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Which position did V. D. Satheesan hold in Feb, 2022?	February 17, 2022	{ "text": [ "Member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly" ] }	L2_Q6956446_P39_2	V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022. V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 14th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2016 to May, 2021. V. D. Satheesan holds the position of Member of the 13th Kerala Legislative Assembly from May, 2011 to May, 2016.	V. D. SatheesanVadassery Damodaran Satheesan (born 31 May 1964) is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress serving as Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly. He succeeds Ramesh Chennithala as the leader of opposition. He represents Paravur constituency in Ernakulam district. He also serves as the vice president of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee.Satheesan was born in a Malayali family to K. Damodara Menon and V. Vilasini Amma on 31 May 1964 in Nettoor, Eranakulam. Satheesan completed his primary education from Panangad High School. He completed graduation from Sacred Heart College, Thevara, and post-graduation from Rajagiri College of Social Sciences. He then completed his LL.B from Kerala Law Academy Law College and LL.M from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. For a brief period he practised law in the Kerala High Court.Satheesan was the chairman of Mahatma Gandhi University Union during 1986-1987. He has also served as the secretary for National Students' Union. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 2001 when he was practising as an advocate in the Kerala High Court. In 2006 Kerala Assembly Elections, he won the election in Paravur constituency against KM Dinakaran. In the next Kerala Legislative Assembly in 2011, he was again elected by defeating Pannyan Raveendran of CPI by 11349 votes. In 2016, he was re-elected as MLA from Paravur Constituency by defeating Sarada Mohan of CPI by a margin of 20,634 votes.He served as the Chief Whip of the Indian National Congress in the 12th Assembly.In 2021, he was elected to Kerala legislative assembly again for the fifth time from the Paravur constituency by defeating M. T. Nixon of CPI by a margin of 21,301 votes.On 22 May 2021, Congress Working Committee declared VD Satheesan as the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly.He is married to R. Lakshmi Priya, and the couple have a daughter Unnimaya.	[ "Member of the 14th Kerala Legislative Assembly", "Member of the 13th Kerala Legislative Assembly" ]
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in Sep, 1986?	September 14, 1986	{ "text": [ "University of Paderborn" ] }	L2_Q1243222_P108_0	Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992. Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022. Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001.	Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.	[ "University of Bonn", "Saarland University" ]
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in Apr, 1999?	April 21, 1999	{ "text": [ "University of Bonn" ] }	L2_Q1243222_P108_1	Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022. Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001. Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992.	Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.	[ "Saarland University", "University of Paderborn" ]
Which employer did Thomas Lengauer work for in Oct, 2014?	October 18, 2014	{ "text": [ "Saarland University" ] }	L2_Q1243222_P108_2	Thomas Lengauer works for University of Bonn from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2001. Thomas Lengauer works for University of Paderborn from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1992. Thomas Lengauer works for Saarland University from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022.	Thomas LengauerThomas Lengauer (born November 12, 1952) is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.Lengauer studied Mathematics at the Free University of Berlin, earning his Diploma in 1975 and a Dr. rer. nat. (equivalent to a PhD) in 1976. Lengauer later gained an MSc (1977) and a PhD (1979) in computer science, both from Stanford University. He received his habilitation degree in computer science at Saarland University in 1984.In the seventies and early eighties Lengauer performed research in Theoretical Computer Science at Stanford University, Bell Labs and Saarland University. In 1984 Lengauer became Professor of Computer Science at University of Paderborn. In the eighties and early nineties, Lengauer's research concentrated on discrete optimization methods for the design of integrated circuits and on packing problems in manufacturing. From 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bonn and Director of the Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing at German National Center for Information Technology. Since 2001, he has been a Director of the Department on Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics.With his Stanford PhD advisor Robert Tarjan, he is known for the Lengauer–Tarjan algorithm in graph theory.Since the early 1990s his research has focused on computational biology, particularly the alignment of molecular sequences, and also the prediction of protein structure and function, and computational drug screening and design. On the latter topic he cofounded the company BioSolveIT GmbH in Sankt Augustin, Germany, together with Christian Lemmen, Matthias Rarey, and Ralf Zimmer from his team at GMD. Since 2000 he and his team have developed methods for analysis of viral resistance of HIV; in 2005 he entered the field of computational epigenetics.Lengauer retired from his position as Director at Max Planck Institute for Informatics in 2018. Since 2019 he has been part-time affiliated with the Institute of Virology at Cologne University.Lengauer has been the PhD advisor of over 50 students and coauthored over 350 publications.Lengauer was a cofounder of the Conference Series European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA, 1993) and European Symposium on Computational Biology (ECCB, 2002). He was a member of the steering committee of the International Conference on Research in Computational Biology (RECOMB) from its inception in 1997 until 2010. He is a founding member of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) and in 2014 became Vice President of this Society. He was elected as a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. From January 2018 to January 2021 Lengauer was President of the ISCB.In 2003, Lengauer was awarded the Konrad Zuse Medal, the highest award of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (German Informatics Society), as well as the Karl-Heinz-Beckurts Award. In 2010 he was awarded the AIDS Research Award of the Heinz-Ansmann Foundation, together with Rolf Kaiser and Marc Oette. In 2014 he received the Hector Science Award.Lengauer has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 2003. In 2006 he became the Speaker of the Section on Information Sciences of this Academy, in 2013 the Speaker of its Class of Natural Sciences, and in 2015 a Member of the Presidium of the Academy.Lengauer has also been a member of acatech, the German Academy of Science and Engineering, since 2007 and of Academia Europaea since 2010.Lengauer's twin brother Christian Lengauer was a Professor in the Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics at the University of Passau.	[ "University of Bonn", "University of Paderborn" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sheffield Wednesday F.C. in Mar, 2018?	March 29, 2018	{ "text": [ "Jos Luhukay" ] }	L2_Q19498_P286_0	Jos Luhukay is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2018. Garry Monk is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Sep, 2019 to Nov, 2020. Tony Pulis is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Steve Bruce is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Feb, 2019 to Jul, 2019.	Sheffield Wednesday F.C.Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The team will compete in League One, the third tier of the English football league system, in the 2021–22 season after finishing 24th in the 2020–21 Championship. Formed in 1867 as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club (itself formed in 1820), they went by the name of the Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929.Wednesday is one of the oldest football clubs in the world of any code, and the third-oldest professional association football club in England. In 1868 its team won the Cromwell Cup, only the second tournament of its kind. They were founding members and inaugural champions of the Football Alliance in 1889, before joining The Football League three years later. In 1992, they became founder members of the Premier League. The team has spent most of its league history in English football's top flight, but they have not played at that level since being relegated in 2000.The Owls, as they are nicknamed, have won four league titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup and one FA Community Shield. Wednesday have also competed in UEFA cup competitions on four occasions, reaching the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1963. In 1991, they defeated Manchester United 1–0 in the Football League Cup Final as a tier 2 team. As of 2019 they remain the last team to win one of English football's major trophies while outside the top flightIn the 19th century, they played their matches at several stadiums around central Sheffield, including Olive Grove and Bramall Lane. Since 1899, the club has played all its home matches at Hillsborough stadium, a near-40,000 capacity stadium in the north-west Sheffield suburb of Owlerton. Wednesday's biggest rivals are Sheffield United, with whom they contest the Steel City derby.Although no contemporary evidence has been found to support the claim, it is commonly believed that "The Wednesday Cricket Club" was formed in 1820. Nevertheless, an 1842 article in "Bell's Life" magazine states the club was founded as far back as 1816.The club was so named because it was on Wednesdays that the founding members had their day off work. They were initially based at the New Ground in Darnall, and often went by the name of "Darnall Wednesday", but also played at Hyde Park. In 1855 they were one of six clubs that helped build Bramall Lane, and held a wicket there for many years.Famous players to have represented the cricket club include Harry Sampson, who scored 162 on ice in 1841, Tom Marsden, who scored 227 for Sheffield & Leicester vs Nottingham in 1826, and George Ulyett, who represented the club in the first ever international test match before becoming one of only a select band of players who played for both sections of The Wednesday Club.On the evening of Wednesday 4 September 1867, a meeting was held at the Adelphi Hotel to establish whether there was interest among the club's members to form a football club to keep the team together and fit during the winter months. The proposal proved very popular, with over 60 members signing up for the new team on the first night. They played their first match against The Mechanics on 19 October the same year, winning by three goals and four 'rouges' to nil.It soon became apparent that football would come to eclipse the cricketing side of the club in terms of popularity—the two sections went their separate ways in 1882 after a dispute over finances, and the cricket club ceased to exist in 1925. On 1 February 1868, Wednesday played their first competitive football match as they entered the Cromwell Cup, a one-off four-team competition for newly formed clubs. A week after their semi-final, they went on to win the cup, beating the Garrick club in the final after extra time, the only goal being scored in diminishing light at Bramall Lane. This was one of the first recorded instances of a match being settled by a "golden goal" although the term was not in use at the time.A key figure during the formative years of the football club was Charles Clegg, who joined the Wednesday in 1867. His relationship with the club lasted for the rest of his life and eventually led to his becoming the club's chairman. He also became president and chairman of the Football Association, and was known as the "Napoleon of Football". Clegg played for England in the first-ever international match, against Scotland in November 1872, thereby completing a unique double for the club, who could lay claim to having a player in the first international games of cricket and football.In 1880 the club entered the FA Cup for the first time, and they soon became one of the most respected sides in the country. But although they had had Lang on their books a decade earlier, the club officially remained staunchly amateur, and this stance almost cost the club its very existence. By the middle of the decade, Wednesday's best players were leaving in their droves to join clubs who would pay them, and in January 1887 they lost 0–16 against Halliwell with just 10 players in their team. An emergency meeting was held, and the board members finally agreed to pay its players.The move to professionalism took the club from Bramall Lane, which had taken a share of the ticket revenue, to the new Olive Grove. In 1889 the club became founder members of the Football Alliance, of which they were the first champions in a season where they also reached the 1890 FA Cup Final, losing 6–1 to Blackburn Rovers at Kennington Oval, London. Despite finishing the following season bottom of the Alliance, they were eventually elected to the expanded Football League in 1892. They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1896, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 at Crystal Palace.Owing to an expansion of the local railway lines, the club was told that they would have to find a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. After a difficult search the club finally bought some land in the village of Owlerton, which at the time was several miles outside the Sheffield city boundaries. Construction of a new stadium (now known as Hillsborough Stadium) was completed within months and the club was secured for the next century. In a strong decade, Wednesday won the League in the 1902–03 and 1903–04 seasons and the FA Cup again in 1907, beating Everton 2–1, again at Crystal Palace. When competitive football was suspended in 1915 because of the outbreak of World War I, the club participated in several regionalised war leagues, until 1919, when normal service was resumed.They were relegated from the top flight for the first time in 1920, and did not return until 1926, and in the 1927–28 season they looked like going down again before securing a haul of 17 points from their last 10 matches to secure safety. Wednesday went on to win the League title the following season (1928–29), which started a run that saw the team finishing lower than third only once until 1936. The period was topped off with the team winning the FA Cup for the third time in the club's history in 1935. When World War II began, the club entered non-competitive war leagues, returning to the status quo in 1946.The 1950s saw Wednesday unable to consistently hold on to a position in the top flight and this period became known as the yo-yo years. After being promoted in 1950 they were relegated three times, although each time they returned to the top flight by winning the Second Division the following season. The decade ended on a high note with the team finishing in the top half of the First Division for the first time since the Second World War.In 1961, the club ran toe-to-toe with Tottenham Hotspur at the top of the table for the majority of the season – Wednesday became the first team to beat Spurs all season – before finally finishing in second place, which still (as of 2019) remains the club's highest post-war league finish. In 1966 the club reached its fifth FA Cup final, but they were beaten 2–3 by Everton, having led 2–0.Off the field the club was embroiled in the British betting scandal of 1964 in which three of its players, Peter Swan, David Layne and Tony Kay, were accused of match fixing and betting against their own team in an away game at Ipswich Town. The three were subsequently convicted and, on release from prison, banned from football for life. The three were reprieved in the early 1970s, with Swan and Layne returning to Hillsborough, and, though their careers were virtually over, Swan at least played some league games for The Owls.Wednesday were relegated at the end of the 1969–70 season; this began the darkest period in the club's history, eventually culminating in the club dropping to the Third Division for the first time in its history, and in 1976 it almost fell into the Fourth Division. It was not until the appointment of Jack Charlton as manager in 1977 that the club started to climb back up the league pyramid. Charlton led the Owls back to the Second Division in 1980 before handing the reins to Howard Wilkinson, who took the club back into the top flight in 1984, after an absence of 14 years.On 15 April 1989 the club's stadium was the scene of one of the worst sporting tragedies ever, at the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, at which 96 Liverpool fans were fatally crushed in the Leppings Lane end of the stadium. The tragedy resulted in many changes at Hillsborough and all other leading stadiums in England; it was required that all capacity should be of seats rather than of terracing for fans to stand, and that perimeter fencing should be removed.In Atkinson's first full season as manager, 1989–90, Sheffield Wednesday finished 18th in the First Division and were relegated on goal difference, despite the acquisition of the talented John Sheridan and the fact they had pulled towards mid-table at one stage of the season. They regained promotion at the first attempt but the real highlight of the season was a League Cup final victory over Atkinson's old club Manchester United. Midfielder Sheridan scored the only goal of the game, which delivered the club's first major trophy since their FA Cup success of 1935. Atkinson moved to Aston Villa shortly after promotion was achieved, and handed over the reins to 37-year-old striker Trevor Francis.Wednesday finished third in the First Division at the end of the 1991–92 season, booking their place in the following season's UEFA Cup and becoming a founder member of the new FA Premier League.1992–93 was one of the most eventful seasons in the history of Sheffield Wednesday football club. They finished seventh in the Premier League and reached the finals of both the FA Cup and the League Cup, but were on the losing side to Arsenal in both games, the FA Cup final going to a replay and only settled in the last minute of extra time. This prevented the Owls from making another appearance in European competition. Still, the 1992–93 season established Sheffield Wednesday as a top club. Midfielder Chris Waddle was voted Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year, and the strike partnership of David Hirst and Mark Bright was one of the most feared in the country. Francis was unable to achieve any more success at the club, and two seasons later he was sacked. His successor was former Luton, Leicester and Tottenham manager David Pleat.David Pleat's first season as Sheffield Wednesday manager was frustrating, as they finished 15th in the Premiership despite an expensively-assembled line-up which included the likes of Marc Degryse, Dejan Stefanovic and Darko Kovacevic – who all had disappointing and short-lived tenures at the club. An excellent start to the 1996–97 season saw the Owls top the Premiership after winning their first four games, and David Pleat was credited Manager of the Month for August 1996. But the club failed to mount a serious title challenge and they faded away to finish seventh in the final table. Pleat was sacked the following November with the club struggling at the wrong end of the Premiership, and Ron Atkinson briefly returned to steer the Owls clear of relegation.At the end of the 1997–98 season, Ron Atkinson's short-term contract was not renewed and Sheffield Wednesday turned to the Barnsley boss Danny Wilson as their new manager after being given the backword by both Gerard Houllier and Walter Smith who joined Liverpool and Everton respectively. Wilson's first season at the helm brought a slight improvement as they finished 12th in the Premiership. An expensively assembled squad including Paolo Di Canio, Benito Carbone and Wim Jonk failed to live up to the massive wage bill the club was paying and things eventually came to a head when Italian firebrand Di Canio was sent off in a match against Arsenal and proceeded to push the referee on his way off. Danny Wilson was sacked the following March with relegation looking a certainty for the Hillsborough club, following a disastrous 1999–2000 season where they had been hammered 8–0 by Newcastle United as early as September. His assistant Peter Shreeves took temporary charge but was unable to stave off relegation, with a 3–3 draw at Arsenal in May 2000 being enough to see the Owls tumble into the First DivisionHaving spent large sums building squads that were ultimately ineffective, the club's finances took a turn for the worse, and in 2003 they were relegated for a second time in four years, to the Second Division.The club spent two years in the third tier before returning the Championship, Paul Sturrock's side winning promotion via the play-offs in 2005. Ultimately however, the club's perilous financial position ensured another drop to League 1 was not too far away – five years after the play-off win of 2005, the Owls were again relegated to League 1.Between July and November 2010, Sheffield Wednesday faced a series of winding up orders for unpaid tax and VAT bills, with the club's existence under severe threat. It was not until 29 November 2010, when businessman Milan Mandarić agreed to buy out the old owners, that the club could move forward.Mandarić appointed former Wednesday player Gary Megson as manager partway through the 2010–11 season, and while Megson only stayed in the job for a year, what was mostly his side won promotion back to the Championship in May 2012, under the stewardship of new manager Dave Jones.In 2014 the club was again taken over by a new owner, Thai businessman Dejphon Chansiri, purchasing the club from Milan Mandarić for £37.5m. Chansiri stated his intention to win promotion back to the club for the 2017–18 season – the football club's 150th anniversary – and came close to achieving that goal a year head of schedule, with new coach Carlos Carvalhal leading the club into the end of season play-offs at the end of the 2015–16 season. Wednesday were beaten in the final by Hull City at Wembley. They made the play-offs again the following season, but lost on penalties to the eventually promoted Huddersfield Town in the semi final.The club were favourites to be promoted in the 2017–18 season, but injuries and poor results saw them drop to the lower half of the table. Carvalhal left by mutual consent in December 2017, and was replaced by Dutch manager Jos Luhukay a month later. The team finished in an uneventful 15th place at the end of the season. Luhukay was sacked in December 2018 after a run of only 1 win in 10, which left the team 18th in the table. He was replaced by former Aston Villa boss Steve Bruce who saw an upturn in form to finish 12th. However, Bruce controversially resigned in July 2019 to manage Newcastle United.On 6 September 2019, the club appointed former Birmingham City manager Garry Monk as the new manager, who achieved a 16th-place finish in a season that was interrupted from March to June by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 31 July 2020, Sheffield Wednesday were found guilty of breaking EFL spending rules and began the 2020–21 season on –12 points, though the deficit was later reduced to –6 upon appeal. On 9 November 2020, Monk was sacked after a poor start to the season and was replaced by Tony Pulis. However, Pulis was also dismissed after only 45 days in charge on 28 December 2020. After a few months with Neil Thompson as caretaker manager, Darren Moore was appointed as the club's third permanent manager of the season in March 2021. Despite taking the fight to the final day, Moore could not prevent relegation come the end of the season, bringing Wednesday's 9 year spell in the Championship to an end.In their early years, the club was nicknamed The Blades, a term used for any sporting team from the city of Sheffield, famous the world over for its cutlery and knives. That nickname has been retained by Wednesday's crosstown rivals, Sheffield United.Although it is widely assumed that the club's nickname changed to The Owls in 1899 after the club's move to Owlerton, it was not until 1912, when Wednesday player George Robertson presented the club with an owl mascot, that the name took hold. A monkey mascot introduced some years earlier had not brought much luck.Since its founding the club has played their home games in blue and white shirts, traditionally in vertical stripes. However, this has not always been the case and there have been variations upon the theme. A monochrome photograph from 1874 to 1875 shows the Wednesday team in plain dark shirts, while the 1871 "Rules of the Sheffield Football Association" listed the Wednesday club colours as blue and white hoops. A quartered blue and white design was used in 1887 and a blue shirt with white sleeves between 1965 and 1973. Wednesday's socks have been predominantly black, blue or white throughout their history.The club's away strip has changed regularly over the years. Traditionally, white was the second choice for many teams, including Wednesday, although the club has used a multitude of colours for its change strip over the years, including yellow, black, silver, green and orange.Since 1912, the owl has become a theme that has run throughout the club. The original club crest was introduced in 1956 and consisted of a shield showing a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch. The White Rose of York was depicted below the branch alluding to the home county of Yorkshire and the sheaves of Sheffield "(Sheaf field)" were shown at either side of the owl's head. The club's Latin motto, "Consilio et Animis", was displayed beneath the shield. This translates into English as ""By Wisdom and Courage"".The crest was changed in 1970 to a minimalist version designed by a local art student, and this logo was used by the club, with variations, until 1995, when it was replaced by a similar design to the original crest. It again featured a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch although the design of both had changed. The sheaves were replaced by a stylised "SWFC" logo that had been in use on club merchandise for several years prior to the introduction of the new crest. The Yorkshire Rose was moved to above the owl's head to make way for the words "Sheffield Wednesday". The word "Hillsborough" was also curved around the top of the design. The club motto was absent on the new design. The crest was encased in a new shape of shield. This crest remained in use for only a few years, during which several versions were used with different colours, including a white crest with blue stripes down either side and the colouring of the detail inverted.In 1999, the minimalist version was brought back, albeit inside a crest, and with the addition of a copyright symbol in 2002. In 2016, new owner Dejphon Chansiri again changed the club crest, opting for a similar design to the 1956 badge.Over the years Sheffield Wednesday have had several Owl themed matchday mascots. Originally it was Ozzie the Owl and later two further Owls, Baz & Ollie were added. All three were replaced in 2006 by Barney Owl, a similar looking owl but with more defined eyes to make it look cuter. Ozzie Owl was reintroduced as Wednesday's main mascot during the home game with Charlton Athletic on 17 January 2009. The current mascots are Ozzie and Barney Owl. In 2012, Ollie Owl also made his return to the scene, as the club announced him Mascot for the Owls work with children in the local community.Originally, Wednesday played matches at Highfield, but moved several times before adopting a permanent ground. Other locations included Myrtle Road, Heeley and Hunter's Bar. Major matches were played at Sheaf House or Bramall Lane, before Sheffield United made it their home ground. Sheffield Wednesday's first permanent home ground was at Olive Grove, a site near Queen's Road originally leased from the Duke of Norfolk. The first game at Olive Grove was a 4–4 draw with Blackburn Rovers on 12 September 1887. Extensions to the adjacent railway forced the club to move to their current ground in 1899.Since 1899 Wednesday have played their home games at Hillsborough Stadium in the Owlerton district of Sheffield. The stadium was originally named Owlerton Stadium but in 1914 Owlerton became part of the parliamentary constituency of Hillsborough and the ground took on its current name. With 39,732 seats, Hillsborough has the third highest capacity of stadiums in Championship, and the 12th highest in England. The club intended to increase Hillsborough's capacity to 44,825 by 2012 and 50,000 by 2016 and make several other improvements in the process, but due to England's failed World Cup bid, this is now not the case.The stadium has hosted FIFA World Cup football (1966), The 1996 European Championships (Euro 96) and 27 FA Cup Semi-finals. The Kop at Hillsborough was re-opened in 1986 by Queen Elizabeth II and was once the largest covered stand of any football stadium in Europe.On 15 April 1989 at an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death after the terraces at the Leppings Lane end of the ground became overcrowded, in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster. The following report concluded that the root cause of the disaster was the failure of local police to adequately manage the crowds. A memorial to the victims of the disaster stands outside Hillsborough's South Stand, near the main entrance on Parkside Road. After many years of dispute about the facts, in June 2017 six men responsible for safety were charged with criminal offences including manslaughter and misconduct in public office.The club's move to Owlerton in 1899 was a risky one, as it moved the club several miles away from the city centre, but its loyal followers continued to make the journey to the new ground, and the club has been one of the best supported in England ever since. However, official attendances were not taken at Football League games until the 1920s.The club's highest average attendance over the course of a season was 42,530 in 1952–53, when gates across the country were at their highest. The lowest average attendance in the Owls' history came in 1978–79, when an average of just 10,643 fans turned out to watch their side.In 1992, Wednesday were the fourth best supported team in the country, but although that ranking has come down since relegation from the Premier League in 2000, the club still has still enjoyed crowds of well over 20,000 since then, and was the best supported club outside the top flight in 2006.At the 2005 playoff final, Wednesday took over 39,000 fans to the Millennium Stadium. In 2016, Sheffield Wednesday took over 38,000 fans to Wembley for a play-off final defeat by Hull City, selling substantially more seats than their counterparts many of whom boycotted the game.The Owls have managed to average 30000 at home in the last 60 years. The FA Cup Final seasons in 1965/6 30000 and 1966/7 31000 plus 32000 when coming League Championship Runners Up in 1960/61.Sheffield Wednesday have had a large variety of fanzines over the years; examples include "Just Another Wednesday", "Out of the Blue", "Spitting Feathers", "Boddle", "A View From The East Bank", "Cheat!" and "War of the Monster Trucks", which acquired its name from the programme that Yorkshire Television elected to show instead of the celebrations after the 1991 League Cup victory over Manchester United.There are several online message boards dedicated to discussions on the club, including "Owlstalk", "OwlsOnline" and "OwlsMad".Sheffield Wednesday's main rivals are city neighbours Sheffield United. Matches between these two clubs are nicknamed Steel City derbies, so called because of the steel industry for which the city of Sheffield is famous.United were formed in 1889 by the committee at Bramall Lane, who had lost their biggest source of income – Wednesday – two years earlier over a dispute concerning pitch rent. As well as playing at Wednesday's former ground, United also took Wednesday's former nickname, the Blades, as their own. The first derby game took place on 15 December 1890, with Wednesday winning 2–1 at Olive Grove.The 1993 FA Cup semi-final match which took place at Wembley on 3 April 1993. Initially, it was announced that the match was scheduled to take place at Elland Road but this was met with dismay by both sets of fans. After a re-think, the Football Association decided to switch venue to Wembley. A crowd of 75,365 supporters made the trip to London to watch Wednesday beat United 2–1 after extra time.A survey conducted in 2019 revealed that, as well as Sheffield United, Wednesday fans consider fellow-Yorkshire sides Leeds United, Barnsley, Rotherham United and Doncaster Rovers as rivals.Wednesday's biggest recorded win was a 12–0 victory over Halliwell in the first round of the FA Cup on 18 January 1891. The biggest league win was against Birmingham City in Division 1 on 13 December 1930; Wednesday won 9–1. Both of these wins occurred at home.The heaviest defeat was away from home against Aston Villa in a Division 1 match on 5 October 1912 which Wednesday lost 10–0.The most goals scored by the club in a season was the 106 scored in the 1958–59 season. The club accumulated their highest league points total in the 2011–12 season when they racked up 93 points.The highest home attendance was in the FA Cup fifth round on 17 February 1934. A total of 72,841 turned up to see a 2–2 draw with Manchester City. Unfortunately for Wednesday, they went on to lose the replay 2–0. Manchester City won the FA Cup that season.The most capped Englishman to play for the club was goalkeeper Ron Springett who won 33 caps while at Sheffield Wednesday. Springett also held the overall record for most capped Sheffield Wednesday player until Nigel Worthington broke the record, eventually gaining a total of 50 caps for Northern Ireland whilst at the club.The fastest sending off in British league football is held by Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper Kevin Pressman – who was sent off after just 13 seconds for handling a shot from Wolverhampton Wanderers's Temuri Ketsbaia outside the area during the opening weekend of 2000.The fastest shot ever recorded in the Premier League was hit by David Hirst against Arsenal at Highbury in September 1996 – Hirst hit the bar with a shot clocked at 114 mph.A list of former players can be found at "List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players".Only managers with over 200 games in charge are included. For the complete list see List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers.Dickinson, who was in charge for 29 years, is Wednesday's longest-serving manager, and helped establish the club during the first two decades of the 20th century.Brown succeeded Dickinson and remained in charge for 13 years; in 1930 he secured their most recent top division league title to date.Taylor took over during the Second World War and remained in charge until 1958, but failed to win a major trophy, even though Wednesday were in the top flight for most of his reign.Charlton took Wednesday out of the Third Division in 1980 and in his final season (1982–83) he took them to the semi-finals of the FA Cup.Wilkinson succeeded Charlton in the summer of 1983 and was in charge for more than five years before he moved to Leeds United. His first season saw Wednesday gain promotion to the First Division after a 14-year exile. He guided them to a fifth-place finish in 1986, but Wednesday were unable to compete in the 1986–87 UEFA Cup due to the ban on English teams in European competitions due to the Heysel Disaster of 1985.Francis took over as player-manager in June 1991 after Ron Atkinson (who had just guided them to Football League Cup glory and promotion to the First Division) departed to Aston Villa. He guided them to third place in the league in 1992, and earned them a UEFA Cup place. They finished seventh in the inaugural Premier League and were runners-up of the FA Cup and League Cup that year. He was sacked in 1995 after Wednesday finished 13th – their lowest standing in four years since winning promotion.	[ "Garry Monk", "Steve Bruce", "Tony Pulis" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sheffield Wednesday F.C. in Jun, 2019?	June 05, 2019	{ "text": [ "Steve Bruce" ] }	L2_Q19498_P286_1	Tony Pulis is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Garry Monk is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Sep, 2019 to Nov, 2020. Jos Luhukay is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2018. Steve Bruce is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Feb, 2019 to Jul, 2019.	Sheffield Wednesday F.C.Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The team will compete in League One, the third tier of the English football league system, in the 2021–22 season after finishing 24th in the 2020–21 Championship. Formed in 1867 as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club (itself formed in 1820), they went by the name of the Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929.Wednesday is one of the oldest football clubs in the world of any code, and the third-oldest professional association football club in England. In 1868 its team won the Cromwell Cup, only the second tournament of its kind. They were founding members and inaugural champions of the Football Alliance in 1889, before joining The Football League three years later. In 1992, they became founder members of the Premier League. The team has spent most of its league history in English football's top flight, but they have not played at that level since being relegated in 2000.The Owls, as they are nicknamed, have won four league titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup and one FA Community Shield. Wednesday have also competed in UEFA cup competitions on four occasions, reaching the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1963. In 1991, they defeated Manchester United 1–0 in the Football League Cup Final as a tier 2 team. As of 2019 they remain the last team to win one of English football's major trophies while outside the top flightIn the 19th century, they played their matches at several stadiums around central Sheffield, including Olive Grove and Bramall Lane. Since 1899, the club has played all its home matches at Hillsborough stadium, a near-40,000 capacity stadium in the north-west Sheffield suburb of Owlerton. Wednesday's biggest rivals are Sheffield United, with whom they contest the Steel City derby.Although no contemporary evidence has been found to support the claim, it is commonly believed that "The Wednesday Cricket Club" was formed in 1820. Nevertheless, an 1842 article in "Bell's Life" magazine states the club was founded as far back as 1816.The club was so named because it was on Wednesdays that the founding members had their day off work. They were initially based at the New Ground in Darnall, and often went by the name of "Darnall Wednesday", but also played at Hyde Park. In 1855 they were one of six clubs that helped build Bramall Lane, and held a wicket there for many years.Famous players to have represented the cricket club include Harry Sampson, who scored 162 on ice in 1841, Tom Marsden, who scored 227 for Sheffield & Leicester vs Nottingham in 1826, and George Ulyett, who represented the club in the first ever international test match before becoming one of only a select band of players who played for both sections of The Wednesday Club.On the evening of Wednesday 4 September 1867, a meeting was held at the Adelphi Hotel to establish whether there was interest among the club's members to form a football club to keep the team together and fit during the winter months. The proposal proved very popular, with over 60 members signing up for the new team on the first night. They played their first match against The Mechanics on 19 October the same year, winning by three goals and four 'rouges' to nil.It soon became apparent that football would come to eclipse the cricketing side of the club in terms of popularity—the two sections went their separate ways in 1882 after a dispute over finances, and the cricket club ceased to exist in 1925. On 1 February 1868, Wednesday played their first competitive football match as they entered the Cromwell Cup, a one-off four-team competition for newly formed clubs. A week after their semi-final, they went on to win the cup, beating the Garrick club in the final after extra time, the only goal being scored in diminishing light at Bramall Lane. This was one of the first recorded instances of a match being settled by a "golden goal" although the term was not in use at the time.A key figure during the formative years of the football club was Charles Clegg, who joined the Wednesday in 1867. His relationship with the club lasted for the rest of his life and eventually led to his becoming the club's chairman. He also became president and chairman of the Football Association, and was known as the "Napoleon of Football". Clegg played for England in the first-ever international match, against Scotland in November 1872, thereby completing a unique double for the club, who could lay claim to having a player in the first international games of cricket and football.In 1880 the club entered the FA Cup for the first time, and they soon became one of the most respected sides in the country. But although they had had Lang on their books a decade earlier, the club officially remained staunchly amateur, and this stance almost cost the club its very existence. By the middle of the decade, Wednesday's best players were leaving in their droves to join clubs who would pay them, and in January 1887 they lost 0–16 against Halliwell with just 10 players in their team. An emergency meeting was held, and the board members finally agreed to pay its players.The move to professionalism took the club from Bramall Lane, which had taken a share of the ticket revenue, to the new Olive Grove. In 1889 the club became founder members of the Football Alliance, of which they were the first champions in a season where they also reached the 1890 FA Cup Final, losing 6–1 to Blackburn Rovers at Kennington Oval, London. Despite finishing the following season bottom of the Alliance, they were eventually elected to the expanded Football League in 1892. They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1896, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 at Crystal Palace.Owing to an expansion of the local railway lines, the club was told that they would have to find a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. After a difficult search the club finally bought some land in the village of Owlerton, which at the time was several miles outside the Sheffield city boundaries. Construction of a new stadium (now known as Hillsborough Stadium) was completed within months and the club was secured for the next century. In a strong decade, Wednesday won the League in the 1902–03 and 1903–04 seasons and the FA Cup again in 1907, beating Everton 2–1, again at Crystal Palace. When competitive football was suspended in 1915 because of the outbreak of World War I, the club participated in several regionalised war leagues, until 1919, when normal service was resumed.They were relegated from the top flight for the first time in 1920, and did not return until 1926, and in the 1927–28 season they looked like going down again before securing a haul of 17 points from their last 10 matches to secure safety. Wednesday went on to win the League title the following season (1928–29), which started a run that saw the team finishing lower than third only once until 1936. The period was topped off with the team winning the FA Cup for the third time in the club's history in 1935. When World War II began, the club entered non-competitive war leagues, returning to the status quo in 1946.The 1950s saw Wednesday unable to consistently hold on to a position in the top flight and this period became known as the yo-yo years. After being promoted in 1950 they were relegated three times, although each time they returned to the top flight by winning the Second Division the following season. The decade ended on a high note with the team finishing in the top half of the First Division for the first time since the Second World War.In 1961, the club ran toe-to-toe with Tottenham Hotspur at the top of the table for the majority of the season – Wednesday became the first team to beat Spurs all season – before finally finishing in second place, which still (as of 2019) remains the club's highest post-war league finish. In 1966 the club reached its fifth FA Cup final, but they were beaten 2–3 by Everton, having led 2–0.Off the field the club was embroiled in the British betting scandal of 1964 in which three of its players, Peter Swan, David Layne and Tony Kay, were accused of match fixing and betting against their own team in an away game at Ipswich Town. The three were subsequently convicted and, on release from prison, banned from football for life. The three were reprieved in the early 1970s, with Swan and Layne returning to Hillsborough, and, though their careers were virtually over, Swan at least played some league games for The Owls.Wednesday were relegated at the end of the 1969–70 season; this began the darkest period in the club's history, eventually culminating in the club dropping to the Third Division for the first time in its history, and in 1976 it almost fell into the Fourth Division. It was not until the appointment of Jack Charlton as manager in 1977 that the club started to climb back up the league pyramid. Charlton led the Owls back to the Second Division in 1980 before handing the reins to Howard Wilkinson, who took the club back into the top flight in 1984, after an absence of 14 years.On 15 April 1989 the club's stadium was the scene of one of the worst sporting tragedies ever, at the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, at which 96 Liverpool fans were fatally crushed in the Leppings Lane end of the stadium. The tragedy resulted in many changes at Hillsborough and all other leading stadiums in England; it was required that all capacity should be of seats rather than of terracing for fans to stand, and that perimeter fencing should be removed.In Atkinson's first full season as manager, 1989–90, Sheffield Wednesday finished 18th in the First Division and were relegated on goal difference, despite the acquisition of the talented John Sheridan and the fact they had pulled towards mid-table at one stage of the season. They regained promotion at the first attempt but the real highlight of the season was a League Cup final victory over Atkinson's old club Manchester United. Midfielder Sheridan scored the only goal of the game, which delivered the club's first major trophy since their FA Cup success of 1935. Atkinson moved to Aston Villa shortly after promotion was achieved, and handed over the reins to 37-year-old striker Trevor Francis.Wednesday finished third in the First Division at the end of the 1991–92 season, booking their place in the following season's UEFA Cup and becoming a founder member of the new FA Premier League.1992–93 was one of the most eventful seasons in the history of Sheffield Wednesday football club. They finished seventh in the Premier League and reached the finals of both the FA Cup and the League Cup, but were on the losing side to Arsenal in both games, the FA Cup final going to a replay and only settled in the last minute of extra time. This prevented the Owls from making another appearance in European competition. Still, the 1992–93 season established Sheffield Wednesday as a top club. Midfielder Chris Waddle was voted Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year, and the strike partnership of David Hirst and Mark Bright was one of the most feared in the country. Francis was unable to achieve any more success at the club, and two seasons later he was sacked. His successor was former Luton, Leicester and Tottenham manager David Pleat.David Pleat's first season as Sheffield Wednesday manager was frustrating, as they finished 15th in the Premiership despite an expensively-assembled line-up which included the likes of Marc Degryse, Dejan Stefanovic and Darko Kovacevic – who all had disappointing and short-lived tenures at the club. An excellent start to the 1996–97 season saw the Owls top the Premiership after winning their first four games, and David Pleat was credited Manager of the Month for August 1996. But the club failed to mount a serious title challenge and they faded away to finish seventh in the final table. Pleat was sacked the following November with the club struggling at the wrong end of the Premiership, and Ron Atkinson briefly returned to steer the Owls clear of relegation.At the end of the 1997–98 season, Ron Atkinson's short-term contract was not renewed and Sheffield Wednesday turned to the Barnsley boss Danny Wilson as their new manager after being given the backword by both Gerard Houllier and Walter Smith who joined Liverpool and Everton respectively. Wilson's first season at the helm brought a slight improvement as they finished 12th in the Premiership. An expensively assembled squad including Paolo Di Canio, Benito Carbone and Wim Jonk failed to live up to the massive wage bill the club was paying and things eventually came to a head when Italian firebrand Di Canio was sent off in a match against Arsenal and proceeded to push the referee on his way off. Danny Wilson was sacked the following March with relegation looking a certainty for the Hillsborough club, following a disastrous 1999–2000 season where they had been hammered 8–0 by Newcastle United as early as September. His assistant Peter Shreeves took temporary charge but was unable to stave off relegation, with a 3–3 draw at Arsenal in May 2000 being enough to see the Owls tumble into the First DivisionHaving spent large sums building squads that were ultimately ineffective, the club's finances took a turn for the worse, and in 2003 they were relegated for a second time in four years, to the Second Division.The club spent two years in the third tier before returning the Championship, Paul Sturrock's side winning promotion via the play-offs in 2005. Ultimately however, the club's perilous financial position ensured another drop to League 1 was not too far away – five years after the play-off win of 2005, the Owls were again relegated to League 1.Between July and November 2010, Sheffield Wednesday faced a series of winding up orders for unpaid tax and VAT bills, with the club's existence under severe threat. It was not until 29 November 2010, when businessman Milan Mandarić agreed to buy out the old owners, that the club could move forward.Mandarić appointed former Wednesday player Gary Megson as manager partway through the 2010–11 season, and while Megson only stayed in the job for a year, what was mostly his side won promotion back to the Championship in May 2012, under the stewardship of new manager Dave Jones.In 2014 the club was again taken over by a new owner, Thai businessman Dejphon Chansiri, purchasing the club from Milan Mandarić for £37.5m. Chansiri stated his intention to win promotion back to the club for the 2017–18 season – the football club's 150th anniversary – and came close to achieving that goal a year head of schedule, with new coach Carlos Carvalhal leading the club into the end of season play-offs at the end of the 2015–16 season. Wednesday were beaten in the final by Hull City at Wembley. They made the play-offs again the following season, but lost on penalties to the eventually promoted Huddersfield Town in the semi final.The club were favourites to be promoted in the 2017–18 season, but injuries and poor results saw them drop to the lower half of the table. Carvalhal left by mutual consent in December 2017, and was replaced by Dutch manager Jos Luhukay a month later. The team finished in an uneventful 15th place at the end of the season. Luhukay was sacked in December 2018 after a run of only 1 win in 10, which left the team 18th in the table. He was replaced by former Aston Villa boss Steve Bruce who saw an upturn in form to finish 12th. However, Bruce controversially resigned in July 2019 to manage Newcastle United.On 6 September 2019, the club appointed former Birmingham City manager Garry Monk as the new manager, who achieved a 16th-place finish in a season that was interrupted from March to June by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 31 July 2020, Sheffield Wednesday were found guilty of breaking EFL spending rules and began the 2020–21 season on –12 points, though the deficit was later reduced to –6 upon appeal. On 9 November 2020, Monk was sacked after a poor start to the season and was replaced by Tony Pulis. However, Pulis was also dismissed after only 45 days in charge on 28 December 2020. After a few months with Neil Thompson as caretaker manager, Darren Moore was appointed as the club's third permanent manager of the season in March 2021. Despite taking the fight to the final day, Moore could not prevent relegation come the end of the season, bringing Wednesday's 9 year spell in the Championship to an end.In their early years, the club was nicknamed The Blades, a term used for any sporting team from the city of Sheffield, famous the world over for its cutlery and knives. That nickname has been retained by Wednesday's crosstown rivals, Sheffield United.Although it is widely assumed that the club's nickname changed to The Owls in 1899 after the club's move to Owlerton, it was not until 1912, when Wednesday player George Robertson presented the club with an owl mascot, that the name took hold. A monkey mascot introduced some years earlier had not brought much luck.Since its founding the club has played their home games in blue and white shirts, traditionally in vertical stripes. However, this has not always been the case and there have been variations upon the theme. A monochrome photograph from 1874 to 1875 shows the Wednesday team in plain dark shirts, while the 1871 "Rules of the Sheffield Football Association" listed the Wednesday club colours as blue and white hoops. A quartered blue and white design was used in 1887 and a blue shirt with white sleeves between 1965 and 1973. Wednesday's socks have been predominantly black, blue or white throughout their history.The club's away strip has changed regularly over the years. Traditionally, white was the second choice for many teams, including Wednesday, although the club has used a multitude of colours for its change strip over the years, including yellow, black, silver, green and orange.Since 1912, the owl has become a theme that has run throughout the club. The original club crest was introduced in 1956 and consisted of a shield showing a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch. The White Rose of York was depicted below the branch alluding to the home county of Yorkshire and the sheaves of Sheffield "(Sheaf field)" were shown at either side of the owl's head. The club's Latin motto, "Consilio et Animis", was displayed beneath the shield. This translates into English as ""By Wisdom and Courage"".The crest was changed in 1970 to a minimalist version designed by a local art student, and this logo was used by the club, with variations, until 1995, when it was replaced by a similar design to the original crest. It again featured a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch although the design of both had changed. The sheaves were replaced by a stylised "SWFC" logo that had been in use on club merchandise for several years prior to the introduction of the new crest. The Yorkshire Rose was moved to above the owl's head to make way for the words "Sheffield Wednesday". The word "Hillsborough" was also curved around the top of the design. The club motto was absent on the new design. The crest was encased in a new shape of shield. This crest remained in use for only a few years, during which several versions were used with different colours, including a white crest with blue stripes down either side and the colouring of the detail inverted.In 1999, the minimalist version was brought back, albeit inside a crest, and with the addition of a copyright symbol in 2002. In 2016, new owner Dejphon Chansiri again changed the club crest, opting for a similar design to the 1956 badge.Over the years Sheffield Wednesday have had several Owl themed matchday mascots. Originally it was Ozzie the Owl and later two further Owls, Baz & Ollie were added. All three were replaced in 2006 by Barney Owl, a similar looking owl but with more defined eyes to make it look cuter. Ozzie Owl was reintroduced as Wednesday's main mascot during the home game with Charlton Athletic on 17 January 2009. The current mascots are Ozzie and Barney Owl. In 2012, Ollie Owl also made his return to the scene, as the club announced him Mascot for the Owls work with children in the local community.Originally, Wednesday played matches at Highfield, but moved several times before adopting a permanent ground. Other locations included Myrtle Road, Heeley and Hunter's Bar. Major matches were played at Sheaf House or Bramall Lane, before Sheffield United made it their home ground. Sheffield Wednesday's first permanent home ground was at Olive Grove, a site near Queen's Road originally leased from the Duke of Norfolk. The first game at Olive Grove was a 4–4 draw with Blackburn Rovers on 12 September 1887. Extensions to the adjacent railway forced the club to move to their current ground in 1899.Since 1899 Wednesday have played their home games at Hillsborough Stadium in the Owlerton district of Sheffield. The stadium was originally named Owlerton Stadium but in 1914 Owlerton became part of the parliamentary constituency of Hillsborough and the ground took on its current name. With 39,732 seats, Hillsborough has the third highest capacity of stadiums in Championship, and the 12th highest in England. The club intended to increase Hillsborough's capacity to 44,825 by 2012 and 50,000 by 2016 and make several other improvements in the process, but due to England's failed World Cup bid, this is now not the case.The stadium has hosted FIFA World Cup football (1966), The 1996 European Championships (Euro 96) and 27 FA Cup Semi-finals. The Kop at Hillsborough was re-opened in 1986 by Queen Elizabeth II and was once the largest covered stand of any football stadium in Europe.On 15 April 1989 at an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death after the terraces at the Leppings Lane end of the ground became overcrowded, in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster. The following report concluded that the root cause of the disaster was the failure of local police to adequately manage the crowds. A memorial to the victims of the disaster stands outside Hillsborough's South Stand, near the main entrance on Parkside Road. After many years of dispute about the facts, in June 2017 six men responsible for safety were charged with criminal offences including manslaughter and misconduct in public office.The club's move to Owlerton in 1899 was a risky one, as it moved the club several miles away from the city centre, but its loyal followers continued to make the journey to the new ground, and the club has been one of the best supported in England ever since. However, official attendances were not taken at Football League games until the 1920s.The club's highest average attendance over the course of a season was 42,530 in 1952–53, when gates across the country were at their highest. The lowest average attendance in the Owls' history came in 1978–79, when an average of just 10,643 fans turned out to watch their side.In 1992, Wednesday were the fourth best supported team in the country, but although that ranking has come down since relegation from the Premier League in 2000, the club still has still enjoyed crowds of well over 20,000 since then, and was the best supported club outside the top flight in 2006.At the 2005 playoff final, Wednesday took over 39,000 fans to the Millennium Stadium. In 2016, Sheffield Wednesday took over 38,000 fans to Wembley for a play-off final defeat by Hull City, selling substantially more seats than their counterparts many of whom boycotted the game.The Owls have managed to average 30000 at home in the last 60 years. The FA Cup Final seasons in 1965/6 30000 and 1966/7 31000 plus 32000 when coming League Championship Runners Up in 1960/61.Sheffield Wednesday have had a large variety of fanzines over the years; examples include "Just Another Wednesday", "Out of the Blue", "Spitting Feathers", "Boddle", "A View From The East Bank", "Cheat!" and "War of the Monster Trucks", which acquired its name from the programme that Yorkshire Television elected to show instead of the celebrations after the 1991 League Cup victory over Manchester United.There are several online message boards dedicated to discussions on the club, including "Owlstalk", "OwlsOnline" and "OwlsMad".Sheffield Wednesday's main rivals are city neighbours Sheffield United. Matches between these two clubs are nicknamed Steel City derbies, so called because of the steel industry for which the city of Sheffield is famous.United were formed in 1889 by the committee at Bramall Lane, who had lost their biggest source of income – Wednesday – two years earlier over a dispute concerning pitch rent. As well as playing at Wednesday's former ground, United also took Wednesday's former nickname, the Blades, as their own. The first derby game took place on 15 December 1890, with Wednesday winning 2–1 at Olive Grove.The 1993 FA Cup semi-final match which took place at Wembley on 3 April 1993. Initially, it was announced that the match was scheduled to take place at Elland Road but this was met with dismay by both sets of fans. After a re-think, the Football Association decided to switch venue to Wembley. A crowd of 75,365 supporters made the trip to London to watch Wednesday beat United 2–1 after extra time.A survey conducted in 2019 revealed that, as well as Sheffield United, Wednesday fans consider fellow-Yorkshire sides Leeds United, Barnsley, Rotherham United and Doncaster Rovers as rivals.Wednesday's biggest recorded win was a 12–0 victory over Halliwell in the first round of the FA Cup on 18 January 1891. The biggest league win was against Birmingham City in Division 1 on 13 December 1930; Wednesday won 9–1. Both of these wins occurred at home.The heaviest defeat was away from home against Aston Villa in a Division 1 match on 5 October 1912 which Wednesday lost 10–0.The most goals scored by the club in a season was the 106 scored in the 1958–59 season. The club accumulated their highest league points total in the 2011–12 season when they racked up 93 points.The highest home attendance was in the FA Cup fifth round on 17 February 1934. A total of 72,841 turned up to see a 2–2 draw with Manchester City. Unfortunately for Wednesday, they went on to lose the replay 2–0. Manchester City won the FA Cup that season.The most capped Englishman to play for the club was goalkeeper Ron Springett who won 33 caps while at Sheffield Wednesday. Springett also held the overall record for most capped Sheffield Wednesday player until Nigel Worthington broke the record, eventually gaining a total of 50 caps for Northern Ireland whilst at the club.The fastest sending off in British league football is held by Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper Kevin Pressman – who was sent off after just 13 seconds for handling a shot from Wolverhampton Wanderers's Temuri Ketsbaia outside the area during the opening weekend of 2000.The fastest shot ever recorded in the Premier League was hit by David Hirst against Arsenal at Highbury in September 1996 – Hirst hit the bar with a shot clocked at 114 mph.A list of former players can be found at "List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players".Only managers with over 200 games in charge are included. For the complete list see List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers.Dickinson, who was in charge for 29 years, is Wednesday's longest-serving manager, and helped establish the club during the first two decades of the 20th century.Brown succeeded Dickinson and remained in charge for 13 years; in 1930 he secured their most recent top division league title to date.Taylor took over during the Second World War and remained in charge until 1958, but failed to win a major trophy, even though Wednesday were in the top flight for most of his reign.Charlton took Wednesday out of the Third Division in 1980 and in his final season (1982–83) he took them to the semi-finals of the FA Cup.Wilkinson succeeded Charlton in the summer of 1983 and was in charge for more than five years before he moved to Leeds United. His first season saw Wednesday gain promotion to the First Division after a 14-year exile. He guided them to a fifth-place finish in 1986, but Wednesday were unable to compete in the 1986–87 UEFA Cup due to the ban on English teams in European competitions due to the Heysel Disaster of 1985.Francis took over as player-manager in June 1991 after Ron Atkinson (who had just guided them to Football League Cup glory and promotion to the First Division) departed to Aston Villa. He guided them to third place in the league in 1992, and earned them a UEFA Cup place. They finished seventh in the inaugural Premier League and were runners-up of the FA Cup and League Cup that year. He was sacked in 1995 after Wednesday finished 13th – their lowest standing in four years since winning promotion.	[ "Garry Monk", "Tony Pulis", "Jos Luhukay" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sheffield Wednesday F.C. in Oct, 2019?	October 30, 2019	{ "text": [ "Garry Monk" ] }	L2_Q19498_P286_2	Garry Monk is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Sep, 2019 to Nov, 2020. Tony Pulis is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Steve Bruce is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Feb, 2019 to Jul, 2019. Jos Luhukay is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2018.	Sheffield Wednesday F.C.Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The team will compete in League One, the third tier of the English football league system, in the 2021–22 season after finishing 24th in the 2020–21 Championship. Formed in 1867 as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club (itself formed in 1820), they went by the name of the Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929.Wednesday is one of the oldest football clubs in the world of any code, and the third-oldest professional association football club in England. In 1868 its team won the Cromwell Cup, only the second tournament of its kind. They were founding members and inaugural champions of the Football Alliance in 1889, before joining The Football League three years later. In 1992, they became founder members of the Premier League. The team has spent most of its league history in English football's top flight, but they have not played at that level since being relegated in 2000.The Owls, as they are nicknamed, have won four league titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup and one FA Community Shield. Wednesday have also competed in UEFA cup competitions on four occasions, reaching the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1963. In 1991, they defeated Manchester United 1–0 in the Football League Cup Final as a tier 2 team. As of 2019 they remain the last team to win one of English football's major trophies while outside the top flightIn the 19th century, they played their matches at several stadiums around central Sheffield, including Olive Grove and Bramall Lane. Since 1899, the club has played all its home matches at Hillsborough stadium, a near-40,000 capacity stadium in the north-west Sheffield suburb of Owlerton. Wednesday's biggest rivals are Sheffield United, with whom they contest the Steel City derby.Although no contemporary evidence has been found to support the claim, it is commonly believed that "The Wednesday Cricket Club" was formed in 1820. Nevertheless, an 1842 article in "Bell's Life" magazine states the club was founded as far back as 1816.The club was so named because it was on Wednesdays that the founding members had their day off work. They were initially based at the New Ground in Darnall, and often went by the name of "Darnall Wednesday", but also played at Hyde Park. In 1855 they were one of six clubs that helped build Bramall Lane, and held a wicket there for many years.Famous players to have represented the cricket club include Harry Sampson, who scored 162 on ice in 1841, Tom Marsden, who scored 227 for Sheffield & Leicester vs Nottingham in 1826, and George Ulyett, who represented the club in the first ever international test match before becoming one of only a select band of players who played for both sections of The Wednesday Club.On the evening of Wednesday 4 September 1867, a meeting was held at the Adelphi Hotel to establish whether there was interest among the club's members to form a football club to keep the team together and fit during the winter months. The proposal proved very popular, with over 60 members signing up for the new team on the first night. They played their first match against The Mechanics on 19 October the same year, winning by three goals and four 'rouges' to nil.It soon became apparent that football would come to eclipse the cricketing side of the club in terms of popularity—the two sections went their separate ways in 1882 after a dispute over finances, and the cricket club ceased to exist in 1925. On 1 February 1868, Wednesday played their first competitive football match as they entered the Cromwell Cup, a one-off four-team competition for newly formed clubs. A week after their semi-final, they went on to win the cup, beating the Garrick club in the final after extra time, the only goal being scored in diminishing light at Bramall Lane. This was one of the first recorded instances of a match being settled by a "golden goal" although the term was not in use at the time.A key figure during the formative years of the football club was Charles Clegg, who joined the Wednesday in 1867. His relationship with the club lasted for the rest of his life and eventually led to his becoming the club's chairman. He also became president and chairman of the Football Association, and was known as the "Napoleon of Football". Clegg played for England in the first-ever international match, against Scotland in November 1872, thereby completing a unique double for the club, who could lay claim to having a player in the first international games of cricket and football.In 1880 the club entered the FA Cup for the first time, and they soon became one of the most respected sides in the country. But although they had had Lang on their books a decade earlier, the club officially remained staunchly amateur, and this stance almost cost the club its very existence. By the middle of the decade, Wednesday's best players were leaving in their droves to join clubs who would pay them, and in January 1887 they lost 0–16 against Halliwell with just 10 players in their team. An emergency meeting was held, and the board members finally agreed to pay its players.The move to professionalism took the club from Bramall Lane, which had taken a share of the ticket revenue, to the new Olive Grove. In 1889 the club became founder members of the Football Alliance, of which they were the first champions in a season where they also reached the 1890 FA Cup Final, losing 6–1 to Blackburn Rovers at Kennington Oval, London. Despite finishing the following season bottom of the Alliance, they were eventually elected to the expanded Football League in 1892. They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1896, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 at Crystal Palace.Owing to an expansion of the local railway lines, the club was told that they would have to find a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. After a difficult search the club finally bought some land in the village of Owlerton, which at the time was several miles outside the Sheffield city boundaries. Construction of a new stadium (now known as Hillsborough Stadium) was completed within months and the club was secured for the next century. In a strong decade, Wednesday won the League in the 1902–03 and 1903–04 seasons and the FA Cup again in 1907, beating Everton 2–1, again at Crystal Palace. When competitive football was suspended in 1915 because of the outbreak of World War I, the club participated in several regionalised war leagues, until 1919, when normal service was resumed.They were relegated from the top flight for the first time in 1920, and did not return until 1926, and in the 1927–28 season they looked like going down again before securing a haul of 17 points from their last 10 matches to secure safety. Wednesday went on to win the League title the following season (1928–29), which started a run that saw the team finishing lower than third only once until 1936. The period was topped off with the team winning the FA Cup for the third time in the club's history in 1935. When World War II began, the club entered non-competitive war leagues, returning to the status quo in 1946.The 1950s saw Wednesday unable to consistently hold on to a position in the top flight and this period became known as the yo-yo years. After being promoted in 1950 they were relegated three times, although each time they returned to the top flight by winning the Second Division the following season. The decade ended on a high note with the team finishing in the top half of the First Division for the first time since the Second World War.In 1961, the club ran toe-to-toe with Tottenham Hotspur at the top of the table for the majority of the season – Wednesday became the first team to beat Spurs all season – before finally finishing in second place, which still (as of 2019) remains the club's highest post-war league finish. In 1966 the club reached its fifth FA Cup final, but they were beaten 2–3 by Everton, having led 2–0.Off the field the club was embroiled in the British betting scandal of 1964 in which three of its players, Peter Swan, David Layne and Tony Kay, were accused of match fixing and betting against their own team in an away game at Ipswich Town. The three were subsequently convicted and, on release from prison, banned from football for life. The three were reprieved in the early 1970s, with Swan and Layne returning to Hillsborough, and, though their careers were virtually over, Swan at least played some league games for The Owls.Wednesday were relegated at the end of the 1969–70 season; this began the darkest period in the club's history, eventually culminating in the club dropping to the Third Division for the first time in its history, and in 1976 it almost fell into the Fourth Division. It was not until the appointment of Jack Charlton as manager in 1977 that the club started to climb back up the league pyramid. Charlton led the Owls back to the Second Division in 1980 before handing the reins to Howard Wilkinson, who took the club back into the top flight in 1984, after an absence of 14 years.On 15 April 1989 the club's stadium was the scene of one of the worst sporting tragedies ever, at the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, at which 96 Liverpool fans were fatally crushed in the Leppings Lane end of the stadium. The tragedy resulted in many changes at Hillsborough and all other leading stadiums in England; it was required that all capacity should be of seats rather than of terracing for fans to stand, and that perimeter fencing should be removed.In Atkinson's first full season as manager, 1989–90, Sheffield Wednesday finished 18th in the First Division and were relegated on goal difference, despite the acquisition of the talented John Sheridan and the fact they had pulled towards mid-table at one stage of the season. They regained promotion at the first attempt but the real highlight of the season was a League Cup final victory over Atkinson's old club Manchester United. Midfielder Sheridan scored the only goal of the game, which delivered the club's first major trophy since their FA Cup success of 1935. Atkinson moved to Aston Villa shortly after promotion was achieved, and handed over the reins to 37-year-old striker Trevor Francis.Wednesday finished third in the First Division at the end of the 1991–92 season, booking their place in the following season's UEFA Cup and becoming a founder member of the new FA Premier League.1992–93 was one of the most eventful seasons in the history of Sheffield Wednesday football club. They finished seventh in the Premier League and reached the finals of both the FA Cup and the League Cup, but were on the losing side to Arsenal in both games, the FA Cup final going to a replay and only settled in the last minute of extra time. This prevented the Owls from making another appearance in European competition. Still, the 1992–93 season established Sheffield Wednesday as a top club. Midfielder Chris Waddle was voted Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year, and the strike partnership of David Hirst and Mark Bright was one of the most feared in the country. Francis was unable to achieve any more success at the club, and two seasons later he was sacked. His successor was former Luton, Leicester and Tottenham manager David Pleat.David Pleat's first season as Sheffield Wednesday manager was frustrating, as they finished 15th in the Premiership despite an expensively-assembled line-up which included the likes of Marc Degryse, Dejan Stefanovic and Darko Kovacevic – who all had disappointing and short-lived tenures at the club. An excellent start to the 1996–97 season saw the Owls top the Premiership after winning their first four games, and David Pleat was credited Manager of the Month for August 1996. But the club failed to mount a serious title challenge and they faded away to finish seventh in the final table. Pleat was sacked the following November with the club struggling at the wrong end of the Premiership, and Ron Atkinson briefly returned to steer the Owls clear of relegation.At the end of the 1997–98 season, Ron Atkinson's short-term contract was not renewed and Sheffield Wednesday turned to the Barnsley boss Danny Wilson as their new manager after being given the backword by both Gerard Houllier and Walter Smith who joined Liverpool and Everton respectively. Wilson's first season at the helm brought a slight improvement as they finished 12th in the Premiership. An expensively assembled squad including Paolo Di Canio, Benito Carbone and Wim Jonk failed to live up to the massive wage bill the club was paying and things eventually came to a head when Italian firebrand Di Canio was sent off in a match against Arsenal and proceeded to push the referee on his way off. Danny Wilson was sacked the following March with relegation looking a certainty for the Hillsborough club, following a disastrous 1999–2000 season where they had been hammered 8–0 by Newcastle United as early as September. His assistant Peter Shreeves took temporary charge but was unable to stave off relegation, with a 3–3 draw at Arsenal in May 2000 being enough to see the Owls tumble into the First DivisionHaving spent large sums building squads that were ultimately ineffective, the club's finances took a turn for the worse, and in 2003 they were relegated for a second time in four years, to the Second Division.The club spent two years in the third tier before returning the Championship, Paul Sturrock's side winning promotion via the play-offs in 2005. Ultimately however, the club's perilous financial position ensured another drop to League 1 was not too far away – five years after the play-off win of 2005, the Owls were again relegated to League 1.Between July and November 2010, Sheffield Wednesday faced a series of winding up orders for unpaid tax and VAT bills, with the club's existence under severe threat. It was not until 29 November 2010, when businessman Milan Mandarić agreed to buy out the old owners, that the club could move forward.Mandarić appointed former Wednesday player Gary Megson as manager partway through the 2010–11 season, and while Megson only stayed in the job for a year, what was mostly his side won promotion back to the Championship in May 2012, under the stewardship of new manager Dave Jones.In 2014 the club was again taken over by a new owner, Thai businessman Dejphon Chansiri, purchasing the club from Milan Mandarić for £37.5m. Chansiri stated his intention to win promotion back to the club for the 2017–18 season – the football club's 150th anniversary – and came close to achieving that goal a year head of schedule, with new coach Carlos Carvalhal leading the club into the end of season play-offs at the end of the 2015–16 season. Wednesday were beaten in the final by Hull City at Wembley. They made the play-offs again the following season, but lost on penalties to the eventually promoted Huddersfield Town in the semi final.The club were favourites to be promoted in the 2017–18 season, but injuries and poor results saw them drop to the lower half of the table. Carvalhal left by mutual consent in December 2017, and was replaced by Dutch manager Jos Luhukay a month later. The team finished in an uneventful 15th place at the end of the season. Luhukay was sacked in December 2018 after a run of only 1 win in 10, which left the team 18th in the table. He was replaced by former Aston Villa boss Steve Bruce who saw an upturn in form to finish 12th. However, Bruce controversially resigned in July 2019 to manage Newcastle United.On 6 September 2019, the club appointed former Birmingham City manager Garry Monk as the new manager, who achieved a 16th-place finish in a season that was interrupted from March to June by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 31 July 2020, Sheffield Wednesday were found guilty of breaking EFL spending rules and began the 2020–21 season on –12 points, though the deficit was later reduced to –6 upon appeal. On 9 November 2020, Monk was sacked after a poor start to the season and was replaced by Tony Pulis. However, Pulis was also dismissed after only 45 days in charge on 28 December 2020. After a few months with Neil Thompson as caretaker manager, Darren Moore was appointed as the club's third permanent manager of the season in March 2021. Despite taking the fight to the final day, Moore could not prevent relegation come the end of the season, bringing Wednesday's 9 year spell in the Championship to an end.In their early years, the club was nicknamed The Blades, a term used for any sporting team from the city of Sheffield, famous the world over for its cutlery and knives. That nickname has been retained by Wednesday's crosstown rivals, Sheffield United.Although it is widely assumed that the club's nickname changed to The Owls in 1899 after the club's move to Owlerton, it was not until 1912, when Wednesday player George Robertson presented the club with an owl mascot, that the name took hold. A monkey mascot introduced some years earlier had not brought much luck.Since its founding the club has played their home games in blue and white shirts, traditionally in vertical stripes. However, this has not always been the case and there have been variations upon the theme. A monochrome photograph from 1874 to 1875 shows the Wednesday team in plain dark shirts, while the 1871 "Rules of the Sheffield Football Association" listed the Wednesday club colours as blue and white hoops. A quartered blue and white design was used in 1887 and a blue shirt with white sleeves between 1965 and 1973. Wednesday's socks have been predominantly black, blue or white throughout their history.The club's away strip has changed regularly over the years. Traditionally, white was the second choice for many teams, including Wednesday, although the club has used a multitude of colours for its change strip over the years, including yellow, black, silver, green and orange.Since 1912, the owl has become a theme that has run throughout the club. The original club crest was introduced in 1956 and consisted of a shield showing a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch. The White Rose of York was depicted below the branch alluding to the home county of Yorkshire and the sheaves of Sheffield "(Sheaf field)" were shown at either side of the owl's head. The club's Latin motto, "Consilio et Animis", was displayed beneath the shield. This translates into English as ""By Wisdom and Courage"".The crest was changed in 1970 to a minimalist version designed by a local art student, and this logo was used by the club, with variations, until 1995, when it was replaced by a similar design to the original crest. It again featured a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch although the design of both had changed. The sheaves were replaced by a stylised "SWFC" logo that had been in use on club merchandise for several years prior to the introduction of the new crest. The Yorkshire Rose was moved to above the owl's head to make way for the words "Sheffield Wednesday". The word "Hillsborough" was also curved around the top of the design. The club motto was absent on the new design. The crest was encased in a new shape of shield. This crest remained in use for only a few years, during which several versions were used with different colours, including a white crest with blue stripes down either side and the colouring of the detail inverted.In 1999, the minimalist version was brought back, albeit inside a crest, and with the addition of a copyright symbol in 2002. In 2016, new owner Dejphon Chansiri again changed the club crest, opting for a similar design to the 1956 badge.Over the years Sheffield Wednesday have had several Owl themed matchday mascots. Originally it was Ozzie the Owl and later two further Owls, Baz & Ollie were added. All three were replaced in 2006 by Barney Owl, a similar looking owl but with more defined eyes to make it look cuter. Ozzie Owl was reintroduced as Wednesday's main mascot during the home game with Charlton Athletic on 17 January 2009. The current mascots are Ozzie and Barney Owl. In 2012, Ollie Owl also made his return to the scene, as the club announced him Mascot for the Owls work with children in the local community.Originally, Wednesday played matches at Highfield, but moved several times before adopting a permanent ground. Other locations included Myrtle Road, Heeley and Hunter's Bar. Major matches were played at Sheaf House or Bramall Lane, before Sheffield United made it their home ground. Sheffield Wednesday's first permanent home ground was at Olive Grove, a site near Queen's Road originally leased from the Duke of Norfolk. The first game at Olive Grove was a 4–4 draw with Blackburn Rovers on 12 September 1887. Extensions to the adjacent railway forced the club to move to their current ground in 1899.Since 1899 Wednesday have played their home games at Hillsborough Stadium in the Owlerton district of Sheffield. The stadium was originally named Owlerton Stadium but in 1914 Owlerton became part of the parliamentary constituency of Hillsborough and the ground took on its current name. With 39,732 seats, Hillsborough has the third highest capacity of stadiums in Championship, and the 12th highest in England. The club intended to increase Hillsborough's capacity to 44,825 by 2012 and 50,000 by 2016 and make several other improvements in the process, but due to England's failed World Cup bid, this is now not the case.The stadium has hosted FIFA World Cup football (1966), The 1996 European Championships (Euro 96) and 27 FA Cup Semi-finals. The Kop at Hillsborough was re-opened in 1986 by Queen Elizabeth II and was once the largest covered stand of any football stadium in Europe.On 15 April 1989 at an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death after the terraces at the Leppings Lane end of the ground became overcrowded, in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster. The following report concluded that the root cause of the disaster was the failure of local police to adequately manage the crowds. A memorial to the victims of the disaster stands outside Hillsborough's South Stand, near the main entrance on Parkside Road. After many years of dispute about the facts, in June 2017 six men responsible for safety were charged with criminal offences including manslaughter and misconduct in public office.The club's move to Owlerton in 1899 was a risky one, as it moved the club several miles away from the city centre, but its loyal followers continued to make the journey to the new ground, and the club has been one of the best supported in England ever since. However, official attendances were not taken at Football League games until the 1920s.The club's highest average attendance over the course of a season was 42,530 in 1952–53, when gates across the country were at their highest. The lowest average attendance in the Owls' history came in 1978–79, when an average of just 10,643 fans turned out to watch their side.In 1992, Wednesday were the fourth best supported team in the country, but although that ranking has come down since relegation from the Premier League in 2000, the club still has still enjoyed crowds of well over 20,000 since then, and was the best supported club outside the top flight in 2006.At the 2005 playoff final, Wednesday took over 39,000 fans to the Millennium Stadium. In 2016, Sheffield Wednesday took over 38,000 fans to Wembley for a play-off final defeat by Hull City, selling substantially more seats than their counterparts many of whom boycotted the game.The Owls have managed to average 30000 at home in the last 60 years. The FA Cup Final seasons in 1965/6 30000 and 1966/7 31000 plus 32000 when coming League Championship Runners Up in 1960/61.Sheffield Wednesday have had a large variety of fanzines over the years; examples include "Just Another Wednesday", "Out of the Blue", "Spitting Feathers", "Boddle", "A View From The East Bank", "Cheat!" and "War of the Monster Trucks", which acquired its name from the programme that Yorkshire Television elected to show instead of the celebrations after the 1991 League Cup victory over Manchester United.There are several online message boards dedicated to discussions on the club, including "Owlstalk", "OwlsOnline" and "OwlsMad".Sheffield Wednesday's main rivals are city neighbours Sheffield United. Matches between these two clubs are nicknamed Steel City derbies, so called because of the steel industry for which the city of Sheffield is famous.United were formed in 1889 by the committee at Bramall Lane, who had lost their biggest source of income – Wednesday – two years earlier over a dispute concerning pitch rent. As well as playing at Wednesday's former ground, United also took Wednesday's former nickname, the Blades, as their own. The first derby game took place on 15 December 1890, with Wednesday winning 2–1 at Olive Grove.The 1993 FA Cup semi-final match which took place at Wembley on 3 April 1993. Initially, it was announced that the match was scheduled to take place at Elland Road but this was met with dismay by both sets of fans. After a re-think, the Football Association decided to switch venue to Wembley. A crowd of 75,365 supporters made the trip to London to watch Wednesday beat United 2–1 after extra time.A survey conducted in 2019 revealed that, as well as Sheffield United, Wednesday fans consider fellow-Yorkshire sides Leeds United, Barnsley, Rotherham United and Doncaster Rovers as rivals.Wednesday's biggest recorded win was a 12–0 victory over Halliwell in the first round of the FA Cup on 18 January 1891. The biggest league win was against Birmingham City in Division 1 on 13 December 1930; Wednesday won 9–1. Both of these wins occurred at home.The heaviest defeat was away from home against Aston Villa in a Division 1 match on 5 October 1912 which Wednesday lost 10–0.The most goals scored by the club in a season was the 106 scored in the 1958–59 season. The club accumulated their highest league points total in the 2011–12 season when they racked up 93 points.The highest home attendance was in the FA Cup fifth round on 17 February 1934. A total of 72,841 turned up to see a 2–2 draw with Manchester City. Unfortunately for Wednesday, they went on to lose the replay 2–0. Manchester City won the FA Cup that season.The most capped Englishman to play for the club was goalkeeper Ron Springett who won 33 caps while at Sheffield Wednesday. Springett also held the overall record for most capped Sheffield Wednesday player until Nigel Worthington broke the record, eventually gaining a total of 50 caps for Northern Ireland whilst at the club.The fastest sending off in British league football is held by Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper Kevin Pressman – who was sent off after just 13 seconds for handling a shot from Wolverhampton Wanderers's Temuri Ketsbaia outside the area during the opening weekend of 2000.The fastest shot ever recorded in the Premier League was hit by David Hirst against Arsenal at Highbury in September 1996 – Hirst hit the bar with a shot clocked at 114 mph.A list of former players can be found at "List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players".Only managers with over 200 games in charge are included. For the complete list see List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers.Dickinson, who was in charge for 29 years, is Wednesday's longest-serving manager, and helped establish the club during the first two decades of the 20th century.Brown succeeded Dickinson and remained in charge for 13 years; in 1930 he secured their most recent top division league title to date.Taylor took over during the Second World War and remained in charge until 1958, but failed to win a major trophy, even though Wednesday were in the top flight for most of his reign.Charlton took Wednesday out of the Third Division in 1980 and in his final season (1982–83) he took them to the semi-finals of the FA Cup.Wilkinson succeeded Charlton in the summer of 1983 and was in charge for more than five years before he moved to Leeds United. His first season saw Wednesday gain promotion to the First Division after a 14-year exile. He guided them to a fifth-place finish in 1986, but Wednesday were unable to compete in the 1986–87 UEFA Cup due to the ban on English teams in European competitions due to the Heysel Disaster of 1985.Francis took over as player-manager in June 1991 after Ron Atkinson (who had just guided them to Football League Cup glory and promotion to the First Division) departed to Aston Villa. He guided them to third place in the league in 1992, and earned them a UEFA Cup place. They finished seventh in the inaugural Premier League and were runners-up of the FA Cup and League Cup that year. He was sacked in 1995 after Wednesday finished 13th – their lowest standing in four years since winning promotion.	[ "Tony Pulis", "Steve Bruce", "Jos Luhukay" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Sheffield Wednesday F.C. in Aug, 2022?	August 27, 2022	{ "text": [ "Tony Pulis" ] }	L2_Q19498_P286_3	Tony Pulis is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Steve Bruce is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Feb, 2019 to Jul, 2019. Garry Monk is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Sep, 2019 to Nov, 2020. Jos Luhukay is the head coach of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2018.	Sheffield Wednesday F.C.Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The team will compete in League One, the third tier of the English football league system, in the 2021–22 season after finishing 24th in the 2020–21 Championship. Formed in 1867 as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club (itself formed in 1820), they went by the name of the Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929.Wednesday is one of the oldest football clubs in the world of any code, and the third-oldest professional association football club in England. In 1868 its team won the Cromwell Cup, only the second tournament of its kind. They were founding members and inaugural champions of the Football Alliance in 1889, before joining The Football League three years later. In 1992, they became founder members of the Premier League. The team has spent most of its league history in English football's top flight, but they have not played at that level since being relegated in 2000.The Owls, as they are nicknamed, have won four league titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup and one FA Community Shield. Wednesday have also competed in UEFA cup competitions on four occasions, reaching the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1963. In 1991, they defeated Manchester United 1–0 in the Football League Cup Final as a tier 2 team. As of 2019 they remain the last team to win one of English football's major trophies while outside the top flightIn the 19th century, they played their matches at several stadiums around central Sheffield, including Olive Grove and Bramall Lane. Since 1899, the club has played all its home matches at Hillsborough stadium, a near-40,000 capacity stadium in the north-west Sheffield suburb of Owlerton. Wednesday's biggest rivals are Sheffield United, with whom they contest the Steel City derby.Although no contemporary evidence has been found to support the claim, it is commonly believed that "The Wednesday Cricket Club" was formed in 1820. Nevertheless, an 1842 article in "Bell's Life" magazine states the club was founded as far back as 1816.The club was so named because it was on Wednesdays that the founding members had their day off work. They were initially based at the New Ground in Darnall, and often went by the name of "Darnall Wednesday", but also played at Hyde Park. In 1855 they were one of six clubs that helped build Bramall Lane, and held a wicket there for many years.Famous players to have represented the cricket club include Harry Sampson, who scored 162 on ice in 1841, Tom Marsden, who scored 227 for Sheffield & Leicester vs Nottingham in 1826, and George Ulyett, who represented the club in the first ever international test match before becoming one of only a select band of players who played for both sections of The Wednesday Club.On the evening of Wednesday 4 September 1867, a meeting was held at the Adelphi Hotel to establish whether there was interest among the club's members to form a football club to keep the team together and fit during the winter months. The proposal proved very popular, with over 60 members signing up for the new team on the first night. They played their first match against The Mechanics on 19 October the same year, winning by three goals and four 'rouges' to nil.It soon became apparent that football would come to eclipse the cricketing side of the club in terms of popularity—the two sections went their separate ways in 1882 after a dispute over finances, and the cricket club ceased to exist in 1925. On 1 February 1868, Wednesday played their first competitive football match as they entered the Cromwell Cup, a one-off four-team competition for newly formed clubs. A week after their semi-final, they went on to win the cup, beating the Garrick club in the final after extra time, the only goal being scored in diminishing light at Bramall Lane. This was one of the first recorded instances of a match being settled by a "golden goal" although the term was not in use at the time.A key figure during the formative years of the football club was Charles Clegg, who joined the Wednesday in 1867. His relationship with the club lasted for the rest of his life and eventually led to his becoming the club's chairman. He also became president and chairman of the Football Association, and was known as the "Napoleon of Football". Clegg played for England in the first-ever international match, against Scotland in November 1872, thereby completing a unique double for the club, who could lay claim to having a player in the first international games of cricket and football.In 1880 the club entered the FA Cup for the first time, and they soon became one of the most respected sides in the country. But although they had had Lang on their books a decade earlier, the club officially remained staunchly amateur, and this stance almost cost the club its very existence. By the middle of the decade, Wednesday's best players were leaving in their droves to join clubs who would pay them, and in January 1887 they lost 0–16 against Halliwell with just 10 players in their team. An emergency meeting was held, and the board members finally agreed to pay its players.The move to professionalism took the club from Bramall Lane, which had taken a share of the ticket revenue, to the new Olive Grove. In 1889 the club became founder members of the Football Alliance, of which they were the first champions in a season where they also reached the 1890 FA Cup Final, losing 6–1 to Blackburn Rovers at Kennington Oval, London. Despite finishing the following season bottom of the Alliance, they were eventually elected to the expanded Football League in 1892. They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1896, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 at Crystal Palace.Owing to an expansion of the local railway lines, the club was told that they would have to find a new ground for the 1899–1900 season. After a difficult search the club finally bought some land in the village of Owlerton, which at the time was several miles outside the Sheffield city boundaries. Construction of a new stadium (now known as Hillsborough Stadium) was completed within months and the club was secured for the next century. In a strong decade, Wednesday won the League in the 1902–03 and 1903–04 seasons and the FA Cup again in 1907, beating Everton 2–1, again at Crystal Palace. When competitive football was suspended in 1915 because of the outbreak of World War I, the club participated in several regionalised war leagues, until 1919, when normal service was resumed.They were relegated from the top flight for the first time in 1920, and did not return until 1926, and in the 1927–28 season they looked like going down again before securing a haul of 17 points from their last 10 matches to secure safety. Wednesday went on to win the League title the following season (1928–29), which started a run that saw the team finishing lower than third only once until 1936. The period was topped off with the team winning the FA Cup for the third time in the club's history in 1935. When World War II began, the club entered non-competitive war leagues, returning to the status quo in 1946.The 1950s saw Wednesday unable to consistently hold on to a position in the top flight and this period became known as the yo-yo years. After being promoted in 1950 they were relegated three times, although each time they returned to the top flight by winning the Second Division the following season. The decade ended on a high note with the team finishing in the top half of the First Division for the first time since the Second World War.In 1961, the club ran toe-to-toe with Tottenham Hotspur at the top of the table for the majority of the season – Wednesday became the first team to beat Spurs all season – before finally finishing in second place, which still (as of 2019) remains the club's highest post-war league finish. In 1966 the club reached its fifth FA Cup final, but they were beaten 2–3 by Everton, having led 2–0.Off the field the club was embroiled in the British betting scandal of 1964 in which three of its players, Peter Swan, David Layne and Tony Kay, were accused of match fixing and betting against their own team in an away game at Ipswich Town. The three were subsequently convicted and, on release from prison, banned from football for life. The three were reprieved in the early 1970s, with Swan and Layne returning to Hillsborough, and, though their careers were virtually over, Swan at least played some league games for The Owls.Wednesday were relegated at the end of the 1969–70 season; this began the darkest period in the club's history, eventually culminating in the club dropping to the Third Division for the first time in its history, and in 1976 it almost fell into the Fourth Division. It was not until the appointment of Jack Charlton as manager in 1977 that the club started to climb back up the league pyramid. Charlton led the Owls back to the Second Division in 1980 before handing the reins to Howard Wilkinson, who took the club back into the top flight in 1984, after an absence of 14 years.On 15 April 1989 the club's stadium was the scene of one of the worst sporting tragedies ever, at the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, at which 96 Liverpool fans were fatally crushed in the Leppings Lane end of the stadium. The tragedy resulted in many changes at Hillsborough and all other leading stadiums in England; it was required that all capacity should be of seats rather than of terracing for fans to stand, and that perimeter fencing should be removed.In Atkinson's first full season as manager, 1989–90, Sheffield Wednesday finished 18th in the First Division and were relegated on goal difference, despite the acquisition of the talented John Sheridan and the fact they had pulled towards mid-table at one stage of the season. They regained promotion at the first attempt but the real highlight of the season was a League Cup final victory over Atkinson's old club Manchester United. Midfielder Sheridan scored the only goal of the game, which delivered the club's first major trophy since their FA Cup success of 1935. Atkinson moved to Aston Villa shortly after promotion was achieved, and handed over the reins to 37-year-old striker Trevor Francis.Wednesday finished third in the First Division at the end of the 1991–92 season, booking their place in the following season's UEFA Cup and becoming a founder member of the new FA Premier League.1992–93 was one of the most eventful seasons in the history of Sheffield Wednesday football club. They finished seventh in the Premier League and reached the finals of both the FA Cup and the League Cup, but were on the losing side to Arsenal in both games, the FA Cup final going to a replay and only settled in the last minute of extra time. This prevented the Owls from making another appearance in European competition. Still, the 1992–93 season established Sheffield Wednesday as a top club. Midfielder Chris Waddle was voted Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year, and the strike partnership of David Hirst and Mark Bright was one of the most feared in the country. Francis was unable to achieve any more success at the club, and two seasons later he was sacked. His successor was former Luton, Leicester and Tottenham manager David Pleat.David Pleat's first season as Sheffield Wednesday manager was frustrating, as they finished 15th in the Premiership despite an expensively-assembled line-up which included the likes of Marc Degryse, Dejan Stefanovic and Darko Kovacevic – who all had disappointing and short-lived tenures at the club. An excellent start to the 1996–97 season saw the Owls top the Premiership after winning their first four games, and David Pleat was credited Manager of the Month for August 1996. But the club failed to mount a serious title challenge and they faded away to finish seventh in the final table. Pleat was sacked the following November with the club struggling at the wrong end of the Premiership, and Ron Atkinson briefly returned to steer the Owls clear of relegation.At the end of the 1997–98 season, Ron Atkinson's short-term contract was not renewed and Sheffield Wednesday turned to the Barnsley boss Danny Wilson as their new manager after being given the backword by both Gerard Houllier and Walter Smith who joined Liverpool and Everton respectively. Wilson's first season at the helm brought a slight improvement as they finished 12th in the Premiership. An expensively assembled squad including Paolo Di Canio, Benito Carbone and Wim Jonk failed to live up to the massive wage bill the club was paying and things eventually came to a head when Italian firebrand Di Canio was sent off in a match against Arsenal and proceeded to push the referee on his way off. Danny Wilson was sacked the following March with relegation looking a certainty for the Hillsborough club, following a disastrous 1999–2000 season where they had been hammered 8–0 by Newcastle United as early as September. His assistant Peter Shreeves took temporary charge but was unable to stave off relegation, with a 3–3 draw at Arsenal in May 2000 being enough to see the Owls tumble into the First DivisionHaving spent large sums building squads that were ultimately ineffective, the club's finances took a turn for the worse, and in 2003 they were relegated for a second time in four years, to the Second Division.The club spent two years in the third tier before returning the Championship, Paul Sturrock's side winning promotion via the play-offs in 2005. Ultimately however, the club's perilous financial position ensured another drop to League 1 was not too far away – five years after the play-off win of 2005, the Owls were again relegated to League 1.Between July and November 2010, Sheffield Wednesday faced a series of winding up orders for unpaid tax and VAT bills, with the club's existence under severe threat. It was not until 29 November 2010, when businessman Milan Mandarić agreed to buy out the old owners, that the club could move forward.Mandarić appointed former Wednesday player Gary Megson as manager partway through the 2010–11 season, and while Megson only stayed in the job for a year, what was mostly his side won promotion back to the Championship in May 2012, under the stewardship of new manager Dave Jones.In 2014 the club was again taken over by a new owner, Thai businessman Dejphon Chansiri, purchasing the club from Milan Mandarić for £37.5m. Chansiri stated his intention to win promotion back to the club for the 2017–18 season – the football club's 150th anniversary – and came close to achieving that goal a year head of schedule, with new coach Carlos Carvalhal leading the club into the end of season play-offs at the end of the 2015–16 season. Wednesday were beaten in the final by Hull City at Wembley. They made the play-offs again the following season, but lost on penalties to the eventually promoted Huddersfield Town in the semi final.The club were favourites to be promoted in the 2017–18 season, but injuries and poor results saw them drop to the lower half of the table. Carvalhal left by mutual consent in December 2017, and was replaced by Dutch manager Jos Luhukay a month later. The team finished in an uneventful 15th place at the end of the season. Luhukay was sacked in December 2018 after a run of only 1 win in 10, which left the team 18th in the table. He was replaced by former Aston Villa boss Steve Bruce who saw an upturn in form to finish 12th. However, Bruce controversially resigned in July 2019 to manage Newcastle United.On 6 September 2019, the club appointed former Birmingham City manager Garry Monk as the new manager, who achieved a 16th-place finish in a season that was interrupted from March to June by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 31 July 2020, Sheffield Wednesday were found guilty of breaking EFL spending rules and began the 2020–21 season on –12 points, though the deficit was later reduced to –6 upon appeal. On 9 November 2020, Monk was sacked after a poor start to the season and was replaced by Tony Pulis. However, Pulis was also dismissed after only 45 days in charge on 28 December 2020. After a few months with Neil Thompson as caretaker manager, Darren Moore was appointed as the club's third permanent manager of the season in March 2021. Despite taking the fight to the final day, Moore could not prevent relegation come the end of the season, bringing Wednesday's 9 year spell in the Championship to an end.In their early years, the club was nicknamed The Blades, a term used for any sporting team from the city of Sheffield, famous the world over for its cutlery and knives. That nickname has been retained by Wednesday's crosstown rivals, Sheffield United.Although it is widely assumed that the club's nickname changed to The Owls in 1899 after the club's move to Owlerton, it was not until 1912, when Wednesday player George Robertson presented the club with an owl mascot, that the name took hold. A monkey mascot introduced some years earlier had not brought much luck.Since its founding the club has played their home games in blue and white shirts, traditionally in vertical stripes. However, this has not always been the case and there have been variations upon the theme. A monochrome photograph from 1874 to 1875 shows the Wednesday team in plain dark shirts, while the 1871 "Rules of the Sheffield Football Association" listed the Wednesday club colours as blue and white hoops. A quartered blue and white design was used in 1887 and a blue shirt with white sleeves between 1965 and 1973. Wednesday's socks have been predominantly black, blue or white throughout their history.The club's away strip has changed regularly over the years. Traditionally, white was the second choice for many teams, including Wednesday, although the club has used a multitude of colours for its change strip over the years, including yellow, black, silver, green and orange.Since 1912, the owl has become a theme that has run throughout the club. The original club crest was introduced in 1956 and consisted of a shield showing a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch. The White Rose of York was depicted below the branch alluding to the home county of Yorkshire and the sheaves of Sheffield "(Sheaf field)" were shown at either side of the owl's head. The club's Latin motto, "Consilio et Animis", was displayed beneath the shield. This translates into English as ""By Wisdom and Courage"".The crest was changed in 1970 to a minimalist version designed by a local art student, and this logo was used by the club, with variations, until 1995, when it was replaced by a similar design to the original crest. It again featured a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch although the design of both had changed. The sheaves were replaced by a stylised "SWFC" logo that had been in use on club merchandise for several years prior to the introduction of the new crest. The Yorkshire Rose was moved to above the owl's head to make way for the words "Sheffield Wednesday". The word "Hillsborough" was also curved around the top of the design. The club motto was absent on the new design. The crest was encased in a new shape of shield. This crest remained in use for only a few years, during which several versions were used with different colours, including a white crest with blue stripes down either side and the colouring of the detail inverted.In 1999, the minimalist version was brought back, albeit inside a crest, and with the addition of a copyright symbol in 2002. In 2016, new owner Dejphon Chansiri again changed the club crest, opting for a similar design to the 1956 badge.Over the years Sheffield Wednesday have had several Owl themed matchday mascots. Originally it was Ozzie the Owl and later two further Owls, Baz & Ollie were added. All three were replaced in 2006 by Barney Owl, a similar looking owl but with more defined eyes to make it look cuter. Ozzie Owl was reintroduced as Wednesday's main mascot during the home game with Charlton Athletic on 17 January 2009. The current mascots are Ozzie and Barney Owl. In 2012, Ollie Owl also made his return to the scene, as the club announced him Mascot for the Owls work with children in the local community.Originally, Wednesday played matches at Highfield, but moved several times before adopting a permanent ground. Other locations included Myrtle Road, Heeley and Hunter's Bar. Major matches were played at Sheaf House or Bramall Lane, before Sheffield United made it their home ground. Sheffield Wednesday's first permanent home ground was at Olive Grove, a site near Queen's Road originally leased from the Duke of Norfolk. The first game at Olive Grove was a 4–4 draw with Blackburn Rovers on 12 September 1887. Extensions to the adjacent railway forced the club to move to their current ground in 1899.Since 1899 Wednesday have played their home games at Hillsborough Stadium in the Owlerton district of Sheffield. The stadium was originally named Owlerton Stadium but in 1914 Owlerton became part of the parliamentary constituency of Hillsborough and the ground took on its current name. With 39,732 seats, Hillsborough has the third highest capacity of stadiums in Championship, and the 12th highest in England. The club intended to increase Hillsborough's capacity to 44,825 by 2012 and 50,000 by 2016 and make several other improvements in the process, but due to England's failed World Cup bid, this is now not the case.The stadium has hosted FIFA World Cup football (1966), The 1996 European Championships (Euro 96) and 27 FA Cup Semi-finals. The Kop at Hillsborough was re-opened in 1986 by Queen Elizabeth II and was once the largest covered stand of any football stadium in Europe.On 15 April 1989 at an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death after the terraces at the Leppings Lane end of the ground became overcrowded, in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster. The following report concluded that the root cause of the disaster was the failure of local police to adequately manage the crowds. A memorial to the victims of the disaster stands outside Hillsborough's South Stand, near the main entrance on Parkside Road. After many years of dispute about the facts, in June 2017 six men responsible for safety were charged with criminal offences including manslaughter and misconduct in public office.The club's move to Owlerton in 1899 was a risky one, as it moved the club several miles away from the city centre, but its loyal followers continued to make the journey to the new ground, and the club has been one of the best supported in England ever since. However, official attendances were not taken at Football League games until the 1920s.The club's highest average attendance over the course of a season was 42,530 in 1952–53, when gates across the country were at their highest. The lowest average attendance in the Owls' history came in 1978–79, when an average of just 10,643 fans turned out to watch their side.In 1992, Wednesday were the fourth best supported team in the country, but although that ranking has come down since relegation from the Premier League in 2000, the club still has still enjoyed crowds of well over 20,000 since then, and was the best supported club outside the top flight in 2006.At the 2005 playoff final, Wednesday took over 39,000 fans to the Millennium Stadium. In 2016, Sheffield Wednesday took over 38,000 fans to Wembley for a play-off final defeat by Hull City, selling substantially more seats than their counterparts many of whom boycotted the game.The Owls have managed to average 30000 at home in the last 60 years. The FA Cup Final seasons in 1965/6 30000 and 1966/7 31000 plus 32000 when coming League Championship Runners Up in 1960/61.Sheffield Wednesday have had a large variety of fanzines over the years; examples include "Just Another Wednesday", "Out of the Blue", "Spitting Feathers", "Boddle", "A View From The East Bank", "Cheat!" and "War of the Monster Trucks", which acquired its name from the programme that Yorkshire Television elected to show instead of the celebrations after the 1991 League Cup victory over Manchester United.There are several online message boards dedicated to discussions on the club, including "Owlstalk", "OwlsOnline" and "OwlsMad".Sheffield Wednesday's main rivals are city neighbours Sheffield United. Matches between these two clubs are nicknamed Steel City derbies, so called because of the steel industry for which the city of Sheffield is famous.United were formed in 1889 by the committee at Bramall Lane, who had lost their biggest source of income – Wednesday – two years earlier over a dispute concerning pitch rent. As well as playing at Wednesday's former ground, United also took Wednesday's former nickname, the Blades, as their own. The first derby game took place on 15 December 1890, with Wednesday winning 2–1 at Olive Grove.The 1993 FA Cup semi-final match which took place at Wembley on 3 April 1993. Initially, it was announced that the match was scheduled to take place at Elland Road but this was met with dismay by both sets of fans. After a re-think, the Football Association decided to switch venue to Wembley. A crowd of 75,365 supporters made the trip to London to watch Wednesday beat United 2–1 after extra time.A survey conducted in 2019 revealed that, as well as Sheffield United, Wednesday fans consider fellow-Yorkshire sides Leeds United, Barnsley, Rotherham United and Doncaster Rovers as rivals.Wednesday's biggest recorded win was a 12–0 victory over Halliwell in the first round of the FA Cup on 18 January 1891. The biggest league win was against Birmingham City in Division 1 on 13 December 1930; Wednesday won 9–1. Both of these wins occurred at home.The heaviest defeat was away from home against Aston Villa in a Division 1 match on 5 October 1912 which Wednesday lost 10–0.The most goals scored by the club in a season was the 106 scored in the 1958–59 season. The club accumulated their highest league points total in the 2011–12 season when they racked up 93 points.The highest home attendance was in the FA Cup fifth round on 17 February 1934. A total of 72,841 turned up to see a 2–2 draw with Manchester City. Unfortunately for Wednesday, they went on to lose the replay 2–0. Manchester City won the FA Cup that season.The most capped Englishman to play for the club was goalkeeper Ron Springett who won 33 caps while at Sheffield Wednesday. Springett also held the overall record for most capped Sheffield Wednesday player until Nigel Worthington broke the record, eventually gaining a total of 50 caps for Northern Ireland whilst at the club.The fastest sending off in British league football is held by Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper Kevin Pressman – who was sent off after just 13 seconds for handling a shot from Wolverhampton Wanderers's Temuri Ketsbaia outside the area during the opening weekend of 2000.The fastest shot ever recorded in the Premier League was hit by David Hirst against Arsenal at Highbury in September 1996 – Hirst hit the bar with a shot clocked at 114 mph.A list of former players can be found at "List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players".Only managers with over 200 games in charge are included. For the complete list see List of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers.Dickinson, who was in charge for 29 years, is Wednesday's longest-serving manager, and helped establish the club during the first two decades of the 20th century.Brown succeeded Dickinson and remained in charge for 13 years; in 1930 he secured their most recent top division league title to date.Taylor took over during the Second World War and remained in charge until 1958, but failed to win a major trophy, even though Wednesday were in the top flight for most of his reign.Charlton took Wednesday out of the Third Division in 1980 and in his final season (1982–83) he took them to the semi-finals of the FA Cup.Wilkinson succeeded Charlton in the summer of 1983 and was in charge for more than five years before he moved to Leeds United. His first season saw Wednesday gain promotion to the First Division after a 14-year exile. He guided them to a fifth-place finish in 1986, but Wednesday were unable to compete in the 1986–87 UEFA Cup due to the ban on English teams in European competitions due to the Heysel Disaster of 1985.Francis took over as player-manager in June 1991 after Ron Atkinson (who had just guided them to Football League Cup glory and promotion to the First Division) departed to Aston Villa. He guided them to third place in the league in 1992, and earned them a UEFA Cup place. They finished seventh in the inaugural Premier League and were runners-up of the FA Cup and League Cup that year. He was sacked in 1995 after Wednesday finished 13th – their lowest standing in four years since winning promotion.	[ "Garry Monk", "Steve Bruce", "Jos Luhukay" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Bristol Rovers F.C. in Mar, 2014?	March 12, 2014	{ "text": [ "John Ward", "Darrell Clarke" ] }	L2_Q48925_P286_0	John Ward is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Dec, 2012 to Mar, 2014. Darrell Clarke is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Mar, 2014 to Dec, 2018. Graham Coughlan is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2019. Paul Tisdale is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	Bristol Rovers F.C.Bristol Rovers F.C. is a professional football club in Bristol, England, which competes in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system. They have played home matches at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield since 1996. They spent 1897 to 1986 at the Eastville Stadium and the following ten years at Twerton Park in Bath. The club's official nickname is "The Pirates", reflecting the maritime history of Bristol. The local nickname of the club is "The Gas", derived from the gasworks next to their former home, Eastville Stadium, which started as a derogatory term used by fans of their main rivals, Bristol City, but was affectionately adopted by the club and its supporters. Cardiff City and Swindon Town are considered their second and third biggest rivals. The women's team play in the Gloucestershire County Women's League.The club was founded in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. and entered the Bristol & District as Eastville Rovers in 1892. The club moved to the Birmingham & District League in 1897 and then to the Southern League as Bristol Rovers in 1899. They won the Southern League in 1904–05 and were admitted to the Football League in 1920. They were placed in the Third Division South the following year and remained there until winning promotion as champions in 1952–53. They recorded their highest finishing positions in 1956 and 1959, a sixth-place finish in the Second Division, before suffering relegation in 1962. Promoted in second-place in 1973–74, they spent another seven seasons in the second tier until relegation in 1981. They won the Third Division title in 1989–90, though this time lasted just three seasons in the second tier and were relegated back into the fourth tier by 2001.Rovers won the League Two play-off final in 2007, but relegations in 2011 and 2014 saw the club drop into the Conference Premier. They finished second in the Conference under the stewardship of Darrell Clarke and immediately regained their Football League status with victory in the 2015 play-off final. They followed up this success by securing promotion out of League Two at the end of the 2015–16 season. Rovers have won the Gloucestershire Cup 32 times, the Third Division South Cup in 1932, the Watney Cup in 1972, and have been Football League Trophy finalists two times.The club was formed following a meeting at the Eastville Restaurant in Bristol in September 1883. It was initially called Black Arabs F.C., after the Arabs rugby team and the predominantly black kits in which they played. This name only lasted for the 1883–84 season, and in a bid to draw more fans from the local area the club was renamed Eastville Rovers in 1884.The club played only friendly games until the 1887–88 season, when it took part in the Gloucestershire Cup for the first time. In 1892 the club became a founder member of the Bristol and District League, which three years later was renamed the Western League. In 1897 Eastville Rovers joined the Birmingham and District League, and for two seasons played in both this league and the Western League. At the beginning of the 1897–98 season, the club turned professional and changed its name to Bristol Eastville Rovers, and on 17 February 1899 the name was officially changed to Bristol Rovers. In 1899 Bristol Rovers joined the newly formed Southern League, where they remained until 1920, winning the league title along the way in 1905.For the 1920–21 season, the Southern League teams were moved into the new Division Three of the Football League, which became Division Three (South) the following season. They remained in this division for over 30 years, before winning the league, and promotion in the 1952–53 season.The team has won promotion on five other occasions: in 1973–74 from the Third Division to the Second Division, again in 1989–90 as Division Three champions, in 2006–07 to the Football League One, in 2014–15 to League Two from the Conference Premier, and then in 2015–16 to League One. The club has been relegated six times—in 1961–62, 1980–81, 1992–93, 2000–01, 2010–11 and most recently at the end of the 2013–14 season.The highest position in the football ladder achieved by Rovers at the end of season is sixth place in the second tier, which they did twice; once in 1955–56, and again in 1958–59. The closest they came to the top flight was in 1955–56, when they ended the season just four points below the promotion positions. The lowest league position achieved by the club is twenty-third out of twenty-four teams in the fourth tier, which has occurred twice. In the 2001–02 season, relegation from the Football League was narrowly avoided on two counts; firstly they ended just one league position above the relegation zone, and secondly the rules were changed the following season to increase the number of relegation places to two, meaning that if Rovers had finished in that position one year later they would have been relegated. This position was matched at the end of the 2013–14 season, which this time saw Rovers relegated to the Conference for the first time. They returned to the league at the end of their first Conference season, with a penalty shootout victory over Grimsby Town in the play-off final. In February 2016 it was announced that a 92% stake in the club had been bought by the Jordanian al-Qadi family and that Wael al-Qadi, a member of the Jordan Football Association, would become the president. The club is now owned by Dwane Sports Ltd with 92.6% of the shares with Bristol Rovers Supporters Club owning the remaining 7.4%. In May 2016 the club recorded a second consecutive promotion in dramatic fashion finishing third in League Two after a 92nd-minute goal secured victory over Dagenham and Redbridge and Accrington Stanley failed to beat Stevenage on the last day of the season. It marked the first time Rovers had reached the third tier of English Football since relegation in 2011. In June 2020 it was announced that president Wael al-Qadi had obtained a 90% stake in Dwane Sports Ltd after buying the shares of other members of his family it was also announced that the club's debt would be capitalised and a new training facility would begin construction at Hortham Lane, Almondsbury which is close to the M5 motorway. Rovers have owned the site known as 'The Colony' since 2017 but no previous work has been carried out and Rovers have trained on a rented site near Cribbs Causeway.The only major cup competition won by Bristol Rovers is the 1972 Watney Cup, when they beat Sheffield United in the final. The club also won the Division Three (South) Cup in 1934–35, as well as winning or sharing the Gloucestershire Cup on 32 occasions. The team has never played in European competition; the closest Rovers came was when they missed out on reaching the international stage of the Anglo-Italian Cup in the 1992–93 season on a coin toss held over the phone with West Ham United.In the FA Cup, Rovers have reached the quarter-final stage on three occasions. The first time was in 1950–51 when they faced Newcastle United at St James' Park in front of a crowd of 62,787, the record for the highest attendance at any Bristol Rovers match. The second time they reached the quarter final was in 1957–58, when they lost to Fulham, and the most recent appearance at this stage of the competition was during the 2007–08 season, when they faced West Bromwich Albion. They were the first Division Three team to win an FA Cup tie away to a Premier League side, when in 2002 they beat Derby County 3–1 at Pride Park Stadium.They have twice reached the final of the Football League Trophy, in 1989–90 and 2006–07, but finished runners-up on both occasions. On the second occasion they did not allow a single goal against them in the competition "en route" to the final, but conceded the lead less than a minute after the final kicked off.Bristol Rovers main rivals are city neighbours Bristol City, with whom they contest the Bristol derby. This rivalry was deemed 8th fiercest rivalry in English football in an in-depth report by the Football Pools in 2008. The most recent encounter between the clubs took place on 4 September 2013, which saw Rovers beaten by City in a Football League Trophy tie at Ashton Gate Stadium by a 2–1 scoreline. Other rivals are Newport County and mainly teams from the West Country, such as Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town, Yeovil Town and Forest Green Rovers.In the past, rivalries also emerged with Severnside rivals Cardiff City known as the Severnside derby. Rovers most recent meeting against Cardiff was a League Cup match on 11 August 2016, which Rovers won 1–0 with Chris Lines scoring the winner. The last time Cardiff and Bristol Rovers were in the same league was in the 1999–2000 season.The first time Rovers encountered Yeovil was a Football League Trophy match which was played on 31 October 2001, which Rovers won via a penalty shoot-out. The most recent encounter between the teams was in a Football League Two match on 16 April 2016, which Rovers won 2–1. Because of the close proximity many players have also represented both the clubs, for example Adam Virgo, Gavin Williams, Dominic Blizzard and Tom Parkes.Rovers last played Swindon Town in the 2020–21 League One season where Swindon won both matches 1–0, Cheltenham Town in the first round of the EFL cup in 2019 (Rovers won 3-0) and Forest Green Rovers in the 2015 play-off Semi-final in the Conference (Rovers won 3-0 on aggregate).Other clubs in the West country such as Plymouth Argyle and Exeter City have also been considered rivals despite being further away from Bristol (162 km for Plymouth and 104 km for Exeter). Bristol Rovers last played Plymouth in the 2020–21 League One season where Rovers won 3–0 at home and lost 2–0 away and last played Exeter in the group stage of the EFL Trophy in 2018 (Exeter won 2-0).Bristol Rovers are known for their distinctive blue and white quartered shirts, which they have worn for most of their history. The current home kit consists of a light blue and white quartered shirt and white shorts, while the away kit is black and gold with the same colours as the trim. During the 2008–09 season a special third strip, which is black with a gold sash, and is a reproduction of the original "Black Arab" shirt, was used for a single match to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the club.The team began playing in black shirts with a yellow sash from their foundation in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. until 1885, by which time they were called Eastville Rovers. For the next fourteen years, until 1899, the team wore blue and white hooped shirts. These were replaced by black and white striped shirts until 1919.When Rovers were admitted to The Football League in 1920 they wore white shirts with blue shorts. These remained the team colours until 1930, when the colours were reversed to blue shirts and white shorts for one season. The blue and white quarters were first worn in 1931, when they were introduced to try to make the players look larger and more intimidating. Rovers continued to wear the quarters for 31 years until they were replaced by blue pinstripes on a white background.Over the next ten years, Rovers went on to wear blue and white stripes, all blue, and blue shirts with white shorts before returning to the blue and white quarters in 1973, which have remained the colours ever since. During the 1996–97 season, Rovers wore an unpopular striped quartered design, prompting fans to refer to it as the Tesco bag shirts because of their similarity to the design used for the company's carrier bags. The change in design prompted the Trump"ton Times" fanzine to change its name to "Wot, No Quarters?"The black and gold shirts were also used as the away kit for the 2002–03 season, the club's 120th anniversary.In 2005, Rovers ran an April Fools' joke on their official website, stating that the team's new away strip would be all pink. Although this was intended to be a joke, a number of fans petitioned the club to get the kit made for real, and also suggested that funds raised through the sale of the pink shirts should be donated to a breast cancer charity. Although the pink shirts were never used in a competitive fixture, they were worn for a pre-season friendly against Plymouth Argyle in 2006.A pirate features on both the club badge and the badge of the supporters club, reflecting the club nickname of The Pirates. Previous club badges have featured a blue and white quartered design, based on the quartered design of the team's jerseys.Rovers first used Bukta as an official kit supplier in 1977, and Great Mills as the first kit sponsor followed 1981. Rovers' longest running kit supplier is Errea who supplied the club kits for eleven years (2005–16). The club's longest running kit sponsorship was from local company Cowlin Construction who sponsored the club for a total of 11 years before ending the deal in 2009. Following the end of the Cowlin deal, sponsors were chosen by raffle, via the 1883 Club. This process lasted nine seasons before the club announced Football INDEX as new sponsors for both home and away kits. In 2019 Utilita become the main shirt sponsors of both the home and away kits for the 2019-2020 season, the deal was then extended in July 2020 to cover the 2020-2021 season marking the first time a shirt sponsor had lasted for more than one season since the end of the Cowlin sponsorship in 2009.Rovers play their home games at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield, a ground they formerly shared with Bristol Rugby. The team moved to The Mem, as it is known informally, at the beginning of the 1996–97 season, initially as tenants but purchased it two years later.When Bristol Rovers were known as Black Arabs F.C. in 1883, they played their home games at Purdown, Stapleton. The following year they moved to Three Acres, the precise location of which is not known, but is believed to have been in the Ashley Down area of Bristol, where they remained for seven years. This was followed by brief stays at the Schoolmasters Cricket Ground, Durdham Down and Ridgeway.For the majority of their history, Bristol Rovers have played their home games at the Eastville Stadium, where they remained for a period of 89 years from 1897 to 1986. Financial problems led to the team being forced to leave Eastville, and they found a temporary home at Twerton Park, the home of Bath City. They stayed in Bath for 10 seasons, leading to the chant that there really is only 1 team in Bristol, before returning to Bristol in 1996.Rovers also played five home games at Ashton Gate Stadium, home of rivals Bristol City, following a fire which destroyed the South Stand of the Eastville Stadium on the night of the 16–17 August 1980. Rovers returned to Eastville in October 1980. During World War II, some friendly matches were played in Kingswood, and in their early history some games were played at Parson Street, BedminsterIn January 2007 planning permission was granted for a new 18,500 capacity all-seater stadium to be built on the site of the Memorial Stadium. The project was abandoned after a series of delays. In June 2011, the club announced its intention to relocate the club to a new 21,700 all-seater stadium on the University of the West of England's Frenchay campus. The planned UWE Stadium was shelved in August 2017 due to disputes between the club and the university, and attention returned to redeveloping the Memorial Stadium.In 2017 there was a crowd recording for the 2018 Aardman film Early Man at the Memorial Stadium.In June 2020 the club began construction of a new training facility at a site on Hortham Lane, Almondsbury near the M5 motorway. The site is set to include two full size pitches, a goalkeeping area, a gym and a clubhouse building. Rovers have owned the site since 2017 but no work had previously been carried out.The team traditionally draws the majority of its support from north and east Bristol and South Gloucestershire. Many towns and villages in the surrounding area are also home to significant pockets of Rovers supporters.The nickname given to Bristol Rovers supporters is "Gasheads". "The Gas" was originally coined as a derogatory term by the supporters of Bristol Rovers' rivals Bristol City, and was in reference to the large gas works adjacent to the old Bristol Rovers stadium, in Eastville, Bristol which wafted the sometimes overpowering odour of town gas across the crowd. "Gasheads" was adopted as a name by a splinter group of Rovers supporters in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. The chant "Proud to be a Gashead" spread to regular fans, and a fanzine was produced called "The Gashead".The term "Gasheads" is now universally accepted within the English media and football fraternity as referring to Bristol Rovers supporters. After the club's relegation to Football League Two in 2001, the club designated the squad number 12 to the Gasheads to signify them as the club's 12th Man in recognition of their loyal support.The retired Conservative MP for Hayes and Harlington Terry Dicks is a Bristol Rovers fan. He mentioned the club in parliament on 5 May 1994 when debating with Labour MP and Chelsea fan Tony Banks. Other notable fans are local musicians Roni Size and Geoff Barrow of Portishead and writer David Goldblatt. and Declan Hynds. Former Bristol Rovers player and manager, Ian Holloway, who also managed QPR and Blackpool as well as featuring as a pundit is still a big fan of the club.Based on Sept. 2014 statistics released by the Home Office, the Rovers fan base were named the Most Dangerous English Football fan base for the 2013-2014 season, with 57 arrests on the season, of which 35% were for "violent disorder." Particularly dangerous was the scene on May 3, 2014 when the Rovers were assured relegation from the Football League for the first time.The Rovers fans have good relations with Spanish club CE Sabadell FC, which initially began due to several Rovers fans noticing that the club had the same colours. In July 2016 the two clubs played each other in a pre-season match in Spain.One Bristol Rovers print fanzine is currently active and is entitled "Last Saturday Night". There is also a fan-run podcast and blog called "GasCast".The song which is synonymous with Rovers is "Goodnight, Irene", which was written by Lead Belly.Opinions differ as to how this came about but it is thought to have become popular in the 1950s when a version of the song was in the British charts—the line "sometimes I have a great notion to jump in the river and drown"—seemed to be particularly apt when Rovers lost as the Bristol Frome flows alongside the old Eastville ground. It is believed that John Clapham is responsible for the song as he used to work at Eastville stadium for the greyhound racing and the last record he would play at the end of the night was "Goodnight Irene" also having a daughter called Irene, the record would then be left in the player and was played at the football. Another theory is that it was sung at a fireworks display at the Stadium the night before a home game against Plymouth Argyle in the 1950s. During the game the following day, Rovers were winning quite comfortably and the few Argyle supporters present began to leave early prompting a chorus of "Goodnight Argyle" from the Rovers supporters—the tune stuck and "Irene" became the club song.Another popular Bristol Rovers song is "Tote End Boys", which was written and sung by Ben Gunstone. The name derives from the section of Gasheads who stood in the Tote End terrace at Rovers' old home, Eastville Stadium. The football club launched its official Hall of Fame in 2021 in partnership with Retro Rovers podcast with the purpose of recognising the players and managers who had the greatest impact on Bristol Rovers Football Club. It was announced that ten people would be inducted in the Hall at a rate of one per week in the first half of 2021, with three added per year thereafter. The first inductee was the club's all-time record goalscorer Geoff Bradford.This is a list of the other most noted former players at Bristol Rovers Football Club (excluding those listed in the Hall of Fame above) stating the period that each player spent at the club, their nationality and their reason for being listed. To be included in this list a player must have made over 400 league appearances for the club, scored over 100 league goals or hold a club record.The manager of the club is Joey Barton who was appointed in February 2021.!Position!Name36 men have been appointed as a manager of Bristol Rovers Football Club, excluding caretaker managers. Bobby Gould, Gerry Francis and John Ward are the only men to have been given the job on a permanent basis twice, although Garry Thompson had a separate spell as caretaker manager before later being appointed permanently, and Phil Bater was caretaker manager on two separate occasions.The Bristol Rovers Academy currently operates at The City Academy Bristol and Sir Bernard Lovell School. Current first-team squad members Cameron Hargreaves andAlfie Kilgour both graduated from the Academy to earn professional contracts. In May 2021, U16s player Kyrie Pierre joined Aston Villa for an undisclosed six-figure fee, a record fee received by the Academy for a player. Perhaps the most successful former member of the academy is Scott Sinclair, who was signed by Chelsea in 2005 for an initial fee of £200,000, with further payments to the club possible, depending on performance. He currently plays for Championship club Preston North End. Other former Academy players currently contracted to teams in the Premier League or English Football League include Ryan Broom (Peterborough United), Ellis Harrison (Portsmouth), Chris Lines (Stevenage), Tom Lockyer (Luton Town), Matt Macey (Hibernian) and Ollie Clarke (Mansfield Town).The club had a successful women's team, formed in 1998 as Bristol Rovers W.F.C. following a merger with Cable-Tel L.F.C.. This merger came about as Bristol Rovers only had girls teams up to the under 16 age group level, so when girls reached the age of 16 they were forced to leave the club. The merger with Cable-Tel meant that Bristol Rovers had a senior squad. The club's name was changed to Bristol Academy W.F.C. in 2005 to reflect the increased investment from the Bristol Academy of Sport. In 2016, Bristol Academy were re-branded as Bristol City following a sponsorship arrangement with Rovers' local rivals.In 2019 it was announced that Rovers are to reform their women's team. They will field two teams in the Gloucestershire County Women's Football League starting from the 2019–20 season. The relaunched Bristol Rovers Women's FC was founded by Matthew Davies and Nathan Hallett-Young. The first team currently play in Division One with a development team playing in Division Two.Bristol Rovers F.C. have won the following honours:LeaguesCups	[ "Paul Tisdale", "Darrell Clarke", "Graham Coughlan", "Paul Tisdale", "Graham Coughlan" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Bristol Rovers F.C. in Oct, 2015?	October 28, 2015	{ "text": [ "Darrell Clarke" ] }	L2_Q48925_P286_1	Darrell Clarke is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Mar, 2014 to Dec, 2018. Paul Tisdale is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Graham Coughlan is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2019. John Ward is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Dec, 2012 to Mar, 2014.	Bristol Rovers F.C.Bristol Rovers F.C. is a professional football club in Bristol, England, which competes in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system. They have played home matches at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield since 1996. They spent 1897 to 1986 at the Eastville Stadium and the following ten years at Twerton Park in Bath. The club's official nickname is "The Pirates", reflecting the maritime history of Bristol. The local nickname of the club is "The Gas", derived from the gasworks next to their former home, Eastville Stadium, which started as a derogatory term used by fans of their main rivals, Bristol City, but was affectionately adopted by the club and its supporters. Cardiff City and Swindon Town are considered their second and third biggest rivals. The women's team play in the Gloucestershire County Women's League.The club was founded in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. and entered the Bristol & District as Eastville Rovers in 1892. The club moved to the Birmingham & District League in 1897 and then to the Southern League as Bristol Rovers in 1899. They won the Southern League in 1904–05 and were admitted to the Football League in 1920. They were placed in the Third Division South the following year and remained there until winning promotion as champions in 1952–53. They recorded their highest finishing positions in 1956 and 1959, a sixth-place finish in the Second Division, before suffering relegation in 1962. Promoted in second-place in 1973–74, they spent another seven seasons in the second tier until relegation in 1981. They won the Third Division title in 1989–90, though this time lasted just three seasons in the second tier and were relegated back into the fourth tier by 2001.Rovers won the League Two play-off final in 2007, but relegations in 2011 and 2014 saw the club drop into the Conference Premier. They finished second in the Conference under the stewardship of Darrell Clarke and immediately regained their Football League status with victory in the 2015 play-off final. They followed up this success by securing promotion out of League Two at the end of the 2015–16 season. Rovers have won the Gloucestershire Cup 32 times, the Third Division South Cup in 1932, the Watney Cup in 1972, and have been Football League Trophy finalists two times.The club was formed following a meeting at the Eastville Restaurant in Bristol in September 1883. It was initially called Black Arabs F.C., after the Arabs rugby team and the predominantly black kits in which they played. This name only lasted for the 1883–84 season, and in a bid to draw more fans from the local area the club was renamed Eastville Rovers in 1884.The club played only friendly games until the 1887–88 season, when it took part in the Gloucestershire Cup for the first time. In 1892 the club became a founder member of the Bristol and District League, which three years later was renamed the Western League. In 1897 Eastville Rovers joined the Birmingham and District League, and for two seasons played in both this league and the Western League. At the beginning of the 1897–98 season, the club turned professional and changed its name to Bristol Eastville Rovers, and on 17 February 1899 the name was officially changed to Bristol Rovers. In 1899 Bristol Rovers joined the newly formed Southern League, where they remained until 1920, winning the league title along the way in 1905.For the 1920–21 season, the Southern League teams were moved into the new Division Three of the Football League, which became Division Three (South) the following season. They remained in this division for over 30 years, before winning the league, and promotion in the 1952–53 season.The team has won promotion on five other occasions: in 1973–74 from the Third Division to the Second Division, again in 1989–90 as Division Three champions, in 2006–07 to the Football League One, in 2014–15 to League Two from the Conference Premier, and then in 2015–16 to League One. The club has been relegated six times—in 1961–62, 1980–81, 1992–93, 2000–01, 2010–11 and most recently at the end of the 2013–14 season.The highest position in the football ladder achieved by Rovers at the end of season is sixth place in the second tier, which they did twice; once in 1955–56, and again in 1958–59. The closest they came to the top flight was in 1955–56, when they ended the season just four points below the promotion positions. The lowest league position achieved by the club is twenty-third out of twenty-four teams in the fourth tier, which has occurred twice. In the 2001–02 season, relegation from the Football League was narrowly avoided on two counts; firstly they ended just one league position above the relegation zone, and secondly the rules were changed the following season to increase the number of relegation places to two, meaning that if Rovers had finished in that position one year later they would have been relegated. This position was matched at the end of the 2013–14 season, which this time saw Rovers relegated to the Conference for the first time. They returned to the league at the end of their first Conference season, with a penalty shootout victory over Grimsby Town in the play-off final. In February 2016 it was announced that a 92% stake in the club had been bought by the Jordanian al-Qadi family and that Wael al-Qadi, a member of the Jordan Football Association, would become the president. The club is now owned by Dwane Sports Ltd with 92.6% of the shares with Bristol Rovers Supporters Club owning the remaining 7.4%. In May 2016 the club recorded a second consecutive promotion in dramatic fashion finishing third in League Two after a 92nd-minute goal secured victory over Dagenham and Redbridge and Accrington Stanley failed to beat Stevenage on the last day of the season. It marked the first time Rovers had reached the third tier of English Football since relegation in 2011. In June 2020 it was announced that president Wael al-Qadi had obtained a 90% stake in Dwane Sports Ltd after buying the shares of other members of his family it was also announced that the club's debt would be capitalised and a new training facility would begin construction at Hortham Lane, Almondsbury which is close to the M5 motorway. Rovers have owned the site known as 'The Colony' since 2017 but no previous work has been carried out and Rovers have trained on a rented site near Cribbs Causeway.The only major cup competition won by Bristol Rovers is the 1972 Watney Cup, when they beat Sheffield United in the final. The club also won the Division Three (South) Cup in 1934–35, as well as winning or sharing the Gloucestershire Cup on 32 occasions. The team has never played in European competition; the closest Rovers came was when they missed out on reaching the international stage of the Anglo-Italian Cup in the 1992–93 season on a coin toss held over the phone with West Ham United.In the FA Cup, Rovers have reached the quarter-final stage on three occasions. The first time was in 1950–51 when they faced Newcastle United at St James' Park in front of a crowd of 62,787, the record for the highest attendance at any Bristol Rovers match. The second time they reached the quarter final was in 1957–58, when they lost to Fulham, and the most recent appearance at this stage of the competition was during the 2007–08 season, when they faced West Bromwich Albion. They were the first Division Three team to win an FA Cup tie away to a Premier League side, when in 2002 they beat Derby County 3–1 at Pride Park Stadium.They have twice reached the final of the Football League Trophy, in 1989–90 and 2006–07, but finished runners-up on both occasions. On the second occasion they did not allow a single goal against them in the competition "en route" to the final, but conceded the lead less than a minute after the final kicked off.Bristol Rovers main rivals are city neighbours Bristol City, with whom they contest the Bristol derby. This rivalry was deemed 8th fiercest rivalry in English football in an in-depth report by the Football Pools in 2008. The most recent encounter between the clubs took place on 4 September 2013, which saw Rovers beaten by City in a Football League Trophy tie at Ashton Gate Stadium by a 2–1 scoreline. Other rivals are Newport County and mainly teams from the West Country, such as Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town, Yeovil Town and Forest Green Rovers.In the past, rivalries also emerged with Severnside rivals Cardiff City known as the Severnside derby. Rovers most recent meeting against Cardiff was a League Cup match on 11 August 2016, which Rovers won 1–0 with Chris Lines scoring the winner. The last time Cardiff and Bristol Rovers were in the same league was in the 1999–2000 season.The first time Rovers encountered Yeovil was a Football League Trophy match which was played on 31 October 2001, which Rovers won via a penalty shoot-out. The most recent encounter between the teams was in a Football League Two match on 16 April 2016, which Rovers won 2–1. Because of the close proximity many players have also represented both the clubs, for example Adam Virgo, Gavin Williams, Dominic Blizzard and Tom Parkes.Rovers last played Swindon Town in the 2020–21 League One season where Swindon won both matches 1–0, Cheltenham Town in the first round of the EFL cup in 2019 (Rovers won 3-0) and Forest Green Rovers in the 2015 play-off Semi-final in the Conference (Rovers won 3-0 on aggregate).Other clubs in the West country such as Plymouth Argyle and Exeter City have also been considered rivals despite being further away from Bristol (162 km for Plymouth and 104 km for Exeter). Bristol Rovers last played Plymouth in the 2020–21 League One season where Rovers won 3–0 at home and lost 2–0 away and last played Exeter in the group stage of the EFL Trophy in 2018 (Exeter won 2-0).Bristol Rovers are known for their distinctive blue and white quartered shirts, which they have worn for most of their history. The current home kit consists of a light blue and white quartered shirt and white shorts, while the away kit is black and gold with the same colours as the trim. During the 2008–09 season a special third strip, which is black with a gold sash, and is a reproduction of the original "Black Arab" shirt, was used for a single match to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the club.The team began playing in black shirts with a yellow sash from their foundation in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. until 1885, by which time they were called Eastville Rovers. For the next fourteen years, until 1899, the team wore blue and white hooped shirts. These were replaced by black and white striped shirts until 1919.When Rovers were admitted to The Football League in 1920 they wore white shirts with blue shorts. These remained the team colours until 1930, when the colours were reversed to blue shirts and white shorts for one season. The blue and white quarters were first worn in 1931, when they were introduced to try to make the players look larger and more intimidating. Rovers continued to wear the quarters for 31 years until they were replaced by blue pinstripes on a white background.Over the next ten years, Rovers went on to wear blue and white stripes, all blue, and blue shirts with white shorts before returning to the blue and white quarters in 1973, which have remained the colours ever since. During the 1996–97 season, Rovers wore an unpopular striped quartered design, prompting fans to refer to it as the Tesco bag shirts because of their similarity to the design used for the company's carrier bags. The change in design prompted the Trump"ton Times" fanzine to change its name to "Wot, No Quarters?"The black and gold shirts were also used as the away kit for the 2002–03 season, the club's 120th anniversary.In 2005, Rovers ran an April Fools' joke on their official website, stating that the team's new away strip would be all pink. Although this was intended to be a joke, a number of fans petitioned the club to get the kit made for real, and also suggested that funds raised through the sale of the pink shirts should be donated to a breast cancer charity. Although the pink shirts were never used in a competitive fixture, they were worn for a pre-season friendly against Plymouth Argyle in 2006.A pirate features on both the club badge and the badge of the supporters club, reflecting the club nickname of The Pirates. Previous club badges have featured a blue and white quartered design, based on the quartered design of the team's jerseys.Rovers first used Bukta as an official kit supplier in 1977, and Great Mills as the first kit sponsor followed 1981. Rovers' longest running kit supplier is Errea who supplied the club kits for eleven years (2005–16). The club's longest running kit sponsorship was from local company Cowlin Construction who sponsored the club for a total of 11 years before ending the deal in 2009. Following the end of the Cowlin deal, sponsors were chosen by raffle, via the 1883 Club. This process lasted nine seasons before the club announced Football INDEX as new sponsors for both home and away kits. In 2019 Utilita become the main shirt sponsors of both the home and away kits for the 2019-2020 season, the deal was then extended in July 2020 to cover the 2020-2021 season marking the first time a shirt sponsor had lasted for more than one season since the end of the Cowlin sponsorship in 2009.Rovers play their home games at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield, a ground they formerly shared with Bristol Rugby. The team moved to The Mem, as it is known informally, at the beginning of the 1996–97 season, initially as tenants but purchased it two years later.When Bristol Rovers were known as Black Arabs F.C. in 1883, they played their home games at Purdown, Stapleton. The following year they moved to Three Acres, the precise location of which is not known, but is believed to have been in the Ashley Down area of Bristol, where they remained for seven years. This was followed by brief stays at the Schoolmasters Cricket Ground, Durdham Down and Ridgeway.For the majority of their history, Bristol Rovers have played their home games at the Eastville Stadium, where they remained for a period of 89 years from 1897 to 1986. Financial problems led to the team being forced to leave Eastville, and they found a temporary home at Twerton Park, the home of Bath City. They stayed in Bath for 10 seasons, leading to the chant that there really is only 1 team in Bristol, before returning to Bristol in 1996.Rovers also played five home games at Ashton Gate Stadium, home of rivals Bristol City, following a fire which destroyed the South Stand of the Eastville Stadium on the night of the 16–17 August 1980. Rovers returned to Eastville in October 1980. During World War II, some friendly matches were played in Kingswood, and in their early history some games were played at Parson Street, BedminsterIn January 2007 planning permission was granted for a new 18,500 capacity all-seater stadium to be built on the site of the Memorial Stadium. The project was abandoned after a series of delays. In June 2011, the club announced its intention to relocate the club to a new 21,700 all-seater stadium on the University of the West of England's Frenchay campus. The planned UWE Stadium was shelved in August 2017 due to disputes between the club and the university, and attention returned to redeveloping the Memorial Stadium.In 2017 there was a crowd recording for the 2018 Aardman film Early Man at the Memorial Stadium.In June 2020 the club began construction of a new training facility at a site on Hortham Lane, Almondsbury near the M5 motorway. The site is set to include two full size pitches, a goalkeeping area, a gym and a clubhouse building. Rovers have owned the site since 2017 but no work had previously been carried out.The team traditionally draws the majority of its support from north and east Bristol and South Gloucestershire. Many towns and villages in the surrounding area are also home to significant pockets of Rovers supporters.The nickname given to Bristol Rovers supporters is "Gasheads". "The Gas" was originally coined as a derogatory term by the supporters of Bristol Rovers' rivals Bristol City, and was in reference to the large gas works adjacent to the old Bristol Rovers stadium, in Eastville, Bristol which wafted the sometimes overpowering odour of town gas across the crowd. "Gasheads" was adopted as a name by a splinter group of Rovers supporters in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. The chant "Proud to be a Gashead" spread to regular fans, and a fanzine was produced called "The Gashead".The term "Gasheads" is now universally accepted within the English media and football fraternity as referring to Bristol Rovers supporters. After the club's relegation to Football League Two in 2001, the club designated the squad number 12 to the Gasheads to signify them as the club's 12th Man in recognition of their loyal support.The retired Conservative MP for Hayes and Harlington Terry Dicks is a Bristol Rovers fan. He mentioned the club in parliament on 5 May 1994 when debating with Labour MP and Chelsea fan Tony Banks. Other notable fans are local musicians Roni Size and Geoff Barrow of Portishead and writer David Goldblatt. and Declan Hynds. Former Bristol Rovers player and manager, Ian Holloway, who also managed QPR and Blackpool as well as featuring as a pundit is still a big fan of the club.Based on Sept. 2014 statistics released by the Home Office, the Rovers fan base were named the Most Dangerous English Football fan base for the 2013-2014 season, with 57 arrests on the season, of which 35% were for "violent disorder." Particularly dangerous was the scene on May 3, 2014 when the Rovers were assured relegation from the Football League for the first time.The Rovers fans have good relations with Spanish club CE Sabadell FC, which initially began due to several Rovers fans noticing that the club had the same colours. In July 2016 the two clubs played each other in a pre-season match in Spain.One Bristol Rovers print fanzine is currently active and is entitled "Last Saturday Night". There is also a fan-run podcast and blog called "GasCast".The song which is synonymous with Rovers is "Goodnight, Irene", which was written by Lead Belly.Opinions differ as to how this came about but it is thought to have become popular in the 1950s when a version of the song was in the British charts—the line "sometimes I have a great notion to jump in the river and drown"—seemed to be particularly apt when Rovers lost as the Bristol Frome flows alongside the old Eastville ground. It is believed that John Clapham is responsible for the song as he used to work at Eastville stadium for the greyhound racing and the last record he would play at the end of the night was "Goodnight Irene" also having a daughter called Irene, the record would then be left in the player and was played at the football. Another theory is that it was sung at a fireworks display at the Stadium the night before a home game against Plymouth Argyle in the 1950s. During the game the following day, Rovers were winning quite comfortably and the few Argyle supporters present began to leave early prompting a chorus of "Goodnight Argyle" from the Rovers supporters—the tune stuck and "Irene" became the club song.Another popular Bristol Rovers song is "Tote End Boys", which was written and sung by Ben Gunstone. The name derives from the section of Gasheads who stood in the Tote End terrace at Rovers' old home, Eastville Stadium. The football club launched its official Hall of Fame in 2021 in partnership with Retro Rovers podcast with the purpose of recognising the players and managers who had the greatest impact on Bristol Rovers Football Club. It was announced that ten people would be inducted in the Hall at a rate of one per week in the first half of 2021, with three added per year thereafter. The first inductee was the club's all-time record goalscorer Geoff Bradford.This is a list of the other most noted former players at Bristol Rovers Football Club (excluding those listed in the Hall of Fame above) stating the period that each player spent at the club, their nationality and their reason for being listed. To be included in this list a player must have made over 400 league appearances for the club, scored over 100 league goals or hold a club record.The manager of the club is Joey Barton who was appointed in February 2021.!Position!Name36 men have been appointed as a manager of Bristol Rovers Football Club, excluding caretaker managers. Bobby Gould, Gerry Francis and John Ward are the only men to have been given the job on a permanent basis twice, although Garry Thompson had a separate spell as caretaker manager before later being appointed permanently, and Phil Bater was caretaker manager on two separate occasions.The Bristol Rovers Academy currently operates at The City Academy Bristol and Sir Bernard Lovell School. Current first-team squad members Cameron Hargreaves andAlfie Kilgour both graduated from the Academy to earn professional contracts. In May 2021, U16s player Kyrie Pierre joined Aston Villa for an undisclosed six-figure fee, a record fee received by the Academy for a player. Perhaps the most successful former member of the academy is Scott Sinclair, who was signed by Chelsea in 2005 for an initial fee of £200,000, with further payments to the club possible, depending on performance. He currently plays for Championship club Preston North End. Other former Academy players currently contracted to teams in the Premier League or English Football League include Ryan Broom (Peterborough United), Ellis Harrison (Portsmouth), Chris Lines (Stevenage), Tom Lockyer (Luton Town), Matt Macey (Hibernian) and Ollie Clarke (Mansfield Town).The club had a successful women's team, formed in 1998 as Bristol Rovers W.F.C. following a merger with Cable-Tel L.F.C.. This merger came about as Bristol Rovers only had girls teams up to the under 16 age group level, so when girls reached the age of 16 they were forced to leave the club. The merger with Cable-Tel meant that Bristol Rovers had a senior squad. The club's name was changed to Bristol Academy W.F.C. in 2005 to reflect the increased investment from the Bristol Academy of Sport. In 2016, Bristol Academy were re-branded as Bristol City following a sponsorship arrangement with Rovers' local rivals.In 2019 it was announced that Rovers are to reform their women's team. They will field two teams in the Gloucestershire County Women's Football League starting from the 2019–20 season. The relaunched Bristol Rovers Women's FC was founded by Matthew Davies and Nathan Hallett-Young. The first team currently play in Division One with a development team playing in Division Two.Bristol Rovers F.C. have won the following honours:LeaguesCups	[ "John Ward", "Paul Tisdale", "Graham Coughlan" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Bristol Rovers F.C. in Jun, 2019?	June 25, 2019	{ "text": [ "Graham Coughlan" ] }	L2_Q48925_P286_2	Paul Tisdale is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022. John Ward is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Dec, 2012 to Mar, 2014. Graham Coughlan is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2019. Darrell Clarke is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Mar, 2014 to Dec, 2018.	Bristol Rovers F.C.Bristol Rovers F.C. is a professional football club in Bristol, England, which competes in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system. They have played home matches at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield since 1996. They spent 1897 to 1986 at the Eastville Stadium and the following ten years at Twerton Park in Bath. The club's official nickname is "The Pirates", reflecting the maritime history of Bristol. The local nickname of the club is "The Gas", derived from the gasworks next to their former home, Eastville Stadium, which started as a derogatory term used by fans of their main rivals, Bristol City, but was affectionately adopted by the club and its supporters. Cardiff City and Swindon Town are considered their second and third biggest rivals. The women's team play in the Gloucestershire County Women's League.The club was founded in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. and entered the Bristol & District as Eastville Rovers in 1892. The club moved to the Birmingham & District League in 1897 and then to the Southern League as Bristol Rovers in 1899. They won the Southern League in 1904–05 and were admitted to the Football League in 1920. They were placed in the Third Division South the following year and remained there until winning promotion as champions in 1952–53. They recorded their highest finishing positions in 1956 and 1959, a sixth-place finish in the Second Division, before suffering relegation in 1962. Promoted in second-place in 1973–74, they spent another seven seasons in the second tier until relegation in 1981. They won the Third Division title in 1989–90, though this time lasted just three seasons in the second tier and were relegated back into the fourth tier by 2001.Rovers won the League Two play-off final in 2007, but relegations in 2011 and 2014 saw the club drop into the Conference Premier. They finished second in the Conference under the stewardship of Darrell Clarke and immediately regained their Football League status with victory in the 2015 play-off final. They followed up this success by securing promotion out of League Two at the end of the 2015–16 season. Rovers have won the Gloucestershire Cup 32 times, the Third Division South Cup in 1932, the Watney Cup in 1972, and have been Football League Trophy finalists two times.The club was formed following a meeting at the Eastville Restaurant in Bristol in September 1883. It was initially called Black Arabs F.C., after the Arabs rugby team and the predominantly black kits in which they played. This name only lasted for the 1883–84 season, and in a bid to draw more fans from the local area the club was renamed Eastville Rovers in 1884.The club played only friendly games until the 1887–88 season, when it took part in the Gloucestershire Cup for the first time. In 1892 the club became a founder member of the Bristol and District League, which three years later was renamed the Western League. In 1897 Eastville Rovers joined the Birmingham and District League, and for two seasons played in both this league and the Western League. At the beginning of the 1897–98 season, the club turned professional and changed its name to Bristol Eastville Rovers, and on 17 February 1899 the name was officially changed to Bristol Rovers. In 1899 Bristol Rovers joined the newly formed Southern League, where they remained until 1920, winning the league title along the way in 1905.For the 1920–21 season, the Southern League teams were moved into the new Division Three of the Football League, which became Division Three (South) the following season. They remained in this division for over 30 years, before winning the league, and promotion in the 1952–53 season.The team has won promotion on five other occasions: in 1973–74 from the Third Division to the Second Division, again in 1989–90 as Division Three champions, in 2006–07 to the Football League One, in 2014–15 to League Two from the Conference Premier, and then in 2015–16 to League One. The club has been relegated six times—in 1961–62, 1980–81, 1992–93, 2000–01, 2010–11 and most recently at the end of the 2013–14 season.The highest position in the football ladder achieved by Rovers at the end of season is sixth place in the second tier, which they did twice; once in 1955–56, and again in 1958–59. The closest they came to the top flight was in 1955–56, when they ended the season just four points below the promotion positions. The lowest league position achieved by the club is twenty-third out of twenty-four teams in the fourth tier, which has occurred twice. In the 2001–02 season, relegation from the Football League was narrowly avoided on two counts; firstly they ended just one league position above the relegation zone, and secondly the rules were changed the following season to increase the number of relegation places to two, meaning that if Rovers had finished in that position one year later they would have been relegated. This position was matched at the end of the 2013–14 season, which this time saw Rovers relegated to the Conference for the first time. They returned to the league at the end of their first Conference season, with a penalty shootout victory over Grimsby Town in the play-off final. In February 2016 it was announced that a 92% stake in the club had been bought by the Jordanian al-Qadi family and that Wael al-Qadi, a member of the Jordan Football Association, would become the president. The club is now owned by Dwane Sports Ltd with 92.6% of the shares with Bristol Rovers Supporters Club owning the remaining 7.4%. In May 2016 the club recorded a second consecutive promotion in dramatic fashion finishing third in League Two after a 92nd-minute goal secured victory over Dagenham and Redbridge and Accrington Stanley failed to beat Stevenage on the last day of the season. It marked the first time Rovers had reached the third tier of English Football since relegation in 2011. In June 2020 it was announced that president Wael al-Qadi had obtained a 90% stake in Dwane Sports Ltd after buying the shares of other members of his family it was also announced that the club's debt would be capitalised and a new training facility would begin construction at Hortham Lane, Almondsbury which is close to the M5 motorway. Rovers have owned the site known as 'The Colony' since 2017 but no previous work has been carried out and Rovers have trained on a rented site near Cribbs Causeway.The only major cup competition won by Bristol Rovers is the 1972 Watney Cup, when they beat Sheffield United in the final. The club also won the Division Three (South) Cup in 1934–35, as well as winning or sharing the Gloucestershire Cup on 32 occasions. The team has never played in European competition; the closest Rovers came was when they missed out on reaching the international stage of the Anglo-Italian Cup in the 1992–93 season on a coin toss held over the phone with West Ham United.In the FA Cup, Rovers have reached the quarter-final stage on three occasions. The first time was in 1950–51 when they faced Newcastle United at St James' Park in front of a crowd of 62,787, the record for the highest attendance at any Bristol Rovers match. The second time they reached the quarter final was in 1957–58, when they lost to Fulham, and the most recent appearance at this stage of the competition was during the 2007–08 season, when they faced West Bromwich Albion. They were the first Division Three team to win an FA Cup tie away to a Premier League side, when in 2002 they beat Derby County 3–1 at Pride Park Stadium.They have twice reached the final of the Football League Trophy, in 1989–90 and 2006–07, but finished runners-up on both occasions. On the second occasion they did not allow a single goal against them in the competition "en route" to the final, but conceded the lead less than a minute after the final kicked off.Bristol Rovers main rivals are city neighbours Bristol City, with whom they contest the Bristol derby. This rivalry was deemed 8th fiercest rivalry in English football in an in-depth report by the Football Pools in 2008. The most recent encounter between the clubs took place on 4 September 2013, which saw Rovers beaten by City in a Football League Trophy tie at Ashton Gate Stadium by a 2–1 scoreline. Other rivals are Newport County and mainly teams from the West Country, such as Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town, Yeovil Town and Forest Green Rovers.In the past, rivalries also emerged with Severnside rivals Cardiff City known as the Severnside derby. Rovers most recent meeting against Cardiff was a League Cup match on 11 August 2016, which Rovers won 1–0 with Chris Lines scoring the winner. The last time Cardiff and Bristol Rovers were in the same league was in the 1999–2000 season.The first time Rovers encountered Yeovil was a Football League Trophy match which was played on 31 October 2001, which Rovers won via a penalty shoot-out. The most recent encounter between the teams was in a Football League Two match on 16 April 2016, which Rovers won 2–1. Because of the close proximity many players have also represented both the clubs, for example Adam Virgo, Gavin Williams, Dominic Blizzard and Tom Parkes.Rovers last played Swindon Town in the 2020–21 League One season where Swindon won both matches 1–0, Cheltenham Town in the first round of the EFL cup in 2019 (Rovers won 3-0) and Forest Green Rovers in the 2015 play-off Semi-final in the Conference (Rovers won 3-0 on aggregate).Other clubs in the West country such as Plymouth Argyle and Exeter City have also been considered rivals despite being further away from Bristol (162 km for Plymouth and 104 km for Exeter). Bristol Rovers last played Plymouth in the 2020–21 League One season where Rovers won 3–0 at home and lost 2–0 away and last played Exeter in the group stage of the EFL Trophy in 2018 (Exeter won 2-0).Bristol Rovers are known for their distinctive blue and white quartered shirts, which they have worn for most of their history. The current home kit consists of a light blue and white quartered shirt and white shorts, while the away kit is black and gold with the same colours as the trim. During the 2008–09 season a special third strip, which is black with a gold sash, and is a reproduction of the original "Black Arab" shirt, was used for a single match to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the club.The team began playing in black shirts with a yellow sash from their foundation in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. until 1885, by which time they were called Eastville Rovers. For the next fourteen years, until 1899, the team wore blue and white hooped shirts. These were replaced by black and white striped shirts until 1919.When Rovers were admitted to The Football League in 1920 they wore white shirts with blue shorts. These remained the team colours until 1930, when the colours were reversed to blue shirts and white shorts for one season. The blue and white quarters were first worn in 1931, when they were introduced to try to make the players look larger and more intimidating. Rovers continued to wear the quarters for 31 years until they were replaced by blue pinstripes on a white background.Over the next ten years, Rovers went on to wear blue and white stripes, all blue, and blue shirts with white shorts before returning to the blue and white quarters in 1973, which have remained the colours ever since. During the 1996–97 season, Rovers wore an unpopular striped quartered design, prompting fans to refer to it as the Tesco bag shirts because of their similarity to the design used for the company's carrier bags. The change in design prompted the Trump"ton Times" fanzine to change its name to "Wot, No Quarters?"The black and gold shirts were also used as the away kit for the 2002–03 season, the club's 120th anniversary.In 2005, Rovers ran an April Fools' joke on their official website, stating that the team's new away strip would be all pink. Although this was intended to be a joke, a number of fans petitioned the club to get the kit made for real, and also suggested that funds raised through the sale of the pink shirts should be donated to a breast cancer charity. Although the pink shirts were never used in a competitive fixture, they were worn for a pre-season friendly against Plymouth Argyle in 2006.A pirate features on both the club badge and the badge of the supporters club, reflecting the club nickname of The Pirates. Previous club badges have featured a blue and white quartered design, based on the quartered design of the team's jerseys.Rovers first used Bukta as an official kit supplier in 1977, and Great Mills as the first kit sponsor followed 1981. Rovers' longest running kit supplier is Errea who supplied the club kits for eleven years (2005–16). The club's longest running kit sponsorship was from local company Cowlin Construction who sponsored the club for a total of 11 years before ending the deal in 2009. Following the end of the Cowlin deal, sponsors were chosen by raffle, via the 1883 Club. This process lasted nine seasons before the club announced Football INDEX as new sponsors for both home and away kits. In 2019 Utilita become the main shirt sponsors of both the home and away kits for the 2019-2020 season, the deal was then extended in July 2020 to cover the 2020-2021 season marking the first time a shirt sponsor had lasted for more than one season since the end of the Cowlin sponsorship in 2009.Rovers play their home games at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield, a ground they formerly shared with Bristol Rugby. The team moved to The Mem, as it is known informally, at the beginning of the 1996–97 season, initially as tenants but purchased it two years later.When Bristol Rovers were known as Black Arabs F.C. in 1883, they played their home games at Purdown, Stapleton. The following year they moved to Three Acres, the precise location of which is not known, but is believed to have been in the Ashley Down area of Bristol, where they remained for seven years. This was followed by brief stays at the Schoolmasters Cricket Ground, Durdham Down and Ridgeway.For the majority of their history, Bristol Rovers have played their home games at the Eastville Stadium, where they remained for a period of 89 years from 1897 to 1986. Financial problems led to the team being forced to leave Eastville, and they found a temporary home at Twerton Park, the home of Bath City. They stayed in Bath for 10 seasons, leading to the chant that there really is only 1 team in Bristol, before returning to Bristol in 1996.Rovers also played five home games at Ashton Gate Stadium, home of rivals Bristol City, following a fire which destroyed the South Stand of the Eastville Stadium on the night of the 16–17 August 1980. Rovers returned to Eastville in October 1980. During World War II, some friendly matches were played in Kingswood, and in their early history some games were played at Parson Street, BedminsterIn January 2007 planning permission was granted for a new 18,500 capacity all-seater stadium to be built on the site of the Memorial Stadium. The project was abandoned after a series of delays. In June 2011, the club announced its intention to relocate the club to a new 21,700 all-seater stadium on the University of the West of England's Frenchay campus. The planned UWE Stadium was shelved in August 2017 due to disputes between the club and the university, and attention returned to redeveloping the Memorial Stadium.In 2017 there was a crowd recording for the 2018 Aardman film Early Man at the Memorial Stadium.In June 2020 the club began construction of a new training facility at a site on Hortham Lane, Almondsbury near the M5 motorway. The site is set to include two full size pitches, a goalkeeping area, a gym and a clubhouse building. Rovers have owned the site since 2017 but no work had previously been carried out.The team traditionally draws the majority of its support from north and east Bristol and South Gloucestershire. Many towns and villages in the surrounding area are also home to significant pockets of Rovers supporters.The nickname given to Bristol Rovers supporters is "Gasheads". "The Gas" was originally coined as a derogatory term by the supporters of Bristol Rovers' rivals Bristol City, and was in reference to the large gas works adjacent to the old Bristol Rovers stadium, in Eastville, Bristol which wafted the sometimes overpowering odour of town gas across the crowd. "Gasheads" was adopted as a name by a splinter group of Rovers supporters in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. The chant "Proud to be a Gashead" spread to regular fans, and a fanzine was produced called "The Gashead".The term "Gasheads" is now universally accepted within the English media and football fraternity as referring to Bristol Rovers supporters. After the club's relegation to Football League Two in 2001, the club designated the squad number 12 to the Gasheads to signify them as the club's 12th Man in recognition of their loyal support.The retired Conservative MP for Hayes and Harlington Terry Dicks is a Bristol Rovers fan. He mentioned the club in parliament on 5 May 1994 when debating with Labour MP and Chelsea fan Tony Banks. Other notable fans are local musicians Roni Size and Geoff Barrow of Portishead and writer David Goldblatt. and Declan Hynds. Former Bristol Rovers player and manager, Ian Holloway, who also managed QPR and Blackpool as well as featuring as a pundit is still a big fan of the club.Based on Sept. 2014 statistics released by the Home Office, the Rovers fan base were named the Most Dangerous English Football fan base for the 2013-2014 season, with 57 arrests on the season, of which 35% were for "violent disorder." Particularly dangerous was the scene on May 3, 2014 when the Rovers were assured relegation from the Football League for the first time.The Rovers fans have good relations with Spanish club CE Sabadell FC, which initially began due to several Rovers fans noticing that the club had the same colours. In July 2016 the two clubs played each other in a pre-season match in Spain.One Bristol Rovers print fanzine is currently active and is entitled "Last Saturday Night". There is also a fan-run podcast and blog called "GasCast".The song which is synonymous with Rovers is "Goodnight, Irene", which was written by Lead Belly.Opinions differ as to how this came about but it is thought to have become popular in the 1950s when a version of the song was in the British charts—the line "sometimes I have a great notion to jump in the river and drown"—seemed to be particularly apt when Rovers lost as the Bristol Frome flows alongside the old Eastville ground. It is believed that John Clapham is responsible for the song as he used to work at Eastville stadium for the greyhound racing and the last record he would play at the end of the night was "Goodnight Irene" also having a daughter called Irene, the record would then be left in the player and was played at the football. Another theory is that it was sung at a fireworks display at the Stadium the night before a home game against Plymouth Argyle in the 1950s. During the game the following day, Rovers were winning quite comfortably and the few Argyle supporters present began to leave early prompting a chorus of "Goodnight Argyle" from the Rovers supporters—the tune stuck and "Irene" became the club song.Another popular Bristol Rovers song is "Tote End Boys", which was written and sung by Ben Gunstone. The name derives from the section of Gasheads who stood in the Tote End terrace at Rovers' old home, Eastville Stadium. The football club launched its official Hall of Fame in 2021 in partnership with Retro Rovers podcast with the purpose of recognising the players and managers who had the greatest impact on Bristol Rovers Football Club. It was announced that ten people would be inducted in the Hall at a rate of one per week in the first half of 2021, with three added per year thereafter. The first inductee was the club's all-time record goalscorer Geoff Bradford.This is a list of the other most noted former players at Bristol Rovers Football Club (excluding those listed in the Hall of Fame above) stating the period that each player spent at the club, their nationality and their reason for being listed. To be included in this list a player must have made over 400 league appearances for the club, scored over 100 league goals or hold a club record.The manager of the club is Joey Barton who was appointed in February 2021.!Position!Name36 men have been appointed as a manager of Bristol Rovers Football Club, excluding caretaker managers. Bobby Gould, Gerry Francis and John Ward are the only men to have been given the job on a permanent basis twice, although Garry Thompson had a separate spell as caretaker manager before later being appointed permanently, and Phil Bater was caretaker manager on two separate occasions.The Bristol Rovers Academy currently operates at The City Academy Bristol and Sir Bernard Lovell School. Current first-team squad members Cameron Hargreaves andAlfie Kilgour both graduated from the Academy to earn professional contracts. In May 2021, U16s player Kyrie Pierre joined Aston Villa for an undisclosed six-figure fee, a record fee received by the Academy for a player. Perhaps the most successful former member of the academy is Scott Sinclair, who was signed by Chelsea in 2005 for an initial fee of £200,000, with further payments to the club possible, depending on performance. He currently plays for Championship club Preston North End. Other former Academy players currently contracted to teams in the Premier League or English Football League include Ryan Broom (Peterborough United), Ellis Harrison (Portsmouth), Chris Lines (Stevenage), Tom Lockyer (Luton Town), Matt Macey (Hibernian) and Ollie Clarke (Mansfield Town).The club had a successful women's team, formed in 1998 as Bristol Rovers W.F.C. following a merger with Cable-Tel L.F.C.. This merger came about as Bristol Rovers only had girls teams up to the under 16 age group level, so when girls reached the age of 16 they were forced to leave the club. The merger with Cable-Tel meant that Bristol Rovers had a senior squad. The club's name was changed to Bristol Academy W.F.C. in 2005 to reflect the increased investment from the Bristol Academy of Sport. In 2016, Bristol Academy were re-branded as Bristol City following a sponsorship arrangement with Rovers' local rivals.In 2019 it was announced that Rovers are to reform their women's team. They will field two teams in the Gloucestershire County Women's Football League starting from the 2019–20 season. The relaunched Bristol Rovers Women's FC was founded by Matthew Davies and Nathan Hallett-Young. The first team currently play in Division One with a development team playing in Division Two.Bristol Rovers F.C. have won the following honours:LeaguesCups	[ "John Ward", "Paul Tisdale", "Darrell Clarke" ]
Who was the head coach of the team Bristol Rovers F.C. in Oct, 2022?	October 31, 2022	{ "text": [ "Paul Tisdale" ] }	L2_Q48925_P286_3	John Ward is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Dec, 2012 to Mar, 2014. Paul Tisdale is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Nov, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Graham Coughlan is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2019. Darrell Clarke is the head coach of Bristol Rovers F.C. from Mar, 2014 to Dec, 2018.	Bristol Rovers F.C.Bristol Rovers F.C. is a professional football club in Bristol, England, which competes in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system. They have played home matches at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield since 1996. They spent 1897 to 1986 at the Eastville Stadium and the following ten years at Twerton Park in Bath. The club's official nickname is "The Pirates", reflecting the maritime history of Bristol. The local nickname of the club is "The Gas", derived from the gasworks next to their former home, Eastville Stadium, which started as a derogatory term used by fans of their main rivals, Bristol City, but was affectionately adopted by the club and its supporters. Cardiff City and Swindon Town are considered their second and third biggest rivals. The women's team play in the Gloucestershire County Women's League.The club was founded in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. and entered the Bristol & District as Eastville Rovers in 1892. The club moved to the Birmingham & District League in 1897 and then to the Southern League as Bristol Rovers in 1899. They won the Southern League in 1904–05 and were admitted to the Football League in 1920. They were placed in the Third Division South the following year and remained there until winning promotion as champions in 1952–53. They recorded their highest finishing positions in 1956 and 1959, a sixth-place finish in the Second Division, before suffering relegation in 1962. Promoted in second-place in 1973–74, they spent another seven seasons in the second tier until relegation in 1981. They won the Third Division title in 1989–90, though this time lasted just three seasons in the second tier and were relegated back into the fourth tier by 2001.Rovers won the League Two play-off final in 2007, but relegations in 2011 and 2014 saw the club drop into the Conference Premier. They finished second in the Conference under the stewardship of Darrell Clarke and immediately regained their Football League status with victory in the 2015 play-off final. They followed up this success by securing promotion out of League Two at the end of the 2015–16 season. Rovers have won the Gloucestershire Cup 32 times, the Third Division South Cup in 1932, the Watney Cup in 1972, and have been Football League Trophy finalists two times.The club was formed following a meeting at the Eastville Restaurant in Bristol in September 1883. It was initially called Black Arabs F.C., after the Arabs rugby team and the predominantly black kits in which they played. This name only lasted for the 1883–84 season, and in a bid to draw more fans from the local area the club was renamed Eastville Rovers in 1884.The club played only friendly games until the 1887–88 season, when it took part in the Gloucestershire Cup for the first time. In 1892 the club became a founder member of the Bristol and District League, which three years later was renamed the Western League. In 1897 Eastville Rovers joined the Birmingham and District League, and for two seasons played in both this league and the Western League. At the beginning of the 1897–98 season, the club turned professional and changed its name to Bristol Eastville Rovers, and on 17 February 1899 the name was officially changed to Bristol Rovers. In 1899 Bristol Rovers joined the newly formed Southern League, where they remained until 1920, winning the league title along the way in 1905.For the 1920–21 season, the Southern League teams were moved into the new Division Three of the Football League, which became Division Three (South) the following season. They remained in this division for over 30 years, before winning the league, and promotion in the 1952–53 season.The team has won promotion on five other occasions: in 1973–74 from the Third Division to the Second Division, again in 1989–90 as Division Three champions, in 2006–07 to the Football League One, in 2014–15 to League Two from the Conference Premier, and then in 2015–16 to League One. The club has been relegated six times—in 1961–62, 1980–81, 1992–93, 2000–01, 2010–11 and most recently at the end of the 2013–14 season.The highest position in the football ladder achieved by Rovers at the end of season is sixth place in the second tier, which they did twice; once in 1955–56, and again in 1958–59. The closest they came to the top flight was in 1955–56, when they ended the season just four points below the promotion positions. The lowest league position achieved by the club is twenty-third out of twenty-four teams in the fourth tier, which has occurred twice. In the 2001–02 season, relegation from the Football League was narrowly avoided on two counts; firstly they ended just one league position above the relegation zone, and secondly the rules were changed the following season to increase the number of relegation places to two, meaning that if Rovers had finished in that position one year later they would have been relegated. This position was matched at the end of the 2013–14 season, which this time saw Rovers relegated to the Conference for the first time. They returned to the league at the end of their first Conference season, with a penalty shootout victory over Grimsby Town in the play-off final. In February 2016 it was announced that a 92% stake in the club had been bought by the Jordanian al-Qadi family and that Wael al-Qadi, a member of the Jordan Football Association, would become the president. The club is now owned by Dwane Sports Ltd with 92.6% of the shares with Bristol Rovers Supporters Club owning the remaining 7.4%. In May 2016 the club recorded a second consecutive promotion in dramatic fashion finishing third in League Two after a 92nd-minute goal secured victory over Dagenham and Redbridge and Accrington Stanley failed to beat Stevenage on the last day of the season. It marked the first time Rovers had reached the third tier of English Football since relegation in 2011. In June 2020 it was announced that president Wael al-Qadi had obtained a 90% stake in Dwane Sports Ltd after buying the shares of other members of his family it was also announced that the club's debt would be capitalised and a new training facility would begin construction at Hortham Lane, Almondsbury which is close to the M5 motorway. Rovers have owned the site known as 'The Colony' since 2017 but no previous work has been carried out and Rovers have trained on a rented site near Cribbs Causeway.The only major cup competition won by Bristol Rovers is the 1972 Watney Cup, when they beat Sheffield United in the final. The club also won the Division Three (South) Cup in 1934–35, as well as winning or sharing the Gloucestershire Cup on 32 occasions. The team has never played in European competition; the closest Rovers came was when they missed out on reaching the international stage of the Anglo-Italian Cup in the 1992–93 season on a coin toss held over the phone with West Ham United.In the FA Cup, Rovers have reached the quarter-final stage on three occasions. The first time was in 1950–51 when they faced Newcastle United at St James' Park in front of a crowd of 62,787, the record for the highest attendance at any Bristol Rovers match. The second time they reached the quarter final was in 1957–58, when they lost to Fulham, and the most recent appearance at this stage of the competition was during the 2007–08 season, when they faced West Bromwich Albion. They were the first Division Three team to win an FA Cup tie away to a Premier League side, when in 2002 they beat Derby County 3–1 at Pride Park Stadium.They have twice reached the final of the Football League Trophy, in 1989–90 and 2006–07, but finished runners-up on both occasions. On the second occasion they did not allow a single goal against them in the competition "en route" to the final, but conceded the lead less than a minute after the final kicked off.Bristol Rovers main rivals are city neighbours Bristol City, with whom they contest the Bristol derby. This rivalry was deemed 8th fiercest rivalry in English football in an in-depth report by the Football Pools in 2008. The most recent encounter between the clubs took place on 4 September 2013, which saw Rovers beaten by City in a Football League Trophy tie at Ashton Gate Stadium by a 2–1 scoreline. Other rivals are Newport County and mainly teams from the West Country, such as Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town, Yeovil Town and Forest Green Rovers.In the past, rivalries also emerged with Severnside rivals Cardiff City known as the Severnside derby. Rovers most recent meeting against Cardiff was a League Cup match on 11 August 2016, which Rovers won 1–0 with Chris Lines scoring the winner. The last time Cardiff and Bristol Rovers were in the same league was in the 1999–2000 season.The first time Rovers encountered Yeovil was a Football League Trophy match which was played on 31 October 2001, which Rovers won via a penalty shoot-out. The most recent encounter between the teams was in a Football League Two match on 16 April 2016, which Rovers won 2–1. Because of the close proximity many players have also represented both the clubs, for example Adam Virgo, Gavin Williams, Dominic Blizzard and Tom Parkes.Rovers last played Swindon Town in the 2020–21 League One season where Swindon won both matches 1–0, Cheltenham Town in the first round of the EFL cup in 2019 (Rovers won 3-0) and Forest Green Rovers in the 2015 play-off Semi-final in the Conference (Rovers won 3-0 on aggregate).Other clubs in the West country such as Plymouth Argyle and Exeter City have also been considered rivals despite being further away from Bristol (162 km for Plymouth and 104 km for Exeter). Bristol Rovers last played Plymouth in the 2020–21 League One season where Rovers won 3–0 at home and lost 2–0 away and last played Exeter in the group stage of the EFL Trophy in 2018 (Exeter won 2-0).Bristol Rovers are known for their distinctive blue and white quartered shirts, which they have worn for most of their history. The current home kit consists of a light blue and white quartered shirt and white shorts, while the away kit is black and gold with the same colours as the trim. During the 2008–09 season a special third strip, which is black with a gold sash, and is a reproduction of the original "Black Arab" shirt, was used for a single match to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the club.The team began playing in black shirts with a yellow sash from their foundation in 1883 as Black Arabs F.C. until 1885, by which time they were called Eastville Rovers. For the next fourteen years, until 1899, the team wore blue and white hooped shirts. These were replaced by black and white striped shirts until 1919.When Rovers were admitted to The Football League in 1920 they wore white shirts with blue shorts. These remained the team colours until 1930, when the colours were reversed to blue shirts and white shorts for one season. The blue and white quarters were first worn in 1931, when they were introduced to try to make the players look larger and more intimidating. Rovers continued to wear the quarters for 31 years until they were replaced by blue pinstripes on a white background.Over the next ten years, Rovers went on to wear blue and white stripes, all blue, and blue shirts with white shorts before returning to the blue and white quarters in 1973, which have remained the colours ever since. During the 1996–97 season, Rovers wore an unpopular striped quartered design, prompting fans to refer to it as the Tesco bag shirts because of their similarity to the design used for the company's carrier bags. The change in design prompted the Trump"ton Times" fanzine to change its name to "Wot, No Quarters?"The black and gold shirts were also used as the away kit for the 2002–03 season, the club's 120th anniversary.In 2005, Rovers ran an April Fools' joke on their official website, stating that the team's new away strip would be all pink. Although this was intended to be a joke, a number of fans petitioned the club to get the kit made for real, and also suggested that funds raised through the sale of the pink shirts should be donated to a breast cancer charity. Although the pink shirts were never used in a competitive fixture, they were worn for a pre-season friendly against Plymouth Argyle in 2006.A pirate features on both the club badge and the badge of the supporters club, reflecting the club nickname of The Pirates. Previous club badges have featured a blue and white quartered design, based on the quartered design of the team's jerseys.Rovers first used Bukta as an official kit supplier in 1977, and Great Mills as the first kit sponsor followed 1981. Rovers' longest running kit supplier is Errea who supplied the club kits for eleven years (2005–16). The club's longest running kit sponsorship was from local company Cowlin Construction who sponsored the club for a total of 11 years before ending the deal in 2009. Following the end of the Cowlin deal, sponsors were chosen by raffle, via the 1883 Club. This process lasted nine seasons before the club announced Football INDEX as new sponsors for both home and away kits. In 2019 Utilita become the main shirt sponsors of both the home and away kits for the 2019-2020 season, the deal was then extended in July 2020 to cover the 2020-2021 season marking the first time a shirt sponsor had lasted for more than one season since the end of the Cowlin sponsorship in 2009.Rovers play their home games at the Memorial Stadium in Horfield, a ground they formerly shared with Bristol Rugby. The team moved to The Mem, as it is known informally, at the beginning of the 1996–97 season, initially as tenants but purchased it two years later.When Bristol Rovers were known as Black Arabs F.C. in 1883, they played their home games at Purdown, Stapleton. The following year they moved to Three Acres, the precise location of which is not known, but is believed to have been in the Ashley Down area of Bristol, where they remained for seven years. This was followed by brief stays at the Schoolmasters Cricket Ground, Durdham Down and Ridgeway.For the majority of their history, Bristol Rovers have played their home games at the Eastville Stadium, where they remained for a period of 89 years from 1897 to 1986. Financial problems led to the team being forced to leave Eastville, and they found a temporary home at Twerton Park, the home of Bath City. They stayed in Bath for 10 seasons, leading to the chant that there really is only 1 team in Bristol, before returning to Bristol in 1996.Rovers also played five home games at Ashton Gate Stadium, home of rivals Bristol City, following a fire which destroyed the South Stand of the Eastville Stadium on the night of the 16–17 August 1980. Rovers returned to Eastville in October 1980. During World War II, some friendly matches were played in Kingswood, and in their early history some games were played at Parson Street, BedminsterIn January 2007 planning permission was granted for a new 18,500 capacity all-seater stadium to be built on the site of the Memorial Stadium. The project was abandoned after a series of delays. In June 2011, the club announced its intention to relocate the club to a new 21,700 all-seater stadium on the University of the West of England's Frenchay campus. The planned UWE Stadium was shelved in August 2017 due to disputes between the club and the university, and attention returned to redeveloping the Memorial Stadium.In 2017 there was a crowd recording for the 2018 Aardman film Early Man at the Memorial Stadium.In June 2020 the club began construction of a new training facility at a site on Hortham Lane, Almondsbury near the M5 motorway. The site is set to include two full size pitches, a goalkeeping area, a gym and a clubhouse building. Rovers have owned the site since 2017 but no work had previously been carried out.The team traditionally draws the majority of its support from north and east Bristol and South Gloucestershire. Many towns and villages in the surrounding area are also home to significant pockets of Rovers supporters.The nickname given to Bristol Rovers supporters is "Gasheads". "The Gas" was originally coined as a derogatory term by the supporters of Bristol Rovers' rivals Bristol City, and was in reference to the large gas works adjacent to the old Bristol Rovers stadium, in Eastville, Bristol which wafted the sometimes overpowering odour of town gas across the crowd. "Gasheads" was adopted as a name by a splinter group of Rovers supporters in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. The chant "Proud to be a Gashead" spread to regular fans, and a fanzine was produced called "The Gashead".The term "Gasheads" is now universally accepted within the English media and football fraternity as referring to Bristol Rovers supporters. After the club's relegation to Football League Two in 2001, the club designated the squad number 12 to the Gasheads to signify them as the club's 12th Man in recognition of their loyal support.The retired Conservative MP for Hayes and Harlington Terry Dicks is a Bristol Rovers fan. He mentioned the club in parliament on 5 May 1994 when debating with Labour MP and Chelsea fan Tony Banks. Other notable fans are local musicians Roni Size and Geoff Barrow of Portishead and writer David Goldblatt. and Declan Hynds. Former Bristol Rovers player and manager, Ian Holloway, who also managed QPR and Blackpool as well as featuring as a pundit is still a big fan of the club.Based on Sept. 2014 statistics released by the Home Office, the Rovers fan base were named the Most Dangerous English Football fan base for the 2013-2014 season, with 57 arrests on the season, of which 35% were for "violent disorder." Particularly dangerous was the scene on May 3, 2014 when the Rovers were assured relegation from the Football League for the first time.The Rovers fans have good relations with Spanish club CE Sabadell FC, which initially began due to several Rovers fans noticing that the club had the same colours. In July 2016 the two clubs played each other in a pre-season match in Spain.One Bristol Rovers print fanzine is currently active and is entitled "Last Saturday Night". There is also a fan-run podcast and blog called "GasCast".The song which is synonymous with Rovers is "Goodnight, Irene", which was written by Lead Belly.Opinions differ as to how this came about but it is thought to have become popular in the 1950s when a version of the song was in the British charts—the line "sometimes I have a great notion to jump in the river and drown"—seemed to be particularly apt when Rovers lost as the Bristol Frome flows alongside the old Eastville ground. It is believed that John Clapham is responsible for the song as he used to work at Eastville stadium for the greyhound racing and the last record he would play at the end of the night was "Goodnight Irene" also having a daughter called Irene, the record would then be left in the player and was played at the football. Another theory is that it was sung at a fireworks display at the Stadium the night before a home game against Plymouth Argyle in the 1950s. During the game the following day, Rovers were winning quite comfortably and the few Argyle supporters present began to leave early prompting a chorus of "Goodnight Argyle" from the Rovers supporters—the tune stuck and "Irene" became the club song.Another popular Bristol Rovers song is "Tote End Boys", which was written and sung by Ben Gunstone. The name derives from the section of Gasheads who stood in the Tote End terrace at Rovers' old home, Eastville Stadium. The football club launched its official Hall of Fame in 2021 in partnership with Retro Rovers podcast with the purpose of recognising the players and managers who had the greatest impact on Bristol Rovers Football Club. It was announced that ten people would be inducted in the Hall at a rate of one per week in the first half of 2021, with three added per year thereafter. The first inductee was the club's all-time record goalscorer Geoff Bradford.This is a list of the other most noted former players at Bristol Rovers Football Club (excluding those listed in the Hall of Fame above) stating the period that each player spent at the club, their nationality and their reason for being listed. To be included in this list a player must have made over 400 league appearances for the club, scored over 100 league goals or hold a club record.The manager of the club is Joey Barton who was appointed in February 2021.!Position!Name36 men have been appointed as a manager of Bristol Rovers Football Club, excluding caretaker managers. Bobby Gould, Gerry Francis and John Ward are the only men to have been given the job on a permanent basis twice, although Garry Thompson had a separate spell as caretaker manager before later being appointed permanently, and Phil Bater was caretaker manager on two separate occasions.The Bristol Rovers Academy currently operates at The City Academy Bristol and Sir Bernard Lovell School. Current first-team squad members Cameron Hargreaves andAlfie Kilgour both graduated from the Academy to earn professional contracts. In May 2021, U16s player Kyrie Pierre joined Aston Villa for an undisclosed six-figure fee, a record fee received by the Academy for a player. Perhaps the most successful former member of the academy is Scott Sinclair, who was signed by Chelsea in 2005 for an initial fee of £200,000, with further payments to the club possible, depending on performance. He currently plays for Championship club Preston North End. Other former Academy players currently contracted to teams in the Premier League or English Football League include Ryan Broom (Peterborough United), Ellis Harrison (Portsmouth), Chris Lines (Stevenage), Tom Lockyer (Luton Town), Matt Macey (Hibernian) and Ollie Clarke (Mansfield Town).The club had a successful women's team, formed in 1998 as Bristol Rovers W.F.C. following a merger with Cable-Tel L.F.C.. This merger came about as Bristol Rovers only had girls teams up to the under 16 age group level, so when girls reached the age of 16 they were forced to leave the club. The merger with Cable-Tel meant that Bristol Rovers had a senior squad. The club's name was changed to Bristol Academy W.F.C. in 2005 to reflect the increased investment from the Bristol Academy of Sport. In 2016, Bristol Academy were re-branded as Bristol City following a sponsorship arrangement with Rovers' local rivals.In 2019 it was announced that Rovers are to reform their women's team. They will field two teams in the Gloucestershire County Women's Football League starting from the 2019–20 season. The relaunched Bristol Rovers Women's FC was founded by Matthew Davies and Nathan Hallett-Young. The first team currently play in Division One with a development team playing in Division Two.Bristol Rovers F.C. have won the following honours:LeaguesCups	[ "John Ward", "Darrell Clarke", "Graham Coughlan" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in May, 2005?	May 09, 2005	{ "text": [ "VfL Wolfsburg" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_0	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Hannover 96", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in Nov, 2008?	November 21, 2008	{ "text": [ "FC Ingolstadt 04" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_1	Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Hannover 96", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in Oct, 2009?	October 02, 2009	{ "text": [ "Hannover 96" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_2	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Albania national association football team" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in Mar, 2011?	March 30, 2011	{ "text": [ "Örebro SK" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_3	Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Real Valladolid", "Albania national association football team", "Hannover 96" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in Jun, 2013?	June 19, 2013	{ "text": [ "Real Valladolid", "Albania national association football team" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_4	Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "TSV 1860 München", "Örebro SK", "Hannover 96" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in May, 2016?	May 31, 2016	{ "text": [ "TSV 1860 München", "Albania national association football team" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_5	Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Hannover 96" ]
Which team did Valdet Rama play for in Aug, 2014?	August 12, 2014	{ "text": [ "TSV 1860 München", "Albania national association football team" ] }	L2_Q573318_P54_6	Valdet Rama plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2008. Valdet Rama plays for TSV 1860 München from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Albania national association football team from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022. Valdet Rama plays for Hannover 96 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011. Valdet Rama plays for Örebro SK from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Valdet Rama plays for Real Valladolid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Valdet Rama plays for FC Ingolstadt 04 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.	Valdet RamaValdet Skënder Rama (born 20 November 1987) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for SV Meppen. He also holds German citizenship.Rama is a Kosovo Albanian and fled to Germany at the age of nine years. There he spent his youth in the Ruhr district and went through the ranks of three local clubs before joining former German champions Rot-Weiss Essen in 2004.Rama made his debut on the professional league level in the 2. Bundesliga for FC Ingolstadt 04 on 17 August 2008 when he started a game against Greuther Fürth. He scored a goal on his debut.After Ingolstadt was relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, his contract became invalid and he was able to join a new club on a free transfer. On 26 May 2009, he announced his move to Bundesliga side Hannover 96 where he signed a three-year contract.In February 2011, he signed for Swedish club Örebro SK. He made a big impact in his first year with the club, scoring eight goals from his position as a winger. During the second season he often found himself benched and his manager criticized his lack of defensive work. This caused his agent to lash out against the club, claiming that Rama was one of the best players in the league and that he had been humiliated by the managers comments. He also demanded that Örebro sell him during the summer. Rama however ended up staying with the club until the end of the 2012 Allsvenskan season, after which Örebro was relegated.After the 2012 Allsvenskan season ended, on 31 January 2013 Rama moved Real Valladolid on loan until the end of the 2012–13 La Liga's season. He made his debut on 9 March 2013, in a match against Málaga which finished 1–1 and he came on as a substitute in the 71st minute in place of Daniel Larsson.His first goal with Valladolid came on 20 January 2014 in a match against Athletic Bilbao, where he scored in the last 90th minute and the match finished in the loss 4–2. With this goal, Rama became the first Albanian player ever to score in La Liga and in the entire Spanish football.Rama finished the 2013–14 La Liga season with 26 appearances and 1 goal scored.His last match in which he played was early on 27 March 2014 against Real Sociedad and only as substitute in the 61st minute. Then he was called up only in one match on 3 May 2014 against Espanyol and did not play any minute.On 11 July 2014, Rama left Valladolid as he interrupted his contract with the club, where the contract was valid until 30 June 2015.On 27 August 2014, Rama had started the medical tests with 2. Bundesliga side TSV 1860 Munich. Two days later, the transfer was made official with Rama joining on a two-year contract.He made his competitive debut later on 14 September by starting in the week 5 match against St. Pauli which was won 1–2 away. In the next match he provided an assist to rescue his side a point against FC Ingolstadt. Rama's first score-sheet contributions came on 19 October where he scored his team's only goal in the 4–1 loss at Erzgebirge Aue.He was on the scoresheet also in the DFB-Pokal round 2 tie against SC Freiburg which gave his side the temporary lead as the opponents bounced back to win 5–2, much to 1860 Munich elimination. He finished his first season with "Die Löwen" by making 28 league appearances, scoring three times.In the 2015–16 season, Rama declined, scoring only once in 16 league appearances. His season was also marred by injuries. Following the end of the season, Rama's contract was not extended and left as a free agent. He described his spell with the club as "difficult" due to injuries.Rama transferred to Chinese Super League side Yanbian Funde on a two-year contract in July 2017. He made his debut on 13 August in a 1–1 draw against Changchun YataiOn 31 January 2019, after more than a year without a club, Rama joined Albanian Superliga side Kukësi on a six-month contract with an option to renew for one more year; his monthly wage was reportedly 9,000€, excluding bonuses.He won his first trophy with Kukësi on 2 June following the 2–1 win at Elbasan Arena against Tirana in the Albanian Cup final. He participated in the build up that led to both two goals of his side, earning him praise from the media.On 20 August 2019, SV Meppen announced the signing of Rama on a two-year deal with an option for a third year.As soon as Rama moved to Spain to play in La Liga he declared that he was eager to play for Albania and was contacted by the Albanian Football Association in order to plan a call-up for the next matches. On 25 March 2013 he received the Albanian citizenship and became fully eligible to play for Albania.He made his international debut on 26 March 2013 in a friendly match against Lithuania finished in the victory 4–1, where Rama played as a starter and substituted off in the 64th minute with Armando Vajushi. On 7 June 2013, he scored first goal against Norway finished in the 1–1 draw. He finished first year (2013) with Albania making a total of 8 appearances, all as a starter, and substituted off 3 times. In those 8 appearances he also scored 3 goals.In August 2016, Rama opted to play for newly recognized Kosovo national team. However, in an interview in September 2017, Rama didn't exclude the opportunity to play for Albania once again.	[ "VfL Wolfsburg", "FC Ingolstadt 04", "Real Valladolid", "Örebro SK", "Hannover 96" ]
Who was the head of Arnhem in Feb, 1946?	February 13, 1946	{ "text": [ "Chris Matser" ] }	L2_Q1310_P6_0	Chris Matser is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1945 to Jun, 1946. Boele Staal is the head of the government of Arnhem from Oct, 2016 to Aug, 2017. Hans Roelen is the head of the government of Arnhem from Jul, 1969 to Feb, 1980. Pauline Krikke is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2001 to Jul, 2003. Job Drijber is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1980 to Jan, 1989. Herman Kaiser is the head of the government of Arnhem from Aug, 2013 to Feb, 2017. Ahmed Marcouch is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.	ArnhemArnhem ( ; ; South Guelderish: "Èrnem") is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of in and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants.Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOCNSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the "Schuytgraaf".Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as "Arneym" or "Arentheym". In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The "Sabelspoort" (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.In the Second World War (1939–1945), during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie "A Bridge Too Far". (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:Arnhem consists of three districts ("stadsdelen") and 24 neighbourhoods ("wijken"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands, however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.The "Grote Kerk" (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name "Duivelshuis" (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).The KEMA Toren (formerly known as "SEP Control Tower") is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).NOCNSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for KLM customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.Notable people born in Arnhem include:Arnhem is twinned with:	[ "Herman Kaiser", "Hans Roelen", "Ahmed Marcouch", "Pauline Krikke", "Job Drijber", "Boele Staal" ]
Who was the head of Arnhem in Oct, 1971?	October 20, 1971	{ "text": [ "Hans Roelen" ] }	L2_Q1310_P6_1	Boele Staal is the head of the government of Arnhem from Oct, 2016 to Aug, 2017. Hans Roelen is the head of the government of Arnhem from Jul, 1969 to Feb, 1980. Job Drijber is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1980 to Jan, 1989. Pauline Krikke is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2001 to Jul, 2003. Herman Kaiser is the head of the government of Arnhem from Aug, 2013 to Feb, 2017. Chris Matser is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1945 to Jun, 1946. Ahmed Marcouch is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022.	ArnhemArnhem ( ; ; South Guelderish: "Èrnem") is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of in and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants.Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOCNSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the "Schuytgraaf".Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as "Arneym" or "Arentheym". In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The "Sabelspoort" (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.In the Second World War (1939–1945), during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie "A Bridge Too Far". (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:Arnhem consists of three districts ("stadsdelen") and 24 neighbourhoods ("wijken"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands, however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.The "Grote Kerk" (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name "Duivelshuis" (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).The KEMA Toren (formerly known as "SEP Control Tower") is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).NOCNSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for KLM customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.Notable people born in Arnhem include:Arnhem is twinned with:	[ "Herman Kaiser", "Ahmed Marcouch", "Pauline Krikke", "Chris Matser", "Job Drijber", "Boele Staal" ]
Who was the head of Arnhem in Aug, 1987?	August 12, 1987	{ "text": [ "Job Drijber" ] }	L2_Q1310_P6_2	Herman Kaiser is the head of the government of Arnhem from Aug, 2013 to Feb, 2017. Pauline Krikke is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2001 to Jul, 2003. Chris Matser is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1945 to Jun, 1946. Boele Staal is the head of the government of Arnhem from Oct, 2016 to Aug, 2017. Ahmed Marcouch is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Job Drijber is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1980 to Jan, 1989. Hans Roelen is the head of the government of Arnhem from Jul, 1969 to Feb, 1980.	ArnhemArnhem ( ; ; South Guelderish: "Èrnem") is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of in and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants.Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOCNSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the "Schuytgraaf".Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as "Arneym" or "Arentheym". In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The "Sabelspoort" (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.In the Second World War (1939–1945), during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie "A Bridge Too Far". (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:Arnhem consists of three districts ("stadsdelen") and 24 neighbourhoods ("wijken"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands, however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.The "Grote Kerk" (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name "Duivelshuis" (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).The KEMA Toren (formerly known as "SEP Control Tower") is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).NOCNSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for KLM customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.Notable people born in Arnhem include:Arnhem is twinned with:	[ "Herman Kaiser", "Hans Roelen", "Ahmed Marcouch", "Pauline Krikke", "Chris Matser", "Boele Staal" ]
Who was the head of Arnhem in Jan, 2003?	January 19, 2003	{ "text": [ "Pauline Krikke" ] }	L2_Q1310_P6_3	Ahmed Marcouch is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Chris Matser is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1945 to Jun, 1946. Job Drijber is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1980 to Jan, 1989. Boele Staal is the head of the government of Arnhem from Oct, 2016 to Aug, 2017. Hans Roelen is the head of the government of Arnhem from Jul, 1969 to Feb, 1980. Pauline Krikke is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2001 to Jul, 2003. Herman Kaiser is the head of the government of Arnhem from Aug, 2013 to Feb, 2017.	ArnhemArnhem ( ; ; South Guelderish: "Èrnem") is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of in and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants.Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOCNSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the "Schuytgraaf".Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as "Arneym" or "Arentheym". In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The "Sabelspoort" (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.In the Second World War (1939–1945), during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie "A Bridge Too Far". (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:Arnhem consists of three districts ("stadsdelen") and 24 neighbourhoods ("wijken"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands, however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.The "Grote Kerk" (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name "Duivelshuis" (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).The KEMA Toren (formerly known as "SEP Control Tower") is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).NOCNSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for KLM customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.Notable people born in Arnhem include:Arnhem is twinned with:	[ "Herman Kaiser", "Hans Roelen", "Ahmed Marcouch", "Chris Matser", "Job Drijber", "Boele Staal" ]
Who was the head of Arnhem in Aug, 2013?	August 21, 2013	{ "text": [ "Herman Kaiser" ] }	L2_Q1310_P6_4	Hans Roelen is the head of the government of Arnhem from Jul, 1969 to Feb, 1980. Pauline Krikke is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2001 to Jul, 2003. Chris Matser is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1945 to Jun, 1946. Job Drijber is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1980 to Jan, 1989. Boele Staal is the head of the government of Arnhem from Oct, 2016 to Aug, 2017. Ahmed Marcouch is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Herman Kaiser is the head of the government of Arnhem from Aug, 2013 to Feb, 2017.	ArnhemArnhem ( ; ; South Guelderish: "Èrnem") is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of in and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants.Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOCNSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the "Schuytgraaf".Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as "Arneym" or "Arentheym". In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The "Sabelspoort" (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.In the Second World War (1939–1945), during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie "A Bridge Too Far". (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:Arnhem consists of three districts ("stadsdelen") and 24 neighbourhoods ("wijken"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands, however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.The "Grote Kerk" (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name "Duivelshuis" (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).The KEMA Toren (formerly known as "SEP Control Tower") is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).NOCNSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for KLM customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.Notable people born in Arnhem include:Arnhem is twinned with:	[ "Hans Roelen", "Ahmed Marcouch", "Pauline Krikke", "Chris Matser", "Job Drijber", "Boele Staal" ]
Who was the head of Arnhem in Dec, 2016?	December 15, 2016	{ "text": [ "Herman Kaiser", "Boele Staal" ] }	L2_Q1310_P6_5	Herman Kaiser is the head of the government of Arnhem from Aug, 2013 to Feb, 2017. Boele Staal is the head of the government of Arnhem from Oct, 2016 to Aug, 2017. Hans Roelen is the head of the government of Arnhem from Jul, 1969 to Feb, 1980. Chris Matser is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1945 to Jun, 1946. Pauline Krikke is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2001 to Jul, 2003. Ahmed Marcouch is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Job Drijber is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1980 to Jan, 1989.	ArnhemArnhem ( ; ; South Guelderish: "Èrnem") is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of in and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants.Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOCNSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the "Schuytgraaf".Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as "Arneym" or "Arentheym". In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The "Sabelspoort" (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.In the Second World War (1939–1945), during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie "A Bridge Too Far". (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:Arnhem consists of three districts ("stadsdelen") and 24 neighbourhoods ("wijken"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands, however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.The "Grote Kerk" (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name "Duivelshuis" (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).The KEMA Toren (formerly known as "SEP Control Tower") is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).NOCNSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for KLM customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.Notable people born in Arnhem include:Arnhem is twinned with:	[ "Hans Roelen", "Ahmed Marcouch", "Pauline Krikke", "Chris Matser", "Job Drijber" ]
Who was the head of Arnhem in Aug, 2022?	August 13, 2022	{ "text": [ "Ahmed Marcouch" ] }	L2_Q1310_P6_6	Herman Kaiser is the head of the government of Arnhem from Aug, 2013 to Feb, 2017. Ahmed Marcouch is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Boele Staal is the head of the government of Arnhem from Oct, 2016 to Aug, 2017. Job Drijber is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1980 to Jan, 1989. Chris Matser is the head of the government of Arnhem from May, 1945 to Jun, 1946. Hans Roelen is the head of the government of Arnhem from Jul, 1969 to Feb, 1980. Pauline Krikke is the head of the government of Arnhem from Sep, 2001 to Jul, 2003.	ArnhemArnhem ( ; ; South Guelderish: "Èrnem") is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of in and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the Arnhem–Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants.Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOCNSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the "Schuytgraaf".Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as "Arneym" or "Arentheym". In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The "Sabelspoort" (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.In the Second World War (1939–1945), during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie "A Bridge Too Far". (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:Arnhem consists of three districts ("stadsdelen") and 24 neighbourhoods ("wijken"). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands, however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.The "Grote Kerk" (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name "Duivelshuis" (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).The KEMA Toren (formerly known as "SEP Control Tower") is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).NOCNSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for KLM customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.Notable people born in Arnhem include:Arnhem is twinned with:	[ "Herman Kaiser", "Hans Roelen", "Pauline Krikke", "Chris Matser", "Job Drijber", "Boele Staal" ]
Which position did Chester Bowles hold in Apr, 1949?	April 18, 1949	{ "text": [ "Governor of Connecticut" ] }	L2_Q880817_P39_0	Chester Bowles holds the position of United States Ambassador to India from Jul, 1963 to Apr, 1969. Chester Bowles holds the position of Governor of Connecticut from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1951. Chester Bowles holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1961.	Chester BowlesChester Bliss Bowles (April 5, 1901 – May 25, 1986) was an American diplomat and ambassador, Governor of Connecticut, Congressman and co-founder of a major advertising agency, Benton & Bowles, now part of Publicis Groupe. Bowles is best known for his influence on American foreign policy during Cold War years, when he argued that economic assistance to the Third World was the best means to fight communism, and even more important, to create a more peaceable world order. During World War II, he held high office in Washington as director of the Office of Price Administration, and control of setting consumer prices. Just after the war, he was the chief of the Office of Economic Stabilization, but had great difficulty controlling inflation. Moving into state politics, he served a term as governor of Connecticut (1949 to 1951). He promoted liberal programs in education and housing, but was defeated for reelection by conservative backlash.As ambassador to India, he established a good relationship with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, an emerging leader of the nonalignment movement. Bowles promoted rapid economic industrialization in India, and repeatedly called on Washington to help finance it. However, Washington was angered by India's neutrality, and limited funding to literacy and health programs. During the Eisenhower years, 1953-1960, Bowles organized liberal Democratic opposition, and served as a foreign policy advisor to Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy. His reward was Under Secretary of State (1961), which enabled him to staff American embassies with liberal intellectuals and activists. However his liberalism proved too strong for Kennedy, who demoted him to a nominal job as roving ambassador to the Third World in 1961. Kennedy named him as ambassador to India again, 1962-1969, where he helped improve agricultural productivity and fight local famines.Chester Bowles was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Charles Allen Bowles and Nellie Seaver (Harris). Theirs was an old Yankee family. His grandfather Samuel Bowles was a leading Republican spokesman as editor of the Springfield "Republican". His father made a middle-class living as a salesmen for the wood pulp industry. Chester's parents were arch-conservative Republicans who hated and feared big government. However, Chester's political views were shaped more by his aunt Ruth Standish Baldwin, who was a socialist, pacifist, friend of Norman Thomas, and leader in the early civil rights movements for Blacks. She inspired him to read deeply in politics, civil rights, and international affairs. Chester attended elite private schools-- The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, graduating in 1919. He matriculated at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in 1924. Decades later he recalled the Yale years "as a period of overwork, confusion and missed opportunities...It was unfashionable in or out of college to think much about anything."After working after graduation as a reporter for the newspaper in Springfield, Massachusetts owned by his family, Bowles took a minor position with the United States consulate in Shanghai, but soon returned to the U.S. because of his father's illness.Bowles became a copywriter for $25 per week at the Batten Company, an advertising agency in New York City that later became BBDO, the third-largest agency in the US. In 1929, Bowles established the Benton & Bowles advertising agency with William Benton, who was a fellow Batten employee. Despite the difficult economic environment of Great Depression, by the mid-1930s Benton & Bowles was a multimillion-dollar company. Benton & Bowles created the radio soap opera, offering specialized programming to receptive demographic groups. This allowed Benton & Bowles to create advertising campaigns to promote their clients' products to this targeted radio audience."The New York Times" referred to Bowles' career as an advertising executive as "brilliant". He and his business partner, Mr. Benton, signed major U.S. companies as advertising clients for Benton & Bowles, including General Foods, Procter & Gamble and Bristol Myers. Bowles was appointed chairman of the board in 1936. By 1941, the company reportedly earned an annual profit of more than $250,000. Bowles sold his shares in Benton & Bowles for a substantial profit. He became a multi-millionaire and fulfilled his dream by quitting the business world at age 40. He did not much enjoy the day-to-day job, saying in his autobiography:Because of his strong support for the New Deal Domestic policies of the Roosevelt Administration, Bowles worked closely with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on several key policy initiatives and programs, while continuing his job at Benton & Bowles.Initially, Bowles was opposed to the United States getting involved in World War II and joined an opposition group, the America First Committee. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, he was rejected for health reasons when he tried to join the Navy.Bowles then took a job as the state of Connecticut's rationing administrator in 1942. He becoming state director of price administration later that year, and then general manager. He was appointed by President Roosevelt in 1943 as administrator of the Office of Price Administration and served in that position until 1946. He played the major role in rationing consumer goods and setting prices in an effort to hold down inflation and guarantee that poor families were not outbid for the necessities of life. He served as a member of the War Production Board and the Petroleum Board for War.In 1946, he was appointed director of the Office of Economic Stabilization and became chairman of the Economic Stabilization Board for President Harry S. Truman. Bowles ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in Connecticut that year. Also in 1946, he became one of the American delegates to the first conference of United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO in Paris. Bowles served as special assistant to UN Secretary General Trygve Lie in 1947 and 1948. During these years, the UN General Assembly met in session at Lake Success, New York on Long Island, as the UN building in Manhattan was not completed until 1952 He continued with the United Nations as international chairman of the United Nations Children's Appeal from 1948 to 1951.Bowles was elected to the governorship of Connecticut in 1948, defeating James C. Shannon, and served one term, during which time he signed into law an end to segregation in the state national guard. During his term, Bowles was also active in improving education, mental health, housing and workmen's compensation. He lost a bitter re-election campaign to John Davis Lodge, during which his opponent painted him as an extreme liberal.He was appointed as U.S. Ambassador to India and Nepal by President Truman, serving from 1951 to 1953. He developed a close relationship with Prime Minister Nehru, who otherwise distrusted Americans. Indeed Bowles Highly appreciated Nehru's positions, which caused him friction with the State Department.During the Eisenhower years, Bowles was a leading Democratic liberal intellectual, especially on foreign policy matters, writing numerous articles, giving speeches, and advising Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy. Bowles won a seat in the House of Representatives for Connecticut's second district and served one term, from January 3, 1959, to January 3, 1961. Without seniority, he made little impact in Congress.Bowles was selected in 1960 as a foreign policy adviser to Senator John F. Kennedy during Kennedy's campaign for president of the US. Bowles served as chairman of the platform committee for the Democratic National Convention that year in Los Angeles, California.President Kennedy appointed Bowles to the post of Under Secretary of State in 1961.In March 1967, Bowles was formally petitioned for political asylum by Svetlana Alliluyeva, a writer and the only daughter of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, which was granted. Bowles arranged for her to leave India immediately on a middle-of-the-night flight to Rome. She traveled to Switzerland and eventually on to the U.S., where she died in 2011.Bowles completed his service as Ambassador to India on April 21, 1969, during the early days of the presidency of Richard Nixon.Chester Bowles was well known for his oft-repeated phrase, that he always had "a feeling for the people's side." He said that his grandfather and great-grandfather also used that phrase in their careers in journalism as newspaper owners. Bowles showed expertise in stagecraft, public relations and promotion, both during his career in advertising, and throughout his work as a diplomat, elected official and appointed official. For many years he was a successful author and lecturer, giving him platforms to promote his beliefs and views of politics, policy and the quest for peace. Early on, while a student at Yale College, his goal was to join the United States foreign service to become a career diplomat. Even while a business executive in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, he fostered a keen, growing interest in domestic issues, international issues, and a wide array of other political issues of the day. With the election of Franklin Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932, Bowles saw in the New Deal policies many ideas and concepts that he liked and would promote for decades.Because of the strength and wealth of the United States, Bowles believed that it was essential for America to further develop vigorous, sizable foreign aid programs to a large number of countries. Bowles was a long-time advocate for peace. Because of that deep-rooted sense that peace was vital to survival and happiness of the world's population, Bowles was opposed to the Vietnam War and to the involvement of the United States in Southeast Asia. European reconstruction was vital, he believed, after the massive devastation of World War II. That devastation was due in no small measure to the bombing and other military activities conducted by the US and its Allies over the years of conflict in Europe, in his view. Bowles understood that the Nazi regime of Germany—and others in Axis alliance—needed to be defeated. Yet that meant destruction of buildings, infrastructure, deaths of civilians. Shortly after the war, Bowles saw the hampered abilities of the countries to produce food, clothe their people, provide education, sanitation and health care. Jobs were scarce and opportunities were limited for most people. Yet he was convinced that after the war the United States had a moral obligation to assist with the re-building of affected countries and with meeting the humanitarian needs of the affected people.Civil rights was of paramount importance to Chester Bowles. As a white liberal from the Northeast, he used various tools to foment change that encouraged the independence, freedom and equality for African-Americans and other minorities, supporting changes in the laws advocating for enlightened judicial decisions affecting civil rights. He wrote articles and books that promoted civil rights and agitation for change and improvement, including in a book entitled "What Negroes Can Learn from Gandhi" published in 1958. He advanced these rights by supporting various government programs and private philanthropic initiatives.Bowles had two children (Chester and Barbara) with his first wife, the former Julia Fisk. He was married to Fisk in 1925. They divorced in 1933.Bowles had three children (Cynthia, Sally, and Sam) with his second wife, the former Dorothy Stebbens. He married Stebbens in 1934. Daughter Sally Bowles continued her father's tradition of public service, Chester Jr. is an architect, and Samuel Bowles is a well-known economist.A public housing project in northwest Hartford, Connecticut, Bowles Park, is named in Bowles's honor. Connecticut Route 9 between Old Saybrook and Cromwell is also designated as the Chester Bowles Highway.Bowles died at the age of 85, on May 25, 1986, in Essex, Connecticut. He had Parkinson's disease for 22 years (diagnosed when he was Ambassador to India). He also had a cerebrovascular accident (a stroke) the week prior to his death. His grave is in the River View Cemetery in Essex.John Kenneth Galbraithreview of "Promises to Keep"New York Times April 25, 1971	[ "United States Ambassador to India", "United States representative" ]
Which position did Chester Bowles hold in Nov, 1960?	November 07, 1960	{ "text": [ "United States representative" ] }	L2_Q880817_P39_1	Chester Bowles holds the position of Governor of Connecticut from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1951. Chester Bowles holds the position of United States Ambassador to India from Jul, 1963 to Apr, 1969. Chester Bowles holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1961.	Chester BowlesChester Bliss Bowles (April 5, 1901 – May 25, 1986) was an American diplomat and ambassador, Governor of Connecticut, Congressman and co-founder of a major advertising agency, Benton & Bowles, now part of Publicis Groupe. Bowles is best known for his influence on American foreign policy during Cold War years, when he argued that economic assistance to the Third World was the best means to fight communism, and even more important, to create a more peaceable world order. During World War II, he held high office in Washington as director of the Office of Price Administration, and control of setting consumer prices. Just after the war, he was the chief of the Office of Economic Stabilization, but had great difficulty controlling inflation. Moving into state politics, he served a term as governor of Connecticut (1949 to 1951). He promoted liberal programs in education and housing, but was defeated for reelection by conservative backlash.As ambassador to India, he established a good relationship with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, an emerging leader of the nonalignment movement. Bowles promoted rapid economic industrialization in India, and repeatedly called on Washington to help finance it. However, Washington was angered by India's neutrality, and limited funding to literacy and health programs. During the Eisenhower years, 1953-1960, Bowles organized liberal Democratic opposition, and served as a foreign policy advisor to Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy. His reward was Under Secretary of State (1961), which enabled him to staff American embassies with liberal intellectuals and activists. However his liberalism proved too strong for Kennedy, who demoted him to a nominal job as roving ambassador to the Third World in 1961. Kennedy named him as ambassador to India again, 1962-1969, where he helped improve agricultural productivity and fight local famines.Chester Bowles was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Charles Allen Bowles and Nellie Seaver (Harris). Theirs was an old Yankee family. His grandfather Samuel Bowles was a leading Republican spokesman as editor of the Springfield "Republican". His father made a middle-class living as a salesmen for the wood pulp industry. Chester's parents were arch-conservative Republicans who hated and feared big government. However, Chester's political views were shaped more by his aunt Ruth Standish Baldwin, who was a socialist, pacifist, friend of Norman Thomas, and leader in the early civil rights movements for Blacks. She inspired him to read deeply in politics, civil rights, and international affairs. Chester attended elite private schools-- The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, graduating in 1919. He matriculated at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in 1924. Decades later he recalled the Yale years "as a period of overwork, confusion and missed opportunities...It was unfashionable in or out of college to think much about anything."After working after graduation as a reporter for the newspaper in Springfield, Massachusetts owned by his family, Bowles took a minor position with the United States consulate in Shanghai, but soon returned to the U.S. because of his father's illness.Bowles became a copywriter for $25 per week at the Batten Company, an advertising agency in New York City that later became BBDO, the third-largest agency in the US. In 1929, Bowles established the Benton & Bowles advertising agency with William Benton, who was a fellow Batten employee. Despite the difficult economic environment of Great Depression, by the mid-1930s Benton & Bowles was a multimillion-dollar company. Benton & Bowles created the radio soap opera, offering specialized programming to receptive demographic groups. This allowed Benton & Bowles to create advertising campaigns to promote their clients' products to this targeted radio audience."The New York Times" referred to Bowles' career as an advertising executive as "brilliant". He and his business partner, Mr. Benton, signed major U.S. companies as advertising clients for Benton & Bowles, including General Foods, Procter & Gamble and Bristol Myers. Bowles was appointed chairman of the board in 1936. By 1941, the company reportedly earned an annual profit of more than $250,000. Bowles sold his shares in Benton & Bowles for a substantial profit. He became a multi-millionaire and fulfilled his dream by quitting the business world at age 40. He did not much enjoy the day-to-day job, saying in his autobiography:Because of his strong support for the New Deal Domestic policies of the Roosevelt Administration, Bowles worked closely with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on several key policy initiatives and programs, while continuing his job at Benton & Bowles.Initially, Bowles was opposed to the United States getting involved in World War II and joined an opposition group, the America First Committee. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, he was rejected for health reasons when he tried to join the Navy.Bowles then took a job as the state of Connecticut's rationing administrator in 1942. He becoming state director of price administration later that year, and then general manager. He was appointed by President Roosevelt in 1943 as administrator of the Office of Price Administration and served in that position until 1946. He played the major role in rationing consumer goods and setting prices in an effort to hold down inflation and guarantee that poor families were not outbid for the necessities of life. He served as a member of the War Production Board and the Petroleum Board for War.In 1946, he was appointed director of the Office of Economic Stabilization and became chairman of the Economic Stabilization Board for President Harry S. Truman. Bowles ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in Connecticut that year. Also in 1946, he became one of the American delegates to the first conference of United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO in Paris. Bowles served as special assistant to UN Secretary General Trygve Lie in 1947 and 1948. During these years, the UN General Assembly met in session at Lake Success, New York on Long Island, as the UN building in Manhattan was not completed until 1952 He continued with the United Nations as international chairman of the United Nations Children's Appeal from 1948 to 1951.Bowles was elected to the governorship of Connecticut in 1948, defeating James C. Shannon, and served one term, during which time he signed into law an end to segregation in the state national guard. During his term, Bowles was also active in improving education, mental health, housing and workmen's compensation. He lost a bitter re-election campaign to John Davis Lodge, during which his opponent painted him as an extreme liberal.He was appointed as U.S. Ambassador to India and Nepal by President Truman, serving from 1951 to 1953. He developed a close relationship with Prime Minister Nehru, who otherwise distrusted Americans. Indeed Bowles Highly appreciated Nehru's positions, which caused him friction with the State Department.During the Eisenhower years, Bowles was a leading Democratic liberal intellectual, especially on foreign policy matters, writing numerous articles, giving speeches, and advising Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy. Bowles won a seat in the House of Representatives for Connecticut's second district and served one term, from January 3, 1959, to January 3, 1961. Without seniority, he made little impact in Congress.Bowles was selected in 1960 as a foreign policy adviser to Senator John F. Kennedy during Kennedy's campaign for president of the US. Bowles served as chairman of the platform committee for the Democratic National Convention that year in Los Angeles, California.President Kennedy appointed Bowles to the post of Under Secretary of State in 1961.In March 1967, Bowles was formally petitioned for political asylum by Svetlana Alliluyeva, a writer and the only daughter of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, which was granted. Bowles arranged for her to leave India immediately on a middle-of-the-night flight to Rome. She traveled to Switzerland and eventually on to the U.S., where she died in 2011.Bowles completed his service as Ambassador to India on April 21, 1969, during the early days of the presidency of Richard Nixon.Chester Bowles was well known for his oft-repeated phrase, that he always had "a feeling for the people's side." He said that his grandfather and great-grandfather also used that phrase in their careers in journalism as newspaper owners. Bowles showed expertise in stagecraft, public relations and promotion, both during his career in advertising, and throughout his work as a diplomat, elected official and appointed official. For many years he was a successful author and lecturer, giving him platforms to promote his beliefs and views of politics, policy and the quest for peace. Early on, while a student at Yale College, his goal was to join the United States foreign service to become a career diplomat. Even while a business executive in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, he fostered a keen, growing interest in domestic issues, international issues, and a wide array of other political issues of the day. With the election of Franklin Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932, Bowles saw in the New Deal policies many ideas and concepts that he liked and would promote for decades.Because of the strength and wealth of the United States, Bowles believed that it was essential for America to further develop vigorous, sizable foreign aid programs to a large number of countries. Bowles was a long-time advocate for peace. Because of that deep-rooted sense that peace was vital to survival and happiness of the world's population, Bowles was opposed to the Vietnam War and to the involvement of the United States in Southeast Asia. European reconstruction was vital, he believed, after the massive devastation of World War II. That devastation was due in no small measure to the bombing and other military activities conducted by the US and its Allies over the years of conflict in Europe, in his view. Bowles understood that the Nazi regime of Germany—and others in Axis alliance—needed to be defeated. Yet that meant destruction of buildings, infrastructure, deaths of civilians. Shortly after the war, Bowles saw the hampered abilities of the countries to produce food, clothe their people, provide education, sanitation and health care. Jobs were scarce and opportunities were limited for most people. Yet he was convinced that after the war the United States had a moral obligation to assist with the re-building of affected countries and with meeting the humanitarian needs of the affected people.Civil rights was of paramount importance to Chester Bowles. As a white liberal from the Northeast, he used various tools to foment change that encouraged the independence, freedom and equality for African-Americans and other minorities, supporting changes in the laws advocating for enlightened judicial decisions affecting civil rights. He wrote articles and books that promoted civil rights and agitation for change and improvement, including in a book entitled "What Negroes Can Learn from Gandhi" published in 1958. He advanced these rights by supporting various government programs and private philanthropic initiatives.Bowles had two children (Chester and Barbara) with his first wife, the former Julia Fisk. He was married to Fisk in 1925. They divorced in 1933.Bowles had three children (Cynthia, Sally, and Sam) with his second wife, the former Dorothy Stebbens. He married Stebbens in 1934. Daughter Sally Bowles continued her father's tradition of public service, Chester Jr. is an architect, and Samuel Bowles is a well-known economist.A public housing project in northwest Hartford, Connecticut, Bowles Park, is named in Bowles's honor. Connecticut Route 9 between Old Saybrook and Cromwell is also designated as the Chester Bowles Highway.Bowles died at the age of 85, on May 25, 1986, in Essex, Connecticut. He had Parkinson's disease for 22 years (diagnosed when he was Ambassador to India). He also had a cerebrovascular accident (a stroke) the week prior to his death. His grave is in the River View Cemetery in Essex.John Kenneth Galbraithreview of "Promises to Keep"New York Times April 25, 1971	[ "United States Ambassador to India", "Governor of Connecticut" ]
Which position did Chester Bowles hold in May, 1964?	May 12, 1964	{ "text": [ "United States Ambassador to India" ] }	L2_Q880817_P39_2	Chester Bowles holds the position of United States Ambassador to India from Jul, 1963 to Apr, 1969. Chester Bowles holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1961. Chester Bowles holds the position of Governor of Connecticut from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1951.	Chester BowlesChester Bliss Bowles (April 5, 1901 – May 25, 1986) was an American diplomat and ambassador, Governor of Connecticut, Congressman and co-founder of a major advertising agency, Benton & Bowles, now part of Publicis Groupe. Bowles is best known for his influence on American foreign policy during Cold War years, when he argued that economic assistance to the Third World was the best means to fight communism, and even more important, to create a more peaceable world order. During World War II, he held high office in Washington as director of the Office of Price Administration, and control of setting consumer prices. Just after the war, he was the chief of the Office of Economic Stabilization, but had great difficulty controlling inflation. Moving into state politics, he served a term as governor of Connecticut (1949 to 1951). He promoted liberal programs in education and housing, but was defeated for reelection by conservative backlash.As ambassador to India, he established a good relationship with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, an emerging leader of the nonalignment movement. Bowles promoted rapid economic industrialization in India, and repeatedly called on Washington to help finance it. However, Washington was angered by India's neutrality, and limited funding to literacy and health programs. During the Eisenhower years, 1953-1960, Bowles organized liberal Democratic opposition, and served as a foreign policy advisor to Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy. His reward was Under Secretary of State (1961), which enabled him to staff American embassies with liberal intellectuals and activists. However his liberalism proved too strong for Kennedy, who demoted him to a nominal job as roving ambassador to the Third World in 1961. Kennedy named him as ambassador to India again, 1962-1969, where he helped improve agricultural productivity and fight local famines.Chester Bowles was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Charles Allen Bowles and Nellie Seaver (Harris). Theirs was an old Yankee family. His grandfather Samuel Bowles was a leading Republican spokesman as editor of the Springfield "Republican". His father made a middle-class living as a salesmen for the wood pulp industry. Chester's parents were arch-conservative Republicans who hated and feared big government. However, Chester's political views were shaped more by his aunt Ruth Standish Baldwin, who was a socialist, pacifist, friend of Norman Thomas, and leader in the early civil rights movements for Blacks. She inspired him to read deeply in politics, civil rights, and international affairs. Chester attended elite private schools-- The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, graduating in 1919. He matriculated at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in 1924. Decades later he recalled the Yale years "as a period of overwork, confusion and missed opportunities...It was unfashionable in or out of college to think much about anything."After working after graduation as a reporter for the newspaper in Springfield, Massachusetts owned by his family, Bowles took a minor position with the United States consulate in Shanghai, but soon returned to the U.S. because of his father's illness.Bowles became a copywriter for $25 per week at the Batten Company, an advertising agency in New York City that later became BBDO, the third-largest agency in the US. In 1929, Bowles established the Benton & Bowles advertising agency with William Benton, who was a fellow Batten employee. Despite the difficult economic environment of Great Depression, by the mid-1930s Benton & Bowles was a multimillion-dollar company. Benton & Bowles created the radio soap opera, offering specialized programming to receptive demographic groups. This allowed Benton & Bowles to create advertising campaigns to promote their clients' products to this targeted radio audience."The New York Times" referred to Bowles' career as an advertising executive as "brilliant". He and his business partner, Mr. Benton, signed major U.S. companies as advertising clients for Benton & Bowles, including General Foods, Procter & Gamble and Bristol Myers. Bowles was appointed chairman of the board in 1936. By 1941, the company reportedly earned an annual profit of more than $250,000. Bowles sold his shares in Benton & Bowles for a substantial profit. He became a multi-millionaire and fulfilled his dream by quitting the business world at age 40. He did not much enjoy the day-to-day job, saying in his autobiography:Because of his strong support for the New Deal Domestic policies of the Roosevelt Administration, Bowles worked closely with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on several key policy initiatives and programs, while continuing his job at Benton & Bowles.Initially, Bowles was opposed to the United States getting involved in World War II and joined an opposition group, the America First Committee. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, he was rejected for health reasons when he tried to join the Navy.Bowles then took a job as the state of Connecticut's rationing administrator in 1942. He becoming state director of price administration later that year, and then general manager. He was appointed by President Roosevelt in 1943 as administrator of the Office of Price Administration and served in that position until 1946. He played the major role in rationing consumer goods and setting prices in an effort to hold down inflation and guarantee that poor families were not outbid for the necessities of life. He served as a member of the War Production Board and the Petroleum Board for War.In 1946, he was appointed director of the Office of Economic Stabilization and became chairman of the Economic Stabilization Board for President Harry S. Truman. Bowles ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in Connecticut that year. Also in 1946, he became one of the American delegates to the first conference of United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO in Paris. Bowles served as special assistant to UN Secretary General Trygve Lie in 1947 and 1948. During these years, the UN General Assembly met in session at Lake Success, New York on Long Island, as the UN building in Manhattan was not completed until 1952 He continued with the United Nations as international chairman of the United Nations Children's Appeal from 1948 to 1951.Bowles was elected to the governorship of Connecticut in 1948, defeating James C. Shannon, and served one term, during which time he signed into law an end to segregation in the state national guard. During his term, Bowles was also active in improving education, mental health, housing and workmen's compensation. He lost a bitter re-election campaign to John Davis Lodge, during which his opponent painted him as an extreme liberal.He was appointed as U.S. Ambassador to India and Nepal by President Truman, serving from 1951 to 1953. He developed a close relationship with Prime Minister Nehru, who otherwise distrusted Americans. Indeed Bowles Highly appreciated Nehru's positions, which caused him friction with the State Department.During the Eisenhower years, Bowles was a leading Democratic liberal intellectual, especially on foreign policy matters, writing numerous articles, giving speeches, and advising Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy. Bowles won a seat in the House of Representatives for Connecticut's second district and served one term, from January 3, 1959, to January 3, 1961. Without seniority, he made little impact in Congress.Bowles was selected in 1960 as a foreign policy adviser to Senator John F. Kennedy during Kennedy's campaign for president of the US. Bowles served as chairman of the platform committee for the Democratic National Convention that year in Los Angeles, California.President Kennedy appointed Bowles to the post of Under Secretary of State in 1961.In March 1967, Bowles was formally petitioned for political asylum by Svetlana Alliluyeva, a writer and the only daughter of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, which was granted. Bowles arranged for her to leave India immediately on a middle-of-the-night flight to Rome. She traveled to Switzerland and eventually on to the U.S., where she died in 2011.Bowles completed his service as Ambassador to India on April 21, 1969, during the early days of the presidency of Richard Nixon.Chester Bowles was well known for his oft-repeated phrase, that he always had "a feeling for the people's side." He said that his grandfather and great-grandfather also used that phrase in their careers in journalism as newspaper owners. Bowles showed expertise in stagecraft, public relations and promotion, both during his career in advertising, and throughout his work as a diplomat, elected official and appointed official. For many years he was a successful author and lecturer, giving him platforms to promote his beliefs and views of politics, policy and the quest for peace. Early on, while a student at Yale College, his goal was to join the United States foreign service to become a career diplomat. Even while a business executive in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, he fostered a keen, growing interest in domestic issues, international issues, and a wide array of other political issues of the day. With the election of Franklin Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932, Bowles saw in the New Deal policies many ideas and concepts that he liked and would promote for decades.Because of the strength and wealth of the United States, Bowles believed that it was essential for America to further develop vigorous, sizable foreign aid programs to a large number of countries. Bowles was a long-time advocate for peace. Because of that deep-rooted sense that peace was vital to survival and happiness of the world's population, Bowles was opposed to the Vietnam War and to the involvement of the United States in Southeast Asia. European reconstruction was vital, he believed, after the massive devastation of World War II. That devastation was due in no small measure to the bombing and other military activities conducted by the US and its Allies over the years of conflict in Europe, in his view. Bowles understood that the Nazi regime of Germany—and others in Axis alliance—needed to be defeated. Yet that meant destruction of buildings, infrastructure, deaths of civilians. Shortly after the war, Bowles saw the hampered abilities of the countries to produce food, clothe their people, provide education, sanitation and health care. Jobs were scarce and opportunities were limited for most people. Yet he was convinced that after the war the United States had a moral obligation to assist with the re-building of affected countries and with meeting the humanitarian needs of the affected people.Civil rights was of paramount importance to Chester Bowles. As a white liberal from the Northeast, he used various tools to foment change that encouraged the independence, freedom and equality for African-Americans and other minorities, supporting changes in the laws advocating for enlightened judicial decisions affecting civil rights. He wrote articles and books that promoted civil rights and agitation for change and improvement, including in a book entitled "What Negroes Can Learn from Gandhi" published in 1958. He advanced these rights by supporting various government programs and private philanthropic initiatives.Bowles had two children (Chester and Barbara) with his first wife, the former Julia Fisk. He was married to Fisk in 1925. They divorced in 1933.Bowles had three children (Cynthia, Sally, and Sam) with his second wife, the former Dorothy Stebbens. He married Stebbens in 1934. Daughter Sally Bowles continued her father's tradition of public service, Chester Jr. is an architect, and Samuel Bowles is a well-known economist.A public housing project in northwest Hartford, Connecticut, Bowles Park, is named in Bowles's honor. Connecticut Route 9 between Old Saybrook and Cromwell is also designated as the Chester Bowles Highway.Bowles died at the age of 85, on May 25, 1986, in Essex, Connecticut. He had Parkinson's disease for 22 years (diagnosed when he was Ambassador to India). He also had a cerebrovascular accident (a stroke) the week prior to his death. His grave is in the River View Cemetery in Essex.John Kenneth Galbraithreview of "Promises to Keep"New York Times April 25, 1971	[ "Governor of Connecticut", "United States representative" ]
Which position did Charles Owen O'Conor hold in Nov, 1864?	November 01, 1864	{ "text": [ "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5081398_P39_0	Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Mar, 1880. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1860 to Jul, 1865. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.	Charles Owen O'ConorCharles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don PC (; 7 May 1838 – 30 June 1906), was an Irish politicianThe eldest son of Denis O'Conor, Charles O'Conor was educated at Downside School in England and became an Irish Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Roscommon from March 1860 until his defeated at the 1880 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Wexford in 1883. He was appointed High Sheriff of Sligo for 1863 and High Sheriff of Roscommon for 1884.He was also President of the Society for the Preserving the Irish Language, a precursor of the Gaelic League. He wrote a history of his family called "The O'Conors of Connacht".He married twice; firstly Georgina Mary, the daughter of Thomas Perry, with whom he had four sons, and secondly Ellen Letitia, the daughter of John Lewis More O'Ferrall, of Co. Longford.	[ "Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Charles Owen O'Conor hold in Aug, 1866?	August 26, 1866	{ "text": [ "Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5081398_P39_1	Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1860 to Jul, 1865. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Mar, 1880.	Charles Owen O'ConorCharles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don PC (; 7 May 1838 – 30 June 1906), was an Irish politicianThe eldest son of Denis O'Conor, Charles O'Conor was educated at Downside School in England and became an Irish Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Roscommon from March 1860 until his defeated at the 1880 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Wexford in 1883. He was appointed High Sheriff of Sligo for 1863 and High Sheriff of Roscommon for 1884.He was also President of the Society for the Preserving the Irish Language, a precursor of the Gaelic League. He wrote a history of his family called "The O'Conors of Connacht".He married twice; firstly Georgina Mary, the daughter of Thomas Perry, with whom he had four sons, and secondly Ellen Letitia, the daughter of John Lewis More O'Ferrall, of Co. Longford.	[ "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Charles Owen O'Conor hold in Dec, 1868?	December 21, 1868	{ "text": [ "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5081398_P39_2	Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Mar, 1880. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1860 to Jul, 1865.	Charles Owen O'ConorCharles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don PC (; 7 May 1838 – 30 June 1906), was an Irish politicianThe eldest son of Denis O'Conor, Charles O'Conor was educated at Downside School in England and became an Irish Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Roscommon from March 1860 until his defeated at the 1880 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Wexford in 1883. He was appointed High Sheriff of Sligo for 1863 and High Sheriff of Roscommon for 1884.He was also President of the Society for the Preserving the Irish Language, a precursor of the Gaelic League. He wrote a history of his family called "The O'Conors of Connacht".He married twice; firstly Georgina Mary, the daughter of Thomas Perry, with whom he had four sons, and secondly Ellen Letitia, the daughter of John Lewis More O'Ferrall, of Co. Longford.	[ "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Charles Owen O'Conor hold in Mar, 1875?	March 06, 1875	{ "text": [ "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q5081398_P39_3	Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Mar, 1880. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1860 to Jul, 1865. Charles Owen O'Conor holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1868 to Jan, 1874.	Charles Owen O'ConorCharles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don PC (; 7 May 1838 – 30 June 1906), was an Irish politicianThe eldest son of Denis O'Conor, Charles O'Conor was educated at Downside School in England and became an Irish Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Roscommon from March 1860 until his defeated at the 1880 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Wexford in 1883. He was appointed High Sheriff of Sligo for 1863 and High Sheriff of Roscommon for 1884.He was also President of the Society for the Preserving the Irish Language, a precursor of the Gaelic League. He wrote a history of his family called "The O'Conors of Connacht".He married twice; firstly Georgina Mary, the daughter of Thomas Perry, with whom he had four sons, and secondly Ellen Letitia, the daughter of John Lewis More O'Ferrall, of Co. Longford.	[ "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which employer did Aarne Üksküla work for in Mar, 1963?	March 26, 1963	{ "text": [ "Rakvere Theatre" ] }	L2_Q12358103_P108_0	Aarne Üksküla works for Estonian Drama Theatre from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002. Aarne Üksküla works for Vanalinnastuudio from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1993. Aarne Üksküla works for Rakvere Theatre from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1968. Aarne Üksküla works for Endla Theatre from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1978.	Aarne ÜkskülaAarne Üksküla (21 September 1937 Tallinn – 29 October 2017) was an Estonian actor and theatre instructor.In 1961 he graduated from Tallinn State Conservatory's Performing Arts Department.Career:From 1978 to 2000 he worked at Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre's Drama School.	[ "Endla Theatre", "Vanalinnastuudio", "Estonian Drama Theatre" ]
Which employer did Aarne Üksküla work for in Mar, 1968?	March 27, 1968	{ "text": [ "Endla Theatre" ] }	L2_Q12358103_P108_1	Aarne Üksküla works for Vanalinnastuudio from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1993. Aarne Üksküla works for Rakvere Theatre from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1968. Aarne Üksküla works for Endla Theatre from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1978. Aarne Üksküla works for Estonian Drama Theatre from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002.	Aarne ÜkskülaAarne Üksküla (21 September 1937 Tallinn – 29 October 2017) was an Estonian actor and theatre instructor.In 1961 he graduated from Tallinn State Conservatory's Performing Arts Department.Career:From 1978 to 2000 he worked at Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre's Drama School.	[ "Vanalinnastuudio", "Estonian Drama Theatre", "Rakvere Theatre" ]
Which employer did Aarne Üksküla work for in Jul, 1992?	July 24, 1992	{ "text": [ "Vanalinnastuudio" ] }	L2_Q12358103_P108_2	Aarne Üksküla works for Vanalinnastuudio from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1993. Aarne Üksküla works for Estonian Drama Theatre from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002. Aarne Üksküla works for Rakvere Theatre from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1968. Aarne Üksküla works for Endla Theatre from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1978.	Aarne ÜkskülaAarne Üksküla (21 September 1937 Tallinn – 29 October 2017) was an Estonian actor and theatre instructor.In 1961 he graduated from Tallinn State Conservatory's Performing Arts Department.Career:From 1978 to 2000 he worked at Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre's Drama School.	[ "Endla Theatre", "Estonian Drama Theatre", "Rakvere Theatre" ]
Which employer did Aarne Üksküla work for in Aug, 1998?	August 22, 1998	{ "text": [ "Estonian Drama Theatre" ] }	L2_Q12358103_P108_3	Aarne Üksküla works for Vanalinnastuudio from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1993. Aarne Üksküla works for Estonian Drama Theatre from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002. Aarne Üksküla works for Rakvere Theatre from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1968. Aarne Üksküla works for Endla Theatre from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1978.	Aarne ÜkskülaAarne Üksküla (21 September 1937 Tallinn – 29 October 2017) was an Estonian actor and theatre instructor.In 1961 he graduated from Tallinn State Conservatory's Performing Arts Department.Career:From 1978 to 2000 he worked at Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre's Drama School.	[ "Endla Theatre", "Vanalinnastuudio", "Rakvere Theatre" ]
Which position did Anne-Marie Descôtes hold in Mar, 2012?	March 10, 2012	{ "text": [ "director" ] }	L2_Q28819229_P39_0	Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of director from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Aug, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of ambassador of France to Germany from Jun, 2017 to Aug, 2022.	Anne-Marie DescôtesAnne-Marie Descôtes (born December 5, 1959 in Lyon) is a French diplomat who has been serving as Ambassador of France to Germany since June 6, 2017. She succeeded Philippe Étienne and is the first woman to head the French embassy in reunified Germany.Descôtes attended the Ecole normale supérieure (ENS) in 1979 and the Ecole nationale d’administration (ENA), earning a bachelor’s degree in art history and a degree in Germanic studies.	[ "Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry", "ambassador of France to Germany" ]
Which position did Anne-Marie Descôtes hold in May, 2019?	May 31, 2019	{ "text": [ "ambassador of France to Germany" ] }	L2_Q28819229_P39_1	Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of ambassador of France to Germany from Jun, 2017 to Aug, 2022. Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Aug, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of director from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.	Anne-Marie DescôtesAnne-Marie Descôtes (born December 5, 1959 in Lyon) is a French diplomat who has been serving as Ambassador of France to Germany since June 6, 2017. She succeeded Philippe Étienne and is the first woman to head the French embassy in reunified Germany.Descôtes attended the Ecole normale supérieure (ENS) in 1979 and the Ecole nationale d’administration (ENA), earning a bachelor’s degree in art history and a degree in Germanic studies.	[ "Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry", "director" ]
Which position did Anne-Marie Descôtes hold in Sep, 2022?	September 24, 2022	{ "text": [ "Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry" ] }	L2_Q28819229_P39_2	Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of Permanent secretary of the French Foreign Affairs Ministry from Aug, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of director from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. Anne-Marie Descôtes holds the position of ambassador of France to Germany from Jun, 2017 to Aug, 2022.	Anne-Marie DescôtesAnne-Marie Descôtes (born December 5, 1959 in Lyon) is a French diplomat who has been serving as Ambassador of France to Germany since June 6, 2017. She succeeded Philippe Étienne and is the first woman to head the French embassy in reunified Germany.Descôtes attended the Ecole normale supérieure (ENS) in 1979 and the Ecole nationale d’administration (ENA), earning a bachelor’s degree in art history and a degree in Germanic studies.	[ "ambassador of France to Germany", "director" ]
Which employer did John Pople work for in Sep, 1954?	September 29, 1954	{ "text": [ "University of Cambridge" ] }	L2_Q233973_P108_0	John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993. John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961. John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958. John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.	John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.	[ "National Physical Laboratory", "Carnegie Mellon University", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did John Pople work for in Jul, 1959?	July 30, 1959	{ "text": [ "National Physical Laboratory" ] }	L2_Q233973_P108_1	John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958. John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004. John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993. John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.	John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.	[ "University of Cambridge", "Carnegie Mellon University", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did John Pople work for in Oct, 1981?	October 28, 1981	{ "text": [ "Carnegie Mellon University" ] }	L2_Q233973_P108_2	John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993. John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961. John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958. John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.	John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.	[ "University of Cambridge", "National Physical Laboratory", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did John Pople work for in Jun, 2003?	June 07, 2003	{ "text": [ "Northwestern University" ] }	L2_Q233973_P108_3	John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961. John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993. John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004. John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958.	John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.	[ "University of Cambridge", "Carnegie Mellon University", "National Physical Laboratory" ]
Where was William Michael Herbert Greaves educated in Aug, 1905?	August 11, 1905	{ "text": [ "The Lodge School" ] }	L2_Q4502374_P69_0	William Michael Herbert Greaves attended Codrington College from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916. William Michael Herbert Greaves attended St John's College from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1922. William Michael Herbert Greaves attended The Lodge School from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915.	William Michael Herbert GreavesProf William Michael Herbert Greaves FRS FREng FRSE (10 September 1897 – 24 December 1955) was a British astronomer.He is most noted for his work on stellar spectrophotometry.He was born in Barbados in the West Indies the son of Dr E. C. Greaves, a physician trained at the University of Edinburgh. William Greaves was educated first at Lodge School and Codrington College, both in Barbados then travelled to England to study at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA in 1919 and became a Fellow in 1922.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1921.From 1924 until 1938 he was the chief assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. In 1938 he became Astronomer Royal for Scotland, and in 1939 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Pickering Kendall, Max Born, Edmund Dymond, Ruric Wrigley, Edwin Arthur Baker and Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker. He served as the Society's Secretary 1940 to 1945 and Vice President 1946 to 1949.He remained Astronomer Royal until 1955, and was Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh for the same period. In 1943 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. From 1947 until 1949 he was president of the Royal Astronomical Society.He died in the Blackford district of Edinburgh on 24 December 1955.In 1926 he married Caroline Grace Kitto, and the couple had a son, George Richard Herbert Greaves (1941-2008) who became Reader in Mathematics at Cardiff University.	[ "Codrington College", "St John's College" ]
Where was William Michael Herbert Greaves educated in Oct, 1915?	October 17, 1915	{ "text": [ "Codrington College" ] }	L2_Q4502374_P69_1	William Michael Herbert Greaves attended The Lodge School from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. William Michael Herbert Greaves attended Codrington College from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916. William Michael Herbert Greaves attended St John's College from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1922.	William Michael Herbert GreavesProf William Michael Herbert Greaves FRS FREng FRSE (10 September 1897 – 24 December 1955) was a British astronomer.He is most noted for his work on stellar spectrophotometry.He was born in Barbados in the West Indies the son of Dr E. C. Greaves, a physician trained at the University of Edinburgh. William Greaves was educated first at Lodge School and Codrington College, both in Barbados then travelled to England to study at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA in 1919 and became a Fellow in 1922.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1921.From 1924 until 1938 he was the chief assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. In 1938 he became Astronomer Royal for Scotland, and in 1939 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Pickering Kendall, Max Born, Edmund Dymond, Ruric Wrigley, Edwin Arthur Baker and Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker. He served as the Society's Secretary 1940 to 1945 and Vice President 1946 to 1949.He remained Astronomer Royal until 1955, and was Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh for the same period. In 1943 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. From 1947 until 1949 he was president of the Royal Astronomical Society.He died in the Blackford district of Edinburgh on 24 December 1955.In 1926 he married Caroline Grace Kitto, and the couple had a son, George Richard Herbert Greaves (1941-2008) who became Reader in Mathematics at Cardiff University.	[ "The Lodge School", "St John's College" ]
Where was William Michael Herbert Greaves educated in May, 1917?	May 19, 1917	{ "text": [ "St John's College" ] }	L2_Q4502374_P69_2	William Michael Herbert Greaves attended The Lodge School from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. William Michael Herbert Greaves attended Codrington College from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916. William Michael Herbert Greaves attended St John's College from Jan, 1916 to Jan, 1922.	William Michael Herbert GreavesProf William Michael Herbert Greaves FRS FREng FRSE (10 September 1897 – 24 December 1955) was a British astronomer.He is most noted for his work on stellar spectrophotometry.He was born in Barbados in the West Indies the son of Dr E. C. Greaves, a physician trained at the University of Edinburgh. William Greaves was educated first at Lodge School and Codrington College, both in Barbados then travelled to England to study at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA in 1919 and became a Fellow in 1922.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1921.From 1924 until 1938 he was the chief assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. In 1938 he became Astronomer Royal for Scotland, and in 1939 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Pickering Kendall, Max Born, Edmund Dymond, Ruric Wrigley, Edwin Arthur Baker and Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker. He served as the Society's Secretary 1940 to 1945 and Vice President 1946 to 1949.He remained Astronomer Royal until 1955, and was Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh for the same period. In 1943 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. From 1947 until 1949 he was president of the Royal Astronomical Society.He died in the Blackford district of Edinburgh on 24 December 1955.In 1926 he married Caroline Grace Kitto, and the couple had a son, George Richard Herbert Greaves (1941-2008) who became Reader in Mathematics at Cardiff University.	[ "The Lodge School", "Codrington College" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Feb, 1699?	February 25, 1699	{ "text": [ "Giovanni Domenico Cassini" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_0	Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784. Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999. Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Daniel Egret", "Jacques Cassini", "Dominique, comte de Cassini", "Fabienne Casoli", "Michel Combes", "Claude Catala", "César-François Cassini de Thury" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Oct, 1735?	October 07, 1735	{ "text": [ "Jacques Cassini" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_1	Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712. Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845. Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011. César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Daniel Egret", "Dominique, comte de Cassini", "Fabienne Casoli", "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "Michel Combes", "Claude Catala", "César-François Cassini de Thury" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Oct, 1775?	October 14, 1775	{ "text": [ "César-François Cassini de Thury" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_2	Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712. César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784. Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845. Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Daniel Egret", "Jacques Cassini", "Dominique, comte de Cassini", "Fabienne Casoli", "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "Michel Combes", "Claude Catala" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Mar, 1844?	March 30, 1844	{ "text": [ "Dominique, comte de Cassini" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_3	Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712. Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999. Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Daniel Egret", "Jacques Cassini", "Fabienne Casoli", "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "Michel Combes", "Claude Catala", "César-François Cassini de Thury" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Mar, 1998?	March 30, 1998	{ "text": [ "Michel Combes" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_4	Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712. Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Daniel Egret", "Jacques Cassini", "Dominique, comte de Cassini", "Fabienne Casoli", "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "Claude Catala", "César-François Cassini de Thury" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Feb, 2006?	February 15, 2006	{ "text": [ "Daniel Egret" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_5	Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712. Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845. Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Jacques Cassini", "Dominique, comte de Cassini", "Fabienne Casoli", "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "Michel Combes", "Claude Catala", "César-François Cassini de Thury" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Dec, 2018?	December 29, 2018	{ "text": [ "Claude Catala" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_6	César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999. Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712. Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Daniel Egret", "Jacques Cassini", "Dominique, comte de Cassini", "Fabienne Casoli", "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "Michel Combes", "César-François Cassini de Thury" ]
Who was the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University in Feb, 2021?	February 04, 2021	{ "text": [ "Fabienne Casoli" ] }	L2_Q461340_P488_7	Michel Combes is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1999. Jacques Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1712 to Jan, 1756. Claude Catala is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2011 to Mar, 2020. Dominique, comte de Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1784 to Jan, 1845. Daniel Egret is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2011. Fabienne Casoli is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Mar, 2020 to Dec, 2022. César-François Cassini de Thury is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1756 to Jan, 1784. Giovanni Domenico Cassini is the chair of Paris Observatory, PSL University from Jan, 1671 to Jan, 1712.	Paris ObservatoryThe Paris Observatory ( ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.Administratively, it is a "grand établissement" of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, a body that had just been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV of France authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. It may be noted that the Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works. Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the spectacular Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.The world's first national almanac, the "Connaissance des temps," was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international "Carte du Ciel" project.In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called "Alidade" - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l’astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a "de facto" position of leadership and is often credited as such.The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli. The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris.The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault.A dome and terrace was added in 1847.The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the old royal palace ruins, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War One, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and it became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes "département"). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.In 1857 a refracting telescope of aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe, and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the "Grande Coupole" building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.	[ "Daniel Egret", "Jacques Cassini", "Dominique, comte de Cassini", "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "Michel Combes", "Claude Catala", "César-François Cassini de Thury" ]
Which team did Dave Connell play for in Dec, 1981?	December 02, 1981	{ "text": [ "Bohemian F.C." ] }	L2_Q5228573_P54_0	Dave Connell plays for Shamrock Rovers F.C from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992. Dave Connell plays for Bohemian F.C. from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1985. Dave Connell plays for Ards F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Dave Connell plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988. Dave Connell plays for Drogheda United F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.	Dave ConnellDave Connell (born 27 November 1961 in Dublin) was an Irish soccer player during the 1970s and 1980s. He is currently the head coach of the U19 Republic of Ireland women's national football team and works as a Football In Community Development Officer for the Football Association of Ireland.A classy right back, Connell played for Bohemians, Dundalk and Shamrock Rovers F.C. amongst others during his career in the League of Ireland. He played for Bohs in the famous 3-2 win over Rangers in 1984. He captained Ireland at schoolboys Under 15 level in 1974/75 playing and scoring twice against a Dutch side which included Ruud Gullit, and a Wales side that boasted Ian Rush.He signed for Rovers in August 1989 and in his three years at the club won two consecutive Player of the Year awards. He made a total of 126 appearances scoring 6 times for the Hoops.He signed for Ards F.C. and then had a spell at Drogheda United F.C..He has also played for and managed Limerick F.C. and having retired from playing managed Galway United in the League of Ireland.	[ "Shamrock Rovers F.C", "Ards F.C.", "Drogheda United F.C.", "Dundalk F.C." ]
Which team did Dave Connell play for in Apr, 1986?	April 14, 1986	{ "text": [ "Dundalk F.C." ] }	L2_Q5228573_P54_1	Dave Connell plays for Ards F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Dave Connell plays for Bohemian F.C. from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1985. Dave Connell plays for Drogheda United F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Dave Connell plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988. Dave Connell plays for Shamrock Rovers F.C from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992.	Dave ConnellDave Connell (born 27 November 1961 in Dublin) was an Irish soccer player during the 1970s and 1980s. He is currently the head coach of the U19 Republic of Ireland women's national football team and works as a Football In Community Development Officer for the Football Association of Ireland.A classy right back, Connell played for Bohemians, Dundalk and Shamrock Rovers F.C. amongst others during his career in the League of Ireland. He played for Bohs in the famous 3-2 win over Rangers in 1984. He captained Ireland at schoolboys Under 15 level in 1974/75 playing and scoring twice against a Dutch side which included Ruud Gullit, and a Wales side that boasted Ian Rush.He signed for Rovers in August 1989 and in his three years at the club won two consecutive Player of the Year awards. He made a total of 126 appearances scoring 6 times for the Hoops.He signed for Ards F.C. and then had a spell at Drogheda United F.C..He has also played for and managed Limerick F.C. and having retired from playing managed Galway United in the League of Ireland.	[ "Shamrock Rovers F.C", "Ards F.C.", "Bohemian F.C.", "Drogheda United F.C." ]
Which team did Dave Connell play for in Aug, 1990?	August 17, 1990	{ "text": [ "Shamrock Rovers F.C" ] }	L2_Q5228573_P54_2	Dave Connell plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988. Dave Connell plays for Shamrock Rovers F.C from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992. Dave Connell plays for Bohemian F.C. from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1985. Dave Connell plays for Ards F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Dave Connell plays for Drogheda United F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.	Dave ConnellDave Connell (born 27 November 1961 in Dublin) was an Irish soccer player during the 1970s and 1980s. He is currently the head coach of the U19 Republic of Ireland women's national football team and works as a Football In Community Development Officer for the Football Association of Ireland.A classy right back, Connell played for Bohemians, Dundalk and Shamrock Rovers F.C. amongst others during his career in the League of Ireland. He played for Bohs in the famous 3-2 win over Rangers in 1984. He captained Ireland at schoolboys Under 15 level in 1974/75 playing and scoring twice against a Dutch side which included Ruud Gullit, and a Wales side that boasted Ian Rush.He signed for Rovers in August 1989 and in his three years at the club won two consecutive Player of the Year awards. He made a total of 126 appearances scoring 6 times for the Hoops.He signed for Ards F.C. and then had a spell at Drogheda United F.C..He has also played for and managed Limerick F.C. and having retired from playing managed Galway United in the League of Ireland.	[ "Ards F.C.", "Bohemian F.C.", "Dundalk F.C.", "Drogheda United F.C." ]
Which team did Dave Connell play for in Feb, 1992?	February 23, 1992	{ "text": [ "Ards F.C." ] }	L2_Q5228573_P54_3	Dave Connell plays for Drogheda United F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. Dave Connell plays for Shamrock Rovers F.C from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992. Dave Connell plays for Ards F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Dave Connell plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988. Dave Connell plays for Bohemian F.C. from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1985.	Dave ConnellDave Connell (born 27 November 1961 in Dublin) was an Irish soccer player during the 1970s and 1980s. He is currently the head coach of the U19 Republic of Ireland women's national football team and works as a Football In Community Development Officer for the Football Association of Ireland.A classy right back, Connell played for Bohemians, Dundalk and Shamrock Rovers F.C. amongst others during his career in the League of Ireland. He played for Bohs in the famous 3-2 win over Rangers in 1984. He captained Ireland at schoolboys Under 15 level in 1974/75 playing and scoring twice against a Dutch side which included Ruud Gullit, and a Wales side that boasted Ian Rush.He signed for Rovers in August 1989 and in his three years at the club won two consecutive Player of the Year awards. He made a total of 126 appearances scoring 6 times for the Hoops.He signed for Ards F.C. and then had a spell at Drogheda United F.C..He has also played for and managed Limerick F.C. and having retired from playing managed Galway United in the League of Ireland.	[ "Shamrock Rovers F.C", "Bohemian F.C.", "Dundalk F.C.", "Drogheda United F.C." ]
Which team did Dave Connell play for in Jun, 1993?	June 05, 1993	{ "text": [ "Drogheda United F.C." ] }	L2_Q5228573_P54_4	Dave Connell plays for Ards F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Dave Connell plays for Bohemian F.C. from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1985. Dave Connell plays for Shamrock Rovers F.C from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1992. Dave Connell plays for Dundalk F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1988. Dave Connell plays for Drogheda United F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.	Dave ConnellDave Connell (born 27 November 1961 in Dublin) was an Irish soccer player during the 1970s and 1980s. He is currently the head coach of the U19 Republic of Ireland women's national football team and works as a Football In Community Development Officer for the Football Association of Ireland.A classy right back, Connell played for Bohemians, Dundalk and Shamrock Rovers F.C. amongst others during his career in the League of Ireland. He played for Bohs in the famous 3-2 win over Rangers in 1984. He captained Ireland at schoolboys Under 15 level in 1974/75 playing and scoring twice against a Dutch side which included Ruud Gullit, and a Wales side that boasted Ian Rush.He signed for Rovers in August 1989 and in his three years at the club won two consecutive Player of the Year awards. He made a total of 126 appearances scoring 6 times for the Hoops.He signed for Ards F.C. and then had a spell at Drogheda United F.C..He has also played for and managed Limerick F.C. and having retired from playing managed Galway United in the League of Ireland.	[ "Shamrock Rovers F.C", "Ards F.C.", "Bohemian F.C.", "Dundalk F.C." ]
Where was Earle Raymond Hedrick educated in Jul, 1895?	July 19, 1895	{ "text": [ "University of Michigan" ] }	L2_Q3704819_P69_0	Earle Raymond Hedrick attended Harvard University from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1898. Earle Raymond Hedrick attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1901. Earle Raymond Hedrick attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1892 to Jan, 1896.	Earle Raymond HedrickEarle Raymond Hedrick (September 27, 1876 – February 3, 1943), was an American mathematician and a vice-president of the University of California.Hedrick was born in Union City, Indiana.After undergraduate work at the University of Michigan, he obtained a Master of Arts from Harvard University. With a Parker fellowship, he went to Europe and obtained his PhD from Göttingen University in Germany under the supervision of David Hilbert in 1901. He then spent several months at the École Normale Supérieure in France, where he became acquainted with Édouard Goursat, Jacques Hadamard, Jules Tannery, Émile Picard and Paul Émile Appell, before becoming an instructor at Yale University. In 1903, he became professor at the University of Missouri.He moved in 1920 to the University of California, Los Angeles to become head of the department of mathematics. In 1933, he was giving the first graduate lecture on mathematics at UCLA. He became provost and vice-president of the University of California in 1937. He humorously called his appointment "The Accident", and told jokingly after this event, "I no longer have any intellectual interests —I just sit and talk to people." He played in fact a very important role in making of the University of California a leading institution. He retired from the UCLA faculty in 1942 and accepted a visiting professorship at Brown University. Soon after the beginning of this new appointment, he suffered a lung infection. He died at the Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. Two UCLA residence halls have been named after him: Hedrick Hall in 1963, and Hedrick Summit in 2005.Earle Raymond Hedrick worked on partial differential equations and on the theory of non-analytic functions of complex variables. He also did work in applied mathematics, in particular on a generalization of Hooke's law and on transmission of heat in steam boilers. With Oliver Dimon Kellogg he authored a text on the applications of calculus to mechanics.Earle Raymond Hedrick translated in English the "Cours d'Analyse" of Édouard Goursat providing American students with an up-to-date (for the beginning of the twentieth century) textbook of analysis. He also translated the first part of the textbook of Felix Klein "Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus" in English. His activity in the Mathematical Association of America and in the National Council of Mathematics Teachers had also an important impact on mathematics education in the United States. He also authored or co-authored various textbooks of mathematics, and was general editor of the Series of Mathematical Texts which comprises about 40 volumes.Earle Raymond Hedrick was involved in the creation of the Mathematical Association of America in 1916 and was its first president. The Earle Raymond Hedrick lectures were established by the Mathematical Association in America in his honor. He also served as vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and played an important role at the American Mathematical Society both as president (1929-1930) and as editor of the Bulletin of the Americal Mathematical Society, a role he assumed during 17 years. He also worked as editor for the Engineering Science Series.Besides the societies where Earl Raymond Hedrick had important administrative activities, he was also member of:	[ "Harvard University", "University of Göttingen" ]
Where was Earle Raymond Hedrick educated in Jan, 1897?	January 15, 1897	{ "text": [ "Harvard University" ] }	L2_Q3704819_P69_1	Earle Raymond Hedrick attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1901. Earle Raymond Hedrick attended Harvard University from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1898. Earle Raymond Hedrick attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1892 to Jan, 1896.	Earle Raymond HedrickEarle Raymond Hedrick (September 27, 1876 – February 3, 1943), was an American mathematician and a vice-president of the University of California.Hedrick was born in Union City, Indiana.After undergraduate work at the University of Michigan, he obtained a Master of Arts from Harvard University. With a Parker fellowship, he went to Europe and obtained his PhD from Göttingen University in Germany under the supervision of David Hilbert in 1901. He then spent several months at the École Normale Supérieure in France, where he became acquainted with Édouard Goursat, Jacques Hadamard, Jules Tannery, Émile Picard and Paul Émile Appell, before becoming an instructor at Yale University. In 1903, he became professor at the University of Missouri.He moved in 1920 to the University of California, Los Angeles to become head of the department of mathematics. In 1933, he was giving the first graduate lecture on mathematics at UCLA. He became provost and vice-president of the University of California in 1937. He humorously called his appointment "The Accident", and told jokingly after this event, "I no longer have any intellectual interests —I just sit and talk to people." He played in fact a very important role in making of the University of California a leading institution. He retired from the UCLA faculty in 1942 and accepted a visiting professorship at Brown University. Soon after the beginning of this new appointment, he suffered a lung infection. He died at the Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. Two UCLA residence halls have been named after him: Hedrick Hall in 1963, and Hedrick Summit in 2005.Earle Raymond Hedrick worked on partial differential equations and on the theory of non-analytic functions of complex variables. He also did work in applied mathematics, in particular on a generalization of Hooke's law and on transmission of heat in steam boilers. With Oliver Dimon Kellogg he authored a text on the applications of calculus to mechanics.Earle Raymond Hedrick translated in English the "Cours d'Analyse" of Édouard Goursat providing American students with an up-to-date (for the beginning of the twentieth century) textbook of analysis. He also translated the first part of the textbook of Felix Klein "Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus" in English. His activity in the Mathematical Association of America and in the National Council of Mathematics Teachers had also an important impact on mathematics education in the United States. He also authored or co-authored various textbooks of mathematics, and was general editor of the Series of Mathematical Texts which comprises about 40 volumes.Earle Raymond Hedrick was involved in the creation of the Mathematical Association of America in 1916 and was its first president. The Earle Raymond Hedrick lectures were established by the Mathematical Association in America in his honor. He also served as vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and played an important role at the American Mathematical Society both as president (1929-1930) and as editor of the Bulletin of the Americal Mathematical Society, a role he assumed during 17 years. He also worked as editor for the Engineering Science Series.Besides the societies where Earl Raymond Hedrick had important administrative activities, he was also member of:	[ "University of Michigan", "University of Göttingen" ]
Where was Earle Raymond Hedrick educated in Jan, 1900?	January 19, 1900	{ "text": [ "University of Göttingen" ] }	L2_Q3704819_P69_2	Earle Raymond Hedrick attended Harvard University from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1898. Earle Raymond Hedrick attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1892 to Jan, 1896. Earle Raymond Hedrick attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1901.	Earle Raymond HedrickEarle Raymond Hedrick (September 27, 1876 – February 3, 1943), was an American mathematician and a vice-president of the University of California.Hedrick was born in Union City, Indiana.After undergraduate work at the University of Michigan, he obtained a Master of Arts from Harvard University. With a Parker fellowship, he went to Europe and obtained his PhD from Göttingen University in Germany under the supervision of David Hilbert in 1901. He then spent several months at the École Normale Supérieure in France, where he became acquainted with Édouard Goursat, Jacques Hadamard, Jules Tannery, Émile Picard and Paul Émile Appell, before becoming an instructor at Yale University. In 1903, he became professor at the University of Missouri.He moved in 1920 to the University of California, Los Angeles to become head of the department of mathematics. In 1933, he was giving the first graduate lecture on mathematics at UCLA. He became provost and vice-president of the University of California in 1937. He humorously called his appointment "The Accident", and told jokingly after this event, "I no longer have any intellectual interests —I just sit and talk to people." He played in fact a very important role in making of the University of California a leading institution. He retired from the UCLA faculty in 1942 and accepted a visiting professorship at Brown University. Soon after the beginning of this new appointment, he suffered a lung infection. He died at the Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. Two UCLA residence halls have been named after him: Hedrick Hall in 1963, and Hedrick Summit in 2005.Earle Raymond Hedrick worked on partial differential equations and on the theory of non-analytic functions of complex variables. He also did work in applied mathematics, in particular on a generalization of Hooke's law and on transmission of heat in steam boilers. With Oliver Dimon Kellogg he authored a text on the applications of calculus to mechanics.Earle Raymond Hedrick translated in English the "Cours d'Analyse" of Édouard Goursat providing American students with an up-to-date (for the beginning of the twentieth century) textbook of analysis. He also translated the first part of the textbook of Felix Klein "Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus" in English. His activity in the Mathematical Association of America and in the National Council of Mathematics Teachers had also an important impact on mathematics education in the United States. He also authored or co-authored various textbooks of mathematics, and was general editor of the Series of Mathematical Texts which comprises about 40 volumes.Earle Raymond Hedrick was involved in the creation of the Mathematical Association of America in 1916 and was its first president. The Earle Raymond Hedrick lectures were established by the Mathematical Association in America in his honor. He also served as vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and played an important role at the American Mathematical Society both as president (1929-1930) and as editor of the Bulletin of the Americal Mathematical Society, a role he assumed during 17 years. He also worked as editor for the Engineering Science Series.Besides the societies where Earl Raymond Hedrick had important administrative activities, he was also member of:	[ "University of Michigan", "Harvard University" ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Jun, 1928?	June 23, 1928	{ "text": [ "Queens Park Rangers F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_0	Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935. Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Burnley F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C.", "Preston North End F.C." ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Dec, 1929?	December 30, 1929	{ "text": [ "South Shields F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_1	Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938. Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Burnley F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C.", "Preston North End F.C." ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Jul, 1932?	July 14, 1932	{ "text": [ "Preston North End F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_2	Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938. Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934. Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Burnley F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Jan, 1933?	January 01, 1933	{ "text": [ "Burnley F.C.", "Southend United F.C.", "Preston North End F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_3	Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929. Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938. Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935. Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C.", "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C.", "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C." ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Dec, 1933?	December 19, 1933	{ "text": [ "Southend United F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_4	Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938. Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Burnley F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C.", "Preston North End F.C." ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Mar, 1934?	March 06, 1934	{ "text": [ "Crewe Alexandra F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_5	Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935. Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938. Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929. Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Burnley F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C.", "Preston North End F.C." ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Jun, 1935?	June 22, 1935	{ "text": [ "Wrexham A.F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_6	Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935. Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "New Brighton A.F.C.", "Burnley F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Preston North End F.C." ]
Which team did Jack Mustard play for in Jun, 1936?	June 23, 1936	{ "text": [ "New Brighton A.F.C." ] }	L2_Q6114253_P54_7	Jack Mustard plays for South Shields F.C. from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930. Jack Mustard plays for Queens Park Rangers F.C. from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929. Jack Mustard plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1932 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for Southend United F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1934. Jack Mustard plays for Burnley F.C. from Jan, 1933 to Jan, 1933. Jack Mustard plays for New Brighton A.F.C. from Jan, 1936 to Jan, 1938. Jack Mustard plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936. Jack Mustard plays for Crewe Alexandra F.C. from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1935.	Jack MustardJohn Mustard was an English professional association footballer who played as a winger. During his 12-year career, he played for eight different clubs in the Football League.	[ "Southend United F.C.", "Burnley F.C.", "Crewe Alexandra F.C.", "South Shields F.C.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Wrexham A.F.C.", "Preston North End F.C." ]
Which team did Willy Scheepers play for in Jul, 1978?	July 13, 1978	{ "text": [ "PSV Eindhoven" ] }	L2_Q2621230_P54_0	Willy Scheepers plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Willy Scheepers plays for Aarhus Gymnastikforening from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984. Willy Scheepers plays for Odense Boldklub from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988. Willy Scheepers plays for PSV Eindhoven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981. Willy Scheepers plays for Lommel United from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Willy Scheepers plays for SV Darmstadt 98 from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Willy Scheepers plays for Vejle Boldklub from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1985.	Willy ScheepersWilly Scheepers (born 8 April 1961) was a Dutch football player who was the technical manager for the Marfin Laiki League club APEP Pitsilia until 2009.Scheepers' brother was also a footballer who plays in the reserve side.	[ "Lommel United", "Aarhus Gymnastikforening", "Vejle Boldklub", "FC Zürich", "SV Darmstadt 98", "Odense Boldklub" ]
Which team did Willy Scheepers play for in Apr, 1981?	April 03, 1981	{ "text": [ "Lommel United" ] }	L2_Q2621230_P54_1	Willy Scheepers plays for Aarhus Gymnastikforening from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984. Willy Scheepers plays for Vejle Boldklub from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1985. Willy Scheepers plays for SV Darmstadt 98 from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Willy Scheepers plays for Odense Boldklub from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988. Willy Scheepers plays for Lommel United from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Willy Scheepers plays for PSV Eindhoven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981. Willy Scheepers plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990.	Willy ScheepersWilly Scheepers (born 8 April 1961) was a Dutch football player who was the technical manager for the Marfin Laiki League club APEP Pitsilia until 2009.Scheepers' brother was also a footballer who plays in the reserve side.	[ "PSV Eindhoven", "Aarhus Gymnastikforening", "Vejle Boldklub", "FC Zürich", "SV Darmstadt 98", "Odense Boldklub" ]
Which team did Willy Scheepers play for in Aug, 1983?	August 18, 1983	{ "text": [ "Aarhus Gymnastikforening" ] }	L2_Q2621230_P54_2	Willy Scheepers plays for Aarhus Gymnastikforening from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984. Willy Scheepers plays for PSV Eindhoven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981. Willy Scheepers plays for SV Darmstadt 98 from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Willy Scheepers plays for Odense Boldklub from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988. Willy Scheepers plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Willy Scheepers plays for Lommel United from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Willy Scheepers plays for Vejle Boldklub from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1985.	Willy ScheepersWilly Scheepers (born 8 April 1961) was a Dutch football player who was the technical manager for the Marfin Laiki League club APEP Pitsilia until 2009.Scheepers' brother was also a footballer who plays in the reserve side.	[ "Lommel United", "PSV Eindhoven", "Vejle Boldklub", "FC Zürich", "SV Darmstadt 98", "Odense Boldklub" ]
Which team did Willy Scheepers play for in Jan, 1985?	January 01, 1985	{ "text": [ "Vejle Boldklub", "SV Darmstadt 98" ] }	L2_Q2621230_P54_3	Willy Scheepers plays for Aarhus Gymnastikforening from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984. Willy Scheepers plays for Lommel United from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Willy Scheepers plays for PSV Eindhoven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981. Willy Scheepers plays for Odense Boldklub from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988. Willy Scheepers plays for SV Darmstadt 98 from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Willy Scheepers plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Willy Scheepers plays for Vejle Boldklub from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1985.	Willy ScheepersWilly Scheepers (born 8 April 1961) was a Dutch football player who was the technical manager for the Marfin Laiki League club APEP Pitsilia until 2009.Scheepers' brother was also a footballer who plays in the reserve side.	[ "Lommel United", "PSV Eindhoven", "Aarhus Gymnastikforening", "FC Zürich", "Odense Boldklub", "Lommel United", "PSV Eindhoven", "Aarhus Gymnastikforening", "FC Zürich", "Odense Boldklub" ]
Which team did Willy Scheepers play for in Nov, 1985?	November 02, 1985	{ "text": [ "SV Darmstadt 98" ] }	L2_Q2621230_P54_4	Willy Scheepers plays for Odense Boldklub from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988. Willy Scheepers plays for Vejle Boldklub from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1985. Willy Scheepers plays for Aarhus Gymnastikforening from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984. Willy Scheepers plays for SV Darmstadt 98 from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Willy Scheepers plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Willy Scheepers plays for PSV Eindhoven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981. Willy Scheepers plays for Lommel United from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983.	Willy ScheepersWilly Scheepers (born 8 April 1961) was a Dutch football player who was the technical manager for the Marfin Laiki League club APEP Pitsilia until 2009.Scheepers' brother was also a footballer who plays in the reserve side.	[ "Lommel United", "PSV Eindhoven", "Aarhus Gymnastikforening", "Vejle Boldklub", "FC Zürich", "Odense Boldklub" ]
Which team did Willy Scheepers play for in Jan, 1988?	January 01, 1988	{ "text": [ "Odense Boldklub" ] }	L2_Q2621230_P54_5	Willy Scheepers plays for Odense Boldklub from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988. Willy Scheepers plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Willy Scheepers plays for SV Darmstadt 98 from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Willy Scheepers plays for Vejle Boldklub from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1985. Willy Scheepers plays for Aarhus Gymnastikforening from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984. Willy Scheepers plays for PSV Eindhoven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981. Willy Scheepers plays for Lommel United from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983.	Willy ScheepersWilly Scheepers (born 8 April 1961) was a Dutch football player who was the technical manager for the Marfin Laiki League club APEP Pitsilia until 2009.Scheepers' brother was also a footballer who plays in the reserve side.	[ "Lommel United", "PSV Eindhoven", "Aarhus Gymnastikforening", "Vejle Boldklub", "FC Zürich", "SV Darmstadt 98" ]
Which team did Willy Scheepers play for in Jan, 1989?	January 21, 1989	{ "text": [ "FC Zürich" ] }	L2_Q2621230_P54_6	Willy Scheepers plays for Odense Boldklub from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988. Willy Scheepers plays for Vejle Boldklub from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1985. Willy Scheepers plays for Lommel United from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Willy Scheepers plays for Aarhus Gymnastikforening from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984. Willy Scheepers plays for FC Zürich from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Willy Scheepers plays for SV Darmstadt 98 from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Willy Scheepers plays for PSV Eindhoven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.	Willy ScheepersWilly Scheepers (born 8 April 1961) was a Dutch football player who was the technical manager for the Marfin Laiki League club APEP Pitsilia until 2009.Scheepers' brother was also a footballer who plays in the reserve side.	[ "Lommel United", "PSV Eindhoven", "Aarhus Gymnastikforening", "Vejle Boldklub", "SV Darmstadt 98", "Odense Boldklub" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Sep, 1992?	September 03, 1992	{ "text": [ "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_0	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Secretary of State for Defence", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Oct, 1997?	October 17, 1997	{ "text": [ "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_1	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Secretary of State for Defence" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Dec, 2003?	December 24, 2003	{ "text": [ "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_2	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the House of Lords", "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Secretary of State for Defence", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Nov, 2009?	November 18, 2009	{ "text": [ "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_3	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Secretary of State for Defence", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Oct, 2005?	October 25, 2005	{ "text": [ "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_4	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Secretary of State for Defence", "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Jan, 2008?	January 02, 2008	{ "text": [ "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_5	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Secretary of State for Defence", "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Feb, 2009?	February 10, 2009	{ "text": [ "Secretary of State for Defence", "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_6	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness hold in Sep, 2014?	September 22, 2014	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q332562_P39_7	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from May, 2005 to Nov, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from Jun, 2007 to Oct, 2008. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Oct, 2008 to Jun, 2009. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 2010 to Dec, 2022. John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Hutton, Baron Hutton of FurnessJohn Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is a former Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.Hutton was born 6 May 1955, in London, though his family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex when he was 8. He was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Associations and gained a BA in 1976 and a BCL 1978. He worked for a year as a bus driver. For two years he was a legal adviser to the CBI. From 1980–81, he was a research associate for Templeton College, Oxford. He went on to become a senior law lecturer at the Newcastle Polytechnic from 1981–92 before turning back to politics.Hutton first stood for election in the Penrith and the Borders seat in 1987. Two years later, he also failed to be elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Cumbria and North Lancashire region. His election to the Barrow and Furness seat in the 1992 general election saw him replace Cecil Franks as MP with a majority of 3,578. His majority increased to 14,497 in the Labour landslide of the 1997 Election.After being a part of the Department of Health from 1998, he was made a member of the Privy Council in 2001. In the reshuffle following the 2005 general election (in which his majority fell to just over 6,000), he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office, replacing his close friend and former flatmate, Alan Milburn.His position in this role was short lived, however. Following the second resignation of David Blunkett, Hutton was appointed as his replacement in the role of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on 2 November 2005. Hutton was seen as one of Tony Blair's closest supporters but survived in cabinet following Blair's resignation in June 2007 and was moved by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, which incorporated the bulk of portfolios from the now dissolved Department of Trade and Industry, including Energy security issues which many had expected to be ceded to DEFRA.In September 2006, while discussing the forthcoming Labour Party leadership election, Hutton gave an anonymous quote to BBC journalist Nick Robinson that Gordon Brown would be a "fucking disaster" as prime minister.He was moved into the role of Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet reshuffle on 3 October 2008. On 5 June 2009, Hutton resigned his Cabinet position and announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the next general election.Hutton gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry about his role as Defence Secretary on 25 January 2010, the same day as his predecessor, Des Browne.On 27 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron Hutton of Furness, "of Aldingham in the County of Cumbria", and was introduced in the House of Lords on 1 July 2010, where he sits on the Labour benches.In June 2010, it was announced that Hutton had joined the board of US nuclear power company Hyperion Power Generation. The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments stipulated that he should not lobby his former department for 12 months.It was also announced in June 2010, that the Conservative – Lib Dem coalition had asked him to head a commission into public sector pensions. His initial report was published in October 2010. The final report was published in March 2011. On 19 June 2011, Hutton rejected claims by trade unionists and Labour colleagues that he had been used as a 'stooge' by the government and dismissed speculation regarding his motives for accepting the coalition's invitation.Hutton became Chairman of the Nuclear Industry Association in June 2011.John Hutton married Rosemary Caroline Little in 1978 in Oxford. They had three sons, Jack, George, and Edward, author of the NHS's 'Urgent Care: Case For Change' project, as well as a daughter, Freya, before divorcing in 1993. John has multiple grandchildren from his sons Jack and Edward, and his daughter, Freya. He married civil servant Heather Rogers in 2004.He is a member of Cemetery Cottages Working Men's Club, Barrow.In 2008 John Hutton's first book was published, a non-fiction book with the title "Kitchener's Men – The King's Own Royal Lancasters on the Western Front 1915–18". In it, Hutton gives a "graphic insight into the daily routine and grim reality of warfare on the Western Front for men who were mostly recruited from the Furness area of the North-West. This was followed in 2010 by 'August 1914, Surrender at St. Quentin'.He has also co-authored the book 'How to be a minister – a 21st-century guide' with Sir Leigh Lewis. It was published in September 2014.	[ "Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy", "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster", "Secretary of State for Defence", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Who was the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat in Oct, 2001?	October 15, 2001	{ "text": [ "Hassan Hattab" ] }	L2_Q311841_P488_0	Nabil Sahraoui is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Abdelmalek Droukdel is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007. Hassan Hattab is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2003.	Salafist Group for Preaching and CombatThe Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (), known by the French acronym GSPC (""), was an Algerian terrorist faction in the Algerian Civil War founded in 1998 by Hassan Hattab, a former regional commander of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA). After Hattab was ousted from the organization in 2003, the group officially pledged support for al-Qaeda, and in January 2007, the group officially changed its name to the "Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb" (AQIM).Hassan Hattab was a regional commander of Armed Islamic Group (GIA). He broke with the GIA in 1998, and formed the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), in protest over the GIA's massacre of civilians. After an amnesty in 1999, many former GIA fighters laid down their arms, but a few remained active, including members of the GSPC. In March 2001 the GSPC was declared a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000.Estimates of the number of GSPC members vary widely, from a few hundred to as many as 4,000. In September 2003, it was reported that Hattab had been deposed as national emir of the GSPC and replaced by Nabil Sahraoui (Sheikh Abou Ibrahim Mustapha), a 39-year-old former GIA commander who was subsequently reported to have pledged GSPC's allegiance to al-Qaeda, a step which Hattab had opposed. Following the death of Sahraoui in June 2004, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud became the leader of the GSPC. Abdelmadjid Dichou is also reported to have headed the group.A splinter or separate branch of Hattab's group, the Free Salafist Group (GSL), headed by El Para, was linked to the kidnapping of 32 European tourists in Algeria in early 2003. Other sources illustrate the involvement of the Algerian intelligence services in exaggerating the claims about terrorist threats in the Sahara, and the supposed alliance between this group and Al-Qaeda. Some of the reputation of El Para is also attributed to the Algerian government, as a possible employer, and it has been alleged that certain key events, such as kidnappings, were staged, and that there was a campaign of deception and disinformation originated by the Algerian government and perpetuated by the media.By March 2005, it was reported that the GSPC "may be prepared to give up the armed struggle in Algeria and accept the government's reconciliation initiative." in March 2005, the group's former leader, Hassan Hattab, called on its members to accept a government amnesty under which they were offered immunity from prosecution in return for laying down their arms. However, in September 2006, the top Al-Qaida leader Ayman al-Zawahri announced a "blessed union" between the groups in declaring France an enemy. They said they would work together against French and American interests.Algerian officials and authorities from neighbouring countries have speculated that the GSPC may have been active outside Algeria. These activities may relate to the GSPC's alleged long-standing involvement with smuggling, protection rackets, and money laundering across the borders of Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya and Chad, possibly to underpin the group's finances. However, recent developments seem to indicate that a splinter group may have sought refuge in the Tuareg regions of northern Mali and Niger following crackdowns by Algerian government forces in the north and south of the country since 2003. French secret services report that the group has received funding from the country of Qatar.Some observers, including Jeremy Keenan, have voiced doubts regarding the GSPC's capacity to carry out large-scale attacks, such as the one attributed to it in northeastern Mauritania during the "Flintlock 2005" military exercise. They suspect the involvement of Algeria's Department of Intelligence and Security is an effort to improve Algeria's international standing as a credible partner in the War on Terrorism, and to lure the United States into the region.Allegations of GSPC links to al-Qaeda predate the September 11 attacks. As followers of a Qutbist strand of Salafist jihadism, the members of the GSPC are thought to share al-Qaeda's general ideological outlook. After the deposition of Hassan Hattab, various leaders of the group pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. Some observers have argued that the GSPC's connection to al-Qaeda was merely opportunistic, not operational. Claims of GSPC activities in Italy were disputed by other sources, who said that there is no evidence of any engagement in terrorist activities against US, European or Israeli targets: "While the GSPC ... established support networks in Europe and elsewhere, these have been limited to ancillary functions (logistics, fund-raising, propaganda), not acts of terrorism or other violence outside Algeria." Investigations in France and Britain have concluded that young Algerian immigrants sympathetic to the GSPC or al-Qaeda have taken up the name without any real connection to either group.Similar claims of links between the GSPC and Abu Musab Al Zarqawi in Iraq were based on purported letters to Zarqawi by GSPC leader Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud. In a September 2005 interview, Wadoud hailed Zarqawi's actions in Iraq. Like the GSPC's earlier public claims of allegiance to al-Qaeda, they are thought to be opportunistic legitimisation efforts of the GSPC's leaders due to the lack of representation in Algeria's political sphere.In 2005, after years of absence, the United States showed renewed military interest in the region through involvement in the "Flintlock 2005" exercise, which involved US Special Forces training soldiers from Algeria, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, and Chad. The United States alleged that the Sahel region had become a training ground for Islamist recruits. However, the two most important pieces of evidence of 'terrorist activity' – the tourist kidnapping of 2003 and the attack on the Mauritanian army base just as "Flintlock" got underway – have subsequently been called into question.Observers said that the region's governments have much to gain from associating local armed movements and long-established smuggling operations with al-Qaeda and the global "War on Terrorism". In June 2005, while the "Flintlock" exercise was still underway, Mauritania asked "Western countries interested in combating the terrorist surge in the African Sahel to supply it with advanced military equipment."In 2007, formed the basis for al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and credit for subsequent attacks were taken by AQIM.	[ "Abdelmalek Droukdel", "Nabil Sahraoui" ]
Who was the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat in Nov, 2003?	November 16, 2003	{ "text": [ "Nabil Sahraoui" ] }	L2_Q311841_P488_1	Abdelmalek Droukdel is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007. Nabil Sahraoui is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Hassan Hattab is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2003.	Salafist Group for Preaching and CombatThe Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (), known by the French acronym GSPC (""), was an Algerian terrorist faction in the Algerian Civil War founded in 1998 by Hassan Hattab, a former regional commander of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA). After Hattab was ousted from the organization in 2003, the group officially pledged support for al-Qaeda, and in January 2007, the group officially changed its name to the "Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb" (AQIM).Hassan Hattab was a regional commander of Armed Islamic Group (GIA). He broke with the GIA in 1998, and formed the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), in protest over the GIA's massacre of civilians. After an amnesty in 1999, many former GIA fighters laid down their arms, but a few remained active, including members of the GSPC. In March 2001 the GSPC was declared a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000.Estimates of the number of GSPC members vary widely, from a few hundred to as many as 4,000. In September 2003, it was reported that Hattab had been deposed as national emir of the GSPC and replaced by Nabil Sahraoui (Sheikh Abou Ibrahim Mustapha), a 39-year-old former GIA commander who was subsequently reported to have pledged GSPC's allegiance to al-Qaeda, a step which Hattab had opposed. Following the death of Sahraoui in June 2004, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud became the leader of the GSPC. Abdelmadjid Dichou is also reported to have headed the group.A splinter or separate branch of Hattab's group, the Free Salafist Group (GSL), headed by El Para, was linked to the kidnapping of 32 European tourists in Algeria in early 2003. Other sources illustrate the involvement of the Algerian intelligence services in exaggerating the claims about terrorist threats in the Sahara, and the supposed alliance between this group and Al-Qaeda. Some of the reputation of El Para is also attributed to the Algerian government, as a possible employer, and it has been alleged that certain key events, such as kidnappings, were staged, and that there was a campaign of deception and disinformation originated by the Algerian government and perpetuated by the media.By March 2005, it was reported that the GSPC "may be prepared to give up the armed struggle in Algeria and accept the government's reconciliation initiative." in March 2005, the group's former leader, Hassan Hattab, called on its members to accept a government amnesty under which they were offered immunity from prosecution in return for laying down their arms. However, in September 2006, the top Al-Qaida leader Ayman al-Zawahri announced a "blessed union" between the groups in declaring France an enemy. They said they would work together against French and American interests.Algerian officials and authorities from neighbouring countries have speculated that the GSPC may have been active outside Algeria. These activities may relate to the GSPC's alleged long-standing involvement with smuggling, protection rackets, and money laundering across the borders of Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya and Chad, possibly to underpin the group's finances. However, recent developments seem to indicate that a splinter group may have sought refuge in the Tuareg regions of northern Mali and Niger following crackdowns by Algerian government forces in the north and south of the country since 2003. French secret services report that the group has received funding from the country of Qatar.Some observers, including Jeremy Keenan, have voiced doubts regarding the GSPC's capacity to carry out large-scale attacks, such as the one attributed to it in northeastern Mauritania during the "Flintlock 2005" military exercise. They suspect the involvement of Algeria's Department of Intelligence and Security is an effort to improve Algeria's international standing as a credible partner in the War on Terrorism, and to lure the United States into the region.Allegations of GSPC links to al-Qaeda predate the September 11 attacks. As followers of a Qutbist strand of Salafist jihadism, the members of the GSPC are thought to share al-Qaeda's general ideological outlook. After the deposition of Hassan Hattab, various leaders of the group pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. Some observers have argued that the GSPC's connection to al-Qaeda was merely opportunistic, not operational. Claims of GSPC activities in Italy were disputed by other sources, who said that there is no evidence of any engagement in terrorist activities against US, European or Israeli targets: "While the GSPC ... established support networks in Europe and elsewhere, these have been limited to ancillary functions (logistics, fund-raising, propaganda), not acts of terrorism or other violence outside Algeria." Investigations in France and Britain have concluded that young Algerian immigrants sympathetic to the GSPC or al-Qaeda have taken up the name without any real connection to either group.Similar claims of links between the GSPC and Abu Musab Al Zarqawi in Iraq were based on purported letters to Zarqawi by GSPC leader Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud. In a September 2005 interview, Wadoud hailed Zarqawi's actions in Iraq. Like the GSPC's earlier public claims of allegiance to al-Qaeda, they are thought to be opportunistic legitimisation efforts of the GSPC's leaders due to the lack of representation in Algeria's political sphere.In 2005, after years of absence, the United States showed renewed military interest in the region through involvement in the "Flintlock 2005" exercise, which involved US Special Forces training soldiers from Algeria, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, and Chad. The United States alleged that the Sahel region had become a training ground for Islamist recruits. However, the two most important pieces of evidence of 'terrorist activity' – the tourist kidnapping of 2003 and the attack on the Mauritanian army base just as "Flintlock" got underway – have subsequently been called into question.Observers said that the region's governments have much to gain from associating local armed movements and long-established smuggling operations with al-Qaeda and the global "War on Terrorism". In June 2005, while the "Flintlock" exercise was still underway, Mauritania asked "Western countries interested in combating the terrorist surge in the African Sahel to supply it with advanced military equipment."In 2007, formed the basis for al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and credit for subsequent attacks were taken by AQIM.	[ "Abdelmalek Droukdel", "Hassan Hattab" ]
Who was the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat in Apr, 2004?	April 11, 2004	{ "text": [ "Abdelmalek Droukdel" ] }	L2_Q311841_P488_2	Nabil Sahraoui is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004. Hassan Hattab is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2003. Abdelmalek Droukdel is the chair of Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.	Salafist Group for Preaching and CombatThe Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (), known by the French acronym GSPC (""), was an Algerian terrorist faction in the Algerian Civil War founded in 1998 by Hassan Hattab, a former regional commander of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA). After Hattab was ousted from the organization in 2003, the group officially pledged support for al-Qaeda, and in January 2007, the group officially changed its name to the "Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb" (AQIM).Hassan Hattab was a regional commander of Armed Islamic Group (GIA). He broke with the GIA in 1998, and formed the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), in protest over the GIA's massacre of civilians. After an amnesty in 1999, many former GIA fighters laid down their arms, but a few remained active, including members of the GSPC. In March 2001 the GSPC was declared a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000.Estimates of the number of GSPC members vary widely, from a few hundred to as many as 4,000. In September 2003, it was reported that Hattab had been deposed as national emir of the GSPC and replaced by Nabil Sahraoui (Sheikh Abou Ibrahim Mustapha), a 39-year-old former GIA commander who was subsequently reported to have pledged GSPC's allegiance to al-Qaeda, a step which Hattab had opposed. Following the death of Sahraoui in June 2004, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud became the leader of the GSPC. Abdelmadjid Dichou is also reported to have headed the group.A splinter or separate branch of Hattab's group, the Free Salafist Group (GSL), headed by El Para, was linked to the kidnapping of 32 European tourists in Algeria in early 2003. Other sources illustrate the involvement of the Algerian intelligence services in exaggerating the claims about terrorist threats in the Sahara, and the supposed alliance between this group and Al-Qaeda. Some of the reputation of El Para is also attributed to the Algerian government, as a possible employer, and it has been alleged that certain key events, such as kidnappings, were staged, and that there was a campaign of deception and disinformation originated by the Algerian government and perpetuated by the media.By March 2005, it was reported that the GSPC "may be prepared to give up the armed struggle in Algeria and accept the government's reconciliation initiative." in March 2005, the group's former leader, Hassan Hattab, called on its members to accept a government amnesty under which they were offered immunity from prosecution in return for laying down their arms. However, in September 2006, the top Al-Qaida leader Ayman al-Zawahri announced a "blessed union" between the groups in declaring France an enemy. They said they would work together against French and American interests.Algerian officials and authorities from neighbouring countries have speculated that the GSPC may have been active outside Algeria. These activities may relate to the GSPC's alleged long-standing involvement with smuggling, protection rackets, and money laundering across the borders of Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya and Chad, possibly to underpin the group's finances. However, recent developments seem to indicate that a splinter group may have sought refuge in the Tuareg regions of northern Mali and Niger following crackdowns by Algerian government forces in the north and south of the country since 2003. French secret services report that the group has received funding from the country of Qatar.Some observers, including Jeremy Keenan, have voiced doubts regarding the GSPC's capacity to carry out large-scale attacks, such as the one attributed to it in northeastern Mauritania during the "Flintlock 2005" military exercise. They suspect the involvement of Algeria's Department of Intelligence and Security is an effort to improve Algeria's international standing as a credible partner in the War on Terrorism, and to lure the United States into the region.Allegations of GSPC links to al-Qaeda predate the September 11 attacks. As followers of a Qutbist strand of Salafist jihadism, the members of the GSPC are thought to share al-Qaeda's general ideological outlook. After the deposition of Hassan Hattab, various leaders of the group pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. Some observers have argued that the GSPC's connection to al-Qaeda was merely opportunistic, not operational. Claims of GSPC activities in Italy were disputed by other sources, who said that there is no evidence of any engagement in terrorist activities against US, European or Israeli targets: "While the GSPC ... established support networks in Europe and elsewhere, these have been limited to ancillary functions (logistics, fund-raising, propaganda), not acts of terrorism or other violence outside Algeria." Investigations in France and Britain have concluded that young Algerian immigrants sympathetic to the GSPC or al-Qaeda have taken up the name without any real connection to either group.Similar claims of links between the GSPC and Abu Musab Al Zarqawi in Iraq were based on purported letters to Zarqawi by GSPC leader Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud. In a September 2005 interview, Wadoud hailed Zarqawi's actions in Iraq. Like the GSPC's earlier public claims of allegiance to al-Qaeda, they are thought to be opportunistic legitimisation efforts of the GSPC's leaders due to the lack of representation in Algeria's political sphere.In 2005, after years of absence, the United States showed renewed military interest in the region through involvement in the "Flintlock 2005" exercise, which involved US Special Forces training soldiers from Algeria, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, and Chad. The United States alleged that the Sahel region had become a training ground for Islamist recruits. However, the two most important pieces of evidence of 'terrorist activity' – the tourist kidnapping of 2003 and the attack on the Mauritanian army base just as "Flintlock" got underway – have subsequently been called into question.Observers said that the region's governments have much to gain from associating local armed movements and long-established smuggling operations with al-Qaeda and the global "War on Terrorism". In June 2005, while the "Flintlock" exercise was still underway, Mauritania asked "Western countries interested in combating the terrorist surge in the African Sahel to supply it with advanced military equipment."In 2007, formed the basis for al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and credit for subsequent attacks were taken by AQIM.	[ "Hassan Hattab", "Nabil Sahraoui" ]
Which political party did Marcel Ciolacu belong to in Mar, 1992?	March 05, 1992	{ "text": [ "Democratic National Salvation Front" ] }	L2_Q21179176_P102_0	Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Social Democracy Party of Romania from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2001. Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Social Democratic Party from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022. Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Democratic National Salvation Front from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.	Marcel CiolacuIon-Marcel Ciolacu (born 28 November 1967 in Buzău, Socialist Republic of Romania) is a Romanian politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), currently the main opposition party. A previously little known politician, Ciolacu came into national prominence when he was propped up by a former leader of the Social Democratic Party to become deputy prime minister in 2018 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mihai Tudose. Initially given this office in order to control Tudose and report of his activities to Liviu Dragnea (who had been unable to become prime minister himself and was wary of Tudose becoming a power player in the party), Ciolacu soon broke with Dragnea and became an ally of Tudose against Dragnea's leadership. When Tudose was forced to resign from office due to Dragnea's scheming, Ciolacu was marginalized.He once more returned to prominence in 2019 after Liviu Dragnea had been convicted on corruption charges and sent to prison to serve a 3 years, 6 months sentence. With the Social Democrats still controlling a weak majority both in the Chamber and in the Senate, Ciolacu was propped up by the new leadership to become the President of the Chamber of Deputies, succeeding Dragnea himself just one day after the latter's incarceration.Ciolacu maintained a low profile until the new leader of the PSD Viorica Dăncilă was overwhelmingly defeated in the 2019 Romanian presidential election. He joined with other PSD territory leaders to stage her downfall. On 25 November 2019, one day after the presidential election, Ciolacu visited Dăncilă at home in order to convince her to step down as party leader. Seemingly unsuccessful, Ciolacu and other party leaders forced a special party committee, where Dăncilă and the rest of her leadership were convinced to resign, lest they be excluded from the party. In the aftermath, Ciolacu was named leader of the party, firstly ad-interim, until he was confirmed in the position by the party congress the next year.Ciolacu led the party to its victory in the 2020 Romanian legislative election, but was not able to form a majority coalition in the new legislative. Other parties opposed to the PSD formed a new coalition on 23 December and formed the new government, thus pushing Ciolacu's PSD in opposition.Marcel Ciolacu was born in Buzău as the son of Ion Ciolacu, a career military pilot. In 1995 he is thought to have graduated the Ecological University of Bucharest, even though that university only received its authorization later that year. In 2008 he attended a programme in Security and National Defence at the National College of Defence in Bucharest, a university regarded in the Romanian press as "diploma-factory", where many other high and low-profile politicians have also received allegedly fraudulent degrees. In 2012 he completed a master's programme in the Management of the Public Sector at the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration.Ciolacu is a founding member of PSD, back when the party was known as the National Salvation Front, in the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989. During the early nineties, Ciolacu climbed the steps in local politics and by 1996 he became the second-in-command of the Youth Organization of the party. His political mentors were Senator Ion Vasile and Buzău Mayor Constantin Boșcodeală. He remained little known, however, until the mid-2000s. In 2005 he was for several months the interim prefect of Buzau, after which he became, in turn, director of Urbis Serv and deputy mayor of Buzau (2008-2012). As deputy mayor, he was the close associate of Constantin Boșcodeală, mayor of Buzau 1996-2016. Boșcodeală was convicted in 2015 for abuse of office during the period 2002-2008, by diverting public funds to a football team and other private companies of which he was a shareholder. Boșcodeală was condemned to 5 years imprisonment (later suspended) and prohibition from future public office.Ciolacu entered national politics in 2012 when he was first elected for a deputy seat in Parliament. In 2015 he was elected PSD president for Buzau county, replacing his mentor Boscodeala who stepped down while being investigated for corruption. Ciolacu's election was controversial. He ran against his former mentor, Senator Vasile Ion, who eventually withdrew from the race, accusing Ciolacu of rigging the internal elections.Ciolacu was re-elected to Parliament in 2016. In 2017, almost completely unknown on the national political stage, Ciolacu was named deputy prime minister in the cabinet led by Mihai Tudose. Tudose's predecessor, Sorin Grindeanu was ousted from his position by PSD itself, a move instigated by Liviu Dragnea, then-leader of the party and of the Chamber of Deputies. Dragnea, unable to become prime minister himself in the aftermath of the landslide victory of PSD in the 2016 Romanian legislative election because of a suspended conviction for electoral fraud in 2012, was forced to find a suitable candidate for the office of prime minister, but he needed that someone to be loyal to him on a personal level. Grindeanu gradually broke off with Dragnea during his premiership, and by May 2017 the relationship between the two had deteriorated irreparably. As a consequence, Grindeanu was ordered to resign by Dragnea, an order which he refused, citing his responsibility as leader of the Executive, and not merely a party pawn. Unable to find other ways to replace Grindeanu, Dragnea ordered all other ministers in his cabinet to resign, which they did on 15 June, but not even this could make Grindeanu resign. Grindeanu was determined to fight with Dragnea until the end for control of both the party and his premiership. Nevertheless, a motion of no confidence instigated by PSD against its own government was successful. It passed with 241 votes, 8 votes more than the required 233 threshold.Grindeanu's ousting did not leave Dragnea's power unquestioned. Previously, the government had held a 295 majority, now it was reduced to a mere 241. For the first time, Dragnea was facing strong dissent in the party at the prospect that President Klaus Iohannis would not name another PSD member to become prime minister, electing instead to force early elections. Since the procedure of calling early elections laid down in the Constitution of Romania is complicated and difficult to trigger, and seeing PSD still had the necessary majority to form another government, the president decided to name Mihai Tudose, Dragnea's newest proposal as prime minister. Tudose was not, however, Dragnea's first choice and the PSD leader needed to find ways to control him better than Grindeanu, who had shown him that the office of prime minister was strong enough to allow its holder to wrestle his power in the party away from him. For this reason, Ciolacu was named deputy prime minister in the Tudose Cabinet, in order to become Dragnea's ears in the government.Like Tudose himself and Grindeanu before him, however, Ciolacu did not stay loyal to Dragnea for long. By the autumn of 2017, Ciolacu had entered Tudose's grasp and was now fully loyal to the prime minister. The relationship between Tudose and Dragnea started deteriorating rapidly, as had been the case with Grindeanu, but the two maintained publicly that there was no strain between them. By then, Ciolacu was firmly in the Tudose camp.Tudose soon declared publicly that there was only one person whom he would not tolerate being removed from his cabinet: Ciolacu. In January 2018, Tudose attempted to take full control of his government by asking the resignation of his Interior minister, Carmen Dan, a Dragnea mouthpiece and loyal lieutenant. As it became quite apparent that this was another power struggle between the prime minister and the leader of the SDP, Ciolacu publicly positioned himself in the Tudose camp. Dragnea once again convened a special party meeting in order to force Tudose's resignation. Seeing that a majority of the party remained loyal to Dragnea, Tudose decided to resign to evade a motion of no confidence like his predecessor. Ciolacu handed in his own resignation from the government shortly thereafter.After leaving the Executive, Ciolacu returned to his deputy seat in Parliament. Throughout 2018 and the first half 2019 he stayed out of the spotlight while persisting in the opposition. against Dragnea's leadership. In October 2018, the press reported an alleged physical altercation in Parliament between Ciolacu and Dragnea, but both denied the claim.On 27 May 2019, Liviu Dragnea was convicted of abuse of power and sentenced to 3 years and six months in prison. This vacated his position as President of the Chamber of Deputies and his leadership position in the party. Ciolacu emerged once more in the public eye, seeking a path to top party leadership. The party's new leader, Viorica Dăncilă, the third prime minister named by Dragnea, was now looking for ways to cement her leadership of the party. For this, she sought the support of Ciolacu and other former opponents of Dragnea. Ciolacu accepted her offer to sponsor him as president of the Chamber of Deputies, succeeding Dragnea himself. On 29 May 2019, Ciolacu was voted the new head of the Chamber. However, his election was won only narrowly and with the support of the PSD-breakaway party, PRO Romania, and its member, former Prime Minister Mihai Tudose.In 2009, the Court of Accounts Buzau found that a construction company in the municipality of Buzau, Urbis Serv, headed by Marcel Ciolacu between 2007 and 2008, caused an approximately €1.3 million overcharge for street and sidewalk construction projects through an illegal contract with a company owned by a party colleague. The company, Mecan Construct, was owned by former PSD County Councilor Dumitru Dobrică.Ciolacu was accused of conflict of interest causing damages to the municipality by inflating the Mecan contract by approximately 1.3 million euros.Marcel Ciolacu stated that the ruling of the Buzău Court of Accounts was challenged in court. He stated that a criminal investigation file at the National Anticorruption Directorate Ploiești, in which the allegations regarding the contract with Mecan Construct were investigated, concluded without starting criminal proceedings against him.Marcel Ciolacu was involved in a media scandal in May 2015 after a 20-year-old photograph of him with Omar Hayssam appeared in the press. In approximately 2005, Ciolacu and Hayssam had been attending a hunting party organized by the Buzau Forestry Directorate. In 2006, Omar Hayssam masterminded the kidnapping and holding for ransom of three Romanian journalists in Iraq, for which Hayssam was convicted in 2007 by the Bucharest Court of Appeal to 24 years, four months imprisonment. In addition, there was evidence that Ciolacu appeared on a list of Hayssam's debtors: In the early 2000s, Hayssam appears to have loaned Ciolacu 200 million old lei (20,000 RON). As a result of the scandal, Prime Minister Victor Ponta removed Ciolacu from the position of honorary adviser to the prime minister.As leader of the Lower Chamber, Ciolacu kept a reserved and non-vocal stance. In October 2019, a motion of no confidence was initiated by the PNL-led opposition that successfully removed Dăncilă from power, even though Ciolacu maintained that the Dăncilă Cabinet would not fall. Subsequently, he reluctantly supported Viorica Dăncilă's bid to the presidency of Romania but after her failure and her historically weak result, Ciolacu went on to take control of the party. On 25 November 2019, one day after the presidential election, Marcel Ciolacu personally visited Dăncilă in her home and asked her to peacefully resign from the party's leadership, offering her an MP seat in the next legislative election.Having initially refused, Dăncilă mulled the offer throughout the day, and on 26 November 2019 she decided to call another special party meeting where she hoped to convince the local party leaders, who were determined to oust her, to let her retain the leadership of the PSD. Ciolacu's plan was to force the dissolution of the entire leadership, so that he could become the party's interim leader. Several local party leaders resigned during the meeting in order to force Dăncilă's resignation. Dăncilă, after changing her mind twice throughout the day, decided to finally resign. Even though by the party's statute, the next in line to assume the interim leadership of the party was Eugen Teodorovici, a Dăncilă loyalist and former Minister of Finance, Ciolacu was able to become the party's leader by securing the dissolution of the entire party leadership. Following his becoming leader of the party, he announced that PSD will be led through collective leadership and that a congress will be organized in February, by which a full leader will be appointed.Ciolacu was expected to run for a full term as leader of PSD at its Congress on February 29, 2020, however the Congress was postponed to March 21 due to the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. In early March, they announced plans to move the Congress online in light of the epidemic-related ban of gatherings of more than 1000 people. Ultimately, the Congress took place on 22 August 2020 and resulted in Ciolacu's election as leader of PSD, defeating Eugen Teodorovici on an overwhelming 1310–91 margin.	[ "Social Democratic Party", "Social Democracy Party of Romania" ]
Which political party did Marcel Ciolacu belong to in May, 1994?	May 19, 1994	{ "text": [ "Social Democracy Party of Romania" ] }	L2_Q21179176_P102_1	Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Social Democratic Party from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022. Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Social Democracy Party of Romania from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2001. Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Democratic National Salvation Front from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.	Marcel CiolacuIon-Marcel Ciolacu (born 28 November 1967 in Buzău, Socialist Republic of Romania) is a Romanian politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), currently the main opposition party. A previously little known politician, Ciolacu came into national prominence when he was propped up by a former leader of the Social Democratic Party to become deputy prime minister in 2018 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mihai Tudose. Initially given this office in order to control Tudose and report of his activities to Liviu Dragnea (who had been unable to become prime minister himself and was wary of Tudose becoming a power player in the party), Ciolacu soon broke with Dragnea and became an ally of Tudose against Dragnea's leadership. When Tudose was forced to resign from office due to Dragnea's scheming, Ciolacu was marginalized.He once more returned to prominence in 2019 after Liviu Dragnea had been convicted on corruption charges and sent to prison to serve a 3 years, 6 months sentence. With the Social Democrats still controlling a weak majority both in the Chamber and in the Senate, Ciolacu was propped up by the new leadership to become the President of the Chamber of Deputies, succeeding Dragnea himself just one day after the latter's incarceration.Ciolacu maintained a low profile until the new leader of the PSD Viorica Dăncilă was overwhelmingly defeated in the 2019 Romanian presidential election. He joined with other PSD territory leaders to stage her downfall. On 25 November 2019, one day after the presidential election, Ciolacu visited Dăncilă at home in order to convince her to step down as party leader. Seemingly unsuccessful, Ciolacu and other party leaders forced a special party committee, where Dăncilă and the rest of her leadership were convinced to resign, lest they be excluded from the party. In the aftermath, Ciolacu was named leader of the party, firstly ad-interim, until he was confirmed in the position by the party congress the next year.Ciolacu led the party to its victory in the 2020 Romanian legislative election, but was not able to form a majority coalition in the new legislative. Other parties opposed to the PSD formed a new coalition on 23 December and formed the new government, thus pushing Ciolacu's PSD in opposition.Marcel Ciolacu was born in Buzău as the son of Ion Ciolacu, a career military pilot. In 1995 he is thought to have graduated the Ecological University of Bucharest, even though that university only received its authorization later that year. In 2008 he attended a programme in Security and National Defence at the National College of Defence in Bucharest, a university regarded in the Romanian press as "diploma-factory", where many other high and low-profile politicians have also received allegedly fraudulent degrees. In 2012 he completed a master's programme in the Management of the Public Sector at the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration.Ciolacu is a founding member of PSD, back when the party was known as the National Salvation Front, in the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989. During the early nineties, Ciolacu climbed the steps in local politics and by 1996 he became the second-in-command of the Youth Organization of the party. His political mentors were Senator Ion Vasile and Buzău Mayor Constantin Boșcodeală. He remained little known, however, until the mid-2000s. In 2005 he was for several months the interim prefect of Buzau, after which he became, in turn, director of Urbis Serv and deputy mayor of Buzau (2008-2012). As deputy mayor, he was the close associate of Constantin Boșcodeală, mayor of Buzau 1996-2016. Boșcodeală was convicted in 2015 for abuse of office during the period 2002-2008, by diverting public funds to a football team and other private companies of which he was a shareholder. Boșcodeală was condemned to 5 years imprisonment (later suspended) and prohibition from future public office.Ciolacu entered national politics in 2012 when he was first elected for a deputy seat in Parliament. In 2015 he was elected PSD president for Buzau county, replacing his mentor Boscodeala who stepped down while being investigated for corruption. Ciolacu's election was controversial. He ran against his former mentor, Senator Vasile Ion, who eventually withdrew from the race, accusing Ciolacu of rigging the internal elections.Ciolacu was re-elected to Parliament in 2016. In 2017, almost completely unknown on the national political stage, Ciolacu was named deputy prime minister in the cabinet led by Mihai Tudose. Tudose's predecessor, Sorin Grindeanu was ousted from his position by PSD itself, a move instigated by Liviu Dragnea, then-leader of the party and of the Chamber of Deputies. Dragnea, unable to become prime minister himself in the aftermath of the landslide victory of PSD in the 2016 Romanian legislative election because of a suspended conviction for electoral fraud in 2012, was forced to find a suitable candidate for the office of prime minister, but he needed that someone to be loyal to him on a personal level. Grindeanu gradually broke off with Dragnea during his premiership, and by May 2017 the relationship between the two had deteriorated irreparably. As a consequence, Grindeanu was ordered to resign by Dragnea, an order which he refused, citing his responsibility as leader of the Executive, and not merely a party pawn. Unable to find other ways to replace Grindeanu, Dragnea ordered all other ministers in his cabinet to resign, which they did on 15 June, but not even this could make Grindeanu resign. Grindeanu was determined to fight with Dragnea until the end for control of both the party and his premiership. Nevertheless, a motion of no confidence instigated by PSD against its own government was successful. It passed with 241 votes, 8 votes more than the required 233 threshold.Grindeanu's ousting did not leave Dragnea's power unquestioned. Previously, the government had held a 295 majority, now it was reduced to a mere 241. For the first time, Dragnea was facing strong dissent in the party at the prospect that President Klaus Iohannis would not name another PSD member to become prime minister, electing instead to force early elections. Since the procedure of calling early elections laid down in the Constitution of Romania is complicated and difficult to trigger, and seeing PSD still had the necessary majority to form another government, the president decided to name Mihai Tudose, Dragnea's newest proposal as prime minister. Tudose was not, however, Dragnea's first choice and the PSD leader needed to find ways to control him better than Grindeanu, who had shown him that the office of prime minister was strong enough to allow its holder to wrestle his power in the party away from him. For this reason, Ciolacu was named deputy prime minister in the Tudose Cabinet, in order to become Dragnea's ears in the government.Like Tudose himself and Grindeanu before him, however, Ciolacu did not stay loyal to Dragnea for long. By the autumn of 2017, Ciolacu had entered Tudose's grasp and was now fully loyal to the prime minister. The relationship between Tudose and Dragnea started deteriorating rapidly, as had been the case with Grindeanu, but the two maintained publicly that there was no strain between them. By then, Ciolacu was firmly in the Tudose camp.Tudose soon declared publicly that there was only one person whom he would not tolerate being removed from his cabinet: Ciolacu. In January 2018, Tudose attempted to take full control of his government by asking the resignation of his Interior minister, Carmen Dan, a Dragnea mouthpiece and loyal lieutenant. As it became quite apparent that this was another power struggle between the prime minister and the leader of the SDP, Ciolacu publicly positioned himself in the Tudose camp. Dragnea once again convened a special party meeting in order to force Tudose's resignation. Seeing that a majority of the party remained loyal to Dragnea, Tudose decided to resign to evade a motion of no confidence like his predecessor. Ciolacu handed in his own resignation from the government shortly thereafter.After leaving the Executive, Ciolacu returned to his deputy seat in Parliament. Throughout 2018 and the first half 2019 he stayed out of the spotlight while persisting in the opposition. against Dragnea's leadership. In October 2018, the press reported an alleged physical altercation in Parliament between Ciolacu and Dragnea, but both denied the claim.On 27 May 2019, Liviu Dragnea was convicted of abuse of power and sentenced to 3 years and six months in prison. This vacated his position as President of the Chamber of Deputies and his leadership position in the party. Ciolacu emerged once more in the public eye, seeking a path to top party leadership. The party's new leader, Viorica Dăncilă, the third prime minister named by Dragnea, was now looking for ways to cement her leadership of the party. For this, she sought the support of Ciolacu and other former opponents of Dragnea. Ciolacu accepted her offer to sponsor him as president of the Chamber of Deputies, succeeding Dragnea himself. On 29 May 2019, Ciolacu was voted the new head of the Chamber. However, his election was won only narrowly and with the support of the PSD-breakaway party, PRO Romania, and its member, former Prime Minister Mihai Tudose.In 2009, the Court of Accounts Buzau found that a construction company in the municipality of Buzau, Urbis Serv, headed by Marcel Ciolacu between 2007 and 2008, caused an approximately €1.3 million overcharge for street and sidewalk construction projects through an illegal contract with a company owned by a party colleague. The company, Mecan Construct, was owned by former PSD County Councilor Dumitru Dobrică.Ciolacu was accused of conflict of interest causing damages to the municipality by inflating the Mecan contract by approximately 1.3 million euros.Marcel Ciolacu stated that the ruling of the Buzău Court of Accounts was challenged in court. He stated that a criminal investigation file at the National Anticorruption Directorate Ploiești, in which the allegations regarding the contract with Mecan Construct were investigated, concluded without starting criminal proceedings against him.Marcel Ciolacu was involved in a media scandal in May 2015 after a 20-year-old photograph of him with Omar Hayssam appeared in the press. In approximately 2005, Ciolacu and Hayssam had been attending a hunting party organized by the Buzau Forestry Directorate. In 2006, Omar Hayssam masterminded the kidnapping and holding for ransom of three Romanian journalists in Iraq, for which Hayssam was convicted in 2007 by the Bucharest Court of Appeal to 24 years, four months imprisonment. In addition, there was evidence that Ciolacu appeared on a list of Hayssam's debtors: In the early 2000s, Hayssam appears to have loaned Ciolacu 200 million old lei (20,000 RON). As a result of the scandal, Prime Minister Victor Ponta removed Ciolacu from the position of honorary adviser to the prime minister.As leader of the Lower Chamber, Ciolacu kept a reserved and non-vocal stance. In October 2019, a motion of no confidence was initiated by the PNL-led opposition that successfully removed Dăncilă from power, even though Ciolacu maintained that the Dăncilă Cabinet would not fall. Subsequently, he reluctantly supported Viorica Dăncilă's bid to the presidency of Romania but after her failure and her historically weak result, Ciolacu went on to take control of the party. On 25 November 2019, one day after the presidential election, Marcel Ciolacu personally visited Dăncilă in her home and asked her to peacefully resign from the party's leadership, offering her an MP seat in the next legislative election.Having initially refused, Dăncilă mulled the offer throughout the day, and on 26 November 2019 she decided to call another special party meeting where she hoped to convince the local party leaders, who were determined to oust her, to let her retain the leadership of the PSD. Ciolacu's plan was to force the dissolution of the entire leadership, so that he could become the party's interim leader. Several local party leaders resigned during the meeting in order to force Dăncilă's resignation. Dăncilă, after changing her mind twice throughout the day, decided to finally resign. Even though by the party's statute, the next in line to assume the interim leadership of the party was Eugen Teodorovici, a Dăncilă loyalist and former Minister of Finance, Ciolacu was able to become the party's leader by securing the dissolution of the entire party leadership. Following his becoming leader of the party, he announced that PSD will be led through collective leadership and that a congress will be organized in February, by which a full leader will be appointed.Ciolacu was expected to run for a full term as leader of PSD at its Congress on February 29, 2020, however the Congress was postponed to March 21 due to the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. In early March, they announced plans to move the Congress online in light of the epidemic-related ban of gatherings of more than 1000 people. Ultimately, the Congress took place on 22 August 2020 and resulted in Ciolacu's election as leader of PSD, defeating Eugen Teodorovici on an overwhelming 1310–91 margin.	[ "Social Democratic Party", "Democratic National Salvation Front" ]
Which political party did Marcel Ciolacu belong to in Nov, 2006?	November 15, 2006	{ "text": [ "Social Democratic Party" ] }	L2_Q21179176_P102_2	Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Social Democracy Party of Romania from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2001. Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Social Democratic Party from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2022. Marcel Ciolacu is a member of the Democratic National Salvation Front from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.	Marcel CiolacuIon-Marcel Ciolacu (born 28 November 1967 in Buzău, Socialist Republic of Romania) is a Romanian politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), currently the main opposition party. A previously little known politician, Ciolacu came into national prominence when he was propped up by a former leader of the Social Democratic Party to become deputy prime minister in 2018 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mihai Tudose. Initially given this office in order to control Tudose and report of his activities to Liviu Dragnea (who had been unable to become prime minister himself and was wary of Tudose becoming a power player in the party), Ciolacu soon broke with Dragnea and became an ally of Tudose against Dragnea's leadership. When Tudose was forced to resign from office due to Dragnea's scheming, Ciolacu was marginalized.He once more returned to prominence in 2019 after Liviu Dragnea had been convicted on corruption charges and sent to prison to serve a 3 years, 6 months sentence. With the Social Democrats still controlling a weak majority both in the Chamber and in the Senate, Ciolacu was propped up by the new leadership to become the President of the Chamber of Deputies, succeeding Dragnea himself just one day after the latter's incarceration.Ciolacu maintained a low profile until the new leader of the PSD Viorica Dăncilă was overwhelmingly defeated in the 2019 Romanian presidential election. He joined with other PSD territory leaders to stage her downfall. On 25 November 2019, one day after the presidential election, Ciolacu visited Dăncilă at home in order to convince her to step down as party leader. Seemingly unsuccessful, Ciolacu and other party leaders forced a special party committee, where Dăncilă and the rest of her leadership were convinced to resign, lest they be excluded from the party. In the aftermath, Ciolacu was named leader of the party, firstly ad-interim, until he was confirmed in the position by the party congress the next year.Ciolacu led the party to its victory in the 2020 Romanian legislative election, but was not able to form a majority coalition in the new legislative. Other parties opposed to the PSD formed a new coalition on 23 December and formed the new government, thus pushing Ciolacu's PSD in opposition.Marcel Ciolacu was born in Buzău as the son of Ion Ciolacu, a career military pilot. In 1995 he is thought to have graduated the Ecological University of Bucharest, even though that university only received its authorization later that year. In 2008 he attended a programme in Security and National Defence at the National College of Defence in Bucharest, a university regarded in the Romanian press as "diploma-factory", where many other high and low-profile politicians have also received allegedly fraudulent degrees. In 2012 he completed a master's programme in the Management of the Public Sector at the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration.Ciolacu is a founding member of PSD, back when the party was known as the National Salvation Front, in the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989. During the early nineties, Ciolacu climbed the steps in local politics and by 1996 he became the second-in-command of the Youth Organization of the party. His political mentors were Senator Ion Vasile and Buzău Mayor Constantin Boșcodeală. He remained little known, however, until the mid-2000s. In 2005 he was for several months the interim prefect of Buzau, after which he became, in turn, director of Urbis Serv and deputy mayor of Buzau (2008-2012). As deputy mayor, he was the close associate of Constantin Boșcodeală, mayor of Buzau 1996-2016. Boșcodeală was convicted in 2015 for abuse of office during the period 2002-2008, by diverting public funds to a football team and other private companies of which he was a shareholder. Boșcodeală was condemned to 5 years imprisonment (later suspended) and prohibition from future public office.Ciolacu entered national politics in 2012 when he was first elected for a deputy seat in Parliament. In 2015 he was elected PSD president for Buzau county, replacing his mentor Boscodeala who stepped down while being investigated for corruption. Ciolacu's election was controversial. He ran against his former mentor, Senator Vasile Ion, who eventually withdrew from the race, accusing Ciolacu of rigging the internal elections.Ciolacu was re-elected to Parliament in 2016. In 2017, almost completely unknown on the national political stage, Ciolacu was named deputy prime minister in the cabinet led by Mihai Tudose. Tudose's predecessor, Sorin Grindeanu was ousted from his position by PSD itself, a move instigated by Liviu Dragnea, then-leader of the party and of the Chamber of Deputies. Dragnea, unable to become prime minister himself in the aftermath of the landslide victory of PSD in the 2016 Romanian legislative election because of a suspended conviction for electoral fraud in 2012, was forced to find a suitable candidate for the office of prime minister, but he needed that someone to be loyal to him on a personal level. Grindeanu gradually broke off with Dragnea during his premiership, and by May 2017 the relationship between the two had deteriorated irreparably. As a consequence, Grindeanu was ordered to resign by Dragnea, an order which he refused, citing his responsibility as leader of the Executive, and not merely a party pawn. Unable to find other ways to replace Grindeanu, Dragnea ordered all other ministers in his cabinet to resign, which they did on 15 June, but not even this could make Grindeanu resign. Grindeanu was determined to fight with Dragnea until the end for control of both the party and his premiership. Nevertheless, a motion of no confidence instigated by PSD against its own government was successful. It passed with 241 votes, 8 votes more than the required 233 threshold.Grindeanu's ousting did not leave Dragnea's power unquestioned. Previously, the government had held a 295 majority, now it was reduced to a mere 241. For the first time, Dragnea was facing strong dissent in the party at the prospect that President Klaus Iohannis would not name another PSD member to become prime minister, electing instead to force early elections. Since the procedure of calling early elections laid down in the Constitution of Romania is complicated and difficult to trigger, and seeing PSD still had the necessary majority to form another government, the president decided to name Mihai Tudose, Dragnea's newest proposal as prime minister. Tudose was not, however, Dragnea's first choice and the PSD leader needed to find ways to control him better than Grindeanu, who had shown him that the office of prime minister was strong enough to allow its holder to wrestle his power in the party away from him. For this reason, Ciolacu was named deputy prime minister in the Tudose Cabinet, in order to become Dragnea's ears in the government.Like Tudose himself and Grindeanu before him, however, Ciolacu did not stay loyal to Dragnea for long. By the autumn of 2017, Ciolacu had entered Tudose's grasp and was now fully loyal to the prime minister. The relationship between Tudose and Dragnea started deteriorating rapidly, as had been the case with Grindeanu, but the two maintained publicly that there was no strain between them. By then, Ciolacu was firmly in the Tudose camp.Tudose soon declared publicly that there was only one person whom he would not tolerate being removed from his cabinet: Ciolacu. In January 2018, Tudose attempted to take full control of his government by asking the resignation of his Interior minister, Carmen Dan, a Dragnea mouthpiece and loyal lieutenant. As it became quite apparent that this was another power struggle between the prime minister and the leader of the SDP, Ciolacu publicly positioned himself in the Tudose camp. Dragnea once again convened a special party meeting in order to force Tudose's resignation. Seeing that a majority of the party remained loyal to Dragnea, Tudose decided to resign to evade a motion of no confidence like his predecessor. Ciolacu handed in his own resignation from the government shortly thereafter.After leaving the Executive, Ciolacu returned to his deputy seat in Parliament. Throughout 2018 and the first half 2019 he stayed out of the spotlight while persisting in the opposition. against Dragnea's leadership. In October 2018, the press reported an alleged physical altercation in Parliament between Ciolacu and Dragnea, but both denied the claim.On 27 May 2019, Liviu Dragnea was convicted of abuse of power and sentenced to 3 years and six months in prison. This vacated his position as President of the Chamber of Deputies and his leadership position in the party. Ciolacu emerged once more in the public eye, seeking a path to top party leadership. The party's new leader, Viorica Dăncilă, the third prime minister named by Dragnea, was now looking for ways to cement her leadership of the party. For this, she sought the support of Ciolacu and other former opponents of Dragnea. Ciolacu accepted her offer to sponsor him as president of the Chamber of Deputies, succeeding Dragnea himself. On 29 May 2019, Ciolacu was voted the new head of the Chamber. However, his election was won only narrowly and with the support of the PSD-breakaway party, PRO Romania, and its member, former Prime Minister Mihai Tudose.In 2009, the Court of Accounts Buzau found that a construction company in the municipality of Buzau, Urbis Serv, headed by Marcel Ciolacu between 2007 and 2008, caused an approximately €1.3 million overcharge for street and sidewalk construction projects through an illegal contract with a company owned by a party colleague. The company, Mecan Construct, was owned by former PSD County Councilor Dumitru Dobrică.Ciolacu was accused of conflict of interest causing damages to the municipality by inflating the Mecan contract by approximately 1.3 million euros.Marcel Ciolacu stated that the ruling of the Buzău Court of Accounts was challenged in court. He stated that a criminal investigation file at the National Anticorruption Directorate Ploiești, in which the allegations regarding the contract with Mecan Construct were investigated, concluded without starting criminal proceedings against him.Marcel Ciolacu was involved in a media scandal in May 2015 after a 20-year-old photograph of him with Omar Hayssam appeared in the press. In approximately 2005, Ciolacu and Hayssam had been attending a hunting party organized by the Buzau Forestry Directorate. In 2006, Omar Hayssam masterminded the kidnapping and holding for ransom of three Romanian journalists in Iraq, for which Hayssam was convicted in 2007 by the Bucharest Court of Appeal to 24 years, four months imprisonment. In addition, there was evidence that Ciolacu appeared on a list of Hayssam's debtors: In the early 2000s, Hayssam appears to have loaned Ciolacu 200 million old lei (20,000 RON). As a result of the scandal, Prime Minister Victor Ponta removed Ciolacu from the position of honorary adviser to the prime minister.As leader of the Lower Chamber, Ciolacu kept a reserved and non-vocal stance. In October 2019, a motion of no confidence was initiated by the PNL-led opposition that successfully removed Dăncilă from power, even though Ciolacu maintained that the Dăncilă Cabinet would not fall. Subsequently, he reluctantly supported Viorica Dăncilă's bid to the presidency of Romania but after her failure and her historically weak result, Ciolacu went on to take control of the party. On 25 November 2019, one day after the presidential election, Marcel Ciolacu personally visited Dăncilă in her home and asked her to peacefully resign from the party's leadership, offering her an MP seat in the next legislative election.Having initially refused, Dăncilă mulled the offer throughout the day, and on 26 November 2019 she decided to call another special party meeting where she hoped to convince the local party leaders, who were determined to oust her, to let her retain the leadership of the PSD. Ciolacu's plan was to force the dissolution of the entire leadership, so that he could become the party's interim leader. Several local party leaders resigned during the meeting in order to force Dăncilă's resignation. Dăncilă, after changing her mind twice throughout the day, decided to finally resign. Even though by the party's statute, the next in line to assume the interim leadership of the party was Eugen Teodorovici, a Dăncilă loyalist and former Minister of Finance, Ciolacu was able to become the party's leader by securing the dissolution of the entire party leadership. Following his becoming leader of the party, he announced that PSD will be led through collective leadership and that a congress will be organized in February, by which a full leader will be appointed.Ciolacu was expected to run for a full term as leader of PSD at its Congress on February 29, 2020, however the Congress was postponed to March 21 due to the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. In early March, they announced plans to move the Congress online in light of the epidemic-related ban of gatherings of more than 1000 people. Ultimately, the Congress took place on 22 August 2020 and resulted in Ciolacu's election as leader of PSD, defeating Eugen Teodorovici on an overwhelming 1310–91 margin.	[ "Democratic National Salvation Front", "Social Democracy Party of Romania" ]
Which team did Gary Stevens play for in Dec, 1979?	December 18, 1979	{ "text": [ "Cardiff City F.C." ] }	L2_Q5526000_P54_0	Gary Stevens plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987. Gary Stevens plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986. Gary Stevens plays for Knighton Town F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000. Gary Stevens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982. Gary Stevens plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.	Gary Stevens (footballer, born 1954)Gary Martin Stevens (born 3 August 1954) is an English former professional footballer.Stevens was playing non-league football for Evesham United while working at Wiggins (later Special Metals) Herefordshire, when he was spotted by Cardiff City, and signed for the club during the summer of 1978 for a £4,000 fee. He made his debut in September of that year, during a 7–1 defeat against Luton Town, and scored his first goal a week later on his home debut in a 2–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers. Gary went on to score a total of thirteen goals in all competitions in his first year. The following year he finished as the club's joint top scorer, along with Ray Bishop, scoring eleven goals, and went on to claim the award again during the 1981–82 season.Following the end of the season he joined Shrewsbury Town for £20,000. He spent four years at the club before ending his career with spells at Brentford and Hereford United. He was also player coach at Mid Wales League side Knighton Town.He is now a college tutor, is manager of Wellington FC, and works part-time for the Herefordshire FA.	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Shrewsbury Town F.C.", "Knighton Town F.C.", "Hereford United F.C." ]
Which team did Gary Stevens play for in Nov, 1984?	November 17, 1984	{ "text": [ "Shrewsbury Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q5526000_P54_1	Gary Stevens plays for Knighton Town F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000. Gary Stevens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982. Gary Stevens plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990. Gary Stevens plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986. Gary Stevens plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.	Gary Stevens (footballer, born 1954)Gary Martin Stevens (born 3 August 1954) is an English former professional footballer.Stevens was playing non-league football for Evesham United while working at Wiggins (later Special Metals) Herefordshire, when he was spotted by Cardiff City, and signed for the club during the summer of 1978 for a £4,000 fee. He made his debut in September of that year, during a 7–1 defeat against Luton Town, and scored his first goal a week later on his home debut in a 2–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers. Gary went on to score a total of thirteen goals in all competitions in his first year. The following year he finished as the club's joint top scorer, along with Ray Bishop, scoring eleven goals, and went on to claim the award again during the 1981–82 season.Following the end of the season he joined Shrewsbury Town for £20,000. He spent four years at the club before ending his career with spells at Brentford and Hereford United. He was also player coach at Mid Wales League side Knighton Town.He is now a college tutor, is manager of Wellington FC, and works part-time for the Herefordshire FA.	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Knighton Town F.C.", "Hereford United F.C.", "Cardiff City F.C." ]
Which team did Gary Stevens play for in May, 1986?	May 14, 1986	{ "text": [ "Brentford F.C." ] }	L2_Q5526000_P54_2	Gary Stevens plays for Knighton Town F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000. Gary Stevens plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987. Gary Stevens plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990. Gary Stevens plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986. Gary Stevens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982.	Gary Stevens (footballer, born 1954)Gary Martin Stevens (born 3 August 1954) is an English former professional footballer.Stevens was playing non-league football for Evesham United while working at Wiggins (later Special Metals) Herefordshire, when he was spotted by Cardiff City, and signed for the club during the summer of 1978 for a £4,000 fee. He made his debut in September of that year, during a 7–1 defeat against Luton Town, and scored his first goal a week later on his home debut in a 2–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers. Gary went on to score a total of thirteen goals in all competitions in his first year. The following year he finished as the club's joint top scorer, along with Ray Bishop, scoring eleven goals, and went on to claim the award again during the 1981–82 season.Following the end of the season he joined Shrewsbury Town for £20,000. He spent four years at the club before ending his career with spells at Brentford and Hereford United. He was also player coach at Mid Wales League side Knighton Town.He is now a college tutor, is manager of Wellington FC, and works part-time for the Herefordshire FA.	[ "Knighton Town F.C.", "Shrewsbury Town F.C.", "Hereford United F.C.", "Cardiff City F.C." ]
Which team did Gary Stevens play for in Jan, 1988?	January 10, 1988	{ "text": [ "Hereford United F.C." ] }	L2_Q5526000_P54_3	Gary Stevens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982. Gary Stevens plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990. Gary Stevens plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987. Gary Stevens plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986. Gary Stevens plays for Knighton Town F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.	Gary Stevens (footballer, born 1954)Gary Martin Stevens (born 3 August 1954) is an English former professional footballer.Stevens was playing non-league football for Evesham United while working at Wiggins (later Special Metals) Herefordshire, when he was spotted by Cardiff City, and signed for the club during the summer of 1978 for a £4,000 fee. He made his debut in September of that year, during a 7–1 defeat against Luton Town, and scored his first goal a week later on his home debut in a 2–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers. Gary went on to score a total of thirteen goals in all competitions in his first year. The following year he finished as the club's joint top scorer, along with Ray Bishop, scoring eleven goals, and went on to claim the award again during the 1981–82 season.Following the end of the season he joined Shrewsbury Town for £20,000. He spent four years at the club before ending his career with spells at Brentford and Hereford United. He was also player coach at Mid Wales League side Knighton Town.He is now a college tutor, is manager of Wellington FC, and works part-time for the Herefordshire FA.	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Shrewsbury Town F.C.", "Knighton Town F.C.", "Cardiff City F.C." ]
Which team did Gary Stevens play for in Apr, 1999?	April 12, 1999	{ "text": [ "Knighton Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q5526000_P54_4	Gary Stevens plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987. Gary Stevens plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1986. Gary Stevens plays for Knighton Town F.C. from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000. Gary Stevens plays for Cardiff City F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982. Gary Stevens plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.	Gary Stevens (footballer, born 1954)Gary Martin Stevens (born 3 August 1954) is an English former professional footballer.Stevens was playing non-league football for Evesham United while working at Wiggins (later Special Metals) Herefordshire, when he was spotted by Cardiff City, and signed for the club during the summer of 1978 for a £4,000 fee. He made his debut in September of that year, during a 7–1 defeat against Luton Town, and scored his first goal a week later on his home debut in a 2–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers. Gary went on to score a total of thirteen goals in all competitions in his first year. The following year he finished as the club's joint top scorer, along with Ray Bishop, scoring eleven goals, and went on to claim the award again during the 1981–82 season.Following the end of the season he joined Shrewsbury Town for £20,000. He spent four years at the club before ending his career with spells at Brentford and Hereford United. He was also player coach at Mid Wales League side Knighton Town.He is now a college tutor, is manager of Wellington FC, and works part-time for the Herefordshire FA.	[ "Brentford F.C.", "Shrewsbury Town F.C.", "Hereford United F.C.", "Cardiff City F.C." ]
Which employer did Eugen Loderer work for in Jun, 1957?	June 16, 1957	{ "text": [ "IG Metall Heidenheim" ] }	L2_Q1372733_P108_0	Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1983. Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall Heidenheim from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1959. Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall Baden-Württemberg from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.	Eugen LodererEugen Loderer (28 May 1920 – 9 February 1995) was a German trade union leader.Born in Heidenheim an der Brenz, Loderer undertook an apprenticeship as a metal cloth maker, but was called up to served in the navy before he could complete this. He served until May 1945, when he was captured by the British. He returned to his former career, and joined the Iron and Metal Industry Association, which soon became part of IG Metall. He joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and gradually rose to more prominent positions in the union. From 1959, he was its district secretary for youth work and shop stewards.IG Metall was affiliated to the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), and in 1963, Loderer was elected as the federation's Baden-Württemberg district secretary. In 1966, he took a leading role in an anti-fascist rally outside the conference of the National Democratic Party of Germany, and this propelled him to national attention.In 1968, Loderer was elected as deputy president of IG Metall, with the backing of president Otto Brenner. He was the union's lead on public relations, human resources, organisation, and administration. Brenner died in 1972, and Loderer was elected as his successor. While Loderer initially campaigned on issues such as banning lockouts, and expanding the role of workers in company management, the economic crisis led him to a more defensive position, and a focus on collective bargaining. He also presided over five major strikes. He was staunchly opposed to communists in the union, or to any co-operation with unions affiliated to the communist World Federation of Trade Unions, and criticised the peace movement for not spending enough time attacking the Soviet Union.In 1974, Loderer was elected as president of the International Metalworkers' Federation. He was elected in the European Parliament election, 1979, for the SPD in Hesse, but he stood down in January 1980, as he found the workload was incompatible with remaining leader of the union. He retired from his trade union roles in 1983, and later moved back to Heidenheim.	[ "IG Metall", "IG Metall Baden-Württemberg" ]
Which employer did Eugen Loderer work for in Oct, 1962?	October 10, 1962	{ "text": [ "IG Metall Baden-Württemberg" ] }	L2_Q1372733_P108_1	Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall Baden-Württemberg from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963. Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1983. Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall Heidenheim from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1959.	Eugen LodererEugen Loderer (28 May 1920 – 9 February 1995) was a German trade union leader.Born in Heidenheim an der Brenz, Loderer undertook an apprenticeship as a metal cloth maker, but was called up to served in the navy before he could complete this. He served until May 1945, when he was captured by the British. He returned to his former career, and joined the Iron and Metal Industry Association, which soon became part of IG Metall. He joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and gradually rose to more prominent positions in the union. From 1959, he was its district secretary for youth work and shop stewards.IG Metall was affiliated to the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), and in 1963, Loderer was elected as the federation's Baden-Württemberg district secretary. In 1966, he took a leading role in an anti-fascist rally outside the conference of the National Democratic Party of Germany, and this propelled him to national attention.In 1968, Loderer was elected as deputy president of IG Metall, with the backing of president Otto Brenner. He was the union's lead on public relations, human resources, organisation, and administration. Brenner died in 1972, and Loderer was elected as his successor. While Loderer initially campaigned on issues such as banning lockouts, and expanding the role of workers in company management, the economic crisis led him to a more defensive position, and a focus on collective bargaining. He also presided over five major strikes. He was staunchly opposed to communists in the union, or to any co-operation with unions affiliated to the communist World Federation of Trade Unions, and criticised the peace movement for not spending enough time attacking the Soviet Union.In 1974, Loderer was elected as president of the International Metalworkers' Federation. He was elected in the European Parliament election, 1979, for the SPD in Hesse, but he stood down in January 1980, as he found the workload was incompatible with remaining leader of the union. He retired from his trade union roles in 1983, and later moved back to Heidenheim.	[ "IG Metall Heidenheim", "IG Metall" ]
Which employer did Eugen Loderer work for in Sep, 1978?	September 30, 1978	{ "text": [ "IG Metall" ] }	L2_Q1372733_P108_2	Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1983. Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall Heidenheim from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1959. Eugen Loderer works for IG Metall Baden-Württemberg from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.	Eugen LodererEugen Loderer (28 May 1920 – 9 February 1995) was a German trade union leader.Born in Heidenheim an der Brenz, Loderer undertook an apprenticeship as a metal cloth maker, but was called up to served in the navy before he could complete this. He served until May 1945, when he was captured by the British. He returned to his former career, and joined the Iron and Metal Industry Association, which soon became part of IG Metall. He joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and gradually rose to more prominent positions in the union. From 1959, he was its district secretary for youth work and shop stewards.IG Metall was affiliated to the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), and in 1963, Loderer was elected as the federation's Baden-Württemberg district secretary. In 1966, he took a leading role in an anti-fascist rally outside the conference of the National Democratic Party of Germany, and this propelled him to national attention.In 1968, Loderer was elected as deputy president of IG Metall, with the backing of president Otto Brenner. He was the union's lead on public relations, human resources, organisation, and administration. Brenner died in 1972, and Loderer was elected as his successor. While Loderer initially campaigned on issues such as banning lockouts, and expanding the role of workers in company management, the economic crisis led him to a more defensive position, and a focus on collective bargaining. He also presided over five major strikes. He was staunchly opposed to communists in the union, or to any co-operation with unions affiliated to the communist World Federation of Trade Unions, and criticised the peace movement for not spending enough time attacking the Soviet Union.In 1974, Loderer was elected as president of the International Metalworkers' Federation. He was elected in the European Parliament election, 1979, for the SPD in Hesse, but he stood down in January 1980, as he found the workload was incompatible with remaining leader of the union. He retired from his trade union roles in 1983, and later moved back to Heidenheim.	[ "IG Metall Heidenheim", "IG Metall Baden-Württemberg" ]

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