverband (ISSV – International Sled Sport Federation in ), a forerunner to the Federation Internationale de Luge de Course (FIL – International Luge Federation in ), was absorbed into the FIBT and a Section de Luge was created. The luge section would be abolished when the FIL was split off in 1957.Because of the growing weight issue at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the first changes occurred when weight limits were introduced. Since then, configurations to the tracks and the bobsleigh itself would be regulated for both competition and safety reasons. Also, bobsleigh was not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California for cost reasons in track construction. The development of artificially refrigerated tracks in the late 1960s and early 1970s would greatly enhance speeds. World Cup competitions were first developed in the 1980s while women's competitions took place in the early 1990s. The 2-woman bobsleigh event had their first World Championships in Winterberg, Germany in 2000 and debuted at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.Skeleton was also founded in Switzerland in 1884 as part of the Cresta Run. It remained a Swiss competition until 1906 when the first competitions outside Switzerland took place in Austria. At the 1926 FIBT World Congress in Paris, it was approved that skeleton was an official Winter Olympic sport with competition taking place at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. 13 competitors from five nations took part. Twenty years later, skeleton reappeared on the Olympic program when the 1948 Winter Olympics returned to St. Moritz.At the 1954 IOC meeting in Athens, Greece, skeleton was replaced by luge on the official Olympic program. This caused skeleton to fall into obscurity until the development of a "bobsleigh skeleton" which could be used on any bobsleigh track in 1970. The development of artificial tracks would also help the rebirth of skeleton as a sport.The first European Championship was held in 1982 at Königsee, Germany, and the first World Championships were also staged in 1982 at St. Moritz. By 1986, the FIBT started funding skeleton and introduced training schools worldwide to grow the sport. The following year, skeleton European Championships were introduced annually. In 1989, skeleton World Championships were introduced, although the women's championships were not formed until 2000 at Igls, Austria. Skeleton was reintroduced in the Winter Olympic program when the IOC allowed competition for the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, US.The IBSF governs competitions on all bobsleigh and skeleton competitions at the European Championships, World Championships, World Cup, and Winter Olympic level.The following persons have served as president of IBSF:	[ "Ivo Ferriani", "Count Renaud de la Frégeolière", "Robert H. Storey", "Amilcare Rotta" ]
Who was the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation in Jul, 1998?	July 03, 1998	{ "text": [ "Robert H. Storey" ] }	L2_Q547007_P488_3	Ivo Ferriani is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Amilcare Rotta is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1978. Robert H. Storey is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2010. Klaus Kotter is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1994. Count Renaud de la Frégeolière is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1960.	International Bobsleigh and Skeleton FederationThe International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF), originally known by the French name "Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing" (FIBT), is the international sports federation for bobsleigh and skeleton. It acts as an umbrella organization for 14 national bobsleigh and skeleton associations . It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France. In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.The world's first bobsleigh club was founded in St. Moritz, Switzerland in 1897. By 1904, competitions were taking place on natural ice courses (Olympia Bobrun St. Moritz-Celerina). This growth led to the creation of the FIBT in 1923 with inclusion into the International Olympic Committee (IOC) the following year. At the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, the four-man event took place. In 1930, the first FIBT World Championships took place with the four-man event in Caux-sur-Montreux, Switzerland with the first two-man event taking place in Oberhof, Germany the following year. At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, the two-man competition debuted. In 1935, the Internationaler Schlittensportsverband (ISSV – International Sled Sport Federation in ), a forerunner to the Federation Internationale de Luge de Course (FIL – International Luge Federation in ), was absorbed into the FIBT and a Section de Luge was created. The luge section would be abolished when the FIL was split off in 1957.Because of the growing weight issue at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the first changes occurred when weight limits were introduced. Since then, configurations to the tracks and the bobsleigh itself would be regulated for both competition and safety reasons. Also, bobsleigh was not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California for cost reasons in track construction. The development of artificially refrigerated tracks in the late 1960s and early 1970s would greatly enhance speeds. World Cup competitions were first developed in the 1980s while women's competitions took place in the early 1990s. The 2-woman bobsleigh event had their first World Championships in Winterberg, Germany in 2000 and debuted at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.Skeleton was also founded in Switzerland in 1884 as part of the Cresta Run. It remained a Swiss competition until 1906 when the first competitions outside Switzerland took place in Austria. At the 1926 FIBT World Congress in Paris, it was approved that skeleton was an official Winter Olympic sport with competition taking place at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. 13 competitors from five nations took part. Twenty years later, skeleton reappeared on the Olympic program when the 1948 Winter Olympics returned to St. Moritz.At the 1954 IOC meeting in Athens, Greece, skeleton was replaced by luge on the official Olympic program. This caused skeleton to fall into obscurity until the development of a "bobsleigh skeleton" which could be used on any bobsleigh track in 1970. The development of artificial tracks would also help the rebirth of skeleton as a sport.The first European Championship was held in 1982 at Königsee, Germany, and the first World Championships were also staged in 1982 at St. Moritz. By 1986, the FIBT started funding skeleton and introduced training schools worldwide to grow the sport. The following year, skeleton European Championships were introduced annually. In 1989, skeleton World Championships were introduced, although the women's championships were not formed until 2000 at Igls, Austria. Skeleton was reintroduced in the Winter Olympic program when the IOC allowed competition for the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, US.The IBSF governs competitions on all bobsleigh and skeleton competitions at the European Championships, World Championships, World Cup, and Winter Olympic level.The following persons have served as president of IBSF:	[ "Ivo Ferriani", "Count Renaud de la Frégeolière", "Klaus Kotter", "Amilcare Rotta" ]
Who was the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation in Oct, 2010?	October 14, 2010	{ "text": [ "Ivo Ferriani" ] }	L2_Q547007_P488_4	Robert H. Storey is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2010. Ivo Ferriani is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Klaus Kotter is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1994. Amilcare Rotta is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1978. Count Renaud de la Frégeolière is the chair of International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1960.	International Bobsleigh and Skeleton FederationThe International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF), originally known by the French name "Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing" (FIBT), is the international sports federation for bobsleigh and skeleton. It acts as an umbrella organization for 14 national bobsleigh and skeleton associations . It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France. In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.The world's first bobsleigh club was founded in St. Moritz, Switzerland in 1897. By 1904, competitions were taking place on natural ice courses (Olympia Bobrun St. Moritz-Celerina). This growth led to the creation of the FIBT in 1923 with inclusion into the International Olympic Committee (IOC) the following year. At the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, the four-man event took place. In 1930, the first FIBT World Championships took place with the four-man event in Caux-sur-Montreux, Switzerland with the first two-man event taking place in Oberhof, Germany the following year. At the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, the two-man competition debuted. In 1935, the Internationaler Schlittensportsverband (ISSV – International Sled Sport Federation in ), a forerunner to the Federation Internationale de Luge de Course (FIL – International Luge Federation in ), was absorbed into the FIBT and a Section de Luge was created. The luge section would be abolished when the FIL was split off in 1957.Because of the growing weight issue at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the first changes occurred when weight limits were introduced. Since then, configurations to the tracks and the bobsleigh itself would be regulated for both competition and safety reasons. Also, bobsleigh was not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California for cost reasons in track construction. The development of artificially refrigerated tracks in the late 1960s and early 1970s would greatly enhance speeds. World Cup competitions were first developed in the 1980s while women's competitions took place in the early 1990s. The 2-woman bobsleigh event had their first World Championships in Winterberg, Germany in 2000 and debuted at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.Skeleton was also founded in Switzerland in 1884 as part of the Cresta Run. It remained a Swiss competition until 1906 when the first competitions outside Switzerland took place in Austria. At the 1926 FIBT World Congress in Paris, it was approved that skeleton was an official Winter Olympic sport with competition taking place at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. 13 competitors from five nations took part. Twenty years later, skeleton reappeared on the Olympic program when the 1948 Winter Olympics returned to St. Moritz.At the 1954 IOC meeting in Athens, Greece, skeleton was replaced by luge on the official Olympic program. This caused skeleton to fall into obscurity until the development of a "bobsleigh skeleton" which could be used on any bobsleigh track in 1970. The development of artificial tracks would also help the rebirth of skeleton as a sport.The first European Championship was held in 1982 at Königsee, Germany, and the first World Championships were also staged in 1982 at St. Moritz. By 1986, the FIBT started funding skeleton and introduced training schools worldwide to grow the sport. The following year, skeleton European Championships were introduced annually. In 1989, skeleton World Championships were introduced, although the women's championships were not formed until 2000 at Igls, Austria. Skeleton was reintroduced in the Winter Olympic program when the IOC allowed competition for the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City, US.The IBSF governs competitions on all bobsleigh and skeleton competitions at the European Championships, World Championships, World Cup, and Winter Olympic level.The following persons have served as president of IBSF:	[ "Klaus Kotter", "Count Renaud de la Frégeolière", "Robert H. Storey", "Amilcare Rotta" ]
Which employer did Susan R. Fussell work for in Jul, 1994?	July 03, 1994	{ "text": [ "Mississippi State University" ] }	L2_Q57915955_P108_0	Susan R. Fussell works for Mississippi State University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Susan R. Fussell works for Cornell University from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Susan R. Fussell works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2008.	Susan R. FussellSusan Runyon Fussell is an American psychologist, communications researcher, and information scientist known for her contributions to human–computer interaction. She is Liberty Hyde Baily Professor of Communication and Information Science at Cornell University, and a member of the CHI Academy.Fussell graduated from Tufts University in 1981, with a bachelor's degree in psychology and sociology. She went to Columbia University for graduate study in social and cognitive psychology, earning a master's degree there in 1983 and completing her Ph.D. in 1990. Her dissertation, "The Coordination of Knowledge in Communication: People's Assumptions about Others' Knowledge and Their Effects on Referential Communication", was supervised by Robert M. Krauss.While doing her graduate studies, Fussell also worked at Bell Labs from 1987 to 1988.After postdoctoral research at Princeton University, she became an assistant professor at Mississippi State University in 1993, but returned to industry as a researcher at Bell Communications Research in 1995. She worked as a scientist and later a research professor at Carnegie Mellon University from 1997 to 2008, when she moved to Cornell.She has also been a program director at the National Science Foundation from 2010 to 2012, and Director of Graduate Studies in Communication at Cornell since 2013.Fussell was elected to the CHI Academy in 2016.She was co-chair of the 2017 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems with Gloria Mark,and became Liberty Hyde Baily Professor at Cornell in 2018.	[ "Cornell University", "Carnegie Mellon University" ]
Which employer did Susan R. Fussell work for in Jul, 2006?	July 13, 2006	{ "text": [ "Carnegie Mellon University" ] }	L2_Q57915955_P108_1	Susan R. Fussell works for Mississippi State University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Susan R. Fussell works for Cornell University from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Susan R. Fussell works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2008.	Susan R. FussellSusan Runyon Fussell is an American psychologist, communications researcher, and information scientist known for her contributions to human–computer interaction. She is Liberty Hyde Baily Professor of Communication and Information Science at Cornell University, and a member of the CHI Academy.Fussell graduated from Tufts University in 1981, with a bachelor's degree in psychology and sociology. She went to Columbia University for graduate study in social and cognitive psychology, earning a master's degree there in 1983 and completing her Ph.D. in 1990. Her dissertation, "The Coordination of Knowledge in Communication: People's Assumptions about Others' Knowledge and Their Effects on Referential Communication", was supervised by Robert M. Krauss.While doing her graduate studies, Fussell also worked at Bell Labs from 1987 to 1988.After postdoctoral research at Princeton University, she became an assistant professor at Mississippi State University in 1993, but returned to industry as a researcher at Bell Communications Research in 1995. She worked as a scientist and later a research professor at Carnegie Mellon University from 1997 to 2008, when she moved to Cornell.She has also been a program director at the National Science Foundation from 2010 to 2012, and Director of Graduate Studies in Communication at Cornell since 2013.Fussell was elected to the CHI Academy in 2016.She was co-chair of the 2017 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems with Gloria Mark,and became Liberty Hyde Baily Professor at Cornell in 2018.	[ "Mississippi State University", "Cornell University" ]
Which employer did Susan R. Fussell work for in Oct, 2016?	October 03, 2016	{ "text": [ "Cornell University" ] }	L2_Q57915955_P108_2	Susan R. Fussell works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2008. Susan R. Fussell works for Mississippi State University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Susan R. Fussell works for Cornell University from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022.	Susan R. FussellSusan Runyon Fussell is an American psychologist, communications researcher, and information scientist known for her contributions to human–computer interaction. She is Liberty Hyde Baily Professor of Communication and Information Science at Cornell University, and a member of the CHI Academy.Fussell graduated from Tufts University in 1981, with a bachelor's degree in psychology and sociology. She went to Columbia University for graduate study in social and cognitive psychology, earning a master's degree there in 1983 and completing her Ph.D. in 1990. Her dissertation, "The Coordination of Knowledge in Communication: People's Assumptions about Others' Knowledge and Their Effects on Referential Communication", was supervised by Robert M. Krauss.While doing her graduate studies, Fussell also worked at Bell Labs from 1987 to 1988.After postdoctoral research at Princeton University, she became an assistant professor at Mississippi State University in 1993, but returned to industry as a researcher at Bell Communications Research in 1995. She worked as a scientist and later a research professor at Carnegie Mellon University from 1997 to 2008, when she moved to Cornell.She has also been a program director at the National Science Foundation from 2010 to 2012, and Director of Graduate Studies in Communication at Cornell since 2013.Fussell was elected to the CHI Academy in 2016.She was co-chair of the 2017 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems with Gloria Mark,and became Liberty Hyde Baily Professor at Cornell in 2018.	[ "Mississippi State University", "Carnegie Mellon University" ]
Which team did Craig McKeown play for in May, 2004?	May 07, 2004	{ "text": [ "Berwick Rangers F.C.", "Dunfermline Athletic F.C." ] }	L2_Q5181216_P54_0	Craig McKeown plays for Dunfermline Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Stirling Albion F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Craig McKeown plays for Clyde F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Craig McKeown plays for Dundee F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012. Craig McKeown plays for Berwick Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Brora Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.	Craig McKeownCraig McKeown (born 16 March 1985) is a Scottish football defender. Currently he plays for Formartine United.Born in Aberdeen, McKeown started his senior career with Dunfermline Athletic, where he made one substitute appearance. McKeown was farmed out to Berwick Rangers on loan for one month during his time with the Pars to gain experience, before being released.McKeown signed for Clyde during the summer of 2005. McKeown made his Clyde début against Brechin City in a Scottish Challenge Cup match. McKeown was a virtual ever present for Clyde, missing only two games, and scored his first Clyde with the very last kick of the 2005/2006 season, in the 94th minute of Clyde's final game of the campaign against Stranraer.McKeown was awarded Clyde Player of the Year for 2006-07, in which he was part of the best defence in the league.McKeown has been ruled out for the first few months of the 2007-08 season, after a close-season surgical wound got infected.McKeown captained Clyde for the first time on 9 February 2008, in a match against Greenock Morton. McKeown scored the winning goal in the 3rd minute of injury time at the end of the game, after Clyde had got a late equaliser a two minutes earlier.McKeown signed a pre-contract agreement with Dundee in January 2008, and joined the club in June 2008.In 2012, Mckeown left Dundee after his contract expiredOn 30 August 2012, McKeown join Highland League Club Formartine United.On 7 Dec 2014, McKeown sign for Highland League Club Brora Rangers.	[ "Clyde F.C.", "Dundee F.C.", "Brora Rangers F.C.", "Stirling Albion F.C." ]
Which team did Craig McKeown play for in Apr, 2004?	April 02, 2004	{ "text": [ "Berwick Rangers F.C.", "Dunfermline Athletic F.C." ] }	L2_Q5181216_P54_1	Craig McKeown plays for Dunfermline Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Brora Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Craig McKeown plays for Dundee F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012. Craig McKeown plays for Stirling Albion F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Craig McKeown plays for Berwick Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Clyde F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.	Craig McKeownCraig McKeown (born 16 March 1985) is a Scottish football defender. Currently he plays for Formartine United.Born in Aberdeen, McKeown started his senior career with Dunfermline Athletic, where he made one substitute appearance. McKeown was farmed out to Berwick Rangers on loan for one month during his time with the Pars to gain experience, before being released.McKeown signed for Clyde during the summer of 2005. McKeown made his Clyde début against Brechin City in a Scottish Challenge Cup match. McKeown was a virtual ever present for Clyde, missing only two games, and scored his first Clyde with the very last kick of the 2005/2006 season, in the 94th minute of Clyde's final game of the campaign against Stranraer.McKeown was awarded Clyde Player of the Year for 2006-07, in which he was part of the best defence in the league.McKeown has been ruled out for the first few months of the 2007-08 season, after a close-season surgical wound got infected.McKeown captained Clyde for the first time on 9 February 2008, in a match against Greenock Morton. McKeown scored the winning goal in the 3rd minute of injury time at the end of the game, after Clyde had got a late equaliser a two minutes earlier.McKeown signed a pre-contract agreement with Dundee in January 2008, and joined the club in June 2008.In 2012, Mckeown left Dundee after his contract expiredOn 30 August 2012, McKeown join Highland League Club Formartine United.On 7 Dec 2014, McKeown sign for Highland League Club Brora Rangers.	[ "Clyde F.C.", "Dundee F.C.", "Brora Rangers F.C.", "Stirling Albion F.C." ]
Which team did Craig McKeown play for in May, 2005?	May 27, 2005	{ "text": [ "Clyde F.C." ] }	L2_Q5181216_P54_2	Craig McKeown plays for Brora Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Craig McKeown plays for Stirling Albion F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Craig McKeown plays for Dundee F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012. Craig McKeown plays for Dunfermline Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Berwick Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Clyde F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.	Craig McKeownCraig McKeown (born 16 March 1985) is a Scottish football defender. Currently he plays for Formartine United.Born in Aberdeen, McKeown started his senior career with Dunfermline Athletic, where he made one substitute appearance. McKeown was farmed out to Berwick Rangers on loan for one month during his time with the Pars to gain experience, before being released.McKeown signed for Clyde during the summer of 2005. McKeown made his Clyde début against Brechin City in a Scottish Challenge Cup match. McKeown was a virtual ever present for Clyde, missing only two games, and scored his first Clyde with the very last kick of the 2005/2006 season, in the 94th minute of Clyde's final game of the campaign against Stranraer.McKeown was awarded Clyde Player of the Year for 2006-07, in which he was part of the best defence in the league.McKeown has been ruled out for the first few months of the 2007-08 season, after a close-season surgical wound got infected.McKeown captained Clyde for the first time on 9 February 2008, in a match against Greenock Morton. McKeown scored the winning goal in the 3rd minute of injury time at the end of the game, after Clyde had got a late equaliser a two minutes earlier.McKeown signed a pre-contract agreement with Dundee in January 2008, and joined the club in June 2008.In 2012, Mckeown left Dundee after his contract expiredOn 30 August 2012, McKeown join Highland League Club Formartine United.On 7 Dec 2014, McKeown sign for Highland League Club Brora Rangers.	[ "Brora Rangers F.C.", "Dunfermline Athletic F.C.", "Dundee F.C.", "Stirling Albion F.C.", "Berwick Rangers F.C." ]
Which team did Craig McKeown play for in Dec, 2009?	December 09, 2009	{ "text": [ "Dundee F.C.", "Stirling Albion F.C." ] }	L2_Q5181216_P54_3	Craig McKeown plays for Stirling Albion F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Craig McKeown plays for Dundee F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012. Craig McKeown plays for Berwick Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Brora Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Craig McKeown plays for Clyde F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Craig McKeown plays for Dunfermline Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.	Craig McKeownCraig McKeown (born 16 March 1985) is a Scottish football defender. Currently he plays for Formartine United.Born in Aberdeen, McKeown started his senior career with Dunfermline Athletic, where he made one substitute appearance. McKeown was farmed out to Berwick Rangers on loan for one month during his time with the Pars to gain experience, before being released.McKeown signed for Clyde during the summer of 2005. McKeown made his Clyde début against Brechin City in a Scottish Challenge Cup match. McKeown was a virtual ever present for Clyde, missing only two games, and scored his first Clyde with the very last kick of the 2005/2006 season, in the 94th minute of Clyde's final game of the campaign against Stranraer.McKeown was awarded Clyde Player of the Year for 2006-07, in which he was part of the best defence in the league.McKeown has been ruled out for the first few months of the 2007-08 season, after a close-season surgical wound got infected.McKeown captained Clyde for the first time on 9 February 2008, in a match against Greenock Morton. McKeown scored the winning goal in the 3rd minute of injury time at the end of the game, after Clyde had got a late equaliser a two minutes earlier.McKeown signed a pre-contract agreement with Dundee in January 2008, and joined the club in June 2008.In 2012, Mckeown left Dundee after his contract expiredOn 30 August 2012, McKeown join Highland League Club Formartine United.On 7 Dec 2014, McKeown sign for Highland League Club Brora Rangers.	[ "Clyde F.C.", "Brora Rangers F.C.", "Berwick Rangers F.C.", "Dunfermline Athletic F.C." ]
Which team did Craig McKeown play for in Apr, 2009?	April 24, 2009	{ "text": [ "Dundee F.C.", "Stirling Albion F.C." ] }	L2_Q5181216_P54_4	Craig McKeown plays for Berwick Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Brora Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Craig McKeown plays for Dunfermline Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Stirling Albion F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Craig McKeown plays for Clyde F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Craig McKeown plays for Dundee F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.	Craig McKeownCraig McKeown (born 16 March 1985) is a Scottish football defender. Currently he plays for Formartine United.Born in Aberdeen, McKeown started his senior career with Dunfermline Athletic, where he made one substitute appearance. McKeown was farmed out to Berwick Rangers on loan for one month during his time with the Pars to gain experience, before being released.McKeown signed for Clyde during the summer of 2005. McKeown made his Clyde début against Brechin City in a Scottish Challenge Cup match. McKeown was a virtual ever present for Clyde, missing only two games, and scored his first Clyde with the very last kick of the 2005/2006 season, in the 94th minute of Clyde's final game of the campaign against Stranraer.McKeown was awarded Clyde Player of the Year for 2006-07, in which he was part of the best defence in the league.McKeown has been ruled out for the first few months of the 2007-08 season, after a close-season surgical wound got infected.McKeown captained Clyde for the first time on 9 February 2008, in a match against Greenock Morton. McKeown scored the winning goal in the 3rd minute of injury time at the end of the game, after Clyde had got a late equaliser a two minutes earlier.McKeown signed a pre-contract agreement with Dundee in January 2008, and joined the club in June 2008.In 2012, Mckeown left Dundee after his contract expiredOn 30 August 2012, McKeown join Highland League Club Formartine United.On 7 Dec 2014, McKeown sign for Highland League Club Brora Rangers.	[ "Clyde F.C.", "Brora Rangers F.C.", "Berwick Rangers F.C.", "Dunfermline Athletic F.C." ]
Which team did Craig McKeown play for in Feb, 2014?	February 06, 2014	{ "text": [ "Brora Rangers F.C." ] }	L2_Q5181216_P54_5	Craig McKeown plays for Dundee F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012. Craig McKeown plays for Stirling Albion F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Craig McKeown plays for Brora Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Craig McKeown plays for Dunfermline Athletic F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Berwick Rangers F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Craig McKeown plays for Clyde F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.	Craig McKeownCraig McKeown (born 16 March 1985) is a Scottish football defender. Currently he plays for Formartine United.Born in Aberdeen, McKeown started his senior career with Dunfermline Athletic, where he made one substitute appearance. McKeown was farmed out to Berwick Rangers on loan for one month during his time with the Pars to gain experience, before being released.McKeown signed for Clyde during the summer of 2005. McKeown made his Clyde début against Brechin City in a Scottish Challenge Cup match. McKeown was a virtual ever present for Clyde, missing only two games, and scored his first Clyde with the very last kick of the 2005/2006 season, in the 94th minute of Clyde's final game of the campaign against Stranraer.McKeown was awarded Clyde Player of the Year for 2006-07, in which he was part of the best defence in the league.McKeown has been ruled out for the first few months of the 2007-08 season, after a close-season surgical wound got infected.McKeown captained Clyde for the first time on 9 February 2008, in a match against Greenock Morton. McKeown scored the winning goal in the 3rd minute of injury time at the end of the game, after Clyde had got a late equaliser a two minutes earlier.McKeown signed a pre-contract agreement with Dundee in January 2008, and joined the club in June 2008.In 2012, Mckeown left Dundee after his contract expiredOn 30 August 2012, McKeown join Highland League Club Formartine United.On 7 Dec 2014, McKeown sign for Highland League Club Brora Rangers.	[ "Clyde F.C.", "Dunfermline Athletic F.C.", "Dundee F.C.", "Stirling Albion F.C.", "Berwick Rangers F.C." ]
Which team did Alhassan Nuhu play for in Oct, 2007?	October 29, 2007	{ "text": [ "Real Sportive" ] }	L2_Q4724467_P54_0	Alhassan Nuhu plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. Alhassan Nuhu plays for New Edubiase United from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Alhassan Nuhu plays for Real Sportive from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.	Alhassan NuhuNuhu began his career by AC Milan Colts Club in Tema, before in 2006 was transferred to Real Sportive, after the relegation of his club from the Ghana Premier League left Alhassan his club alongside his twin brother Fuseini and signed for New Edubiase United. In June 2011 he and Fuseini were transferred to Moldavian vice-champion FC Sheriff Tiraspol.Nuhu joined Ashanti Gold in 2015, scoring on his debut, against Medeama. He was released after a single season, having made 20 appearances for the club. He then returned to New Edubiase United for a brief spell.Nuhu played with his brother Fuseini by the team from Tema.	[ "FC Sheriff Tiraspol", "New Edubiase United" ]
Which team did Alhassan Nuhu play for in Jul, 2009?	July 19, 2009	{ "text": [ "New Edubiase United" ] }	L2_Q4724467_P54_1	Alhassan Nuhu plays for Real Sportive from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009. Alhassan Nuhu plays for New Edubiase United from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Alhassan Nuhu plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.	Alhassan NuhuNuhu began his career by AC Milan Colts Club in Tema, before in 2006 was transferred to Real Sportive, after the relegation of his club from the Ghana Premier League left Alhassan his club alongside his twin brother Fuseini and signed for New Edubiase United. In June 2011 he and Fuseini were transferred to Moldavian vice-champion FC Sheriff Tiraspol.Nuhu joined Ashanti Gold in 2015, scoring on his debut, against Medeama. He was released after a single season, having made 20 appearances for the club. He then returned to New Edubiase United for a brief spell.Nuhu played with his brother Fuseini by the team from Tema.	[ "FC Sheriff Tiraspol", "Real Sportive" ]
Which team did Alhassan Nuhu play for in Mar, 2011?	March 17, 2011	{ "text": [ "FC Sheriff Tiraspol" ] }	L2_Q4724467_P54_2	Alhassan Nuhu plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. Alhassan Nuhu plays for New Edubiase United from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Alhassan Nuhu plays for Real Sportive from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.	Alhassan NuhuNuhu began his career by AC Milan Colts Club in Tema, before in 2006 was transferred to Real Sportive, after the relegation of his club from the Ghana Premier League left Alhassan his club alongside his twin brother Fuseini and signed for New Edubiase United. In June 2011 he and Fuseini were transferred to Moldavian vice-champion FC Sheriff Tiraspol.Nuhu joined Ashanti Gold in 2015, scoring on his debut, against Medeama. He was released after a single season, having made 20 appearances for the club. He then returned to New Edubiase United for a brief spell.Nuhu played with his brother Fuseini by the team from Tema.	[ "Real Sportive", "New Edubiase United" ]
Who was the head of Darabani in Sep, 2012?	September 06, 2012	{ "text": [ "Corneliu Aroșoaie" ] }	L2_Q899467_P6_0	Mihai-Alin Gîrbaci is the head of the government of Darabani from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Liviu Hrimiuc is the head of the government of Darabani from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Corneliu Aroșoaie is the head of the government of Darabani from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.	DarabaniDarabani () is a town in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania, and is the northernmost town in Romania. It administers three villages: Bajura, Eșanca and Lișmănița.The area is a setting for the 2019 Amazon Studios TV series "Hanna" and plays a significant role in the development of the titular character from that series.	[ "Liviu Hrimiuc", "Mihai-Alin Gîrbaci" ]
Who was the head of Darabani in Apr, 2016?	April 12, 2016	{ "text": [ "Liviu Hrimiuc" ] }	L2_Q899467_P6_1	Liviu Hrimiuc is the head of the government of Darabani from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Corneliu Aroșoaie is the head of the government of Darabani from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016. Mihai-Alin Gîrbaci is the head of the government of Darabani from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	DarabaniDarabani () is a town in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania, and is the northernmost town in Romania. It administers three villages: Bajura, Eșanca and Lișmănița.The area is a setting for the 2019 Amazon Studios TV series "Hanna" and plays a significant role in the development of the titular character from that series.	[ "Corneliu Aroșoaie", "Mihai-Alin Gîrbaci" ]
Who was the head of Darabani in Jul, 2021?	July 19, 2021	{ "text": [ "Mihai-Alin Gîrbaci" ] }	L2_Q899467_P6_2	Mihai-Alin Gîrbaci is the head of the government of Darabani from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Corneliu Aroșoaie is the head of the government of Darabani from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016. Liviu Hrimiuc is the head of the government of Darabani from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.	DarabaniDarabani () is a town in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania, and is the northernmost town in Romania. It administers three villages: Bajura, Eșanca and Lișmănița.The area is a setting for the 2019 Amazon Studios TV series "Hanna" and plays a significant role in the development of the titular character from that series.	[ "Liviu Hrimiuc", "Corneliu Aroșoaie" ]
Which employer did Susan B. Sinnott work for in Oct, 1997?	October 01, 1997	{ "text": [ "University of Kentucky" ] }	L2_Q51083310_P108_0	Susan B. Sinnott works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000. Susan B. Sinnott works for University of Florida from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2015. Susan B. Sinnott works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.	Susan SinnottSusan Buthaina Sinnott is professor and head of materials science and engineering at Pennsylvania State University. Sinnott is a fellow of the Materials Research Society (MRS), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American Physical Society (APS). She has served as editor-in-chief of the journal "Computational Materials Science" since 2014.Sinnott studied chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin. She moved to Iowa State University for her graduate studies, and earned her doctoral degree in 1993. After graduating Sinnott moved to the United States Naval Research Laboratory where she worked on surface chemistry.Sinnott's research involves the development of computational methods to understand the electronic and atomic structure of materials. Her computational models include continuum level modelling and fluid dynamics and take into account material behaviour at the nanoscale. She has investigated the formation and role of grain boundaries, dopants, defects and heterogeneous interfaces. Her research has considered perovskites, showing that the alignment or tilting of the perovskite oxygen cages impacts the materials properties. Sinnott has served as editor-in-chief of the scientific journal "Computational Materials Science" since 2014.Her awards include:Her publications include	[ "University of Florida", "Pennsylvania State University" ]
Which employer did Susan B. Sinnott work for in Jul, 2002?	July 05, 2002	{ "text": [ "University of Florida" ] }	L2_Q51083310_P108_1	Susan B. Sinnott works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000. Susan B. Sinnott works for University of Florida from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2015. Susan B. Sinnott works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.	Susan SinnottSusan Buthaina Sinnott is professor and head of materials science and engineering at Pennsylvania State University. Sinnott is a fellow of the Materials Research Society (MRS), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American Physical Society (APS). She has served as editor-in-chief of the journal "Computational Materials Science" since 2014.Sinnott studied chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin. She moved to Iowa State University for her graduate studies, and earned her doctoral degree in 1993. After graduating Sinnott moved to the United States Naval Research Laboratory where she worked on surface chemistry.Sinnott's research involves the development of computational methods to understand the electronic and atomic structure of materials. Her computational models include continuum level modelling and fluid dynamics and take into account material behaviour at the nanoscale. She has investigated the formation and role of grain boundaries, dopants, defects and heterogeneous interfaces. Her research has considered perovskites, showing that the alignment or tilting of the perovskite oxygen cages impacts the materials properties. Sinnott has served as editor-in-chief of the scientific journal "Computational Materials Science" since 2014.Her awards include:Her publications include	[ "Pennsylvania State University", "University of Kentucky" ]
Which employer did Susan B. Sinnott work for in Nov, 2016?	November 20, 2016	{ "text": [ "Pennsylvania State University" ] }	L2_Q51083310_P108_2	Susan B. Sinnott works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Susan B. Sinnott works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000. Susan B. Sinnott works for University of Florida from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2015.	Susan SinnottSusan Buthaina Sinnott is professor and head of materials science and engineering at Pennsylvania State University. Sinnott is a fellow of the Materials Research Society (MRS), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American Physical Society (APS). She has served as editor-in-chief of the journal "Computational Materials Science" since 2014.Sinnott studied chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin. She moved to Iowa State University for her graduate studies, and earned her doctoral degree in 1993. After graduating Sinnott moved to the United States Naval Research Laboratory where she worked on surface chemistry.Sinnott's research involves the development of computational methods to understand the electronic and atomic structure of materials. Her computational models include continuum level modelling and fluid dynamics and take into account material behaviour at the nanoscale. She has investigated the formation and role of grain boundaries, dopants, defects and heterogeneous interfaces. Her research has considered perovskites, showing that the alignment or tilting of the perovskite oxygen cages impacts the materials properties. Sinnott has served as editor-in-chief of the scientific journal "Computational Materials Science" since 2014.Her awards include:Her publications include	[ "University of Florida", "University of Kentucky" ]
Which employer did Vincent Ostrom work for in Nov, 1939?	November 27, 1939	{ "text": [ "State Bar of California" ] }	L2_Q7931988_P108_0	Vincent Ostrom works for University of Oregon from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1958. Vincent Ostrom works for State Bar of California from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1941. Vincent Ostrom works for Chaffey High School from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Wyoming from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948. Vincent Ostrom works for Indiana University Bloomington from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1990. Vincent Ostrom works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964.	Vincent OstromVincent Alfred Ostrom (September 25, 1919 – June 29, 2012) was an American political economist and the Founding Director of the Ostrom Workshop based at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He and his wife, the economist Elinor Ostrom, made numerous contributions to the field of political science, political economy, and public choice.The Ostroms made particular study of fragmentation theory, rational choice theory, federalism, common-pool resources and polycentrism in government. "The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization" published a special issue, "Polycentric Political Economy: A Festschrift for Elinor and Vincent Ostrom", as the proceedings of a 2003 conference held in their honor, at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University.Vincent Ostrom graduated from Mount Baker High School in Deming, Washington (1937), and attended Los Angeles City College (1938–1940). He received a B.A. in political science (1942) and a M.A (1945) from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received his Ph.D from UCLA in political science in 1950. He was married to Nobel Laureate and political scientist Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) from 1963 until her death, which occurred shortly before his own.Ostrom began working at Indiana University in 1964 as a Professor of Political Science and co-founded the university's Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis with his wife and colleague, Elinor Ostrom. The Ostrom Workshop is committed to the collaborative engagement of faculty, students, and scholars, with a mission of advancing "the interdisciplinary study of institutions, incentives, and behavior as they relate to policy-relevant applications." The Ostrom Workshop research focuses on polycentrism, common-pool resources, and the roles of self-governance and collective action. Earlier in his career, Ostrom had held faculty positions at the University of Wyoming, the University of Oregon, and UCLA. He was a key consultant to the Alaska Constitutional Convention (1955–56) in the drafting of the Natural Resource Article of the , which mandated that the state's resources were to be a public trust.Ostrom served on the editorial board for journals such as "American Political Science Review" (1957–1960), "Public Administration Review" (Editor-in-Chief, 1963–1966), "Publius: The Journal of Federalism" (1972–2005), "Constitutional Political Economy" (1989–present), and "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior" (1997–2006).Ostrom's work can be summarized as seeking to understand the decision-making process of individuals and the balance between group and individual interests. This study involves attention to what drives human behavior (altruism or self-interest), the effect of institutions and rules on individual and group behavior, and how institutions transform and are transformed by individuals.Ostrom co-developed (with Charles Tiebout and Robert Warren) and refined the concept of polycentricity in public administration – or multiple, formally independent decision-making centers within a system of government. He proposed that quasi-market conditions (i.e. competition) between decision centers would increase flexibility and responsiveness. In contrast to hierarchical frameworks, polycentrism removes government from the focal point of ultimate knowledge and authority.Ostrom was recognized for advancing rational choice theory and democratic administration not only as a means for understanding bureaucratic behavior and the provision of public services, but as a distinct theory of public administration. Rational choice theory of administration, Ostrom argued, provides a balance and foundation for public administration based on the democratic principles of the U.S. Constitution. In his 1973 book, "The Intellectual Crisis in Public Administration", Ostrom outlines his observation of a breaking down of the intellectual foundation of public administration as formulated by Woodrow Wilson, concisely, the concentration of power centers in government and the separation of the will of the state (policy) from administration. He noted increases in citizen involvement in decision processes and the broad diffusion of power. A democratic administration has a more heterogeneous, "bottom, up" character in contrast with ordered, trickle-down hierarchies. Ostrom considered the hierarchical order, accountable to a single center of power, less capable of serving the diverse needs among citizens and coping with diverse conditions, and less cost efficient than a polycentric administration. Fragmentation of authority among decision centers within a jurisdiction and the overlapping of jurisdictional authority are key to advancing human welfare and a stable political order.Ostrom was honored for his excellence and contributions to the field of public policy:Ostrom has written extensively on topics such as water usage policy, political economy, federalism, metropolitan government, and public choice. His list of publications include greater than 120 journal articles, chapters in books and proceedings, monographs, and books. A selection is noted below:	[ "Indiana University Bloomington", "Chaffey High School", "University of California, Los Angeles", "University of Oregon", "University of Wyoming" ]
Which employer did Vincent Ostrom work for in Feb, 1943?	February 20, 1943	{ "text": [ "Chaffey High School" ] }	L2_Q7931988_P108_1	Vincent Ostrom works for University of Oregon from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1958. Vincent Ostrom works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Wyoming from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948. Vincent Ostrom works for Indiana University Bloomington from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1990. Vincent Ostrom works for State Bar of California from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1941. Vincent Ostrom works for Chaffey High School from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.	Vincent OstromVincent Alfred Ostrom (September 25, 1919 – June 29, 2012) was an American political economist and the Founding Director of the Ostrom Workshop based at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He and his wife, the economist Elinor Ostrom, made numerous contributions to the field of political science, political economy, and public choice.The Ostroms made particular study of fragmentation theory, rational choice theory, federalism, common-pool resources and polycentrism in government. "The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization" published a special issue, "Polycentric Political Economy: A Festschrift for Elinor and Vincent Ostrom", as the proceedings of a 2003 conference held in their honor, at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University.Vincent Ostrom graduated from Mount Baker High School in Deming, Washington (1937), and attended Los Angeles City College (1938–1940). He received a B.A. in political science (1942) and a M.A (1945) from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received his Ph.D from UCLA in political science in 1950. He was married to Nobel Laureate and political scientist Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) from 1963 until her death, which occurred shortly before his own.Ostrom began working at Indiana University in 1964 as a Professor of Political Science and co-founded the university's Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis with his wife and colleague, Elinor Ostrom. The Ostrom Workshop is committed to the collaborative engagement of faculty, students, and scholars, with a mission of advancing "the interdisciplinary study of institutions, incentives, and behavior as they relate to policy-relevant applications." The Ostrom Workshop research focuses on polycentrism, common-pool resources, and the roles of self-governance and collective action. Earlier in his career, Ostrom had held faculty positions at the University of Wyoming, the University of Oregon, and UCLA. He was a key consultant to the Alaska Constitutional Convention (1955–56) in the drafting of the Natural Resource Article of the , which mandated that the state's resources were to be a public trust.Ostrom served on the editorial board for journals such as "American Political Science Review" (1957–1960), "Public Administration Review" (Editor-in-Chief, 1963–1966), "Publius: The Journal of Federalism" (1972–2005), "Constitutional Political Economy" (1989–present), and "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior" (1997–2006).Ostrom's work can be summarized as seeking to understand the decision-making process of individuals and the balance between group and individual interests. This study involves attention to what drives human behavior (altruism or self-interest), the effect of institutions and rules on individual and group behavior, and how institutions transform and are transformed by individuals.Ostrom co-developed (with Charles Tiebout and Robert Warren) and refined the concept of polycentricity in public administration – or multiple, formally independent decision-making centers within a system of government. He proposed that quasi-market conditions (i.e. competition) between decision centers would increase flexibility and responsiveness. In contrast to hierarchical frameworks, polycentrism removes government from the focal point of ultimate knowledge and authority.Ostrom was recognized for advancing rational choice theory and democratic administration not only as a means for understanding bureaucratic behavior and the provision of public services, but as a distinct theory of public administration. Rational choice theory of administration, Ostrom argued, provides a balance and foundation for public administration based on the democratic principles of the U.S. Constitution. In his 1973 book, "The Intellectual Crisis in Public Administration", Ostrom outlines his observation of a breaking down of the intellectual foundation of public administration as formulated by Woodrow Wilson, concisely, the concentration of power centers in government and the separation of the will of the state (policy) from administration. He noted increases in citizen involvement in decision processes and the broad diffusion of power. A democratic administration has a more heterogeneous, "bottom, up" character in contrast with ordered, trickle-down hierarchies. Ostrom considered the hierarchical order, accountable to a single center of power, less capable of serving the diverse needs among citizens and coping with diverse conditions, and less cost efficient than a polycentric administration. Fragmentation of authority among decision centers within a jurisdiction and the overlapping of jurisdictional authority are key to advancing human welfare and a stable political order.Ostrom was honored for his excellence and contributions to the field of public policy:Ostrom has written extensively on topics such as water usage policy, political economy, federalism, metropolitan government, and public choice. His list of publications include greater than 120 journal articles, chapters in books and proceedings, monographs, and books. A selection is noted below:	[ "State Bar of California", "Indiana University Bloomington", "University of Oregon", "University of California, Los Angeles", "University of Wyoming" ]
Which employer did Vincent Ostrom work for in Jun, 1946?	June 01, 1946	{ "text": [ "University of Wyoming" ] }	L2_Q7931988_P108_2	Vincent Ostrom works for University of Wyoming from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948. Vincent Ostrom works for State Bar of California from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1941. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Oregon from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1958. Vincent Ostrom works for Chaffey High School from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945. Vincent Ostrom works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964. Vincent Ostrom works for Indiana University Bloomington from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1990.	Vincent OstromVincent Alfred Ostrom (September 25, 1919 – June 29, 2012) was an American political economist and the Founding Director of the Ostrom Workshop based at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He and his wife, the economist Elinor Ostrom, made numerous contributions to the field of political science, political economy, and public choice.The Ostroms made particular study of fragmentation theory, rational choice theory, federalism, common-pool resources and polycentrism in government. "The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization" published a special issue, "Polycentric Political Economy: A Festschrift for Elinor and Vincent Ostrom", as the proceedings of a 2003 conference held in their honor, at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University.Vincent Ostrom graduated from Mount Baker High School in Deming, Washington (1937), and attended Los Angeles City College (1938–1940). He received a B.A. in political science (1942) and a M.A (1945) from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received his Ph.D from UCLA in political science in 1950. He was married to Nobel Laureate and political scientist Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) from 1963 until her death, which occurred shortly before his own.Ostrom began working at Indiana University in 1964 as a Professor of Political Science and co-founded the university's Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis with his wife and colleague, Elinor Ostrom. The Ostrom Workshop is committed to the collaborative engagement of faculty, students, and scholars, with a mission of advancing "the interdisciplinary study of institutions, incentives, and behavior as they relate to policy-relevant applications." The Ostrom Workshop research focuses on polycentrism, common-pool resources, and the roles of self-governance and collective action. Earlier in his career, Ostrom had held faculty positions at the University of Wyoming, the University of Oregon, and UCLA. He was a key consultant to the Alaska Constitutional Convention (1955–56) in the drafting of the Natural Resource Article of the , which mandated that the state's resources were to be a public trust.Ostrom served on the editorial board for journals such as "American Political Science Review" (1957–1960), "Public Administration Review" (Editor-in-Chief, 1963–1966), "Publius: The Journal of Federalism" (1972–2005), "Constitutional Political Economy" (1989–present), and "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior" (1997–2006).Ostrom's work can be summarized as seeking to understand the decision-making process of individuals and the balance between group and individual interests. This study involves attention to what drives human behavior (altruism or self-interest), the effect of institutions and rules on individual and group behavior, and how institutions transform and are transformed by individuals.Ostrom co-developed (with Charles Tiebout and Robert Warren) and refined the concept of polycentricity in public administration – or multiple, formally independent decision-making centers within a system of government. He proposed that quasi-market conditions (i.e. competition) between decision centers would increase flexibility and responsiveness. In contrast to hierarchical frameworks, polycentrism removes government from the focal point of ultimate knowledge and authority.Ostrom was recognized for advancing rational choice theory and democratic administration not only as a means for understanding bureaucratic behavior and the provision of public services, but as a distinct theory of public administration. Rational choice theory of administration, Ostrom argued, provides a balance and foundation for public administration based on the democratic principles of the U.S. Constitution. In his 1973 book, "The Intellectual Crisis in Public Administration", Ostrom outlines his observation of a breaking down of the intellectual foundation of public administration as formulated by Woodrow Wilson, concisely, the concentration of power centers in government and the separation of the will of the state (policy) from administration. He noted increases in citizen involvement in decision processes and the broad diffusion of power. A democratic administration has a more heterogeneous, "bottom, up" character in contrast with ordered, trickle-down hierarchies. Ostrom considered the hierarchical order, accountable to a single center of power, less capable of serving the diverse needs among citizens and coping with diverse conditions, and less cost efficient than a polycentric administration. Fragmentation of authority among decision centers within a jurisdiction and the overlapping of jurisdictional authority are key to advancing human welfare and a stable political order.Ostrom was honored for his excellence and contributions to the field of public policy:Ostrom has written extensively on topics such as water usage policy, political economy, federalism, metropolitan government, and public choice. His list of publications include greater than 120 journal articles, chapters in books and proceedings, monographs, and books. A selection is noted below:	[ "State Bar of California", "Indiana University Bloomington", "Chaffey High School", "University of California, Los Angeles", "University of Oregon" ]
Which employer did Vincent Ostrom work for in Jul, 1951?	July 02, 1951	{ "text": [ "University of Oregon" ] }	L2_Q7931988_P108_3	Vincent Ostrom works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Oregon from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1958. Vincent Ostrom works for Indiana University Bloomington from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1990. Vincent Ostrom works for State Bar of California from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1941. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Wyoming from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948. Vincent Ostrom works for Chaffey High School from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.	Vincent OstromVincent Alfred Ostrom (September 25, 1919 – June 29, 2012) was an American political economist and the Founding Director of the Ostrom Workshop based at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He and his wife, the economist Elinor Ostrom, made numerous contributions to the field of political science, political economy, and public choice.The Ostroms made particular study of fragmentation theory, rational choice theory, federalism, common-pool resources and polycentrism in government. "The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization" published a special issue, "Polycentric Political Economy: A Festschrift for Elinor and Vincent Ostrom", as the proceedings of a 2003 conference held in their honor, at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University.Vincent Ostrom graduated from Mount Baker High School in Deming, Washington (1937), and attended Los Angeles City College (1938–1940). He received a B.A. in political science (1942) and a M.A (1945) from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received his Ph.D from UCLA in political science in 1950. He was married to Nobel Laureate and political scientist Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) from 1963 until her death, which occurred shortly before his own.Ostrom began working at Indiana University in 1964 as a Professor of Political Science and co-founded the university's Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis with his wife and colleague, Elinor Ostrom. The Ostrom Workshop is committed to the collaborative engagement of faculty, students, and scholars, with a mission of advancing "the interdisciplinary study of institutions, incentives, and behavior as they relate to policy-relevant applications." The Ostrom Workshop research focuses on polycentrism, common-pool resources, and the roles of self-governance and collective action. Earlier in his career, Ostrom had held faculty positions at the University of Wyoming, the University of Oregon, and UCLA. He was a key consultant to the Alaska Constitutional Convention (1955–56) in the drafting of the Natural Resource Article of the , which mandated that the state's resources were to be a public trust.Ostrom served on the editorial board for journals such as "American Political Science Review" (1957–1960), "Public Administration Review" (Editor-in-Chief, 1963–1966), "Publius: The Journal of Federalism" (1972–2005), "Constitutional Political Economy" (1989–present), and "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior" (1997–2006).Ostrom's work can be summarized as seeking to understand the decision-making process of individuals and the balance between group and individual interests. This study involves attention to what drives human behavior (altruism or self-interest), the effect of institutions and rules on individual and group behavior, and how institutions transform and are transformed by individuals.Ostrom co-developed (with Charles Tiebout and Robert Warren) and refined the concept of polycentricity in public administration – or multiple, formally independent decision-making centers within a system of government. He proposed that quasi-market conditions (i.e. competition) between decision centers would increase flexibility and responsiveness. In contrast to hierarchical frameworks, polycentrism removes government from the focal point of ultimate knowledge and authority.Ostrom was recognized for advancing rational choice theory and democratic administration not only as a means for understanding bureaucratic behavior and the provision of public services, but as a distinct theory of public administration. Rational choice theory of administration, Ostrom argued, provides a balance and foundation for public administration based on the democratic principles of the U.S. Constitution. In his 1973 book, "The Intellectual Crisis in Public Administration", Ostrom outlines his observation of a breaking down of the intellectual foundation of public administration as formulated by Woodrow Wilson, concisely, the concentration of power centers in government and the separation of the will of the state (policy) from administration. He noted increases in citizen involvement in decision processes and the broad diffusion of power. A democratic administration has a more heterogeneous, "bottom, up" character in contrast with ordered, trickle-down hierarchies. Ostrom considered the hierarchical order, accountable to a single center of power, less capable of serving the diverse needs among citizens and coping with diverse conditions, and less cost efficient than a polycentric administration. Fragmentation of authority among decision centers within a jurisdiction and the overlapping of jurisdictional authority are key to advancing human welfare and a stable political order.Ostrom was honored for his excellence and contributions to the field of public policy:Ostrom has written extensively on topics such as water usage policy, political economy, federalism, metropolitan government, and public choice. His list of publications include greater than 120 journal articles, chapters in books and proceedings, monographs, and books. A selection is noted below:	[ "State Bar of California", "Indiana University Bloomington", "Chaffey High School", "University of California, Los Angeles", "University of Wyoming" ]
Which employer did Vincent Ostrom work for in Aug, 1963?	August 27, 1963	{ "text": [ "University of California, Los Angeles" ] }	L2_Q7931988_P108_4	Vincent Ostrom works for Chaffey High School from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945. Vincent Ostrom works for State Bar of California from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1941. Vincent Ostrom works for Indiana University Bloomington from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1990. Vincent Ostrom works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Oregon from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1958. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Wyoming from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948.	Vincent OstromVincent Alfred Ostrom (September 25, 1919 – June 29, 2012) was an American political economist and the Founding Director of the Ostrom Workshop based at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He and his wife, the economist Elinor Ostrom, made numerous contributions to the field of political science, political economy, and public choice.The Ostroms made particular study of fragmentation theory, rational choice theory, federalism, common-pool resources and polycentrism in government. "The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization" published a special issue, "Polycentric Political Economy: A Festschrift for Elinor and Vincent Ostrom", as the proceedings of a 2003 conference held in their honor, at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University.Vincent Ostrom graduated from Mount Baker High School in Deming, Washington (1937), and attended Los Angeles City College (1938–1940). He received a B.A. in political science (1942) and a M.A (1945) from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received his Ph.D from UCLA in political science in 1950. He was married to Nobel Laureate and political scientist Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) from 1963 until her death, which occurred shortly before his own.Ostrom began working at Indiana University in 1964 as a Professor of Political Science and co-founded the university's Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis with his wife and colleague, Elinor Ostrom. The Ostrom Workshop is committed to the collaborative engagement of faculty, students, and scholars, with a mission of advancing "the interdisciplinary study of institutions, incentives, and behavior as they relate to policy-relevant applications." The Ostrom Workshop research focuses on polycentrism, common-pool resources, and the roles of self-governance and collective action. Earlier in his career, Ostrom had held faculty positions at the University of Wyoming, the University of Oregon, and UCLA. He was a key consultant to the Alaska Constitutional Convention (1955–56) in the drafting of the Natural Resource Article of the , which mandated that the state's resources were to be a public trust.Ostrom served on the editorial board for journals such as "American Political Science Review" (1957–1960), "Public Administration Review" (Editor-in-Chief, 1963–1966), "Publius: The Journal of Federalism" (1972–2005), "Constitutional Political Economy" (1989–present), and "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior" (1997–2006).Ostrom's work can be summarized as seeking to understand the decision-making process of individuals and the balance between group and individual interests. This study involves attention to what drives human behavior (altruism or self-interest), the effect of institutions and rules on individual and group behavior, and how institutions transform and are transformed by individuals.Ostrom co-developed (with Charles Tiebout and Robert Warren) and refined the concept of polycentricity in public administration – or multiple, formally independent decision-making centers within a system of government. He proposed that quasi-market conditions (i.e. competition) between decision centers would increase flexibility and responsiveness. In contrast to hierarchical frameworks, polycentrism removes government from the focal point of ultimate knowledge and authority.Ostrom was recognized for advancing rational choice theory and democratic administration not only as a means for understanding bureaucratic behavior and the provision of public services, but as a distinct theory of public administration. Rational choice theory of administration, Ostrom argued, provides a balance and foundation for public administration based on the democratic principles of the U.S. Constitution. In his 1973 book, "The Intellectual Crisis in Public Administration", Ostrom outlines his observation of a breaking down of the intellectual foundation of public administration as formulated by Woodrow Wilson, concisely, the concentration of power centers in government and the separation of the will of the state (policy) from administration. He noted increases in citizen involvement in decision processes and the broad diffusion of power. A democratic administration has a more heterogeneous, "bottom, up" character in contrast with ordered, trickle-down hierarchies. Ostrom considered the hierarchical order, accountable to a single center of power, less capable of serving the diverse needs among citizens and coping with diverse conditions, and less cost efficient than a polycentric administration. Fragmentation of authority among decision centers within a jurisdiction and the overlapping of jurisdictional authority are key to advancing human welfare and a stable political order.Ostrom was honored for his excellence and contributions to the field of public policy:Ostrom has written extensively on topics such as water usage policy, political economy, federalism, metropolitan government, and public choice. His list of publications include greater than 120 journal articles, chapters in books and proceedings, monographs, and books. A selection is noted below:	[ "State Bar of California", "Indiana University Bloomington", "Chaffey High School", "University of Oregon", "University of Wyoming" ]
Which employer did Vincent Ostrom work for in Dec, 1978?	December 11, 1978	{ "text": [ "Indiana University Bloomington" ] }	L2_Q7931988_P108_5	Vincent Ostrom works for State Bar of California from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1941. Vincent Ostrom works for University of California, Los Angeles from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1964. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Oregon from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1958. Vincent Ostrom works for Chaffey High School from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945. Vincent Ostrom works for University of Wyoming from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1948. Vincent Ostrom works for Indiana University Bloomington from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1990.	Vincent OstromVincent Alfred Ostrom (September 25, 1919 – June 29, 2012) was an American political economist and the Founding Director of the Ostrom Workshop based at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He and his wife, the economist Elinor Ostrom, made numerous contributions to the field of political science, political economy, and public choice.The Ostroms made particular study of fragmentation theory, rational choice theory, federalism, common-pool resources and polycentrism in government. "The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization" published a special issue, "Polycentric Political Economy: A Festschrift for Elinor and Vincent Ostrom", as the proceedings of a 2003 conference held in their honor, at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University.Vincent Ostrom graduated from Mount Baker High School in Deming, Washington (1937), and attended Los Angeles City College (1938–1940). He received a B.A. in political science (1942) and a M.A (1945) from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received his Ph.D from UCLA in political science in 1950. He was married to Nobel Laureate and political scientist Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) from 1963 until her death, which occurred shortly before his own.Ostrom began working at Indiana University in 1964 as a Professor of Political Science and co-founded the university's Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis with his wife and colleague, Elinor Ostrom. The Ostrom Workshop is committed to the collaborative engagement of faculty, students, and scholars, with a mission of advancing "the interdisciplinary study of institutions, incentives, and behavior as they relate to policy-relevant applications." The Ostrom Workshop research focuses on polycentrism, common-pool resources, and the roles of self-governance and collective action. Earlier in his career, Ostrom had held faculty positions at the University of Wyoming, the University of Oregon, and UCLA. He was a key consultant to the Alaska Constitutional Convention (1955–56) in the drafting of the Natural Resource Article of the , which mandated that the state's resources were to be a public trust.Ostrom served on the editorial board for journals such as "American Political Science Review" (1957–1960), "Public Administration Review" (Editor-in-Chief, 1963–1966), "Publius: The Journal of Federalism" (1972–2005), "Constitutional Political Economy" (1989–present), and "International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior" (1997–2006).Ostrom's work can be summarized as seeking to understand the decision-making process of individuals and the balance between group and individual interests. This study involves attention to what drives human behavior (altruism or self-interest), the effect of institutions and rules on individual and group behavior, and how institutions transform and are transformed by individuals.Ostrom co-developed (with Charles Tiebout and Robert Warren) and refined the concept of polycentricity in public administration – or multiple, formally independent decision-making centers within a system of government. He proposed that quasi-market conditions (i.e. competition) between decision centers would increase flexibility and responsiveness. In contrast to hierarchical frameworks, polycentrism removes government from the focal point of ultimate knowledge and authority.Ostrom was recognized for advancing rational choice theory and democratic administration not only as a means for understanding bureaucratic behavior and the provision of public services, but as a distinct theory of public administration. Rational choice theory of administration, Ostrom argued, provides a balance and foundation for public administration based on the democratic principles of the U.S. Constitution. In his 1973 book, "The Intellectual Crisis in Public Administration", Ostrom outlines his observation of a breaking down of the intellectual foundation of public administration as formulated by Woodrow Wilson, concisely, the concentration of power centers in government and the separation of the will of the state (policy) from administration. He noted increases in citizen involvement in decision processes and the broad diffusion of power. A democratic administration has a more heterogeneous, "bottom, up" character in contrast with ordered, trickle-down hierarchies. Ostrom considered the hierarchical order, accountable to a single center of power, less capable of serving the diverse needs among citizens and coping with diverse conditions, and less cost efficient than a polycentric administration. Fragmentation of authority among decision centers within a jurisdiction and the overlapping of jurisdictional authority are key to advancing human welfare and a stable political order.Ostrom was honored for his excellence and contributions to the field of public policy:Ostrom has written extensively on topics such as water usage policy, political economy, federalism, metropolitan government, and public choice. His list of publications include greater than 120 journal articles, chapters in books and proceedings, monographs, and books. A selection is noted below:	[ "State Bar of California", "Chaffey High School", "University of California, Los Angeles", "University of Oregon", "University of Wyoming" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Jul, 1989?	July 02, 1989	{ "text": [ "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_0	Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Nov, 1991?	November 19, 1991	{ "text": [ "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_1	Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Apr, 1993?	April 12, 1993	{ "text": [ "Italy national under-21 football team" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_2	Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in May, 1994?	May 27, 1994	{ "text": [ "Genoa CFC" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_3	Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Aug, 1997?	August 09, 1997	{ "text": [ "Piacenza Calcio" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_4	Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Oct, 2002?	October 01, 2002	{ "text": [ "Torino F.C." ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_5	Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Jan, 2003?	January 18, 2003	{ "text": [ "Robur Siena", "Torino F.C." ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_6	Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Jun, 2004?	June 17, 2004	{ "text": [ "ACF Fiorentina" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_7	Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Oct, 2005?	October 13, 2005	{ "text": [ "Delfino Pescara 1936" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_8	Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Calcio Foggia 1920", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Jun, 2007?	June 01, 2007	{ "text": [ "Calcio Foggia 1920" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_9	Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Jan, 2008?	January 01, 2008	{ "text": [ "Calcio Foggia 1920", "S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924" ] }	L2_Q3701942_P54_10	Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996. Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.	Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.	[ "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936", "Robur Siena", "A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913", "Italy national under-21 football team", "Genoa CFC", "Torino F.C.", "S.S.D. Lucchese 1905", "ACF Fiorentina", "Piacenza Calcio", "Delfino Pescara 1936" ]
Where was Walter Ledermann educated in Nov, 1919?	November 18, 1919	{ "text": [ "Köllnisches Gymnasium" ] }	L2_Q2545334_P69_0	Walter Ledermann attended University of St Andrews from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1936. Walter Ledermann attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1933. Walter Ledermann attended Köllnisches Gymnasium from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.	Walter LedermannWalter Ledermann FRSE (18 March 1911, Berlin, Germany – 22 May 2009, London, England) was a German and British mathematician who worked on matrix theory, group theory, homological algebra, number theory, statistics, and stochastic processes. He was elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1944.Ledermann studied at the Köllnisches Gymnasium and Leibniz Gymnasium in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1928 at the age of 17. He went on to study at the University of Berlin, but due to the rise of Hitler and antisemitism, was forced to flee Germany shortly after he completed his undergraduate studies in 1934. Through the International Student Service in Geneva, he was able to obtain a scholarship to study at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. His doctoral work at St Andrews was supervised by Herbert Turnbull. He was awarded his PhD in 1936. Whilst working at the University of Edinburgh with Professor Sir Godfrey Thomson, Ledermann was granted a DSc in 1940 for his work with Thomson on intelligence testing.He taught at the universities of Dundee, St Andrews, Manchester, and finally Sussex. At Sussex, Ledermann was appointed professor in 1965, where he continued to teach until he was 89. He wrote various mathematics textbooks.	[ "University of St Andrews", "Frederick William University" ]
Where was Walter Ledermann educated in Jan, 1929?	January 04, 1929	{ "text": [ "Frederick William University" ] }	L2_Q2545334_P69_1	Walter Ledermann attended University of St Andrews from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1936. Walter Ledermann attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1933. Walter Ledermann attended Köllnisches Gymnasium from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920.	Walter LedermannWalter Ledermann FRSE (18 March 1911, Berlin, Germany – 22 May 2009, London, England) was a German and British mathematician who worked on matrix theory, group theory, homological algebra, number theory, statistics, and stochastic processes. He was elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1944.Ledermann studied at the Köllnisches Gymnasium and Leibniz Gymnasium in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1928 at the age of 17. He went on to study at the University of Berlin, but due to the rise of Hitler and antisemitism, was forced to flee Germany shortly after he completed his undergraduate studies in 1934. Through the International Student Service in Geneva, he was able to obtain a scholarship to study at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. His doctoral work at St Andrews was supervised by Herbert Turnbull. He was awarded his PhD in 1936. Whilst working at the University of Edinburgh with Professor Sir Godfrey Thomson, Ledermann was granted a DSc in 1940 for his work with Thomson on intelligence testing.He taught at the universities of Dundee, St Andrews, Manchester, and finally Sussex. At Sussex, Ledermann was appointed professor in 1965, where he continued to teach until he was 89. He wrote various mathematics textbooks.	[ "University of St Andrews", "Köllnisches Gymnasium" ]
Where was Walter Ledermann educated in Jul, 1934?	July 09, 1934	{ "text": [ "University of St Andrews" ] }	L2_Q2545334_P69_2	Walter Ledermann attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1933. Walter Ledermann attended Köllnisches Gymnasium from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1920. Walter Ledermann attended University of St Andrews from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1936.	Walter LedermannWalter Ledermann FRSE (18 March 1911, Berlin, Germany – 22 May 2009, London, England) was a German and British mathematician who worked on matrix theory, group theory, homological algebra, number theory, statistics, and stochastic processes. He was elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1944.Ledermann studied at the Köllnisches Gymnasium and Leibniz Gymnasium in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1928 at the age of 17. He went on to study at the University of Berlin, but due to the rise of Hitler and antisemitism, was forced to flee Germany shortly after he completed his undergraduate studies in 1934. Through the International Student Service in Geneva, he was able to obtain a scholarship to study at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. His doctoral work at St Andrews was supervised by Herbert Turnbull. He was awarded his PhD in 1936. Whilst working at the University of Edinburgh with Professor Sir Godfrey Thomson, Ledermann was granted a DSc in 1940 for his work with Thomson on intelligence testing.He taught at the universities of Dundee, St Andrews, Manchester, and finally Sussex. At Sussex, Ledermann was appointed professor in 1965, where he continued to teach until he was 89. He wrote various mathematics textbooks.	[ "Köllnisches Gymnasium", "Frederick William University" ]
Who was the head of Mühldorf am Inn in Jun, 1957?	June 11, 1957	{ "text": [ "Hans Gollwitzer" ] }	L2_Q502615_P6_0	Marianne Zollner is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Apr, 2014 to Apr, 2020. Michael Hetzl is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Günther Knoblauch is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2013. Josef Federer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1990. Hans Gollwitzer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1966.	MühldorfMühldorf am Inn is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the district Mühldorf on the river Inn. It is located at , and had a population of about 17,808 in 2005.During the Middle Ages, the town and castle were an alod of the Luchen family. On 28 October 1287, Rapoto Luchen announced that he had entered an agreement with Archbishop Rudolph of Salzburg to hand over the alod, become the archbishop's ministerialis, and thereafter run the lands as a fief of the Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg.On 28 September 1322, the decisive Battle of Mühldorf was fought here between Bavaria and Salzburg. Before the battle, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg knighted several of the burghers of the town.In 1802, Mühldorf became part of Bavaria.During World War II, it was the site of the Mühldorf concentration camp complex. Several Allied air raids directed at the area were designed to target the rail links into Munich and disrupt the transportation of materiel from the "Innwerk" industrial park in Töging am Inn. Around 44 U.S. Air personnel are thought to have perished during the return flight following one of these raids. Civilian casualties are believed to be much higher due to many aircraft crews being unable to identify their primary objectives.Freed, John B. "Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100-1343". (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995)	[ "Michael Hetzl", "Josef Federer", "Marianne Zollner", "Günther Knoblauch" ]
Who was the head of Mühldorf am Inn in Jul, 1976?	July 15, 1976	{ "text": [ "Josef Federer" ] }	L2_Q502615_P6_1	Josef Federer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1990. Michael Hetzl is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Günther Knoblauch is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2013. Hans Gollwitzer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1966. Marianne Zollner is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Apr, 2014 to Apr, 2020.	MühldorfMühldorf am Inn is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the district Mühldorf on the river Inn. It is located at , and had a population of about 17,808 in 2005.During the Middle Ages, the town and castle were an alod of the Luchen family. On 28 October 1287, Rapoto Luchen announced that he had entered an agreement with Archbishop Rudolph of Salzburg to hand over the alod, become the archbishop's ministerialis, and thereafter run the lands as a fief of the Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg.On 28 September 1322, the decisive Battle of Mühldorf was fought here between Bavaria and Salzburg. Before the battle, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg knighted several of the burghers of the town.In 1802, Mühldorf became part of Bavaria.During World War II, it was the site of the Mühldorf concentration camp complex. Several Allied air raids directed at the area were designed to target the rail links into Munich and disrupt the transportation of materiel from the "Innwerk" industrial park in Töging am Inn. Around 44 U.S. Air personnel are thought to have perished during the return flight following one of these raids. Civilian casualties are believed to be much higher due to many aircraft crews being unable to identify their primary objectives.Freed, John B. "Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100-1343". (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995)	[ "Michael Hetzl", "Hans Gollwitzer", "Marianne Zollner", "Günther Knoblauch" ]
Who was the head of Mühldorf am Inn in May, 2010?	May 30, 2010	{ "text": [ "Günther Knoblauch" ] }	L2_Q502615_P6_2	Hans Gollwitzer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1966. Günther Knoblauch is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2013. Michael Hetzl is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Marianne Zollner is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Apr, 2014 to Apr, 2020. Josef Federer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1990.	MühldorfMühldorf am Inn is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the district Mühldorf on the river Inn. It is located at , and had a population of about 17,808 in 2005.During the Middle Ages, the town and castle were an alod of the Luchen family. On 28 October 1287, Rapoto Luchen announced that he had entered an agreement with Archbishop Rudolph of Salzburg to hand over the alod, become the archbishop's ministerialis, and thereafter run the lands as a fief of the Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg.On 28 September 1322, the decisive Battle of Mühldorf was fought here between Bavaria and Salzburg. Before the battle, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg knighted several of the burghers of the town.In 1802, Mühldorf became part of Bavaria.During World War II, it was the site of the Mühldorf concentration camp complex. Several Allied air raids directed at the area were designed to target the rail links into Munich and disrupt the transportation of materiel from the "Innwerk" industrial park in Töging am Inn. Around 44 U.S. Air personnel are thought to have perished during the return flight following one of these raids. Civilian casualties are believed to be much higher due to many aircraft crews being unable to identify their primary objectives.Freed, John B. "Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100-1343". (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995)	[ "Michael Hetzl", "Josef Federer", "Marianne Zollner", "Hans Gollwitzer" ]
Who was the head of Mühldorf am Inn in Nov, 2014?	November 15, 2014	{ "text": [ "Marianne Zollner" ] }	L2_Q502615_P6_3	Josef Federer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1990. Hans Gollwitzer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1966. Günther Knoblauch is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2013. Marianne Zollner is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Apr, 2014 to Apr, 2020. Michael Hetzl is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	MühldorfMühldorf am Inn is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the district Mühldorf on the river Inn. It is located at , and had a population of about 17,808 in 2005.During the Middle Ages, the town and castle were an alod of the Luchen family. On 28 October 1287, Rapoto Luchen announced that he had entered an agreement with Archbishop Rudolph of Salzburg to hand over the alod, become the archbishop's ministerialis, and thereafter run the lands as a fief of the Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg.On 28 September 1322, the decisive Battle of Mühldorf was fought here between Bavaria and Salzburg. Before the battle, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg knighted several of the burghers of the town.In 1802, Mühldorf became part of Bavaria.During World War II, it was the site of the Mühldorf concentration camp complex. Several Allied air raids directed at the area were designed to target the rail links into Munich and disrupt the transportation of materiel from the "Innwerk" industrial park in Töging am Inn. Around 44 U.S. Air personnel are thought to have perished during the return flight following one of these raids. Civilian casualties are believed to be much higher due to many aircraft crews being unable to identify their primary objectives.Freed, John B. "Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100-1343". (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995)	[ "Michael Hetzl", "Josef Federer", "Günther Knoblauch", "Hans Gollwitzer" ]
Who was the head of Mühldorf am Inn in Dec, 2022?	December 11, 2022	{ "text": [ "Michael Hetzl" ] }	L2_Q502615_P6_4	Marianne Zollner is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Apr, 2014 to Apr, 2020. Günther Knoblauch is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2013. Michael Hetzl is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Hans Gollwitzer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1966. Josef Federer is the head of the government of Mühldorf am Inn from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1990.	MühldorfMühldorf am Inn is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the district Mühldorf on the river Inn. It is located at , and had a population of about 17,808 in 2005.During the Middle Ages, the town and castle were an alod of the Luchen family. On 28 October 1287, Rapoto Luchen announced that he had entered an agreement with Archbishop Rudolph of Salzburg to hand over the alod, become the archbishop's ministerialis, and thereafter run the lands as a fief of the Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg.On 28 September 1322, the decisive Battle of Mühldorf was fought here between Bavaria and Salzburg. Before the battle, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg knighted several of the burghers of the town.In 1802, Mühldorf became part of Bavaria.During World War II, it was the site of the Mühldorf concentration camp complex. Several Allied air raids directed at the area were designed to target the rail links into Munich and disrupt the transportation of materiel from the "Innwerk" industrial park in Töging am Inn. Around 44 U.S. Air personnel are thought to have perished during the return flight following one of these raids. Civilian casualties are believed to be much higher due to many aircraft crews being unable to identify their primary objectives.Freed, John B. "Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100-1343". (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995)	[ "Josef Federer", "Marianne Zollner", "Hans Gollwitzer", "Günther Knoblauch" ]
Which employer did Annechien Steenhuizen work for in Apr, 2000?	April 03, 2000	{ "text": [ "RTL Nieuws" ] }	L2_Q2005451_P108_0	Annechien Steenhuizen works for Nederlandse Omroep Stichting from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022. Annechien Steenhuizen works for RTL Nieuws from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002. Annechien Steenhuizen works for RTV Utrecht from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.	Annechien SteenhuizenAnnechien Steenhuizen (born 12 May 1977) is a Dutch journalist, reporter and television presenter. Since 2013, she is one of the two permanent presenters of the eight o'clock news of the NOS Journaal.Steenhuizen was born on 12 May 1977 in Amersfoort. She grew up in Scherpenzeel and from the age of ten she lived in Doorn, where she completed her secondary education at the Revius Lyceum. She attended the School for Journalism in Utrecht from 1995 to 1999.After her study Journalism, Steenhuizen started at RTL Nieuws. She worked for more than three years on the editorial staff of 5 in the Land and RTL Nieuwsmagazine, the predecessor of Editie NL.In June 2002 she started at Radio M Utrecht as a reporter. Not long after that, Steenhuizen was also allowed to do television work. A few times a month she presented the Bureau Hengeveld program, the investigation program of Regio TV Utrecht. In April 2005 she presented the news magazine U Today together with Conny Kraaijeveld, Hilde Kuiper and later also with Evelien de Bruijn. She also continued to do live radio coverage and was the permanent substitute presenter of the radio program Aan Tafel.From 1 March 2008, Steenhuizen worked for a year on the VARA program De Wereld Draait Door as one of the "Jackals".In March 2009 she became one of the regular presenters of the NOS Journaal on 3, later NOS op 3, and on 29 September, she presented the NOS Journaal for the first time at 10 pm. Since 1 November 2011 Steenhuizen has been one of the regular presenters on the NOS Journaal. She mainly presented daily newsreels and was a substitute for the Zesuurjournaal, Nieuwsuur and the late news. Steenhuizen presented Nieuwsuur and the late news for the first time on 13 March 2013. In addition, she presented an extra newsreel about the election of Pope Francis at 7 pm. On 13 May, she succeeded Sacha de Boer on the eight o'clock news. Annechien presents during the odd week numbers and Rob Trip during the even week numbers.Steenhuizen has a partner and two children.	[ "Nederlandse Omroep Stichting", "RTV Utrecht" ]
Which employer did Annechien Steenhuizen work for in Dec, 2005?	December 18, 2005	{ "text": [ "RTV Utrecht" ] }	L2_Q2005451_P108_1	Annechien Steenhuizen works for Nederlandse Omroep Stichting from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022. Annechien Steenhuizen works for RTV Utrecht from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008. Annechien Steenhuizen works for RTL Nieuws from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.	Annechien SteenhuizenAnnechien Steenhuizen (born 12 May 1977) is a Dutch journalist, reporter and television presenter. Since 2013, she is one of the two permanent presenters of the eight o'clock news of the NOS Journaal.Steenhuizen was born on 12 May 1977 in Amersfoort. She grew up in Scherpenzeel and from the age of ten she lived in Doorn, where she completed her secondary education at the Revius Lyceum. She attended the School for Journalism in Utrecht from 1995 to 1999.After her study Journalism, Steenhuizen started at RTL Nieuws. She worked for more than three years on the editorial staff of 5 in the Land and RTL Nieuwsmagazine, the predecessor of Editie NL.In June 2002 she started at Radio M Utrecht as a reporter. Not long after that, Steenhuizen was also allowed to do television work. A few times a month she presented the Bureau Hengeveld program, the investigation program of Regio TV Utrecht. In April 2005 she presented the news magazine U Today together with Conny Kraaijeveld, Hilde Kuiper and later also with Evelien de Bruijn. She also continued to do live radio coverage and was the permanent substitute presenter of the radio program Aan Tafel.From 1 March 2008, Steenhuizen worked for a year on the VARA program De Wereld Draait Door as one of the "Jackals".In March 2009 she became one of the regular presenters of the NOS Journaal on 3, later NOS op 3, and on 29 September, she presented the NOS Journaal for the first time at 10 pm. Since 1 November 2011 Steenhuizen has been one of the regular presenters on the NOS Journaal. She mainly presented daily newsreels and was a substitute for the Zesuurjournaal, Nieuwsuur and the late news. Steenhuizen presented Nieuwsuur and the late news for the first time on 13 March 2013. In addition, she presented an extra newsreel about the election of Pope Francis at 7 pm. On 13 May, she succeeded Sacha de Boer on the eight o'clock news. Annechien presents during the odd week numbers and Rob Trip during the even week numbers.Steenhuizen has a partner and two children.	[ "RTL Nieuws", "Nederlandse Omroep Stichting" ]
Which employer did Annechien Steenhuizen work for in May, 2019?	May 26, 2019	{ "text": [ "Nederlandse Omroep Stichting" ] }	L2_Q2005451_P108_2	Annechien Steenhuizen works for RTV Utrecht from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008. Annechien Steenhuizen works for RTL Nieuws from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002. Annechien Steenhuizen works for Nederlandse Omroep Stichting from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.	Annechien SteenhuizenAnnechien Steenhuizen (born 12 May 1977) is a Dutch journalist, reporter and television presenter. Since 2013, she is one of the two permanent presenters of the eight o'clock news of the NOS Journaal.Steenhuizen was born on 12 May 1977 in Amersfoort. She grew up in Scherpenzeel and from the age of ten she lived in Doorn, where she completed her secondary education at the Revius Lyceum. She attended the School for Journalism in Utrecht from 1995 to 1999.After her study Journalism, Steenhuizen started at RTL Nieuws. She worked for more than three years on the editorial staff of 5 in the Land and RTL Nieuwsmagazine, the predecessor of Editie NL.In June 2002 she started at Radio M Utrecht as a reporter. Not long after that, Steenhuizen was also allowed to do television work. A few times a month she presented the Bureau Hengeveld program, the investigation program of Regio TV Utrecht. In April 2005 she presented the news magazine U Today together with Conny Kraaijeveld, Hilde Kuiper and later also with Evelien de Bruijn. She also continued to do live radio coverage and was the permanent substitute presenter of the radio program Aan Tafel.From 1 March 2008, Steenhuizen worked for a year on the VARA program De Wereld Draait Door as one of the "Jackals".In March 2009 she became one of the regular presenters of the NOS Journaal on 3, later NOS op 3, and on 29 September, she presented the NOS Journaal for the first time at 10 pm. Since 1 November 2011 Steenhuizen has been one of the regular presenters on the NOS Journaal. She mainly presented daily newsreels and was a substitute for the Zesuurjournaal, Nieuwsuur and the late news. Steenhuizen presented Nieuwsuur and the late news for the first time on 13 March 2013. In addition, she presented an extra newsreel about the election of Pope Francis at 7 pm. On 13 May, she succeeded Sacha de Boer on the eight o'clock news. Annechien presents during the odd week numbers and Rob Trip during the even week numbers.Steenhuizen has a partner and two children.	[ "RTL Nieuws", "RTV Utrecht" ]
Which team did Moaz El-Henawy play for in Mar, 2008?	March 11, 2008	{ "text": [ "Egypt national under-20 football team", "Al Ahly SC" ] }	L2_Q6886529_P54_0	Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national football team from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for El Makasa from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Ahly SC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national under-20 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Masry SC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.	Moaz El HenawyMoaz El-Henawy () (born 29 January 1990) is an Egyptian footballer. He currently plays as a defender for the Egyptian Premier League club Aswan SC. Moaz was the Egypt U-20 national team captain in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. In January 2012, El-Henawy suffered a large leg injury that would keep him out for many months therefore preventing him to take part with the Egypt U-23 team in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.	[ "Al Masry SC", "Egypt national football team", "El Makasa" ]
Which team did Moaz El-Henawy play for in Apr, 2008?	April 12, 2008	{ "text": [ "Egypt national under-20 football team", "Al Ahly SC" ] }	L2_Q6886529_P54_1	Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Masry SC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Moaz El-Henawy plays for El Makasa from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national football team from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national under-20 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Ahly SC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.	Moaz El HenawyMoaz El-Henawy () (born 29 January 1990) is an Egyptian footballer. He currently plays as a defender for the Egyptian Premier League club Aswan SC. Moaz was the Egypt U-20 national team captain in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. In January 2012, El-Henawy suffered a large leg injury that would keep him out for many months therefore preventing him to take part with the Egypt U-23 team in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.	[ "Al Masry SC", "Egypt national football team", "El Makasa" ]
Which team did Moaz El-Henawy play for in Jul, 2009?	July 18, 2009	{ "text": [ "Al Masry SC" ] }	L2_Q6886529_P54_2	Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Masry SC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Moaz El-Henawy plays for El Makasa from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Ahly SC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national under-20 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national football team from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.	Moaz El HenawyMoaz El-Henawy () (born 29 January 1990) is an Egyptian footballer. He currently plays as a defender for the Egyptian Premier League club Aswan SC. Moaz was the Egypt U-20 national team captain in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. In January 2012, El-Henawy suffered a large leg injury that would keep him out for many months therefore preventing him to take part with the Egypt U-23 team in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.	[ "Egypt national football team", "Egypt national under-20 football team", "Al Ahly SC", "El Makasa" ]
Which team did Moaz El-Henawy play for in Oct, 2017?	October 10, 2017	{ "text": [ "Egypt national football team", "El Makasa" ] }	L2_Q6886529_P54_3	Moaz El-Henawy plays for El Makasa from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Ahly SC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Masry SC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national under-20 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national football team from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.	Moaz El HenawyMoaz El-Henawy () (born 29 January 1990) is an Egyptian footballer. He currently plays as a defender for the Egyptian Premier League club Aswan SC. Moaz was the Egypt U-20 national team captain in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. In January 2012, El-Henawy suffered a large leg injury that would keep him out for many months therefore preventing him to take part with the Egypt U-23 team in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.	[ "Al Masry SC", "Egypt national under-20 football team", "Al Ahly SC" ]
Which team did Moaz El-Henawy play for in Nov, 2014?	November 06, 2014	{ "text": [ "Egypt national football team", "El Makasa" ] }	L2_Q6886529_P54_4	Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Ahly SC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Moaz El-Henawy plays for El Makasa from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Al Masry SC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national football team from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. Moaz El-Henawy plays for Egypt national under-20 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.	Moaz El HenawyMoaz El-Henawy () (born 29 January 1990) is an Egyptian footballer. He currently plays as a defender for the Egyptian Premier League club Aswan SC. Moaz was the Egypt U-20 national team captain in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. In January 2012, El-Henawy suffered a large leg injury that would keep him out for many months therefore preventing him to take part with the Egypt U-23 team in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.	[ "Al Masry SC", "Egypt national under-20 football team", "Al Ahly SC" ]
Which employer did Petrus Camper work for in Mar, 1754?	March 03, 1754	{ "text": [ "University of Franeker" ] }	L2_Q382682_P108_0	Petrus Camper works for University of Franeker from Jan, 1749 to Jan, 1755. Petrus Camper works for University of Groningen from Jan, 1763 to Jan, 1773. Petrus Camper works for Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam from Apr, 1755 to Jan, 1761.	Petrus CamperPetrus Camper FRS (11 May 1722 – 7 April 1789), was a Dutch physician, anatomist, physiologist, midwife, zoologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and a naturalist in the Age of Enlightenment. He was one of the first to take an interest in comparative anatomy, palaeontology, and the facial angle. He was among the first to mark out an "anthropology," which he distinguished from natural history. He studied the orangutan, the javan rhinoceros, and the skull of a mosasaur, which he believed was a whale. Camper was a celebrity in Europe and became a member of the Royal Society (1750), the Göttingen (1779), and Russian Academy of Sciences (1778), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783), the French (1786) and the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1788). He designed and constructed tools for his patients, and for surgeries. He was amateur-drawer, a sculptor, a patron of art and a conservative, royalist politician. Camper published some lectures containing an account of his craniometrical methods. These laid the foundation of all subsequent work.Petrus Camper was the son of a well-to-do minister, who made his fortune Batavia, Dutch East Indies and returned with a (young?) pickled Bornean orangutan in a jar. A brilliant alumnus, he studied medicine and philosophy at the University of Leiden and obtained a degree in both sciences on the same day at the age of 24. After both his parents died Camper travelled to England (where he met with William Smellie), to France (where he met with Georges de Buffon) and Geneva. In the meantime he was appointed as professor of philosophy, anatomy and surgery at the University of Franeker and Camper traveled to Friesland.In 1756, Camper married the widow Johanna Boerboom, daughter of the burgomaster of Leeuwarden, whom he met while treating her husband, the burgomaster from Harlingen.In 1755 he had moved to Amsterdam, where he occupied a chair of anatomy and surgery at the "Athenaeum Illustre", later completed by a medicine chair. He investigated inguinal hernia, patella and the best form of shoe. He withdrew five years later to dedicate himself to scientific research, living on his wife's estate "Klein Lankum" just outside Franeker. In his farewell speech, he mentioned that he had dissected more than 50 bodies in public, including a twelve-year-old Angolese African boy. His experience led to the publication of "Demonstrationum anatomico-pathologicarum" (1760-1762). In 1762 he became politically active and promoted public health issues such as vaccination against smallpox. In 1763 he accepted the chair of anatomy, surgery and botany at the University of Groningen. He made drawings to illustrate his eloquent lectures and the number of students grew.His main focus of attention was anatomy, zoology and his collection of minerals and fossils. Among his many works, he studied osteology of birds and discovered the presence of air in the inner cavities of birds' skeletons. He investigated the anatomy of eight young orangutans, establishing it as a different species to humans, as quadrupeds, against the theories of contemporary scientists. "Camper cleared up a lot of confusion when he distinguished the orangutan from the chimpanzee." Petrus Camper published treatises on the hearing of fishes and the sound of frogs. He studied the diseases of "rinderpest" and rabies (1768-1770). Camper kept a surgical clinic. Before retiring in 1773, he introduced several new instruments and procedures for surgery and obstetrics. Back in Franeker, he dissected an elephant and a Javan rhinoceros, after they died in the menagerie, belonging to the stadtholder. In 1782 he published his latest research, a treatise in which he disagreed with Carl Linnaeus and De Buffon on the taxonomy of apes.One of the first to study comparative anatomy, Petrus Camper demonstrated the principle of correlation in all organisms by "metamorphosis". In his 1778 lecture, "On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity," he metamorphosed a horse into a human being, thus showing the similarity between all vertebrates. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire theorised this in 1795 as the "unity of organic composition," the influence of which is perceptible in all his subsequent writings; nature, he observed, presents us with only one plan of construction, the same in principle, but varied in its accessory parts. Camper's metamorphoses which demonstrated this "unity of Plan" greatly impressed Diderot and Goethe. In 1923 and 1939 some Dutch authors suggested that Camper foreshadowed Goethe's famous idea of "type" – a common structural pattern in some mannerPetrus Camper is renowned for his theory of facial angle (Prognathism). He determined that humans had facial angles between 70° and 80°, with African and Asian angles closer to 70°, and European angles closer to 80. According to his new portraiture technique, an angle is formed by drawing two lines: one horizontally from the nostril to the ear, and the other perpendicularly from the advancing part of the upper jawbone to the most prominent part of the forehead. He claimed that antique Greco-Roman statues presented an angle of 100°-95°, Europeans of 80°, 'Orientals' of 70°, Black people of 70° and the orangutan of 42–58°. He stated that, out of all races, Africans were most removed from the classical sense of ideal beauty. These results were later used as scientific racism, with research continued by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Paul Broca.Camper, however, agreed with Buffon in drawing a sharp line between human and animals (although he was misinterpreted by Diderot, who claimed that he was a supporter of the Great Chain of Being theory). Camper confirmed the categorizing species by Linné.He was interested in architecture, mathematics, furniture making, drawing and illustrated his own lectures. Four times he gave lectures in Amsterdam to art students, e.g. on beauty and portraiture. He disagreed that artists painted the black Magus (in the nativity) with a Caucasian face. In 1780 he took lessons from Étienne Maurice Falconet. In his ideas about art, Camper was influenced by Johann Joachim Winckelmann. He made drawings of the Dolmen near Noordlaren. He was in the selection committee for the prize contest for the design of the new townhall in Groningen that was awarded to his friend Jacob Otten Husly.Georges Cuvier praised his "genius eye" but criticised him for keeping himself to simple sketches. He had a eulogy in his honour composed by Nicolas de Condorcet and Félix Vicq-d'Azyr. Camper influenced Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton.His son Adriaan Gilles Camper published much of his father's unpublished research in addition to a biography of him.The Dutch author Thomas Rosenboom used Petrus Camper as a character in his novel, "Gewassen vlees" (1994).Camper was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789.	[ "University of Groningen", "Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam" ]
Which employer did Petrus Camper work for in Jan, 1761?	January 11, 1761	{ "text": [ "Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam" ] }	L2_Q382682_P108_1	Petrus Camper works for University of Groningen from Jan, 1763 to Jan, 1773. Petrus Camper works for Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam from Apr, 1755 to Jan, 1761. Petrus Camper works for University of Franeker from Jan, 1749 to Jan, 1755.	Petrus CamperPetrus Camper FRS (11 May 1722 – 7 April 1789), was a Dutch physician, anatomist, physiologist, midwife, zoologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and a naturalist in the Age of Enlightenment. He was one of the first to take an interest in comparative anatomy, palaeontology, and the facial angle. He was among the first to mark out an "anthropology," which he distinguished from natural history. He studied the orangutan, the javan rhinoceros, and the skull of a mosasaur, which he believed was a whale. Camper was a celebrity in Europe and became a member of the Royal Society (1750), the Göttingen (1779), and Russian Academy of Sciences (1778), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783), the French (1786) and the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1788). He designed and constructed tools for his patients, and for surgeries. He was amateur-drawer, a sculptor, a patron of art and a conservative, royalist politician. Camper published some lectures containing an account of his craniometrical methods. These laid the foundation of all subsequent work.Petrus Camper was the son of a well-to-do minister, who made his fortune Batavia, Dutch East Indies and returned with a (young?) pickled Bornean orangutan in a jar. A brilliant alumnus, he studied medicine and philosophy at the University of Leiden and obtained a degree in both sciences on the same day at the age of 24. After both his parents died Camper travelled to England (where he met with William Smellie), to France (where he met with Georges de Buffon) and Geneva. In the meantime he was appointed as professor of philosophy, anatomy and surgery at the University of Franeker and Camper traveled to Friesland.In 1756, Camper married the widow Johanna Boerboom, daughter of the burgomaster of Leeuwarden, whom he met while treating her husband, the burgomaster from Harlingen.In 1755 he had moved to Amsterdam, where he occupied a chair of anatomy and surgery at the "Athenaeum Illustre", later completed by a medicine chair. He investigated inguinal hernia, patella and the best form of shoe. He withdrew five years later to dedicate himself to scientific research, living on his wife's estate "Klein Lankum" just outside Franeker. In his farewell speech, he mentioned that he had dissected more than 50 bodies in public, including a twelve-year-old Angolese African boy. His experience led to the publication of "Demonstrationum anatomico-pathologicarum" (1760-1762). In 1762 he became politically active and promoted public health issues such as vaccination against smallpox. In 1763 he accepted the chair of anatomy, surgery and botany at the University of Groningen. He made drawings to illustrate his eloquent lectures and the number of students grew.His main focus of attention was anatomy, zoology and his collection of minerals and fossils. Among his many works, he studied osteology of birds and discovered the presence of air in the inner cavities of birds' skeletons. He investigated the anatomy of eight young orangutans, establishing it as a different species to humans, as quadrupeds, against the theories of contemporary scientists. "Camper cleared up a lot of confusion when he distinguished the orangutan from the chimpanzee." Petrus Camper published treatises on the hearing of fishes and the sound of frogs. He studied the diseases of "rinderpest" and rabies (1768-1770). Camper kept a surgical clinic. Before retiring in 1773, he introduced several new instruments and procedures for surgery and obstetrics. Back in Franeker, he dissected an elephant and a Javan rhinoceros, after they died in the menagerie, belonging to the stadtholder. In 1782 he published his latest research, a treatise in which he disagreed with Carl Linnaeus and De Buffon on the taxonomy of apes.One of the first to study comparative anatomy, Petrus Camper demonstrated the principle of correlation in all organisms by "metamorphosis". In his 1778 lecture, "On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity," he metamorphosed a horse into a human being, thus showing the similarity between all vertebrates. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire theorised this in 1795 as the "unity of organic composition," the influence of which is perceptible in all his subsequent writings; nature, he observed, presents us with only one plan of construction, the same in principle, but varied in its accessory parts. Camper's metamorphoses which demonstrated this "unity of Plan" greatly impressed Diderot and Goethe. In 1923 and 1939 some Dutch authors suggested that Camper foreshadowed Goethe's famous idea of "type" – a common structural pattern in some mannerPetrus Camper is renowned for his theory of facial angle (Prognathism). He determined that humans had facial angles between 70° and 80°, with African and Asian angles closer to 70°, and European angles closer to 80. According to his new portraiture technique, an angle is formed by drawing two lines: one horizontally from the nostril to the ear, and the other perpendicularly from the advancing part of the upper jawbone to the most prominent part of the forehead. He claimed that antique Greco-Roman statues presented an angle of 100°-95°, Europeans of 80°, 'Orientals' of 70°, Black people of 70° and the orangutan of 42–58°. He stated that, out of all races, Africans were most removed from the classical sense of ideal beauty. These results were later used as scientific racism, with research continued by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Paul Broca.Camper, however, agreed with Buffon in drawing a sharp line between human and animals (although he was misinterpreted by Diderot, who claimed that he was a supporter of the Great Chain of Being theory). Camper confirmed the categorizing species by Linné.He was interested in architecture, mathematics, furniture making, drawing and illustrated his own lectures. Four times he gave lectures in Amsterdam to art students, e.g. on beauty and portraiture. He disagreed that artists painted the black Magus (in the nativity) with a Caucasian face. In 1780 he took lessons from Étienne Maurice Falconet. In his ideas about art, Camper was influenced by Johann Joachim Winckelmann. He made drawings of the Dolmen near Noordlaren. He was in the selection committee for the prize contest for the design of the new townhall in Groningen that was awarded to his friend Jacob Otten Husly.Georges Cuvier praised his "genius eye" but criticised him for keeping himself to simple sketches. He had a eulogy in his honour composed by Nicolas de Condorcet and Félix Vicq-d'Azyr. Camper influenced Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton.His son Adriaan Gilles Camper published much of his father's unpublished research in addition to a biography of him.The Dutch author Thomas Rosenboom used Petrus Camper as a character in his novel, "Gewassen vlees" (1994).Camper was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789.	[ "University of Groningen", "University of Franeker" ]
Which employer did Petrus Camper work for in Oct, 1772?	October 15, 1772	{ "text": [ "University of Groningen" ] }	L2_Q382682_P108_2	Petrus Camper works for Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam from Apr, 1755 to Jan, 1761. Petrus Camper works for University of Franeker from Jan, 1749 to Jan, 1755. Petrus Camper works for University of Groningen from Jan, 1763 to Jan, 1773.	Petrus CamperPetrus Camper FRS (11 May 1722 – 7 April 1789), was a Dutch physician, anatomist, physiologist, midwife, zoologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and a naturalist in the Age of Enlightenment. He was one of the first to take an interest in comparative anatomy, palaeontology, and the facial angle. He was among the first to mark out an "anthropology," which he distinguished from natural history. He studied the orangutan, the javan rhinoceros, and the skull of a mosasaur, which he believed was a whale. Camper was a celebrity in Europe and became a member of the Royal Society (1750), the Göttingen (1779), and Russian Academy of Sciences (1778), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783), the French (1786) and the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1788). He designed and constructed tools for his patients, and for surgeries. He was amateur-drawer, a sculptor, a patron of art and a conservative, royalist politician. Camper published some lectures containing an account of his craniometrical methods. These laid the foundation of all subsequent work.Petrus Camper was the son of a well-to-do minister, who made his fortune Batavia, Dutch East Indies and returned with a (young?) pickled Bornean orangutan in a jar. A brilliant alumnus, he studied medicine and philosophy at the University of Leiden and obtained a degree in both sciences on the same day at the age of 24. After both his parents died Camper travelled to England (where he met with William Smellie), to France (where he met with Georges de Buffon) and Geneva. In the meantime he was appointed as professor of philosophy, anatomy and surgery at the University of Franeker and Camper traveled to Friesland.In 1756, Camper married the widow Johanna Boerboom, daughter of the burgomaster of Leeuwarden, whom he met while treating her husband, the burgomaster from Harlingen.In 1755 he had moved to Amsterdam, where he occupied a chair of anatomy and surgery at the "Athenaeum Illustre", later completed by a medicine chair. He investigated inguinal hernia, patella and the best form of shoe. He withdrew five years later to dedicate himself to scientific research, living on his wife's estate "Klein Lankum" just outside Franeker. In his farewell speech, he mentioned that he had dissected more than 50 bodies in public, including a twelve-year-old Angolese African boy. His experience led to the publication of "Demonstrationum anatomico-pathologicarum" (1760-1762). In 1762 he became politically active and promoted public health issues such as vaccination against smallpox. In 1763 he accepted the chair of anatomy, surgery and botany at the University of Groningen. He made drawings to illustrate his eloquent lectures and the number of students grew.His main focus of attention was anatomy, zoology and his collection of minerals and fossils. Among his many works, he studied osteology of birds and discovered the presence of air in the inner cavities of birds' skeletons. He investigated the anatomy of eight young orangutans, establishing it as a different species to humans, as quadrupeds, against the theories of contemporary scientists. "Camper cleared up a lot of confusion when he distinguished the orangutan from the chimpanzee." Petrus Camper published treatises on the hearing of fishes and the sound of frogs. He studied the diseases of "rinderpest" and rabies (1768-1770). Camper kept a surgical clinic. Before retiring in 1773, he introduced several new instruments and procedures for surgery and obstetrics. Back in Franeker, he dissected an elephant and a Javan rhinoceros, after they died in the menagerie, belonging to the stadtholder. In 1782 he published his latest research, a treatise in which he disagreed with Carl Linnaeus and De Buffon on the taxonomy of apes.One of the first to study comparative anatomy, Petrus Camper demonstrated the principle of correlation in all organisms by "metamorphosis". In his 1778 lecture, "On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity," he metamorphosed a horse into a human being, thus showing the similarity between all vertebrates. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire theorised this in 1795 as the "unity of organic composition," the influence of which is perceptible in all his subsequent writings; nature, he observed, presents us with only one plan of construction, the same in principle, but varied in its accessory parts. Camper's metamorphoses which demonstrated this "unity of Plan" greatly impressed Diderot and Goethe. In 1923 and 1939 some Dutch authors suggested that Camper foreshadowed Goethe's famous idea of "type" – a common structural pattern in some mannerPetrus Camper is renowned for his theory of facial angle (Prognathism). He determined that humans had facial angles between 70° and 80°, with African and Asian angles closer to 70°, and European angles closer to 80. According to his new portraiture technique, an angle is formed by drawing two lines: one horizontally from the nostril to the ear, and the other perpendicularly from the advancing part of the upper jawbone to the most prominent part of the forehead. He claimed that antique Greco-Roman statues presented an angle of 100°-95°, Europeans of 80°, 'Orientals' of 70°, Black people of 70° and the orangutan of 42–58°. He stated that, out of all races, Africans were most removed from the classical sense of ideal beauty. These results were later used as scientific racism, with research continued by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Paul Broca.Camper, however, agreed with Buffon in drawing a sharp line between human and animals (although he was misinterpreted by Diderot, who claimed that he was a supporter of the Great Chain of Being theory). Camper confirmed the categorizing species by Linné.He was interested in architecture, mathematics, furniture making, drawing and illustrated his own lectures. Four times he gave lectures in Amsterdam to art students, e.g. on beauty and portraiture. He disagreed that artists painted the black Magus (in the nativity) with a Caucasian face. In 1780 he took lessons from Étienne Maurice Falconet. In his ideas about art, Camper was influenced by Johann Joachim Winckelmann. He made drawings of the Dolmen near Noordlaren. He was in the selection committee for the prize contest for the design of the new townhall in Groningen that was awarded to his friend Jacob Otten Husly.Georges Cuvier praised his "genius eye" but criticised him for keeping himself to simple sketches. He had a eulogy in his honour composed by Nicolas de Condorcet and Félix Vicq-d'Azyr. Camper influenced Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton.His son Adriaan Gilles Camper published much of his father's unpublished research in addition to a biography of him.The Dutch author Thomas Rosenboom used Petrus Camper as a character in his novel, "Gewassen vlees" (1994).Camper was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789.	[ "Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam", "University of Franeker" ]
Which team did Clarence Seedorf play for in Nov, 1994?	November 03, 1994	{ "text": [ "AFC Ajax", "Netherlands national association football team" ] }	L2_Q484909_P54_0	Clarence Seedorf plays for Botafogo F.R. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Clarence Seedorf plays for FC Inter Milan from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003. Clarence Seedorf plays for AFC Ajax from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Clarence Seedorf plays for Netherlands national association football team from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2008. Clarence Seedorf plays for U.C. Sampdoria from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. Clarence Seedorf plays for Real Madrid CF from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999. Clarence Seedorf plays for Associazione Calcio Milan from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2011. Clarence Seedorf plays for Netherlands national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1993.	Clarence SeedorfClarence Clyde Seedorf (; born 1 April 1976) is a Surinamese-Dutch professional football manager and former player. Regarded by many as one of the best midfielders of his generation, in 2004, he was chosen by Pelé as part of the FIFA 100. Seedorf is one of the most decorated Dutch players ever, and has won domestic and continental titles while playing for clubs in the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Brazil.He is considered one of the most successful players in UEFA Champions League history, as he is the first, and currently the only, player to have won the Champions League with three clubs – once with Ajax, in 1995, once with Real Madrid, in 1998 and twice with Milan, in 2003 and 2007. At international level, he represented the Netherlands on 87 occasions, and took part at three UEFA European Football Championships (1996, 2000, 2004) and the 1998 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals of the latter three tournaments.Born in Paramaribo, Suriname, Seedorf was raised in Almere, Flevoland, where he moved when he was two years old. Growing up in a footballing family, with both his younger brothers Jürgen and Chedric Seedorf, and his father, former player and talent agent Johann Seedorf, Clarence began his career at the age of six in the youth ranks of his local amateur sides VV AS '80 and Real Almere, before being discovered and recruited to the ranks of nearby Dutch giants Ajax by Urgent Scoutingteam, the talent agency set up by Johan Cruyff, and which was responsible for recruiting the likes of Frank and Ronald de Boer, Edgar Davids, Robert Witschge and Patrick Kluivert to the club as well. Following in their brother's footsteps, under the guidance of their father and talent agent, Seedorf's siblings, as well as cousin Stefano, would later also join the ranks of Ajax. He is also a pundit on BBC.As a product of the famed Ajax Youth Academy, Seedorf started his career as a right midfielder for Ajax during the early 1990s. He made his professional debut on 29 November 1992 against Groningen at the age of 16 years and 242 days, making him the youngest-ever debutant for Ajax, at the time. He quickly established himself as the first choice on his position under manager Louis van Gaal, and in the 1993–94 season, his second with the club, he helped the Amsterdam-based side win the treble, securing the Eredivisie title, the KNVB Cup and the Dutch Super Cup in the same year. Among his teammates was none other than Frank Rijkaard, the player he used to idolise in his younger days.The following season saw Seedorf help his side secure consecutive Super Cup and Eredivisie titles, as well as help his side to their fourth European Cup trophy, winning the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League after defeating Milan in the final. He played a key role in the final before being replaced in the 53rd minute by striker Nwankwo Kanu. Patrick Kluivert scored a late goal to lift Ajax to a 1–0 victory over the Italian giants, who Seedorf would later go on to represent for a decade. While at Ajax, he was part of a trio known as "De kabel", composed of Edgar Davids, Patrick Kluivert and himself. Later, Winston Bogarde and Michael Reiziger would be added to the group to make it a quintet; what had started as a friendship was then taken over during the UEFA Euro 1996 to describe the group.Opting not to extend his contract with Ajax following their European success and the Bosman ruling, Seedorf signed a one-year contract with Italian Serie A side Sampdoria instead. While not able to obtain any silverware in his first season at his new club, Seedorf appeared in 32 matches, scoring three goals helping his side to an eighth-place finish in the league table, all the while maintaining the form he had demonstrated at Ajax in the past. Seedorf was then able to secure a transfer to Real Madrid, moving to the Spanish La Liga by the end of the season.Seedorf moved to Real Madrid in 1996, where he was virtually ever present for "Los Blancos" in his first three seasons. In his first season, he helped the team regain the La Liga title, while in his second season, 1997–98, he played a major role in the team's Champions League success, as Madrid secured a 1–0 victory over Juventus in the final, earning his second Champions League title of his career.While playing for Real Madrid, Seedorf scored a notable long-range goal against Atlético Madrid in 1997.At the end of the 1998–99 season, Madrid and Juventus wanted to swap Seedorf for Zinedine Zidane, but the deal did not go through and the French playmaker waited two more years before joining Real Madrid.Starting from the summer of 1999, Seedorf's role at Real Madrid became less prominent during the tenure of Dutch manager Guus Hiddink at the club. He was eventually transferred back to Italy during the 1999–2000 season, this time to Inter Milan, for a fee about 44 billion Italian lira (approximately €23 million).On 24 December 1999, Seedorf moved to Inter in a $24.35 million deal after cementing his place in the Real Madrid midfield for over three years. Despite helping the team to the Coppa Italia final later that season – a 2–1 aggregate loss to Lazio where Seedorf scored Inter's only goal – Seedorf could not help bring any major silverware to the club. Nonetheless, he is remembered by many Inter fans for his two goals against Juventus in a 2–2 draw on 9 March 2002, both of which were superb long-range efforts.After two years with Inter, Seedorf moved to their city rivals A.C. Milan in 2002, in an exchange with Francesco Coco. Seedorf won the Coppa Italia with Milan in 2003, the first time they had won the competition in 26 years. In the same season, Seedorf gained his third Champions League medal, becoming the first player to win the Champions League with three clubs. The all-Italian final saw Milan beat Juventus on penalties after a 0–0 draw, despite Seedorf failing to convert his own penalty. The following season, 2003–04, Seedorf played a role in the Milan side that won the Serie A title. It was Seedorf's fourth national league title of his career, following his two Dutch title wins with Ajax and his one Spanish win with Real Madrid.Seedorf played a major role as Milan reached the Champions League final again in 2005, scoring the only goal of the game in their opening group match against Shakhtar Donetsk on 14 September 2004 and appearing in all 13 competition matches. He started the match against Liverpool in Istanbul in which Milan lost a 3–0 lead, eventually losing on penalties after a 3–3 draw; Seedorf did not take a penalty-kick. Milan also finished runners-up in the Serie A, seven points behind champions Juventus, although Juventus were stripped of the title and Milan docked points for match-fixing.A match-fixing scandal tarnished Serie A and Milan were weakened by the scandal but were allowed to continue in Europe the following season, which led to their top players remaining with the club. In that season, 2005–06, he scored a goal after just 25 seconds in a 2–2 draw against Schalke.Seedorf's role as foil to midfielder Kaká became increasingly impressive as the pair combined in style to score and supply the goals which drove Milan past Bayern Munich and Manchester United to another Champions League final, again against Liverpool. This time, however, they defeated them 2–1 in Athens, with Seedorf collecting his fourth Champions League medal. In that same year, Seedorf was a part of the Milan squad that won the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup, becoming the first European player to win the trophy with three clubs (Ajax in 1995 and Real Madrid in 1998). He ended up winning the Silver Ball for the competition for his performances, notably scoring the winner against Urawa Red Diamonds in the semi final to send his club to the final.At the end of the 2006–07 season, Seedorf was voted best midfielder of the Champions League. He played his 100th game in the Champions League on 4 December against Celtic.With Milan, Seedorf formed a formidable midfield partnership with Gennaro Gattuso and Andrea Pirlo, which began since the 2002–03 season. This midfield trio was still used in the starting line-up until the 2011–12 season (Pirlo left the "Rossoneri" in the summer of 2011), although their form had been declining. Under the guidance of coach Carlo Ancelotti, their role was to support an attacking midfielder, whether it be Rivaldo, Rui Costa, Kaká or Ronaldinho.Seedorf became the foreigner with the most appearances for Milan following a game against his former club, Sampdoria, which he scored in. At 395 appearances, he passed Nils Liedholm for this historic milestone. During the Sampdoria game, he also became the ninth-highest scoring foreigner for Milan, with 58 goals.On 29 March 2010, Seedorf was the target of racist chants from Lazio fans in a 1–1 draw, which led to the Rome-based club being given a €15,000 fine by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC). This led the Italy's players' union want racism stamped out in Serie A.Seedorf won his second "Scudetto" with Milan in the 2010–11 Serie A season, where he once again played a vital role. He scored four goals and made 36 appearances in the 2010–11 season.Seedorf added yet another medal to his trophy cabinet in the first official game of the 2011–12 season, where he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 comeback win over rivals Inter Milan in the Supercoppa Italiana. He scored the winning goal of Milan's first win of the 2011–12 Serie A campaign, a 1–0 defeat of Cesena on 24 September.Seedorf was ranked seventh of the 20 best players of the Champions League, a list which was compiled in 2012 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the competition. The ranking was done by "Champions", the official magazine of UEFA. On 14 May, he said that he was playing his last match with Milan against Novara that day. He also confirmed that he would continue to play football for another club. On 21 June, Seedorf held a press conference announcing his departure from Milan, stating, "I am leaving after 10 wonderful years... I leave a family" after playing for the "Rossoneri" for a decade and winning two Champions League, two "Scudettos" and a Coppa Italia. Club CEO Adriano Galliani spoke of Seedorf following the player's departure in the highest regard, stating, "When Milan played well, which happened often, each and every time it occurred Seedorf played an amazing match. He is a world class player."On 30 June 2012, Seedorf signed a two-year contract with Brazilian club Botafogo. The veteran midfielder made his debut with the club on 22 July against Grêmio. On 5 August, Seedorf scored his first goal for Botafogo, curling in a free kick against Atlético Goianiense. On 5 September, Seedorf scored two goals and made an assist against Cruzeiro, helping Botafogo to a 3–1 victory. On 3 February 2013, for the first time on his career, Seedorf scored a hat-trick against Macaé, his first game as a starter that year. Before that game, Seedorf played the second half against Fluminense and made a good assist to Bolívar, who scored the match's equalizer.On 10 March 2013, Seedorf won his first title with Botafogo: the 2013 Taça Guanabara, the first round of 2013 Campeonato Carioca. On 5 May, he won the second round of 2013 Campeonato Carioca – 2013 Taça Rio – against Fluminense. That is also the day of his first official title for Botafogo, the 2013 Campeonato Carioca, as the team won both rounds and no final match was needed. On 6 June, Seedorf scored his 100th goal in domestic league play: 11 with Ajax, 3 with Sampdoria, 15 with Real Madrid, 8 with Inter, 47 with Milan and 16 with Botafogo. On 14 January 2014, Seedorf announced his retirement from professional football. He announced that he is ending his playing career to take up the manager position at Milan following the sacking of Massimiliano Allegri.Due to Surinamese rules against dual citizenship, players who take Dutch citizenship are no longer eligible to represent the Netherlands' former colony. He received his first callup on 14 December 1994 at the age of 18 against Luxembourg. Seedorf scored on his debut, helping his team to a 5–0 victory in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying match.Seedorf was in the Dutch squad for the UEFA European Championships in 1996, where his penalty miss proved decisive in the quarter-final shootout defeat to France. He also appeared for the Netherlands at Euro 2000 and 2004, as well as the 1998 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals in all three of these tournaments.On 12 November 2006, Seedorf was recalled for the first time since June 2004 as a replacement for the injured Wesley Sneijder. He started and played the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 friendly draw against England. Seedorf won the last of his 87 caps for the Netherlands in 2007. In the Euro 2008 qualifiers against Romania (0–0 at home) and Slovenia (1–0 away win), Seedorf played four and six minutes respectively. There were doubts on his position within the national team, as Marco van Basten favoured younger players such as Rafael van der Vaart, Wesley Sneijder and Robin van Persie. On 13 May 2008, Seedorf announced that he would not take part in UEFA Euro 2008 due to his ongoing personal conflict with van Basten.Nicknamed “Il Professore” and “Willy Wonka”, Seedorf was a well-rounded, hardworking and versatile player, who was gifted with strength, pace, stamina and notable physical attributes, which allowed him to play anywhere in midfield and contribute both offensively and defensively, due to his significant tactical intelligence; although he primarily served as a playmaker in the centre, throughout his career he was also deployed as an attacking midfielder, on the wing, as a "mezzala", or in a holding or box-to-box role.A world class midfielder, in addition to his fitness and athletic characteristics, as well as his ability to break down opposing plays and win back possession, he was an elegant, creative player and an excellent dribbler, possessing outstanding technique, ball skills and vision, which enabled him to retain possession when under pressure and subsequently lay the ball off to an on-rushing teammate; he was also an accurate passer and crosser of the ball. Seedorf was also capable of scoring goals due to his powerful, accurate striking ability from distance with either foot; furthermore, he was an effective free kick taker. Despite his physical, energetic, and tenacious style of play, Seedorf was regarded as a correct player, and was sent off only two times in his entire career. In addition to his success and footballing skills, Seedorf has also been praised for his longevity as a footballer.Seedorf was appointed the new head coach of Milan on 16 January 2014, terminating his contract with Botafogo early in order to take on the managerial role, with Milan languishing in 11th in the Serie A table. On 19 January, he won his first managerial match, played against Hellas Verona, with Mario Balotelli scoring the lone goal of the game.Despite overseeing the club's first five-match winning run since 2011, and first Serie A victory in the Milan derby against Inter since 2011, Seedorf was dismissed by Milan on 9 June 2014 after just four months on the job, with Filippo Inzaghi being named as his successor. During the Dutchman's time at the helm of the club, Milan gained a total of 35 out of a possible 57 points - the fourth-most out of all Serie A sides (one less than Napoli's corresponding total and six less than Roma's).Seedorf was appointed manager of China League One team Shenzhen F.C. in July 2016, but was replaced five months later by Sven-Göran Eriksson. A year later Seedorf joined Brazilian club Atlético Paranaense as both a coach and a sporting director Within a month the deal was cancelled after both parties failed to reach an agreement. In February 2018, Seedorf was appointed as manager of Spanish club Deportivo de La Coruña for the remainder of the 2017–18 season. Seedorf led the team to just two wins in sixteen matches, Deportivo were relegated from La Liga, and at the end of the season he left the club.After a deal with Sven-Göran Eriksson could not be agreed, the Fédération Camerounaise de Football appointed Seedorf as the manager of the Cameroon national team in August 2018. He was joined by former teammate Patrick Kluivert as his assistant manager. However, after a disappointing 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, where Cameroon was eliminated by Nigeria in the round of sixteen after an unimpressive group stage, he was sacked in July 2019.Seedorf speaks six languages fluently: Dutch, English, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Sranan Tongo. He was often seen as a spiritual, intelligent and articulate figure in football, and in a 2011 interview, Seedorf stated that he was studying to obtain a master's degree in Business at the prestigious Bocconi University in Milan; because of this, he earned the nickname ""il professore"" ("the professor") during his time playing at Milan. Seedorf is married to a Brazilian woman, Luviana Seedorf, with whom he owns a restaurant called "Finger's" in Milan. They have four children.Seedorf has dabbled in media-related work during recent years. In 2009, he worked with "The New York Times" to run a column entitled "Seedorf responds", where once a month he would answer peoples' questions regarding football. He joined the BBC's team covering the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, working as a television pundit He also presented a number of features for the BBC coverage, including one about Robben Island. He joined the BBC for their "Match of the Day" Live coverage of UEFA Euro 2012. He has also made appearances on "Match of the Day 2" during the English football league season.Because of his strong connection with the country Suriname, where he was born, he is involved in many social development projects there. He built his own "Clarence Seedorf Stadium" in the district of Para in Suriname. In this stadium, the Para Juniors League of Suriname is being held and the teams of the Suri Profs & SV The Brothers play there regularly. With his Champions for Children Foundation, he supports projects for good causes in Suriname. For this, Suriname has honoured him to Commandor of the High-Order of the Yellow Star, and recently in 2011, he was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau (OON).On 5 June 2009, Seedorf announced at a press conference after a meeting with Nelson Mandela that he had become the Nelson Mandela Foundation's latest Legacy Champion. He joins Patrice Motsepe, Tokyo Sexwale, David Rockefeller, Peggy Dulany and Bill Clinton, who are also members of a select group of philanthropists who are helping to ensure that Mr. Mandela's legacy lives on.In 2012 and 2014, Seedorf took part in "Soccer Aid", a charity match at Old Trafford with former professional players and celebrities. He played for "The Rest of the World" team against England. In 2014, he scored a hat-trick, where The Rest of the World won 4–2; they raised over £4 million in total.Clarence's nephew, Collin Seedorf, is also a professional footballer, and currently plays for Dutch club, FC Eindhoven.AjaxReal MadridMilanBotafogo	[ "Associazione Calcio Milan", "U.C. Sampdoria", "Real Madrid CF", "Botafogo F.R.", "FC Inter Milan", "Netherlands national under-21 football team" ]

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