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Which position did Stavros Kostopoulos hold in Aug, 1950? | August 23, 1950 | {
"text": [
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q16512517_P39_5 | Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Coordination of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Supplies from May, 1948 to Nov, 1948.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Sep, 1950 to Mar, 1951.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece from Feb, 1964 to Jul, 1965.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Aug, 1950 to Sep, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Greek Minister of the Interior from Nov, 1963 to Dec, 1963.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of the National Economy of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Aug, 1965 to Dec, 1966.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1946.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 1950 to Sep, 1950. | Stavros KostopoulosStavros Kostopoulos (, 14 September 1900 – 23 June 1968) was a Greek banker and politician.He was born in Kalamata and he was the son of the banker Ioannis Kostopoulos. He attended the 1st Gymnasium in Kalamata. He studied law at the University of Athens and Political Sciences at the University of Paris, where he received his doctorate degree. He dealt with the banking industry, in which the family already had developed significant activity.He was a member (1937-1951) and President (1951-1953) of the board of the Commercial Credit Bank. In 1951, he took over the direction of the National Bank of Greece, a position he held until 1953, when he was replaced by Kostis Iliaskos because of his disagreement on the merger of the Athens Bank with the National Bank.In 1928, he was elected for the first time member of the parliament (MP) representing Messenia and was reelected in several elections until 1936. In the elections of 1946, he was reelected for the Liberal Party, gathering 2.491 votes. Overall, he was elected eleven times as MP. Having already come into conflict with Andreas Papandreou, during the Apostasia of 1965, he was among the first members of the Centre Union to leave the party and became Minister of National Defence in the Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas government.He was also Minister of Finance in the governments of Sophoklis Venizelos (August, September & November 1950), Minister of National Economy (1932 & 1947) in the governments of Eleftherios Venizelos and Dimitrios Maximos, Foreign Minister (1964-1965) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister without Portfolio in the government of Sofoklis Venizelos, Interior Minister (1963) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister of Defence (1965-1966) in the governments of Novas, Ilias Tsirimokos and Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Minister of Merchant Marine (1950) in the government of Plastiras, Minister of Supply and Distribution (1948) in Themistoklis Sofoulis’ government and Coordinating Minister (1950) again under Sophoklis Venizelos.He died on June 23, 1968 in Athens, aged 67. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister of the National Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Coordination of Greece",
"Minister of Supplies",
"Greek Minister of the Interior",
"Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece"
] | |
Which position did Stavros Kostopoulos hold in Nov, 1950? | November 29, 1950 | {
"text": [
"Minister of Economy of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q16512517_P39_6 | Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece from Feb, 1964 to Jul, 1965.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Supplies from May, 1948 to Nov, 1948.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Aug, 1950 to Sep, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of the National Economy of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 1950 to Sep, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Aug, 1965 to Dec, 1966.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Sep, 1950 to Mar, 1951.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Greek Minister of the Interior from Nov, 1963 to Dec, 1963.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1946.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Coordination of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950. | Stavros KostopoulosStavros Kostopoulos (, 14 September 1900 – 23 June 1968) was a Greek banker and politician.He was born in Kalamata and he was the son of the banker Ioannis Kostopoulos. He attended the 1st Gymnasium in Kalamata. He studied law at the University of Athens and Political Sciences at the University of Paris, where he received his doctorate degree. He dealt with the banking industry, in which the family already had developed significant activity.He was a member (1937-1951) and President (1951-1953) of the board of the Commercial Credit Bank. In 1951, he took over the direction of the National Bank of Greece, a position he held until 1953, when he was replaced by Kostis Iliaskos because of his disagreement on the merger of the Athens Bank with the National Bank.In 1928, he was elected for the first time member of the parliament (MP) representing Messenia and was reelected in several elections until 1936. In the elections of 1946, he was reelected for the Liberal Party, gathering 2.491 votes. Overall, he was elected eleven times as MP. Having already come into conflict with Andreas Papandreou, during the Apostasia of 1965, he was among the first members of the Centre Union to leave the party and became Minister of National Defence in the Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas government.He was also Minister of Finance in the governments of Sophoklis Venizelos (August, September & November 1950), Minister of National Economy (1932 & 1947) in the governments of Eleftherios Venizelos and Dimitrios Maximos, Foreign Minister (1964-1965) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister without Portfolio in the government of Sofoklis Venizelos, Interior Minister (1963) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister of Defence (1965-1966) in the governments of Novas, Ilias Tsirimokos and Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Minister of Merchant Marine (1950) in the government of Plastiras, Minister of Supply and Distribution (1948) in Themistoklis Sofoulis’ government and Coordinating Minister (1950) again under Sophoklis Venizelos.He died on June 23, 1968 in Athens, aged 67. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister of the National Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Coordination of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Supplies",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Greek Minister of the Interior",
"Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece"
] | |
Which position did Stavros Kostopoulos hold in Dec, 1963? | December 09, 1963 | {
"text": [
"Greek Minister of the Interior"
]
} | L2_Q16512517_P39_7 | Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Greek Minister of the Interior from Nov, 1963 to Dec, 1963.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Supplies from May, 1948 to Nov, 1948.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Sep, 1950 to Mar, 1951.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece from Feb, 1964 to Jul, 1965.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Aug, 1965 to Dec, 1966.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of the National Economy of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Coordination of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 1950 to Sep, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1946.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Aug, 1950 to Sep, 1950. | Stavros KostopoulosStavros Kostopoulos (, 14 September 1900 – 23 June 1968) was a Greek banker and politician.He was born in Kalamata and he was the son of the banker Ioannis Kostopoulos. He attended the 1st Gymnasium in Kalamata. He studied law at the University of Athens and Political Sciences at the University of Paris, where he received his doctorate degree. He dealt with the banking industry, in which the family already had developed significant activity.He was a member (1937-1951) and President (1951-1953) of the board of the Commercial Credit Bank. In 1951, he took over the direction of the National Bank of Greece, a position he held until 1953, when he was replaced by Kostis Iliaskos because of his disagreement on the merger of the Athens Bank with the National Bank.In 1928, he was elected for the first time member of the parliament (MP) representing Messenia and was reelected in several elections until 1936. In the elections of 1946, he was reelected for the Liberal Party, gathering 2.491 votes. Overall, he was elected eleven times as MP. Having already come into conflict with Andreas Papandreou, during the Apostasia of 1965, he was among the first members of the Centre Union to leave the party and became Minister of National Defence in the Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas government.He was also Minister of Finance in the governments of Sophoklis Venizelos (August, September & November 1950), Minister of National Economy (1932 & 1947) in the governments of Eleftherios Venizelos and Dimitrios Maximos, Foreign Minister (1964-1965) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister without Portfolio in the government of Sofoklis Venizelos, Interior Minister (1963) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister of Defence (1965-1966) in the governments of Novas, Ilias Tsirimokos and Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Minister of Merchant Marine (1950) in the government of Plastiras, Minister of Supply and Distribution (1948) in Themistoklis Sofoulis’ government and Coordinating Minister (1950) again under Sophoklis Venizelos.He died on June 23, 1968 in Athens, aged 67. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister of the National Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Coordination of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Supplies",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece"
] | |
Which position did Stavros Kostopoulos hold in Jun, 1964? | June 18, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q16512517_P39_8 | Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of the National Economy of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece from Feb, 1964 to Jul, 1965.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Coordination of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Sep, 1950 to Mar, 1951.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Supplies from May, 1948 to Nov, 1948.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1946.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 1950 to Sep, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Greek Minister of the Interior from Nov, 1963 to Dec, 1963.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Aug, 1950 to Sep, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Aug, 1965 to Dec, 1966. | Stavros KostopoulosStavros Kostopoulos (, 14 September 1900 – 23 June 1968) was a Greek banker and politician.He was born in Kalamata and he was the son of the banker Ioannis Kostopoulos. He attended the 1st Gymnasium in Kalamata. He studied law at the University of Athens and Political Sciences at the University of Paris, where he received his doctorate degree. He dealt with the banking industry, in which the family already had developed significant activity.He was a member (1937-1951) and President (1951-1953) of the board of the Commercial Credit Bank. In 1951, he took over the direction of the National Bank of Greece, a position he held until 1953, when he was replaced by Kostis Iliaskos because of his disagreement on the merger of the Athens Bank with the National Bank.In 1928, he was elected for the first time member of the parliament (MP) representing Messenia and was reelected in several elections until 1936. In the elections of 1946, he was reelected for the Liberal Party, gathering 2.491 votes. Overall, he was elected eleven times as MP. Having already come into conflict with Andreas Papandreou, during the Apostasia of 1965, he was among the first members of the Centre Union to leave the party and became Minister of National Defence in the Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas government.He was also Minister of Finance in the governments of Sophoklis Venizelos (August, September & November 1950), Minister of National Economy (1932 & 1947) in the governments of Eleftherios Venizelos and Dimitrios Maximos, Foreign Minister (1964-1965) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister without Portfolio in the government of Sofoklis Venizelos, Interior Minister (1963) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister of Defence (1965-1966) in the governments of Novas, Ilias Tsirimokos and Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Minister of Merchant Marine (1950) in the government of Plastiras, Minister of Supply and Distribution (1948) in Themistoklis Sofoulis’ government and Coordinating Minister (1950) again under Sophoklis Venizelos.He died on June 23, 1968 in Athens, aged 67. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister for National Defence of Greece",
"Minister of the National Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Coordination of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Supplies",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Greek Minister of the Interior",
"Minister of Economy of Greece"
] | |
Which position did Stavros Kostopoulos hold in Mar, 1966? | March 23, 1966 | {
"text": [
"Minister for National Defence of Greece"
]
} | L2_Q16512517_P39_9 | Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Supplies from May, 1948 to Nov, 1948.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Economy of Greece from Sep, 1950 to Mar, 1951.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Member of the Hellenic Parliament from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1946.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece from Feb, 1964 to Jul, 1965.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of the National Economy of Greece from Jan, 1947 to Feb, 1947.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Coordination of Greece from Mar, 1950 to Apr, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister without portfolio of Greece from Aug, 1950 to Sep, 1950.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister for National Defence of Greece from Aug, 1965 to Dec, 1966.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Greek Minister of the Interior from Nov, 1963 to Dec, 1963.
Stavros Kostopoulos holds the position of Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece from Apr, 1950 to Sep, 1950. | Stavros KostopoulosStavros Kostopoulos (, 14 September 1900 – 23 June 1968) was a Greek banker and politician.He was born in Kalamata and he was the son of the banker Ioannis Kostopoulos. He attended the 1st Gymnasium in Kalamata. He studied law at the University of Athens and Political Sciences at the University of Paris, where he received his doctorate degree. He dealt with the banking industry, in which the family already had developed significant activity.He was a member (1937-1951) and President (1951-1953) of the board of the Commercial Credit Bank. In 1951, he took over the direction of the National Bank of Greece, a position he held until 1953, when he was replaced by Kostis Iliaskos because of his disagreement on the merger of the Athens Bank with the National Bank.In 1928, he was elected for the first time member of the parliament (MP) representing Messenia and was reelected in several elections until 1936. In the elections of 1946, he was reelected for the Liberal Party, gathering 2.491 votes. Overall, he was elected eleven times as MP. Having already come into conflict with Andreas Papandreou, during the Apostasia of 1965, he was among the first members of the Centre Union to leave the party and became Minister of National Defence in the Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas government.He was also Minister of Finance in the governments of Sophoklis Venizelos (August, September & November 1950), Minister of National Economy (1932 & 1947) in the governments of Eleftherios Venizelos and Dimitrios Maximos, Foreign Minister (1964-1965) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister without Portfolio in the government of Sofoklis Venizelos, Interior Minister (1963) in the government of Georgios Papandreou, Minister of Defence (1965-1966) in the governments of Novas, Ilias Tsirimokos and Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Minister of Merchant Marine (1950) in the government of Plastiras, Minister of Supply and Distribution (1948) in Themistoklis Sofoulis’ government and Coordinating Minister (1950) again under Sophoklis Venizelos.He died on June 23, 1968 in Athens, aged 67. | [
"Member of the Hellenic Parliament",
"Minister of the National Economy of Greece",
"Minister of Coordination of Greece",
"Minister without portfolio of Greece",
"Minister of Supplies",
"Minister of Commercial Marine of Greece",
"Greek Minister of the Interior",
"Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece",
"Minister of Economy of Greece"
] | |
Where was Stefan Bergman educated in Jun, 1913? | June 19, 1913 | {
"text": [
"University of Wrocław"
]
} | L2_Q1532174_P69_0 | Stefan Bergman attended University of Vienna from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1920.
Stefan Bergman attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1922.
Stefan Bergman attended University of Wrocław from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1915. | Stefan BergmanStefan Bergman (5 May 1895 – 6 June 1977) was a Polish-born American mathematician whose primary work was in complex analysis. His name is also written Bergmann; he dropped the second "n" when he came to the U. S. He is best known for the kernel function he discovered while at Berlin University in 1922. This function is known today as the Bergman kernel. Bergman taught for many years at Stanford University, and served as an advisor to several students.Born in Częstochowa, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, to a Jewish family, Bergman received his Ph.D. at Berlin University in 1921 for a dissertation on Fourier analysis. His advisor, Richard von Mises, had a strong influence on him, lasting for the rest of his career. In 1933, Bergman was forced to leave his post at the Berlin University because he was a Jew. He fled first to Russia, where he stayed until 1939, and then to Paris. In 1939, he emigrated to the United States, where he would remain for the rest of life. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1951. He was a professor at Stanford University from 1952 until his retirement in 1972. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts and in 1962 in Stockholm ("On meromorphic functions of several complex variables"). He died in Palo Alto, California, aged 82.The Stefan Bergman Prize in mathematics was initiated by Bergman's wife in her will, in memory of her husband's work. The American Mathematical Society supports the prize and selects the committee of judges. The prize is awarded for: | [
"University of Vienna",
"Frederick William University"
] | |
Where was Stefan Bergman educated in May, 1918? | May 16, 1918 | {
"text": [
"University of Vienna"
]
} | L2_Q1532174_P69_1 | Stefan Bergman attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1922.
Stefan Bergman attended University of Vienna from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1920.
Stefan Bergman attended University of Wrocław from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1915. | Stefan BergmanStefan Bergman (5 May 1895 – 6 June 1977) was a Polish-born American mathematician whose primary work was in complex analysis. His name is also written Bergmann; he dropped the second "n" when he came to the U. S. He is best known for the kernel function he discovered while at Berlin University in 1922. This function is known today as the Bergman kernel. Bergman taught for many years at Stanford University, and served as an advisor to several students.Born in Częstochowa, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, to a Jewish family, Bergman received his Ph.D. at Berlin University in 1921 for a dissertation on Fourier analysis. His advisor, Richard von Mises, had a strong influence on him, lasting for the rest of his career. In 1933, Bergman was forced to leave his post at the Berlin University because he was a Jew. He fled first to Russia, where he stayed until 1939, and then to Paris. In 1939, he emigrated to the United States, where he would remain for the rest of life. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1951. He was a professor at Stanford University from 1952 until his retirement in 1972. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts and in 1962 in Stockholm ("On meromorphic functions of several complex variables"). He died in Palo Alto, California, aged 82.The Stefan Bergman Prize in mathematics was initiated by Bergman's wife in her will, in memory of her husband's work. The American Mathematical Society supports the prize and selects the committee of judges. The prize is awarded for: | [
"University of Wrocław",
"Frederick William University"
] | |
Where was Stefan Bergman educated in Jul, 1921? | July 18, 1921 | {
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
} | L2_Q1532174_P69_2 | Stefan Bergman attended University of Wrocław from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1915.
Stefan Bergman attended University of Vienna from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1920.
Stefan Bergman attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1922. | Stefan BergmanStefan Bergman (5 May 1895 – 6 June 1977) was a Polish-born American mathematician whose primary work was in complex analysis. His name is also written Bergmann; he dropped the second "n" when he came to the U. S. He is best known for the kernel function he discovered while at Berlin University in 1922. This function is known today as the Bergman kernel. Bergman taught for many years at Stanford University, and served as an advisor to several students.Born in Częstochowa, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, to a Jewish family, Bergman received his Ph.D. at Berlin University in 1921 for a dissertation on Fourier analysis. His advisor, Richard von Mises, had a strong influence on him, lasting for the rest of his career. In 1933, Bergman was forced to leave his post at the Berlin University because he was a Jew. He fled first to Russia, where he stayed until 1939, and then to Paris. In 1939, he emigrated to the United States, where he would remain for the rest of life. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1951. He was a professor at Stanford University from 1952 until his retirement in 1972. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts and in 1962 in Stockholm ("On meromorphic functions of several complex variables"). He died in Palo Alto, California, aged 82.The Stefan Bergman Prize in mathematics was initiated by Bergman's wife in her will, in memory of her husband's work. The American Mathematical Society supports the prize and selects the committee of judges. The prize is awarded for: | [
"University of Wrocław",
"University of Vienna"
] | |
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in Jun, 1994? | June 08, 1994 | {
"text": [
"University of California, San Diego"
]
} | L2_Q6833643_P108_0 | Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022. | Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan. | [
"North Carolina State University",
"New York University"
] | |
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in Jun, 2002? | June 19, 2002 | {
"text": [
"North Carolina State University"
]
} | L2_Q6833643_P108_1 | Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006. | Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan. | [
"New York University",
"University of California, San Diego"
] | |
Which employer did Michael Purugganan work for in Mar, 2016? | March 31, 2016 | {
"text": [
"New York University"
]
} | L2_Q6833643_P108_2 | Michael Purugganan works for University of California, San Diego from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995.
Michael Purugganan works for New York University from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
Michael Purugganan works for North Carolina State University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2006. | Michael PuruggananMichael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU). and is also on the affiliated faculty at NYU Abu Dhabi and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW). He was the Dean for Science of NYU from 2012 to 2019, and director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His work encompasses the study of domestication of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize), island adaptive radiations (including the Hawaiian silversword alliance), plant transposable element evolution, the diversification of regulatory gene families, evolution of development, molecular population genetics, and microbial social evolution.In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science.He studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, while working as features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, Purugganan helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for the Huffington Post, and the Philippine Star, GMA News Online and Rappler in the Philippines.After finishing his undergraduate work in the Philippines he moved to New York City in 1985, and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where his work has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.He has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer. He is on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. Purugganan has contributed to the book "Evolution: The Extended Synthesis" (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.Purugganan has held three professorial chairs: North Carolina State University William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Genetics (2005-2006); NYU Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006-2016); and NYU Silver Professor of Biology (2016 to present). He has numerous awards, including: Alfred Sloan Young Investigator Award (1997–2002), Guggenheim Fellowship (2006–2007); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005); Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow (2011); NC State Alumni Outstanding Faculty Research Award (2003); Sigma Xi Prize (2003); Ayala Foundation USA/PhilDev Foundation Excellence in Science and Technology (2011); Khalifa International Date Palm Award (2011); Global Chair at the University of Bath, UK (2017); and Fellow, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2019). In 2019, he was elected Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippines.Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan. | [
"North Carolina State University",
"University of California, San Diego"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Nov, 2004? | November 06, 2004 | {
"text": [
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard"
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_0 | Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"F.C. Nantes",
"FC Ryukyu",
"AS Cannes"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Aug, 2005? | August 16, 2005 | {
"text": [
"FC Sète"
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_1 | Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"F.C. Nantes",
"FC Ryukyu",
"AS Cannes"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Nov, 2006? | November 15, 2006 | {
"text": [
"AS Cannes"
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_2 | Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"F.C. Nantes",
"FC Ryukyu"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Jan, 2007? | January 01, 2007 | {
"text": [
"F.C. Nantes",
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"AS Cannes"
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_3 | Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"FC Ryukyu",
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"FC Ryukyu",
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"FC Ryukyu"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Nov, 2007? | November 29, 2007 | {
"text": [
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_4 | Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"F.C. Nantes",
"FC Ryukyu",
"AS Cannes"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Jan, 2008? | January 01, 2008 | {
"text": [
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"FC Ryukyu"
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_5 | Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"F.C. Nantes",
"AS Cannes",
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"F.C. Nantes",
"AS Cannes"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Oct, 2015? | October 01, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_6 | Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"FC Sète",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"F.C. Nantes",
"FC Ryukyu",
"AS Cannes"
] | |
Which team did Aimé Lavie play for in Jan, 2009? | January 01, 2009 | {
"text": [
"Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.",
"Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4697194_P54_7 | Aimé Lavie plays for Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2022.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Ryukyu from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for AS Cannes from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Aimé Lavie plays for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
Aimé Lavie plays for F.C. Nantes from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Aimé Lavie plays for Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. | Aimé LavieAimé Lavie (born 7 December 1984) is a French footballer who plays for Israeli Liga Leumit club Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.Born in Montpellier, Lavie began playing football with the youth side of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. He played 4 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux in the period 2003-2005. He would play 15 matches in Ligue 2 for Sète in the 2005-2006 season.He played for F.C. Ryūkyū in the Japan Football League during 2008. In July 2009, he moved to Hakoah Ramat Gan. | [
"FC Sète",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"F.C. Nantes",
"FC Ryukyu",
"AS Cannes",
"FC Sète",
"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard",
"Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.",
"F.C. Nantes",
"FC Ryukyu",
"AS Cannes"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Dec, 1924? | December 02, 1924 | {
"text": [
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_0 | Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Dec, 1934? | December 16, 1934 | {
"text": [
"Robert de Vogüé"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_1 | Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Jan, 1945? | January 25, 1945 | {
"text": [
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_2 | Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Aug, 1958? | August 24, 1958 | {
"text": [
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_3 | Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Nov, 1963? | November 23, 1963 | {
"text": [
"Filippo Caracciolo"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_4 | Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Nov, 1965? | November 16, 1965 | {
"text": [
"Wilfred Andrews"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_5 | Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Dec, 1973? | December 10, 1973 | {
"text": [
"Amaury de Mérode"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_6 | Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Sep, 1983? | September 22, 1983 | {
"text": [
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_7 | Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in May, 1985? | May 04, 1985 | {
"text": [
"Jean-Marie Balestre"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_8 | Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Dec, 1995? | December 26, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Max Mosley"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_9 | Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Aug, 2010? | August 15, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Jean Todt"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_10 | Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem",
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile in Nov, 2022? | November 15, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Mohammed bin Sulayem"
]
} | L2_Q179412_P488_11 | Filippo Caracciolo is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Wilfred Andrews is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1971.
Robert de Vogüé is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1936.
Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1963.
Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1931.
Mohammed bin Sulayem is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Paul de Metternich-Winneburg is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1985.
Amaury de Mérode is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Jean Todt is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 2009 to Dec, 2021.
Max Mosley is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2009.
Jean-Marie Balestre is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1993.
Jehan de Rohan-Chabot is the chair of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1958. | Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; ) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events, such as the well-known Formula One. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.Headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva and Valleiry, the FIA consists of 246 member organisations in 145 countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Cup, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognized the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene. In 1922, the AIACR delegated the organisation of automobile racing to the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would set the regulations for international Grand Prix motor racing. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix. Upon the resumption of motor racing after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of new racing categories, among them Formulas One and Two, and created the first World Championship, the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, in 1950.The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event. In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations, and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money. This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing. Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety. The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series. The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation. The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP and Global NCAP.The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body. Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999, which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case. Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA. The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised. In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers. In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone. This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions. In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One. This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships. The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One. Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One. Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying, and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President. As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.Mosley was elected unopposed to his third term as president in 2001, the first election which reduced the term from five to four years. The FIA also moved back to Paris, having been based in Geneva (outside the EU) for the previous two years during the European Commission's investigation.The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm. The Foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. In 2004 the FIA and the Foundation established the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, which brought together the various safety research groups into one organisation. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.During the 2000s the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution. A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised. Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.Having again been re-elected unopposed in 2005, Mosley faced his first leadership challenge in a vote of confidence called in June 2008. The vote was in response to allegations concerning Mosley's sex life published by the British media. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against, though he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures. In mid-2009, the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the pending implementation of a budget cap for the 2010 season. The teams again threatened a breakaway championship, with the FIA in response opening an entry process for new teams. The dispute also focused on a lack of confidence in Mosley's control over the sport, and there was a stand-off until Ecclestone negotiated a settlement to establish a new Concorde Agreement. In return for the teams joining the championship and ending the dispute, the budget cap would be replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures, and Mosley agreed to stand down at the end of his term in 2009.Former Scuderia Ferrari boss Jean Todt was elected the new President of the FIA in 2009, beating former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen.The true history of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. Then in 1950, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From 1958, a Constructors Championship title was introduced.The World Sportscar Championship was created in 1953, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to 1981. In 1981, a Drivers Championship title was introduced, and in 1985, the manufacturers title was replaced by a Teams Championship.In 1973, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship: the 42nd Auto Rally of Monte-Carlo. In 1977, a Drivers Championship title was introduced (in 1977 and 1978 as an "FIA Cup for Drivers" title).In 1987, the FIA sanctioned the first World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series, the title was revived in 2005, and discontinued at the end of 2017.After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved.In 1993, the National Hot Rod Association was officially recognised by the FIA World Motor Sport Council and the FIA Drag Racing Commission was formed. The FISA was dissolved, and its activities placed directly under the FIA.There were no sports car world championships until 2010. The SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became the FIA GT Series in 2013, and is called the Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe.After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in 2010 and 2011, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the World Sportscar Championship from 2012 onward, now known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).The FIA General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies. The FIA Senate overseas the finances and management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, an office currently held by Jean Todt. The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees. The President also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. There is also a Deputy and seven Vice-Presidents for Sport and Mobility, who assist the President in managing the activities in their respective area. The President is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.The FIA has two World Councils. The Mobility and Automobile Council governs all non-sporting activities, comprising transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) governs all sporting events regulated by the FIA, and writes the regulations for every FIA championship. It also supervises Karting through the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK). Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organizations affiliated to the FIA."Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile":The FIA Hall of Fame honours racing drivers, technicians, and engineers who have greatly contributed to motor racing. It was established by FIA in 2017.In October 2010, the FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy, a new programme to develop young driver talent worldwide, was announced. After a three-day shootout in Melk, Austria, on 6–8 February, twelve drivers were selected.Many of the Formula Student regulations also refer to FIA standards.In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in the "Sunday Times" entitled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren. The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against the "Sunday Times" alleging libel. Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".In 2008, accusations surfaced that FIA President Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour. Following a June 2008 decision of the FIA to retain Max Mosley as president, the German branch of the FIA, the ADAC (the largest European motoring body), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Max Mosley leaves office. Press reports also claimed that Bernie Ecclestone was investigating creating a rival to the Formula 1 series due to the scandal. | [
"Wilfred Andrews",
"Jehan de Rohan-Chabot",
"Filippo Caracciolo",
"Jean-Marie Balestre",
"Jean Todt",
"Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt",
"Amaury de Mérode",
"Max Mosley",
"Robert de Vogüé",
"Paul de Metternich-Winneburg",
"Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort"
] | |
Who was the chair of Synaspismós in Oct, 1991? | October 30, 1991 | {
"text": [
"Maria Damanaki"
]
} | L2_Q219573_P488_0 | Nikos Konstantopoulos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
Maria Damanaki is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Alekos Alavanos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Alexis Tsipras is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. | SynaspismosThe Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás tōn Kinīmátōn kai tīs Oikologías"), commonly known as Synaspismos (, "Synaspismós", "Coalition") and abbreviated to SYN (ΣΥΝ), was a Greek political party of the radical New Left. It was founded in 1991 and was known as the Coalition of the Left and Progress (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás kai tīs Proódou") until 2003. In 2004 SYN was a founding member of the Party of the European Left.SYN was the largest party of the left-wing coalition formed in 2004 called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). SYN was dissolved in 2013.Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the Greek Left, one of the successors of the eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to PASOK, was the largest non-Communist member party.The disintegration of the USSR brought the Left into disunion, and the traditional majority within KKE purged all non-hardliners from the party—almost 45% of the Central Committee members, including ex-general secretary Grigoris Farakos, and majorities in many Local Committees (named by the KKE majority as "revisionists" and by the press as the "renewers"). At this time KKE also left the coalition.After that, the other parties of the coalition and the renewing part of KKE decided to convert the alliance into a political party (1991).Although the 'experiment' seemed to have great potential, serious ideological conflicts were afflicting the new party. At the legislative elections of 1993, SYN failed (for 2,000 votes) to pass the limit of 3% and enter the National Parliament. But next year, Synaspismos got its highest national 'score' ever (6,26%) in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Two years later, with 5,12%, got its highest score in 1996 legislative elections.In the legislative elections of 2000, SYN was supported by the small Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA) party and a small group of ecologists. After the elections a few members of the National Committee, who were asking for approximation with the social democrats, left the party accusing the majority of neo-communist turn and created the short-lived party AEKA. AEKA was first split and little later disbanded in some months, when the head of the party became an Undersecretary in the socialdemocratic administration of Kostas Simitis.In the legislative elections of 2004, Synaspismos, together with several smaller parties (AKOA, Movement for the United in Action Left (KEDA), Internationalist Workers Left (DEA, Active Citizens)), formed an alliance called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), but contested the Euro-elections of the same year on its own, because of ideological disagreements within the party. The alliance with the smaller parties was formed again at the end of 2005, when chairman Alekos Alavanos proposed the 30-year-old Alexis Tsipras as candidate mayor of Athens for the Municipal Election of 2006, proclaiming the party's "overture to a younger generation". The Tsipras candidacy was received well, especially so by younger voters, and formed the party's springboard for its good 2007 parliamentary elections showing.On 10 February 2008 Alexis Tsipras was elected party president, replacing Alavanos, who stepped down citing private reasons. At that time Tsipras did not hold a parliamentary seat, so Alavanos remained leader of the parliamentary group. After the legislative elections in 2009, Tsipras entered Parliament and became leader of the SYRIZA parliamentary group.SYN described itself as "a radical left party, inspired by the ideas of the renewal of the communist and broader left movement in Greece and in Europe. It also fights for the merging of the ecological movement along with the left, to form a strategic alliance. The party's culture has been enriched by its active participation in the movement against the Neoliberal Capitalist Globalization."Synaspismos aspired to be a "canopy party"; where, under the party flag, one could find people of varying ideological and theoretical backgrounds. Therefore, SYN members were encouraged to form, or participate in, intra-party platforms on the basis of kinship in ideology. Platforms mounted open discussions and published magazines, but might not work against party consensus decisions.Note: the exact word used is ""τάσεις"" ("tendencies"), but the term "platform" is more fitting in English.The role of the platforms was vital especially in congresses, because each of them proposed a thesis on party strategy and presented its own ballot of candidates for the National Committee. In the National Committee elected by the last Congress (5 February 2008), the rank (in terms of representation) was the following: "Left Current" (mainstream western Marxism, party center-left), "Renewing Wing" (radical social democracy, party right), the "Red-green Network" (eco-Marxism, party left) and the "Initiative" (eurosceptic Marxism, party extreme left). Since 2004 the Left Stream, the Red-greens and the Initiative formed the so-called "Left Majority", which was responsible for moving the party to more radical leftist positions.The party had members in the National and European Parliament. After having survived the crisis of not achieving parliamentary representation in 1993, Synaspismos had, since 1996, been the fourth party in the Greek Parliament, and the third party (in terms of representation) in local government. In the European Parliament SYN was a member of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group, and also a member of the European Social Forum. Moreover, SYN hosted the 1st Congress of European Left (29–30 October 2005), which formulated the Athens Declaration of the European Left as the manifesto of the European Left party.Well-known executive members of Synaspismos were: Alexis Tsipras, Alekos Alavanos, Giannis Dragasakis, Nikos Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis Lafazanis et al.Synaspismos was closely connected with the following:The structure of SYN consists of three levels:SYN's youth organisation was SYN Youth (Νεολαία ΣΥΝ, SYN Youth), which was autonomous from the party structure. Until the late 1990s they were called "Left Youth League" (Ένωση Αριστερών Νέων). N-SYN had their own membership and executive bodies, but in general their decisions and activity were similar to the ones of the party. Their power was noteworthy in most Student Councils all around Greece, through the AR.EN.(Αριστερή Ενότητα, "Left Unity"). N-SYN also participated in the European Network of Democratic Young Left (ENDYL). | [
"Nikos Konstantopoulos",
"Alekos Alavanos",
"Alexis Tsipras"
] | |
Who was the chair of Synaspismós in Mar, 1994? | March 02, 1994 | {
"text": [
"Nikos Konstantopoulos"
]
} | L2_Q219573_P488_1 | Alekos Alavanos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Nikos Konstantopoulos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
Alexis Tsipras is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
Maria Damanaki is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993. | SynaspismosThe Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás tōn Kinīmátōn kai tīs Oikologías"), commonly known as Synaspismos (, "Synaspismós", "Coalition") and abbreviated to SYN (ΣΥΝ), was a Greek political party of the radical New Left. It was founded in 1991 and was known as the Coalition of the Left and Progress (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás kai tīs Proódou") until 2003. In 2004 SYN was a founding member of the Party of the European Left.SYN was the largest party of the left-wing coalition formed in 2004 called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). SYN was dissolved in 2013.Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the Greek Left, one of the successors of the eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to PASOK, was the largest non-Communist member party.The disintegration of the USSR brought the Left into disunion, and the traditional majority within KKE purged all non-hardliners from the party—almost 45% of the Central Committee members, including ex-general secretary Grigoris Farakos, and majorities in many Local Committees (named by the KKE majority as "revisionists" and by the press as the "renewers"). At this time KKE also left the coalition.After that, the other parties of the coalition and the renewing part of KKE decided to convert the alliance into a political party (1991).Although the 'experiment' seemed to have great potential, serious ideological conflicts were afflicting the new party. At the legislative elections of 1993, SYN failed (for 2,000 votes) to pass the limit of 3% and enter the National Parliament. But next year, Synaspismos got its highest national 'score' ever (6,26%) in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Two years later, with 5,12%, got its highest score in 1996 legislative elections.In the legislative elections of 2000, SYN was supported by the small Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA) party and a small group of ecologists. After the elections a few members of the National Committee, who were asking for approximation with the social democrats, left the party accusing the majority of neo-communist turn and created the short-lived party AEKA. AEKA was first split and little later disbanded in some months, when the head of the party became an Undersecretary in the socialdemocratic administration of Kostas Simitis.In the legislative elections of 2004, Synaspismos, together with several smaller parties (AKOA, Movement for the United in Action Left (KEDA), Internationalist Workers Left (DEA, Active Citizens)), formed an alliance called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), but contested the Euro-elections of the same year on its own, because of ideological disagreements within the party. The alliance with the smaller parties was formed again at the end of 2005, when chairman Alekos Alavanos proposed the 30-year-old Alexis Tsipras as candidate mayor of Athens for the Municipal Election of 2006, proclaiming the party's "overture to a younger generation". The Tsipras candidacy was received well, especially so by younger voters, and formed the party's springboard for its good 2007 parliamentary elections showing.On 10 February 2008 Alexis Tsipras was elected party president, replacing Alavanos, who stepped down citing private reasons. At that time Tsipras did not hold a parliamentary seat, so Alavanos remained leader of the parliamentary group. After the legislative elections in 2009, Tsipras entered Parliament and became leader of the SYRIZA parliamentary group.SYN described itself as "a radical left party, inspired by the ideas of the renewal of the communist and broader left movement in Greece and in Europe. It also fights for the merging of the ecological movement along with the left, to form a strategic alliance. The party's culture has been enriched by its active participation in the movement against the Neoliberal Capitalist Globalization."Synaspismos aspired to be a "canopy party"; where, under the party flag, one could find people of varying ideological and theoretical backgrounds. Therefore, SYN members were encouraged to form, or participate in, intra-party platforms on the basis of kinship in ideology. Platforms mounted open discussions and published magazines, but might not work against party consensus decisions.Note: the exact word used is ""τάσεις"" ("tendencies"), but the term "platform" is more fitting in English.The role of the platforms was vital especially in congresses, because each of them proposed a thesis on party strategy and presented its own ballot of candidates for the National Committee. In the National Committee elected by the last Congress (5 February 2008), the rank (in terms of representation) was the following: "Left Current" (mainstream western Marxism, party center-left), "Renewing Wing" (radical social democracy, party right), the "Red-green Network" (eco-Marxism, party left) and the "Initiative" (eurosceptic Marxism, party extreme left). Since 2004 the Left Stream, the Red-greens and the Initiative formed the so-called "Left Majority", which was responsible for moving the party to more radical leftist positions.The party had members in the National and European Parliament. After having survived the crisis of not achieving parliamentary representation in 1993, Synaspismos had, since 1996, been the fourth party in the Greek Parliament, and the third party (in terms of representation) in local government. In the European Parliament SYN was a member of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group, and also a member of the European Social Forum. Moreover, SYN hosted the 1st Congress of European Left (29–30 October 2005), which formulated the Athens Declaration of the European Left as the manifesto of the European Left party.Well-known executive members of Synaspismos were: Alexis Tsipras, Alekos Alavanos, Giannis Dragasakis, Nikos Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis Lafazanis et al.Synaspismos was closely connected with the following:The structure of SYN consists of three levels:SYN's youth organisation was SYN Youth (Νεολαία ΣΥΝ, SYN Youth), which was autonomous from the party structure. Until the late 1990s they were called "Left Youth League" (Ένωση Αριστερών Νέων). N-SYN had their own membership and executive bodies, but in general their decisions and activity were similar to the ones of the party. Their power was noteworthy in most Student Councils all around Greece, through the AR.EN.(Αριστερή Ενότητα, "Left Unity"). N-SYN also participated in the European Network of Democratic Young Left (ENDYL). | [
"Maria Damanaki",
"Alekos Alavanos",
"Alexis Tsipras"
] | |
Who was the chair of Synaspismós in Dec, 2004? | December 07, 2004 | {
"text": [
"Alekos Alavanos"
]
} | L2_Q219573_P488_2 | Maria Damanaki is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Alexis Tsipras is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
Nikos Konstantopoulos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
Alekos Alavanos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. | SynaspismosThe Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás tōn Kinīmátōn kai tīs Oikologías"), commonly known as Synaspismos (, "Synaspismós", "Coalition") and abbreviated to SYN (ΣΥΝ), was a Greek political party of the radical New Left. It was founded in 1991 and was known as the Coalition of the Left and Progress (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás kai tīs Proódou") until 2003. In 2004 SYN was a founding member of the Party of the European Left.SYN was the largest party of the left-wing coalition formed in 2004 called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). SYN was dissolved in 2013.Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the Greek Left, one of the successors of the eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to PASOK, was the largest non-Communist member party.The disintegration of the USSR brought the Left into disunion, and the traditional majority within KKE purged all non-hardliners from the party—almost 45% of the Central Committee members, including ex-general secretary Grigoris Farakos, and majorities in many Local Committees (named by the KKE majority as "revisionists" and by the press as the "renewers"). At this time KKE also left the coalition.After that, the other parties of the coalition and the renewing part of KKE decided to convert the alliance into a political party (1991).Although the 'experiment' seemed to have great potential, serious ideological conflicts were afflicting the new party. At the legislative elections of 1993, SYN failed (for 2,000 votes) to pass the limit of 3% and enter the National Parliament. But next year, Synaspismos got its highest national 'score' ever (6,26%) in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Two years later, with 5,12%, got its highest score in 1996 legislative elections.In the legislative elections of 2000, SYN was supported by the small Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA) party and a small group of ecologists. After the elections a few members of the National Committee, who were asking for approximation with the social democrats, left the party accusing the majority of neo-communist turn and created the short-lived party AEKA. AEKA was first split and little later disbanded in some months, when the head of the party became an Undersecretary in the socialdemocratic administration of Kostas Simitis.In the legislative elections of 2004, Synaspismos, together with several smaller parties (AKOA, Movement for the United in Action Left (KEDA), Internationalist Workers Left (DEA, Active Citizens)), formed an alliance called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), but contested the Euro-elections of the same year on its own, because of ideological disagreements within the party. The alliance with the smaller parties was formed again at the end of 2005, when chairman Alekos Alavanos proposed the 30-year-old Alexis Tsipras as candidate mayor of Athens for the Municipal Election of 2006, proclaiming the party's "overture to a younger generation". The Tsipras candidacy was received well, especially so by younger voters, and formed the party's springboard for its good 2007 parliamentary elections showing.On 10 February 2008 Alexis Tsipras was elected party president, replacing Alavanos, who stepped down citing private reasons. At that time Tsipras did not hold a parliamentary seat, so Alavanos remained leader of the parliamentary group. After the legislative elections in 2009, Tsipras entered Parliament and became leader of the SYRIZA parliamentary group.SYN described itself as "a radical left party, inspired by the ideas of the renewal of the communist and broader left movement in Greece and in Europe. It also fights for the merging of the ecological movement along with the left, to form a strategic alliance. The party's culture has been enriched by its active participation in the movement against the Neoliberal Capitalist Globalization."Synaspismos aspired to be a "canopy party"; where, under the party flag, one could find people of varying ideological and theoretical backgrounds. Therefore, SYN members were encouraged to form, or participate in, intra-party platforms on the basis of kinship in ideology. Platforms mounted open discussions and published magazines, but might not work against party consensus decisions.Note: the exact word used is ""τάσεις"" ("tendencies"), but the term "platform" is more fitting in English.The role of the platforms was vital especially in congresses, because each of them proposed a thesis on party strategy and presented its own ballot of candidates for the National Committee. In the National Committee elected by the last Congress (5 February 2008), the rank (in terms of representation) was the following: "Left Current" (mainstream western Marxism, party center-left), "Renewing Wing" (radical social democracy, party right), the "Red-green Network" (eco-Marxism, party left) and the "Initiative" (eurosceptic Marxism, party extreme left). Since 2004 the Left Stream, the Red-greens and the Initiative formed the so-called "Left Majority", which was responsible for moving the party to more radical leftist positions.The party had members in the National and European Parliament. After having survived the crisis of not achieving parliamentary representation in 1993, Synaspismos had, since 1996, been the fourth party in the Greek Parliament, and the third party (in terms of representation) in local government. In the European Parliament SYN was a member of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group, and also a member of the European Social Forum. Moreover, SYN hosted the 1st Congress of European Left (29–30 October 2005), which formulated the Athens Declaration of the European Left as the manifesto of the European Left party.Well-known executive members of Synaspismos were: Alexis Tsipras, Alekos Alavanos, Giannis Dragasakis, Nikos Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis Lafazanis et al.Synaspismos was closely connected with the following:The structure of SYN consists of three levels:SYN's youth organisation was SYN Youth (Νεολαία ΣΥΝ, SYN Youth), which was autonomous from the party structure. Until the late 1990s they were called "Left Youth League" (Ένωση Αριστερών Νέων). N-SYN had their own membership and executive bodies, but in general their decisions and activity were similar to the ones of the party. Their power was noteworthy in most Student Councils all around Greece, through the AR.EN.(Αριστερή Ενότητα, "Left Unity"). N-SYN also participated in the European Network of Democratic Young Left (ENDYL). | [
"Nikos Konstantopoulos",
"Alexis Tsipras",
"Maria Damanaki"
] | |
Who was the chair of Synaspismós in Jul, 2008? | July 02, 2008 | {
"text": [
"Alexis Tsipras"
]
} | L2_Q219573_P488_3 | Nikos Konstantopoulos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
Alekos Alavanos is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Maria Damanaki is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Alexis Tsipras is the chair of Synaspismós from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. | SynaspismosThe Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás tōn Kinīmátōn kai tīs Oikologías"), commonly known as Synaspismos (, "Synaspismós", "Coalition") and abbreviated to SYN (ΣΥΝ), was a Greek political party of the radical New Left. It was founded in 1991 and was known as the Coalition of the Left and Progress (, "Synaspismós tīs Aristerás kai tīs Proódou") until 2003. In 2004 SYN was a founding member of the Party of the European Left.SYN was the largest party of the left-wing coalition formed in 2004 called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). SYN was dissolved in 2013.Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the Greek Left, one of the successors of the eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to PASOK, was the largest non-Communist member party.The disintegration of the USSR brought the Left into disunion, and the traditional majority within KKE purged all non-hardliners from the party—almost 45% of the Central Committee members, including ex-general secretary Grigoris Farakos, and majorities in many Local Committees (named by the KKE majority as "revisionists" and by the press as the "renewers"). At this time KKE also left the coalition.After that, the other parties of the coalition and the renewing part of KKE decided to convert the alliance into a political party (1991).Although the 'experiment' seemed to have great potential, serious ideological conflicts were afflicting the new party. At the legislative elections of 1993, SYN failed (for 2,000 votes) to pass the limit of 3% and enter the National Parliament. But next year, Synaspismos got its highest national 'score' ever (6,26%) in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Two years later, with 5,12%, got its highest score in 1996 legislative elections.In the legislative elections of 2000, SYN was supported by the small Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA) party and a small group of ecologists. After the elections a few members of the National Committee, who were asking for approximation with the social democrats, left the party accusing the majority of neo-communist turn and created the short-lived party AEKA. AEKA was first split and little later disbanded in some months, when the head of the party became an Undersecretary in the socialdemocratic administration of Kostas Simitis.In the legislative elections of 2004, Synaspismos, together with several smaller parties (AKOA, Movement for the United in Action Left (KEDA), Internationalist Workers Left (DEA, Active Citizens)), formed an alliance called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), but contested the Euro-elections of the same year on its own, because of ideological disagreements within the party. The alliance with the smaller parties was formed again at the end of 2005, when chairman Alekos Alavanos proposed the 30-year-old Alexis Tsipras as candidate mayor of Athens for the Municipal Election of 2006, proclaiming the party's "overture to a younger generation". The Tsipras candidacy was received well, especially so by younger voters, and formed the party's springboard for its good 2007 parliamentary elections showing.On 10 February 2008 Alexis Tsipras was elected party president, replacing Alavanos, who stepped down citing private reasons. At that time Tsipras did not hold a parliamentary seat, so Alavanos remained leader of the parliamentary group. After the legislative elections in 2009, Tsipras entered Parliament and became leader of the SYRIZA parliamentary group.SYN described itself as "a radical left party, inspired by the ideas of the renewal of the communist and broader left movement in Greece and in Europe. It also fights for the merging of the ecological movement along with the left, to form a strategic alliance. The party's culture has been enriched by its active participation in the movement against the Neoliberal Capitalist Globalization."Synaspismos aspired to be a "canopy party"; where, under the party flag, one could find people of varying ideological and theoretical backgrounds. Therefore, SYN members were encouraged to form, or participate in, intra-party platforms on the basis of kinship in ideology. Platforms mounted open discussions and published magazines, but might not work against party consensus decisions.Note: the exact word used is ""τάσεις"" ("tendencies"), but the term "platform" is more fitting in English.The role of the platforms was vital especially in congresses, because each of them proposed a thesis on party strategy and presented its own ballot of candidates for the National Committee. In the National Committee elected by the last Congress (5 February 2008), the rank (in terms of representation) was the following: "Left Current" (mainstream western Marxism, party center-left), "Renewing Wing" (radical social democracy, party right), the "Red-green Network" (eco-Marxism, party left) and the "Initiative" (eurosceptic Marxism, party extreme left). Since 2004 the Left Stream, the Red-greens and the Initiative formed the so-called "Left Majority", which was responsible for moving the party to more radical leftist positions.The party had members in the National and European Parliament. After having survived the crisis of not achieving parliamentary representation in 1993, Synaspismos had, since 1996, been the fourth party in the Greek Parliament, and the third party (in terms of representation) in local government. In the European Parliament SYN was a member of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group, and also a member of the European Social Forum. Moreover, SYN hosted the 1st Congress of European Left (29–30 October 2005), which formulated the Athens Declaration of the European Left as the manifesto of the European Left party.Well-known executive members of Synaspismos were: Alexis Tsipras, Alekos Alavanos, Giannis Dragasakis, Nikos Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis Lafazanis et al.Synaspismos was closely connected with the following:The structure of SYN consists of three levels:SYN's youth organisation was SYN Youth (Νεολαία ΣΥΝ, SYN Youth), which was autonomous from the party structure. Until the late 1990s they were called "Left Youth League" (Ένωση Αριστερών Νέων). N-SYN had their own membership and executive bodies, but in general their decisions and activity were similar to the ones of the party. Their power was noteworthy in most Student Councils all around Greece, through the AR.EN.(Αριστερή Ενότητα, "Left Unity"). N-SYN also participated in the European Network of Democratic Young Left (ENDYL). | [
"Nikos Konstantopoulos",
"Alekos Alavanos",
"Maria Damanaki"
] | |
Who was the chair of American Alliance of Museums in Mar, 1906? | March 06, 1906 | {
"text": [
"Hermon Carey Bumpus"
]
} | L2_Q2842849_P488_0 | Hermon Carey Bumpus is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1907.
Laura L. Lott is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jun, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
William Jacob Holland is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1909. | American Alliance of MuseumsThe American Alliance of Museums (AAM), formerly the American Association of Museums, is a non-profit association that has brought museums together since founding in 1906, helping develop standards and best practices, gathering and sharing knowledge, and advocating on issues of concern to the museum community. AAM is dedicated to ensuring that museums remain a vital part of the American landscape, connecting people with the greatest achievements of the human experience, past, present and future.AAM is the only organization representing the entire scope of museums and professionals and nonpaid staff who work for and with museums. AAM currently represents more than 25,000 individual museum professionals and volunteers, 4,000 institutions and 150 corporate members. Individual members span the range of occupations in museums, including directors, curators, registrars, educators, exhibit designers, public relations officers, development officers, security managers, trustees and volunteers.Every type of museum is represented by the more than 4,000 institutional members, including art, history, science, military, maritime, and youth museums, as well as public aquariums, zoos, botanical gardens, arboretums, historic sites, and science and technology centers.At the 2014 American Alliance of Museums conference, the Institute of Museum and Library Services announced there are now at least 35,000 museums in the US.An informal meeting was held at the National Museum in Washington, D. C. on December 21, 1905, for the “purpose of discussing the advisability of endeavoring to establish an association of the museums of America.”Media&Technology (M&T) is a Professional Network of the American Alliance of Museums (AAM), a leading museums organization in the United States. The M&T Network is the AAM link between museums and media technologies. As such, it identifies, examines, and advocates appropriate uses of media technologies in helping museums meet the needs of their diverse publics. Membership is limited to institutions or individuals that are members of AAM. The mission of the M&T is "to identify, access, and advocate a broad variety of program uses for media and technology in helping museum professionals meet the needs of their diverse publics". | [
"William Jacob Holland",
"Laura L. Lott"
] | |
Who was the chair of American Alliance of Museums in May, 1908? | May 16, 1908 | {
"text": [
"William Jacob Holland"
]
} | L2_Q2842849_P488_1 | Laura L. Lott is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jun, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Hermon Carey Bumpus is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1907.
William Jacob Holland is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1909. | American Alliance of MuseumsThe American Alliance of Museums (AAM), formerly the American Association of Museums, is a non-profit association that has brought museums together since founding in 1906, helping develop standards and best practices, gathering and sharing knowledge, and advocating on issues of concern to the museum community. AAM is dedicated to ensuring that museums remain a vital part of the American landscape, connecting people with the greatest achievements of the human experience, past, present and future.AAM is the only organization representing the entire scope of museums and professionals and nonpaid staff who work for and with museums. AAM currently represents more than 25,000 individual museum professionals and volunteers, 4,000 institutions and 150 corporate members. Individual members span the range of occupations in museums, including directors, curators, registrars, educators, exhibit designers, public relations officers, development officers, security managers, trustees and volunteers.Every type of museum is represented by the more than 4,000 institutional members, including art, history, science, military, maritime, and youth museums, as well as public aquariums, zoos, botanical gardens, arboretums, historic sites, and science and technology centers.At the 2014 American Alliance of Museums conference, the Institute of Museum and Library Services announced there are now at least 35,000 museums in the US.An informal meeting was held at the National Museum in Washington, D. C. on December 21, 1905, for the “purpose of discussing the advisability of endeavoring to establish an association of the museums of America.”Media&Technology (M&T) is a Professional Network of the American Alliance of Museums (AAM), a leading museums organization in the United States. The M&T Network is the AAM link between museums and media technologies. As such, it identifies, examines, and advocates appropriate uses of media technologies in helping museums meet the needs of their diverse publics. Membership is limited to institutions or individuals that are members of AAM. The mission of the M&T is "to identify, access, and advocate a broad variety of program uses for media and technology in helping museum professionals meet the needs of their diverse publics". | [
"Hermon Carey Bumpus",
"Laura L. Lott"
] | |
Who was the chair of American Alliance of Museums in Nov, 2018? | November 11, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Laura L. Lott"
]
} | L2_Q2842849_P488_2 | Laura L. Lott is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jun, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Hermon Carey Bumpus is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1907.
William Jacob Holland is the chair of American Alliance of Museums from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1909. | American Alliance of MuseumsThe American Alliance of Museums (AAM), formerly the American Association of Museums, is a non-profit association that has brought museums together since founding in 1906, helping develop standards and best practices, gathering and sharing knowledge, and advocating on issues of concern to the museum community. AAM is dedicated to ensuring that museums remain a vital part of the American landscape, connecting people with the greatest achievements of the human experience, past, present and future.AAM is the only organization representing the entire scope of museums and professionals and nonpaid staff who work for and with museums. AAM currently represents more than 25,000 individual museum professionals and volunteers, 4,000 institutions and 150 corporate members. Individual members span the range of occupations in museums, including directors, curators, registrars, educators, exhibit designers, public relations officers, development officers, security managers, trustees and volunteers.Every type of museum is represented by the more than 4,000 institutional members, including art, history, science, military, maritime, and youth museums, as well as public aquariums, zoos, botanical gardens, arboretums, historic sites, and science and technology centers.At the 2014 American Alliance of Museums conference, the Institute of Museum and Library Services announced there are now at least 35,000 museums in the US.An informal meeting was held at the National Museum in Washington, D. C. on December 21, 1905, for the “purpose of discussing the advisability of endeavoring to establish an association of the museums of America.”Media&Technology (M&T) is a Professional Network of the American Alliance of Museums (AAM), a leading museums organization in the United States. The M&T Network is the AAM link between museums and media technologies. As such, it identifies, examines, and advocates appropriate uses of media technologies in helping museums meet the needs of their diverse publics. Membership is limited to institutions or individuals that are members of AAM. The mission of the M&T is "to identify, access, and advocate a broad variety of program uses for media and technology in helping museum professionals meet the needs of their diverse publics". | [
"Hermon Carey Bumpus",
"William Jacob Holland"
] | |
Who was the head of Dortmund in Jun, 1992? | June 09, 1992 | {
"text": [
"Günter Samtlebe"
]
} | L2_Q1295_P6_0 | Günter Samtlebe is the head of the government of Dortmund from Feb, 1973 to Sep, 1999.
Ullrich Sierau is the head of the government of Dortmund from May, 2010 to Oct, 2020.
Thomas Westphal is the head of the government of Dortmund from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Gerhard Langemeyer is the head of the government of Dortmund from Oct, 1999 to Oct, 2009. | DortmundDortmund (; Westphalian ; ) is the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the eighth-largest city of Germany, with a population of 588,250 inhabitants as of 2021. It is the largest city (by area and population) of the Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area with some 5.1 million inhabitants, as well as the largest city of Westphalia. On the Emscher and Ruhr rivers (tributaries of the Rhine), it lies in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region and is considered the administrative, commercial, and cultural center of the eastern Ruhr. Dortmund is the second-largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg.Founded around 882, Dortmund became an Imperial Free City. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, and the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League. During the Thirty Years' War, the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization. The city then became one of Germany's most important coal, steel and beer centres. Dortmund consequently was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center. These bombing raids, with more than 1,110 aircraft, hold the record to a single target in World War II.The region has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and coal industries and shifted to high-technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and also services. Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow, ranked among the twelve innovation cities in European Union and is the most sustainable and digital city in Germany. Other key sectors include retail, leisure and the visitor economy, creative industries, and logistics. With its central station and airport, the third-busiest airport in North Rhine-Westphalia, Dortmund is an important transport junction, especially for the surrounding Ruhr area as well as Europe (Benelux countries), and with the largest canal port in Europe it has a connection to important seaports on the North Sea.Dortmund is home to many cultural and educational institutions, including the Technical University of Dortmund and Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, International School of Management and other educational, cultural and administrative facilities with over 49,000 students, many museums, such as Museum Ostwall, Museum of Art and Cultural History, German Football Museum, as well as theatres and music venues like the Konzerthaus or the Opera House of Dortmund. Nearly half the municipal territory consists of waterways, woodland, agriculture and green spaces with spacious parks such as Westfalenpark and Rombergpark. This stands in a stark contrast with nearly a hundred years of extensive coal mining and steel milling in the past. Borussia Dortmund is one of the most successful German football clubs.Dortmund was first mentioned in the Werden Abbey, which was built between 880 and 884. The Latin entry reads: "In Throtmanni liber homo Arnold viii den nob solvit." (German: "In Throtmanni zahlt uns der freie Mann Arnold 8 Pfennige" and English: "In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs")). According to this, there are a large number of different names, but they all go back to the same phoneme stem. Their respective use in the sources appears arbitrary and random.In the course of time the name changed many times: "trut munia" 899, "Thortmanni, Trutmania, Trotmunni" 939, "Tremonia" 1152. From the 13th century on, the "Dortmunde" appeared for the first time, but it was not until a few centuries later that it became generally accepted.In the Middle Ages 1389, when the city had withstood the siege of 1200 knights under the leadership of the Archbishop of Cologne, it chose as its motto a saying that is still upheld today by traditional societies: "So fast as Düörpm". (High German: As firm as Dortmund).In the past, the city was called "Dortmond" in Dutch, "Tremonia" in Spanish and "Trémoigne" in Old French. However, these exonyms have fallen into disuse and the city is now internationally known by its German name of "Dortmund". The common abbreviation for the name of the city is "DTM", the IATA code for Dortmund Airport.The Sigiburg was a Saxon hillfort in the South of present-day Dortmund, overlooking the River Ruhr near its confluence with the River Lenne. The ruins of the later Hohensyburg castle now stand on the site of the Sigiburg. The hillfort was raised ca. 700 by Westphalian Saxons. During the Saxon Wars, it was taken by the Franks under Charlemagne in 772, retaken by the Saxons (possibly under Widukind) in 774, and taken again and refortified by Charlemagne in 775. Archaeological evidence suggests the Sigiburg site was also occupied in the Neolithic era.The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882 as Throtmanni – In throtmanni liber homo arnold[us] viii den[arios] nob[is] soluit [solvit]. In 1005 the "Ecclesiastical council" and in 1016 the"Imperial diet" meets in Dortmund.After it was destroyed by a fire, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. In 1267 St. Mary's Church, Dortmund, and three years later in 1270 St. Reinold's Church first mentioned. The combination of crossroad, market place, administrative centre – town hall, made Dortmund an important centre in Westphalia. It became an Imperial Free City and one of the first cities in Europe with an official Brewing right in 1293. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League.After 1320, the city appeared in writing as "Dorpmunde". In the years leading up to 1344, the English King even borrowed money from well-heeled Dortmund merchant families Berswordt and Klepping, offering the regal crown as security. In 1388, the Count of Mark joined forces with the Archbishop of Cologne and issued declarations of a feud against the town. Following a major siege lasting 18 months, peace negotiations took place and Dortmund emerged victorious. In 1400 the seat of the first Vehmic court () was in Dortmund, in a square between two linden trees, one of which was known as the "Femelinde". With the growing influence of Cologne during the 15th century, the seat was moved to Arnsberg in 1437. After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. This favors the founding of one of the oldest schools in Europe in 1543 - . In 1661 an earthquake made the Reinoldikirche collapse.With the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" resolution in 1803, Dortmund was added to the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda, with as a result that it was no longer a free imperial city. William V, Prince of Orange-Nassau did not want stolen areas and therefore let his son Prince Willem Frederik (the later King William I of the Netherlands) take possession of the city and the principality. This prince held its entry on 30 June 1806, and as such the County of Dortmund then became part of the principality. On 12 July 1806, most of the Nassau principalities were deprived of their sovereign rights by means of the Rhine treaty. In October of the same year, the County of Dortmund was occupied by French troops and was added to the Grand Duchy of Berg on 1 March 1808. It is the capital of the Ruhr department. In 1808 Dortmund becomes capital of French satellite Ruhr (department). At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the entire Grand Duchy of Berg, including Dortmund, was added to the Kingdom of Prussia. The state mining authority of the Ruhr area was founded in 1815 and moved from Bochum to Dortmund. Within the Prussian Province of Westphalia, Dortmund was a district seat within Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg until 1875, when it became an urban district within the region.During the industrialisation of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for coal and steel. The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the Kapp Putsch - a right military coup launched against the Social Democratic-led government. Radical workers formed a Red Army who fought the freikorps units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation.Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue, which had opened in 1900, was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients for euthanasia at the Hadamar mental hospital as part of the Action T4 (an additional 229 children were killed in the "Children's Specialist Department", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941).Bombing targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II in Dortmund included Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG, the "Hoesch-Benzin GmbH" synthetic oil plant, and the "Zeche Hansa". The bombings destroyed about 66% of Dortmund homes. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft (748 Lancasters, 292 Halifaxes, 68 Mosquitos) destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center, and 4,851 tonnes of bombs were dropped through Dortmund city centre and the south of the city; this was a record to a single target in the whole of World War II.The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945. The US 95th Infantry Division attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a stubborn German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945.Post-war, most of the ancient buildings were not restored, and large parts of the city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings as the main churches Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique cityscape. Dortmund was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1946. The LWL-Industriemuseum was founded in 1969. In 1987 Coalmining pit Minister Stein closed, marking the end of more than 150 years of coal mining. Dortmund has since adapted, with its century-long steel and coal industries having been shifted to high-technology areas, including biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and services. This has led Dortmund to become a regional centre for hi-tech industry.In 2001 started a new era for the discrict Hörde in Dortmund, 160 years of industrial history ended with the beginning of the Phoenix See. The development of the Phoenix See area was carried out by a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke AG. In 2005 the first cornerstone was laid on the Phoenix area. The work started with full speed to manage the work with over 2.5 million meters of ground motion and 420.000 cubic meters of ferroconcrete. On 1 October 2010, the largest and most highly anticipated milestone could be celebrated: the launch of the flooding of the Phoenix See. Since 9 May 2011, the fences disappeared and the Phoenix See has been completed. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and is the most sustainable city in Germany.On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a 4,000-pound bomb from World War II was found. German authorities safely defused the bomb. The bomb was found after analysing old aerial photographs while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by Allied aircraft over Germany's industrial Ruhr region.Dortmund is an independent city located in the east of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban areas in Europe (see also: megalopolis), comprising eleven independent cities and four districts with some 5.3million inhabitants. The city limits of Dortmund itself are long and border twelve cities, two independent and ten "kreisangehörig" (i.e., belonging to a district), with a total population of approximately 2.4million. The following cities border Dortmund (clockwise starting from north-east): Bochum, Castrop-Rauxel, Waltrop, Lünen, Kamen, Unna, Holzwickede, Schwerte, Hagen, Herdecke and Witten. Historically speaking, Dortmund is a part of Westphalia which is situated in the Bundesland North Rhine-Westphalia. Moreover, Dortmund is part of Westphalian Lowland and adjoins with the Ardey Hills in the south of the city to the Sauerland.The Ruhr forms the reservoir on the Hengsteysee next to the borough of Syburg in the south of Dortmund between the cities of Hagen and Herdecke, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Klusenberg, a hill that is part of the Ardey range, is located just north of the Hengsteysee and the highest point of Dortmund . There is also a pumped-storage plant on this reservoir, named Koepchenwerk. The lowest point can be found in the northern borough of Brechten at .The Emscher is a small river and has its wellspring in Holzwickede, east of the city of Dortmund, and flows west through Dortmund. Towns along the Emscher take in Dortmund, Castrop-Rauxel, Herne, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, Essen, Bottrop, Oberhausen and Dinslaken, where it flows into the Rhine.Dortmund comprises 62 neighbourhoods which in turn are grouped into twelve boroughs (called Stadtbezirke), often named after the most important neighbourhood. Three boroughs cover the area of the inner city (Innenstadt-West (City centre West), Innenstadt-Nord (City centre North), Innenstadt-Ost (City centre East)) and the remaining nine boroughs make up the surrounding area (Eving, Scharnhorst, Brackel, Aplerbeck, Hörde, Hombruch, Lütgendortmund, Huckarde, Mengede). Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a Roman numeral and has a local governing body of nineteen members with limited authority. Most of the boroughs were originally independent municipalities but were gradually annexed from 1905 to 1975. This long-lasting process of annexation has led to a strong identification of the population with "their" boroughs or districts and to a rare peculiarity: The borough of Hörde, located in the south of Dortmund and independent until 1928, has its own coat of arms.The centre can be subdivided into historically evolved city districts whose borders are not always strictly defined, such asDortmund is situated in the temperate climate zone with oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"). Winters are cool; summers are warm. The average annual temperature lies at approximately , the total average annual amount of precipitation lies at approximately . Precipitation evenly falls throughout the year; steady rain (with some snow), prevails in the wintertime, isolated showers dominate the summer season. Dortmund features characteristics of densely populated areas as for example the occurrence of urban heat islands is typical.Dortmund's population grew rapidly in the time of the 19th century industrialisation when coal mining and steel processing in the city began. 1904 marks the year when Dortmund saw a population of more than 100,000 for the first time in its history. During the 19th century the area around Dortmund called Ruhr attracted up to 500,000 ethnic Poles, Masurians and Silesians from East Prussia and Silesia in a migration known as "Ostflucht" (flight from the east). Most of the new inhabitants came from Eastern Europe, but immigrants also came from France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Almost all their descendants today speak German as a mother tongue, and for various reasons they do not identify with their Polish roots and traditions, often only their Polish family names remaining as a sign of their past. Not taking the fluctuation of war years into account, the population figures rose constantly to 657,804 in 1965. As a result of the city's post-industrial decline, the population fell to just under 580,000 in 2011. Today with a population of 601.402 (2017) the City of Dortmund is the eighth largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf. It is also the largest city in the Ruhr agglomeration.Contrary to earlier projections, population figures have been on the rise in recent years due to net migration gains. Dortmund has seen a moderate influx of younger people (18 to 25 years of age) mainly because of its universities. Data of the EU-wide 2011 census revealed massive inaccuracies with regard to German population figures. Consequently, respective figures have been corrected, which resulted in a statistical "loss" of 9,000 inhabitants in Dortmund. In 2016 it was announced that the population was back above 600,000., Dortmund had a population of 571,403 of whom about 177,000 (roughly 30%) were of non-German origin. The table shows the number of first and second generation immigrants in Dortmund by nationality as of 31 December 2014. As with much of the Ruhr area, Dortmund has sizable Turkish and South European communities (particularly Spanish), and had one of Germany's most visible Slavic populations. the largest Christian denominations were Protestantism (49.9%) and Catholicism (27.4% of the population). Furthermore, in Dortmund the Greek Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Macedonian Orthodox Church are represented. The Church of the Holy Apostles (gre. I.N. Αγίων Αποστόλων Ντόρτμουντ - I.N. Agíon Apostólon Dortmund) was the first Greek church in Germany to be founded due to the influx of "guest workers". Also Dortmund is home of the New Apostolic Church in North Rhine-Westphalia with more than 84,944 community members.The Jewish community has a history dating back to Medieval times and has always ranked among the largest in Westphalia. Dortmund is home to the National Association of Jewish Communities of Westfalen-Lippe. The synagogues operate there in City center, Hörde and Dorstfeld. Due to the growing immigration of people from Muslim countries beginning in the 1960s. Dortmund has a large Muslim community with more than 30 mosques.In June 2019 Dortmund hosted the 37th Evangelischer Kirchentag - German Evangelical Church Assembly.Dortmund is one of nineteen independent district-free cities ("kreisfreie Städte") in North Rhine-Westphalia, which means that it does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity, in this case it is not part of a Landkreis. Since 1975, Dortmund is divided into twelve administrative districts. Each district ("Bezirk") has its own elected district council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The district councils are advisory only.Dortmund is often called the "Herzkammer der SPD" (roughly translated as "heartland of the Social democrats") after the politically dominant party in the city. During the Nazi era (1933–1945), mayors were installed by the Nazi Party. After World War II, the military government of the British occupation zone installed a new mayor and a municipal constitution modeled on that of British cities. The first major elected by the population of Dortmund was Fritz Henßler. Since the end of the war, the SPD has held a plurality in the city council, except for the period from 1999 to 2004.The current Mayor of Dortmund is Thomas Westphal of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2020.The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 210,659! 99.1! 145,760! 99.0! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,950! 0.9! 1,529! 1.0! colspan=3| Total! 212,609! 100.0! 147,289! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.0! 451,710! 32.6The Dortmund city council ("Dortmunder Stadtrat") governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=2| Valid votes! 210,592! 99.0! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes! 2,047! 1.0! ! colspan=2| Total! 212,639! 100.0! 90! 4! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.1! 2.2! Dortmund is twinned with:Dortmund's city centre offers a picture full of contrasts. Historic buildings like Altes Stadthaus or the Krügerpassage rub shoulders with post-war architecture like Gesundheitshaus and concrete constructions with Romanesque churches like the Reinoldikirche and the Marienkirche. The near-complete destruction of Dortmund's city centre during World War II (98%) has resulted in a varied architectural landscape. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. The downtown of Dortmund still retains the outline of the medieval city. A ring road marks the former city wall, and the Westen-/Ostenhellweg, part of a medieval salt trading route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisecting the city centre.Thus, the city today is characterized by simple and modest post-war buildings, with a few interspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example the opera house are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment.The Kreuzviertel is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896. In the second World War, relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, Kreuzviertel forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first Concrete Church in Germany St.-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: Sascha Schmitz, Christina Hammer and players of Borussia Dortmund.The northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of 14.42 km is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in Ruhr the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial urban area that was mainly developed in the 19th Century to serve the Westfalenhütte steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation. The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in the Germany. Ballspielverein Borussia Dortmund was founded nearby, north-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.The Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison.Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists.The Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.Hörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the "Großen Dortmunder Fehde" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of Herdecke, Witten, Bochum, Castrop, Lünen, Unna und Schwerte. Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the Emscher and Lake Phoenix.Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe. On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of ThyssenKrupp newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million. The lake is 1.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the Hamburg Alster. Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area.Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include:The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.The River Emscher flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public water board Emschergenossenschaft. The financial frame is 4.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by the year 2020.The most industrial building in Dortmund are part of the Industrial Heritage Trail (). The trail links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage in the whole Ruhr area in Germany. It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.Dortmund tallest structure is the Florianturm telecommunication tower at . Other tall buildings are the churches around the city centre. A selection of the tallest office buildings in Dortmund is listed below.Dortmund also serves as a major European and German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem. The Ruhrschnellweg follows old Hanseatic trade routes to connect the city with the other metropolises of the Ruhr Area. It crosses the Dutch-German border as a continuation of the Dutch A67 and crosses the Rhine, leads through the Ruhr valley toward Bochum, becoming B 1 (Bundesstraße 1) at the Kreuz Dortmund West and eventually merging into the A 44 near Holzwickede. It has officially been named Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr Fast Way), but locals usually call it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr Crawling Way) or "the Ruhr area's longest parking lot". According to "Der Spiegel", it is the most congested motorway in Germany.Connections to more distant parts of Germany are maintained by Autobahn routes A1 and A2, which traverse the north and east city limits and meet at the Kamener Kreuz interchange north-east of Dortmund.In combination with the Autobahn A45 to the west these form the Dortmund Beltway ("Dortmunder Autobahnring").Cycling in Dortmund is supported by urban planners - an extensive network of cycle paths exists which had its beginnings in the 1980s. Dortmund was admitted to the German "Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle-Friendly Cities and Municipalities in NRW" (AGFS) on August 8, 2007. Dortumund is connected to a number of long-distance cycle paths and a Bike freeway called the "Radschnellweg Ruhr" (Ruhr Area Fast Cycle Path).As with most communes in the Ruhr area, local transport is carried out by a local, publicly owned company for transport within the city, the DB Regio subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn for regional transport and Deutsche Bahn itself for long-distance journeys. The local carrier, Dortmunder Stadtwerke (DSW21), is a member of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) association of public transport companies in the Ruhr area, which provides a uniform fare structure in the whole region. Within the VRR region, tickets are valid on lines of all members as well as DB's railway lines (except the high-speed InterCity and Intercity-Express networks) and can be bought at ticket machines and service centres of DSW21, all other members of VRR, and DB.The central train station (Dortmund Hauptbahnhof) is the third largest long-distance traffic junction in Germany. Dortmund has a railway service with Deutsche Bahn InterCity and ICE-trains stopping at "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof" (Dortmund Main Station). ICE and TGV Thalys high-speed trains link Dortmund with Amsterdam, Brussels (in 2h 30) and Paris (in 3h 50). There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including Frankfurt am Main, Berlin and other cities in the Rhein-Ruhr Region.For public transportation, the city has an extensive Stadtbahn and bus system. The Stadtbahn has eight lines (U41 to U49) serving Dortmund and the large suburb of Lünen in the north. The trains that run on the line are in fact lightrails as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. The minimum service interval is 2.5 minutes, although the usual pattern is that each line runs at 5 to 10 minute intervals. In April 2008, the newly constructed east–west underground light rail line was opened, completing the underground service in the city centre and replacing the last trams on the surface.A number of bus lines complete the Dortmund public transport system. Night buses replace Stadtbahn services between 1:30 am and 7:30 am on weekends and public holidays. The central junction for the night bus service is Reinoldikirche in the city centre, where all night bus lines start and end.The H-Bahn at Dortmund University of Technology is a hanging monorail built specifically to shuttle passengers between the university's two campuses, which are now also flanked by research laboratories and other high-tech corporations and startups. A nearly identical monorail system transfers passengers at Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Airport is a medium-sized, but fast growing airport east of the city centre at the city limit to Holzwickede. The airport serves the area of the Ruhrgebiet, Sauerland, Westphalia and parts of the Netherlands and features flights to Munich, London, Vienna, Porto and a lot of eastern European city and leisure destinations. The airport is served by an express bus to Dortmund main station, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station "Holzwickede/Dortmund Flughafen", a bus to the city's metro line "U47", as well as a bus to the city of Unna.In 2019, the airport served 2,719,563 passengers mainly used for low-cost and leisure charter flights. The closest intercontinental airport is Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Harbour ("Hafen") is the largest canal harbour in Europe and the 11th fluvial harbour in Germany.Dortmund has adapted since the collapse of its century long steel, coal and beer industries. The region has shifted to high technology, robotics, biomedical technology, micro systems technology, engineering, tourism, finance, education, services and is thus one of the most dynamic new-economy cities in Germany. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the "Innovation Cities Index" published by 2thinknow.Hundreds of SMEs are still based in and around Dortmund (often termed "Mittelstand"). Dortmund is also home to a number of medium-sized information technology companies, many linked to the local university TU Dortmund at the first technology center in Germany named "Technologiepark Dortmund" opened in the 1980s. With around 280 companies like Boehringer Ingelheim and Verizon Communications and more than 8,500 employees, TechnologiePark Dortmund is one of the most successful technology parks in Europe. The city works closely with research institutes, private universities, and companies to collaborate on the commercialisation of science initiatives. Furthermore, 680 IT and software companies with 12,000 employees are based in Dortmund, making the city one of Germany's biggest software locations. Two of the top 10 IT service provider in Germany are based in Dortmund - adesso SE and Materna Group.Dortmund is home to many insurance companies e.g. Signal Iduna, Continentale Krankenversicherung, Bundesinnungskrankenkasse Gesundheit (BIG direkt) and Volkswohl Bund. In recent years a service sector and high-tech industry have grown up. Some of its most prominent companies of these sectors include Amprion and RWE-Westnetz (Electricity), Rhenus Logistics (Logistics), Wilo, KHS GmbH, Elmos Semiconductor, ABP Induction Systems, Nordwest Handel AG – all of whom have their headquarters here. Companies with operations in or around Dortmund include Zalando, Daimler AG: EvoBus, RapidMiner, Gap Inc. and ThyssenKrupp.Dortmund is also the headquarter of Century Media Records, a heavy metal record label with offices in the United States and London. In August 2015, Century Media was acquired by Sony Music for US$17 million.Tourism in Dortmund is a fast-growing economic factor every year: new overnight records can be announced, new hotels open and new visitor magnets are added. Starting in the mid-1990s, Dortmund, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. An important strategic step was the start of construction the new Konzerthaus Dortmund, the reuse of vacant old industrial buildings like the Zollern II/IV Colliery, Kokerei Hansa, Dortmund U-Tower and the strategic reorientation of the Dortmund Christmas market with over 300 stalls packed around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall – reputed to be the biggest in the world. A new Tourist Information center right next to the U-Tower, gives visitors a quick overview of the tourist attractions in the City and Ruhr Area. Today Dortmund is with more than 1.450.528 (2017) overnight stays one of the most popular destinations in North Rhine-Westphalia.The majority of tourists are domestic visitors, coming from Germany. International travellers arrive from the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria and Switzerland. Dortmund also draws business tourism, having been equipped with facilities like WILO, Amprion next to Westfalenhallen and football tourism with Fans of Borussia Dortmund. The top 5 most visited attractions were the Christmas market, with more than three and a half million visitors, Signal Iduna Park, Deutsches Fußballmuseum, Dortmund U-Tower, Zollern II/IV Colliery and Westfalenpark.The Westenhellweg is a popular shopping destination and with nearly 13,000 visitors per hour it was Germany's most frequented shopping street in 2013. During the Middle Ages, Dortmund was the only free imperial city in Westphalia, having already been regarded as an important centre of trade. Today some of the most reputed shops, department stores have stores here. It is a pedestrian-only area and is bordered by the Reinoldikirche in the east and U-Tower in the west. The Westenhellweg has one of the highest rents for retail and office space in North Rhine-Westphalia. 85 percent of the shops are retail chains such as H&M, Saturn, Esprit, Zara or NewYorker. In 2009 a new shopping mall named Thier-Galerie opened, with nearly 100 stores and chains, including; Armani, Adidas, Diesel and Hollister.Three more shopping malls occupy the Thier-Galerie; Galeria Kaufhof and Karstadt, as well as large fashion retail clothing stores from Peek & Cloppenburg and C&A. During the month before Christmas, the extended pedestrian-only zone is host to Dortmund Christmas Market, one of the largest and oldest Christmas markets in Germany. With more than 3.5 million visitors and 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres tall, it is one of the most visited and popular market in the world.In close proximity to the Dortmund concert hall lies the Brückstraßenviertel - a quarter hub especially for young people. The "Rue de Pommes Frites", which is what the Dortmund citizens have called the Brückstraße, has turned into a modern shopping promenade, geared towards a younger market.For a long time, the Kampstraße had a shadowy existence as a parallel street to the Westenhellweg and Ostenhellweg, but it has become a grand boulevard containing specialist stores. Right next to the Kampstraße is the Kleppingstraße – a shopping street with a high concentration of gastronomy and expensive, prestigious shops like van Laack, Lindner Fashion, Marc Cain. It is located between the Ostenhellweg and Neutor to Wallring.Dortmund is one of the most important logistic hubs in Germany, more than 900 companies working in logistics, as well as nationally and internationally recognised scientific institutes. Dortmund Port which terminates the Dortmund-Ems Canal connecting Dortmund to the North Sea is the biggest European canal port with 10 docks and a pier length of 11 km. The variety of different activities taking place at the Fraunhofer Institute Material Flow and Logistics (Fraunhofer Society) has, over the past few years, led to a bundling of skills in the areas of logistics and digitalisation in the city. Industry-based initiatives and pilot projects, such as the Hybrid Services in Logistics innovation lab, the efficiency cluster LogistikRuhr, Industrial Data Space, the Dortmund Mittelstand 4.0 Centre of Excellence, and the enterprise labs. The Digital Hub for Logistics of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is based in Dortmund and twinned with Hamburg.Companies with big logistic hubs for Germany and Europe in Dortmund include:Dortmund is home to Germany's twelve biggest exhibition centre, Halls of Westphalia which lies near the city center next to Dortmund Airport. With around 77.000 visitors each year, Jagd & Hund is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to consumers include "Intermodelbau", the world's biggest consumer fair for model making, and one of the leading fairs for youth culture "YOU". Important fairs restricted to professionals include "D.I.M" (Deutsche Immobilienmesse, German property fair), Creativa (Hobby) and InterTabac (Tabaco).Dortmund is home of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the National Material Testing Office of North Rhine-Westphalia material and the main customs office.As a profoundly international city, Dortmund hosts diplomatic missions (consulates and consulates-general) of Italy, Greece, Bangladesh, Ghana, South Africa, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia.Several courts are located in Dortmund, including:Two important daily newspapers are published in and around Dortmund. The conservative "Ruhr Nachrichten", also known as "RN", was founded in 1949. The RN has a circulation of over 225,000 copies daily. The other important newspaper, the "Westfälische Rundschau", was first published in 1945 and has a daily circulation of over 181,000. The WR is published by Germany's third largest newspaper and magazine publisher "Funke Mediengruppe".Several magazines also originate from Dortmund. The Rock "Rock hard (magazine)" is a metal and hard rock magazine, with subsidiaries in various countries worldwide, including France, Spain, Brazil/Portugal, Italy and Greece."Visions" is a German music magazine with a circulation of approximately 35,000.The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, West German Broadcasting Cologne has a big studio in Dortmund, which is responsible for the east Ruhr area. Each day, it produces a 30-minute regional evening news magazine (called "Lokalzeit Ruhr"), a 5-minute afternoon news programme, and several radio news programmes. A local broadcasting station called Radio 91.2 went "on-the-air" in the early 1990s. Sat.1 have a regional studio in Dortmund. The City stands alongside London and Paris as one of the three head offices of Global Tamil Vision and GTV-Deutschland.Two big Radio Channels of Westdeutscher Rundfunk are sending from Dortmund.Other radio broadcasters include Radio NRW and eldoradio*.The films "Trains'n'Roses", "Bang Boom Bang", "Oi! Warning", "Do Fish Do It?", "If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer", "Guys and Balls", "Goldene Zeiten", "Marija" and television series "Tatort", "Balko", "Helden der Kreisklasse" and more German movies like "Vorstadtkrokodile", "Die Libelle und das Nashorn", "Ein Schnitzel für alle", "" and "Radio Heimat" were filmed in the city.Dortmund has 160 schools and 17 business, technical colleges teach more than 85,000 pupils. The city has a 4-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Hauptschule, Realschule, Gesamtschule or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). The Stadtgymnasium Dortmund which was founded in 1543 as Archigymnasium is one of the oldest schools in Europe. The Leibniz Gymnasium, a bilingual public school located in the Kreuzviertel district, is particularly popular with children of the English-speaking expatriate community. The school is an International Baccalaureate school.TU Dortmund (Technical University of Dortmund) is founded in 1968 and located in the southern part of the city.It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry, spatial planning and economics. The university has its own train station at the campus's main gate which is only seven minutes away from the city center. The university is highly ranked in terms of its research performance in the areas of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and economics. The university's most noticeable landmark is the H-Bahn, a monorail train which connects the north and south campuses.Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts is a Fachhochschule with 12,300 students, and 669 staff, 232 of which are professors. The Fachhochschule was created by a merger of several institutions of higher learning in 1971. Owing to its history as separate institutions, it consists of three campuses in different parts of Dortmund. The departments of mechanical and electrical engineering are located at Sonnenstraße near the city center. The department of design has its own campus at Max-Ophüls-Platz while the departments of social work, economics, computer science and architecture are housed in several buildings next to the Technical University of Dortmund campus in the suburb of Eichlinghofen. Additional offices in the city centre are used for administrative purposes.The city is the site of several other universities, colleges and academies, which attract about 45,000 students. Among them there are:The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society, the Leibniz Association and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities.In November 2017, according to a study by data of the German National Statistics Office, the National Employment Agency, Mercer, Handelsblatt, Numbeo and Immowelt, Dortmund was ranked on position seven of the "most livable cities in Germany for expats". In September 2017, "The New York Times" praised the city of Dortmund, which has been adapting since the collapse of its century old steel and coal industries and has shifted to high technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology and other services, as the "hidden star of structural change" providing a good quality of life for employees. According to "the 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking" Dortmund is one of the least stressful cities in the world. It's ranked 27th out of 150, between Copenhagen and Vancouver, and is highly ranked in the categories traffic & public transport, gender equality and debt per capital."Like a Phoenix Rising from the Ashes" and exemplary for structural transformation - This was the title of an article in the online version on "Neue Zürcher Zeitung "of the urban livability and new exceptional architecture in Dortmund.In a 2015/2016 survey centred on "student life in Germany", Dortmund ranked as seventh-best.In a 2012 study of the "most livable biggest cities in Germany", Dortmund ranked on position ten between Nurmberg and Stuttgart and first of all large cities in Germany due to sport, gastronomy and shopping opportunities.In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and in 2014 acclaimed as the most sustainable city in Germany.The city has a long tradition of music and theatre. The orchestra was founded in 1887 and is now called Dortmunder Philharmoniker. The first opera house was built in 1904, destroyed in World War II and opened again in 1966 as Opernhaus Dortmund. It is operated by Theater Dortmund together with other locations, including (since 2002) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Konzerthaus Dortmund is listed in the ECHO list as one of the 21 most outstanding concert halls in Europe.The Domicil Jazz Club is one of the "100 best jazz venues world wide" according to the American jazz magazine "DownBeat".The Dortmund U-Tower, which was once a brewery, is now European centre for creative economy and the Museum am Ostwall. The area around the U-Tower called "Union Viertel" is part of the Creative.Quarters Ruhr and are rooted in the European Capital of Culture RUHR.2010.Dortmund leading cabaret-stage is the Cabaret Queue, which is located next to Lake phoenix. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Fletch Bizzel and the theatre Olpktetal. The most important cabaret event is the RuhrHOCHdeutsch, which is one of the most successful cabaret festivals in Germany. It features artists from around the world.Dortmund is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over three and a half million visitors to its 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies.The Botanischer Garten Rombergpark, or informally Rombergpark, is an extensive municipal arboretum and botanical garden located in the south of the city center of Dortmund. With its total area of 65 hectares the Rombergpark is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world. The garden was established in 1822 as the Romberg family's English landscape park. In 1927-1929 it was acquired by the city and under city planning director Richard Nose enhanced by a small herb garden. The park and castle were badly damaged in World War II, but starting in 1950 director Gerd Krüssmann rebuilt it as an arboretum, adding some 4,500 species to the park. Today the garden contains a historic English landscape park with monuments; an arboretum containing thousands of species of woody plants, including some of the largest trees in North Rhine-Westphalia; a terrace with palm trees; and four greenhouses (1,000 m total area) for cactus and succulents, ferns, tropical plants, and camellias, jasmine, and lemons.The Dortmund Zoo is the zoological garden with 28 hectares next to the Rombergpark and was founded 1953. With 1,800 animals belonging to 250 species, the Dortmund Zoo is the second largest in the Ruhr Valley. It is specialized in the keeping and breeding of South American species and is leading in the breeding of the giant anteater, the tamandua and the giant otter.The Westfalenpark is Dortmunds's most popular inner-city park. The park is 72 hectares in size and is one of the largest urban gardens of Germany. It was first opened in 1959 as the second Bundesgartenschau (abbr. BUGA) in North Rhine-Westphalia. With the National Rosarium with 3,000 different rose varieties, theme gardens, an environmental protection centre, the German Cookbook Museum, a geological garden, cafés and recreation areas, it provides numerous opportunities for a day of diverse activities. Dortmund's Westfalenpark is also a popular location for events in the Ruhr area- with parties, festivals, events, theatre, music, and flea and garden markets. One of the best views across the whole Ruhr valley is offered by the visitors platform and the revolving restaurant in the 209-metre-high Florian tower. Another summer attraction is the chair lift, which opened in 1959 and runs on Sundays between a “Mountain” and “Valley” station 500 metres apart.With more than 20 museums, Dortmund has one of the largest variety of museums in the Ruhr Valley. There a some anchor points on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.The Museum am Ostwall (known as Museum am Ostwall until 2010) is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It was founded in the late 1940s, and has been located in the Dortmund U-Tower since 2010. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, objects and photographs from the 20th century, plus over 2,500 graphics, spanning Expressionism through classic modern art to the present day. At the heart of the collection are works by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Otto Mueller, Emil Nolde and graphics by Pablo Picasso from the 1940s and '50s, plus others by Joan Miró, Marc Chagall and Salvador Dalí.The German Football Museum () aka DFB-Museum is the national museum for German football. It is located close to the Dortmund Hauptbahnhof and is part of an art and culture mile between the creative center Dortmund U-Tower and the Theater Dortmund, founded to preserve, conserve and interpret important collections of football memorabilia. In its permanent exhibition, the Museum presents the history of Germany national football team and the Bundesliga.The Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte or MKK ("Museum of Art and Cultural History") is a municipal museum located in an Art Deco building which was formerly the Dortmund Savings Bank. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, furniture and applied art, illustrating the cultural history of Dortmund from early times to the 20th century. There are regular temporary exhibitions of art and culture, as well as a permanent exhibition on the history of surveying, with rare geodetic instruments.The Steinwache is a memorial museum of the exhibition Widerstand und Verfolgung in Dortmund 1933–1945 ("Resistance and Persecution in Dortmund 1933-1945"), which demonstrates the persecution under National Socialism with many photographs, short texts and sometimes with reports from contemporary witnesses. The museum is located in an old prison and had a reputation as Die Hölle von Westdeutschland ("The hell of western Germany"). Between 1933 and 1945 more than 66,000 people were imprisoned in the Steinwache prison.Other important museums in Dortmund are: Not directly located in Dortmund but important for the city history:Dortmund offers a variety of restaurants, bars and clubs. Clubs concentrate in and around the city centre (Wallring) and in the Kreuzviertel district. After the Molotov in Hamburg and the Berghain in Berlin, the FZW (Freizeitzentrum West) in the Union district is one of the three best clubs in Germany. With 307 events in 2015, including concerts, parties, festivals, readings and football public viewings have strengthened the FZW's reputation as an "it club" in the Ruhr region.Furthermore, Dortmund is one of the main centres of the Electronic dance music and techno subculture. With the Mayday and Syndicate festivals, the Westfalenhalle Arena has become one of the most important techno strongholds in Europe. After negotiations with several German cities, it was announced that the Love Parade would move to the Ruhr Area for five years (2007-2012). After Essen in 2007 the festival took 2008 place on the Bundesstraße 1 under the motto "Highway of Love". The event was planned as a "Love Weekend", with parties throughout the region. For the first time the Turkish electronic scene was represented by its own float, called "Turkish Delights". The official estimate is that 1.6 million visitors attended, making it the largest parade to date.Every year, the Juicy Beats music festival turns the Westfalenpark into a huge festival ground for pop, rap, electro, indie, alternative, reggae and urban beats - most recently with over 50,000 visitors.Traditional meals in the region are Pfefferpotthast (A form of Goulash, though containing more beef), Balkenbrij, Heaven and Earth (Himmel und Äd; black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes), Currywurst and Pumpernickel with Griebenschmalz (German lard with crispy pieces of pork skin).In summer the people like to eat a Dortmunder Salzkuchen (Bread buns with caraway fruits, salt, meat and onions). Also a special meal in the winter is Reibekuchen (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce).Dortmund had more than 550 years of brewing tradition, some of the oldest breweries in Westphalia are founded around the Old Market in Dortmund. Dortmund is known for its pale lager beer called Dortmunder Export or Dortmunder, it became popular with industrial workers and was responsible for Dortmunder Union becoming Germany's largest brewery and Dortmund having the highest concentration of breweries in Germany. Popular and traditionally beer brands are Dortmunder Actien Brauerei, Bergmann Bier, Kronen, Union, Brinkhoff's, Dortmunder Hansa, Hövels, Ritter, Thier and Stifts."Stösschen" is a beer in a small glass "Stösschen" 0.2 litres and can be drunk in about two draughts. The idea of a Stößchen came about in the 19th century when people would have to wait at the level crossing to cross the Nordstadt Railway Line that divided the city centre from the Nordstadt district.A local innkeeper saw the potential of serving quick drinks to people waiting, and a Dortmund tradition began.The Dortmunder Tropfen Schnaps is a type of liqueur that is flavored with herbs or spices and traditionally drunk neat as a digestif.Dortmund calls itself "Sportstadt" (City of Sports). The city is the home of the biggest handball association in the world the German Handball Association (German: Deutscher Handballbund) (DHB) and the German professional handball league Handball-Bundesliga (HBL). Furthermore, Dortmund is home of the Olympic centre of Westphalia.The city is home of many sports clubs, iconic athletes and annually organises several world-renowned sporting events, such as the Ruhrmarathon and the Sparkassen Chess-Meeting.Dortmund is home to the sports club Borussia Dortmund, one of the most successful clubs in German football history. Borussia Dortmund are former Bundesliga champions most recently in 2011–12. Borussia Dortmund won the UEFA Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup in 1997, as well as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1966. This made them first European trophy winners in Germany. 'Die Borussen' are eight-time German Champions and have won five German Cups. Borussia Dortmund play at Westfalenstadion, currently known as Signal Iduna Park. It was built for the 1974 FIFA World Cup and also hosted some matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. It is Germany's largest football stadium with a maximum capacity of 81,359 spectators.Borussia Dortmund has a women's handball team playing in the first Bundesliga.Borussia Dortmund also has a table tennis team, playing in the second Bundesliga.The Dortmund Giants, established on 22 May 1980, is an American football team from Dortmund. The official name of the club is 1. Dortmunder Footballclub Dortmund 1980 "Giants" e.V. The club spent the 1994 season in the 2. Bundesliga before dropping for two seasons to the third tier Regionalliga West. Five more 2. Bundesliga seasons followed from 1997 to 2001, the final one in a combined team with the Bochum Cadets as the Dortmund B1 Giants. After a five-season spell in the Regionalliga the club finished the 2014 season without a win and had to return to the Oberliga once more.Eisadler Dortmund is the city's ice hockey club that plays in Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen an indoor sporting arena at the Strobelallee. They played in 2016/17 in the Oberliga, the third level of ice hockey in Germany.The city's basketball club is SVD 49 Dortmund basketball team plays in its respective second national divisions.The city's baseball club Dortmund Wanderers plays in the first BundesligaThe Sparkassen Chess-Meeting has been hosted in Dortmund since 1982.Besides, Dortmund owns an all-weather racecourse named Galopprennbahn Dortmund.Dortmund is twinned with: | [
"Ullrich Sierau",
"Thomas Westphal",
"Gerhard Langemeyer"
] | |
Who was the head of Dortmund in Feb, 2002? | February 08, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Gerhard Langemeyer"
]
} | L2_Q1295_P6_1 | Gerhard Langemeyer is the head of the government of Dortmund from Oct, 1999 to Oct, 2009.
Thomas Westphal is the head of the government of Dortmund from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Ullrich Sierau is the head of the government of Dortmund from May, 2010 to Oct, 2020.
Günter Samtlebe is the head of the government of Dortmund from Feb, 1973 to Sep, 1999. | DortmundDortmund (; Westphalian ; ) is the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the eighth-largest city of Germany, with a population of 588,250 inhabitants as of 2021. It is the largest city (by area and population) of the Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area with some 5.1 million inhabitants, as well as the largest city of Westphalia. On the Emscher and Ruhr rivers (tributaries of the Rhine), it lies in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region and is considered the administrative, commercial, and cultural center of the eastern Ruhr. Dortmund is the second-largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg.Founded around 882, Dortmund became an Imperial Free City. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, and the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League. During the Thirty Years' War, the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization. The city then became one of Germany's most important coal, steel and beer centres. Dortmund consequently was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center. These bombing raids, with more than 1,110 aircraft, hold the record to a single target in World War II.The region has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and coal industries and shifted to high-technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and also services. Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow, ranked among the twelve innovation cities in European Union and is the most sustainable and digital city in Germany. Other key sectors include retail, leisure and the visitor economy, creative industries, and logistics. With its central station and airport, the third-busiest airport in North Rhine-Westphalia, Dortmund is an important transport junction, especially for the surrounding Ruhr area as well as Europe (Benelux countries), and with the largest canal port in Europe it has a connection to important seaports on the North Sea.Dortmund is home to many cultural and educational institutions, including the Technical University of Dortmund and Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, International School of Management and other educational, cultural and administrative facilities with over 49,000 students, many museums, such as Museum Ostwall, Museum of Art and Cultural History, German Football Museum, as well as theatres and music venues like the Konzerthaus or the Opera House of Dortmund. Nearly half the municipal territory consists of waterways, woodland, agriculture and green spaces with spacious parks such as Westfalenpark and Rombergpark. This stands in a stark contrast with nearly a hundred years of extensive coal mining and steel milling in the past. Borussia Dortmund is one of the most successful German football clubs.Dortmund was first mentioned in the Werden Abbey, which was built between 880 and 884. The Latin entry reads: "In Throtmanni liber homo Arnold viii den nob solvit." (German: "In Throtmanni zahlt uns der freie Mann Arnold 8 Pfennige" and English: "In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs")). According to this, there are a large number of different names, but they all go back to the same phoneme stem. Their respective use in the sources appears arbitrary and random.In the course of time the name changed many times: "trut munia" 899, "Thortmanni, Trutmania, Trotmunni" 939, "Tremonia" 1152. From the 13th century on, the "Dortmunde" appeared for the first time, but it was not until a few centuries later that it became generally accepted.In the Middle Ages 1389, when the city had withstood the siege of 1200 knights under the leadership of the Archbishop of Cologne, it chose as its motto a saying that is still upheld today by traditional societies: "So fast as Düörpm". (High German: As firm as Dortmund).In the past, the city was called "Dortmond" in Dutch, "Tremonia" in Spanish and "Trémoigne" in Old French. However, these exonyms have fallen into disuse and the city is now internationally known by its German name of "Dortmund". The common abbreviation for the name of the city is "DTM", the IATA code for Dortmund Airport.The Sigiburg was a Saxon hillfort in the South of present-day Dortmund, overlooking the River Ruhr near its confluence with the River Lenne. The ruins of the later Hohensyburg castle now stand on the site of the Sigiburg. The hillfort was raised ca. 700 by Westphalian Saxons. During the Saxon Wars, it was taken by the Franks under Charlemagne in 772, retaken by the Saxons (possibly under Widukind) in 774, and taken again and refortified by Charlemagne in 775. Archaeological evidence suggests the Sigiburg site was also occupied in the Neolithic era.The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882 as Throtmanni – In throtmanni liber homo arnold[us] viii den[arios] nob[is] soluit [solvit]. In 1005 the "Ecclesiastical council" and in 1016 the"Imperial diet" meets in Dortmund.After it was destroyed by a fire, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. In 1267 St. Mary's Church, Dortmund, and three years later in 1270 St. Reinold's Church first mentioned. The combination of crossroad, market place, administrative centre – town hall, made Dortmund an important centre in Westphalia. It became an Imperial Free City and one of the first cities in Europe with an official Brewing right in 1293. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League.After 1320, the city appeared in writing as "Dorpmunde". In the years leading up to 1344, the English King even borrowed money from well-heeled Dortmund merchant families Berswordt and Klepping, offering the regal crown as security. In 1388, the Count of Mark joined forces with the Archbishop of Cologne and issued declarations of a feud against the town. Following a major siege lasting 18 months, peace negotiations took place and Dortmund emerged victorious. In 1400 the seat of the first Vehmic court () was in Dortmund, in a square between two linden trees, one of which was known as the "Femelinde". With the growing influence of Cologne during the 15th century, the seat was moved to Arnsberg in 1437. After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. This favors the founding of one of the oldest schools in Europe in 1543 - . In 1661 an earthquake made the Reinoldikirche collapse.With the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" resolution in 1803, Dortmund was added to the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda, with as a result that it was no longer a free imperial city. William V, Prince of Orange-Nassau did not want stolen areas and therefore let his son Prince Willem Frederik (the later King William I of the Netherlands) take possession of the city and the principality. This prince held its entry on 30 June 1806, and as such the County of Dortmund then became part of the principality. On 12 July 1806, most of the Nassau principalities were deprived of their sovereign rights by means of the Rhine treaty. In October of the same year, the County of Dortmund was occupied by French troops and was added to the Grand Duchy of Berg on 1 March 1808. It is the capital of the Ruhr department. In 1808 Dortmund becomes capital of French satellite Ruhr (department). At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the entire Grand Duchy of Berg, including Dortmund, was added to the Kingdom of Prussia. The state mining authority of the Ruhr area was founded in 1815 and moved from Bochum to Dortmund. Within the Prussian Province of Westphalia, Dortmund was a district seat within Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg until 1875, when it became an urban district within the region.During the industrialisation of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for coal and steel. The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the Kapp Putsch - a right military coup launched against the Social Democratic-led government. Radical workers formed a Red Army who fought the freikorps units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation.Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue, which had opened in 1900, was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients for euthanasia at the Hadamar mental hospital as part of the Action T4 (an additional 229 children were killed in the "Children's Specialist Department", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941).Bombing targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II in Dortmund included Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG, the "Hoesch-Benzin GmbH" synthetic oil plant, and the "Zeche Hansa". The bombings destroyed about 66% of Dortmund homes. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft (748 Lancasters, 292 Halifaxes, 68 Mosquitos) destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center, and 4,851 tonnes of bombs were dropped through Dortmund city centre and the south of the city; this was a record to a single target in the whole of World War II.The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945. The US 95th Infantry Division attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a stubborn German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945.Post-war, most of the ancient buildings were not restored, and large parts of the city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings as the main churches Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique cityscape. Dortmund was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1946. The LWL-Industriemuseum was founded in 1969. In 1987 Coalmining pit Minister Stein closed, marking the end of more than 150 years of coal mining. Dortmund has since adapted, with its century-long steel and coal industries having been shifted to high-technology areas, including biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and services. This has led Dortmund to become a regional centre for hi-tech industry.In 2001 started a new era for the discrict Hörde in Dortmund, 160 years of industrial history ended with the beginning of the Phoenix See. The development of the Phoenix See area was carried out by a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke AG. In 2005 the first cornerstone was laid on the Phoenix area. The work started with full speed to manage the work with over 2.5 million meters of ground motion and 420.000 cubic meters of ferroconcrete. On 1 October 2010, the largest and most highly anticipated milestone could be celebrated: the launch of the flooding of the Phoenix See. Since 9 May 2011, the fences disappeared and the Phoenix See has been completed. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and is the most sustainable city in Germany.On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a 4,000-pound bomb from World War II was found. German authorities safely defused the bomb. The bomb was found after analysing old aerial photographs while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by Allied aircraft over Germany's industrial Ruhr region.Dortmund is an independent city located in the east of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban areas in Europe (see also: megalopolis), comprising eleven independent cities and four districts with some 5.3million inhabitants. The city limits of Dortmund itself are long and border twelve cities, two independent and ten "kreisangehörig" (i.e., belonging to a district), with a total population of approximately 2.4million. The following cities border Dortmund (clockwise starting from north-east): Bochum, Castrop-Rauxel, Waltrop, Lünen, Kamen, Unna, Holzwickede, Schwerte, Hagen, Herdecke and Witten. Historically speaking, Dortmund is a part of Westphalia which is situated in the Bundesland North Rhine-Westphalia. Moreover, Dortmund is part of Westphalian Lowland and adjoins with the Ardey Hills in the south of the city to the Sauerland.The Ruhr forms the reservoir on the Hengsteysee next to the borough of Syburg in the south of Dortmund between the cities of Hagen and Herdecke, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Klusenberg, a hill that is part of the Ardey range, is located just north of the Hengsteysee and the highest point of Dortmund . There is also a pumped-storage plant on this reservoir, named Koepchenwerk. The lowest point can be found in the northern borough of Brechten at .The Emscher is a small river and has its wellspring in Holzwickede, east of the city of Dortmund, and flows west through Dortmund. Towns along the Emscher take in Dortmund, Castrop-Rauxel, Herne, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, Essen, Bottrop, Oberhausen and Dinslaken, where it flows into the Rhine.Dortmund comprises 62 neighbourhoods which in turn are grouped into twelve boroughs (called Stadtbezirke), often named after the most important neighbourhood. Three boroughs cover the area of the inner city (Innenstadt-West (City centre West), Innenstadt-Nord (City centre North), Innenstadt-Ost (City centre East)) and the remaining nine boroughs make up the surrounding area (Eving, Scharnhorst, Brackel, Aplerbeck, Hörde, Hombruch, Lütgendortmund, Huckarde, Mengede). Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a Roman numeral and has a local governing body of nineteen members with limited authority. Most of the boroughs were originally independent municipalities but were gradually annexed from 1905 to 1975. This long-lasting process of annexation has led to a strong identification of the population with "their" boroughs or districts and to a rare peculiarity: The borough of Hörde, located in the south of Dortmund and independent until 1928, has its own coat of arms.The centre can be subdivided into historically evolved city districts whose borders are not always strictly defined, such asDortmund is situated in the temperate climate zone with oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"). Winters are cool; summers are warm. The average annual temperature lies at approximately , the total average annual amount of precipitation lies at approximately . Precipitation evenly falls throughout the year; steady rain (with some snow), prevails in the wintertime, isolated showers dominate the summer season. Dortmund features characteristics of densely populated areas as for example the occurrence of urban heat islands is typical.Dortmund's population grew rapidly in the time of the 19th century industrialisation when coal mining and steel processing in the city began. 1904 marks the year when Dortmund saw a population of more than 100,000 for the first time in its history. During the 19th century the area around Dortmund called Ruhr attracted up to 500,000 ethnic Poles, Masurians and Silesians from East Prussia and Silesia in a migration known as "Ostflucht" (flight from the east). Most of the new inhabitants came from Eastern Europe, but immigrants also came from France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Almost all their descendants today speak German as a mother tongue, and for various reasons they do not identify with their Polish roots and traditions, often only their Polish family names remaining as a sign of their past. Not taking the fluctuation of war years into account, the population figures rose constantly to 657,804 in 1965. As a result of the city's post-industrial decline, the population fell to just under 580,000 in 2011. Today with a population of 601.402 (2017) the City of Dortmund is the eighth largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf. It is also the largest city in the Ruhr agglomeration.Contrary to earlier projections, population figures have been on the rise in recent years due to net migration gains. Dortmund has seen a moderate influx of younger people (18 to 25 years of age) mainly because of its universities. Data of the EU-wide 2011 census revealed massive inaccuracies with regard to German population figures. Consequently, respective figures have been corrected, which resulted in a statistical "loss" of 9,000 inhabitants in Dortmund. In 2016 it was announced that the population was back above 600,000., Dortmund had a population of 571,403 of whom about 177,000 (roughly 30%) were of non-German origin. The table shows the number of first and second generation immigrants in Dortmund by nationality as of 31 December 2014. As with much of the Ruhr area, Dortmund has sizable Turkish and South European communities (particularly Spanish), and had one of Germany's most visible Slavic populations. the largest Christian denominations were Protestantism (49.9%) and Catholicism (27.4% of the population). Furthermore, in Dortmund the Greek Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Macedonian Orthodox Church are represented. The Church of the Holy Apostles (gre. I.N. Αγίων Αποστόλων Ντόρτμουντ - I.N. Agíon Apostólon Dortmund) was the first Greek church in Germany to be founded due to the influx of "guest workers". Also Dortmund is home of the New Apostolic Church in North Rhine-Westphalia with more than 84,944 community members.The Jewish community has a history dating back to Medieval times and has always ranked among the largest in Westphalia. Dortmund is home to the National Association of Jewish Communities of Westfalen-Lippe. The synagogues operate there in City center, Hörde and Dorstfeld. Due to the growing immigration of people from Muslim countries beginning in the 1960s. Dortmund has a large Muslim community with more than 30 mosques.In June 2019 Dortmund hosted the 37th Evangelischer Kirchentag - German Evangelical Church Assembly.Dortmund is one of nineteen independent district-free cities ("kreisfreie Städte") in North Rhine-Westphalia, which means that it does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity, in this case it is not part of a Landkreis. Since 1975, Dortmund is divided into twelve administrative districts. Each district ("Bezirk") has its own elected district council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The district councils are advisory only.Dortmund is often called the "Herzkammer der SPD" (roughly translated as "heartland of the Social democrats") after the politically dominant party in the city. During the Nazi era (1933–1945), mayors were installed by the Nazi Party. After World War II, the military government of the British occupation zone installed a new mayor and a municipal constitution modeled on that of British cities. The first major elected by the population of Dortmund was Fritz Henßler. Since the end of the war, the SPD has held a plurality in the city council, except for the period from 1999 to 2004.The current Mayor of Dortmund is Thomas Westphal of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2020.The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 210,659! 99.1! 145,760! 99.0! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,950! 0.9! 1,529! 1.0! colspan=3| Total! 212,609! 100.0! 147,289! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.0! 451,710! 32.6The Dortmund city council ("Dortmunder Stadtrat") governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=2| Valid votes! 210,592! 99.0! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes! 2,047! 1.0! ! colspan=2| Total! 212,639! 100.0! 90! 4! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.1! 2.2! Dortmund is twinned with:Dortmund's city centre offers a picture full of contrasts. Historic buildings like Altes Stadthaus or the Krügerpassage rub shoulders with post-war architecture like Gesundheitshaus and concrete constructions with Romanesque churches like the Reinoldikirche and the Marienkirche. The near-complete destruction of Dortmund's city centre during World War II (98%) has resulted in a varied architectural landscape. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. The downtown of Dortmund still retains the outline of the medieval city. A ring road marks the former city wall, and the Westen-/Ostenhellweg, part of a medieval salt trading route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisecting the city centre.Thus, the city today is characterized by simple and modest post-war buildings, with a few interspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example the opera house are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment.The Kreuzviertel is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896. In the second World War, relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, Kreuzviertel forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first Concrete Church in Germany St.-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: Sascha Schmitz, Christina Hammer and players of Borussia Dortmund.The northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of 14.42 km is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in Ruhr the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial urban area that was mainly developed in the 19th Century to serve the Westfalenhütte steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation. The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in the Germany. Ballspielverein Borussia Dortmund was founded nearby, north-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.The Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison.Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists.The Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.Hörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the "Großen Dortmunder Fehde" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of Herdecke, Witten, Bochum, Castrop, Lünen, Unna und Schwerte. Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the Emscher and Lake Phoenix.Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe. On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of ThyssenKrupp newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million. The lake is 1.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the Hamburg Alster. Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area.Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include:The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.The River Emscher flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public water board Emschergenossenschaft. The financial frame is 4.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by the year 2020.The most industrial building in Dortmund are part of the Industrial Heritage Trail (). The trail links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage in the whole Ruhr area in Germany. It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.Dortmund tallest structure is the Florianturm telecommunication tower at . Other tall buildings are the churches around the city centre. A selection of the tallest office buildings in Dortmund is listed below.Dortmund also serves as a major European and German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem. The Ruhrschnellweg follows old Hanseatic trade routes to connect the city with the other metropolises of the Ruhr Area. It crosses the Dutch-German border as a continuation of the Dutch A67 and crosses the Rhine, leads through the Ruhr valley toward Bochum, becoming B 1 (Bundesstraße 1) at the Kreuz Dortmund West and eventually merging into the A 44 near Holzwickede. It has officially been named Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr Fast Way), but locals usually call it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr Crawling Way) or "the Ruhr area's longest parking lot". According to "Der Spiegel", it is the most congested motorway in Germany.Connections to more distant parts of Germany are maintained by Autobahn routes A1 and A2, which traverse the north and east city limits and meet at the Kamener Kreuz interchange north-east of Dortmund.In combination with the Autobahn A45 to the west these form the Dortmund Beltway ("Dortmunder Autobahnring").Cycling in Dortmund is supported by urban planners - an extensive network of cycle paths exists which had its beginnings in the 1980s. Dortmund was admitted to the German "Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle-Friendly Cities and Municipalities in NRW" (AGFS) on August 8, 2007. Dortumund is connected to a number of long-distance cycle paths and a Bike freeway called the "Radschnellweg Ruhr" (Ruhr Area Fast Cycle Path).As with most communes in the Ruhr area, local transport is carried out by a local, publicly owned company for transport within the city, the DB Regio subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn for regional transport and Deutsche Bahn itself for long-distance journeys. The local carrier, Dortmunder Stadtwerke (DSW21), is a member of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) association of public transport companies in the Ruhr area, which provides a uniform fare structure in the whole region. Within the VRR region, tickets are valid on lines of all members as well as DB's railway lines (except the high-speed InterCity and Intercity-Express networks) and can be bought at ticket machines and service centres of DSW21, all other members of VRR, and DB.The central train station (Dortmund Hauptbahnhof) is the third largest long-distance traffic junction in Germany. Dortmund has a railway service with Deutsche Bahn InterCity and ICE-trains stopping at "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof" (Dortmund Main Station). ICE and TGV Thalys high-speed trains link Dortmund with Amsterdam, Brussels (in 2h 30) and Paris (in 3h 50). There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including Frankfurt am Main, Berlin and other cities in the Rhein-Ruhr Region.For public transportation, the city has an extensive Stadtbahn and bus system. The Stadtbahn has eight lines (U41 to U49) serving Dortmund and the large suburb of Lünen in the north. The trains that run on the line are in fact lightrails as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. The minimum service interval is 2.5 minutes, although the usual pattern is that each line runs at 5 to 10 minute intervals. In April 2008, the newly constructed east–west underground light rail line was opened, completing the underground service in the city centre and replacing the last trams on the surface.A number of bus lines complete the Dortmund public transport system. Night buses replace Stadtbahn services between 1:30 am and 7:30 am on weekends and public holidays. The central junction for the night bus service is Reinoldikirche in the city centre, where all night bus lines start and end.The H-Bahn at Dortmund University of Technology is a hanging monorail built specifically to shuttle passengers between the university's two campuses, which are now also flanked by research laboratories and other high-tech corporations and startups. A nearly identical monorail system transfers passengers at Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Airport is a medium-sized, but fast growing airport east of the city centre at the city limit to Holzwickede. The airport serves the area of the Ruhrgebiet, Sauerland, Westphalia and parts of the Netherlands and features flights to Munich, London, Vienna, Porto and a lot of eastern European city and leisure destinations. The airport is served by an express bus to Dortmund main station, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station "Holzwickede/Dortmund Flughafen", a bus to the city's metro line "U47", as well as a bus to the city of Unna.In 2019, the airport served 2,719,563 passengers mainly used for low-cost and leisure charter flights. The closest intercontinental airport is Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Harbour ("Hafen") is the largest canal harbour in Europe and the 11th fluvial harbour in Germany.Dortmund has adapted since the collapse of its century long steel, coal and beer industries. The region has shifted to high technology, robotics, biomedical technology, micro systems technology, engineering, tourism, finance, education, services and is thus one of the most dynamic new-economy cities in Germany. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the "Innovation Cities Index" published by 2thinknow.Hundreds of SMEs are still based in and around Dortmund (often termed "Mittelstand"). Dortmund is also home to a number of medium-sized information technology companies, many linked to the local university TU Dortmund at the first technology center in Germany named "Technologiepark Dortmund" opened in the 1980s. With around 280 companies like Boehringer Ingelheim and Verizon Communications and more than 8,500 employees, TechnologiePark Dortmund is one of the most successful technology parks in Europe. The city works closely with research institutes, private universities, and companies to collaborate on the commercialisation of science initiatives. Furthermore, 680 IT and software companies with 12,000 employees are based in Dortmund, making the city one of Germany's biggest software locations. Two of the top 10 IT service provider in Germany are based in Dortmund - adesso SE and Materna Group.Dortmund is home to many insurance companies e.g. Signal Iduna, Continentale Krankenversicherung, Bundesinnungskrankenkasse Gesundheit (BIG direkt) and Volkswohl Bund. In recent years a service sector and high-tech industry have grown up. Some of its most prominent companies of these sectors include Amprion and RWE-Westnetz (Electricity), Rhenus Logistics (Logistics), Wilo, KHS GmbH, Elmos Semiconductor, ABP Induction Systems, Nordwest Handel AG – all of whom have their headquarters here. Companies with operations in or around Dortmund include Zalando, Daimler AG: EvoBus, RapidMiner, Gap Inc. and ThyssenKrupp.Dortmund is also the headquarter of Century Media Records, a heavy metal record label with offices in the United States and London. In August 2015, Century Media was acquired by Sony Music for US$17 million.Tourism in Dortmund is a fast-growing economic factor every year: new overnight records can be announced, new hotels open and new visitor magnets are added. Starting in the mid-1990s, Dortmund, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. An important strategic step was the start of construction the new Konzerthaus Dortmund, the reuse of vacant old industrial buildings like the Zollern II/IV Colliery, Kokerei Hansa, Dortmund U-Tower and the strategic reorientation of the Dortmund Christmas market with over 300 stalls packed around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall – reputed to be the biggest in the world. A new Tourist Information center right next to the U-Tower, gives visitors a quick overview of the tourist attractions in the City and Ruhr Area. Today Dortmund is with more than 1.450.528 (2017) overnight stays one of the most popular destinations in North Rhine-Westphalia.The majority of tourists are domestic visitors, coming from Germany. International travellers arrive from the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria and Switzerland. Dortmund also draws business tourism, having been equipped with facilities like WILO, Amprion next to Westfalenhallen and football tourism with Fans of Borussia Dortmund. The top 5 most visited attractions were the Christmas market, with more than three and a half million visitors, Signal Iduna Park, Deutsches Fußballmuseum, Dortmund U-Tower, Zollern II/IV Colliery and Westfalenpark.The Westenhellweg is a popular shopping destination and with nearly 13,000 visitors per hour it was Germany's most frequented shopping street in 2013. During the Middle Ages, Dortmund was the only free imperial city in Westphalia, having already been regarded as an important centre of trade. Today some of the most reputed shops, department stores have stores here. It is a pedestrian-only area and is bordered by the Reinoldikirche in the east and U-Tower in the west. The Westenhellweg has one of the highest rents for retail and office space in North Rhine-Westphalia. 85 percent of the shops are retail chains such as H&M, Saturn, Esprit, Zara or NewYorker. In 2009 a new shopping mall named Thier-Galerie opened, with nearly 100 stores and chains, including; Armani, Adidas, Diesel and Hollister.Three more shopping malls occupy the Thier-Galerie; Galeria Kaufhof and Karstadt, as well as large fashion retail clothing stores from Peek & Cloppenburg and C&A. During the month before Christmas, the extended pedestrian-only zone is host to Dortmund Christmas Market, one of the largest and oldest Christmas markets in Germany. With more than 3.5 million visitors and 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres tall, it is one of the most visited and popular market in the world.In close proximity to the Dortmund concert hall lies the Brückstraßenviertel - a quarter hub especially for young people. The "Rue de Pommes Frites", which is what the Dortmund citizens have called the Brückstraße, has turned into a modern shopping promenade, geared towards a younger market.For a long time, the Kampstraße had a shadowy existence as a parallel street to the Westenhellweg and Ostenhellweg, but it has become a grand boulevard containing specialist stores. Right next to the Kampstraße is the Kleppingstraße – a shopping street with a high concentration of gastronomy and expensive, prestigious shops like van Laack, Lindner Fashion, Marc Cain. It is located between the Ostenhellweg and Neutor to Wallring.Dortmund is one of the most important logistic hubs in Germany, more than 900 companies working in logistics, as well as nationally and internationally recognised scientific institutes. Dortmund Port which terminates the Dortmund-Ems Canal connecting Dortmund to the North Sea is the biggest European canal port with 10 docks and a pier length of 11 km. The variety of different activities taking place at the Fraunhofer Institute Material Flow and Logistics (Fraunhofer Society) has, over the past few years, led to a bundling of skills in the areas of logistics and digitalisation in the city. Industry-based initiatives and pilot projects, such as the Hybrid Services in Logistics innovation lab, the efficiency cluster LogistikRuhr, Industrial Data Space, the Dortmund Mittelstand 4.0 Centre of Excellence, and the enterprise labs. The Digital Hub for Logistics of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is based in Dortmund and twinned with Hamburg.Companies with big logistic hubs for Germany and Europe in Dortmund include:Dortmund is home to Germany's twelve biggest exhibition centre, Halls of Westphalia which lies near the city center next to Dortmund Airport. With around 77.000 visitors each year, Jagd & Hund is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to consumers include "Intermodelbau", the world's biggest consumer fair for model making, and one of the leading fairs for youth culture "YOU". Important fairs restricted to professionals include "D.I.M" (Deutsche Immobilienmesse, German property fair), Creativa (Hobby) and InterTabac (Tabaco).Dortmund is home of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the National Material Testing Office of North Rhine-Westphalia material and the main customs office.As a profoundly international city, Dortmund hosts diplomatic missions (consulates and consulates-general) of Italy, Greece, Bangladesh, Ghana, South Africa, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia.Several courts are located in Dortmund, including:Two important daily newspapers are published in and around Dortmund. The conservative "Ruhr Nachrichten", also known as "RN", was founded in 1949. The RN has a circulation of over 225,000 copies daily. The other important newspaper, the "Westfälische Rundschau", was first published in 1945 and has a daily circulation of over 181,000. The WR is published by Germany's third largest newspaper and magazine publisher "Funke Mediengruppe".Several magazines also originate from Dortmund. The Rock "Rock hard (magazine)" is a metal and hard rock magazine, with subsidiaries in various countries worldwide, including France, Spain, Brazil/Portugal, Italy and Greece."Visions" is a German music magazine with a circulation of approximately 35,000.The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, West German Broadcasting Cologne has a big studio in Dortmund, which is responsible for the east Ruhr area. Each day, it produces a 30-minute regional evening news magazine (called "Lokalzeit Ruhr"), a 5-minute afternoon news programme, and several radio news programmes. A local broadcasting station called Radio 91.2 went "on-the-air" in the early 1990s. Sat.1 have a regional studio in Dortmund. The City stands alongside London and Paris as one of the three head offices of Global Tamil Vision and GTV-Deutschland.Two big Radio Channels of Westdeutscher Rundfunk are sending from Dortmund.Other radio broadcasters include Radio NRW and eldoradio*.The films "Trains'n'Roses", "Bang Boom Bang", "Oi! Warning", "Do Fish Do It?", "If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer", "Guys and Balls", "Goldene Zeiten", "Marija" and television series "Tatort", "Balko", "Helden der Kreisklasse" and more German movies like "Vorstadtkrokodile", "Die Libelle und das Nashorn", "Ein Schnitzel für alle", "" and "Radio Heimat" were filmed in the city.Dortmund has 160 schools and 17 business, technical colleges teach more than 85,000 pupils. The city has a 4-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Hauptschule, Realschule, Gesamtschule or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). The Stadtgymnasium Dortmund which was founded in 1543 as Archigymnasium is one of the oldest schools in Europe. The Leibniz Gymnasium, a bilingual public school located in the Kreuzviertel district, is particularly popular with children of the English-speaking expatriate community. The school is an International Baccalaureate school.TU Dortmund (Technical University of Dortmund) is founded in 1968 and located in the southern part of the city.It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry, spatial planning and economics. The university has its own train station at the campus's main gate which is only seven minutes away from the city center. The university is highly ranked in terms of its research performance in the areas of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and economics. The university's most noticeable landmark is the H-Bahn, a monorail train which connects the north and south campuses.Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts is a Fachhochschule with 12,300 students, and 669 staff, 232 of which are professors. The Fachhochschule was created by a merger of several institutions of higher learning in 1971. Owing to its history as separate institutions, it consists of three campuses in different parts of Dortmund. The departments of mechanical and electrical engineering are located at Sonnenstraße near the city center. The department of design has its own campus at Max-Ophüls-Platz while the departments of social work, economics, computer science and architecture are housed in several buildings next to the Technical University of Dortmund campus in the suburb of Eichlinghofen. Additional offices in the city centre are used for administrative purposes.The city is the site of several other universities, colleges and academies, which attract about 45,000 students. Among them there are:The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society, the Leibniz Association and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities.In November 2017, according to a study by data of the German National Statistics Office, the National Employment Agency, Mercer, Handelsblatt, Numbeo and Immowelt, Dortmund was ranked on position seven of the "most livable cities in Germany for expats". In September 2017, "The New York Times" praised the city of Dortmund, which has been adapting since the collapse of its century old steel and coal industries and has shifted to high technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology and other services, as the "hidden star of structural change" providing a good quality of life for employees. According to "the 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking" Dortmund is one of the least stressful cities in the world. It's ranked 27th out of 150, between Copenhagen and Vancouver, and is highly ranked in the categories traffic & public transport, gender equality and debt per capital."Like a Phoenix Rising from the Ashes" and exemplary for structural transformation - This was the title of an article in the online version on "Neue Zürcher Zeitung "of the urban livability and new exceptional architecture in Dortmund.In a 2015/2016 survey centred on "student life in Germany", Dortmund ranked as seventh-best.In a 2012 study of the "most livable biggest cities in Germany", Dortmund ranked on position ten between Nurmberg and Stuttgart and first of all large cities in Germany due to sport, gastronomy and shopping opportunities.In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and in 2014 acclaimed as the most sustainable city in Germany.The city has a long tradition of music and theatre. The orchestra was founded in 1887 and is now called Dortmunder Philharmoniker. The first opera house was built in 1904, destroyed in World War II and opened again in 1966 as Opernhaus Dortmund. It is operated by Theater Dortmund together with other locations, including (since 2002) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Konzerthaus Dortmund is listed in the ECHO list as one of the 21 most outstanding concert halls in Europe.The Domicil Jazz Club is one of the "100 best jazz venues world wide" according to the American jazz magazine "DownBeat".The Dortmund U-Tower, which was once a brewery, is now European centre for creative economy and the Museum am Ostwall. The area around the U-Tower called "Union Viertel" is part of the Creative.Quarters Ruhr and are rooted in the European Capital of Culture RUHR.2010.Dortmund leading cabaret-stage is the Cabaret Queue, which is located next to Lake phoenix. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Fletch Bizzel and the theatre Olpktetal. The most important cabaret event is the RuhrHOCHdeutsch, which is one of the most successful cabaret festivals in Germany. It features artists from around the world.Dortmund is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over three and a half million visitors to its 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies.The Botanischer Garten Rombergpark, or informally Rombergpark, is an extensive municipal arboretum and botanical garden located in the south of the city center of Dortmund. With its total area of 65 hectares the Rombergpark is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world. The garden was established in 1822 as the Romberg family's English landscape park. In 1927-1929 it was acquired by the city and under city planning director Richard Nose enhanced by a small herb garden. The park and castle were badly damaged in World War II, but starting in 1950 director Gerd Krüssmann rebuilt it as an arboretum, adding some 4,500 species to the park. Today the garden contains a historic English landscape park with monuments; an arboretum containing thousands of species of woody plants, including some of the largest trees in North Rhine-Westphalia; a terrace with palm trees; and four greenhouses (1,000 m total area) for cactus and succulents, ferns, tropical plants, and camellias, jasmine, and lemons.The Dortmund Zoo is the zoological garden with 28 hectares next to the Rombergpark and was founded 1953. With 1,800 animals belonging to 250 species, the Dortmund Zoo is the second largest in the Ruhr Valley. It is specialized in the keeping and breeding of South American species and is leading in the breeding of the giant anteater, the tamandua and the giant otter.The Westfalenpark is Dortmunds's most popular inner-city park. The park is 72 hectares in size and is one of the largest urban gardens of Germany. It was first opened in 1959 as the second Bundesgartenschau (abbr. BUGA) in North Rhine-Westphalia. With the National Rosarium with 3,000 different rose varieties, theme gardens, an environmental protection centre, the German Cookbook Museum, a geological garden, cafés and recreation areas, it provides numerous opportunities for a day of diverse activities. Dortmund's Westfalenpark is also a popular location for events in the Ruhr area- with parties, festivals, events, theatre, music, and flea and garden markets. One of the best views across the whole Ruhr valley is offered by the visitors platform and the revolving restaurant in the 209-metre-high Florian tower. Another summer attraction is the chair lift, which opened in 1959 and runs on Sundays between a “Mountain” and “Valley” station 500 metres apart.With more than 20 museums, Dortmund has one of the largest variety of museums in the Ruhr Valley. There a some anchor points on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.The Museum am Ostwall (known as Museum am Ostwall until 2010) is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It was founded in the late 1940s, and has been located in the Dortmund U-Tower since 2010. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, objects and photographs from the 20th century, plus over 2,500 graphics, spanning Expressionism through classic modern art to the present day. At the heart of the collection are works by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Otto Mueller, Emil Nolde and graphics by Pablo Picasso from the 1940s and '50s, plus others by Joan Miró, Marc Chagall and Salvador Dalí.The German Football Museum () aka DFB-Museum is the national museum for German football. It is located close to the Dortmund Hauptbahnhof and is part of an art and culture mile between the creative center Dortmund U-Tower and the Theater Dortmund, founded to preserve, conserve and interpret important collections of football memorabilia. In its permanent exhibition, the Museum presents the history of Germany national football team and the Bundesliga.The Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte or MKK ("Museum of Art and Cultural History") is a municipal museum located in an Art Deco building which was formerly the Dortmund Savings Bank. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, furniture and applied art, illustrating the cultural history of Dortmund from early times to the 20th century. There are regular temporary exhibitions of art and culture, as well as a permanent exhibition on the history of surveying, with rare geodetic instruments.The Steinwache is a memorial museum of the exhibition Widerstand und Verfolgung in Dortmund 1933–1945 ("Resistance and Persecution in Dortmund 1933-1945"), which demonstrates the persecution under National Socialism with many photographs, short texts and sometimes with reports from contemporary witnesses. The museum is located in an old prison and had a reputation as Die Hölle von Westdeutschland ("The hell of western Germany"). Between 1933 and 1945 more than 66,000 people were imprisoned in the Steinwache prison.Other important museums in Dortmund are: Not directly located in Dortmund but important for the city history:Dortmund offers a variety of restaurants, bars and clubs. Clubs concentrate in and around the city centre (Wallring) and in the Kreuzviertel district. After the Molotov in Hamburg and the Berghain in Berlin, the FZW (Freizeitzentrum West) in the Union district is one of the three best clubs in Germany. With 307 events in 2015, including concerts, parties, festivals, readings and football public viewings have strengthened the FZW's reputation as an "it club" in the Ruhr region.Furthermore, Dortmund is one of the main centres of the Electronic dance music and techno subculture. With the Mayday and Syndicate festivals, the Westfalenhalle Arena has become one of the most important techno strongholds in Europe. After negotiations with several German cities, it was announced that the Love Parade would move to the Ruhr Area for five years (2007-2012). After Essen in 2007 the festival took 2008 place on the Bundesstraße 1 under the motto "Highway of Love". The event was planned as a "Love Weekend", with parties throughout the region. For the first time the Turkish electronic scene was represented by its own float, called "Turkish Delights". The official estimate is that 1.6 million visitors attended, making it the largest parade to date.Every year, the Juicy Beats music festival turns the Westfalenpark into a huge festival ground for pop, rap, electro, indie, alternative, reggae and urban beats - most recently with over 50,000 visitors.Traditional meals in the region are Pfefferpotthast (A form of Goulash, though containing more beef), Balkenbrij, Heaven and Earth (Himmel und Äd; black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes), Currywurst and Pumpernickel with Griebenschmalz (German lard with crispy pieces of pork skin).In summer the people like to eat a Dortmunder Salzkuchen (Bread buns with caraway fruits, salt, meat and onions). Also a special meal in the winter is Reibekuchen (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce).Dortmund had more than 550 years of brewing tradition, some of the oldest breweries in Westphalia are founded around the Old Market in Dortmund. Dortmund is known for its pale lager beer called Dortmunder Export or Dortmunder, it became popular with industrial workers and was responsible for Dortmunder Union becoming Germany's largest brewery and Dortmund having the highest concentration of breweries in Germany. Popular and traditionally beer brands are Dortmunder Actien Brauerei, Bergmann Bier, Kronen, Union, Brinkhoff's, Dortmunder Hansa, Hövels, Ritter, Thier and Stifts."Stösschen" is a beer in a small glass "Stösschen" 0.2 litres and can be drunk in about two draughts. The idea of a Stößchen came about in the 19th century when people would have to wait at the level crossing to cross the Nordstadt Railway Line that divided the city centre from the Nordstadt district.A local innkeeper saw the potential of serving quick drinks to people waiting, and a Dortmund tradition began.The Dortmunder Tropfen Schnaps is a type of liqueur that is flavored with herbs or spices and traditionally drunk neat as a digestif.Dortmund calls itself "Sportstadt" (City of Sports). The city is the home of the biggest handball association in the world the German Handball Association (German: Deutscher Handballbund) (DHB) and the German professional handball league Handball-Bundesliga (HBL). Furthermore, Dortmund is home of the Olympic centre of Westphalia.The city is home of many sports clubs, iconic athletes and annually organises several world-renowned sporting events, such as the Ruhrmarathon and the Sparkassen Chess-Meeting.Dortmund is home to the sports club Borussia Dortmund, one of the most successful clubs in German football history. Borussia Dortmund are former Bundesliga champions most recently in 2011–12. Borussia Dortmund won the UEFA Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup in 1997, as well as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1966. This made them first European trophy winners in Germany. 'Die Borussen' are eight-time German Champions and have won five German Cups. Borussia Dortmund play at Westfalenstadion, currently known as Signal Iduna Park. It was built for the 1974 FIFA World Cup and also hosted some matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. It is Germany's largest football stadium with a maximum capacity of 81,359 spectators.Borussia Dortmund has a women's handball team playing in the first Bundesliga.Borussia Dortmund also has a table tennis team, playing in the second Bundesliga.The Dortmund Giants, established on 22 May 1980, is an American football team from Dortmund. The official name of the club is 1. Dortmunder Footballclub Dortmund 1980 "Giants" e.V. The club spent the 1994 season in the 2. Bundesliga before dropping for two seasons to the third tier Regionalliga West. Five more 2. Bundesliga seasons followed from 1997 to 2001, the final one in a combined team with the Bochum Cadets as the Dortmund B1 Giants. After a five-season spell in the Regionalliga the club finished the 2014 season without a win and had to return to the Oberliga once more.Eisadler Dortmund is the city's ice hockey club that plays in Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen an indoor sporting arena at the Strobelallee. They played in 2016/17 in the Oberliga, the third level of ice hockey in Germany.The city's basketball club is SVD 49 Dortmund basketball team plays in its respective second national divisions.The city's baseball club Dortmund Wanderers plays in the first BundesligaThe Sparkassen Chess-Meeting has been hosted in Dortmund since 1982.Besides, Dortmund owns an all-weather racecourse named Galopprennbahn Dortmund.Dortmund is twinned with: | [
"Ullrich Sierau",
"Thomas Westphal",
"Günter Samtlebe"
] | |
Who was the head of Dortmund in Aug, 2017? | August 23, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Ullrich Sierau"
]
} | L2_Q1295_P6_2 | Thomas Westphal is the head of the government of Dortmund from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Gerhard Langemeyer is the head of the government of Dortmund from Oct, 1999 to Oct, 2009.
Ullrich Sierau is the head of the government of Dortmund from May, 2010 to Oct, 2020.
Günter Samtlebe is the head of the government of Dortmund from Feb, 1973 to Sep, 1999. | DortmundDortmund (; Westphalian ; ) is the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the eighth-largest city of Germany, with a population of 588,250 inhabitants as of 2021. It is the largest city (by area and population) of the Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area with some 5.1 million inhabitants, as well as the largest city of Westphalia. On the Emscher and Ruhr rivers (tributaries of the Rhine), it lies in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region and is considered the administrative, commercial, and cultural center of the eastern Ruhr. Dortmund is the second-largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg.Founded around 882, Dortmund became an Imperial Free City. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, and the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League. During the Thirty Years' War, the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization. The city then became one of Germany's most important coal, steel and beer centres. Dortmund consequently was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center. These bombing raids, with more than 1,110 aircraft, hold the record to a single target in World War II.The region has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and coal industries and shifted to high-technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and also services. Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow, ranked among the twelve innovation cities in European Union and is the most sustainable and digital city in Germany. Other key sectors include retail, leisure and the visitor economy, creative industries, and logistics. With its central station and airport, the third-busiest airport in North Rhine-Westphalia, Dortmund is an important transport junction, especially for the surrounding Ruhr area as well as Europe (Benelux countries), and with the largest canal port in Europe it has a connection to important seaports on the North Sea.Dortmund is home to many cultural and educational institutions, including the Technical University of Dortmund and Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, International School of Management and other educational, cultural and administrative facilities with over 49,000 students, many museums, such as Museum Ostwall, Museum of Art and Cultural History, German Football Museum, as well as theatres and music venues like the Konzerthaus or the Opera House of Dortmund. Nearly half the municipal territory consists of waterways, woodland, agriculture and green spaces with spacious parks such as Westfalenpark and Rombergpark. This stands in a stark contrast with nearly a hundred years of extensive coal mining and steel milling in the past. Borussia Dortmund is one of the most successful German football clubs.Dortmund was first mentioned in the Werden Abbey, which was built between 880 and 884. The Latin entry reads: "In Throtmanni liber homo Arnold viii den nob solvit." (German: "In Throtmanni zahlt uns der freie Mann Arnold 8 Pfennige" and English: "In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs")). According to this, there are a large number of different names, but they all go back to the same phoneme stem. Their respective use in the sources appears arbitrary and random.In the course of time the name changed many times: "trut munia" 899, "Thortmanni, Trutmania, Trotmunni" 939, "Tremonia" 1152. From the 13th century on, the "Dortmunde" appeared for the first time, but it was not until a few centuries later that it became generally accepted.In the Middle Ages 1389, when the city had withstood the siege of 1200 knights under the leadership of the Archbishop of Cologne, it chose as its motto a saying that is still upheld today by traditional societies: "So fast as Düörpm". (High German: As firm as Dortmund).In the past, the city was called "Dortmond" in Dutch, "Tremonia" in Spanish and "Trémoigne" in Old French. However, these exonyms have fallen into disuse and the city is now internationally known by its German name of "Dortmund". The common abbreviation for the name of the city is "DTM", the IATA code for Dortmund Airport.The Sigiburg was a Saxon hillfort in the South of present-day Dortmund, overlooking the River Ruhr near its confluence with the River Lenne. The ruins of the later Hohensyburg castle now stand on the site of the Sigiburg. The hillfort was raised ca. 700 by Westphalian Saxons. During the Saxon Wars, it was taken by the Franks under Charlemagne in 772, retaken by the Saxons (possibly under Widukind) in 774, and taken again and refortified by Charlemagne in 775. Archaeological evidence suggests the Sigiburg site was also occupied in the Neolithic era.The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882 as Throtmanni – In throtmanni liber homo arnold[us] viii den[arios] nob[is] soluit [solvit]. In 1005 the "Ecclesiastical council" and in 1016 the"Imperial diet" meets in Dortmund.After it was destroyed by a fire, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. In 1267 St. Mary's Church, Dortmund, and three years later in 1270 St. Reinold's Church first mentioned. The combination of crossroad, market place, administrative centre – town hall, made Dortmund an important centre in Westphalia. It became an Imperial Free City and one of the first cities in Europe with an official Brewing right in 1293. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League.After 1320, the city appeared in writing as "Dorpmunde". In the years leading up to 1344, the English King even borrowed money from well-heeled Dortmund merchant families Berswordt and Klepping, offering the regal crown as security. In 1388, the Count of Mark joined forces with the Archbishop of Cologne and issued declarations of a feud against the town. Following a major siege lasting 18 months, peace negotiations took place and Dortmund emerged victorious. In 1400 the seat of the first Vehmic court () was in Dortmund, in a square between two linden trees, one of which was known as the "Femelinde". With the growing influence of Cologne during the 15th century, the seat was moved to Arnsberg in 1437. After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. This favors the founding of one of the oldest schools in Europe in 1543 - . In 1661 an earthquake made the Reinoldikirche collapse.With the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" resolution in 1803, Dortmund was added to the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda, with as a result that it was no longer a free imperial city. William V, Prince of Orange-Nassau did not want stolen areas and therefore let his son Prince Willem Frederik (the later King William I of the Netherlands) take possession of the city and the principality. This prince held its entry on 30 June 1806, and as such the County of Dortmund then became part of the principality. On 12 July 1806, most of the Nassau principalities were deprived of their sovereign rights by means of the Rhine treaty. In October of the same year, the County of Dortmund was occupied by French troops and was added to the Grand Duchy of Berg on 1 March 1808. It is the capital of the Ruhr department. In 1808 Dortmund becomes capital of French satellite Ruhr (department). At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the entire Grand Duchy of Berg, including Dortmund, was added to the Kingdom of Prussia. The state mining authority of the Ruhr area was founded in 1815 and moved from Bochum to Dortmund. Within the Prussian Province of Westphalia, Dortmund was a district seat within Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg until 1875, when it became an urban district within the region.During the industrialisation of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for coal and steel. The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the Kapp Putsch - a right military coup launched against the Social Democratic-led government. Radical workers formed a Red Army who fought the freikorps units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation.Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue, which had opened in 1900, was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients for euthanasia at the Hadamar mental hospital as part of the Action T4 (an additional 229 children were killed in the "Children's Specialist Department", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941).Bombing targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II in Dortmund included Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG, the "Hoesch-Benzin GmbH" synthetic oil plant, and the "Zeche Hansa". The bombings destroyed about 66% of Dortmund homes. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft (748 Lancasters, 292 Halifaxes, 68 Mosquitos) destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center, and 4,851 tonnes of bombs were dropped through Dortmund city centre and the south of the city; this was a record to a single target in the whole of World War II.The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945. The US 95th Infantry Division attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a stubborn German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945.Post-war, most of the ancient buildings were not restored, and large parts of the city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings as the main churches Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique cityscape. Dortmund was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1946. The LWL-Industriemuseum was founded in 1969. In 1987 Coalmining pit Minister Stein closed, marking the end of more than 150 years of coal mining. Dortmund has since adapted, with its century-long steel and coal industries having been shifted to high-technology areas, including biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and services. This has led Dortmund to become a regional centre for hi-tech industry.In 2001 started a new era for the discrict Hörde in Dortmund, 160 years of industrial history ended with the beginning of the Phoenix See. The development of the Phoenix See area was carried out by a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke AG. In 2005 the first cornerstone was laid on the Phoenix area. The work started with full speed to manage the work with over 2.5 million meters of ground motion and 420.000 cubic meters of ferroconcrete. On 1 October 2010, the largest and most highly anticipated milestone could be celebrated: the launch of the flooding of the Phoenix See. Since 9 May 2011, the fences disappeared and the Phoenix See has been completed. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and is the most sustainable city in Germany.On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a 4,000-pound bomb from World War II was found. German authorities safely defused the bomb. The bomb was found after analysing old aerial photographs while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by Allied aircraft over Germany's industrial Ruhr region.Dortmund is an independent city located in the east of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban areas in Europe (see also: megalopolis), comprising eleven independent cities and four districts with some 5.3million inhabitants. The city limits of Dortmund itself are long and border twelve cities, two independent and ten "kreisangehörig" (i.e., belonging to a district), with a total population of approximately 2.4million. The following cities border Dortmund (clockwise starting from north-east): Bochum, Castrop-Rauxel, Waltrop, Lünen, Kamen, Unna, Holzwickede, Schwerte, Hagen, Herdecke and Witten. Historically speaking, Dortmund is a part of Westphalia which is situated in the Bundesland North Rhine-Westphalia. Moreover, Dortmund is part of Westphalian Lowland and adjoins with the Ardey Hills in the south of the city to the Sauerland.The Ruhr forms the reservoir on the Hengsteysee next to the borough of Syburg in the south of Dortmund between the cities of Hagen and Herdecke, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Klusenberg, a hill that is part of the Ardey range, is located just north of the Hengsteysee and the highest point of Dortmund . There is also a pumped-storage plant on this reservoir, named Koepchenwerk. The lowest point can be found in the northern borough of Brechten at .The Emscher is a small river and has its wellspring in Holzwickede, east of the city of Dortmund, and flows west through Dortmund. Towns along the Emscher take in Dortmund, Castrop-Rauxel, Herne, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, Essen, Bottrop, Oberhausen and Dinslaken, where it flows into the Rhine.Dortmund comprises 62 neighbourhoods which in turn are grouped into twelve boroughs (called Stadtbezirke), often named after the most important neighbourhood. Three boroughs cover the area of the inner city (Innenstadt-West (City centre West), Innenstadt-Nord (City centre North), Innenstadt-Ost (City centre East)) and the remaining nine boroughs make up the surrounding area (Eving, Scharnhorst, Brackel, Aplerbeck, Hörde, Hombruch, Lütgendortmund, Huckarde, Mengede). Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a Roman numeral and has a local governing body of nineteen members with limited authority. Most of the boroughs were originally independent municipalities but were gradually annexed from 1905 to 1975. This long-lasting process of annexation has led to a strong identification of the population with "their" boroughs or districts and to a rare peculiarity: The borough of Hörde, located in the south of Dortmund and independent until 1928, has its own coat of arms.The centre can be subdivided into historically evolved city districts whose borders are not always strictly defined, such asDortmund is situated in the temperate climate zone with oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"). Winters are cool; summers are warm. The average annual temperature lies at approximately , the total average annual amount of precipitation lies at approximately . Precipitation evenly falls throughout the year; steady rain (with some snow), prevails in the wintertime, isolated showers dominate the summer season. Dortmund features characteristics of densely populated areas as for example the occurrence of urban heat islands is typical.Dortmund's population grew rapidly in the time of the 19th century industrialisation when coal mining and steel processing in the city began. 1904 marks the year when Dortmund saw a population of more than 100,000 for the first time in its history. During the 19th century the area around Dortmund called Ruhr attracted up to 500,000 ethnic Poles, Masurians and Silesians from East Prussia and Silesia in a migration known as "Ostflucht" (flight from the east). Most of the new inhabitants came from Eastern Europe, but immigrants also came from France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Almost all their descendants today speak German as a mother tongue, and for various reasons they do not identify with their Polish roots and traditions, often only their Polish family names remaining as a sign of their past. Not taking the fluctuation of war years into account, the population figures rose constantly to 657,804 in 1965. As a result of the city's post-industrial decline, the population fell to just under 580,000 in 2011. Today with a population of 601.402 (2017) the City of Dortmund is the eighth largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf. It is also the largest city in the Ruhr agglomeration.Contrary to earlier projections, population figures have been on the rise in recent years due to net migration gains. Dortmund has seen a moderate influx of younger people (18 to 25 years of age) mainly because of its universities. Data of the EU-wide 2011 census revealed massive inaccuracies with regard to German population figures. Consequently, respective figures have been corrected, which resulted in a statistical "loss" of 9,000 inhabitants in Dortmund. In 2016 it was announced that the population was back above 600,000., Dortmund had a population of 571,403 of whom about 177,000 (roughly 30%) were of non-German origin. The table shows the number of first and second generation immigrants in Dortmund by nationality as of 31 December 2014. As with much of the Ruhr area, Dortmund has sizable Turkish and South European communities (particularly Spanish), and had one of Germany's most visible Slavic populations. the largest Christian denominations were Protestantism (49.9%) and Catholicism (27.4% of the population). Furthermore, in Dortmund the Greek Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Macedonian Orthodox Church are represented. The Church of the Holy Apostles (gre. I.N. Αγίων Αποστόλων Ντόρτμουντ - I.N. Agíon Apostólon Dortmund) was the first Greek church in Germany to be founded due to the influx of "guest workers". Also Dortmund is home of the New Apostolic Church in North Rhine-Westphalia with more than 84,944 community members.The Jewish community has a history dating back to Medieval times and has always ranked among the largest in Westphalia. Dortmund is home to the National Association of Jewish Communities of Westfalen-Lippe. The synagogues operate there in City center, Hörde and Dorstfeld. Due to the growing immigration of people from Muslim countries beginning in the 1960s. Dortmund has a large Muslim community with more than 30 mosques.In June 2019 Dortmund hosted the 37th Evangelischer Kirchentag - German Evangelical Church Assembly.Dortmund is one of nineteen independent district-free cities ("kreisfreie Städte") in North Rhine-Westphalia, which means that it does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity, in this case it is not part of a Landkreis. Since 1975, Dortmund is divided into twelve administrative districts. Each district ("Bezirk") has its own elected district council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The district councils are advisory only.Dortmund is often called the "Herzkammer der SPD" (roughly translated as "heartland of the Social democrats") after the politically dominant party in the city. During the Nazi era (1933–1945), mayors were installed by the Nazi Party. After World War II, the military government of the British occupation zone installed a new mayor and a municipal constitution modeled on that of British cities. The first major elected by the population of Dortmund was Fritz Henßler. Since the end of the war, the SPD has held a plurality in the city council, except for the period from 1999 to 2004.The current Mayor of Dortmund is Thomas Westphal of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2020.The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 210,659! 99.1! 145,760! 99.0! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,950! 0.9! 1,529! 1.0! colspan=3| Total! 212,609! 100.0! 147,289! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.0! 451,710! 32.6The Dortmund city council ("Dortmunder Stadtrat") governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=2| Valid votes! 210,592! 99.0! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes! 2,047! 1.0! ! colspan=2| Total! 212,639! 100.0! 90! 4! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.1! 2.2! Dortmund is twinned with:Dortmund's city centre offers a picture full of contrasts. Historic buildings like Altes Stadthaus or the Krügerpassage rub shoulders with post-war architecture like Gesundheitshaus and concrete constructions with Romanesque churches like the Reinoldikirche and the Marienkirche. The near-complete destruction of Dortmund's city centre during World War II (98%) has resulted in a varied architectural landscape. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. The downtown of Dortmund still retains the outline of the medieval city. A ring road marks the former city wall, and the Westen-/Ostenhellweg, part of a medieval salt trading route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisecting the city centre.Thus, the city today is characterized by simple and modest post-war buildings, with a few interspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example the opera house are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment.The Kreuzviertel is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896. In the second World War, relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, Kreuzviertel forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first Concrete Church in Germany St.-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: Sascha Schmitz, Christina Hammer and players of Borussia Dortmund.The northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of 14.42 km is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in Ruhr the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial urban area that was mainly developed in the 19th Century to serve the Westfalenhütte steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation. The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in the Germany. Ballspielverein Borussia Dortmund was founded nearby, north-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.The Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison.Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists.The Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.Hörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the "Großen Dortmunder Fehde" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of Herdecke, Witten, Bochum, Castrop, Lünen, Unna und Schwerte. Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the Emscher and Lake Phoenix.Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe. On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of ThyssenKrupp newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million. The lake is 1.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the Hamburg Alster. Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area.Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include:The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.The River Emscher flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public water board Emschergenossenschaft. The financial frame is 4.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by the year 2020.The most industrial building in Dortmund are part of the Industrial Heritage Trail (). The trail links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage in the whole Ruhr area in Germany. It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.Dortmund tallest structure is the Florianturm telecommunication tower at . Other tall buildings are the churches around the city centre. A selection of the tallest office buildings in Dortmund is listed below.Dortmund also serves as a major European and German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem. The Ruhrschnellweg follows old Hanseatic trade routes to connect the city with the other metropolises of the Ruhr Area. It crosses the Dutch-German border as a continuation of the Dutch A67 and crosses the Rhine, leads through the Ruhr valley toward Bochum, becoming B 1 (Bundesstraße 1) at the Kreuz Dortmund West and eventually merging into the A 44 near Holzwickede. It has officially been named Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr Fast Way), but locals usually call it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr Crawling Way) or "the Ruhr area's longest parking lot". According to "Der Spiegel", it is the most congested motorway in Germany.Connections to more distant parts of Germany are maintained by Autobahn routes A1 and A2, which traverse the north and east city limits and meet at the Kamener Kreuz interchange north-east of Dortmund.In combination with the Autobahn A45 to the west these form the Dortmund Beltway ("Dortmunder Autobahnring").Cycling in Dortmund is supported by urban planners - an extensive network of cycle paths exists which had its beginnings in the 1980s. Dortmund was admitted to the German "Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle-Friendly Cities and Municipalities in NRW" (AGFS) on August 8, 2007. Dortumund is connected to a number of long-distance cycle paths and a Bike freeway called the "Radschnellweg Ruhr" (Ruhr Area Fast Cycle Path).As with most communes in the Ruhr area, local transport is carried out by a local, publicly owned company for transport within the city, the DB Regio subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn for regional transport and Deutsche Bahn itself for long-distance journeys. The local carrier, Dortmunder Stadtwerke (DSW21), is a member of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) association of public transport companies in the Ruhr area, which provides a uniform fare structure in the whole region. Within the VRR region, tickets are valid on lines of all members as well as DB's railway lines (except the high-speed InterCity and Intercity-Express networks) and can be bought at ticket machines and service centres of DSW21, all other members of VRR, and DB.The central train station (Dortmund Hauptbahnhof) is the third largest long-distance traffic junction in Germany. Dortmund has a railway service with Deutsche Bahn InterCity and ICE-trains stopping at "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof" (Dortmund Main Station). ICE and TGV Thalys high-speed trains link Dortmund with Amsterdam, Brussels (in 2h 30) and Paris (in 3h 50). There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including Frankfurt am Main, Berlin and other cities in the Rhein-Ruhr Region.For public transportation, the city has an extensive Stadtbahn and bus system. The Stadtbahn has eight lines (U41 to U49) serving Dortmund and the large suburb of Lünen in the north. The trains that run on the line are in fact lightrails as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. The minimum service interval is 2.5 minutes, although the usual pattern is that each line runs at 5 to 10 minute intervals. In April 2008, the newly constructed east–west underground light rail line was opened, completing the underground service in the city centre and replacing the last trams on the surface.A number of bus lines complete the Dortmund public transport system. Night buses replace Stadtbahn services between 1:30 am and 7:30 am on weekends and public holidays. The central junction for the night bus service is Reinoldikirche in the city centre, where all night bus lines start and end.The H-Bahn at Dortmund University of Technology is a hanging monorail built specifically to shuttle passengers between the university's two campuses, which are now also flanked by research laboratories and other high-tech corporations and startups. A nearly identical monorail system transfers passengers at Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Airport is a medium-sized, but fast growing airport east of the city centre at the city limit to Holzwickede. The airport serves the area of the Ruhrgebiet, Sauerland, Westphalia and parts of the Netherlands and features flights to Munich, London, Vienna, Porto and a lot of eastern European city and leisure destinations. The airport is served by an express bus to Dortmund main station, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station "Holzwickede/Dortmund Flughafen", a bus to the city's metro line "U47", as well as a bus to the city of Unna.In 2019, the airport served 2,719,563 passengers mainly used for low-cost and leisure charter flights. The closest intercontinental airport is Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Harbour ("Hafen") is the largest canal harbour in Europe and the 11th fluvial harbour in Germany.Dortmund has adapted since the collapse of its century long steel, coal and beer industries. The region has shifted to high technology, robotics, biomedical technology, micro systems technology, engineering, tourism, finance, education, services and is thus one of the most dynamic new-economy cities in Germany. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the "Innovation Cities Index" published by 2thinknow.Hundreds of SMEs are still based in and around Dortmund (often termed "Mittelstand"). Dortmund is also home to a number of medium-sized information technology companies, many linked to the local university TU Dortmund at the first technology center in Germany named "Technologiepark Dortmund" opened in the 1980s. With around 280 companies like Boehringer Ingelheim and Verizon Communications and more than 8,500 employees, TechnologiePark Dortmund is one of the most successful technology parks in Europe. The city works closely with research institutes, private universities, and companies to collaborate on the commercialisation of science initiatives. Furthermore, 680 IT and software companies with 12,000 employees are based in Dortmund, making the city one of Germany's biggest software locations. Two of the top 10 IT service provider in Germany are based in Dortmund - adesso SE and Materna Group.Dortmund is home to many insurance companies e.g. Signal Iduna, Continentale Krankenversicherung, Bundesinnungskrankenkasse Gesundheit (BIG direkt) and Volkswohl Bund. In recent years a service sector and high-tech industry have grown up. Some of its most prominent companies of these sectors include Amprion and RWE-Westnetz (Electricity), Rhenus Logistics (Logistics), Wilo, KHS GmbH, Elmos Semiconductor, ABP Induction Systems, Nordwest Handel AG – all of whom have their headquarters here. Companies with operations in or around Dortmund include Zalando, Daimler AG: EvoBus, RapidMiner, Gap Inc. and ThyssenKrupp.Dortmund is also the headquarter of Century Media Records, a heavy metal record label with offices in the United States and London. In August 2015, Century Media was acquired by Sony Music for US$17 million.Tourism in Dortmund is a fast-growing economic factor every year: new overnight records can be announced, new hotels open and new visitor magnets are added. Starting in the mid-1990s, Dortmund, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. An important strategic step was the start of construction the new Konzerthaus Dortmund, the reuse of vacant old industrial buildings like the Zollern II/IV Colliery, Kokerei Hansa, Dortmund U-Tower and the strategic reorientation of the Dortmund Christmas market with over 300 stalls packed around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall – reputed to be the biggest in the world. A new Tourist Information center right next to the U-Tower, gives visitors a quick overview of the tourist attractions in the City and Ruhr Area. Today Dortmund is with more than 1.450.528 (2017) overnight stays one of the most popular destinations in North Rhine-Westphalia.The majority of tourists are domestic visitors, coming from Germany. International travellers arrive from the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria and Switzerland. Dortmund also draws business tourism, having been equipped with facilities like WILO, Amprion next to Westfalenhallen and football tourism with Fans of Borussia Dortmund. The top 5 most visited attractions were the Christmas market, with more than three and a half million visitors, Signal Iduna Park, Deutsches Fußballmuseum, Dortmund U-Tower, Zollern II/IV Colliery and Westfalenpark.The Westenhellweg is a popular shopping destination and with nearly 13,000 visitors per hour it was Germany's most frequented shopping street in 2013. During the Middle Ages, Dortmund was the only free imperial city in Westphalia, having already been regarded as an important centre of trade. Today some of the most reputed shops, department stores have stores here. It is a pedestrian-only area and is bordered by the Reinoldikirche in the east and U-Tower in the west. The Westenhellweg has one of the highest rents for retail and office space in North Rhine-Westphalia. 85 percent of the shops are retail chains such as H&M, Saturn, Esprit, Zara or NewYorker. In 2009 a new shopping mall named Thier-Galerie opened, with nearly 100 stores and chains, including; Armani, Adidas, Diesel and Hollister.Three more shopping malls occupy the Thier-Galerie; Galeria Kaufhof and Karstadt, as well as large fashion retail clothing stores from Peek & Cloppenburg and C&A. During the month before Christmas, the extended pedestrian-only zone is host to Dortmund Christmas Market, one of the largest and oldest Christmas markets in Germany. With more than 3.5 million visitors and 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres tall, it is one of the most visited and popular market in the world.In close proximity to the Dortmund concert hall lies the Brückstraßenviertel - a quarter hub especially for young people. The "Rue de Pommes Frites", which is what the Dortmund citizens have called the Brückstraße, has turned into a modern shopping promenade, geared towards a younger market.For a long time, the Kampstraße had a shadowy existence as a parallel street to the Westenhellweg and Ostenhellweg, but it has become a grand boulevard containing specialist stores. Right next to the Kampstraße is the Kleppingstraße – a shopping street with a high concentration of gastronomy and expensive, prestigious shops like van Laack, Lindner Fashion, Marc Cain. It is located between the Ostenhellweg and Neutor to Wallring.Dortmund is one of the most important logistic hubs in Germany, more than 900 companies working in logistics, as well as nationally and internationally recognised scientific institutes. Dortmund Port which terminates the Dortmund-Ems Canal connecting Dortmund to the North Sea is the biggest European canal port with 10 docks and a pier length of 11 km. The variety of different activities taking place at the Fraunhofer Institute Material Flow and Logistics (Fraunhofer Society) has, over the past few years, led to a bundling of skills in the areas of logistics and digitalisation in the city. Industry-based initiatives and pilot projects, such as the Hybrid Services in Logistics innovation lab, the efficiency cluster LogistikRuhr, Industrial Data Space, the Dortmund Mittelstand 4.0 Centre of Excellence, and the enterprise labs. The Digital Hub for Logistics of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is based in Dortmund and twinned with Hamburg.Companies with big logistic hubs for Germany and Europe in Dortmund include:Dortmund is home to Germany's twelve biggest exhibition centre, Halls of Westphalia which lies near the city center next to Dortmund Airport. With around 77.000 visitors each year, Jagd & Hund is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to consumers include "Intermodelbau", the world's biggest consumer fair for model making, and one of the leading fairs for youth culture "YOU". Important fairs restricted to professionals include "D.I.M" (Deutsche Immobilienmesse, German property fair), Creativa (Hobby) and InterTabac (Tabaco).Dortmund is home of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the National Material Testing Office of North Rhine-Westphalia material and the main customs office.As a profoundly international city, Dortmund hosts diplomatic missions (consulates and consulates-general) of Italy, Greece, Bangladesh, Ghana, South Africa, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia.Several courts are located in Dortmund, including:Two important daily newspapers are published in and around Dortmund. The conservative "Ruhr Nachrichten", also known as "RN", was founded in 1949. The RN has a circulation of over 225,000 copies daily. The other important newspaper, the "Westfälische Rundschau", was first published in 1945 and has a daily circulation of over 181,000. The WR is published by Germany's third largest newspaper and magazine publisher "Funke Mediengruppe".Several magazines also originate from Dortmund. The Rock "Rock hard (magazine)" is a metal and hard rock magazine, with subsidiaries in various countries worldwide, including France, Spain, Brazil/Portugal, Italy and Greece."Visions" is a German music magazine with a circulation of approximately 35,000.The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, West German Broadcasting Cologne has a big studio in Dortmund, which is responsible for the east Ruhr area. Each day, it produces a 30-minute regional evening news magazine (called "Lokalzeit Ruhr"), a 5-minute afternoon news programme, and several radio news programmes. A local broadcasting station called Radio 91.2 went "on-the-air" in the early 1990s. Sat.1 have a regional studio in Dortmund. The City stands alongside London and Paris as one of the three head offices of Global Tamil Vision and GTV-Deutschland.Two big Radio Channels of Westdeutscher Rundfunk are sending from Dortmund.Other radio broadcasters include Radio NRW and eldoradio*.The films "Trains'n'Roses", "Bang Boom Bang", "Oi! Warning", "Do Fish Do It?", "If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer", "Guys and Balls", "Goldene Zeiten", "Marija" and television series "Tatort", "Balko", "Helden der Kreisklasse" and more German movies like "Vorstadtkrokodile", "Die Libelle und das Nashorn", "Ein Schnitzel für alle", "" and "Radio Heimat" were filmed in the city.Dortmund has 160 schools and 17 business, technical colleges teach more than 85,000 pupils. The city has a 4-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Hauptschule, Realschule, Gesamtschule or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). The Stadtgymnasium Dortmund which was founded in 1543 as Archigymnasium is one of the oldest schools in Europe. The Leibniz Gymnasium, a bilingual public school located in the Kreuzviertel district, is particularly popular with children of the English-speaking expatriate community. The school is an International Baccalaureate school.TU Dortmund (Technical University of Dortmund) is founded in 1968 and located in the southern part of the city.It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry, spatial planning and economics. The university has its own train station at the campus's main gate which is only seven minutes away from the city center. The university is highly ranked in terms of its research performance in the areas of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and economics. The university's most noticeable landmark is the H-Bahn, a monorail train which connects the north and south campuses.Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts is a Fachhochschule with 12,300 students, and 669 staff, 232 of which are professors. The Fachhochschule was created by a merger of several institutions of higher learning in 1971. Owing to its history as separate institutions, it consists of three campuses in different parts of Dortmund. The departments of mechanical and electrical engineering are located at Sonnenstraße near the city center. The department of design has its own campus at Max-Ophüls-Platz while the departments of social work, economics, computer science and architecture are housed in several buildings next to the Technical University of Dortmund campus in the suburb of Eichlinghofen. Additional offices in the city centre are used for administrative purposes.The city is the site of several other universities, colleges and academies, which attract about 45,000 students. Among them there are:The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society, the Leibniz Association and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities.In November 2017, according to a study by data of the German National Statistics Office, the National Employment Agency, Mercer, Handelsblatt, Numbeo and Immowelt, Dortmund was ranked on position seven of the "most livable cities in Germany for expats". In September 2017, "The New York Times" praised the city of Dortmund, which has been adapting since the collapse of its century old steel and coal industries and has shifted to high technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology and other services, as the "hidden star of structural change" providing a good quality of life for employees. According to "the 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking" Dortmund is one of the least stressful cities in the world. It's ranked 27th out of 150, between Copenhagen and Vancouver, and is highly ranked in the categories traffic & public transport, gender equality and debt per capital."Like a Phoenix Rising from the Ashes" and exemplary for structural transformation - This was the title of an article in the online version on "Neue Zürcher Zeitung "of the urban livability and new exceptional architecture in Dortmund.In a 2015/2016 survey centred on "student life in Germany", Dortmund ranked as seventh-best.In a 2012 study of the "most livable biggest cities in Germany", Dortmund ranked on position ten between Nurmberg and Stuttgart and first of all large cities in Germany due to sport, gastronomy and shopping opportunities.In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and in 2014 acclaimed as the most sustainable city in Germany.The city has a long tradition of music and theatre. The orchestra was founded in 1887 and is now called Dortmunder Philharmoniker. The first opera house was built in 1904, destroyed in World War II and opened again in 1966 as Opernhaus Dortmund. It is operated by Theater Dortmund together with other locations, including (since 2002) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Konzerthaus Dortmund is listed in the ECHO list as one of the 21 most outstanding concert halls in Europe.The Domicil Jazz Club is one of the "100 best jazz venues world wide" according to the American jazz magazine "DownBeat".The Dortmund U-Tower, which was once a brewery, is now European centre for creative economy and the Museum am Ostwall. The area around the U-Tower called "Union Viertel" is part of the Creative.Quarters Ruhr and are rooted in the European Capital of Culture RUHR.2010.Dortmund leading cabaret-stage is the Cabaret Queue, which is located next to Lake phoenix. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Fletch Bizzel and the theatre Olpktetal. The most important cabaret event is the RuhrHOCHdeutsch, which is one of the most successful cabaret festivals in Germany. It features artists from around the world.Dortmund is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over three and a half million visitors to its 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies.The Botanischer Garten Rombergpark, or informally Rombergpark, is an extensive municipal arboretum and botanical garden located in the south of the city center of Dortmund. With its total area of 65 hectares the Rombergpark is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world. The garden was established in 1822 as the Romberg family's English landscape park. In 1927-1929 it was acquired by the city and under city planning director Richard Nose enhanced by a small herb garden. The park and castle were badly damaged in World War II, but starting in 1950 director Gerd Krüssmann rebuilt it as an arboretum, adding some 4,500 species to the park. Today the garden contains a historic English landscape park with monuments; an arboretum containing thousands of species of woody plants, including some of the largest trees in North Rhine-Westphalia; a terrace with palm trees; and four greenhouses (1,000 m total area) for cactus and succulents, ferns, tropical plants, and camellias, jasmine, and lemons.The Dortmund Zoo is the zoological garden with 28 hectares next to the Rombergpark and was founded 1953. With 1,800 animals belonging to 250 species, the Dortmund Zoo is the second largest in the Ruhr Valley. It is specialized in the keeping and breeding of South American species and is leading in the breeding of the giant anteater, the tamandua and the giant otter.The Westfalenpark is Dortmunds's most popular inner-city park. The park is 72 hectares in size and is one of the largest urban gardens of Germany. It was first opened in 1959 as the second Bundesgartenschau (abbr. BUGA) in North Rhine-Westphalia. With the National Rosarium with 3,000 different rose varieties, theme gardens, an environmental protection centre, the German Cookbook Museum, a geological garden, cafés and recreation areas, it provides numerous opportunities for a day of diverse activities. Dortmund's Westfalenpark is also a popular location for events in the Ruhr area- with parties, festivals, events, theatre, music, and flea and garden markets. One of the best views across the whole Ruhr valley is offered by the visitors platform and the revolving restaurant in the 209-metre-high Florian tower. Another summer attraction is the chair lift, which opened in 1959 and runs on Sundays between a “Mountain” and “Valley” station 500 metres apart.With more than 20 museums, Dortmund has one of the largest variety of museums in the Ruhr Valley. There a some anchor points on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.The Museum am Ostwall (known as Museum am Ostwall until 2010) is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It was founded in the late 1940s, and has been located in the Dortmund U-Tower since 2010. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, objects and photographs from the 20th century, plus over 2,500 graphics, spanning Expressionism through classic modern art to the present day. At the heart of the collection are works by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Otto Mueller, Emil Nolde and graphics by Pablo Picasso from the 1940s and '50s, plus others by Joan Miró, Marc Chagall and Salvador Dalí.The German Football Museum () aka DFB-Museum is the national museum for German football. It is located close to the Dortmund Hauptbahnhof and is part of an art and culture mile between the creative center Dortmund U-Tower and the Theater Dortmund, founded to preserve, conserve and interpret important collections of football memorabilia. In its permanent exhibition, the Museum presents the history of Germany national football team and the Bundesliga.The Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte or MKK ("Museum of Art and Cultural History") is a municipal museum located in an Art Deco building which was formerly the Dortmund Savings Bank. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, furniture and applied art, illustrating the cultural history of Dortmund from early times to the 20th century. There are regular temporary exhibitions of art and culture, as well as a permanent exhibition on the history of surveying, with rare geodetic instruments.The Steinwache is a memorial museum of the exhibition Widerstand und Verfolgung in Dortmund 1933–1945 ("Resistance and Persecution in Dortmund 1933-1945"), which demonstrates the persecution under National Socialism with many photographs, short texts and sometimes with reports from contemporary witnesses. The museum is located in an old prison and had a reputation as Die Hölle von Westdeutschland ("The hell of western Germany"). Between 1933 and 1945 more than 66,000 people were imprisoned in the Steinwache prison.Other important museums in Dortmund are: Not directly located in Dortmund but important for the city history:Dortmund offers a variety of restaurants, bars and clubs. Clubs concentrate in and around the city centre (Wallring) and in the Kreuzviertel district. After the Molotov in Hamburg and the Berghain in Berlin, the FZW (Freizeitzentrum West) in the Union district is one of the three best clubs in Germany. With 307 events in 2015, including concerts, parties, festivals, readings and football public viewings have strengthened the FZW's reputation as an "it club" in the Ruhr region.Furthermore, Dortmund is one of the main centres of the Electronic dance music and techno subculture. With the Mayday and Syndicate festivals, the Westfalenhalle Arena has become one of the most important techno strongholds in Europe. After negotiations with several German cities, it was announced that the Love Parade would move to the Ruhr Area for five years (2007-2012). After Essen in 2007 the festival took 2008 place on the Bundesstraße 1 under the motto "Highway of Love". The event was planned as a "Love Weekend", with parties throughout the region. For the first time the Turkish electronic scene was represented by its own float, called "Turkish Delights". The official estimate is that 1.6 million visitors attended, making it the largest parade to date.Every year, the Juicy Beats music festival turns the Westfalenpark into a huge festival ground for pop, rap, electro, indie, alternative, reggae and urban beats - most recently with over 50,000 visitors.Traditional meals in the region are Pfefferpotthast (A form of Goulash, though containing more beef), Balkenbrij, Heaven and Earth (Himmel und Äd; black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes), Currywurst and Pumpernickel with Griebenschmalz (German lard with crispy pieces of pork skin).In summer the people like to eat a Dortmunder Salzkuchen (Bread buns with caraway fruits, salt, meat and onions). Also a special meal in the winter is Reibekuchen (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce).Dortmund had more than 550 years of brewing tradition, some of the oldest breweries in Westphalia are founded around the Old Market in Dortmund. Dortmund is known for its pale lager beer called Dortmunder Export or Dortmunder, it became popular with industrial workers and was responsible for Dortmunder Union becoming Germany's largest brewery and Dortmund having the highest concentration of breweries in Germany. Popular and traditionally beer brands are Dortmunder Actien Brauerei, Bergmann Bier, Kronen, Union, Brinkhoff's, Dortmunder Hansa, Hövels, Ritter, Thier and Stifts."Stösschen" is a beer in a small glass "Stösschen" 0.2 litres and can be drunk in about two draughts. The idea of a Stößchen came about in the 19th century when people would have to wait at the level crossing to cross the Nordstadt Railway Line that divided the city centre from the Nordstadt district.A local innkeeper saw the potential of serving quick drinks to people waiting, and a Dortmund tradition began.The Dortmunder Tropfen Schnaps is a type of liqueur that is flavored with herbs or spices and traditionally drunk neat as a digestif.Dortmund calls itself "Sportstadt" (City of Sports). The city is the home of the biggest handball association in the world the German Handball Association (German: Deutscher Handballbund) (DHB) and the German professional handball league Handball-Bundesliga (HBL). Furthermore, Dortmund is home of the Olympic centre of Westphalia.The city is home of many sports clubs, iconic athletes and annually organises several world-renowned sporting events, such as the Ruhrmarathon and the Sparkassen Chess-Meeting.Dortmund is home to the sports club Borussia Dortmund, one of the most successful clubs in German football history. Borussia Dortmund are former Bundesliga champions most recently in 2011–12. Borussia Dortmund won the UEFA Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup in 1997, as well as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1966. This made them first European trophy winners in Germany. 'Die Borussen' are eight-time German Champions and have won five German Cups. Borussia Dortmund play at Westfalenstadion, currently known as Signal Iduna Park. It was built for the 1974 FIFA World Cup and also hosted some matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. It is Germany's largest football stadium with a maximum capacity of 81,359 spectators.Borussia Dortmund has a women's handball team playing in the first Bundesliga.Borussia Dortmund also has a table tennis team, playing in the second Bundesliga.The Dortmund Giants, established on 22 May 1980, is an American football team from Dortmund. The official name of the club is 1. Dortmunder Footballclub Dortmund 1980 "Giants" e.V. The club spent the 1994 season in the 2. Bundesliga before dropping for two seasons to the third tier Regionalliga West. Five more 2. Bundesliga seasons followed from 1997 to 2001, the final one in a combined team with the Bochum Cadets as the Dortmund B1 Giants. After a five-season spell in the Regionalliga the club finished the 2014 season without a win and had to return to the Oberliga once more.Eisadler Dortmund is the city's ice hockey club that plays in Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen an indoor sporting arena at the Strobelallee. They played in 2016/17 in the Oberliga, the third level of ice hockey in Germany.The city's basketball club is SVD 49 Dortmund basketball team plays in its respective second national divisions.The city's baseball club Dortmund Wanderers plays in the first BundesligaThe Sparkassen Chess-Meeting has been hosted in Dortmund since 1982.Besides, Dortmund owns an all-weather racecourse named Galopprennbahn Dortmund.Dortmund is twinned with: | [
"Thomas Westphal",
"Günter Samtlebe",
"Gerhard Langemeyer"
] | |
Who was the head of Dortmund in May, 2021? | May 14, 2021 | {
"text": [
"Thomas Westphal"
]
} | L2_Q1295_P6_3 | Gerhard Langemeyer is the head of the government of Dortmund from Oct, 1999 to Oct, 2009.
Günter Samtlebe is the head of the government of Dortmund from Feb, 1973 to Sep, 1999.
Thomas Westphal is the head of the government of Dortmund from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Ullrich Sierau is the head of the government of Dortmund from May, 2010 to Oct, 2020. | DortmundDortmund (; Westphalian ; ) is the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the eighth-largest city of Germany, with a population of 588,250 inhabitants as of 2021. It is the largest city (by area and population) of the Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area with some 5.1 million inhabitants, as well as the largest city of Westphalia. On the Emscher and Ruhr rivers (tributaries of the Rhine), it lies in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region and is considered the administrative, commercial, and cultural center of the eastern Ruhr. Dortmund is the second-largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg.Founded around 882, Dortmund became an Imperial Free City. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, and the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League. During the Thirty Years' War, the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization. The city then became one of Germany's most important coal, steel and beer centres. Dortmund consequently was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center. These bombing raids, with more than 1,110 aircraft, hold the record to a single target in World War II.The region has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and coal industries and shifted to high-technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and also services. Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow, ranked among the twelve innovation cities in European Union and is the most sustainable and digital city in Germany. Other key sectors include retail, leisure and the visitor economy, creative industries, and logistics. With its central station and airport, the third-busiest airport in North Rhine-Westphalia, Dortmund is an important transport junction, especially for the surrounding Ruhr area as well as Europe (Benelux countries), and with the largest canal port in Europe it has a connection to important seaports on the North Sea.Dortmund is home to many cultural and educational institutions, including the Technical University of Dortmund and Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, International School of Management and other educational, cultural and administrative facilities with over 49,000 students, many museums, such as Museum Ostwall, Museum of Art and Cultural History, German Football Museum, as well as theatres and music venues like the Konzerthaus or the Opera House of Dortmund. Nearly half the municipal territory consists of waterways, woodland, agriculture and green spaces with spacious parks such as Westfalenpark and Rombergpark. This stands in a stark contrast with nearly a hundred years of extensive coal mining and steel milling in the past. Borussia Dortmund is one of the most successful German football clubs.Dortmund was first mentioned in the Werden Abbey, which was built between 880 and 884. The Latin entry reads: "In Throtmanni liber homo Arnold viii den nob solvit." (German: "In Throtmanni zahlt uns der freie Mann Arnold 8 Pfennige" and English: "In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs")). According to this, there are a large number of different names, but they all go back to the same phoneme stem. Their respective use in the sources appears arbitrary and random.In the course of time the name changed many times: "trut munia" 899, "Thortmanni, Trutmania, Trotmunni" 939, "Tremonia" 1152. From the 13th century on, the "Dortmunde" appeared for the first time, but it was not until a few centuries later that it became generally accepted.In the Middle Ages 1389, when the city had withstood the siege of 1200 knights under the leadership of the Archbishop of Cologne, it chose as its motto a saying that is still upheld today by traditional societies: "So fast as Düörpm". (High German: As firm as Dortmund).In the past, the city was called "Dortmond" in Dutch, "Tremonia" in Spanish and "Trémoigne" in Old French. However, these exonyms have fallen into disuse and the city is now internationally known by its German name of "Dortmund". The common abbreviation for the name of the city is "DTM", the IATA code for Dortmund Airport.The Sigiburg was a Saxon hillfort in the South of present-day Dortmund, overlooking the River Ruhr near its confluence with the River Lenne. The ruins of the later Hohensyburg castle now stand on the site of the Sigiburg. The hillfort was raised ca. 700 by Westphalian Saxons. During the Saxon Wars, it was taken by the Franks under Charlemagne in 772, retaken by the Saxons (possibly under Widukind) in 774, and taken again and refortified by Charlemagne in 775. Archaeological evidence suggests the Sigiburg site was also occupied in the Neolithic era.The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882 as Throtmanni – In throtmanni liber homo arnold[us] viii den[arios] nob[is] soluit [solvit]. In 1005 the "Ecclesiastical council" and in 1016 the"Imperial diet" meets in Dortmund.After it was destroyed by a fire, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. In 1267 St. Mary's Church, Dortmund, and three years later in 1270 St. Reinold's Church first mentioned. The combination of crossroad, market place, administrative centre – town hall, made Dortmund an important centre in Westphalia. It became an Imperial Free City and one of the first cities in Europe with an official Brewing right in 1293. Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League.After 1320, the city appeared in writing as "Dorpmunde". In the years leading up to 1344, the English King even borrowed money from well-heeled Dortmund merchant families Berswordt and Klepping, offering the regal crown as security. In 1388, the Count of Mark joined forces with the Archbishop of Cologne and issued declarations of a feud against the town. Following a major siege lasting 18 months, peace negotiations took place and Dortmund emerged victorious. In 1400 the seat of the first Vehmic court () was in Dortmund, in a square between two linden trees, one of which was known as the "Femelinde". With the growing influence of Cologne during the 15th century, the seat was moved to Arnsberg in 1437. After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. This favors the founding of one of the oldest schools in Europe in 1543 - . In 1661 an earthquake made the Reinoldikirche collapse.With the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" resolution in 1803, Dortmund was added to the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda, with as a result that it was no longer a free imperial city. William V, Prince of Orange-Nassau did not want stolen areas and therefore let his son Prince Willem Frederik (the later King William I of the Netherlands) take possession of the city and the principality. This prince held its entry on 30 June 1806, and as such the County of Dortmund then became part of the principality. On 12 July 1806, most of the Nassau principalities were deprived of their sovereign rights by means of the Rhine treaty. In October of the same year, the County of Dortmund was occupied by French troops and was added to the Grand Duchy of Berg on 1 March 1808. It is the capital of the Ruhr department. In 1808 Dortmund becomes capital of French satellite Ruhr (department). At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the entire Grand Duchy of Berg, including Dortmund, was added to the Kingdom of Prussia. The state mining authority of the Ruhr area was founded in 1815 and moved from Bochum to Dortmund. Within the Prussian Province of Westphalia, Dortmund was a district seat within Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg until 1875, when it became an urban district within the region.During the industrialisation of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for coal and steel. The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the Kapp Putsch - a right military coup launched against the Social Democratic-led government. Radical workers formed a Red Army who fought the freikorps units involved in the coup. On 11 January 1923, the Occupation of the Ruhr was carried out by the invasion of French and Belgian troops into the Ruhr. The French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré was convinced that Germany failed to comply the demands of the Treaty of Versailles. On the morning of 31 March 1923, it came to the sad culmination of this French-German confrontation.Under Nazi Germany, the Old Synagogue, which had opened in 1900, was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the Aplerbeck Hospital in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients for euthanasia at the Hadamar mental hospital as part of the Action T4 (an additional 229 children were killed in the "Children's Specialist Department", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941).Bombing targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II in Dortmund included Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG, the "Hoesch-Benzin GmbH" synthetic oil plant, and the "Zeche Hansa". The bombings destroyed about 66% of Dortmund homes. The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft (748 Lancasters, 292 Halifaxes, 68 Mosquitos) destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center, and 4,851 tonnes of bombs were dropped through Dortmund city centre and the south of the city; this was a record to a single target in the whole of World War II.The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945. The US 95th Infantry Division attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a stubborn German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945.Post-war, most of the ancient buildings were not restored, and large parts of the city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings as the main churches Reinoldikirche and Marienkirche were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique cityscape. Dortmund was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1946. The LWL-Industriemuseum was founded in 1969. In 1987 Coalmining pit Minister Stein closed, marking the end of more than 150 years of coal mining. Dortmund has since adapted, with its century-long steel and coal industries having been shifted to high-technology areas, including biomedical technology, micro systems technology, and services. This has led Dortmund to become a regional centre for hi-tech industry.In 2001 started a new era for the discrict Hörde in Dortmund, 160 years of industrial history ended with the beginning of the Phoenix See. The development of the Phoenix See area was carried out by a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke AG. In 2005 the first cornerstone was laid on the Phoenix area. The work started with full speed to manage the work with over 2.5 million meters of ground motion and 420.000 cubic meters of ferroconcrete. On 1 October 2010, the largest and most highly anticipated milestone could be celebrated: the launch of the flooding of the Phoenix See. Since 9 May 2011, the fences disappeared and the Phoenix See has been completed. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and is the most sustainable city in Germany.On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a 4,000-pound bomb from World War II was found. German authorities safely defused the bomb. The bomb was found after analysing old aerial photographs while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by Allied aircraft over Germany's industrial Ruhr region.Dortmund is an independent city located in the east of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban areas in Europe (see also: megalopolis), comprising eleven independent cities and four districts with some 5.3million inhabitants. The city limits of Dortmund itself are long and border twelve cities, two independent and ten "kreisangehörig" (i.e., belonging to a district), with a total population of approximately 2.4million. The following cities border Dortmund (clockwise starting from north-east): Bochum, Castrop-Rauxel, Waltrop, Lünen, Kamen, Unna, Holzwickede, Schwerte, Hagen, Herdecke and Witten. Historically speaking, Dortmund is a part of Westphalia which is situated in the Bundesland North Rhine-Westphalia. Moreover, Dortmund is part of Westphalian Lowland and adjoins with the Ardey Hills in the south of the city to the Sauerland.The Ruhr forms the reservoir on the Hengsteysee next to the borough of Syburg in the south of Dortmund between the cities of Hagen and Herdecke, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Klusenberg, a hill that is part of the Ardey range, is located just north of the Hengsteysee and the highest point of Dortmund . There is also a pumped-storage plant on this reservoir, named Koepchenwerk. The lowest point can be found in the northern borough of Brechten at .The Emscher is a small river and has its wellspring in Holzwickede, east of the city of Dortmund, and flows west through Dortmund. Towns along the Emscher take in Dortmund, Castrop-Rauxel, Herne, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, Essen, Bottrop, Oberhausen and Dinslaken, where it flows into the Rhine.Dortmund comprises 62 neighbourhoods which in turn are grouped into twelve boroughs (called Stadtbezirke), often named after the most important neighbourhood. Three boroughs cover the area of the inner city (Innenstadt-West (City centre West), Innenstadt-Nord (City centre North), Innenstadt-Ost (City centre East)) and the remaining nine boroughs make up the surrounding area (Eving, Scharnhorst, Brackel, Aplerbeck, Hörde, Hombruch, Lütgendortmund, Huckarde, Mengede). Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a Roman numeral and has a local governing body of nineteen members with limited authority. Most of the boroughs were originally independent municipalities but were gradually annexed from 1905 to 1975. This long-lasting process of annexation has led to a strong identification of the population with "their" boroughs or districts and to a rare peculiarity: The borough of Hörde, located in the south of Dortmund and independent until 1928, has its own coat of arms.The centre can be subdivided into historically evolved city districts whose borders are not always strictly defined, such asDortmund is situated in the temperate climate zone with oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"). Winters are cool; summers are warm. The average annual temperature lies at approximately , the total average annual amount of precipitation lies at approximately . Precipitation evenly falls throughout the year; steady rain (with some snow), prevails in the wintertime, isolated showers dominate the summer season. Dortmund features characteristics of densely populated areas as for example the occurrence of urban heat islands is typical.Dortmund's population grew rapidly in the time of the 19th century industrialisation when coal mining and steel processing in the city began. 1904 marks the year when Dortmund saw a population of more than 100,000 for the first time in its history. During the 19th century the area around Dortmund called Ruhr attracted up to 500,000 ethnic Poles, Masurians and Silesians from East Prussia and Silesia in a migration known as "Ostflucht" (flight from the east). Most of the new inhabitants came from Eastern Europe, but immigrants also came from France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Almost all their descendants today speak German as a mother tongue, and for various reasons they do not identify with their Polish roots and traditions, often only their Polish family names remaining as a sign of their past. Not taking the fluctuation of war years into account, the population figures rose constantly to 657,804 in 1965. As a result of the city's post-industrial decline, the population fell to just under 580,000 in 2011. Today with a population of 601.402 (2017) the City of Dortmund is the eighth largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf. It is also the largest city in the Ruhr agglomeration.Contrary to earlier projections, population figures have been on the rise in recent years due to net migration gains. Dortmund has seen a moderate influx of younger people (18 to 25 years of age) mainly because of its universities. Data of the EU-wide 2011 census revealed massive inaccuracies with regard to German population figures. Consequently, respective figures have been corrected, which resulted in a statistical "loss" of 9,000 inhabitants in Dortmund. In 2016 it was announced that the population was back above 600,000., Dortmund had a population of 571,403 of whom about 177,000 (roughly 30%) were of non-German origin. The table shows the number of first and second generation immigrants in Dortmund by nationality as of 31 December 2014. As with much of the Ruhr area, Dortmund has sizable Turkish and South European communities (particularly Spanish), and had one of Germany's most visible Slavic populations. the largest Christian denominations were Protestantism (49.9%) and Catholicism (27.4% of the population). Furthermore, in Dortmund the Greek Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Macedonian Orthodox Church are represented. The Church of the Holy Apostles (gre. I.N. Αγίων Αποστόλων Ντόρτμουντ - I.N. Agíon Apostólon Dortmund) was the first Greek church in Germany to be founded due to the influx of "guest workers". Also Dortmund is home of the New Apostolic Church in North Rhine-Westphalia with more than 84,944 community members.The Jewish community has a history dating back to Medieval times and has always ranked among the largest in Westphalia. Dortmund is home to the National Association of Jewish Communities of Westfalen-Lippe. The synagogues operate there in City center, Hörde and Dorstfeld. Due to the growing immigration of people from Muslim countries beginning in the 1960s. Dortmund has a large Muslim community with more than 30 mosques.In June 2019 Dortmund hosted the 37th Evangelischer Kirchentag - German Evangelical Church Assembly.Dortmund is one of nineteen independent district-free cities ("kreisfreie Städte") in North Rhine-Westphalia, which means that it does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity, in this case it is not part of a Landkreis. Since 1975, Dortmund is divided into twelve administrative districts. Each district ("Bezirk") has its own elected district council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The district councils are advisory only.Dortmund is often called the "Herzkammer der SPD" (roughly translated as "heartland of the Social democrats") after the politically dominant party in the city. During the Nazi era (1933–1945), mayors were installed by the Nazi Party. After World War II, the military government of the British occupation zone installed a new mayor and a municipal constitution modeled on that of British cities. The first major elected by the population of Dortmund was Fritz Henßler. Since the end of the war, the SPD has held a plurality in the city council, except for the period from 1999 to 2004.The current Mayor of Dortmund is Thomas Westphal of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2020.The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 210,659! 99.1! 145,760! 99.0! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,950! 0.9! 1,529! 1.0! colspan=3| Total! 212,609! 100.0! 147,289! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.0! 451,710! 32.6The Dortmund city council ("Dortmunder Stadtrat") governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=2| Valid votes! 210,592! 99.0! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes! 2,047! 1.0! ! colspan=2| Total! 212,639! 100.0! 90! 4! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout! 451,925! 47.1! 2.2! Dortmund is twinned with:Dortmund's city centre offers a picture full of contrasts. Historic buildings like Altes Stadthaus or the Krügerpassage rub shoulders with post-war architecture like Gesundheitshaus and concrete constructions with Romanesque churches like the Reinoldikirche and the Marienkirche. The near-complete destruction of Dortmund's city centre during World War II (98%) has resulted in a varied architectural landscape. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. The downtown of Dortmund still retains the outline of the medieval city. A ring road marks the former city wall, and the Westen-/Ostenhellweg, part of a medieval salt trading route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisecting the city centre.Thus, the city today is characterized by simple and modest post-war buildings, with a few interspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example the opera house are nowadays regarded as classics of modern architecture.Unlike the Dortmund city centre, much of the inner districts around the old medieval centre escaped damage in the second world war and post war redevelopment.The Kreuzviertel is characterised by old buildings, the majority of which come from the turn of the 20th century (1884 to 1908). Over 80% of all housing in this area was constructed before 1948, with the oldest building the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts still standing being from 1896. In the second World War, relatively few buildings were destroyed in comparison to other areas of the city. Today, Kreuzviertel forms a nearly homogeneous historic building area. Over 100 buildings remain protected as historic monuments, like the Kreuzkirche at Kreuzstraße and the first Concrete Church in Germany St.-Nicolai. Nowadays the Kreuzviertel is a trendy district with pubs, restaurants, cafés, galleries and little shops. Moreover, local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighbourhood have reinforced a budding sense of community and artistic expression. The West park is the green lung of the Kreuzviertel and in the months between May and October a centre of the student urban life. The district has the highest real estate prices in Dortmund.Even today many artists choose Kreuzviertel as their residence: Sascha Schmitz, Christina Hammer and players of Borussia Dortmund.The northern downtown part of Dortmund called Nordstadt, situated in a territory of 14.42 km is shaped by a colorful variety of cultures. As the largest homogeneous old building area in Ruhr the Nordstadt is a melting pot of different people of different countries and habits just a few steps from the city center. The Nordstadt is an industrial urban area that was mainly developed in the 19th Century to serve the Westfalenhütte steelworks, port and rail freight depot. All of the residents live in a densely populated 300 hectare area (the most densely populated residential area in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia with steelworks, port and railway lines acting as physical barriers cutting off the area from the city centre and other residential districts).The area has been badly affected by the deindustrialisation of these heavy industries, with the target area developing a role as the home for growing numbers of immigrants and socially disadvantaged groups partly because of the availability of cheaper (although poor quality) accommodation. The Borsigplatz is probably one of the best known squares in the Germany. Ballspielverein Borussia Dortmund was founded nearby, north-east of the main railway station. The streets radiating outward to form a star shape, the sycamore in the middle of the square and the tramline running diagonally across the square give Borsigplatz its very own flair.The Kaiserstraßen District is located east of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. In this district numerous magnificent buildings from the 1900s and new buildings from the 1950s are located next to the heritage-protected State Mining Office Dortmund, several Courts, Consulate and the East Cemetery. The district is characterize by the employee of the Amtsgericht, Landgericht (the first and second instances of ordinary jurisdiction) and the Prison.Today the historical Kaiserbrunnen and the entrance sign for Kaiserstraße are important starting points for a tour to the popular shopping district. The Moltkestreet also known as the Cherry Blossom Avenue, became famous after photographers started posting pictures of blooming trees. Every spring, usually in April, the street in the Kaiserstraßen district is booming with pink blossoms and attracts tourists.The Union District is located west of the former ramparts of Dortmund and follows the course of the Westenhellweg. For a long time, the neighbourhood at the Dortmunder U and along the Rheinische Straße was marked by vacancy and social distortion due to structural change. Today it is developing an inspiring young artist scene, with more and more students thanks to cheaper apartments near the university and a vibrant gastronomy. This development benefits strongly from the new, widely visible beacon, the art and creative centre Dortmunder U, opened in 2010. Yet, for a time, it was mainly the Union Gewerbehof activists and other single stakeholders who initiated change.Hörde is borough in the south of the city of Dortmund. Originally Hörde was a separate town (until 1929) and was founded by the Counts of Mark in opposition to their principal enemy, the town of Dortmund. In 1388, the "Großen Dortmunder Fehde" (great feud of Dortmund) took place, where the city of Dortmund battled against the alliance of surrounding towns. The struggle ended in 1390, with defeat for Hörde and its allies of Herdecke, Witten, Bochum, Castrop, Lünen, Unna und Schwerte. Today Hörde is a part of Dortmund with restored old buildings combined with modern architecture. The Hörder Burg (Hörde castle) was built in the 12th century and is located in the east of the town, close to the Emscher and Lake Phoenix.Lake Phoenix was one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe. On the area of the former blast furnace and steel plant site of ThyssenKrupp newly formed and developed a new urban resident and recreational area from the city centre of Dortmund. The development of the Phoenix See area cost €;170 million. The lake is 1.2 km long directed to east–west and 320 meters wide in north–south direction. The water surface area of 24 acres is larger than the Hamburg Alster. Lake Phoenix is a shallow water lake with a depth of 3 to 4 meters and a capacity of around 600,000 cubic meters. Attractive high priced residential areas were thus created on the southern and northern sides of the Lake. On the western lakeside, the existing district centre of Hörde is enlarged by a city port and a mixed functional urban area.Companies with agencies and offices on the lakefront include:The finished sole is primarily fed by groundwater and unpolluted rainwater from the new building sites.The River Emscher flows through an embanked riverbed without direct link to the Lake. Together with the renatured Emscher, the Lake forms a water landscape of 33 hectares, which, as a linking area, is an important element of the Emscher landscape park. The renaturation of the Emscher River is managed by the public water board Emschergenossenschaft. The financial frame is 4.5 billion Euro and the aim is to finish the main work by the year 2020.The most industrial building in Dortmund are part of the Industrial Heritage Trail (). The trail links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage in the whole Ruhr area in Germany. It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage.Dortmund tallest structure is the Florianturm telecommunication tower at . Other tall buildings are the churches around the city centre. A selection of the tallest office buildings in Dortmund is listed below.Dortmund also serves as a major European and German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem. The Ruhrschnellweg follows old Hanseatic trade routes to connect the city with the other metropolises of the Ruhr Area. It crosses the Dutch-German border as a continuation of the Dutch A67 and crosses the Rhine, leads through the Ruhr valley toward Bochum, becoming B 1 (Bundesstraße 1) at the Kreuz Dortmund West and eventually merging into the A 44 near Holzwickede. It has officially been named Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr Fast Way), but locals usually call it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr Crawling Way) or "the Ruhr area's longest parking lot". According to "Der Spiegel", it is the most congested motorway in Germany.Connections to more distant parts of Germany are maintained by Autobahn routes A1 and A2, which traverse the north and east city limits and meet at the Kamener Kreuz interchange north-east of Dortmund.In combination with the Autobahn A45 to the west these form the Dortmund Beltway ("Dortmunder Autobahnring").Cycling in Dortmund is supported by urban planners - an extensive network of cycle paths exists which had its beginnings in the 1980s. Dortmund was admitted to the German "Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle-Friendly Cities and Municipalities in NRW" (AGFS) on August 8, 2007. Dortumund is connected to a number of long-distance cycle paths and a Bike freeway called the "Radschnellweg Ruhr" (Ruhr Area Fast Cycle Path).As with most communes in the Ruhr area, local transport is carried out by a local, publicly owned company for transport within the city, the DB Regio subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn for regional transport and Deutsche Bahn itself for long-distance journeys. The local carrier, Dortmunder Stadtwerke (DSW21), is a member of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) association of public transport companies in the Ruhr area, which provides a uniform fare structure in the whole region. Within the VRR region, tickets are valid on lines of all members as well as DB's railway lines (except the high-speed InterCity and Intercity-Express networks) and can be bought at ticket machines and service centres of DSW21, all other members of VRR, and DB.The central train station (Dortmund Hauptbahnhof) is the third largest long-distance traffic junction in Germany. Dortmund has a railway service with Deutsche Bahn InterCity and ICE-trains stopping at "Dortmund Hauptbahnhof" (Dortmund Main Station). ICE and TGV Thalys high-speed trains link Dortmund with Amsterdam, Brussels (in 2h 30) and Paris (in 3h 50). There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including Frankfurt am Main, Berlin and other cities in the Rhein-Ruhr Region.For public transportation, the city has an extensive Stadtbahn and bus system. The Stadtbahn has eight lines (U41 to U49) serving Dortmund and the large suburb of Lünen in the north. The trains that run on the line are in fact lightrails as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. The minimum service interval is 2.5 minutes, although the usual pattern is that each line runs at 5 to 10 minute intervals. In April 2008, the newly constructed east–west underground light rail line was opened, completing the underground service in the city centre and replacing the last trams on the surface.A number of bus lines complete the Dortmund public transport system. Night buses replace Stadtbahn services between 1:30 am and 7:30 am on weekends and public holidays. The central junction for the night bus service is Reinoldikirche in the city centre, where all night bus lines start and end.The H-Bahn at Dortmund University of Technology is a hanging monorail built specifically to shuttle passengers between the university's two campuses, which are now also flanked by research laboratories and other high-tech corporations and startups. A nearly identical monorail system transfers passengers at Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Airport is a medium-sized, but fast growing airport east of the city centre at the city limit to Holzwickede. The airport serves the area of the Ruhrgebiet, Sauerland, Westphalia and parts of the Netherlands and features flights to Munich, London, Vienna, Porto and a lot of eastern European city and leisure destinations. The airport is served by an express bus to Dortmund main station, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station "Holzwickede/Dortmund Flughafen", a bus to the city's metro line "U47", as well as a bus to the city of Unna.In 2019, the airport served 2,719,563 passengers mainly used for low-cost and leisure charter flights. The closest intercontinental airport is Düsseldorf Airport.Dortmund Harbour ("Hafen") is the largest canal harbour in Europe and the 11th fluvial harbour in Germany.Dortmund has adapted since the collapse of its century long steel, coal and beer industries. The region has shifted to high technology, robotics, biomedical technology, micro systems technology, engineering, tourism, finance, education, services and is thus one of the most dynamic new-economy cities in Germany. In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the "Innovation Cities Index" published by 2thinknow.Hundreds of SMEs are still based in and around Dortmund (often termed "Mittelstand"). Dortmund is also home to a number of medium-sized information technology companies, many linked to the local university TU Dortmund at the first technology center in Germany named "Technologiepark Dortmund" opened in the 1980s. With around 280 companies like Boehringer Ingelheim and Verizon Communications and more than 8,500 employees, TechnologiePark Dortmund is one of the most successful technology parks in Europe. The city works closely with research institutes, private universities, and companies to collaborate on the commercialisation of science initiatives. Furthermore, 680 IT and software companies with 12,000 employees are based in Dortmund, making the city one of Germany's biggest software locations. Two of the top 10 IT service provider in Germany are based in Dortmund - adesso SE and Materna Group.Dortmund is home to many insurance companies e.g. Signal Iduna, Continentale Krankenversicherung, Bundesinnungskrankenkasse Gesundheit (BIG direkt) and Volkswohl Bund. In recent years a service sector and high-tech industry have grown up. Some of its most prominent companies of these sectors include Amprion and RWE-Westnetz (Electricity), Rhenus Logistics (Logistics), Wilo, KHS GmbH, Elmos Semiconductor, ABP Induction Systems, Nordwest Handel AG – all of whom have their headquarters here. Companies with operations in or around Dortmund include Zalando, Daimler AG: EvoBus, RapidMiner, Gap Inc. and ThyssenKrupp.Dortmund is also the headquarter of Century Media Records, a heavy metal record label with offices in the United States and London. In August 2015, Century Media was acquired by Sony Music for US$17 million.Tourism in Dortmund is a fast-growing economic factor every year: new overnight records can be announced, new hotels open and new visitor magnets are added. Starting in the mid-1990s, Dortmund, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. An important strategic step was the start of construction the new Konzerthaus Dortmund, the reuse of vacant old industrial buildings like the Zollern II/IV Colliery, Kokerei Hansa, Dortmund U-Tower and the strategic reorientation of the Dortmund Christmas market with over 300 stalls packed around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall – reputed to be the biggest in the world. A new Tourist Information center right next to the U-Tower, gives visitors a quick overview of the tourist attractions in the City and Ruhr Area. Today Dortmund is with more than 1.450.528 (2017) overnight stays one of the most popular destinations in North Rhine-Westphalia.The majority of tourists are domestic visitors, coming from Germany. International travellers arrive from the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria and Switzerland. Dortmund also draws business tourism, having been equipped with facilities like WILO, Amprion next to Westfalenhallen and football tourism with Fans of Borussia Dortmund. The top 5 most visited attractions were the Christmas market, with more than three and a half million visitors, Signal Iduna Park, Deutsches Fußballmuseum, Dortmund U-Tower, Zollern II/IV Colliery and Westfalenpark.The Westenhellweg is a popular shopping destination and with nearly 13,000 visitors per hour it was Germany's most frequented shopping street in 2013. During the Middle Ages, Dortmund was the only free imperial city in Westphalia, having already been regarded as an important centre of trade. Today some of the most reputed shops, department stores have stores here. It is a pedestrian-only area and is bordered by the Reinoldikirche in the east and U-Tower in the west. The Westenhellweg has one of the highest rents for retail and office space in North Rhine-Westphalia. 85 percent of the shops are retail chains such as H&M, Saturn, Esprit, Zara or NewYorker. In 2009 a new shopping mall named Thier-Galerie opened, with nearly 100 stores and chains, including; Armani, Adidas, Diesel and Hollister.Three more shopping malls occupy the Thier-Galerie; Galeria Kaufhof and Karstadt, as well as large fashion retail clothing stores from Peek & Cloppenburg and C&A. During the month before Christmas, the extended pedestrian-only zone is host to Dortmund Christmas Market, one of the largest and oldest Christmas markets in Germany. With more than 3.5 million visitors and 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres tall, it is one of the most visited and popular market in the world.In close proximity to the Dortmund concert hall lies the Brückstraßenviertel - a quarter hub especially for young people. The "Rue de Pommes Frites", which is what the Dortmund citizens have called the Brückstraße, has turned into a modern shopping promenade, geared towards a younger market.For a long time, the Kampstraße had a shadowy existence as a parallel street to the Westenhellweg and Ostenhellweg, but it has become a grand boulevard containing specialist stores. Right next to the Kampstraße is the Kleppingstraße – a shopping street with a high concentration of gastronomy and expensive, prestigious shops like van Laack, Lindner Fashion, Marc Cain. It is located between the Ostenhellweg and Neutor to Wallring.Dortmund is one of the most important logistic hubs in Germany, more than 900 companies working in logistics, as well as nationally and internationally recognised scientific institutes. Dortmund Port which terminates the Dortmund-Ems Canal connecting Dortmund to the North Sea is the biggest European canal port with 10 docks and a pier length of 11 km. The variety of different activities taking place at the Fraunhofer Institute Material Flow and Logistics (Fraunhofer Society) has, over the past few years, led to a bundling of skills in the areas of logistics and digitalisation in the city. Industry-based initiatives and pilot projects, such as the Hybrid Services in Logistics innovation lab, the efficiency cluster LogistikRuhr, Industrial Data Space, the Dortmund Mittelstand 4.0 Centre of Excellence, and the enterprise labs. The Digital Hub for Logistics of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is based in Dortmund and twinned with Hamburg.Companies with big logistic hubs for Germany and Europe in Dortmund include:Dortmund is home to Germany's twelve biggest exhibition centre, Halls of Westphalia which lies near the city center next to Dortmund Airport. With around 77.000 visitors each year, Jagd & Hund is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to consumers include "Intermodelbau", the world's biggest consumer fair for model making, and one of the leading fairs for youth culture "YOU". Important fairs restricted to professionals include "D.I.M" (Deutsche Immobilienmesse, German property fair), Creativa (Hobby) and InterTabac (Tabaco).Dortmund is home of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the National Material Testing Office of North Rhine-Westphalia material and the main customs office.As a profoundly international city, Dortmund hosts diplomatic missions (consulates and consulates-general) of Italy, Greece, Bangladesh, Ghana, South Africa, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia.Several courts are located in Dortmund, including:Two important daily newspapers are published in and around Dortmund. The conservative "Ruhr Nachrichten", also known as "RN", was founded in 1949. The RN has a circulation of over 225,000 copies daily. The other important newspaper, the "Westfälische Rundschau", was first published in 1945 and has a daily circulation of over 181,000. The WR is published by Germany's third largest newspaper and magazine publisher "Funke Mediengruppe".Several magazines also originate from Dortmund. The Rock "Rock hard (magazine)" is a metal and hard rock magazine, with subsidiaries in various countries worldwide, including France, Spain, Brazil/Portugal, Italy and Greece."Visions" is a German music magazine with a circulation of approximately 35,000.The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, West German Broadcasting Cologne has a big studio in Dortmund, which is responsible for the east Ruhr area. Each day, it produces a 30-minute regional evening news magazine (called "Lokalzeit Ruhr"), a 5-minute afternoon news programme, and several radio news programmes. A local broadcasting station called Radio 91.2 went "on-the-air" in the early 1990s. Sat.1 have a regional studio in Dortmund. The City stands alongside London and Paris as one of the three head offices of Global Tamil Vision and GTV-Deutschland.Two big Radio Channels of Westdeutscher Rundfunk are sending from Dortmund.Other radio broadcasters include Radio NRW and eldoradio*.The films "Trains'n'Roses", "Bang Boom Bang", "Oi! Warning", "Do Fish Do It?", "If It Don't Fit, Use a Bigger Hammer", "Guys and Balls", "Goldene Zeiten", "Marija" and television series "Tatort", "Balko", "Helden der Kreisklasse" and more German movies like "Vorstadtkrokodile", "Die Libelle und das Nashorn", "Ein Schnitzel für alle", "" and "Radio Heimat" were filmed in the city.Dortmund has 160 schools and 17 business, technical colleges teach more than 85,000 pupils. The city has a 4-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Hauptschule, Realschule, Gesamtschule or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). The Stadtgymnasium Dortmund which was founded in 1543 as Archigymnasium is one of the oldest schools in Europe. The Leibniz Gymnasium, a bilingual public school located in the Kreuzviertel district, is particularly popular with children of the English-speaking expatriate community. The school is an International Baccalaureate school.TU Dortmund (Technical University of Dortmund) is founded in 1968 and located in the southern part of the city.It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry, spatial planning and economics. The university has its own train station at the campus's main gate which is only seven minutes away from the city center. The university is highly ranked in terms of its research performance in the areas of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and economics. The university's most noticeable landmark is the H-Bahn, a monorail train which connects the north and south campuses.Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts is a Fachhochschule with 12,300 students, and 669 staff, 232 of which are professors. The Fachhochschule was created by a merger of several institutions of higher learning in 1971. Owing to its history as separate institutions, it consists of three campuses in different parts of Dortmund. The departments of mechanical and electrical engineering are located at Sonnenstraße near the city center. The department of design has its own campus at Max-Ophüls-Platz while the departments of social work, economics, computer science and architecture are housed in several buildings next to the Technical University of Dortmund campus in the suburb of Eichlinghofen. Additional offices in the city centre are used for administrative purposes.The city is the site of several other universities, colleges and academies, which attract about 45,000 students. Among them there are:The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as the Fraunhofer Society, the Leibniz Association and the Max Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities.In November 2017, according to a study by data of the German National Statistics Office, the National Employment Agency, Mercer, Handelsblatt, Numbeo and Immowelt, Dortmund was ranked on position seven of the "most livable cities in Germany for expats". In September 2017, "The New York Times" praised the city of Dortmund, which has been adapting since the collapse of its century old steel and coal industries and has shifted to high technology biomedical technology, micro systems technology and other services, as the "hidden star of structural change" providing a good quality of life for employees. According to "the 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking" Dortmund is one of the least stressful cities in the world. It's ranked 27th out of 150, between Copenhagen and Vancouver, and is highly ranked in the categories traffic & public transport, gender equality and debt per capital."Like a Phoenix Rising from the Ashes" and exemplary for structural transformation - This was the title of an article in the online version on "Neue Zürcher Zeitung "of the urban livability and new exceptional architecture in Dortmund.In a 2015/2016 survey centred on "student life in Germany", Dortmund ranked as seventh-best.In a 2012 study of the "most livable biggest cities in Germany", Dortmund ranked on position ten between Nurmberg and Stuttgart and first of all large cities in Germany due to sport, gastronomy and shopping opportunities.In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a "Node city" in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow and in 2014 acclaimed as the most sustainable city in Germany.The city has a long tradition of music and theatre. The orchestra was founded in 1887 and is now called Dortmunder Philharmoniker. The first opera house was built in 1904, destroyed in World War II and opened again in 1966 as Opernhaus Dortmund. It is operated by Theater Dortmund together with other locations, including (since 2002) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Konzerthaus Dortmund is listed in the ECHO list as one of the 21 most outstanding concert halls in Europe.The Domicil Jazz Club is one of the "100 best jazz venues world wide" according to the American jazz magazine "DownBeat".The Dortmund U-Tower, which was once a brewery, is now European centre for creative economy and the Museum am Ostwall. The area around the U-Tower called "Union Viertel" is part of the Creative.Quarters Ruhr and are rooted in the European Capital of Culture RUHR.2010.Dortmund leading cabaret-stage is the Cabaret Queue, which is located next to Lake phoenix. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Fletch Bizzel and the theatre Olpktetal. The most important cabaret event is the RuhrHOCHdeutsch, which is one of the most successful cabaret festivals in Germany. It features artists from around the world.Dortmund is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over three and a half million visitors to its 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies.The Botanischer Garten Rombergpark, or informally Rombergpark, is an extensive municipal arboretum and botanical garden located in the south of the city center of Dortmund. With its total area of 65 hectares the Rombergpark is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world. The garden was established in 1822 as the Romberg family's English landscape park. In 1927-1929 it was acquired by the city and under city planning director Richard Nose enhanced by a small herb garden. The park and castle were badly damaged in World War II, but starting in 1950 director Gerd Krüssmann rebuilt it as an arboretum, adding some 4,500 species to the park. Today the garden contains a historic English landscape park with monuments; an arboretum containing thousands of species of woody plants, including some of the largest trees in North Rhine-Westphalia; a terrace with palm trees; and four greenhouses (1,000 m total area) for cactus and succulents, ferns, tropical plants, and camellias, jasmine, and lemons.The Dortmund Zoo is the zoological garden with 28 hectares next to the Rombergpark and was founded 1953. With 1,800 animals belonging to 250 species, the Dortmund Zoo is the second largest in the Ruhr Valley. It is specialized in the keeping and breeding of South American species and is leading in the breeding of the giant anteater, the tamandua and the giant otter.The Westfalenpark is Dortmunds's most popular inner-city park. The park is 72 hectares in size and is one of the largest urban gardens of Germany. It was first opened in 1959 as the second Bundesgartenschau (abbr. BUGA) in North Rhine-Westphalia. With the National Rosarium with 3,000 different rose varieties, theme gardens, an environmental protection centre, the German Cookbook Museum, a geological garden, cafés and recreation areas, it provides numerous opportunities for a day of diverse activities. Dortmund's Westfalenpark is also a popular location for events in the Ruhr area- with parties, festivals, events, theatre, music, and flea and garden markets. One of the best views across the whole Ruhr valley is offered by the visitors platform and the revolving restaurant in the 209-metre-high Florian tower. Another summer attraction is the chair lift, which opened in 1959 and runs on Sundays between a “Mountain” and “Valley” station 500 metres apart.With more than 20 museums, Dortmund has one of the largest variety of museums in the Ruhr Valley. There a some anchor points on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.The Museum am Ostwall (known as Museum am Ostwall until 2010) is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It was founded in the late 1940s, and has been located in the Dortmund U-Tower since 2010. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, objects and photographs from the 20th century, plus over 2,500 graphics, spanning Expressionism through classic modern art to the present day. At the heart of the collection are works by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Otto Mueller, Emil Nolde and graphics by Pablo Picasso from the 1940s and '50s, plus others by Joan Miró, Marc Chagall and Salvador Dalí.The German Football Museum () aka DFB-Museum is the national museum for German football. It is located close to the Dortmund Hauptbahnhof and is part of an art and culture mile between the creative center Dortmund U-Tower and the Theater Dortmund, founded to preserve, conserve and interpret important collections of football memorabilia. In its permanent exhibition, the Museum presents the history of Germany national football team and the Bundesliga.The Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte or MKK ("Museum of Art and Cultural History") is a municipal museum located in an Art Deco building which was formerly the Dortmund Savings Bank. The collection includes paintings, sculptures, furniture and applied art, illustrating the cultural history of Dortmund from early times to the 20th century. There are regular temporary exhibitions of art and culture, as well as a permanent exhibition on the history of surveying, with rare geodetic instruments.The Steinwache is a memorial museum of the exhibition Widerstand und Verfolgung in Dortmund 1933–1945 ("Resistance and Persecution in Dortmund 1933-1945"), which demonstrates the persecution under National Socialism with many photographs, short texts and sometimes with reports from contemporary witnesses. The museum is located in an old prison and had a reputation as Die Hölle von Westdeutschland ("The hell of western Germany"). Between 1933 and 1945 more than 66,000 people were imprisoned in the Steinwache prison.Other important museums in Dortmund are: Not directly located in Dortmund but important for the city history:Dortmund offers a variety of restaurants, bars and clubs. Clubs concentrate in and around the city centre (Wallring) and in the Kreuzviertel district. After the Molotov in Hamburg and the Berghain in Berlin, the FZW (Freizeitzentrum West) in the Union district is one of the three best clubs in Germany. With 307 events in 2015, including concerts, parties, festivals, readings and football public viewings have strengthened the FZW's reputation as an "it club" in the Ruhr region.Furthermore, Dortmund is one of the main centres of the Electronic dance music and techno subculture. With the Mayday and Syndicate festivals, the Westfalenhalle Arena has become one of the most important techno strongholds in Europe. After negotiations with several German cities, it was announced that the Love Parade would move to the Ruhr Area for five years (2007-2012). After Essen in 2007 the festival took 2008 place on the Bundesstraße 1 under the motto "Highway of Love". The event was planned as a "Love Weekend", with parties throughout the region. For the first time the Turkish electronic scene was represented by its own float, called "Turkish Delights". The official estimate is that 1.6 million visitors attended, making it the largest parade to date.Every year, the Juicy Beats music festival turns the Westfalenpark into a huge festival ground for pop, rap, electro, indie, alternative, reggae and urban beats - most recently with over 50,000 visitors.Traditional meals in the region are Pfefferpotthast (A form of Goulash, though containing more beef), Balkenbrij, Heaven and Earth (Himmel und Äd; black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes), Currywurst and Pumpernickel with Griebenschmalz (German lard with crispy pieces of pork skin).In summer the people like to eat a Dortmunder Salzkuchen (Bread buns with caraway fruits, salt, meat and onions). Also a special meal in the winter is Reibekuchen (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce).Dortmund had more than 550 years of brewing tradition, some of the oldest breweries in Westphalia are founded around the Old Market in Dortmund. Dortmund is known for its pale lager beer called Dortmunder Export or Dortmunder, it became popular with industrial workers and was responsible for Dortmunder Union becoming Germany's largest brewery and Dortmund having the highest concentration of breweries in Germany. Popular and traditionally beer brands are Dortmunder Actien Brauerei, Bergmann Bier, Kronen, Union, Brinkhoff's, Dortmunder Hansa, Hövels, Ritter, Thier and Stifts."Stösschen" is a beer in a small glass "Stösschen" 0.2 litres and can be drunk in about two draughts. The idea of a Stößchen came about in the 19th century when people would have to wait at the level crossing to cross the Nordstadt Railway Line that divided the city centre from the Nordstadt district.A local innkeeper saw the potential of serving quick drinks to people waiting, and a Dortmund tradition began.The Dortmunder Tropfen Schnaps is a type of liqueur that is flavored with herbs or spices and traditionally drunk neat as a digestif.Dortmund calls itself "Sportstadt" (City of Sports). The city is the home of the biggest handball association in the world the German Handball Association (German: Deutscher Handballbund) (DHB) and the German professional handball league Handball-Bundesliga (HBL). Furthermore, Dortmund is home of the Olympic centre of Westphalia.The city is home of many sports clubs, iconic athletes and annually organises several world-renowned sporting events, such as the Ruhrmarathon and the Sparkassen Chess-Meeting.Dortmund is home to the sports club Borussia Dortmund, one of the most successful clubs in German football history. Borussia Dortmund are former Bundesliga champions most recently in 2011–12. Borussia Dortmund won the UEFA Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup in 1997, as well as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1966. This made them first European trophy winners in Germany. 'Die Borussen' are eight-time German Champions and have won five German Cups. Borussia Dortmund play at Westfalenstadion, currently known as Signal Iduna Park. It was built for the 1974 FIFA World Cup and also hosted some matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. It is Germany's largest football stadium with a maximum capacity of 81,359 spectators.Borussia Dortmund has a women's handball team playing in the first Bundesliga.Borussia Dortmund also has a table tennis team, playing in the second Bundesliga.The Dortmund Giants, established on 22 May 1980, is an American football team from Dortmund. The official name of the club is 1. Dortmunder Footballclub Dortmund 1980 "Giants" e.V. The club spent the 1994 season in the 2. Bundesliga before dropping for two seasons to the third tier Regionalliga West. Five more 2. Bundesliga seasons followed from 1997 to 2001, the final one in a combined team with the Bochum Cadets as the Dortmund B1 Giants. After a five-season spell in the Regionalliga the club finished the 2014 season without a win and had to return to the Oberliga once more.Eisadler Dortmund is the city's ice hockey club that plays in Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen an indoor sporting arena at the Strobelallee. They played in 2016/17 in the Oberliga, the third level of ice hockey in Germany.The city's basketball club is SVD 49 Dortmund basketball team plays in its respective second national divisions.The city's baseball club Dortmund Wanderers plays in the first BundesligaThe Sparkassen Chess-Meeting has been hosted in Dortmund since 1982.Besides, Dortmund owns an all-weather racecourse named Galopprennbahn Dortmund.Dortmund is twinned with: | [
"Ullrich Sierau",
"Günter Samtlebe",
"Gerhard Langemeyer"
] | |
Which team did Dimcho Markov play for in Aug, 1992? | August 06, 1992 | {
"text": [
"FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa"
]
} | L2_Q18351830_P54_0 | Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Dimcho Markov plays for FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Dimcho Markov plays for FC Haskovo from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001. | Dimcho MarkovDimcho Ivanov Markov (; born 12 November 1965) is a former Bulgarian footballer and currently manager. | [
"PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"FC Haskovo"
] | |
Which team did Dimcho Markov play for in Sep, 1995? | September 29, 1995 | {
"text": [
"PFC Levski Sofia"
]
} | L2_Q18351830_P54_1 | Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Dimcho Markov plays for FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Dimcho Markov plays for FC Haskovo from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. | Dimcho MarkovDimcho Ivanov Markov (; born 12 November 1965) is a former Bulgarian footballer and currently manager. | [
"FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa",
"PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv",
"FC Haskovo"
] | |
Which team did Dimcho Markov play for in Feb, 1999? | February 11, 1999 | {
"text": [
"FC Haskovo"
]
} | L2_Q18351830_P54_2 | Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Dimcho Markov plays for FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Dimcho Markov plays for FC Haskovo from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001.
Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997. | Dimcho MarkovDimcho Ivanov Markov (; born 12 November 1965) is a former Bulgarian footballer and currently manager. | [
"FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv"
] | |
Which team did Dimcho Markov play for in Jan, 1997? | January 01, 1997 | {
"text": [
"PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv",
"FC Haskovo"
]
} | L2_Q18351830_P54_3 | Dimcho Markov plays for FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1997.
Dimcho Markov plays for PFC Levski Sofia from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Dimcho Markov plays for FC Haskovo from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2001. | Dimcho MarkovDimcho Ivanov Markov (; born 12 November 1965) is a former Bulgarian footballer and currently manager. | [
"FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa",
"PFC Levski Sofia",
"FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa",
"PFC Levski Sofia"
] | |
Which employer did Lee Anna Clark work for in Dec, 1992? | December 23, 1992 | {
"text": [
"Southern Methodist University"
]
} | L2_Q16728076_P108_0 | Lee Anna Clark works for Southern Methodist University from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1993.
Lee Anna Clark works for University of Notre Dame from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Lee Anna Clark works for University of Iowa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2010. | Lee Anna ClarkLee Anna Clark is a professor and William J. and Dorothy K. O’Neill Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana, United States. She used to be a professor and collegiate fellow at the University of Iowa. She was, as of 2007, the director of clinical training in the Clinical Science Program. Prior to her appointment at the University of Iowa, she was a professor of psychology at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Her research focuses on personality and temperament, clinical and personality assessment, psychometrics, mood, anxiety, and depression.Clark received her Bachelor of Arts degree in psycholinguistics from Cornell University in 1972, an MA in Asian studies from Cornell University with a specialization in Japan in 1977, and a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1982.She has served as president of the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology (SSCP) as well as an executive board member of the Society for Research in Psychopathology (SRP) and the Association for Research in Personality. She is a member of the Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup, the Disabilities and Impairments Assessment Study Group, and the Measurement Instruments Study Group for DSM-V.She is the author of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), a personality questionnaire, recognized in psychiatry (not to be confused with SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Rating Scale, 4th edition).She has published over 100 articles, books, and chapters, and is one of ISI’s “HighlyCited” researchers. Clark has served as an editorial board member for such journals as the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Personality Disorders, Journal of Research in Personality, and Journal of Personality Assessment.To date, Clark's work has been cited over 100,000 times. | [
"University of Notre Dame",
"University of Iowa"
] | |
Which employer did Lee Anna Clark work for in Jun, 2001? | June 13, 2001 | {
"text": [
"University of Iowa"
]
} | L2_Q16728076_P108_1 | Lee Anna Clark works for University of Notre Dame from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Lee Anna Clark works for Southern Methodist University from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1993.
Lee Anna Clark works for University of Iowa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2010. | Lee Anna ClarkLee Anna Clark is a professor and William J. and Dorothy K. O’Neill Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana, United States. She used to be a professor and collegiate fellow at the University of Iowa. She was, as of 2007, the director of clinical training in the Clinical Science Program. Prior to her appointment at the University of Iowa, she was a professor of psychology at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Her research focuses on personality and temperament, clinical and personality assessment, psychometrics, mood, anxiety, and depression.Clark received her Bachelor of Arts degree in psycholinguistics from Cornell University in 1972, an MA in Asian studies from Cornell University with a specialization in Japan in 1977, and a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1982.She has served as president of the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology (SSCP) as well as an executive board member of the Society for Research in Psychopathology (SRP) and the Association for Research in Personality. She is a member of the Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup, the Disabilities and Impairments Assessment Study Group, and the Measurement Instruments Study Group for DSM-V.She is the author of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), a personality questionnaire, recognized in psychiatry (not to be confused with SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Rating Scale, 4th edition).She has published over 100 articles, books, and chapters, and is one of ISI’s “HighlyCited” researchers. Clark has served as an editorial board member for such journals as the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Personality Disorders, Journal of Research in Personality, and Journal of Personality Assessment.To date, Clark's work has been cited over 100,000 times. | [
"University of Notre Dame",
"Southern Methodist University"
] | |
Which employer did Lee Anna Clark work for in Jul, 2013? | July 26, 2013 | {
"text": [
"University of Notre Dame"
]
} | L2_Q16728076_P108_2 | Lee Anna Clark works for University of Notre Dame from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Lee Anna Clark works for University of Iowa from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2010.
Lee Anna Clark works for Southern Methodist University from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1993. | Lee Anna ClarkLee Anna Clark is a professor and William J. and Dorothy K. O’Neill Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana, United States. She used to be a professor and collegiate fellow at the University of Iowa. She was, as of 2007, the director of clinical training in the Clinical Science Program. Prior to her appointment at the University of Iowa, she was a professor of psychology at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Her research focuses on personality and temperament, clinical and personality assessment, psychometrics, mood, anxiety, and depression.Clark received her Bachelor of Arts degree in psycholinguistics from Cornell University in 1972, an MA in Asian studies from Cornell University with a specialization in Japan in 1977, and a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1982.She has served as president of the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology (SSCP) as well as an executive board member of the Society for Research in Psychopathology (SRP) and the Association for Research in Personality. She is a member of the Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup, the Disabilities and Impairments Assessment Study Group, and the Measurement Instruments Study Group for DSM-V.She is the author of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), a personality questionnaire, recognized in psychiatry (not to be confused with SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Rating Scale, 4th edition).She has published over 100 articles, books, and chapters, and is one of ISI’s “HighlyCited” researchers. Clark has served as an editorial board member for such journals as the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Personality Disorders, Journal of Research in Personality, and Journal of Personality Assessment.To date, Clark's work has been cited over 100,000 times. | [
"Southern Methodist University",
"University of Iowa"
] | |
Which position did Mike Hedges hold in Jul, 2014? | July 21, 2014 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 4th National Assembly for Wales"
]
} | L2_Q6847187_P39_0 | Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 4th National Assembly for Wales from May, 2011 to Apr, 2016.
Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 6th Senedd Cymru from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 5th National Assembly for Wales from May, 2016 to Apr, 2021. | Mike Hedges (politician)Michael John Hedges MS (born 8 July 1956) is a Welsh Labour politician, who been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for the constituency of Swansea East since the 2011 Senedd election.Hedges has lived in Morriston for many years but was born in the Plasmarl area of Swansea. He is married to Anne and has a daughter, Catrin, who attends Ysgol Gyfun Bryntawe.He attended Plasmarl, Parklands and Penlan Schools, and went on to higher education at Swansea University and Cardiff University.Active in local sport, Hedges has been a football referee and coach, and was secretary of Morriston town for several years. Hedges is president of Ynystawe Cricket and Football Club and is a social member of both Morriston RFC and Glais RFC.Originally a research scientist for British Steel Corporation at Port Talbot, Hedges has spent the last 27 years as a senior lecturer in Pontypridd, specialising in computing and information technology.Hedges was elected to represent Morriston on the City and County of Swansea Council in 1995. He was re-elected in 1999, 2004 and 2008. He was previously a member of West Glamorgan County Council from 1989. He held a number of senior posts on the Council, including Council Leader and Cabinet Member for Finance & Technical Services. He was also Vice-Chair of the Council's Scrutiny Committee and the Welsh Local Government Association spokesperson on both social services and information.Taking an active interest in education, Hedges has been a governor of Swansea University, Swansea Institute, Mynyddbach and Morriston Comprehensives, Swansea College. He is currently chair of the governors of Glyncollen Primary School and Ynystawe Primary School.Hedges was a non-executive director of Swansea NHS Trust between 1999 and 2005. His political interests include education, health, local government, sports provision and social deprivation.Hedges currently sits as a member on the Assembly's Finance Committee, Public Accounts Committee and the Communities, Equality and Local Government Committee. He is also Chair of the Cross Party Group on Older People & Ageing as well as a member of the Cross Party Groups on Autism, Beer & The Pub, Co-operatives & Mutuals, Cancer, Deaf Issues and PCS Union. | [
"Member of the 5th National Assembly for Wales",
"Member of the 6th Senedd Cymru"
] | |
Which position did Mike Hedges hold in Sep, 2016? | September 22, 2016 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 5th National Assembly for Wales"
]
} | L2_Q6847187_P39_1 | Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 6th Senedd Cymru from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 5th National Assembly for Wales from May, 2016 to Apr, 2021.
Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 4th National Assembly for Wales from May, 2011 to Apr, 2016. | Mike Hedges (politician)Michael John Hedges MS (born 8 July 1956) is a Welsh Labour politician, who been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for the constituency of Swansea East since the 2011 Senedd election.Hedges has lived in Morriston for many years but was born in the Plasmarl area of Swansea. He is married to Anne and has a daughter, Catrin, who attends Ysgol Gyfun Bryntawe.He attended Plasmarl, Parklands and Penlan Schools, and went on to higher education at Swansea University and Cardiff University.Active in local sport, Hedges has been a football referee and coach, and was secretary of Morriston town for several years. Hedges is president of Ynystawe Cricket and Football Club and is a social member of both Morriston RFC and Glais RFC.Originally a research scientist for British Steel Corporation at Port Talbot, Hedges has spent the last 27 years as a senior lecturer in Pontypridd, specialising in computing and information technology.Hedges was elected to represent Morriston on the City and County of Swansea Council in 1995. He was re-elected in 1999, 2004 and 2008. He was previously a member of West Glamorgan County Council from 1989. He held a number of senior posts on the Council, including Council Leader and Cabinet Member for Finance & Technical Services. He was also Vice-Chair of the Council's Scrutiny Committee and the Welsh Local Government Association spokesperson on both social services and information.Taking an active interest in education, Hedges has been a governor of Swansea University, Swansea Institute, Mynyddbach and Morriston Comprehensives, Swansea College. He is currently chair of the governors of Glyncollen Primary School and Ynystawe Primary School.Hedges was a non-executive director of Swansea NHS Trust between 1999 and 2005. His political interests include education, health, local government, sports provision and social deprivation.Hedges currently sits as a member on the Assembly's Finance Committee, Public Accounts Committee and the Communities, Equality and Local Government Committee. He is also Chair of the Cross Party Group on Older People & Ageing as well as a member of the Cross Party Groups on Autism, Beer & The Pub, Co-operatives & Mutuals, Cancer, Deaf Issues and PCS Union. | [
"Member of the 4th National Assembly for Wales",
"Member of the 6th Senedd Cymru"
] | |
Which position did Mike Hedges hold in Feb, 2022? | February 17, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 6th Senedd Cymru"
]
} | L2_Q6847187_P39_2 | Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 6th Senedd Cymru from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 5th National Assembly for Wales from May, 2016 to Apr, 2021.
Mike Hedges holds the position of Member of the 4th National Assembly for Wales from May, 2011 to Apr, 2016. | Mike Hedges (politician)Michael John Hedges MS (born 8 July 1956) is a Welsh Labour politician, who been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for the constituency of Swansea East since the 2011 Senedd election.Hedges has lived in Morriston for many years but was born in the Plasmarl area of Swansea. He is married to Anne and has a daughter, Catrin, who attends Ysgol Gyfun Bryntawe.He attended Plasmarl, Parklands and Penlan Schools, and went on to higher education at Swansea University and Cardiff University.Active in local sport, Hedges has been a football referee and coach, and was secretary of Morriston town for several years. Hedges is president of Ynystawe Cricket and Football Club and is a social member of both Morriston RFC and Glais RFC.Originally a research scientist for British Steel Corporation at Port Talbot, Hedges has spent the last 27 years as a senior lecturer in Pontypridd, specialising in computing and information technology.Hedges was elected to represent Morriston on the City and County of Swansea Council in 1995. He was re-elected in 1999, 2004 and 2008. He was previously a member of West Glamorgan County Council from 1989. He held a number of senior posts on the Council, including Council Leader and Cabinet Member for Finance & Technical Services. He was also Vice-Chair of the Council's Scrutiny Committee and the Welsh Local Government Association spokesperson on both social services and information.Taking an active interest in education, Hedges has been a governor of Swansea University, Swansea Institute, Mynyddbach and Morriston Comprehensives, Swansea College. He is currently chair of the governors of Glyncollen Primary School and Ynystawe Primary School.Hedges was a non-executive director of Swansea NHS Trust between 1999 and 2005. His political interests include education, health, local government, sports provision and social deprivation.Hedges currently sits as a member on the Assembly's Finance Committee, Public Accounts Committee and the Communities, Equality and Local Government Committee. He is also Chair of the Cross Party Group on Older People & Ageing as well as a member of the Cross Party Groups on Autism, Beer & The Pub, Co-operatives & Mutuals, Cancer, Deaf Issues and PCS Union. | [
"Member of the 4th National Assembly for Wales",
"Member of the 5th National Assembly for Wales"
] | |
Which position did George Higginson Allsopp hold in Feb, 1886? | February 27, 1886 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5540593_P39_0 | George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900. | George Allsopp (British politician)George Higginson Allsopp (28 March 1846 – 9 September 1907) was an English brewer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1906.Allsopp was born at Burton-on-Trent, the son of Henry Allsopp, head of the brewery firm of Samuel Allsopp & Sons and his wife Elizabeth Tongue. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge and entered the family brewery. Between 1868 and 1871 he appeared in cricket matches for Worcestershire, although they did not qualify as first class. Allsopp was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Staffordshire and Derbyshire. He was at one time chairman of the Burton-on-Trent School BoardAllsopp stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Droitwich in 1880. At the 1885 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Worcester. He held the seat until he retired from politics at the 1906 election.Allsopp lived at Foston Hall, Derby and at 8, Hereford Gardens, Park Lane. He died at Salisbury at the age of 61.Allsopp married Mildred Georgiana Ashley-Cooper daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, in 1895. His brother Samuel was also MP for Taunton, and his brothers Herbert and Frederic were also cricketers who played in first class games. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did George Higginson Allsopp hold in Jun, 1892? | June 11, 1892 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5540593_P39_1 | George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. | George Allsopp (British politician)George Higginson Allsopp (28 March 1846 – 9 September 1907) was an English brewer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1906.Allsopp was born at Burton-on-Trent, the son of Henry Allsopp, head of the brewery firm of Samuel Allsopp & Sons and his wife Elizabeth Tongue. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge and entered the family brewery. Between 1868 and 1871 he appeared in cricket matches for Worcestershire, although they did not qualify as first class. Allsopp was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Staffordshire and Derbyshire. He was at one time chairman of the Burton-on-Trent School BoardAllsopp stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Droitwich in 1880. At the 1885 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Worcester. He held the seat until he retired from politics at the 1906 election.Allsopp lived at Foston Hall, Derby and at 8, Hereford Gardens, Park Lane. He died at Salisbury at the age of 61.Allsopp married Mildred Georgiana Ashley-Cooper daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, in 1895. His brother Samuel was also MP for Taunton, and his brothers Herbert and Frederic were also cricketers who played in first class games. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did George Higginson Allsopp hold in Nov, 1892? | November 02, 1892 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5540593_P39_2 | George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. | George Allsopp (British politician)George Higginson Allsopp (28 March 1846 – 9 September 1907) was an English brewer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1906.Allsopp was born at Burton-on-Trent, the son of Henry Allsopp, head of the brewery firm of Samuel Allsopp & Sons and his wife Elizabeth Tongue. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge and entered the family brewery. Between 1868 and 1871 he appeared in cricket matches for Worcestershire, although they did not qualify as first class. Allsopp was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Staffordshire and Derbyshire. He was at one time chairman of the Burton-on-Trent School BoardAllsopp stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Droitwich in 1880. At the 1885 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Worcester. He held the seat until he retired from politics at the 1906 election.Allsopp lived at Foston Hall, Derby and at 8, Hereford Gardens, Park Lane. He died at Salisbury at the age of 61.Allsopp married Mildred Georgiana Ashley-Cooper daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, in 1895. His brother Samuel was also MP for Taunton, and his brothers Herbert and Frederic were also cricketers who played in first class games. | [
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did George Higginson Allsopp hold in Apr, 1899? | April 18, 1899 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5540593_P39_3 | George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. | George Allsopp (British politician)George Higginson Allsopp (28 March 1846 – 9 September 1907) was an English brewer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1906.Allsopp was born at Burton-on-Trent, the son of Henry Allsopp, head of the brewery firm of Samuel Allsopp & Sons and his wife Elizabeth Tongue. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge and entered the family brewery. Between 1868 and 1871 he appeared in cricket matches for Worcestershire, although they did not qualify as first class. Allsopp was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Staffordshire and Derbyshire. He was at one time chairman of the Burton-on-Trent School BoardAllsopp stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Droitwich in 1880. At the 1885 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Worcester. He held the seat until he retired from politics at the 1906 election.Allsopp lived at Foston Hall, Derby and at 8, Hereford Gardens, Park Lane. He died at Salisbury at the age of 61.Allsopp married Mildred Georgiana Ashley-Cooper daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, in 1895. His brother Samuel was also MP for Taunton, and his brothers Herbert and Frederic were also cricketers who played in first class games. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did George Higginson Allsopp hold in Aug, 1902? | August 14, 1902 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q5540593_P39_4 | George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
George Higginson Allsopp holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. | George Allsopp (British politician)George Higginson Allsopp (28 March 1846 – 9 September 1907) was an English brewer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1906.Allsopp was born at Burton-on-Trent, the son of Henry Allsopp, head of the brewery firm of Samuel Allsopp & Sons and his wife Elizabeth Tongue. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge and entered the family brewery. Between 1868 and 1871 he appeared in cricket matches for Worcestershire, although they did not qualify as first class. Allsopp was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Staffordshire and Derbyshire. He was at one time chairman of the Burton-on-Trent School BoardAllsopp stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Droitwich in 1880. At the 1885 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Worcester. He held the seat until he retired from politics at the 1906 election.Allsopp lived at Foston Hall, Derby and at 8, Hereford Gardens, Park Lane. He died at Salisbury at the age of 61.Allsopp married Mildred Georgiana Ashley-Cooper daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, in 1895. His brother Samuel was also MP for Taunton, and his brothers Herbert and Frederic were also cricketers who played in first class games. | [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which employer did Rebecca Hankins work for in Aug, 1999? | August 13, 1999 | {
"text": [
"Amistad Research Center"
]
} | L2_Q28122425_P108_0 | Rebecca Hankins works for University of Arizona from Aug, 2001 to Jun, 2003.
Rebecca Hankins works for Amistad Research Center from Nov, 1988 to Aug, 2001.
Rebecca Hankins works for Texas A&M University from Jul, 2003 to Dec, 2022. | Rebecca HankinsRebecca L. Hankins is the Africana Resources Librarian/Curator at Texas A&M University, whose research interests include women's and gender studies, Middle Eastern studies, the African diaspora, and Islam in science fiction and popular culture.Hankins graduated cum laude from Loyola University and earned her master's degree at Louisiana State University.Hankins worked as the Assistant Librarian and Archivist at the University of Arizona and the Archivist of the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University. In 2003, she joined the faculty of Texas A&M University as an Associate Professor and Archivist/Librarian/Curator for Africana Studies. She is the author of numerous articles and chapters and co-editor (with Miguel Juarez) of "Where are all the Librarians of Color? The Experiences of People of Color in Academia" (2016).Hankins is a Regent for Exam Development for the Academy of Certified Archivists. She was honored as a 2016 Fellow of the Society of American Archivists for her services to the archival profession and the Society.In December 2016, President Obama appointed Hankins as a member of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. | [
"University of Arizona",
"Texas A&M University"
] | |
Which employer did Rebecca Hankins work for in Apr, 2003? | April 27, 2003 | {
"text": [
"University of Arizona"
]
} | L2_Q28122425_P108_1 | Rebecca Hankins works for University of Arizona from Aug, 2001 to Jun, 2003.
Rebecca Hankins works for Texas A&M University from Jul, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Rebecca Hankins works for Amistad Research Center from Nov, 1988 to Aug, 2001. | Rebecca HankinsRebecca L. Hankins is the Africana Resources Librarian/Curator at Texas A&M University, whose research interests include women's and gender studies, Middle Eastern studies, the African diaspora, and Islam in science fiction and popular culture.Hankins graduated cum laude from Loyola University and earned her master's degree at Louisiana State University.Hankins worked as the Assistant Librarian and Archivist at the University of Arizona and the Archivist of the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University. In 2003, she joined the faculty of Texas A&M University as an Associate Professor and Archivist/Librarian/Curator for Africana Studies. She is the author of numerous articles and chapters and co-editor (with Miguel Juarez) of "Where are all the Librarians of Color? The Experiences of People of Color in Academia" (2016).Hankins is a Regent for Exam Development for the Academy of Certified Archivists. She was honored as a 2016 Fellow of the Society of American Archivists for her services to the archival profession and the Society.In December 2016, President Obama appointed Hankins as a member of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. | [
"Amistad Research Center",
"Texas A&M University"
] | |
Which employer did Rebecca Hankins work for in Apr, 2012? | April 24, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Texas A&M University"
]
} | L2_Q28122425_P108_2 | Rebecca Hankins works for Texas A&M University from Jul, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Rebecca Hankins works for Amistad Research Center from Nov, 1988 to Aug, 2001.
Rebecca Hankins works for University of Arizona from Aug, 2001 to Jun, 2003. | Rebecca HankinsRebecca L. Hankins is the Africana Resources Librarian/Curator at Texas A&M University, whose research interests include women's and gender studies, Middle Eastern studies, the African diaspora, and Islam in science fiction and popular culture.Hankins graduated cum laude from Loyola University and earned her master's degree at Louisiana State University.Hankins worked as the Assistant Librarian and Archivist at the University of Arizona and the Archivist of the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University. In 2003, she joined the faculty of Texas A&M University as an Associate Professor and Archivist/Librarian/Curator for Africana Studies. She is the author of numerous articles and chapters and co-editor (with Miguel Juarez) of "Where are all the Librarians of Color? The Experiences of People of Color in Academia" (2016).Hankins is a Regent for Exam Development for the Academy of Certified Archivists. She was honored as a 2016 Fellow of the Society of American Archivists for her services to the archival profession and the Society.In December 2016, President Obama appointed Hankins as a member of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. | [
"University of Arizona",
"Amistad Research Center"
] | |
Which employer did Manuel García Velarde work for in Sep, 1963? | September 30, 1963 | {
"text": [
"University of Madrid"
]
} | L2_Q5993097_P108_0 | Manuel García Velarde works for Complutense University of Madrid from Dec, 1992 to Jan, 2011.
Manuel García Velarde works for Université libre de Bruxelles from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Texas at Austin from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Manuel García Velarde works for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Madrid from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for National University of Distance Education from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1993.
Manuel García Velarde works for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1980. | Manuel García VelardeManuel García Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almería, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married María del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his "alma mater", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, García Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004. | [
"Université libre de Bruxelles",
"National University of Distance Education",
"Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid",
"Autonomous University of Madrid",
"University of Texas at Austin",
"Complutense University of Madrid"
] | |
Which employer did Manuel García Velarde work for in Aug, 1964? | August 09, 1964 | {
"text": [
"Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid",
"University of Madrid"
]
} | L2_Q5993097_P108_1 | Manuel García Velarde works for University of Madrid from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for Université libre de Bruxelles from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Texas at Austin from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Manuel García Velarde works for National University of Distance Education from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1993.
Manuel García Velarde works for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for Complutense University of Madrid from Dec, 1992 to Jan, 2011.
Manuel García Velarde works for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1980. | Manuel García VelardeManuel García Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almería, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married María del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his "alma mater", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, García Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004. | [
"Université libre de Bruxelles",
"National University of Distance Education",
"Autonomous University of Madrid",
"University of Texas at Austin",
"Complutense University of Madrid"
] | |
Which employer did Manuel García Velarde work for in Oct, 1968? | October 12, 1968 | {
"text": [
"Université libre de Bruxelles"
]
} | L2_Q5993097_P108_2 | Manuel García Velarde works for Complutense University of Madrid from Dec, 1992 to Jan, 2011.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Texas at Austin from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Manuel García Velarde works for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1980.
Manuel García Velarde works for Université libre de Bruxelles from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Manuel García Velarde works for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for National University of Distance Education from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1993.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Madrid from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965. | Manuel García VelardeManuel García Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almería, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married María del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his "alma mater", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, García Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004. | [
"University of Madrid",
"National University of Distance Education",
"Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid",
"Autonomous University of Madrid",
"University of Texas at Austin",
"Complutense University of Madrid"
] | |
Which employer did Manuel García Velarde work for in Nov, 1969? | November 21, 1969 | {
"text": [
"University of Texas at Austin"
]
} | L2_Q5993097_P108_3 | Manuel García Velarde works for University of Texas at Austin from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Manuel García Velarde works for National University of Distance Education from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1993.
Manuel García Velarde works for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1980.
Manuel García Velarde works for Complutense University of Madrid from Dec, 1992 to Jan, 2011.
Manuel García Velarde works for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Madrid from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for Université libre de Bruxelles from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969. | Manuel García VelardeManuel García Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almería, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married María del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his "alma mater", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, García Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004. | [
"Université libre de Bruxelles",
"University of Madrid",
"National University of Distance Education",
"Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid",
"Autonomous University of Madrid",
"Complutense University of Madrid"
] | |
Which employer did Manuel García Velarde work for in Dec, 1971? | December 31, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Autonomous University of Madrid"
]
} | L2_Q5993097_P108_4 | Manuel García Velarde works for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for Complutense University of Madrid from Dec, 1992 to Jan, 2011.
Manuel García Velarde works for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1980.
Manuel García Velarde works for Université libre de Bruxelles from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Manuel García Velarde works for National University of Distance Education from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1993.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Texas at Austin from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Madrid from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965. | Manuel García VelardeManuel García Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almería, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married María del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his "alma mater", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, García Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004. | [
"Université libre de Bruxelles",
"University of Madrid",
"National University of Distance Education",
"Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid",
"University of Texas at Austin",
"Complutense University of Madrid"
] | |
Which employer did Manuel García Velarde work for in Sep, 1980? | September 12, 1980 | {
"text": [
"National University of Distance Education"
]
} | L2_Q5993097_P108_5 | Manuel García Velarde works for University of Madrid from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for Complutense University of Madrid from Dec, 1992 to Jan, 2011.
Manuel García Velarde works for National University of Distance Education from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1993.
Manuel García Velarde works for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1980.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Texas at Austin from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Manuel García Velarde works for Université libre de Bruxelles from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Manuel García Velarde works for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965. | Manuel García VelardeManuel García Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almería, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married María del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his "alma mater", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, García Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004. | [
"Université libre de Bruxelles",
"University of Madrid",
"Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid",
"Autonomous University of Madrid",
"University of Texas at Austin",
"Complutense University of Madrid"
] | |
Which employer did Manuel García Velarde work for in Nov, 2010? | November 16, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Complutense University of Madrid"
]
} | L2_Q5993097_P108_6 | Manuel García Velarde works for Complutense University of Madrid from Dec, 1992 to Jan, 2011.
Manuel García Velarde works for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Texas at Austin from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1971.
Manuel García Velarde works for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1980.
Manuel García Velarde works for University of Madrid from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1965.
Manuel García Velarde works for Université libre de Bruxelles from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Manuel García Velarde works for National University of Distance Education from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1993. | Manuel García VelardeManuel García Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almería, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married María del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his "alma mater", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, García Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004. | [
"Université libre de Bruxelles",
"University of Madrid",
"National University of Distance Education",
"Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid",
"Autonomous University of Madrid",
"University of Texas at Austin"
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Oct, 1995? | October 03, 1995 | {
"text": [
"France national under-16 football team"
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_0 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Feb, 1996? | February 11, 1996 | {
"text": [
"France national under-17 football team"
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_1 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Dec, 2002? | December 01, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club"
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_2 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in May, 2004? | May 16, 2004 | {
"text": [
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_3 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Feb, 2005? | February 25, 2005 | {
"text": [
"Valenciennes F.C."
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_4 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine"
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Aug, 2010? | August 24, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Tours FC.",
"R.C. Lens"
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_5 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Valenciennes F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Phuket F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Dec, 2010? | December 14, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Tours FC.",
"R.C. Lens"
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_6 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Valenciennes F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Phuket F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Jan, 2011? | January 13, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Chonburi F.C.",
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC."
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_7 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"Tours FC.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C.",
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C.",
"R.C. Lens",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Jan, 2013? | January 01, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Phuket F.C."
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_8 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"FC Sète",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] | |
Which team did Geoffrey Doumeng play for in Mar, 2014? | March 22, 2014 | {
"text": [
"FC Sète"
]
} | L2_Q656611_P54_9 | Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Valenciennes F.C. from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Phuket F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for R.C. Lens from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Montpellier Hérault Sport Club from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2004.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for FC Sète from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Geoffrey Doumeng plays for Chonburi F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. | Geoffrey DoumengGeoffrey Doumeng (born 9 November 1980 in Narbonne) is a French football midfielder who has played in both France and Thailand.Montpellier | [
"R.C. Lens",
"Tours FC.",
"Chonburi F.C.",
"Montpellier Hérault Sport Club",
"Phuket F.C.",
"France national under-16 football team",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"Valenciennes F.C."
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Sep, 1923? | September 14, 1923 | {
"text": [
"John Galsworthy"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_0 | Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Dec, 1935? | December 11, 1935 | {
"text": [
"H. G. Wells"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_1 | Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Oct, 1939? | October 06, 1939 | {
"text": [
"Jules Romains"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_2 | Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Nov, 1942? | November 02, 1942 | {
"text": [
"Denis Saurat"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_3 | Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Mar, 1968? | March 27, 1968 | {
"text": [
"Arthur Miller"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_4 | Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in May, 1973? | May 10, 1973 | {
"text": [
"Heinrich Böll"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_5 | Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Jan, 1977? | January 15, 1977 | {
"text": [
"Mario Vargas Llosa"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_6 | Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Jan, 1984? | January 31, 1984 | {
"text": [
"Iván Boldizsár"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_7 | Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Nov, 1991? | November 16, 1991 | {
"text": [
"György Konrád"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_8 | Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Mar, 1997? | March 12, 1997 | {
"text": [
"Homero Aridjis"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_9 | Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in May, 2005? | May 18, 2005 | {
"text": [
"Jiří Gruša"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_10 | John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Dec, 2010? | December 29, 2010 | {
"text": [
"John R. Saul"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_11 | Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jennifer Clement",
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Who was the chair of PEN International in Oct, 2020? | October 26, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Jennifer Clement"
]
} | L2_Q206811_P488_12 | Jiří Gruša is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Denis Saurat is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1947.
Homero Aridjis is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2003.
Jules Romains is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1941.
John R. Saul is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Arthur Miller is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1969.
Mario Vargas Llosa is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1979.
Heinrich Böll is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1974.
Iván Boldizsár is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988.
John Galsworthy is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1933.
György Konrád is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
H. G. Wells is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Jennifer Clement is the chair of PEN International from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | PEN InternationalPEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous International PEN centers in over 100 countries.Other goals included: to emphasise the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice on behalf of writers harassed, imprisoned and sometimes killed for their views.The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, with John Galsworthy as its first president. Its first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells.PEN originally stood for "Poets, Essayists, Novelists", but now stands for "Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists", and includes writers of any form of literature, such as journalists and historians.The club established the following aims:Past presidents of PEN International have included Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis, Jiří Gruša and John Ralston Saul. The current president is Jennifer Clement.PEN International is headquartered in London and composed of autonomous PEN Centres in over 100 countries around the world, each of which are open to writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature, regardless of nationality, race, colour, or religion.It is a non-governmental organization in formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.The PEN Charter is based on resolutions passed at its International Congresses and is summarised by PEN itself as follows:PEN International Writers in Prison Committee works on behalf of persecuted writers worldwide. Established in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, the Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of as many as 900 writers annually who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world.The committee also coordinates the PEN International membership's campaigns that aim towards an end to these attacks and to the suppression of freedom of expression worldwide.PEN International Writers in Prison Committee is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX), a global network of 90 non-governmental organisations that monitors censorship worldwide and defends journalists, writers, internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.It is also a member of IFEX's Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of twenty-one free expression organisations that began lobbying the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record in 2005. Since the Arab Spring events that led to the collapse of the Tunisian government, TMG has worked to ensure constitutional guarantees of free expression and human rights within the country.On 15 January 2016, PEN International joined human rights organisations Freemuse and the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, along with seven other organisations, to protest against the 2013 imprisonment and 2015 sentencing of musicians Mehdi Rajabian and Yousef Emadi, and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, and called on the head of the judiciary and other Iranian authorities to drop the charges against them.Salil Tripathi is the Chair of this Committee.The various PEN affiliations offer many literary awards across a broad spectrum.A grove of trees beside Lake Burley Griffin forms the PEN International memorial in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dedication reads: "The spirit dies in all of us who keep silent in the face of tyranny." The memorial was officially opened on 17 November 1997.A cast-iron sculpture entitled "Witness", commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary and created by Antony Gormley, stands outside the British Library in London. It depicts an empty chair, and is inspired by the symbol used for 30 years by English PEN to represent imprisoned writers around the world. It was unveiled on 13 December 2011. | [
"Jules Romains",
"H. G. Wells",
"Iván Boldizsár",
"Mario Vargas Llosa",
"John Galsworthy",
"György Konrád",
"Homero Aridjis",
"Arthur Miller",
"John R. Saul",
"Jiří Gruša",
"Denis Saurat",
"Heinrich Böll"
] | |
Which position did Peter Atkinson hold in Mar, 1993? | March 25, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337992_P39_0 | Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001. | Peter Atkinson (politician)Peter Landreth Atkinson (born 19 January 1943) is a British Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Hexham from 1992 until 2010.Atkinson was educated at Cheltenham College and after leaving school he became a journalist and joined the Newcastle Journal in November 1968. He moved to London to work on the Evening Standard as a reporter, eventually becoming News Editor.In 1982 he left to join a free newspaper company which grew to fifteen titles. He left to become Deputy Director of the British Field Sports Society with responsibility for political and public affairs.His political career began in 1978 when he was elected to Wandsworth Council. He left the Council in 1982 and became a member of Wandsworth Health Authority (1982–88) and later a Suffolk County Councillor (1989–1992), until his election as MP for Hexham.Atkinson was elected at the 1992 general election for the seat of Hexham with a majority of 13,438. At the 1997 election he was narrowly re-elected with a majority of just 222, but at the 2001 and 2005 elections his majority increased again, to 2,529 and 5,020 respectively.From 1994-1997 Atkinson was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to a number of ministers in the Conservative government. After 1997 he alternated between serving on the Chairmen's Panel and working in the Conservative whips office.In 1995 Atkinson blocked a Private Members Bill on the live export of veal calves by reading from the London telephone directory in Parliament to use up all the debating time, a technique known as filibustering.Atkinson is one of the 98 MPs who voted to keep their expense details secret.On 19 June 2008, Atkinson announced he would not stand at the next general election.Atkinson married Brione Darley in 1976 and they have two grown-up daughters. | [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Peter Atkinson hold in Dec, 2000? | December 17, 2000 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337992_P39_1 | Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. | Peter Atkinson (politician)Peter Landreth Atkinson (born 19 January 1943) is a British Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Hexham from 1992 until 2010.Atkinson was educated at Cheltenham College and after leaving school he became a journalist and joined the Newcastle Journal in November 1968. He moved to London to work on the Evening Standard as a reporter, eventually becoming News Editor.In 1982 he left to join a free newspaper company which grew to fifteen titles. He left to become Deputy Director of the British Field Sports Society with responsibility for political and public affairs.His political career began in 1978 when he was elected to Wandsworth Council. He left the Council in 1982 and became a member of Wandsworth Health Authority (1982–88) and later a Suffolk County Councillor (1989–1992), until his election as MP for Hexham.Atkinson was elected at the 1992 general election for the seat of Hexham with a majority of 13,438. At the 1997 election he was narrowly re-elected with a majority of just 222, but at the 2001 and 2005 elections his majority increased again, to 2,529 and 5,020 respectively.From 1994-1997 Atkinson was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to a number of ministers in the Conservative government. After 1997 he alternated between serving on the Chairmen's Panel and working in the Conservative whips office.In 1995 Atkinson blocked a Private Members Bill on the live export of veal calves by reading from the London telephone directory in Parliament to use up all the debating time, a technique known as filibustering.Atkinson is one of the 98 MPs who voted to keep their expense details secret.On 19 June 2008, Atkinson announced he would not stand at the next general election.Atkinson married Brione Darley in 1976 and they have two grown-up daughters. | [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Peter Atkinson hold in Mar, 2005? | March 04, 2005 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337992_P39_2 | Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. | Peter Atkinson (politician)Peter Landreth Atkinson (born 19 January 1943) is a British Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Hexham from 1992 until 2010.Atkinson was educated at Cheltenham College and after leaving school he became a journalist and joined the Newcastle Journal in November 1968. He moved to London to work on the Evening Standard as a reporter, eventually becoming News Editor.In 1982 he left to join a free newspaper company which grew to fifteen titles. He left to become Deputy Director of the British Field Sports Society with responsibility for political and public affairs.His political career began in 1978 when he was elected to Wandsworth Council. He left the Council in 1982 and became a member of Wandsworth Health Authority (1982–88) and later a Suffolk County Councillor (1989–1992), until his election as MP for Hexham.Atkinson was elected at the 1992 general election for the seat of Hexham with a majority of 13,438. At the 1997 election he was narrowly re-elected with a majority of just 222, but at the 2001 and 2005 elections his majority increased again, to 2,529 and 5,020 respectively.From 1994-1997 Atkinson was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to a number of ministers in the Conservative government. After 1997 he alternated between serving on the Chairmen's Panel and working in the Conservative whips office.In 1995 Atkinson blocked a Private Members Bill on the live export of veal calves by reading from the London telephone directory in Parliament to use up all the debating time, a technique known as filibustering.Atkinson is one of the 98 MPs who voted to keep their expense details secret.On 19 June 2008, Atkinson announced he would not stand at the next general election.Atkinson married Brione Darley in 1976 and they have two grown-up daughters. | [
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Peter Atkinson hold in Feb, 2008? | February 28, 2008 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337992_P39_3 | Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Peter Atkinson holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997. | Peter Atkinson (politician)Peter Landreth Atkinson (born 19 January 1943) is a British Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Hexham from 1992 until 2010.Atkinson was educated at Cheltenham College and after leaving school he became a journalist and joined the Newcastle Journal in November 1968. He moved to London to work on the Evening Standard as a reporter, eventually becoming News Editor.In 1982 he left to join a free newspaper company which grew to fifteen titles. He left to become Deputy Director of the British Field Sports Society with responsibility for political and public affairs.His political career began in 1978 when he was elected to Wandsworth Council. He left the Council in 1982 and became a member of Wandsworth Health Authority (1982–88) and later a Suffolk County Councillor (1989–1992), until his election as MP for Hexham.Atkinson was elected at the 1992 general election for the seat of Hexham with a majority of 13,438. At the 1997 election he was narrowly re-elected with a majority of just 222, but at the 2001 and 2005 elections his majority increased again, to 2,529 and 5,020 respectively.From 1994-1997 Atkinson was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to a number of ministers in the Conservative government. After 1997 he alternated between serving on the Chairmen's Panel and working in the Conservative whips office.In 1995 Atkinson blocked a Private Members Bill on the live export of veal calves by reading from the London telephone directory in Parliament to use up all the debating time, a technique known as filibustering.Atkinson is one of the 98 MPs who voted to keep their expense details secret.On 19 June 2008, Atkinson announced he would not stand at the next general election.Atkinson married Brione Darley in 1976 and they have two grown-up daughters. | [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which team did Birger Madsen play for in Apr, 2001? | April 11, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Skeid Fotball"
]
} | L2_Q3640313_P54_0 | Birger Madsen plays for Vålerenga Fotball from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Birger Madsen plays for IK Start from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Birger Madsen plays for Sandefjord Fotball from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Birger Madsen plays for Skeid Fotball from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005. | Birger MadsenBirger Madsen (born 23 April 1982) is a Norwegian former professional football defender.He played in Tippeligaen for Sandefjord, Vålerenga and Start, before retiring after the 2013 season due to illness. | [
"IK Start",
"Sandefjord Fotball",
"Vålerenga Fotball"
] | |
Which team did Birger Madsen play for in Mar, 2008? | March 29, 2008 | {
"text": [
"Sandefjord Fotball"
]
} | L2_Q3640313_P54_1 | Birger Madsen plays for Sandefjord Fotball from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Birger Madsen plays for Vålerenga Fotball from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Birger Madsen plays for IK Start from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Birger Madsen plays for Skeid Fotball from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005. | Birger MadsenBirger Madsen (born 23 April 1982) is a Norwegian former professional football defender.He played in Tippeligaen for Sandefjord, Vålerenga and Start, before retiring after the 2013 season due to illness. | [
"IK Start",
"Skeid Fotball",
"Vålerenga Fotball"
] | |
Which team did Birger Madsen play for in Mar, 2009? | March 22, 2009 | {
"text": [
"Vålerenga Fotball"
]
} | L2_Q3640313_P54_2 | Birger Madsen plays for Sandefjord Fotball from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Birger Madsen plays for IK Start from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Birger Madsen plays for Vålerenga Fotball from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Birger Madsen plays for Skeid Fotball from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005. | Birger MadsenBirger Madsen (born 23 April 1982) is a Norwegian former professional football defender.He played in Tippeligaen for Sandefjord, Vålerenga and Start, before retiring after the 2013 season due to illness. | [
"IK Start",
"Skeid Fotball",
"Sandefjord Fotball"
] | |
Which team did Birger Madsen play for in Jul, 2011? | July 19, 2011 | {
"text": [
"IK Start"
]
} | L2_Q3640313_P54_3 | Birger Madsen plays for IK Start from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Birger Madsen plays for Sandefjord Fotball from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Birger Madsen plays for Vålerenga Fotball from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Birger Madsen plays for Skeid Fotball from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005. | Birger MadsenBirger Madsen (born 23 April 1982) is a Norwegian former professional football defender.He played in Tippeligaen for Sandefjord, Vålerenga and Start, before retiring after the 2013 season due to illness. | [
"Skeid Fotball",
"Sandefjord Fotball",
"Vålerenga Fotball"
] | |
Which position did V. D. Satheesan hold in Feb, 2015? | February 04, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 13th Kerala Legislative Assembly"
]
} | L2_Q6956446_P39_0 | V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 13th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2011 to May, 2016.
V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 14th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2016 to May, 2021. | V. D. SatheesanVadassery Damodaran Satheesan (born 31 May 1964) is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress serving as Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly. He succeeds Ramesh Chennithala as the leader of opposition. He represents Paravur constituency in Ernakulam district. He also serves as the vice president of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee.Satheesan was born in a Malayali family to K. Damodara Menon and V. Vilasini Amma on 31 May 1964 in Nettoor, Eranakulam. Satheesan completed his primary education from Panangad High School. He completed graduation from Sacred Heart College, Thevara, and post-graduation from Rajagiri College of Social Sciences. He then completed his LL.B from Kerala Law Academy Law College and LL.M from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. For a brief period he practised law in the Kerala High Court.Satheesan was the chairman of Mahatma Gandhi University Union during 1986-1987. He has also served as the secretary for National Students' Union. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 2001 when he was practising as an advocate in the Kerala High Court. In 2006 Kerala Assembly Elections, he won the election in Paravur constituency against KM Dinakaran. In the next Kerala Legislative Assembly in 2011, he was again elected by defeating Pannyan Raveendran of CPI by 11349 votes. In 2016, he was re-elected as MLA from Paravur Constituency by defeating Sarada Mohan of CPI by a margin of 20,634 votes.He served as the Chief Whip of the Indian National Congress in the 12th Assembly.In 2021, he was elected to Kerala legislative assembly again for the fifth time from the Paravur constituency by defeating M. T. Nixon of CPI by a margin of 21,301 votes.On 22 May 2021, Congress Working Committee declared VD Satheesan as the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly.He is married to R. Lakshmi Priya, and the couple have a daughter Unnimaya. | [
"Member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly",
"Member of the 14th Kerala Legislative Assembly"
] | |
Which position did V. D. Satheesan hold in May, 2018? | May 02, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 14th Kerala Legislative Assembly"
]
} | L2_Q6956446_P39_1 | V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 13th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2011 to May, 2016.
V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 14th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2016 to May, 2021. | V. D. SatheesanVadassery Damodaran Satheesan (born 31 May 1964) is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress serving as Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly. He succeeds Ramesh Chennithala as the leader of opposition. He represents Paravur constituency in Ernakulam district. He also serves as the vice president of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee.Satheesan was born in a Malayali family to K. Damodara Menon and V. Vilasini Amma on 31 May 1964 in Nettoor, Eranakulam. Satheesan completed his primary education from Panangad High School. He completed graduation from Sacred Heart College, Thevara, and post-graduation from Rajagiri College of Social Sciences. He then completed his LL.B from Kerala Law Academy Law College and LL.M from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. For a brief period he practised law in the Kerala High Court.Satheesan was the chairman of Mahatma Gandhi University Union during 1986-1987. He has also served as the secretary for National Students' Union. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 2001 when he was practising as an advocate in the Kerala High Court. In 2006 Kerala Assembly Elections, he won the election in Paravur constituency against KM Dinakaran. In the next Kerala Legislative Assembly in 2011, he was again elected by defeating Pannyan Raveendran of CPI by 11349 votes. In 2016, he was re-elected as MLA from Paravur Constituency by defeating Sarada Mohan of CPI by a margin of 20,634 votes.He served as the Chief Whip of the Indian National Congress in the 12th Assembly.In 2021, he was elected to Kerala legislative assembly again for the fifth time from the Paravur constituency by defeating M. T. Nixon of CPI by a margin of 21,301 votes.On 22 May 2021, Congress Working Committee declared VD Satheesan as the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly.He is married to R. Lakshmi Priya, and the couple have a daughter Unnimaya. | [
"Member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly",
"Member of the 13th Kerala Legislative Assembly"
] |
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