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Who was the chair of University of Limoges in Nov, 2016?
|
November 24, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Alain Célérier"
]
}
|
L2_Q2661290_P488_2
|
Jacques Fontanille is the chair of University of Limoges from Feb, 2005 to Mar, 2012.
Hélène Pauliat is the chair of University of Limoges from Mar, 2012 to Apr, 2016.
Alain Célérier is the chair of University of Limoges from Apr, 2016 to Dec, 2020.
Isabelle Klock-Fontanille is the chair of University of Limoges from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
University of LimogesThe University of Limoges ("Université de Limoges") is a French public university, based in Limoges. Its chancellor is the rector of the Academy of Limoges (an administrative district in France for education and research). It counts more than 16,000 students and near 1,000 scholars and researchers. It offers complete curricula up to the doctorates and beyond in the traditional areas of knowledge. It was structured in October 1968 by the grouping of higher education institutions in Limoges. The oldest historical continuity is that of the faculties of pharmacy and medicine dating back to 1626.It is one of the main higher education institutions in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. As of July 2015 it is a member of the Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University ("Université confédérale Léonard de Vinci") along with the University of Poitiers, the University of La Rochelle, François Rabelais University and several engineering schools. University of Limoges is ranked as the top 50 among the universities in France.University of Limoges is in the top 7% of universities in the world, ranking 29th in the France as 2020. Ranks 1st among universities in Limoges.The university of Limoges was created in 1968 by the incorporation into a single institution of various research schools of higher learning in Limoges, some of them previously affiliated to the University of Poitiers. At the time of its creation it counted 7,000 students and soon expanded to 15,000 making it a middle size university in France.It inherits from a long tradition of research, innovation and teaching possibly dating back in the Middle Ages from the famed founded in 848 and suppressed by the French Revolution in 1891, which was a major intellectual center in Medieval Europe (technology of materials, enamel, manuscripts, scholarship, liturgy, theater, etc.). The modern School of Medicine and Pharmacy was created in 1626 (the present day's university council meets in the "Salle Saint-Alexis", the 17th century former chapel of the old Hôtel-Dieu University Hospital).The university offers bachelor, master and doctorate degrees in line with the Bologna Process. There are five main departments:In addition, 3iL, School of Computer Engineering is associated with the University.The University of Limoges has grouped its research laboratories into five major institutes:The University also supports the activities of the NGO Europa, which is based in Limoges and is involved in the field of European public policies.
|
[
"Jacques Fontanille",
"Hélène Pauliat",
"Isabelle Klock-Fontanille"
] |
|
Who was the chair of University of Limoges in Aug, 2022?
|
August 29, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Isabelle Klock-Fontanille"
]
}
|
L2_Q2661290_P488_3
|
Hélène Pauliat is the chair of University of Limoges from Mar, 2012 to Apr, 2016.
Jacques Fontanille is the chair of University of Limoges from Feb, 2005 to Mar, 2012.
Alain Célérier is the chair of University of Limoges from Apr, 2016 to Dec, 2020.
Isabelle Klock-Fontanille is the chair of University of Limoges from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
University of LimogesThe University of Limoges ("Université de Limoges") is a French public university, based in Limoges. Its chancellor is the rector of the Academy of Limoges (an administrative district in France for education and research). It counts more than 16,000 students and near 1,000 scholars and researchers. It offers complete curricula up to the doctorates and beyond in the traditional areas of knowledge. It was structured in October 1968 by the grouping of higher education institutions in Limoges. The oldest historical continuity is that of the faculties of pharmacy and medicine dating back to 1626.It is one of the main higher education institutions in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. As of July 2015 it is a member of the Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University ("Université confédérale Léonard de Vinci") along with the University of Poitiers, the University of La Rochelle, François Rabelais University and several engineering schools. University of Limoges is ranked as the top 50 among the universities in France.University of Limoges is in the top 7% of universities in the world, ranking 29th in the France as 2020. Ranks 1st among universities in Limoges.The university of Limoges was created in 1968 by the incorporation into a single institution of various research schools of higher learning in Limoges, some of them previously affiliated to the University of Poitiers. At the time of its creation it counted 7,000 students and soon expanded to 15,000 making it a middle size university in France.It inherits from a long tradition of research, innovation and teaching possibly dating back in the Middle Ages from the famed founded in 848 and suppressed by the French Revolution in 1891, which was a major intellectual center in Medieval Europe (technology of materials, enamel, manuscripts, scholarship, liturgy, theater, etc.). The modern School of Medicine and Pharmacy was created in 1626 (the present day's university council meets in the "Salle Saint-Alexis", the 17th century former chapel of the old Hôtel-Dieu University Hospital).The university offers bachelor, master and doctorate degrees in line with the Bologna Process. There are five main departments:In addition, 3iL, School of Computer Engineering is associated with the University.The University of Limoges has grouped its research laboratories into five major institutes:The University also supports the activities of the NGO Europa, which is based in Limoges and is involved in the field of European public policies.
|
[
"Alain Célérier",
"Jacques Fontanille",
"Hélène Pauliat"
] |
|
Which political party did Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso belong to in Jan, 1873?
|
January 05, 1873
|
{
"text": [
"Democratic Federal Republican Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q742660_P102_0
|
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Catalan Solidarity from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1908.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Republican Union from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Democratic Federal Republican Party from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1875.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Progressive Party from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1903.
|
Nicolás Salmerón y AlonsoNicolás Salmerón Alonso (10 April 1838 – 21 September 1908) was a Spanish politician, president of the First Spanish Republic.He was born at Alhama la Seca in the province of Almería, was educated at Granada and became assistant professor of literature and philosophy at Madrid. The last years of the reign of Isabella II were times of growing discontent with her government and with the monarchy. Salmerón joined a small party who advocated for the establishment of a republic. He was director of the opposition paper "La Discusión", and co-operated with Emilio Castelar on "La Democracia". In 1865 he was named one of the members of the directing committee of the Republican Party. In 1867 he was imprisoned with other suspects.When the revolution of September 1868 broke out, he was at Almería recovering from a serious illness. Salmerón was elected to the "Cortes" in 1871, and though he did not belong to the Socialist Party, defended its right to toleration. When Amadeo of Savoy resigned the Spanish crown on 11 February 1873 Salmerón was naturally marked out to be a leader of the party which endeavoured to establish a republic in Spain. After serving as minister of justice in the Figueras cabinet, he was chosen president of the "Cortes", and then, on 18 July 1873, president of the Executive Power of the Republic, in succession to Francisco Pi y Margall. He became president at a time when the Federalist Party had thrown all the south of Spain into anarchy.Salmerón was compelled to use the troops to restore order. When, however, he found that the generals insisted on executing rebels taken in arms, he resigned (September 6) on the ground that he was opposed to capital punishment. He was again elected president of the Cortes on September 9. His successor, Castelar, was compelled to restore order by drastic means. Salmerón took part in the attack made on him in the "Cortes" on 3 January 1874, which provoked the generals into closing the chamber and establishing a provisional military government. Salmerón went into exile and remained abroad till 1881, when he was recalled by Sagasta.In 1886, he was elected to the "Cortes" as Progressive deputy for Madrid, and unsuccessfully endeavoured to combine the jarring republican factions into a party of practical moderate views. On 18 April 1907 he was shot at, but not wounded, in the streets of Barcelona by a member of the more extreme Republican Party. He died at Pau on 21 September 1908 at the age of 70.He was the last living president of the First Spanish Republic.
|
[
"Republican Union",
"Progressive Party",
"Catalan Solidarity"
] |
|
Which political party did Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso belong to in Nov, 1891?
|
November 09, 1891
|
{
"text": [
"Progressive Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q742660_P102_1
|
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Catalan Solidarity from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1908.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Republican Union from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Progressive Party from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1903.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Democratic Federal Republican Party from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1875.
|
Nicolás Salmerón y AlonsoNicolás Salmerón Alonso (10 April 1838 – 21 September 1908) was a Spanish politician, president of the First Spanish Republic.He was born at Alhama la Seca in the province of Almería, was educated at Granada and became assistant professor of literature and philosophy at Madrid. The last years of the reign of Isabella II were times of growing discontent with her government and with the monarchy. Salmerón joined a small party who advocated for the establishment of a republic. He was director of the opposition paper "La Discusión", and co-operated with Emilio Castelar on "La Democracia". In 1865 he was named one of the members of the directing committee of the Republican Party. In 1867 he was imprisoned with other suspects.When the revolution of September 1868 broke out, he was at Almería recovering from a serious illness. Salmerón was elected to the "Cortes" in 1871, and though he did not belong to the Socialist Party, defended its right to toleration. When Amadeo of Savoy resigned the Spanish crown on 11 February 1873 Salmerón was naturally marked out to be a leader of the party which endeavoured to establish a republic in Spain. After serving as minister of justice in the Figueras cabinet, he was chosen president of the "Cortes", and then, on 18 July 1873, president of the Executive Power of the Republic, in succession to Francisco Pi y Margall. He became president at a time when the Federalist Party had thrown all the south of Spain into anarchy.Salmerón was compelled to use the troops to restore order. When, however, he found that the generals insisted on executing rebels taken in arms, he resigned (September 6) on the ground that he was opposed to capital punishment. He was again elected president of the Cortes on September 9. His successor, Castelar, was compelled to restore order by drastic means. Salmerón took part in the attack made on him in the "Cortes" on 3 January 1874, which provoked the generals into closing the chamber and establishing a provisional military government. Salmerón went into exile and remained abroad till 1881, when he was recalled by Sagasta.In 1886, he was elected to the "Cortes" as Progressive deputy for Madrid, and unsuccessfully endeavoured to combine the jarring republican factions into a party of practical moderate views. On 18 April 1907 he was shot at, but not wounded, in the streets of Barcelona by a member of the more extreme Republican Party. He died at Pau on 21 September 1908 at the age of 70.He was the last living president of the First Spanish Republic.
|
[
"Republican Union",
"Democratic Federal Republican Party",
"Catalan Solidarity"
] |
|
Which political party did Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso belong to in Sep, 1903?
|
September 11, 1903
|
{
"text": [
"Republican Union"
]
}
|
L2_Q742660_P102_2
|
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Progressive Party from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1903.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Republican Union from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Catalan Solidarity from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1908.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Democratic Federal Republican Party from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1875.
|
Nicolás Salmerón y AlonsoNicolás Salmerón Alonso (10 April 1838 – 21 September 1908) was a Spanish politician, president of the First Spanish Republic.He was born at Alhama la Seca in the province of Almería, was educated at Granada and became assistant professor of literature and philosophy at Madrid. The last years of the reign of Isabella II were times of growing discontent with her government and with the monarchy. Salmerón joined a small party who advocated for the establishment of a republic. He was director of the opposition paper "La Discusión", and co-operated with Emilio Castelar on "La Democracia". In 1865 he was named one of the members of the directing committee of the Republican Party. In 1867 he was imprisoned with other suspects.When the revolution of September 1868 broke out, he was at Almería recovering from a serious illness. Salmerón was elected to the "Cortes" in 1871, and though he did not belong to the Socialist Party, defended its right to toleration. When Amadeo of Savoy resigned the Spanish crown on 11 February 1873 Salmerón was naturally marked out to be a leader of the party which endeavoured to establish a republic in Spain. After serving as minister of justice in the Figueras cabinet, he was chosen president of the "Cortes", and then, on 18 July 1873, president of the Executive Power of the Republic, in succession to Francisco Pi y Margall. He became president at a time when the Federalist Party had thrown all the south of Spain into anarchy.Salmerón was compelled to use the troops to restore order. When, however, he found that the generals insisted on executing rebels taken in arms, he resigned (September 6) on the ground that he was opposed to capital punishment. He was again elected president of the Cortes on September 9. His successor, Castelar, was compelled to restore order by drastic means. Salmerón took part in the attack made on him in the "Cortes" on 3 January 1874, which provoked the generals into closing the chamber and establishing a provisional military government. Salmerón went into exile and remained abroad till 1881, when he was recalled by Sagasta.In 1886, he was elected to the "Cortes" as Progressive deputy for Madrid, and unsuccessfully endeavoured to combine the jarring republican factions into a party of practical moderate views. On 18 April 1907 he was shot at, but not wounded, in the streets of Barcelona by a member of the more extreme Republican Party. He died at Pau on 21 September 1908 at the age of 70.He was the last living president of the First Spanish Republic.
|
[
"Democratic Federal Republican Party",
"Progressive Party",
"Catalan Solidarity"
] |
|
Which political party did Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso belong to in Feb, 1907?
|
February 20, 1907
|
{
"text": [
"Catalan Solidarity"
]
}
|
L2_Q742660_P102_3
|
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Catalan Solidarity from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1908.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Democratic Federal Republican Party from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1875.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Progressive Party from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1903.
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso is a member of the Republican Union from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
|
Nicolás Salmerón y AlonsoNicolás Salmerón Alonso (10 April 1838 – 21 September 1908) was a Spanish politician, president of the First Spanish Republic.He was born at Alhama la Seca in the province of Almería, was educated at Granada and became assistant professor of literature and philosophy at Madrid. The last years of the reign of Isabella II were times of growing discontent with her government and with the monarchy. Salmerón joined a small party who advocated for the establishment of a republic. He was director of the opposition paper "La Discusión", and co-operated with Emilio Castelar on "La Democracia". In 1865 he was named one of the members of the directing committee of the Republican Party. In 1867 he was imprisoned with other suspects.When the revolution of September 1868 broke out, he was at Almería recovering from a serious illness. Salmerón was elected to the "Cortes" in 1871, and though he did not belong to the Socialist Party, defended its right to toleration. When Amadeo of Savoy resigned the Spanish crown on 11 February 1873 Salmerón was naturally marked out to be a leader of the party which endeavoured to establish a republic in Spain. After serving as minister of justice in the Figueras cabinet, he was chosen president of the "Cortes", and then, on 18 July 1873, president of the Executive Power of the Republic, in succession to Francisco Pi y Margall. He became president at a time when the Federalist Party had thrown all the south of Spain into anarchy.Salmerón was compelled to use the troops to restore order. When, however, he found that the generals insisted on executing rebels taken in arms, he resigned (September 6) on the ground that he was opposed to capital punishment. He was again elected president of the Cortes on September 9. His successor, Castelar, was compelled to restore order by drastic means. Salmerón took part in the attack made on him in the "Cortes" on 3 January 1874, which provoked the generals into closing the chamber and establishing a provisional military government. Salmerón went into exile and remained abroad till 1881, when he was recalled by Sagasta.In 1886, he was elected to the "Cortes" as Progressive deputy for Madrid, and unsuccessfully endeavoured to combine the jarring republican factions into a party of practical moderate views. On 18 April 1907 he was shot at, but not wounded, in the streets of Barcelona by a member of the more extreme Republican Party. He died at Pau on 21 September 1908 at the age of 70.He was the last living president of the First Spanish Republic.
|
[
"Republican Union",
"Democratic Federal Republican Party",
"Progressive Party"
] |
|
Where was Walter McAfee educated in Mar, 1931?
|
March 28, 1931
|
{
"text": [
"Wiley College"
]
}
|
L2_Q7965581_P69_0
|
Walter McAfee attended Cornell University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948.
Walter McAfee attended Wiley College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1934.
Walter McAfee attended Ohio State University from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1942.
|
Walter McAfeeWalter Samuel McAfee (September 2, 1914 – February 18, 1995) was an American scientist and astronomer, notable for participating in the world's first lunar radar echo experiments with Project Diana.McAfee was born in Ore City, Texas to African-American parents Luther F. McAfee and Suzie A. Johnson; he was the second of their nine children. At three months old, the family moved to Marshall, Texas, where McAfee would grow up and attend undergraduate school. He graduated high school in Marshall in 1930, and later noted that his high school physics and chemistry teacher, Freeman Prince Hodge, was a great influence of his. In 1941, he married Viola Winston, who taught French at the same junior high school in Columbus, Ohio where McAfee taught science and mathematics; McAfee and Winston had two daughters. McAfee died at his home in South Belmar, New Jersey, on February 18, 1995.McAfee attended Wiley College, where his mother studied, graduating with a BS in mathematics in 1934. Following his undergraduate work, McAfee attended the Ohio State University and earned his MS in 1937. After his work on Project Diana with the United States Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, McAfee returned to school, receiving the Rosenwald Fellowship to continue his doctoral studies at Cornell University. In 1949, McAfee was awarded his PhD in Physics for his work on nuclear collisions under Hans Bethe.He took a job in 1939 teaching physics in Columbus, Ohio.He enrolled at the Electronics Research Command at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in May 1942, and it was here that he participated in Project Diana.
|
[
"Ohio State University",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Where was Walter McAfee educated in Aug, 1935?
|
August 24, 1935
|
{
"text": [
"Ohio State University"
]
}
|
L2_Q7965581_P69_1
|
Walter McAfee attended Cornell University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948.
Walter McAfee attended Ohio State University from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1942.
Walter McAfee attended Wiley College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1934.
|
Walter McAfeeWalter Samuel McAfee (September 2, 1914 – February 18, 1995) was an American scientist and astronomer, notable for participating in the world's first lunar radar echo experiments with Project Diana.McAfee was born in Ore City, Texas to African-American parents Luther F. McAfee and Suzie A. Johnson; he was the second of their nine children. At three months old, the family moved to Marshall, Texas, where McAfee would grow up and attend undergraduate school. He graduated high school in Marshall in 1930, and later noted that his high school physics and chemistry teacher, Freeman Prince Hodge, was a great influence of his. In 1941, he married Viola Winston, who taught French at the same junior high school in Columbus, Ohio where McAfee taught science and mathematics; McAfee and Winston had two daughters. McAfee died at his home in South Belmar, New Jersey, on February 18, 1995.McAfee attended Wiley College, where his mother studied, graduating with a BS in mathematics in 1934. Following his undergraduate work, McAfee attended the Ohio State University and earned his MS in 1937. After his work on Project Diana with the United States Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, McAfee returned to school, receiving the Rosenwald Fellowship to continue his doctoral studies at Cornell University. In 1949, McAfee was awarded his PhD in Physics for his work on nuclear collisions under Hans Bethe.He took a job in 1939 teaching physics in Columbus, Ohio.He enrolled at the Electronics Research Command at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in May 1942, and it was here that he participated in Project Diana.
|
[
"Wiley College",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Where was Walter McAfee educated in May, 1946?
|
May 06, 1946
|
{
"text": [
"Cornell University"
]
}
|
L2_Q7965581_P69_2
|
Walter McAfee attended Wiley College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1934.
Walter McAfee attended Ohio State University from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1942.
Walter McAfee attended Cornell University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948.
|
Walter McAfeeWalter Samuel McAfee (September 2, 1914 – February 18, 1995) was an American scientist and astronomer, notable for participating in the world's first lunar radar echo experiments with Project Diana.McAfee was born in Ore City, Texas to African-American parents Luther F. McAfee and Suzie A. Johnson; he was the second of their nine children. At three months old, the family moved to Marshall, Texas, where McAfee would grow up and attend undergraduate school. He graduated high school in Marshall in 1930, and later noted that his high school physics and chemistry teacher, Freeman Prince Hodge, was a great influence of his. In 1941, he married Viola Winston, who taught French at the same junior high school in Columbus, Ohio where McAfee taught science and mathematics; McAfee and Winston had two daughters. McAfee died at his home in South Belmar, New Jersey, on February 18, 1995.McAfee attended Wiley College, where his mother studied, graduating with a BS in mathematics in 1934. Following his undergraduate work, McAfee attended the Ohio State University and earned his MS in 1937. After his work on Project Diana with the United States Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, McAfee returned to school, receiving the Rosenwald Fellowship to continue his doctoral studies at Cornell University. In 1949, McAfee was awarded his PhD in Physics for his work on nuclear collisions under Hans Bethe.He took a job in 1939 teaching physics in Columbus, Ohio.He enrolled at the Electronics Research Command at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in May 1942, and it was here that he participated in Project Diana.
|
[
"Wiley College",
"Ohio State University"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications in Dec, 2018?
|
December 15, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Jon Georg Dale"
]
}
|
L2_Q1769674_P488_0
|
Jon-Ivar Nygård is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Oct, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Knut Arild Hareide is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Jan, 2020 to Oct, 2021.
Jon Georg Dale is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Aug, 2018 to Jan, 2020.
|
Ministry of Transport (Norway)The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Transportation (Norwegian (Bokmål): "Samferdselsdepartementet"; New Norwegian: "Samferdsledepartementet") is a Norwegian ministry established in 1946, and is responsible for transportation in Norway. The ministry was responsible for communication infrastructure until may 2019, when the responsibility for the Norwegian Communications Authority was transferred to Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Since January 2020, the ministry is led by Knut Arild Hareide (Christian Democratic Party). The department must report to the parliament (Stortinget).The ministry has 135 employees and is divided into the following sections:Under the ministry there are seven administrative agencies and four state-owned limited companies:The department owned 1/3 of Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk that organised the public transport in Akershus.Note: The railway company Airport Express Train, the Norwegian Maritime Directorate and the Norwegian Ship Registers are subsidiaries of the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry while Kystverket is a subsidiary of the Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs.
|
[
"Jon-Ivar Nygård",
"Knut Arild Hareide"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications in Jun, 2021?
|
June 05, 2021
|
{
"text": [
"Knut Arild Hareide"
]
}
|
L2_Q1769674_P488_1
|
Knut Arild Hareide is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Jan, 2020 to Oct, 2021.
Jon-Ivar Nygård is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Oct, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Jon Georg Dale is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Aug, 2018 to Jan, 2020.
|
Ministry of Transport (Norway)The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Transportation (Norwegian (Bokmål): "Samferdselsdepartementet"; New Norwegian: "Samferdsledepartementet") is a Norwegian ministry established in 1946, and is responsible for transportation in Norway. The ministry was responsible for communication infrastructure until may 2019, when the responsibility for the Norwegian Communications Authority was transferred to Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Since January 2020, the ministry is led by Knut Arild Hareide (Christian Democratic Party). The department must report to the parliament (Stortinget).The ministry has 135 employees and is divided into the following sections:Under the ministry there are seven administrative agencies and four state-owned limited companies:The department owned 1/3 of Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk that organised the public transport in Akershus.Note: The railway company Airport Express Train, the Norwegian Maritime Directorate and the Norwegian Ship Registers are subsidiaries of the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry while Kystverket is a subsidiary of the Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs.
|
[
"Jon Georg Dale",
"Jon-Ivar Nygård"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications in Jul, 2022?
|
July 31, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Jon-Ivar Nygård"
]
}
|
L2_Q1769674_P488_2
|
Knut Arild Hareide is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Jan, 2020 to Oct, 2021.
Jon Georg Dale is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Aug, 2018 to Jan, 2020.
Jon-Ivar Nygård is the chair of Ministry of Transport and Communications from Oct, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
|
Ministry of Transport (Norway)The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Transportation (Norwegian (Bokmål): "Samferdselsdepartementet"; New Norwegian: "Samferdsledepartementet") is a Norwegian ministry established in 1946, and is responsible for transportation in Norway. The ministry was responsible for communication infrastructure until may 2019, when the responsibility for the Norwegian Communications Authority was transferred to Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Since January 2020, the ministry is led by Knut Arild Hareide (Christian Democratic Party). The department must report to the parliament (Stortinget).The ministry has 135 employees and is divided into the following sections:Under the ministry there are seven administrative agencies and four state-owned limited companies:The department owned 1/3 of Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk that organised the public transport in Akershus.Note: The railway company Airport Express Train, the Norwegian Maritime Directorate and the Norwegian Ship Registers are subsidiaries of the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry while Kystverket is a subsidiary of the Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs.
|
[
"Jon Georg Dale",
"Knut Arild Hareide"
] |
|
Which position did Daniel Scioli hold in Sep, 2003?
|
September 14, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Vice President of Argentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q1162679_P39_0
|
Daniel Scioli holds the position of member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2017 to May, 2020.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of ambassador of Argentina to Brazil from Jun, 2020 to Jun, 2022.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Vice President of Argentina from May, 2003 to Dec, 2007.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Governor of Buenos Aires Province from Dec, 2007 to Dec, 2015.
|
Daniel ScioliDaniel Osvaldo Scioli ( (; born 13 January 1957) is an Argentine politician, sportsman, and businessman. He was Vice President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 and Governor of Buenos Aires Province from 2011 to 2015. Since 2020 he has been Argentina's ambassador to Brazil.He has also served two tenures as president of the Justicialist Party. He was the candidate to the presidency for the Front for Victory ticket in the 2015 general elections, and lost to Mauricio Macri in a runoff election.Scioli was born in Villa Crespo, Buenos Aires. He spent his first years in a middle class home located at the corner of Corrientes and Humboldt. His grandfather ran an electrical hardware store, which over time grew into a store selling electrical appliances that was to become the family business. Scioli has described himself as a loyal man devoted to his stable and intimate circle, and an understanding but demanding father.In 1975, his brother José Scioli was kidnapped by a cell of the Montoneros guerrilla group. Daniel Scioli, then aged 18, carried out the negotiations with the kidnappers to free his brother. José was released in exchange for a cash payment by their father.He was married to former model and entrepreneur Karina Rabolini and has an extramarital daughter, Lorena. Scioli refused to recognize his daughter, but he was eventually forced by law to recognize her. She was then accepted by Scioli as his daughter when she was 18 years old. Regarding this issue, he says, "It helped me to grow and to give me peace of mind. My relation with Lorena improved my life, and that’s why now I can also enjoy Father’s Day".Scioli attended Colegio Ward’s primary school in Villa Sarmiento, where he lived until he was 17 years old. For his secondary schooling, he graduated from the Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini with a diploma in commercial expertise, having attained one of the three best grade averages. He started studies in marketing at the Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (U.A.D.E.) in Buenos Aires; in October 2015 he graduated finishing his final exams. Scioli and Ricardo Orosco, head of the UADE, were denounced for a possible degree forgery, as several topics of study approved by him are no longer part of the scheduled studies.His interest in sports began at the Villa Crespo club. He took part in swimming, tennis, basketball and a form of badminton, representing his city in each. His passion for offshore powerboat racing took off when a friend invited him for a ride in a powerboat. Some time later he competed in his first Offshore Powerboat race in Mar del Plata, in which he finished last. "This made me very angry, so I decided to train until I started winning, and finally ended up as the world champion," he states.Scioli started to compete in offshore powerboat racing in 1986 in 1987 he joined the Italian powerboat designer, builder and engineer Fabio Buzzi who ran FB Design, one of the most successful powerboat racing teams in the world.On December 4, 1989 he lost his right arm in an accident while racing on the Paraná river in the 1000 km Delta Argentino race. A wave produced by an oil tanker is believed to have overturned his boat. A fitted prosthesis enabled Scioli to pursue his love of offshore powerboat racing.Even with this handicap he won many offshore powerboat racing championships in various categories. On board La Gran Argentina, a Fabio Buzzi-designed FB 55, Daniel Scioli was a three-time winner of the World Superboat USA Championship and captured 4 European titles. The boat's hull was modified in 2000 into a long-distance record setter. Scioli went on to set the Miami-Nassau-Miami record with an average speed of 100 mph.In the field of business his activity was linked to the electrical appliances market. In 1991, the Swedish company Electrolux, which had left the Argentine market on account of the country’s instability, nominated him as the agent of its brand for Argentina. In 1994 Scioli encouraged the firm to re-establish in Argentina, an effort which gave rise to Electrolux Argentina, of which he became the director, a post he held until 1997.Scioli’s political career took off in 1997, when he ran for a seat in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies on behalf of the Justicialist Party in the City of Buenos Aires. He was elected and on December 10 of that year he became a Deputy in the Argentine Congress. He was nominated president of the Sports Committee of the House for a two-year tenure, a nomination that was renewed for another two-year period on the basis of a unanimous vote.Having been re-elected as a Deputy in 2001, in December 2001 he became a minister as the Secretary of Sports and Tourism.In 2003 the formula Kirchner-Scioli running on the Front for Victory ticket won the presidential election. Thus Scioli became Argentina’s Vice-President and the President of the Senate.In 2007, upon Néstor Kirchner's retirement as President, Daniel Scioli was elected Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, considered one of the most influential political jobs in Argentina. Following disappointing results for the ruling Front for Victory (FPV) in the June 28, 2009, mid-term elections, Scioli replaced Kirchner as President of the Justicialist Party (to which the FPV belongs).Scioli was the FPV candidate in the 2015 Argentine presidential election, and was endorsed by incumbent President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. The initial polls pointed him as a favourite, with some predicting he would win enough votes to win outright and avoid a ballotage. However, he only narrowly won the first round, forcing him into a ballotage against Buenos Aires mayor Mauricio Macri. The ballotage round was held on November 22. Scioli narrowly lost to Macri, and conceded the race with 70% of the votes counted.
|
[
"Governor of Buenos Aires Province",
"ambassador of Argentina to Brazil",
"member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies"
] |
|
Which position did Daniel Scioli hold in Feb, 2010?
|
February 16, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Governor of Buenos Aires Province"
]
}
|
L2_Q1162679_P39_1
|
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Vice President of Argentina from May, 2003 to Dec, 2007.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of ambassador of Argentina to Brazil from Jun, 2020 to Jun, 2022.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2017 to May, 2020.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Governor of Buenos Aires Province from Dec, 2007 to Dec, 2015.
|
Daniel ScioliDaniel Osvaldo Scioli ( (; born 13 January 1957) is an Argentine politician, sportsman, and businessman. He was Vice President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 and Governor of Buenos Aires Province from 2011 to 2015. Since 2020 he has been Argentina's ambassador to Brazil.He has also served two tenures as president of the Justicialist Party. He was the candidate to the presidency for the Front for Victory ticket in the 2015 general elections, and lost to Mauricio Macri in a runoff election.Scioli was born in Villa Crespo, Buenos Aires. He spent his first years in a middle class home located at the corner of Corrientes and Humboldt. His grandfather ran an electrical hardware store, which over time grew into a store selling electrical appliances that was to become the family business. Scioli has described himself as a loyal man devoted to his stable and intimate circle, and an understanding but demanding father.In 1975, his brother José Scioli was kidnapped by a cell of the Montoneros guerrilla group. Daniel Scioli, then aged 18, carried out the negotiations with the kidnappers to free his brother. José was released in exchange for a cash payment by their father.He was married to former model and entrepreneur Karina Rabolini and has an extramarital daughter, Lorena. Scioli refused to recognize his daughter, but he was eventually forced by law to recognize her. She was then accepted by Scioli as his daughter when she was 18 years old. Regarding this issue, he says, "It helped me to grow and to give me peace of mind. My relation with Lorena improved my life, and that’s why now I can also enjoy Father’s Day".Scioli attended Colegio Ward’s primary school in Villa Sarmiento, where he lived until he was 17 years old. For his secondary schooling, he graduated from the Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini with a diploma in commercial expertise, having attained one of the three best grade averages. He started studies in marketing at the Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (U.A.D.E.) in Buenos Aires; in October 2015 he graduated finishing his final exams. Scioli and Ricardo Orosco, head of the UADE, were denounced for a possible degree forgery, as several topics of study approved by him are no longer part of the scheduled studies.His interest in sports began at the Villa Crespo club. He took part in swimming, tennis, basketball and a form of badminton, representing his city in each. His passion for offshore powerboat racing took off when a friend invited him for a ride in a powerboat. Some time later he competed in his first Offshore Powerboat race in Mar del Plata, in which he finished last. "This made me very angry, so I decided to train until I started winning, and finally ended up as the world champion," he states.Scioli started to compete in offshore powerboat racing in 1986 in 1987 he joined the Italian powerboat designer, builder and engineer Fabio Buzzi who ran FB Design, one of the most successful powerboat racing teams in the world.On December 4, 1989 he lost his right arm in an accident while racing on the Paraná river in the 1000 km Delta Argentino race. A wave produced by an oil tanker is believed to have overturned his boat. A fitted prosthesis enabled Scioli to pursue his love of offshore powerboat racing.Even with this handicap he won many offshore powerboat racing championships in various categories. On board La Gran Argentina, a Fabio Buzzi-designed FB 55, Daniel Scioli was a three-time winner of the World Superboat USA Championship and captured 4 European titles. The boat's hull was modified in 2000 into a long-distance record setter. Scioli went on to set the Miami-Nassau-Miami record with an average speed of 100 mph.In the field of business his activity was linked to the electrical appliances market. In 1991, the Swedish company Electrolux, which had left the Argentine market on account of the country’s instability, nominated him as the agent of its brand for Argentina. In 1994 Scioli encouraged the firm to re-establish in Argentina, an effort which gave rise to Electrolux Argentina, of which he became the director, a post he held until 1997.Scioli’s political career took off in 1997, when he ran for a seat in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies on behalf of the Justicialist Party in the City of Buenos Aires. He was elected and on December 10 of that year he became a Deputy in the Argentine Congress. He was nominated president of the Sports Committee of the House for a two-year tenure, a nomination that was renewed for another two-year period on the basis of a unanimous vote.Having been re-elected as a Deputy in 2001, in December 2001 he became a minister as the Secretary of Sports and Tourism.In 2003 the formula Kirchner-Scioli running on the Front for Victory ticket won the presidential election. Thus Scioli became Argentina’s Vice-President and the President of the Senate.In 2007, upon Néstor Kirchner's retirement as President, Daniel Scioli was elected Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, considered one of the most influential political jobs in Argentina. Following disappointing results for the ruling Front for Victory (FPV) in the June 28, 2009, mid-term elections, Scioli replaced Kirchner as President of the Justicialist Party (to which the FPV belongs).Scioli was the FPV candidate in the 2015 Argentine presidential election, and was endorsed by incumbent President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. The initial polls pointed him as a favourite, with some predicting he would win enough votes to win outright and avoid a ballotage. However, he only narrowly won the first round, forcing him into a ballotage against Buenos Aires mayor Mauricio Macri. The ballotage round was held on November 22. Scioli narrowly lost to Macri, and conceded the race with 70% of the votes counted.
|
[
"Vice President of Argentina",
"ambassador of Argentina to Brazil",
"member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies"
] |
|
Which position did Daniel Scioli hold in May, 2018?
|
May 22, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies"
]
}
|
L2_Q1162679_P39_2
|
Daniel Scioli holds the position of ambassador of Argentina to Brazil from Jun, 2020 to Jun, 2022.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2017 to May, 2020.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Vice President of Argentina from May, 2003 to Dec, 2007.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Governor of Buenos Aires Province from Dec, 2007 to Dec, 2015.
|
Daniel ScioliDaniel Osvaldo Scioli ( (; born 13 January 1957) is an Argentine politician, sportsman, and businessman. He was Vice President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 and Governor of Buenos Aires Province from 2011 to 2015. Since 2020 he has been Argentina's ambassador to Brazil.He has also served two tenures as president of the Justicialist Party. He was the candidate to the presidency for the Front for Victory ticket in the 2015 general elections, and lost to Mauricio Macri in a runoff election.Scioli was born in Villa Crespo, Buenos Aires. He spent his first years in a middle class home located at the corner of Corrientes and Humboldt. His grandfather ran an electrical hardware store, which over time grew into a store selling electrical appliances that was to become the family business. Scioli has described himself as a loyal man devoted to his stable and intimate circle, and an understanding but demanding father.In 1975, his brother José Scioli was kidnapped by a cell of the Montoneros guerrilla group. Daniel Scioli, then aged 18, carried out the negotiations with the kidnappers to free his brother. José was released in exchange for a cash payment by their father.He was married to former model and entrepreneur Karina Rabolini and has an extramarital daughter, Lorena. Scioli refused to recognize his daughter, but he was eventually forced by law to recognize her. She was then accepted by Scioli as his daughter when she was 18 years old. Regarding this issue, he says, "It helped me to grow and to give me peace of mind. My relation with Lorena improved my life, and that’s why now I can also enjoy Father’s Day".Scioli attended Colegio Ward’s primary school in Villa Sarmiento, where he lived until he was 17 years old. For his secondary schooling, he graduated from the Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini with a diploma in commercial expertise, having attained one of the three best grade averages. He started studies in marketing at the Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (U.A.D.E.) in Buenos Aires; in October 2015 he graduated finishing his final exams. Scioli and Ricardo Orosco, head of the UADE, were denounced for a possible degree forgery, as several topics of study approved by him are no longer part of the scheduled studies.His interest in sports began at the Villa Crespo club. He took part in swimming, tennis, basketball and a form of badminton, representing his city in each. His passion for offshore powerboat racing took off when a friend invited him for a ride in a powerboat. Some time later he competed in his first Offshore Powerboat race in Mar del Plata, in which he finished last. "This made me very angry, so I decided to train until I started winning, and finally ended up as the world champion," he states.Scioli started to compete in offshore powerboat racing in 1986 in 1987 he joined the Italian powerboat designer, builder and engineer Fabio Buzzi who ran FB Design, one of the most successful powerboat racing teams in the world.On December 4, 1989 he lost his right arm in an accident while racing on the Paraná river in the 1000 km Delta Argentino race. A wave produced by an oil tanker is believed to have overturned his boat. A fitted prosthesis enabled Scioli to pursue his love of offshore powerboat racing.Even with this handicap he won many offshore powerboat racing championships in various categories. On board La Gran Argentina, a Fabio Buzzi-designed FB 55, Daniel Scioli was a three-time winner of the World Superboat USA Championship and captured 4 European titles. The boat's hull was modified in 2000 into a long-distance record setter. Scioli went on to set the Miami-Nassau-Miami record with an average speed of 100 mph.In the field of business his activity was linked to the electrical appliances market. In 1991, the Swedish company Electrolux, which had left the Argentine market on account of the country’s instability, nominated him as the agent of its brand for Argentina. In 1994 Scioli encouraged the firm to re-establish in Argentina, an effort which gave rise to Electrolux Argentina, of which he became the director, a post he held until 1997.Scioli’s political career took off in 1997, when he ran for a seat in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies on behalf of the Justicialist Party in the City of Buenos Aires. He was elected and on December 10 of that year he became a Deputy in the Argentine Congress. He was nominated president of the Sports Committee of the House for a two-year tenure, a nomination that was renewed for another two-year period on the basis of a unanimous vote.Having been re-elected as a Deputy in 2001, in December 2001 he became a minister as the Secretary of Sports and Tourism.In 2003 the formula Kirchner-Scioli running on the Front for Victory ticket won the presidential election. Thus Scioli became Argentina’s Vice-President and the President of the Senate.In 2007, upon Néstor Kirchner's retirement as President, Daniel Scioli was elected Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, considered one of the most influential political jobs in Argentina. Following disappointing results for the ruling Front for Victory (FPV) in the June 28, 2009, mid-term elections, Scioli replaced Kirchner as President of the Justicialist Party (to which the FPV belongs).Scioli was the FPV candidate in the 2015 Argentine presidential election, and was endorsed by incumbent President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. The initial polls pointed him as a favourite, with some predicting he would win enough votes to win outright and avoid a ballotage. However, he only narrowly won the first round, forcing him into a ballotage against Buenos Aires mayor Mauricio Macri. The ballotage round was held on November 22. Scioli narrowly lost to Macri, and conceded the race with 70% of the votes counted.
|
[
"Governor of Buenos Aires Province",
"Vice President of Argentina",
"ambassador of Argentina to Brazil"
] |
|
Which position did Daniel Scioli hold in Jul, 2020?
|
July 16, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"ambassador of Argentina to Brazil"
]
}
|
L2_Q1162679_P39_3
|
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Vice President of Argentina from May, 2003 to Dec, 2007.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2017 to May, 2020.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of Governor of Buenos Aires Province from Dec, 2007 to Dec, 2015.
Daniel Scioli holds the position of ambassador of Argentina to Brazil from Jun, 2020 to Jun, 2022.
|
Daniel ScioliDaniel Osvaldo Scioli ( (; born 13 January 1957) is an Argentine politician, sportsman, and businessman. He was Vice President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007 and Governor of Buenos Aires Province from 2011 to 2015. Since 2020 he has been Argentina's ambassador to Brazil.He has also served two tenures as president of the Justicialist Party. He was the candidate to the presidency for the Front for Victory ticket in the 2015 general elections, and lost to Mauricio Macri in a runoff election.Scioli was born in Villa Crespo, Buenos Aires. He spent his first years in a middle class home located at the corner of Corrientes and Humboldt. His grandfather ran an electrical hardware store, which over time grew into a store selling electrical appliances that was to become the family business. Scioli has described himself as a loyal man devoted to his stable and intimate circle, and an understanding but demanding father.In 1975, his brother José Scioli was kidnapped by a cell of the Montoneros guerrilla group. Daniel Scioli, then aged 18, carried out the negotiations with the kidnappers to free his brother. José was released in exchange for a cash payment by their father.He was married to former model and entrepreneur Karina Rabolini and has an extramarital daughter, Lorena. Scioli refused to recognize his daughter, but he was eventually forced by law to recognize her. She was then accepted by Scioli as his daughter when she was 18 years old. Regarding this issue, he says, "It helped me to grow and to give me peace of mind. My relation with Lorena improved my life, and that’s why now I can also enjoy Father’s Day".Scioli attended Colegio Ward’s primary school in Villa Sarmiento, where he lived until he was 17 years old. For his secondary schooling, he graduated from the Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini with a diploma in commercial expertise, having attained one of the three best grade averages. He started studies in marketing at the Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (U.A.D.E.) in Buenos Aires; in October 2015 he graduated finishing his final exams. Scioli and Ricardo Orosco, head of the UADE, were denounced for a possible degree forgery, as several topics of study approved by him are no longer part of the scheduled studies.His interest in sports began at the Villa Crespo club. He took part in swimming, tennis, basketball and a form of badminton, representing his city in each. His passion for offshore powerboat racing took off when a friend invited him for a ride in a powerboat. Some time later he competed in his first Offshore Powerboat race in Mar del Plata, in which he finished last. "This made me very angry, so I decided to train until I started winning, and finally ended up as the world champion," he states.Scioli started to compete in offshore powerboat racing in 1986 in 1987 he joined the Italian powerboat designer, builder and engineer Fabio Buzzi who ran FB Design, one of the most successful powerboat racing teams in the world.On December 4, 1989 he lost his right arm in an accident while racing on the Paraná river in the 1000 km Delta Argentino race. A wave produced by an oil tanker is believed to have overturned his boat. A fitted prosthesis enabled Scioli to pursue his love of offshore powerboat racing.Even with this handicap he won many offshore powerboat racing championships in various categories. On board La Gran Argentina, a Fabio Buzzi-designed FB 55, Daniel Scioli was a three-time winner of the World Superboat USA Championship and captured 4 European titles. The boat's hull was modified in 2000 into a long-distance record setter. Scioli went on to set the Miami-Nassau-Miami record with an average speed of 100 mph.In the field of business his activity was linked to the electrical appliances market. In 1991, the Swedish company Electrolux, which had left the Argentine market on account of the country’s instability, nominated him as the agent of its brand for Argentina. In 1994 Scioli encouraged the firm to re-establish in Argentina, an effort which gave rise to Electrolux Argentina, of which he became the director, a post he held until 1997.Scioli’s political career took off in 1997, when he ran for a seat in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies on behalf of the Justicialist Party in the City of Buenos Aires. He was elected and on December 10 of that year he became a Deputy in the Argentine Congress. He was nominated president of the Sports Committee of the House for a two-year tenure, a nomination that was renewed for another two-year period on the basis of a unanimous vote.Having been re-elected as a Deputy in 2001, in December 2001 he became a minister as the Secretary of Sports and Tourism.In 2003 the formula Kirchner-Scioli running on the Front for Victory ticket won the presidential election. Thus Scioli became Argentina’s Vice-President and the President of the Senate.In 2007, upon Néstor Kirchner's retirement as President, Daniel Scioli was elected Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, considered one of the most influential political jobs in Argentina. Following disappointing results for the ruling Front for Victory (FPV) in the June 28, 2009, mid-term elections, Scioli replaced Kirchner as President of the Justicialist Party (to which the FPV belongs).Scioli was the FPV candidate in the 2015 Argentine presidential election, and was endorsed by incumbent President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. The initial polls pointed him as a favourite, with some predicting he would win enough votes to win outright and avoid a ballotage. However, he only narrowly won the first round, forcing him into a ballotage against Buenos Aires mayor Mauricio Macri. The ballotage round was held on November 22. Scioli narrowly lost to Macri, and conceded the race with 70% of the votes counted.
|
[
"Governor of Buenos Aires Province",
"Vice President of Argentina",
"member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in Jul, 1995?
|
July 05, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_0
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Paul Cézanne University",
"Queen Mary University of London"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in Nov, 2001?
|
November 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Paul Cézanne University"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_1
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Queen Mary University of London",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in Sep, 2003?
|
September 29, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Queen Mary University of London"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_2
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Paul Cézanne University",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Which employer did George Philbrook work for in Jun, 1921?
|
June 14, 1921
|
{
"text": [
"Multnomah Athletic Club"
]
}
|
L2_Q1508065_P108_0
|
George Philbrook works for University of Idaho from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1927.
George Philbrook works for Multnomah Athletic Club from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
George Philbrook works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
George Philbrook works for Whittier College from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
|
George PhilbrookGeorge Warren Philbrook (October 10, 1884 – March 25, 1964) was an American football player and coach, track and field athlete and coach, and college athletics administrator. He competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics, where failed to complete his decathlon program, and finished fifth in the shot put and seventh in the discus throw. Philbrook played college football at the University of Notre Dame. His roommate at Notre Dame in 1909 was Knute Rockne. He served as the head football coach at Whittier College from 1927 to 1928 at and the University of Nevada, Reno from 1929 to 1931.Philbrook died on March 25, 1964, at the age of 79, at his home in Vancouver, Washington.
|
[
"Whittier College",
"University of Nevada, Reno",
"University of Idaho"
] |
|
Which employer did George Philbrook work for in Jan, 1926?
|
January 31, 1926
|
{
"text": [
"University of Idaho"
]
}
|
L2_Q1508065_P108_1
|
George Philbrook works for Multnomah Athletic Club from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
George Philbrook works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
George Philbrook works for Whittier College from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
George Philbrook works for University of Idaho from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1927.
|
George PhilbrookGeorge Warren Philbrook (October 10, 1884 – March 25, 1964) was an American football player and coach, track and field athlete and coach, and college athletics administrator. He competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics, where failed to complete his decathlon program, and finished fifth in the shot put and seventh in the discus throw. Philbrook played college football at the University of Notre Dame. His roommate at Notre Dame in 1909 was Knute Rockne. He served as the head football coach at Whittier College from 1927 to 1928 at and the University of Nevada, Reno from 1929 to 1931.Philbrook died on March 25, 1964, at the age of 79, at his home in Vancouver, Washington.
|
[
"Whittier College",
"University of Nevada, Reno",
"Multnomah Athletic Club"
] |
|
Which employer did George Philbrook work for in Jul, 1927?
|
July 21, 1927
|
{
"text": [
"Whittier College"
]
}
|
L2_Q1508065_P108_2
|
George Philbrook works for University of Idaho from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1927.
George Philbrook works for Whittier College from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
George Philbrook works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
George Philbrook works for Multnomah Athletic Club from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
|
George PhilbrookGeorge Warren Philbrook (October 10, 1884 – March 25, 1964) was an American football player and coach, track and field athlete and coach, and college athletics administrator. He competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics, where failed to complete his decathlon program, and finished fifth in the shot put and seventh in the discus throw. Philbrook played college football at the University of Notre Dame. His roommate at Notre Dame in 1909 was Knute Rockne. He served as the head football coach at Whittier College from 1927 to 1928 at and the University of Nevada, Reno from 1929 to 1931.Philbrook died on March 25, 1964, at the age of 79, at his home in Vancouver, Washington.
|
[
"University of Nevada, Reno",
"Multnomah Athletic Club",
"University of Idaho"
] |
|
Which employer did George Philbrook work for in Sep, 1929?
|
September 07, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"University of Nevada, Reno"
]
}
|
L2_Q1508065_P108_3
|
George Philbrook works for Multnomah Athletic Club from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
George Philbrook works for University of Idaho from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1927.
George Philbrook works for Whittier College from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1929.
George Philbrook works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1930.
|
George PhilbrookGeorge Warren Philbrook (October 10, 1884 – March 25, 1964) was an American football player and coach, track and field athlete and coach, and college athletics administrator. He competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics, where failed to complete his decathlon program, and finished fifth in the shot put and seventh in the discus throw. Philbrook played college football at the University of Notre Dame. His roommate at Notre Dame in 1909 was Knute Rockne. He served as the head football coach at Whittier College from 1927 to 1928 at and the University of Nevada, Reno from 1929 to 1931.Philbrook died on March 25, 1964, at the age of 79, at his home in Vancouver, Washington.
|
[
"Whittier College",
"Multnomah Athletic Club",
"University of Idaho"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in Jul, 1866?
|
July 21, 1866
|
{
"text": [
"Gustave Courbet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_0
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in Jan, 1883?
|
January 24, 1883
|
{
"text": [
"Jules Bordet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_1
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Gustave Courbet",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in Aug, 1900?
|
August 24, 1900
|
{
"text": [
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_2
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Gustave Courbet",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in Mar, 1899?
|
March 18, 1899
|
{
"text": [
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_3
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Gustave Courbet",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in Jan, 1929?
|
January 01, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_4
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Gustave Courbet",
"Jules Bordet",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Gustave Courbet",
"Jules Bordet",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer"
] |
|
Which position did George Willey hold in Dec, 1948?
|
December 24, 1948
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5546286_P39_0
|
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to Jul, 1952.
|
George Willey(Octavius) George Willey (12 January 1886 – 12 July 1952) was a Labour Party politician in England. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 until his death.Willey first stood for Parliament at the 1923 general election in the Skipton constituency, but did not win a seat. He was unsuccessful again in Skipton at the 1924 election, and also in Birmingham West at the 1931 and 1935 general elections.He finally won a seat in the Labour landslide at the 1945 general election when he was elected for Cleveland; a seat which had only once before elected a Labour MP (in 1929). He was re-elected in 1950 and 1951, but died in office in 1952, aged 66.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did George Willey hold in May, 1950?
|
May 08, 1950
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5546286_P39_1
|
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to Jul, 1952.
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
|
George Willey(Octavius) George Willey (12 January 1886 – 12 July 1952) was a Labour Party politician in England. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 until his death.Willey first stood for Parliament at the 1923 general election in the Skipton constituency, but did not win a seat. He was unsuccessful again in Skipton at the 1924 election, and also in Birmingham West at the 1931 and 1935 general elections.He finally won a seat in the Labour landslide at the 1945 general election when he was elected for Cleveland; a seat which had only once before elected a Labour MP (in 1929). He was re-elected in 1950 and 1951, but died in office in 1952, aged 66.
|
[
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did George Willey hold in Apr, 1952?
|
April 23, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5546286_P39_2
|
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to Jul, 1952.
George Willey holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
|
George Willey(Octavius) George Willey (12 January 1886 – 12 July 1952) was a Labour Party politician in England. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 until his death.Willey first stood for Parliament at the 1923 general election in the Skipton constituency, but did not win a seat. He was unsuccessful again in Skipton at the 1924 election, and also in Birmingham West at the 1931 and 1935 general elections.He finally won a seat in the Labour landslide at the 1945 general election when he was elected for Cleveland; a seat which had only once before elected a Labour MP (in 1929). He was re-elected in 1950 and 1951, but died in office in 1952, aged 66.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which political party did Takeo Miki belong to in Jul, 1946?
|
July 30, 1946
|
{
"text": [
"Cooperative Democratic Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q317675_P102_0
|
Takeo Miki is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1988.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Kaishintō from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Cooperative Party from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Japan Democratic Party from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1955.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Cooperative Democratic Party from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Democratic Party (Japan) from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1952.
|
Takeo MikiBorn in Awa, Tokushima, Miki graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law from the institution in 1966.During 1937 Miki was elected to the Diet; he remained there for the rest of his life, winning re-election no fewer than 19 times over 51 years. In the 1942 general election he openly voiced opposition to the military government under Hideki Tojo and still managed to win a seat; his efforts at this time were assisted by Kan Abe, the grandfather of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.Miki took over from Kakuei Tanaka as Prime Minister on 9 December 1974, following the latter's implication in the corruption concerning real-estate and construction companies. The attractiveness of Miki to the LDP bosses was chiefly due to his personal integrity, and his weak power base from his small faction. In fact, Miki had neither expected nor wanted to be prime minister at all, as was reflected when upon his election he murmured "a bolt from the blue".While Miki was at the funeral of ex-PM Eisaku Sato in 1975, he was assaulted by a right-wing extremist: Hiroyoshi Fudeyasu, the secretary-general of the Great Japan Patriotic Party with foreign dignitaries nearby. This caused criticism of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police over not doing enough to ensure his safety.After being elected, Miki attempted to reform the LDP, relentlessly investigating the Lockheed bribery scandals, which made him a large number of enemies within the party. A campaign literally called "Down with Miki" ("Miki oroshi") was started by influential faction leaders. Despite Miki's personal popularity with the public, the Lockheed scandal reflected poorly on the party, which lost its overall majority in the 1976 election to the Diet and had to make deals with minor parties to remain in power. Embarrassed by the result, Miki resigned and was succeeded on 24 December 1976, by Takeo Fukuda.In Mao Zedong's final days, he took a great interest in Miki's political condition, as Miki was suffering a coup d'état from amongst his own party. Mao had never shown any interest in Miki before, or even mentioned him.He held many other posts during his career in addition to being prime minister.NFL player Takeo Spikes was named after Miki.During his time in Seattle, Miki spent a period as a dishwasher at noted Japanese restaurant Maneki.To commemorate the ties of Japan to America, and Seattle in particular, Miki gave 1,000 cherry trees to Seattle to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976. This gift gave birth to the , still running annually.In Hong Kong, the name "Takeo Miki" (三木武夫) is sometimes used to describe actors or actresses with wooden or no emotional expressions during movies or TV dramas. Some have said that the origin for the slang term stems from Miki's wooden expression during his appearance in news reports.
|
[
"National Democratic Party (Japan)",
"Kaishintō",
"Japan Democratic Party",
"Liberal Democratic Party",
"National Cooperative Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Takeo Miki belong to in Dec, 1947?
|
December 03, 1947
|
{
"text": [
"National Cooperative Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q317675_P102_1
|
Takeo Miki is a member of the Cooperative Democratic Party from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Japan Democratic Party from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1955.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Cooperative Party from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Kaishintō from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1988.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Democratic Party (Japan) from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1952.
|
Takeo MikiBorn in Awa, Tokushima, Miki graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law from the institution in 1966.During 1937 Miki was elected to the Diet; he remained there for the rest of his life, winning re-election no fewer than 19 times over 51 years. In the 1942 general election he openly voiced opposition to the military government under Hideki Tojo and still managed to win a seat; his efforts at this time were assisted by Kan Abe, the grandfather of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.Miki took over from Kakuei Tanaka as Prime Minister on 9 December 1974, following the latter's implication in the corruption concerning real-estate and construction companies. The attractiveness of Miki to the LDP bosses was chiefly due to his personal integrity, and his weak power base from his small faction. In fact, Miki had neither expected nor wanted to be prime minister at all, as was reflected when upon his election he murmured "a bolt from the blue".While Miki was at the funeral of ex-PM Eisaku Sato in 1975, he was assaulted by a right-wing extremist: Hiroyoshi Fudeyasu, the secretary-general of the Great Japan Patriotic Party with foreign dignitaries nearby. This caused criticism of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police over not doing enough to ensure his safety.After being elected, Miki attempted to reform the LDP, relentlessly investigating the Lockheed bribery scandals, which made him a large number of enemies within the party. A campaign literally called "Down with Miki" ("Miki oroshi") was started by influential faction leaders. Despite Miki's personal popularity with the public, the Lockheed scandal reflected poorly on the party, which lost its overall majority in the 1976 election to the Diet and had to make deals with minor parties to remain in power. Embarrassed by the result, Miki resigned and was succeeded on 24 December 1976, by Takeo Fukuda.In Mao Zedong's final days, he took a great interest in Miki's political condition, as Miki was suffering a coup d'état from amongst his own party. Mao had never shown any interest in Miki before, or even mentioned him.He held many other posts during his career in addition to being prime minister.NFL player Takeo Spikes was named after Miki.During his time in Seattle, Miki spent a period as a dishwasher at noted Japanese restaurant Maneki.To commemorate the ties of Japan to America, and Seattle in particular, Miki gave 1,000 cherry trees to Seattle to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976. This gift gave birth to the , still running annually.In Hong Kong, the name "Takeo Miki" (三木武夫) is sometimes used to describe actors or actresses with wooden or no emotional expressions during movies or TV dramas. Some have said that the origin for the slang term stems from Miki's wooden expression during his appearance in news reports.
|
[
"National Democratic Party (Japan)",
"Kaishintō",
"Cooperative Democratic Party",
"Japan Democratic Party",
"Liberal Democratic Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Takeo Miki belong to in Nov, 1951?
|
November 09, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"National Democratic Party (Japan)"
]
}
|
L2_Q317675_P102_2
|
Takeo Miki is a member of the Cooperative Democratic Party from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Kaishintō from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Cooperative Party from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Japan Democratic Party from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1955.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Democratic Party (Japan) from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1952.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1988.
|
Takeo MikiBorn in Awa, Tokushima, Miki graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law from the institution in 1966.During 1937 Miki was elected to the Diet; he remained there for the rest of his life, winning re-election no fewer than 19 times over 51 years. In the 1942 general election he openly voiced opposition to the military government under Hideki Tojo and still managed to win a seat; his efforts at this time were assisted by Kan Abe, the grandfather of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.Miki took over from Kakuei Tanaka as Prime Minister on 9 December 1974, following the latter's implication in the corruption concerning real-estate and construction companies. The attractiveness of Miki to the LDP bosses was chiefly due to his personal integrity, and his weak power base from his small faction. In fact, Miki had neither expected nor wanted to be prime minister at all, as was reflected when upon his election he murmured "a bolt from the blue".While Miki was at the funeral of ex-PM Eisaku Sato in 1975, he was assaulted by a right-wing extremist: Hiroyoshi Fudeyasu, the secretary-general of the Great Japan Patriotic Party with foreign dignitaries nearby. This caused criticism of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police over not doing enough to ensure his safety.After being elected, Miki attempted to reform the LDP, relentlessly investigating the Lockheed bribery scandals, which made him a large number of enemies within the party. A campaign literally called "Down with Miki" ("Miki oroshi") was started by influential faction leaders. Despite Miki's personal popularity with the public, the Lockheed scandal reflected poorly on the party, which lost its overall majority in the 1976 election to the Diet and had to make deals with minor parties to remain in power. Embarrassed by the result, Miki resigned and was succeeded on 24 December 1976, by Takeo Fukuda.In Mao Zedong's final days, he took a great interest in Miki's political condition, as Miki was suffering a coup d'état from amongst his own party. Mao had never shown any interest in Miki before, or even mentioned him.He held many other posts during his career in addition to being prime minister.NFL player Takeo Spikes was named after Miki.During his time in Seattle, Miki spent a period as a dishwasher at noted Japanese restaurant Maneki.To commemorate the ties of Japan to America, and Seattle in particular, Miki gave 1,000 cherry trees to Seattle to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976. This gift gave birth to the , still running annually.In Hong Kong, the name "Takeo Miki" (三木武夫) is sometimes used to describe actors or actresses with wooden or no emotional expressions during movies or TV dramas. Some have said that the origin for the slang term stems from Miki's wooden expression during his appearance in news reports.
|
[
"Kaishintō",
"Cooperative Democratic Party",
"Japan Democratic Party",
"Liberal Democratic Party",
"National Cooperative Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Takeo Miki belong to in Jan, 1953?
|
January 07, 1953
|
{
"text": [
"Kaishintō"
]
}
|
L2_Q317675_P102_3
|
Takeo Miki is a member of the Kaishintō from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Democratic Party (Japan) from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1952.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Cooperative Party from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1988.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Japan Democratic Party from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1955.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Cooperative Democratic Party from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
|
Takeo MikiBorn in Awa, Tokushima, Miki graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law from the institution in 1966.During 1937 Miki was elected to the Diet; he remained there for the rest of his life, winning re-election no fewer than 19 times over 51 years. In the 1942 general election he openly voiced opposition to the military government under Hideki Tojo and still managed to win a seat; his efforts at this time were assisted by Kan Abe, the grandfather of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.Miki took over from Kakuei Tanaka as Prime Minister on 9 December 1974, following the latter's implication in the corruption concerning real-estate and construction companies. The attractiveness of Miki to the LDP bosses was chiefly due to his personal integrity, and his weak power base from his small faction. In fact, Miki had neither expected nor wanted to be prime minister at all, as was reflected when upon his election he murmured "a bolt from the blue".While Miki was at the funeral of ex-PM Eisaku Sato in 1975, he was assaulted by a right-wing extremist: Hiroyoshi Fudeyasu, the secretary-general of the Great Japan Patriotic Party with foreign dignitaries nearby. This caused criticism of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police over not doing enough to ensure his safety.After being elected, Miki attempted to reform the LDP, relentlessly investigating the Lockheed bribery scandals, which made him a large number of enemies within the party. A campaign literally called "Down with Miki" ("Miki oroshi") was started by influential faction leaders. Despite Miki's personal popularity with the public, the Lockheed scandal reflected poorly on the party, which lost its overall majority in the 1976 election to the Diet and had to make deals with minor parties to remain in power. Embarrassed by the result, Miki resigned and was succeeded on 24 December 1976, by Takeo Fukuda.In Mao Zedong's final days, he took a great interest in Miki's political condition, as Miki was suffering a coup d'état from amongst his own party. Mao had never shown any interest in Miki before, or even mentioned him.He held many other posts during his career in addition to being prime minister.NFL player Takeo Spikes was named after Miki.During his time in Seattle, Miki spent a period as a dishwasher at noted Japanese restaurant Maneki.To commemorate the ties of Japan to America, and Seattle in particular, Miki gave 1,000 cherry trees to Seattle to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976. This gift gave birth to the , still running annually.In Hong Kong, the name "Takeo Miki" (三木武夫) is sometimes used to describe actors or actresses with wooden or no emotional expressions during movies or TV dramas. Some have said that the origin for the slang term stems from Miki's wooden expression during his appearance in news reports.
|
[
"National Democratic Party (Japan)",
"Cooperative Democratic Party",
"Japan Democratic Party",
"Liberal Democratic Party",
"National Cooperative Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Takeo Miki belong to in Mar, 1954?
|
March 09, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Japan Democratic Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q317675_P102_4
|
Takeo Miki is a member of the Cooperative Democratic Party from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Democratic Party (Japan) from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1952.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Kaishintō from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Cooperative Party from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Japan Democratic Party from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1955.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1988.
|
Takeo MikiBorn in Awa, Tokushima, Miki graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law from the institution in 1966.During 1937 Miki was elected to the Diet; he remained there for the rest of his life, winning re-election no fewer than 19 times over 51 years. In the 1942 general election he openly voiced opposition to the military government under Hideki Tojo and still managed to win a seat; his efforts at this time were assisted by Kan Abe, the grandfather of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.Miki took over from Kakuei Tanaka as Prime Minister on 9 December 1974, following the latter's implication in the corruption concerning real-estate and construction companies. The attractiveness of Miki to the LDP bosses was chiefly due to his personal integrity, and his weak power base from his small faction. In fact, Miki had neither expected nor wanted to be prime minister at all, as was reflected when upon his election he murmured "a bolt from the blue".While Miki was at the funeral of ex-PM Eisaku Sato in 1975, he was assaulted by a right-wing extremist: Hiroyoshi Fudeyasu, the secretary-general of the Great Japan Patriotic Party with foreign dignitaries nearby. This caused criticism of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police over not doing enough to ensure his safety.After being elected, Miki attempted to reform the LDP, relentlessly investigating the Lockheed bribery scandals, which made him a large number of enemies within the party. A campaign literally called "Down with Miki" ("Miki oroshi") was started by influential faction leaders. Despite Miki's personal popularity with the public, the Lockheed scandal reflected poorly on the party, which lost its overall majority in the 1976 election to the Diet and had to make deals with minor parties to remain in power. Embarrassed by the result, Miki resigned and was succeeded on 24 December 1976, by Takeo Fukuda.In Mao Zedong's final days, he took a great interest in Miki's political condition, as Miki was suffering a coup d'état from amongst his own party. Mao had never shown any interest in Miki before, or even mentioned him.He held many other posts during his career in addition to being prime minister.NFL player Takeo Spikes was named after Miki.During his time in Seattle, Miki spent a period as a dishwasher at noted Japanese restaurant Maneki.To commemorate the ties of Japan to America, and Seattle in particular, Miki gave 1,000 cherry trees to Seattle to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976. This gift gave birth to the , still running annually.In Hong Kong, the name "Takeo Miki" (三木武夫) is sometimes used to describe actors or actresses with wooden or no emotional expressions during movies or TV dramas. Some have said that the origin for the slang term stems from Miki's wooden expression during his appearance in news reports.
|
[
"National Democratic Party (Japan)",
"Kaishintō",
"Cooperative Democratic Party",
"Liberal Democratic Party",
"National Cooperative Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Takeo Miki belong to in Apr, 1982?
|
April 21, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Liberal Democratic Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q317675_P102_5
|
Takeo Miki is a member of the Cooperative Democratic Party from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Democratic Party (Japan) from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1952.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Kaishintō from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1954.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1988.
Takeo Miki is a member of the Japan Democratic Party from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1955.
Takeo Miki is a member of the National Cooperative Party from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
|
Takeo MikiBorn in Awa, Tokushima, Miki graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law from the institution in 1966.During 1937 Miki was elected to the Diet; he remained there for the rest of his life, winning re-election no fewer than 19 times over 51 years. In the 1942 general election he openly voiced opposition to the military government under Hideki Tojo and still managed to win a seat; his efforts at this time were assisted by Kan Abe, the grandfather of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.Miki took over from Kakuei Tanaka as Prime Minister on 9 December 1974, following the latter's implication in the corruption concerning real-estate and construction companies. The attractiveness of Miki to the LDP bosses was chiefly due to his personal integrity, and his weak power base from his small faction. In fact, Miki had neither expected nor wanted to be prime minister at all, as was reflected when upon his election he murmured "a bolt from the blue".While Miki was at the funeral of ex-PM Eisaku Sato in 1975, he was assaulted by a right-wing extremist: Hiroyoshi Fudeyasu, the secretary-general of the Great Japan Patriotic Party with foreign dignitaries nearby. This caused criticism of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police over not doing enough to ensure his safety.After being elected, Miki attempted to reform the LDP, relentlessly investigating the Lockheed bribery scandals, which made him a large number of enemies within the party. A campaign literally called "Down with Miki" ("Miki oroshi") was started by influential faction leaders. Despite Miki's personal popularity with the public, the Lockheed scandal reflected poorly on the party, which lost its overall majority in the 1976 election to the Diet and had to make deals with minor parties to remain in power. Embarrassed by the result, Miki resigned and was succeeded on 24 December 1976, by Takeo Fukuda.In Mao Zedong's final days, he took a great interest in Miki's political condition, as Miki was suffering a coup d'état from amongst his own party. Mao had never shown any interest in Miki before, or even mentioned him.He held many other posts during his career in addition to being prime minister.NFL player Takeo Spikes was named after Miki.During his time in Seattle, Miki spent a period as a dishwasher at noted Japanese restaurant Maneki.To commemorate the ties of Japan to America, and Seattle in particular, Miki gave 1,000 cherry trees to Seattle to commemorate the United States Bicentennial in 1976. This gift gave birth to the , still running annually.In Hong Kong, the name "Takeo Miki" (三木武夫) is sometimes used to describe actors or actresses with wooden or no emotional expressions during movies or TV dramas. Some have said that the origin for the slang term stems from Miki's wooden expression during his appearance in news reports.
|
[
"National Democratic Party (Japan)",
"Kaishintō",
"Cooperative Democratic Party",
"Japan Democratic Party",
"National Cooperative Party"
] |
|
Which employer did Tom Meschery work for in Sep, 1964?
|
September 07, 1964
|
{
"text": [
"Golden State Warriors"
]
}
|
L2_Q1109900_P108_0
|
Tom Meschery works for Carolina Cougars from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
Tom Meschery works for Seattle SuperSonics from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
Tom Meschery works for Golden State Warriors from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1967.
|
Tom MescheryThomas Nicholas Meschery (born Tomislav Nikolayevich Meshcheryakov (); October 26, 1938) is a Russian American former professional basketball player. He was a power forward with a 10-year National Basketball Association career from 1961 to 1971. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors and the Seattle SuperSonics. He led the league in personal fouls in 1962 and played in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. His jersey, number 14, was retired by the Warriors.Meschery was born as Tomislav Nikolayevich Meshcheryakov in Harbin, Manchukuo. His parents were Russian emigrants who fled from the October Revolution in 1917. The Meschery family was later relocated to a Japanese internment camp near Tokyo during World War II.After the war, Meschery and his parents emigrated to the United States. It was also in this phase of his life where his father renamed the family "Meschery" due to the anti-Communist/anti-Soviet Red Scare under Joseph McCarthy, and Tomislav Nikolayevich was renamed Thomas Nicholas, which later was abbreviated to Tom. Living in San Francisco, California, Meschery attended Lowell High School.After graduating in 1957, he went to Saint Mary's College of California in Moraga. Meschery helped Saint Mary's reach the NCAA Tournament's Elite Eight in 1959. Two years later, he was chosen as a First Team All-American, and was named the West Coast Conference Player of the Year. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1961.Standing 6 ft 6 in, Meschery also was a highly talented basketball player. After graduating from St. Mary's, he was drafted by the Philadelphia Warriors as the 7th pick overall in the 1961 NBA draft. Meschery played alongside legend Wilt Chamberlain, to whom he later dedicated a poem. Meschery was the starting forward on the 1961-62 Philadelphia Warriors team in which Chamberlain scored 100 points. Meschery led the NBA in personal fouls in 1962 and he became the first foreign born player to play in an NBA All-Star Game when he played in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. Chamberlain left the Warriors in 1965, returning to his home town Philadelphia, to play with the 76ers. The Warriors however, strengthened by the arrival of Rick Barry, made it to the 1967 NBA Finals, in which they lost to Chamberlain's 76ers. After his NBA Finals appearance, Meschery was selected by the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics during the 1967 NBA Expansion Draft.In the SuperSonics' inaugural season, Meschery led the team in rebounds (10.2 per game) as well as personal fouls. He retired following the 1970–71 season, having played four seasons for the SuperSonics.After retiring as a player, Meschery became head coach of the ABA's Carolina Cougars, which he guided to a record of 35–49 in the 1971–72 season before being replaced by Larry Brown.Meschery has been inducted into the San Francisco High School Hall of Fame; Saint Mary's College Hall of Fame (his college jersey #31 retired); and the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame.Meschery published his first book of poems in 1970, and returned to school after his coaching stint, receiving his Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Iowa in 1974. He studied poetry with Mark Strand, U.S. poet laureate, at the University of Washington. After receiving his teaching credentials at the University of Nevada, Reno, Meschery taught high school English at Earl Wooster High School and Reno High School in Reno, Nevada, until his retirement from teaching in 2005. He is also a poet, whose works often relate to basketball, teaching, and being a Russian immigrant. In 2002, Meschery was inducted into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame.Meschery is now living in Sacramento, California with his wife, artist Melanie Marchant Meschery. His son is Matthew Meschery who is the former lead vocalist of OPM. Meschery continues to write poems, fiction, and essays. He traces his love of writing to his Russian maternal ancestors, Alexei and Leo Tolstoy. Embarking on a new career as a novelist, Meschery has completed three novels in manuscript: Mr. Dolby's Dream, She's Got Game, and The Kid Has Hops and a young adult novel, also in manuscript, entitled The Society for the Prevention of Bullying. He has two published collections of poetry: "Nothing We Lose Can Be Replaced" and "Some Men and Sweat: New and Selected Poems About Sports". Meschery and his wife Melanie are presently collaborating on a book of poems and art about saints.His blog 'Meschery's Musings' discusses a variety of controversial subjects relating to sports. Each blog ends with a sports poem. Meschery says he wishes to introduce the public to fine contemporary poems whose subject is sports in the same way Garrison Keillor makes poetry in general available to his listeners on his morning radio broadcasts.
|
[
"Seattle SuperSonics",
"Carolina Cougars"
] |
|
Which employer did Tom Meschery work for in Jun, 1968?
|
June 14, 1968
|
{
"text": [
"Seattle SuperSonics"
]
}
|
L2_Q1109900_P108_1
|
Tom Meschery works for Golden State Warriors from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1967.
Tom Meschery works for Seattle SuperSonics from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
Tom Meschery works for Carolina Cougars from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
|
Tom MescheryThomas Nicholas Meschery (born Tomislav Nikolayevich Meshcheryakov (); October 26, 1938) is a Russian American former professional basketball player. He was a power forward with a 10-year National Basketball Association career from 1961 to 1971. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors and the Seattle SuperSonics. He led the league in personal fouls in 1962 and played in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. His jersey, number 14, was retired by the Warriors.Meschery was born as Tomislav Nikolayevich Meshcheryakov in Harbin, Manchukuo. His parents were Russian emigrants who fled from the October Revolution in 1917. The Meschery family was later relocated to a Japanese internment camp near Tokyo during World War II.After the war, Meschery and his parents emigrated to the United States. It was also in this phase of his life where his father renamed the family "Meschery" due to the anti-Communist/anti-Soviet Red Scare under Joseph McCarthy, and Tomislav Nikolayevich was renamed Thomas Nicholas, which later was abbreviated to Tom. Living in San Francisco, California, Meschery attended Lowell High School.After graduating in 1957, he went to Saint Mary's College of California in Moraga. Meschery helped Saint Mary's reach the NCAA Tournament's Elite Eight in 1959. Two years later, he was chosen as a First Team All-American, and was named the West Coast Conference Player of the Year. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1961.Standing 6 ft 6 in, Meschery also was a highly talented basketball player. After graduating from St. Mary's, he was drafted by the Philadelphia Warriors as the 7th pick overall in the 1961 NBA draft. Meschery played alongside legend Wilt Chamberlain, to whom he later dedicated a poem. Meschery was the starting forward on the 1961-62 Philadelphia Warriors team in which Chamberlain scored 100 points. Meschery led the NBA in personal fouls in 1962 and he became the first foreign born player to play in an NBA All-Star Game when he played in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. Chamberlain left the Warriors in 1965, returning to his home town Philadelphia, to play with the 76ers. The Warriors however, strengthened by the arrival of Rick Barry, made it to the 1967 NBA Finals, in which they lost to Chamberlain's 76ers. After his NBA Finals appearance, Meschery was selected by the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics during the 1967 NBA Expansion Draft.In the SuperSonics' inaugural season, Meschery led the team in rebounds (10.2 per game) as well as personal fouls. He retired following the 1970–71 season, having played four seasons for the SuperSonics.After retiring as a player, Meschery became head coach of the ABA's Carolina Cougars, which he guided to a record of 35–49 in the 1971–72 season before being replaced by Larry Brown.Meschery has been inducted into the San Francisco High School Hall of Fame; Saint Mary's College Hall of Fame (his college jersey #31 retired); and the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame.Meschery published his first book of poems in 1970, and returned to school after his coaching stint, receiving his Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Iowa in 1974. He studied poetry with Mark Strand, U.S. poet laureate, at the University of Washington. After receiving his teaching credentials at the University of Nevada, Reno, Meschery taught high school English at Earl Wooster High School and Reno High School in Reno, Nevada, until his retirement from teaching in 2005. He is also a poet, whose works often relate to basketball, teaching, and being a Russian immigrant. In 2002, Meschery was inducted into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame.Meschery is now living in Sacramento, California with his wife, artist Melanie Marchant Meschery. His son is Matthew Meschery who is the former lead vocalist of OPM. Meschery continues to write poems, fiction, and essays. He traces his love of writing to his Russian maternal ancestors, Alexei and Leo Tolstoy. Embarking on a new career as a novelist, Meschery has completed three novels in manuscript: Mr. Dolby's Dream, She's Got Game, and The Kid Has Hops and a young adult novel, also in manuscript, entitled The Society for the Prevention of Bullying. He has two published collections of poetry: "Nothing We Lose Can Be Replaced" and "Some Men and Sweat: New and Selected Poems About Sports". Meschery and his wife Melanie are presently collaborating on a book of poems and art about saints.His blog 'Meschery's Musings' discusses a variety of controversial subjects relating to sports. Each blog ends with a sports poem. Meschery says he wishes to introduce the public to fine contemporary poems whose subject is sports in the same way Garrison Keillor makes poetry in general available to his listeners on his morning radio broadcasts.
|
[
"Golden State Warriors",
"Carolina Cougars"
] |
|
Which employer did Tom Meschery work for in Oct, 1971?
|
October 08, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Carolina Cougars"
]
}
|
L2_Q1109900_P108_2
|
Tom Meschery works for Golden State Warriors from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1967.
Tom Meschery works for Seattle SuperSonics from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1971.
Tom Meschery works for Carolina Cougars from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1972.
|
Tom MescheryThomas Nicholas Meschery (born Tomislav Nikolayevich Meshcheryakov (); October 26, 1938) is a Russian American former professional basketball player. He was a power forward with a 10-year National Basketball Association career from 1961 to 1971. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors and the Seattle SuperSonics. He led the league in personal fouls in 1962 and played in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. His jersey, number 14, was retired by the Warriors.Meschery was born as Tomislav Nikolayevich Meshcheryakov in Harbin, Manchukuo. His parents were Russian emigrants who fled from the October Revolution in 1917. The Meschery family was later relocated to a Japanese internment camp near Tokyo during World War II.After the war, Meschery and his parents emigrated to the United States. It was also in this phase of his life where his father renamed the family "Meschery" due to the anti-Communist/anti-Soviet Red Scare under Joseph McCarthy, and Tomislav Nikolayevich was renamed Thomas Nicholas, which later was abbreviated to Tom. Living in San Francisco, California, Meschery attended Lowell High School.After graduating in 1957, he went to Saint Mary's College of California in Moraga. Meschery helped Saint Mary's reach the NCAA Tournament's Elite Eight in 1959. Two years later, he was chosen as a First Team All-American, and was named the West Coast Conference Player of the Year. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1961.Standing 6 ft 6 in, Meschery also was a highly talented basketball player. After graduating from St. Mary's, he was drafted by the Philadelphia Warriors as the 7th pick overall in the 1961 NBA draft. Meschery played alongside legend Wilt Chamberlain, to whom he later dedicated a poem. Meschery was the starting forward on the 1961-62 Philadelphia Warriors team in which Chamberlain scored 100 points. Meschery led the NBA in personal fouls in 1962 and he became the first foreign born player to play in an NBA All-Star Game when he played in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. Chamberlain left the Warriors in 1965, returning to his home town Philadelphia, to play with the 76ers. The Warriors however, strengthened by the arrival of Rick Barry, made it to the 1967 NBA Finals, in which they lost to Chamberlain's 76ers. After his NBA Finals appearance, Meschery was selected by the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics during the 1967 NBA Expansion Draft.In the SuperSonics' inaugural season, Meschery led the team in rebounds (10.2 per game) as well as personal fouls. He retired following the 1970–71 season, having played four seasons for the SuperSonics.After retiring as a player, Meschery became head coach of the ABA's Carolina Cougars, which he guided to a record of 35–49 in the 1971–72 season before being replaced by Larry Brown.Meschery has been inducted into the San Francisco High School Hall of Fame; Saint Mary's College Hall of Fame (his college jersey #31 retired); and the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame.Meschery published his first book of poems in 1970, and returned to school after his coaching stint, receiving his Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Iowa in 1974. He studied poetry with Mark Strand, U.S. poet laureate, at the University of Washington. After receiving his teaching credentials at the University of Nevada, Reno, Meschery taught high school English at Earl Wooster High School and Reno High School in Reno, Nevada, until his retirement from teaching in 2005. He is also a poet, whose works often relate to basketball, teaching, and being a Russian immigrant. In 2002, Meschery was inducted into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame.Meschery is now living in Sacramento, California with his wife, artist Melanie Marchant Meschery. His son is Matthew Meschery who is the former lead vocalist of OPM. Meschery continues to write poems, fiction, and essays. He traces his love of writing to his Russian maternal ancestors, Alexei and Leo Tolstoy. Embarking on a new career as a novelist, Meschery has completed three novels in manuscript: Mr. Dolby's Dream, She's Got Game, and The Kid Has Hops and a young adult novel, also in manuscript, entitled The Society for the Prevention of Bullying. He has two published collections of poetry: "Nothing We Lose Can Be Replaced" and "Some Men and Sweat: New and Selected Poems About Sports". Meschery and his wife Melanie are presently collaborating on a book of poems and art about saints.His blog 'Meschery's Musings' discusses a variety of controversial subjects relating to sports. Each blog ends with a sports poem. Meschery says he wishes to introduce the public to fine contemporary poems whose subject is sports in the same way Garrison Keillor makes poetry in general available to his listeners on his morning radio broadcasts.
|
[
"Golden State Warriors",
"Seattle SuperSonics"
] |
|
Which employer did Richard Feynman work for in Jul, 1943?
|
July 14, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"Manhattan Project"
]
}
|
L2_Q39246_P108_0
|
Richard Feynman works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1988.
Richard Feynman works for Manhattan Project from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Richard Feynman works for Cornell University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1950.
|
Richard FeynmanRichard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal "Physics World", he was ranked the seventh greatest physicist of all time.He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, "The Feynman Lectures on Physics". Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and "What Do You Care What Other People Think?", and books written about him such as "Tuva or Bust!" by Ralph Leighton and the biography "Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman" by James Gleick.Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, to Lucille , a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager originally from Minsk in Belarus (then part of the Russian Empire).Feynman was a late talker, and did not speak until after his third birthday. As an adult he spoke with a New York accent strong enough to be perceived as an affectation or exaggeration—so much so that his friends Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe once commented that Feynman spoke like a "bum".The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother, he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. This radio repairing was probably the first job Feynman had, and during this time he showed early signs of an aptitude for his later career in theoretical physics, when he would analyze the issues theoretically and arrive at the solutions. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.When Richard was five, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, Henry Phillips, who died at age four weeks. Four years later, Richard's sister Joan was born and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, and they both shared a curiosity about the world. Though their mother thought women lacked the capacity to understand such things, Richard encouraged Joan's interest in astronomy, and Joan eventually became an astrophysicist.Feynman's parents were both from Jewish families but not religious, and by his youth, Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". Many years later, in a letter to Tina Levitan, declining a request for information for her book on Jewish Nobel Prize winners, he stated, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory", adding, "at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'". Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time. He saw that it contained the original text in a little square on the page, and surrounding it were commentaries written over time by different people. In this way the Talmud had evolved, and everything that was discussed was carefully recorded. Despite being impressed, Feynman was disappointed with the lack of interest for nature and the outside world expressed by the rabbis, who cared about only those questions which arise from the Talmud.Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, which was also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted to a higher math class. An IQ test administered in high school estimated his IQ at 125—high but "merely respectable", according to biographer James Gleick. His sister Joan did better, allowing her to claim that she was smarter. Years later he declined to join Mensa International, saying that his IQ was too low. Physicist Steve Hsu stated of the test: When Feynman was 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation. He created special symbols for logarithm, sine, cosine and tangent functions so they did not look like three variables multiplied together, and for the derivative, to remove the temptation of canceling out the formula_1's in formula_2. A member of the Arista Honor Society, in his last year in high school he won the New York University Math Championship. His habit of direct characterization sometimes rattled more conventional thinkers; for example, one of his questions, when learning feline anatomy, was "Do you have a map of the cat?" (referring to an anatomical chart).Feynman applied to Columbia University but was not accepted because of their quota for the number of Jews admitted. Instead, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. Although he originally majored in mathematics, he later switched to electrical engineering, as he considered mathematics to be too abstract. Noticing that he "had gone too far", he then switched to physics, which he claimed was "somewhere in between". As an undergraduate, he published two papers in the "Physical Review". One of these, which was co-written with Manuel Vallarta, was entitled "The Scattering of Cosmic Rays by the Stars of a Galaxy". The other was his senior thesis, on "Forces in Molecules", based on an idea by John C. Slater, who was sufficiently impressed by the paper to have it published. Today, it is known as the Hellmann–Feynman theorem.In 1939, Feynman received a bachelor's degree and was named a Putnam Fellow. He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in physics—an unprecedented feat—and an outstanding score in mathematics, but did poorly on the history and English portions. The head of the physics department there, Henry D. Smyth, had another concern, writing to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no definite rule against Jews but have to keep their proportion in our department reasonably small because of the difficulty of placing them." Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of this characteristic".Attendees at Feynman's first seminar, which was on the classical version of the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. Pauli made the prescient comment that the theory would be extremely difficult to quantize, and Einstein said that one might try to apply this method to gravity in general relativity, which Sir Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar did much later as the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity. Feynman received a Ph.D. from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. In his doctoral thesis entitled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics", Feynman applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams. A key insight was that positrons behaved like electrons moving backwards in time. James Gleick wrote:One of the conditions of Feynman's scholarship to Princeton was that he could not be married; nevertheless, he continued to see his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum, and was determined to marry her once he had been awarded his Ph.D. despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis. This was an incurable disease at the time, and she was not expected to live more than two years. On June 29, 1942, they took the ferry to Staten Island, where they were married in the city office. The ceremony was attended by neither family nor friends and was witnessed by a pair of strangers. Feynman could only kiss Arline on the cheek. After the ceremony he took her to Deborah Hospital, where he visited her on weekends.In 1941, with World War II raging in Europe but the United States not yet at war, Feynman spent the summer working on ballistics problems at the Frankford Arsenal in Pennsylvania. After the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the war, Feynman was recruited by Robert R. Wilson, who was working on means to produce enriched uranium for use in an atomic bomb, as part of what would become the Manhattan Project. At the time, Feynman had not earned a graduate degree. Wilson's team at Princeton was working on a device called an isotron, intended to electromagnetically separate uranium-235 from uranium-238. This was done in a quite different manner from that used by the calutron that was under development by a team under Wilson's former mentor, Ernest O. Lawrence, at the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. On paper, the isotron was many times more efficient than the calutron, but Feynman and Paul Olum struggled to determine whether or not it was practical. Ultimately, on Lawrence's recommendation, the isotron project was abandoned.At this juncture, in early 1943, Robert Oppenheimer was establishing the Los Alamos Laboratory, a secret laboratory on a mesa in New Mexico where atomic bombs would be designed and built. An offer was made to the Princeton team to be redeployed there. "Like a bunch of professional soldiers," Wilson later recalled, "we signed up, en masse, to go to Los Alamos." Like many other young physicists, Feynman soon fell under the spell of the charismatic Oppenheimer, who telephoned Feynman long distance from Chicago to inform him that he had found a sanatorium in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Arline. They were among the first to depart for New Mexico, leaving on a train on March 28, 1943. The railroad supplied Arline with a wheelchair, and Feynman paid extra for a private room for her.At Los Alamos, Feynman was assigned to Hans Bethe's Theoretical (T) Division, and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber. As a junior physicist, he was not central to the project. He administered the computation group of human computers in the theoretical division. With Stanley Frankel and Nicholas Metropolis, he assisted in establishing a system for using IBM punched cards for computation. He invented a new method of computing logarithms that he later used on the Connection Machine. Other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality.On completing this work, Feynman was sent to the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Project had its uranium enrichment facilities. He aided the engineers there in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents could be avoided, especially when enriched uranium came into contact with water, which acted as a neutron moderator. He insisted on giving the rank and file a lecture on nuclear physics so that they would realize the dangers. He explained that while any amount of unenriched uranium could be safely stored, the enriched uranium had to be carefully handled. He developed a series of safety recommendations for the various grades of enrichments. He was told that if the people at Oak Ridge gave him any difficulty with his proposals, he was to inform them that Los Alamos "could not be responsible for their safety otherwise".Returning to Los Alamos, Feynman was put in charge of the group responsible for the theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which ultimately proved to be infeasible. He was sought out by physicist Niels Bohr for one-on-one discussions. He later discovered the reason: most of the other physicists were too much in awe of Bohr to argue with him. Feynman had no such inhibitions, vigorously pointing out anything he considered to be flawed in Bohr's thinking. He said he felt as much respect for Bohr as anyone else, but once anyone got him talking about physics, he would become so focused he forgot about social niceties. Perhaps because of this, Bohr never warmed to Feynman.At Los Alamos, which was isolated for security, Feynman amused himself by investigating the combination locks on the cabinets and desks of physicists. He often found that they left the lock combinations on the factory settings, wrote the combinations down, or used easily guessable combinations like dates. He found one cabinet's combination by trying numbers he thought a physicist might use (it proved to be 27–18–28 after the base of natural logarithms, "e" = 2.71828 ...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept research notes all had the same combination. He left notes in the cabinets as a prank, spooking his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy had gained access to them.Feynman's $380 monthly salary was about half the amount needed for his modest living expenses and Arline's medical bills, and they were forced to dip into her $3,300 in savings. On weekends he drove to Albuquerque to see Arline in a car borrowed from his friend Klaus Fuchs. Asked who at Los Alamos was most likely to be a spy, Fuchs mentioned Feynman's safe cracking and frequent trips to Albuquerque; Fuchs himself later confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. The FBI would compile a bulky file on Feynman, particularly in view of Feynman's Q clearance.Informed that Arline was dying, Feynman drove to Albuquerque and sat with her for hours until she died on June 16, 1945. He then immersed himself in work on the project and was present at the Trinity nuclear test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. The immense brightness of the explosion made him duck to the truck's floor, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage.Feynman nominally held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics, but was on unpaid leave during his involvement in the Manhattan Project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to the university to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to returning. In a talk given there several years later, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."As early as October 30, 1943, Bethe had written to the chairman of the physics department of his university, Cornell, to recommend that Feynman be hired. On February 28, 1944, this was endorsed by Robert Bacher, also from Cornell, and one of the most senior scientists at Los Alamos. This led to an offer being made in August 1944, which Feynman accepted. Oppenheimer had also hoped to recruit Feynman to the University of California, but the head of the physics department, Raymond T. Birge, was reluctant. He made Feynman an offer in May 1945, but Feynman turned it down. Cornell matched its salary offer of $3,900 per annum. Feynman became one of the first of the Los Alamos Laboratory's group leaders to depart, leaving for Ithaca, New York, in October 1945.Because Feynman was no longer working at the Los Alamos Laboratory, he was no longer exempt from the draft. At his induction, physical Army psychiatrists diagnosed Feynman as suffering from a mental illness and the Army gave him a 4-F exemption on mental grounds. His father died suddenly on October 8, 1946, and Feynman suffered from depression. On October 17, 1946, he wrote a letter to Arline, expressing his deep love and heartbreak. The letter was sealed and only opened after his death. "Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address." Unable to focus on research problems, Feynman began tackling physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these involved analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating disk as it is moving through the air, inspired by an incident in the cafeteria at Cornell when someone tossed a dinner plate in the air. He read the work of Sir William Rowan Hamilton on quaternions, and attempted unsuccessfully to use them to formulate a relativistic theory of electrons. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, ultimately proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities, including the Institute for Advanced Study, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of California, Berkeley.Feynman was not the only frustrated theoretical physicist in the early post-war years. Quantum electrodynamics suffered from infinite integrals in perturbation theory. These were clear mathematical flaws in the theory, which Feynman and Wheeler had unsuccessfully attempted to work around. "Theoreticians", noted Murray Gell-Mann, "were in disgrace." In June 1947, leading American physicists met at the Shelter Island Conference. For Feynman, it was his "first big conference with big men ... I had never gone to one like this one in peacetime." The problems plaguing quantum electrodynamics were discussed, but the theoreticians were completely overshadowed by the achievements of the experimentalists, who reported the discovery of the Lamb shift, the measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron, and Robert Marshak's two-meson hypothesis.Bethe took the lead from the work of Hans Kramers, and derived a renormalized non-relativistic quantum equation for the Lamb shift. The next step was to create a relativistic version. Feynman thought that he could do this, but when he went back to Bethe with his solution, it did not converge. Feynman carefully worked through the problem again, applying the path integral formulation that he had used in his thesis. Like Bethe, he made the integral finite by applying a cut-off term. The result corresponded to Bethe's version. Feynman presented his work to his peers at the Pocono Conference in 1948. It did not go well. Julian Schwinger gave a long presentation of his work in quantum electrodynamics, and Feynman then offered his version, entitled "Alternative Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics". The unfamiliar Feynman diagrams, used for the first time, puzzled the audience. Feynman failed to get his point across, and Paul Dirac, Edward Teller and Niels Bohr all raised objections.To Freeman Dyson, one thing at least was clear: Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman understood what they were talking about even if no one else did, but had not published anything. He was convinced that Feynman's formulation was easier to understand, and ultimately managed to convince Oppenheimer that this was the case. Dyson published a paper in 1949, which added new rules to Feynman's that told how to implement renormalization. Feynman was prompted to publish his ideas in the "Physical Review" in a series of papers over three years. His 1948 papers on "A Relativistic Cut-Off for Classical Electrodynamics" attempted to explain what he had been unable to get across at Pocono. His 1949 paper on "The Theory of Positrons" addressed the Schrödinger equation and Dirac equation, and introduced what is now called the Feynman propagator. Finally, in papers on the "Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction" in 1950 and "An Operator Calculus Having Applications in Quantum Electrodynamics" in 1951, he developed the mathematical basis of his ideas, derived familiar formulae and advanced new ones.While papers by others initially cited Schwinger, papers citing Feynman and employing Feynman diagrams appeared in 1950, and soon became prevalent. Students learned and used the powerful new tool that Feynman had created. Computer programs were later written to compute Feynman diagrams, providing a tool of unprecedented power. It is possible to write such programs because the Feynman diagrams constitute a formal language with a formal grammar. Marc Kac provided the formal proofs of the summation under history, showing that the parabolic partial differential equation can be re-expressed as a sum under different histories (that is, an expectation operator), what is now known as the Feynman–Kac formula, the use of which extends beyond physics to many applications of stochastic processes. To Schwinger, however, the Feynman diagram was "pedagogy, not physics".By 1949, Feynman was becoming restless at Cornell. He never settled into a particular house or apartment, living in guest houses or student residences, or with married friends "until these arrangements became sexually volatile". He liked to date undergraduates, hire prostitutes, and sleep with the wives of friends. He was not fond of Ithaca's cold winter weather, and pined for a warmer climate. Above all, at Cornell, he was always in the shadow of Hans Bethe. Despite all of this, Feynman looked back favorably on the Telluride House, where he resided for a large period of his Cornell career. In an interview, he described the House as "a group of boys that have been specially selected because of their scholarship, because of their cleverness or whatever it is, to be given free board and lodging and so on, because of their brains". He enjoyed the house's convenience and said that "it's there that I did the fundamental work" for which he won the Nobel Prize.Feynman spent several weeks in Rio de Janeiro in July 1949. That year, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb, generating concerns about espionage. Fuchs was arrested as a Soviet spy in 1950 and the FBI questioned Bethe about Feynman's loyalty. Physicist David Bohm was arrested on December 4, 1950 and emigrated to Brazil in October 1951. Because of the fears of a nuclear war, a girlfriend told Feynman that he should also consider moving to South America. He had a sabbatical coming for 1951–52, and elected to spend it in Brazil, where he gave courses at the Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas. In Brazil, Feynman was impressed with "samba" music, and learned to play the "frigideira", a metal percussion instrument based on a frying pan (".") He was an enthusiastic amateur player of bongo and conga drums and often played them in the pit orchestra in musicals. He spent time in Rio with his friend Bohm but Bohm could not convince Feynman to investigate Bohm's ideas on physics.Feynman did not return to Cornell. Bacher, who had been instrumental in bringing Feynman to Cornell, had lured him to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Part of the deal was that he could spend his first year on sabbatical in Brazil. He had become smitten by Mary Louise Bell from Neodesha, Kansas. They had met in a cafeteria in Cornell, where she had studied the history of Mexican art and textiles. She later followed him to Caltech, where he gave a lecture. While he was in Brazil, she taught classes on the history of furniture and interiors at Michigan State University. He proposed to her by mail from Rio de Janeiro, and they married in Boise, Idaho, on June 28, 1952, shortly after he returned. They frequently quarreled and she was frightened by his violent temper. Their politics were different; although he registered and voted as a Republican, she was more conservative, and her opinion on the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing ("Where there's smoke there's fire") offended him. They separated on May 20, 1956. An interlocutory decree of divorce was entered on June 19, 1956, on the grounds of "extreme cruelty". The divorce became final on May 5, 1958.In the wake of the 1957 Sputnik crisis, the U.S. government's interest in science rose for a time. Feynman was considered for a seat on the President's Science Advisory Committee, but was not appointed. At this time, the FBI interviewed a woman close to Feynman, possibly his ex-wife Bell, who sent a written statement to J. Edgar Hoover on August 8, 1958:The U.S. government nevertheless sent Feynman to Geneva for the September 1958 Atoms for Peace Conference. On the beach at Lake Geneva, he met Gweneth Howarth, who was from Ripponden, Yorkshire, and working in Switzerland as an "au pair". Feynman's love life had been turbulent since his divorce; his previous girlfriend had walked off with his Albert Einstein Award medal and, on the advice of an earlier girlfriend, had feigned pregnancy and extorted him into paying for an abortion, then used the money to buy furniture. When Feynman found that Howarth was being paid only $25 a month, he offered her $20 a week to be his live-in maid. Feynman knew that this sort of behavior was illegal under the Mann Act, so he had a friend, Matthew Sands, act as her sponsor. Howarth pointed out that she already had two boyfriends, but decided to take Feynman up on his offer, and arrived in Altadena, California, in June 1959. She made a point of dating other men, but Feynman proposed in early 1960. They were married on September 24, 1960, at the Huntington Hotel in Pasadena. They had a son, Carl, in 1962, and adopted a daughter, Michelle, in 1968. Besides their home in Altadena, they had a beach house in Baja California, purchased with the money from Feynman's Nobel Prize.Feynman tried marijuana and ketamine at John Lilly's sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. He gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain. Despite his curiosity about hallucinations, he was reluctant to experiment with LSD.There had been protests over his alleged sexism in 1968, and again in 1972, but there is no evidence he discriminated against women. Feynman recalled protesters entering a hall and picketing a lecture he was about to make in San Francisco, calling him a "sexist pig". Seeing the protesters, as Feynman later recalled the incident, he addressed institutional sexism by saying that "women do indeed suffer prejudice and discrimination in physics".At Caltech, Feynman investigated the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, where helium seems to display a complete lack of viscosity when flowing. Feynman provided a quantum-mechanical explanation for the Soviet physicist Lev Landau's theory of superfluidity. Applying the Schrödinger equation to the question showed that the superfluid was displaying quantum mechanical behavior observable on a macroscopic scale. This helped with the problem of superconductivity, but the solution eluded Feynman. It was solved with the BCS theory of superconductivity, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer in 1957.Feynman, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams.With Murray Gell-Mann, Feynman developed a model of weak decay, which showed that the current coupling in the process is a combination of vector and axial currents (an example of weak decay is the decay of a neutron into an electron, a proton, and an antineutrino). Although E. C. George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak developed the theory nearly simultaneously, Feynman's collaboration with Murray Gell-Mann was seen as seminal because the weak interaction was neatly described by the vector and axial currents. It thus combined the 1933 beta decay theory of Enrico Fermi with an explanation of parity violation.Feynman attempted an explanation, called the parton model, of the strong interactions governing nucleon scattering. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles; the statistics of the omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real.The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks, and their three-valued color quantum number solves the omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, quantum chromodynamics and the electro-weak theory. He did work on all four of the forces of nature: electromagnetic, the weak force, the strong force and gravity. John and Mary Gribbin state in their book on Feynman that "Nobody else has made such influential contributions to the investigation of all four of the interactions".Partly as a way to bring publicity to progress in physics, Feynman offered $1,000 prizes for two of his challenges in nanotechnology; one was claimed by William McLellan and the other by Tom Newman.Feynman was also interested in the relationship between physics and computation. He was also one of the first scientists to conceive the possibility of quantum computers. In the 1980s he began to spend his summers working at Thinking Machines Corporation, helping to build some of the first parallel supercomputers and considering the construction of quantum computers.In 1984–1986, he developed a variational method for the approximate calculation of path integrals, which has led to a powerful method of converting divergent perturbation expansions into convergent strong-coupling expansions (variational perturbation theory) and, as a consequence, to the most accurate determination of critical exponents measured in satellite experiments. At Caltech, he once chalked "What I cannot create I do not understand" on his blackboard.In the early 1960s, Feynman acceded to a request to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates at Caltech. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that later became "The Feynman Lectures on Physics". He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including "The Character of Physical Law", "", "Statistical Mechanics", "Lectures on Gravitation", and the "Feynman Lectures on Computation".Feynman wrote about his experiences teaching physics undergraduates in Brazil. The students' studying habits and the Portuguese language textbooks were so devoid of any context or applications for their information that, in Feynman's opinion, the students were not learning physics at all. At the end of the year, Feynman was invited to give a lecture on his teaching experiences, and he agreed to do so, provided he could speak frankly, which he did.Feynman opposed rote learning or unthinking memorization and other teaching methods that emphasized form over function. "Clear thinking" and "clear presentation" were fundamental prerequisites for his attention. It could be perilous even to approach him unprepared, and he did not forget fools and pretenders. In 1964, he served on the California State Curriculum Commission, which was responsible for approving textbooks to be used by schools in California. He was not impressed with what he found. Many of the mathematics texts covered subjects of use only to pure mathematicians as part of the "New Math". Elementary students were taught about sets, but:In April 1966, Feynman delivered an address to the National Science Teachers Association, in which he suggested how students could be made to think like scientists, be open-minded, curious, and especially, to doubt. In the course of the lecture, he gave a definition of science, which he said came about by several stages. The evolution of intelligent life on planet Earth—creatures such as cats that play and learn from experience. The evolution of humans, who came to use language to pass knowledge from one individual to the next, so that the knowledge was not lost when an individual died. Unfortunately, incorrect knowledge could be passed down as well as correct knowledge, so another step was needed. Galileo and others started doubting the truth of what was passed down and to investigate "ab initio", from experience, what the true situation was—this was science.In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of "cargo cult science", which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."Feynman served as doctoral advisor to 31 students.In 1977, Feynman supported his colleague Jenijoy La Belle, who had been hired as Caltech's first female professor in 1969, and filed suit with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission after she was refused tenure in 1974. The EEOC ruled against Caltech in 1977, adding that La Belle had been paid less than male colleagues. La Belle finally received tenure in 1979. Many of Feynman's colleagues were surprised that he took her side, but he had gotten to know La Belle and liked and admired her.In the 1960s, Feynman began thinking of writing an autobiography, and he began granting interviews to historians. In the 1980s, working with Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), he recorded chapters on audio tape that Ralph transcribed. The book was published in 1985 as "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and became a best-seller.Gell-Mann was upset by Feynman's account in the book of the weak interaction work, and threatened to sue, resulting in a correction being inserted in later editions. This incident was just the latest provocation in decades of bad feeling between the two scientists. Gell-Mann often expressed frustration at the attention Feynman received; he remarked: "[Feynman] was a great scientist, but he spent a great deal of his effort generating anecdotes about himself."Feynman has been criticized for a chapter in the book entitled "You Just "Ask" Them", where he describes how he learned to seduce women at a bar he went to in the summer of 1946. A mentor taught him to ask a woman if she would sleep with him before buying her anything. He describes seeing women at the bar as "bitches" in his thoughts, and tells a story of how he told a woman named Ann that she was "worse than a whore" after Ann persuaded him to buy her sandwiches by telling him he could eat them at her place, but then, after he bought them, saying they actually couldn't eat together because another man was coming over. Later on that same evening, Ann returned to the bar to take Feynman to her place. Feynman states at the end of the chapter that this behaviour wasn't typical of him: "So it worked even with an ordinary girl! But no matter how effective the lesson was, I never really used it after that. I didn't enjoy doing it that way. But it was interesting to know that things worked much differently from how I was brought up."Feynman played an important role on the Presidential Rogers Commission, which investigated the "Challenger" disaster. He had been reluctant to participate, but was persuaded by advice from his wife. Feynman clashed several times with commission chairman William P. Rogers. During a break in one hearing, Rogers told commission member Neil Armstrong, "Feynman is becoming a pain in the ass."During a televised hearing, Feynman demonstrated that the material used in the shuttle's O-rings became less resilient in cold weather by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in ice-cold water. The commission ultimately determined that the disaster was caused by the primary O-ring not properly sealing in unusually cold weather at Cape Canaveral.Feynman devoted the latter half of his book "What Do You Care What Other People Think?" to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the Shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that NASA management's estimate of the reliability of the Space Shuttle was unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used it to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."The first public recognition of Feynman's work came in 1954, when Lewis Strauss, the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) notified him that he had won the Albert Einstein Award, which was worth $15,000 and came with a gold medal. Because of Strauss's actions in stripping Oppenheimer of his security clearance, Feynman was reluctant to accept the award, but Isidor Isaac Rabi cautioned him: "You should never turn a man's generosity as a sword against him. Any virtue that a man has, even if he has many vices, should not be used as a tool against him." It was followed by the AEC's Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1962. Schwinger, Tomonaga and Feynman shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1965, received the Oersted Medal in 1972, and the National Medal of Science in 1979. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, but ultimately resigned and is no longer listed by them.In 1978, Feynman sought medical treatment for abdominal pains and was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a rare form of cancer. Surgeons removed a tumor the size of a football that had crushed one kidney and his spleen. Further operations were performed in October 1986 and October 1987. He was again hospitalized at the UCLA Medical Center on February 3, 1988. A ruptured duodenal ulcer caused kidney failure, and he declined to undergo the dialysis that might have prolonged his life for a few months. Watched over by his wife Gweneth, sister Joan, and cousin Frances Lewine, he died on February 15, 1988, at age 69.When Feynman was nearing death, he asked his friend and colleague Danny Hillis why Hillis appeared so sad. Hillis replied that he thought Feynman was going to die soon. Feynman said that this sometimes bothered him, too, adding, when you get to be as old as he was, and have told so many stories to so many people, even when he was dead he would not be completely gone.Near the end of his life, Feynman attempted to visit the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) in Russia, a dream thwarted by Cold War bureaucratic issues. The letter from the Soviet government authorizing the trip was not received until the day after he died. His daughter Michelle later made the journey.His burial was at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena, California. His last words were: "I'd hate to die twice. It's so boring."Aspects of Feynman's life have been portrayed in various media. Feynman was portrayed by Matthew Broderick in the 1996 biopic "Infinity". Actor Alan Alda commissioned playwright Peter Parnell to write a two-character play about a fictional day in the life of Feynman set two years before Feynman's death. The play, "QED", premiered at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in 2001 and was later presented at the Vivian Beaumont Theater on Broadway, with both presentations starring Alda as Richard Feynman. Real Time Opera premiered its opera "Feynman" at the Norfolk (CT) Chamber Music Festival in June 2005. In 2011, Feynman was the subject of a biographical graphic novel entitled simply "Feynman", written by Jim Ottaviani and illustrated by Leland Myrick. In 2013, Feynman's role on the Rogers Commission was dramatised by the BBC in "The Challenger" (US title: "The Challenger Disaster"), with William Hurt playing Feynman.Feynman is commemorated in various ways. On May 4, 2005, the United States Postal Service issued the "American Scientists" commemorative set of four 37-cent self-adhesive stamps in several configurations. The scientists depicted were Richard Feynman, John von Neumann, Barbara McClintock, and Josiah Willard Gibbs. Feynman's stamp, sepia-toned, features a photograph of a 30-something Feynman and eight small Feynman diagrams. The stamps were designed by Victor Stabin under the artistic direction of Carl T. Herrman. The main building for the Computing Division at Fermilab is named the "Feynman Computing Center" in his honor. A photograph of Richard Feynman giving a lecture was part of the 1997 poster series commissioned by Apple Inc. for their "Think Different" advertising campaign. Sheldon Cooper, a fictional theoretical physicist from the television series "The Big Bang Theory", is a Feynman fan who has emulated him on various occasions, once by playing the bongo drums. On January 27, 2016, Bill Gates wrote an article "The Best Teacher I Never Had" describing Feynman's talents as a teacher which inspired Gates to create Project Tuva to place the videos of Feynman's Messenger Lectures, "The Character of Physical Law", on a website for public viewing. In 2015 Gates made a video on why he thought Feynman was special. The video was made for the 50th anniversary of Feynman's 1965 Nobel Prize, in response to Caltech's request for thoughts on Feynman. At CERN, home of the Large Hadron Collider, a street on the Meyrin site is named "Route Feynman" after the physicist."The Feynman Lectures on Physics" is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–1964. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.
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[
"Cornell University",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
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Which employer did Richard Feynman work for in Nov, 1949?
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November 09, 1949
|
{
"text": [
"Cornell University"
]
}
|
L2_Q39246_P108_1
|
Richard Feynman works for Manhattan Project from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Richard Feynman works for Cornell University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1950.
Richard Feynman works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1988.
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Richard FeynmanRichard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal "Physics World", he was ranked the seventh greatest physicist of all time.He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, "The Feynman Lectures on Physics". Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and "What Do You Care What Other People Think?", and books written about him such as "Tuva or Bust!" by Ralph Leighton and the biography "Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman" by James Gleick.Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, to Lucille , a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager originally from Minsk in Belarus (then part of the Russian Empire).Feynman was a late talker, and did not speak until after his third birthday. As an adult he spoke with a New York accent strong enough to be perceived as an affectation or exaggeration—so much so that his friends Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe once commented that Feynman spoke like a "bum".The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother, he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. This radio repairing was probably the first job Feynman had, and during this time he showed early signs of an aptitude for his later career in theoretical physics, when he would analyze the issues theoretically and arrive at the solutions. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.When Richard was five, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, Henry Phillips, who died at age four weeks. Four years later, Richard's sister Joan was born and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, and they both shared a curiosity about the world. Though their mother thought women lacked the capacity to understand such things, Richard encouraged Joan's interest in astronomy, and Joan eventually became an astrophysicist.Feynman's parents were both from Jewish families but not religious, and by his youth, Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". Many years later, in a letter to Tina Levitan, declining a request for information for her book on Jewish Nobel Prize winners, he stated, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory", adding, "at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'". Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time. He saw that it contained the original text in a little square on the page, and surrounding it were commentaries written over time by different people. In this way the Talmud had evolved, and everything that was discussed was carefully recorded. Despite being impressed, Feynman was disappointed with the lack of interest for nature and the outside world expressed by the rabbis, who cared about only those questions which arise from the Talmud.Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, which was also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted to a higher math class. An IQ test administered in high school estimated his IQ at 125—high but "merely respectable", according to biographer James Gleick. His sister Joan did better, allowing her to claim that she was smarter. Years later he declined to join Mensa International, saying that his IQ was too low. Physicist Steve Hsu stated of the test: When Feynman was 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation. He created special symbols for logarithm, sine, cosine and tangent functions so they did not look like three variables multiplied together, and for the derivative, to remove the temptation of canceling out the formula_1's in formula_2. A member of the Arista Honor Society, in his last year in high school he won the New York University Math Championship. His habit of direct characterization sometimes rattled more conventional thinkers; for example, one of his questions, when learning feline anatomy, was "Do you have a map of the cat?" (referring to an anatomical chart).Feynman applied to Columbia University but was not accepted because of their quota for the number of Jews admitted. Instead, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. Although he originally majored in mathematics, he later switched to electrical engineering, as he considered mathematics to be too abstract. Noticing that he "had gone too far", he then switched to physics, which he claimed was "somewhere in between". As an undergraduate, he published two papers in the "Physical Review". One of these, which was co-written with Manuel Vallarta, was entitled "The Scattering of Cosmic Rays by the Stars of a Galaxy". The other was his senior thesis, on "Forces in Molecules", based on an idea by John C. Slater, who was sufficiently impressed by the paper to have it published. Today, it is known as the Hellmann–Feynman theorem.In 1939, Feynman received a bachelor's degree and was named a Putnam Fellow. He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in physics—an unprecedented feat—and an outstanding score in mathematics, but did poorly on the history and English portions. The head of the physics department there, Henry D. Smyth, had another concern, writing to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no definite rule against Jews but have to keep their proportion in our department reasonably small because of the difficulty of placing them." Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of this characteristic".Attendees at Feynman's first seminar, which was on the classical version of the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. Pauli made the prescient comment that the theory would be extremely difficult to quantize, and Einstein said that one might try to apply this method to gravity in general relativity, which Sir Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar did much later as the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity. Feynman received a Ph.D. from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. In his doctoral thesis entitled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics", Feynman applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams. A key insight was that positrons behaved like electrons moving backwards in time. James Gleick wrote:One of the conditions of Feynman's scholarship to Princeton was that he could not be married; nevertheless, he continued to see his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum, and was determined to marry her once he had been awarded his Ph.D. despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis. This was an incurable disease at the time, and she was not expected to live more than two years. On June 29, 1942, they took the ferry to Staten Island, where they were married in the city office. The ceremony was attended by neither family nor friends and was witnessed by a pair of strangers. Feynman could only kiss Arline on the cheek. After the ceremony he took her to Deborah Hospital, where he visited her on weekends.In 1941, with World War II raging in Europe but the United States not yet at war, Feynman spent the summer working on ballistics problems at the Frankford Arsenal in Pennsylvania. After the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the war, Feynman was recruited by Robert R. Wilson, who was working on means to produce enriched uranium for use in an atomic bomb, as part of what would become the Manhattan Project. At the time, Feynman had not earned a graduate degree. Wilson's team at Princeton was working on a device called an isotron, intended to electromagnetically separate uranium-235 from uranium-238. This was done in a quite different manner from that used by the calutron that was under development by a team under Wilson's former mentor, Ernest O. Lawrence, at the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. On paper, the isotron was many times more efficient than the calutron, but Feynman and Paul Olum struggled to determine whether or not it was practical. Ultimately, on Lawrence's recommendation, the isotron project was abandoned.At this juncture, in early 1943, Robert Oppenheimer was establishing the Los Alamos Laboratory, a secret laboratory on a mesa in New Mexico where atomic bombs would be designed and built. An offer was made to the Princeton team to be redeployed there. "Like a bunch of professional soldiers," Wilson later recalled, "we signed up, en masse, to go to Los Alamos." Like many other young physicists, Feynman soon fell under the spell of the charismatic Oppenheimer, who telephoned Feynman long distance from Chicago to inform him that he had found a sanatorium in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Arline. They were among the first to depart for New Mexico, leaving on a train on March 28, 1943. The railroad supplied Arline with a wheelchair, and Feynman paid extra for a private room for her.At Los Alamos, Feynman was assigned to Hans Bethe's Theoretical (T) Division, and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber. As a junior physicist, he was not central to the project. He administered the computation group of human computers in the theoretical division. With Stanley Frankel and Nicholas Metropolis, he assisted in establishing a system for using IBM punched cards for computation. He invented a new method of computing logarithms that he later used on the Connection Machine. Other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality.On completing this work, Feynman was sent to the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Project had its uranium enrichment facilities. He aided the engineers there in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents could be avoided, especially when enriched uranium came into contact with water, which acted as a neutron moderator. He insisted on giving the rank and file a lecture on nuclear physics so that they would realize the dangers. He explained that while any amount of unenriched uranium could be safely stored, the enriched uranium had to be carefully handled. He developed a series of safety recommendations for the various grades of enrichments. He was told that if the people at Oak Ridge gave him any difficulty with his proposals, he was to inform them that Los Alamos "could not be responsible for their safety otherwise".Returning to Los Alamos, Feynman was put in charge of the group responsible for the theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which ultimately proved to be infeasible. He was sought out by physicist Niels Bohr for one-on-one discussions. He later discovered the reason: most of the other physicists were too much in awe of Bohr to argue with him. Feynman had no such inhibitions, vigorously pointing out anything he considered to be flawed in Bohr's thinking. He said he felt as much respect for Bohr as anyone else, but once anyone got him talking about physics, he would become so focused he forgot about social niceties. Perhaps because of this, Bohr never warmed to Feynman.At Los Alamos, which was isolated for security, Feynman amused himself by investigating the combination locks on the cabinets and desks of physicists. He often found that they left the lock combinations on the factory settings, wrote the combinations down, or used easily guessable combinations like dates. He found one cabinet's combination by trying numbers he thought a physicist might use (it proved to be 27–18–28 after the base of natural logarithms, "e" = 2.71828 ...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept research notes all had the same combination. He left notes in the cabinets as a prank, spooking his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy had gained access to them.Feynman's $380 monthly salary was about half the amount needed for his modest living expenses and Arline's medical bills, and they were forced to dip into her $3,300 in savings. On weekends he drove to Albuquerque to see Arline in a car borrowed from his friend Klaus Fuchs. Asked who at Los Alamos was most likely to be a spy, Fuchs mentioned Feynman's safe cracking and frequent trips to Albuquerque; Fuchs himself later confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. The FBI would compile a bulky file on Feynman, particularly in view of Feynman's Q clearance.Informed that Arline was dying, Feynman drove to Albuquerque and sat with her for hours until she died on June 16, 1945. He then immersed himself in work on the project and was present at the Trinity nuclear test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. The immense brightness of the explosion made him duck to the truck's floor, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage.Feynman nominally held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics, but was on unpaid leave during his involvement in the Manhattan Project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to the university to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to returning. In a talk given there several years later, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."As early as October 30, 1943, Bethe had written to the chairman of the physics department of his university, Cornell, to recommend that Feynman be hired. On February 28, 1944, this was endorsed by Robert Bacher, also from Cornell, and one of the most senior scientists at Los Alamos. This led to an offer being made in August 1944, which Feynman accepted. Oppenheimer had also hoped to recruit Feynman to the University of California, but the head of the physics department, Raymond T. Birge, was reluctant. He made Feynman an offer in May 1945, but Feynman turned it down. Cornell matched its salary offer of $3,900 per annum. Feynman became one of the first of the Los Alamos Laboratory's group leaders to depart, leaving for Ithaca, New York, in October 1945.Because Feynman was no longer working at the Los Alamos Laboratory, he was no longer exempt from the draft. At his induction, physical Army psychiatrists diagnosed Feynman as suffering from a mental illness and the Army gave him a 4-F exemption on mental grounds. His father died suddenly on October 8, 1946, and Feynman suffered from depression. On October 17, 1946, he wrote a letter to Arline, expressing his deep love and heartbreak. The letter was sealed and only opened after his death. "Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address." Unable to focus on research problems, Feynman began tackling physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these involved analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating disk as it is moving through the air, inspired by an incident in the cafeteria at Cornell when someone tossed a dinner plate in the air. He read the work of Sir William Rowan Hamilton on quaternions, and attempted unsuccessfully to use them to formulate a relativistic theory of electrons. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, ultimately proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities, including the Institute for Advanced Study, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of California, Berkeley.Feynman was not the only frustrated theoretical physicist in the early post-war years. Quantum electrodynamics suffered from infinite integrals in perturbation theory. These were clear mathematical flaws in the theory, which Feynman and Wheeler had unsuccessfully attempted to work around. "Theoreticians", noted Murray Gell-Mann, "were in disgrace." In June 1947, leading American physicists met at the Shelter Island Conference. For Feynman, it was his "first big conference with big men ... I had never gone to one like this one in peacetime." The problems plaguing quantum electrodynamics were discussed, but the theoreticians were completely overshadowed by the achievements of the experimentalists, who reported the discovery of the Lamb shift, the measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron, and Robert Marshak's two-meson hypothesis.Bethe took the lead from the work of Hans Kramers, and derived a renormalized non-relativistic quantum equation for the Lamb shift. The next step was to create a relativistic version. Feynman thought that he could do this, but when he went back to Bethe with his solution, it did not converge. Feynman carefully worked through the problem again, applying the path integral formulation that he had used in his thesis. Like Bethe, he made the integral finite by applying a cut-off term. The result corresponded to Bethe's version. Feynman presented his work to his peers at the Pocono Conference in 1948. It did not go well. Julian Schwinger gave a long presentation of his work in quantum electrodynamics, and Feynman then offered his version, entitled "Alternative Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics". The unfamiliar Feynman diagrams, used for the first time, puzzled the audience. Feynman failed to get his point across, and Paul Dirac, Edward Teller and Niels Bohr all raised objections.To Freeman Dyson, one thing at least was clear: Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman understood what they were talking about even if no one else did, but had not published anything. He was convinced that Feynman's formulation was easier to understand, and ultimately managed to convince Oppenheimer that this was the case. Dyson published a paper in 1949, which added new rules to Feynman's that told how to implement renormalization. Feynman was prompted to publish his ideas in the "Physical Review" in a series of papers over three years. His 1948 papers on "A Relativistic Cut-Off for Classical Electrodynamics" attempted to explain what he had been unable to get across at Pocono. His 1949 paper on "The Theory of Positrons" addressed the Schrödinger equation and Dirac equation, and introduced what is now called the Feynman propagator. Finally, in papers on the "Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction" in 1950 and "An Operator Calculus Having Applications in Quantum Electrodynamics" in 1951, he developed the mathematical basis of his ideas, derived familiar formulae and advanced new ones.While papers by others initially cited Schwinger, papers citing Feynman and employing Feynman diagrams appeared in 1950, and soon became prevalent. Students learned and used the powerful new tool that Feynman had created. Computer programs were later written to compute Feynman diagrams, providing a tool of unprecedented power. It is possible to write such programs because the Feynman diagrams constitute a formal language with a formal grammar. Marc Kac provided the formal proofs of the summation under history, showing that the parabolic partial differential equation can be re-expressed as a sum under different histories (that is, an expectation operator), what is now known as the Feynman–Kac formula, the use of which extends beyond physics to many applications of stochastic processes. To Schwinger, however, the Feynman diagram was "pedagogy, not physics".By 1949, Feynman was becoming restless at Cornell. He never settled into a particular house or apartment, living in guest houses or student residences, or with married friends "until these arrangements became sexually volatile". He liked to date undergraduates, hire prostitutes, and sleep with the wives of friends. He was not fond of Ithaca's cold winter weather, and pined for a warmer climate. Above all, at Cornell, he was always in the shadow of Hans Bethe. Despite all of this, Feynman looked back favorably on the Telluride House, where he resided for a large period of his Cornell career. In an interview, he described the House as "a group of boys that have been specially selected because of their scholarship, because of their cleverness or whatever it is, to be given free board and lodging and so on, because of their brains". He enjoyed the house's convenience and said that "it's there that I did the fundamental work" for which he won the Nobel Prize.Feynman spent several weeks in Rio de Janeiro in July 1949. That year, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb, generating concerns about espionage. Fuchs was arrested as a Soviet spy in 1950 and the FBI questioned Bethe about Feynman's loyalty. Physicist David Bohm was arrested on December 4, 1950 and emigrated to Brazil in October 1951. Because of the fears of a nuclear war, a girlfriend told Feynman that he should also consider moving to South America. He had a sabbatical coming for 1951–52, and elected to spend it in Brazil, where he gave courses at the Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas. In Brazil, Feynman was impressed with "samba" music, and learned to play the "frigideira", a metal percussion instrument based on a frying pan (".") He was an enthusiastic amateur player of bongo and conga drums and often played them in the pit orchestra in musicals. He spent time in Rio with his friend Bohm but Bohm could not convince Feynman to investigate Bohm's ideas on physics.Feynman did not return to Cornell. Bacher, who had been instrumental in bringing Feynman to Cornell, had lured him to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Part of the deal was that he could spend his first year on sabbatical in Brazil. He had become smitten by Mary Louise Bell from Neodesha, Kansas. They had met in a cafeteria in Cornell, where she had studied the history of Mexican art and textiles. She later followed him to Caltech, where he gave a lecture. While he was in Brazil, she taught classes on the history of furniture and interiors at Michigan State University. He proposed to her by mail from Rio de Janeiro, and they married in Boise, Idaho, on June 28, 1952, shortly after he returned. They frequently quarreled and she was frightened by his violent temper. Their politics were different; although he registered and voted as a Republican, she was more conservative, and her opinion on the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing ("Where there's smoke there's fire") offended him. They separated on May 20, 1956. An interlocutory decree of divorce was entered on June 19, 1956, on the grounds of "extreme cruelty". The divorce became final on May 5, 1958.In the wake of the 1957 Sputnik crisis, the U.S. government's interest in science rose for a time. Feynman was considered for a seat on the President's Science Advisory Committee, but was not appointed. At this time, the FBI interviewed a woman close to Feynman, possibly his ex-wife Bell, who sent a written statement to J. Edgar Hoover on August 8, 1958:The U.S. government nevertheless sent Feynman to Geneva for the September 1958 Atoms for Peace Conference. On the beach at Lake Geneva, he met Gweneth Howarth, who was from Ripponden, Yorkshire, and working in Switzerland as an "au pair". Feynman's love life had been turbulent since his divorce; his previous girlfriend had walked off with his Albert Einstein Award medal and, on the advice of an earlier girlfriend, had feigned pregnancy and extorted him into paying for an abortion, then used the money to buy furniture. When Feynman found that Howarth was being paid only $25 a month, he offered her $20 a week to be his live-in maid. Feynman knew that this sort of behavior was illegal under the Mann Act, so he had a friend, Matthew Sands, act as her sponsor. Howarth pointed out that she already had two boyfriends, but decided to take Feynman up on his offer, and arrived in Altadena, California, in June 1959. She made a point of dating other men, but Feynman proposed in early 1960. They were married on September 24, 1960, at the Huntington Hotel in Pasadena. They had a son, Carl, in 1962, and adopted a daughter, Michelle, in 1968. Besides their home in Altadena, they had a beach house in Baja California, purchased with the money from Feynman's Nobel Prize.Feynman tried marijuana and ketamine at John Lilly's sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. He gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain. Despite his curiosity about hallucinations, he was reluctant to experiment with LSD.There had been protests over his alleged sexism in 1968, and again in 1972, but there is no evidence he discriminated against women. Feynman recalled protesters entering a hall and picketing a lecture he was about to make in San Francisco, calling him a "sexist pig". Seeing the protesters, as Feynman later recalled the incident, he addressed institutional sexism by saying that "women do indeed suffer prejudice and discrimination in physics".At Caltech, Feynman investigated the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, where helium seems to display a complete lack of viscosity when flowing. Feynman provided a quantum-mechanical explanation for the Soviet physicist Lev Landau's theory of superfluidity. Applying the Schrödinger equation to the question showed that the superfluid was displaying quantum mechanical behavior observable on a macroscopic scale. This helped with the problem of superconductivity, but the solution eluded Feynman. It was solved with the BCS theory of superconductivity, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer in 1957.Feynman, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams.With Murray Gell-Mann, Feynman developed a model of weak decay, which showed that the current coupling in the process is a combination of vector and axial currents (an example of weak decay is the decay of a neutron into an electron, a proton, and an antineutrino). Although E. C. George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak developed the theory nearly simultaneously, Feynman's collaboration with Murray Gell-Mann was seen as seminal because the weak interaction was neatly described by the vector and axial currents. It thus combined the 1933 beta decay theory of Enrico Fermi with an explanation of parity violation.Feynman attempted an explanation, called the parton model, of the strong interactions governing nucleon scattering. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles; the statistics of the omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real.The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks, and their three-valued color quantum number solves the omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, quantum chromodynamics and the electro-weak theory. He did work on all four of the forces of nature: electromagnetic, the weak force, the strong force and gravity. John and Mary Gribbin state in their book on Feynman that "Nobody else has made such influential contributions to the investigation of all four of the interactions".Partly as a way to bring publicity to progress in physics, Feynman offered $1,000 prizes for two of his challenges in nanotechnology; one was claimed by William McLellan and the other by Tom Newman.Feynman was also interested in the relationship between physics and computation. He was also one of the first scientists to conceive the possibility of quantum computers. In the 1980s he began to spend his summers working at Thinking Machines Corporation, helping to build some of the first parallel supercomputers and considering the construction of quantum computers.In 1984–1986, he developed a variational method for the approximate calculation of path integrals, which has led to a powerful method of converting divergent perturbation expansions into convergent strong-coupling expansions (variational perturbation theory) and, as a consequence, to the most accurate determination of critical exponents measured in satellite experiments. At Caltech, he once chalked "What I cannot create I do not understand" on his blackboard.In the early 1960s, Feynman acceded to a request to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates at Caltech. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that later became "The Feynman Lectures on Physics". He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including "The Character of Physical Law", "", "Statistical Mechanics", "Lectures on Gravitation", and the "Feynman Lectures on Computation".Feynman wrote about his experiences teaching physics undergraduates in Brazil. The students' studying habits and the Portuguese language textbooks were so devoid of any context or applications for their information that, in Feynman's opinion, the students were not learning physics at all. At the end of the year, Feynman was invited to give a lecture on his teaching experiences, and he agreed to do so, provided he could speak frankly, which he did.Feynman opposed rote learning or unthinking memorization and other teaching methods that emphasized form over function. "Clear thinking" and "clear presentation" were fundamental prerequisites for his attention. It could be perilous even to approach him unprepared, and he did not forget fools and pretenders. In 1964, he served on the California State Curriculum Commission, which was responsible for approving textbooks to be used by schools in California. He was not impressed with what he found. Many of the mathematics texts covered subjects of use only to pure mathematicians as part of the "New Math". Elementary students were taught about sets, but:In April 1966, Feynman delivered an address to the National Science Teachers Association, in which he suggested how students could be made to think like scientists, be open-minded, curious, and especially, to doubt. In the course of the lecture, he gave a definition of science, which he said came about by several stages. The evolution of intelligent life on planet Earth—creatures such as cats that play and learn from experience. The evolution of humans, who came to use language to pass knowledge from one individual to the next, so that the knowledge was not lost when an individual died. Unfortunately, incorrect knowledge could be passed down as well as correct knowledge, so another step was needed. Galileo and others started doubting the truth of what was passed down and to investigate "ab initio", from experience, what the true situation was—this was science.In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of "cargo cult science", which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."Feynman served as doctoral advisor to 31 students.In 1977, Feynman supported his colleague Jenijoy La Belle, who had been hired as Caltech's first female professor in 1969, and filed suit with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission after she was refused tenure in 1974. The EEOC ruled against Caltech in 1977, adding that La Belle had been paid less than male colleagues. La Belle finally received tenure in 1979. Many of Feynman's colleagues were surprised that he took her side, but he had gotten to know La Belle and liked and admired her.In the 1960s, Feynman began thinking of writing an autobiography, and he began granting interviews to historians. In the 1980s, working with Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), he recorded chapters on audio tape that Ralph transcribed. The book was published in 1985 as "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and became a best-seller.Gell-Mann was upset by Feynman's account in the book of the weak interaction work, and threatened to sue, resulting in a correction being inserted in later editions. This incident was just the latest provocation in decades of bad feeling between the two scientists. Gell-Mann often expressed frustration at the attention Feynman received; he remarked: "[Feynman] was a great scientist, but he spent a great deal of his effort generating anecdotes about himself."Feynman has been criticized for a chapter in the book entitled "You Just "Ask" Them", where he describes how he learned to seduce women at a bar he went to in the summer of 1946. A mentor taught him to ask a woman if she would sleep with him before buying her anything. He describes seeing women at the bar as "bitches" in his thoughts, and tells a story of how he told a woman named Ann that she was "worse than a whore" after Ann persuaded him to buy her sandwiches by telling him he could eat them at her place, but then, after he bought them, saying they actually couldn't eat together because another man was coming over. Later on that same evening, Ann returned to the bar to take Feynman to her place. Feynman states at the end of the chapter that this behaviour wasn't typical of him: "So it worked even with an ordinary girl! But no matter how effective the lesson was, I never really used it after that. I didn't enjoy doing it that way. But it was interesting to know that things worked much differently from how I was brought up."Feynman played an important role on the Presidential Rogers Commission, which investigated the "Challenger" disaster. He had been reluctant to participate, but was persuaded by advice from his wife. Feynman clashed several times with commission chairman William P. Rogers. During a break in one hearing, Rogers told commission member Neil Armstrong, "Feynman is becoming a pain in the ass."During a televised hearing, Feynman demonstrated that the material used in the shuttle's O-rings became less resilient in cold weather by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in ice-cold water. The commission ultimately determined that the disaster was caused by the primary O-ring not properly sealing in unusually cold weather at Cape Canaveral.Feynman devoted the latter half of his book "What Do You Care What Other People Think?" to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the Shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that NASA management's estimate of the reliability of the Space Shuttle was unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used it to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."The first public recognition of Feynman's work came in 1954, when Lewis Strauss, the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) notified him that he had won the Albert Einstein Award, which was worth $15,000 and came with a gold medal. Because of Strauss's actions in stripping Oppenheimer of his security clearance, Feynman was reluctant to accept the award, but Isidor Isaac Rabi cautioned him: "You should never turn a man's generosity as a sword against him. Any virtue that a man has, even if he has many vices, should not be used as a tool against him." It was followed by the AEC's Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1962. Schwinger, Tomonaga and Feynman shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1965, received the Oersted Medal in 1972, and the National Medal of Science in 1979. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, but ultimately resigned and is no longer listed by them.In 1978, Feynman sought medical treatment for abdominal pains and was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a rare form of cancer. Surgeons removed a tumor the size of a football that had crushed one kidney and his spleen. Further operations were performed in October 1986 and October 1987. He was again hospitalized at the UCLA Medical Center on February 3, 1988. A ruptured duodenal ulcer caused kidney failure, and he declined to undergo the dialysis that might have prolonged his life for a few months. Watched over by his wife Gweneth, sister Joan, and cousin Frances Lewine, he died on February 15, 1988, at age 69.When Feynman was nearing death, he asked his friend and colleague Danny Hillis why Hillis appeared so sad. Hillis replied that he thought Feynman was going to die soon. Feynman said that this sometimes bothered him, too, adding, when you get to be as old as he was, and have told so many stories to so many people, even when he was dead he would not be completely gone.Near the end of his life, Feynman attempted to visit the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) in Russia, a dream thwarted by Cold War bureaucratic issues. The letter from the Soviet government authorizing the trip was not received until the day after he died. His daughter Michelle later made the journey.His burial was at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena, California. His last words were: "I'd hate to die twice. It's so boring."Aspects of Feynman's life have been portrayed in various media. Feynman was portrayed by Matthew Broderick in the 1996 biopic "Infinity". Actor Alan Alda commissioned playwright Peter Parnell to write a two-character play about a fictional day in the life of Feynman set two years before Feynman's death. The play, "QED", premiered at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in 2001 and was later presented at the Vivian Beaumont Theater on Broadway, with both presentations starring Alda as Richard Feynman. Real Time Opera premiered its opera "Feynman" at the Norfolk (CT) Chamber Music Festival in June 2005. In 2011, Feynman was the subject of a biographical graphic novel entitled simply "Feynman", written by Jim Ottaviani and illustrated by Leland Myrick. In 2013, Feynman's role on the Rogers Commission was dramatised by the BBC in "The Challenger" (US title: "The Challenger Disaster"), with William Hurt playing Feynman.Feynman is commemorated in various ways. On May 4, 2005, the United States Postal Service issued the "American Scientists" commemorative set of four 37-cent self-adhesive stamps in several configurations. The scientists depicted were Richard Feynman, John von Neumann, Barbara McClintock, and Josiah Willard Gibbs. Feynman's stamp, sepia-toned, features a photograph of a 30-something Feynman and eight small Feynman diagrams. The stamps were designed by Victor Stabin under the artistic direction of Carl T. Herrman. The main building for the Computing Division at Fermilab is named the "Feynman Computing Center" in his honor. A photograph of Richard Feynman giving a lecture was part of the 1997 poster series commissioned by Apple Inc. for their "Think Different" advertising campaign. Sheldon Cooper, a fictional theoretical physicist from the television series "The Big Bang Theory", is a Feynman fan who has emulated him on various occasions, once by playing the bongo drums. On January 27, 2016, Bill Gates wrote an article "The Best Teacher I Never Had" describing Feynman's talents as a teacher which inspired Gates to create Project Tuva to place the videos of Feynman's Messenger Lectures, "The Character of Physical Law", on a website for public viewing. In 2015 Gates made a video on why he thought Feynman was special. The video was made for the 50th anniversary of Feynman's 1965 Nobel Prize, in response to Caltech's request for thoughts on Feynman. At CERN, home of the Large Hadron Collider, a street on the Meyrin site is named "Route Feynman" after the physicist."The Feynman Lectures on Physics" is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–1964. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.
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[
"Manhattan Project",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
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Which employer did Richard Feynman work for in Jan, 1968?
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January 14, 1968
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{
"text": [
"California Institute of Technology"
]
}
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L2_Q39246_P108_2
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Richard Feynman works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1988.
Richard Feynman works for Manhattan Project from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1945.
Richard Feynman works for Cornell University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1950.
|
Richard FeynmanRichard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal "Physics World", he was ranked the seventh greatest physicist of all time.He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, "The Feynman Lectures on Physics". Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and "What Do You Care What Other People Think?", and books written about him such as "Tuva or Bust!" by Ralph Leighton and the biography "Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman" by James Gleick.Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, to Lucille , a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager originally from Minsk in Belarus (then part of the Russian Empire).Feynman was a late talker, and did not speak until after his third birthday. As an adult he spoke with a New York accent strong enough to be perceived as an affectation or exaggeration—so much so that his friends Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe once commented that Feynman spoke like a "bum".The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother, he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. This radio repairing was probably the first job Feynman had, and during this time he showed early signs of an aptitude for his later career in theoretical physics, when he would analyze the issues theoretically and arrive at the solutions. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.When Richard was five, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, Henry Phillips, who died at age four weeks. Four years later, Richard's sister Joan was born and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, and they both shared a curiosity about the world. Though their mother thought women lacked the capacity to understand such things, Richard encouraged Joan's interest in astronomy, and Joan eventually became an astrophysicist.Feynman's parents were both from Jewish families but not religious, and by his youth, Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". Many years later, in a letter to Tina Levitan, declining a request for information for her book on Jewish Nobel Prize winners, he stated, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory", adding, "at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'". Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time. He saw that it contained the original text in a little square on the page, and surrounding it were commentaries written over time by different people. In this way the Talmud had evolved, and everything that was discussed was carefully recorded. Despite being impressed, Feynman was disappointed with the lack of interest for nature and the outside world expressed by the rabbis, who cared about only those questions which arise from the Talmud.Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, which was also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted to a higher math class. An IQ test administered in high school estimated his IQ at 125—high but "merely respectable", according to biographer James Gleick. His sister Joan did better, allowing her to claim that she was smarter. Years later he declined to join Mensa International, saying that his IQ was too low. Physicist Steve Hsu stated of the test: When Feynman was 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation. He created special symbols for logarithm, sine, cosine and tangent functions so they did not look like three variables multiplied together, and for the derivative, to remove the temptation of canceling out the formula_1's in formula_2. A member of the Arista Honor Society, in his last year in high school he won the New York University Math Championship. His habit of direct characterization sometimes rattled more conventional thinkers; for example, one of his questions, when learning feline anatomy, was "Do you have a map of the cat?" (referring to an anatomical chart).Feynman applied to Columbia University but was not accepted because of their quota for the number of Jews admitted. Instead, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. Although he originally majored in mathematics, he later switched to electrical engineering, as he considered mathematics to be too abstract. Noticing that he "had gone too far", he then switched to physics, which he claimed was "somewhere in between". As an undergraduate, he published two papers in the "Physical Review". One of these, which was co-written with Manuel Vallarta, was entitled "The Scattering of Cosmic Rays by the Stars of a Galaxy". The other was his senior thesis, on "Forces in Molecules", based on an idea by John C. Slater, who was sufficiently impressed by the paper to have it published. Today, it is known as the Hellmann–Feynman theorem.In 1939, Feynman received a bachelor's degree and was named a Putnam Fellow. He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in physics—an unprecedented feat—and an outstanding score in mathematics, but did poorly on the history and English portions. The head of the physics department there, Henry D. Smyth, had another concern, writing to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no definite rule against Jews but have to keep their proportion in our department reasonably small because of the difficulty of placing them." Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of this characteristic".Attendees at Feynman's first seminar, which was on the classical version of the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. Pauli made the prescient comment that the theory would be extremely difficult to quantize, and Einstein said that one might try to apply this method to gravity in general relativity, which Sir Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar did much later as the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity. Feynman received a Ph.D. from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. In his doctoral thesis entitled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics", Feynman applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams. A key insight was that positrons behaved like electrons moving backwards in time. James Gleick wrote:One of the conditions of Feynman's scholarship to Princeton was that he could not be married; nevertheless, he continued to see his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum, and was determined to marry her once he had been awarded his Ph.D. despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis. This was an incurable disease at the time, and she was not expected to live more than two years. On June 29, 1942, they took the ferry to Staten Island, where they were married in the city office. The ceremony was attended by neither family nor friends and was witnessed by a pair of strangers. Feynman could only kiss Arline on the cheek. After the ceremony he took her to Deborah Hospital, where he visited her on weekends.In 1941, with World War II raging in Europe but the United States not yet at war, Feynman spent the summer working on ballistics problems at the Frankford Arsenal in Pennsylvania. After the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the war, Feynman was recruited by Robert R. Wilson, who was working on means to produce enriched uranium for use in an atomic bomb, as part of what would become the Manhattan Project. At the time, Feynman had not earned a graduate degree. Wilson's team at Princeton was working on a device called an isotron, intended to electromagnetically separate uranium-235 from uranium-238. This was done in a quite different manner from that used by the calutron that was under development by a team under Wilson's former mentor, Ernest O. Lawrence, at the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. On paper, the isotron was many times more efficient than the calutron, but Feynman and Paul Olum struggled to determine whether or not it was practical. Ultimately, on Lawrence's recommendation, the isotron project was abandoned.At this juncture, in early 1943, Robert Oppenheimer was establishing the Los Alamos Laboratory, a secret laboratory on a mesa in New Mexico where atomic bombs would be designed and built. An offer was made to the Princeton team to be redeployed there. "Like a bunch of professional soldiers," Wilson later recalled, "we signed up, en masse, to go to Los Alamos." Like many other young physicists, Feynman soon fell under the spell of the charismatic Oppenheimer, who telephoned Feynman long distance from Chicago to inform him that he had found a sanatorium in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Arline. They were among the first to depart for New Mexico, leaving on a train on March 28, 1943. The railroad supplied Arline with a wheelchair, and Feynman paid extra for a private room for her.At Los Alamos, Feynman was assigned to Hans Bethe's Theoretical (T) Division, and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber. As a junior physicist, he was not central to the project. He administered the computation group of human computers in the theoretical division. With Stanley Frankel and Nicholas Metropolis, he assisted in establishing a system for using IBM punched cards for computation. He invented a new method of computing logarithms that he later used on the Connection Machine. Other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality.On completing this work, Feynman was sent to the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Project had its uranium enrichment facilities. He aided the engineers there in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents could be avoided, especially when enriched uranium came into contact with water, which acted as a neutron moderator. He insisted on giving the rank and file a lecture on nuclear physics so that they would realize the dangers. He explained that while any amount of unenriched uranium could be safely stored, the enriched uranium had to be carefully handled. He developed a series of safety recommendations for the various grades of enrichments. He was told that if the people at Oak Ridge gave him any difficulty with his proposals, he was to inform them that Los Alamos "could not be responsible for their safety otherwise".Returning to Los Alamos, Feynman was put in charge of the group responsible for the theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which ultimately proved to be infeasible. He was sought out by physicist Niels Bohr for one-on-one discussions. He later discovered the reason: most of the other physicists were too much in awe of Bohr to argue with him. Feynman had no such inhibitions, vigorously pointing out anything he considered to be flawed in Bohr's thinking. He said he felt as much respect for Bohr as anyone else, but once anyone got him talking about physics, he would become so focused he forgot about social niceties. Perhaps because of this, Bohr never warmed to Feynman.At Los Alamos, which was isolated for security, Feynman amused himself by investigating the combination locks on the cabinets and desks of physicists. He often found that they left the lock combinations on the factory settings, wrote the combinations down, or used easily guessable combinations like dates. He found one cabinet's combination by trying numbers he thought a physicist might use (it proved to be 27–18–28 after the base of natural logarithms, "e" = 2.71828 ...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept research notes all had the same combination. He left notes in the cabinets as a prank, spooking his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy had gained access to them.Feynman's $380 monthly salary was about half the amount needed for his modest living expenses and Arline's medical bills, and they were forced to dip into her $3,300 in savings. On weekends he drove to Albuquerque to see Arline in a car borrowed from his friend Klaus Fuchs. Asked who at Los Alamos was most likely to be a spy, Fuchs mentioned Feynman's safe cracking and frequent trips to Albuquerque; Fuchs himself later confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. The FBI would compile a bulky file on Feynman, particularly in view of Feynman's Q clearance.Informed that Arline was dying, Feynman drove to Albuquerque and sat with her for hours until she died on June 16, 1945. He then immersed himself in work on the project and was present at the Trinity nuclear test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. The immense brightness of the explosion made him duck to the truck's floor, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage.Feynman nominally held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics, but was on unpaid leave during his involvement in the Manhattan Project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to the university to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to returning. In a talk given there several years later, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."As early as October 30, 1943, Bethe had written to the chairman of the physics department of his university, Cornell, to recommend that Feynman be hired. On February 28, 1944, this was endorsed by Robert Bacher, also from Cornell, and one of the most senior scientists at Los Alamos. This led to an offer being made in August 1944, which Feynman accepted. Oppenheimer had also hoped to recruit Feynman to the University of California, but the head of the physics department, Raymond T. Birge, was reluctant. He made Feynman an offer in May 1945, but Feynman turned it down. Cornell matched its salary offer of $3,900 per annum. Feynman became one of the first of the Los Alamos Laboratory's group leaders to depart, leaving for Ithaca, New York, in October 1945.Because Feynman was no longer working at the Los Alamos Laboratory, he was no longer exempt from the draft. At his induction, physical Army psychiatrists diagnosed Feynman as suffering from a mental illness and the Army gave him a 4-F exemption on mental grounds. His father died suddenly on October 8, 1946, and Feynman suffered from depression. On October 17, 1946, he wrote a letter to Arline, expressing his deep love and heartbreak. The letter was sealed and only opened after his death. "Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address." Unable to focus on research problems, Feynman began tackling physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these involved analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating disk as it is moving through the air, inspired by an incident in the cafeteria at Cornell when someone tossed a dinner plate in the air. He read the work of Sir William Rowan Hamilton on quaternions, and attempted unsuccessfully to use them to formulate a relativistic theory of electrons. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, ultimately proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities, including the Institute for Advanced Study, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of California, Berkeley.Feynman was not the only frustrated theoretical physicist in the early post-war years. Quantum electrodynamics suffered from infinite integrals in perturbation theory. These were clear mathematical flaws in the theory, which Feynman and Wheeler had unsuccessfully attempted to work around. "Theoreticians", noted Murray Gell-Mann, "were in disgrace." In June 1947, leading American physicists met at the Shelter Island Conference. For Feynman, it was his "first big conference with big men ... I had never gone to one like this one in peacetime." The problems plaguing quantum electrodynamics were discussed, but the theoreticians were completely overshadowed by the achievements of the experimentalists, who reported the discovery of the Lamb shift, the measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron, and Robert Marshak's two-meson hypothesis.Bethe took the lead from the work of Hans Kramers, and derived a renormalized non-relativistic quantum equation for the Lamb shift. The next step was to create a relativistic version. Feynman thought that he could do this, but when he went back to Bethe with his solution, it did not converge. Feynman carefully worked through the problem again, applying the path integral formulation that he had used in his thesis. Like Bethe, he made the integral finite by applying a cut-off term. The result corresponded to Bethe's version. Feynman presented his work to his peers at the Pocono Conference in 1948. It did not go well. Julian Schwinger gave a long presentation of his work in quantum electrodynamics, and Feynman then offered his version, entitled "Alternative Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics". The unfamiliar Feynman diagrams, used for the first time, puzzled the audience. Feynman failed to get his point across, and Paul Dirac, Edward Teller and Niels Bohr all raised objections.To Freeman Dyson, one thing at least was clear: Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman understood what they were talking about even if no one else did, but had not published anything. He was convinced that Feynman's formulation was easier to understand, and ultimately managed to convince Oppenheimer that this was the case. Dyson published a paper in 1949, which added new rules to Feynman's that told how to implement renormalization. Feynman was prompted to publish his ideas in the "Physical Review" in a series of papers over three years. His 1948 papers on "A Relativistic Cut-Off for Classical Electrodynamics" attempted to explain what he had been unable to get across at Pocono. His 1949 paper on "The Theory of Positrons" addressed the Schrödinger equation and Dirac equation, and introduced what is now called the Feynman propagator. Finally, in papers on the "Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction" in 1950 and "An Operator Calculus Having Applications in Quantum Electrodynamics" in 1951, he developed the mathematical basis of his ideas, derived familiar formulae and advanced new ones.While papers by others initially cited Schwinger, papers citing Feynman and employing Feynman diagrams appeared in 1950, and soon became prevalent. Students learned and used the powerful new tool that Feynman had created. Computer programs were later written to compute Feynman diagrams, providing a tool of unprecedented power. It is possible to write such programs because the Feynman diagrams constitute a formal language with a formal grammar. Marc Kac provided the formal proofs of the summation under history, showing that the parabolic partial differential equation can be re-expressed as a sum under different histories (that is, an expectation operator), what is now known as the Feynman–Kac formula, the use of which extends beyond physics to many applications of stochastic processes. To Schwinger, however, the Feynman diagram was "pedagogy, not physics".By 1949, Feynman was becoming restless at Cornell. He never settled into a particular house or apartment, living in guest houses or student residences, or with married friends "until these arrangements became sexually volatile". He liked to date undergraduates, hire prostitutes, and sleep with the wives of friends. He was not fond of Ithaca's cold winter weather, and pined for a warmer climate. Above all, at Cornell, he was always in the shadow of Hans Bethe. Despite all of this, Feynman looked back favorably on the Telluride House, where he resided for a large period of his Cornell career. In an interview, he described the House as "a group of boys that have been specially selected because of their scholarship, because of their cleverness or whatever it is, to be given free board and lodging and so on, because of their brains". He enjoyed the house's convenience and said that "it's there that I did the fundamental work" for which he won the Nobel Prize.Feynman spent several weeks in Rio de Janeiro in July 1949. That year, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb, generating concerns about espionage. Fuchs was arrested as a Soviet spy in 1950 and the FBI questioned Bethe about Feynman's loyalty. Physicist David Bohm was arrested on December 4, 1950 and emigrated to Brazil in October 1951. Because of the fears of a nuclear war, a girlfriend told Feynman that he should also consider moving to South America. He had a sabbatical coming for 1951–52, and elected to spend it in Brazil, where he gave courses at the Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas. In Brazil, Feynman was impressed with "samba" music, and learned to play the "frigideira", a metal percussion instrument based on a frying pan (".") He was an enthusiastic amateur player of bongo and conga drums and often played them in the pit orchestra in musicals. He spent time in Rio with his friend Bohm but Bohm could not convince Feynman to investigate Bohm's ideas on physics.Feynman did not return to Cornell. Bacher, who had been instrumental in bringing Feynman to Cornell, had lured him to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Part of the deal was that he could spend his first year on sabbatical in Brazil. He had become smitten by Mary Louise Bell from Neodesha, Kansas. They had met in a cafeteria in Cornell, where she had studied the history of Mexican art and textiles. She later followed him to Caltech, where he gave a lecture. While he was in Brazil, she taught classes on the history of furniture and interiors at Michigan State University. He proposed to her by mail from Rio de Janeiro, and they married in Boise, Idaho, on June 28, 1952, shortly after he returned. They frequently quarreled and she was frightened by his violent temper. Their politics were different; although he registered and voted as a Republican, she was more conservative, and her opinion on the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing ("Where there's smoke there's fire") offended him. They separated on May 20, 1956. An interlocutory decree of divorce was entered on June 19, 1956, on the grounds of "extreme cruelty". The divorce became final on May 5, 1958.In the wake of the 1957 Sputnik crisis, the U.S. government's interest in science rose for a time. Feynman was considered for a seat on the President's Science Advisory Committee, but was not appointed. At this time, the FBI interviewed a woman close to Feynman, possibly his ex-wife Bell, who sent a written statement to J. Edgar Hoover on August 8, 1958:The U.S. government nevertheless sent Feynman to Geneva for the September 1958 Atoms for Peace Conference. On the beach at Lake Geneva, he met Gweneth Howarth, who was from Ripponden, Yorkshire, and working in Switzerland as an "au pair". Feynman's love life had been turbulent since his divorce; his previous girlfriend had walked off with his Albert Einstein Award medal and, on the advice of an earlier girlfriend, had feigned pregnancy and extorted him into paying for an abortion, then used the money to buy furniture. When Feynman found that Howarth was being paid only $25 a month, he offered her $20 a week to be his live-in maid. Feynman knew that this sort of behavior was illegal under the Mann Act, so he had a friend, Matthew Sands, act as her sponsor. Howarth pointed out that she already had two boyfriends, but decided to take Feynman up on his offer, and arrived in Altadena, California, in June 1959. She made a point of dating other men, but Feynman proposed in early 1960. They were married on September 24, 1960, at the Huntington Hotel in Pasadena. They had a son, Carl, in 1962, and adopted a daughter, Michelle, in 1968. Besides their home in Altadena, they had a beach house in Baja California, purchased with the money from Feynman's Nobel Prize.Feynman tried marijuana and ketamine at John Lilly's sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. He gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain. Despite his curiosity about hallucinations, he was reluctant to experiment with LSD.There had been protests over his alleged sexism in 1968, and again in 1972, but there is no evidence he discriminated against women. Feynman recalled protesters entering a hall and picketing a lecture he was about to make in San Francisco, calling him a "sexist pig". Seeing the protesters, as Feynman later recalled the incident, he addressed institutional sexism by saying that "women do indeed suffer prejudice and discrimination in physics".At Caltech, Feynman investigated the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, where helium seems to display a complete lack of viscosity when flowing. Feynman provided a quantum-mechanical explanation for the Soviet physicist Lev Landau's theory of superfluidity. Applying the Schrödinger equation to the question showed that the superfluid was displaying quantum mechanical behavior observable on a macroscopic scale. This helped with the problem of superconductivity, but the solution eluded Feynman. It was solved with the BCS theory of superconductivity, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer in 1957.Feynman, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams.With Murray Gell-Mann, Feynman developed a model of weak decay, which showed that the current coupling in the process is a combination of vector and axial currents (an example of weak decay is the decay of a neutron into an electron, a proton, and an antineutrino). Although E. C. George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak developed the theory nearly simultaneously, Feynman's collaboration with Murray Gell-Mann was seen as seminal because the weak interaction was neatly described by the vector and axial currents. It thus combined the 1933 beta decay theory of Enrico Fermi with an explanation of parity violation.Feynman attempted an explanation, called the parton model, of the strong interactions governing nucleon scattering. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles; the statistics of the omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real.The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks, and their three-valued color quantum number solves the omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, quantum chromodynamics and the electro-weak theory. He did work on all four of the forces of nature: electromagnetic, the weak force, the strong force and gravity. John and Mary Gribbin state in their book on Feynman that "Nobody else has made such influential contributions to the investigation of all four of the interactions".Partly as a way to bring publicity to progress in physics, Feynman offered $1,000 prizes for two of his challenges in nanotechnology; one was claimed by William McLellan and the other by Tom Newman.Feynman was also interested in the relationship between physics and computation. He was also one of the first scientists to conceive the possibility of quantum computers. In the 1980s he began to spend his summers working at Thinking Machines Corporation, helping to build some of the first parallel supercomputers and considering the construction of quantum computers.In 1984–1986, he developed a variational method for the approximate calculation of path integrals, which has led to a powerful method of converting divergent perturbation expansions into convergent strong-coupling expansions (variational perturbation theory) and, as a consequence, to the most accurate determination of critical exponents measured in satellite experiments. At Caltech, he once chalked "What I cannot create I do not understand" on his blackboard.In the early 1960s, Feynman acceded to a request to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates at Caltech. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that later became "The Feynman Lectures on Physics". He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including "The Character of Physical Law", "", "Statistical Mechanics", "Lectures on Gravitation", and the "Feynman Lectures on Computation".Feynman wrote about his experiences teaching physics undergraduates in Brazil. The students' studying habits and the Portuguese language textbooks were so devoid of any context or applications for their information that, in Feynman's opinion, the students were not learning physics at all. At the end of the year, Feynman was invited to give a lecture on his teaching experiences, and he agreed to do so, provided he could speak frankly, which he did.Feynman opposed rote learning or unthinking memorization and other teaching methods that emphasized form over function. "Clear thinking" and "clear presentation" were fundamental prerequisites for his attention. It could be perilous even to approach him unprepared, and he did not forget fools and pretenders. In 1964, he served on the California State Curriculum Commission, which was responsible for approving textbooks to be used by schools in California. He was not impressed with what he found. Many of the mathematics texts covered subjects of use only to pure mathematicians as part of the "New Math". Elementary students were taught about sets, but:In April 1966, Feynman delivered an address to the National Science Teachers Association, in which he suggested how students could be made to think like scientists, be open-minded, curious, and especially, to doubt. In the course of the lecture, he gave a definition of science, which he said came about by several stages. The evolution of intelligent life on planet Earth—creatures such as cats that play and learn from experience. The evolution of humans, who came to use language to pass knowledge from one individual to the next, so that the knowledge was not lost when an individual died. Unfortunately, incorrect knowledge could be passed down as well as correct knowledge, so another step was needed. Galileo and others started doubting the truth of what was passed down and to investigate "ab initio", from experience, what the true situation was—this was science.In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of "cargo cult science", which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."Feynman served as doctoral advisor to 31 students.In 1977, Feynman supported his colleague Jenijoy La Belle, who had been hired as Caltech's first female professor in 1969, and filed suit with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission after she was refused tenure in 1974. The EEOC ruled against Caltech in 1977, adding that La Belle had been paid less than male colleagues. La Belle finally received tenure in 1979. Many of Feynman's colleagues were surprised that he took her side, but he had gotten to know La Belle and liked and admired her.In the 1960s, Feynman began thinking of writing an autobiography, and he began granting interviews to historians. In the 1980s, working with Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), he recorded chapters on audio tape that Ralph transcribed. The book was published in 1985 as "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and became a best-seller.Gell-Mann was upset by Feynman's account in the book of the weak interaction work, and threatened to sue, resulting in a correction being inserted in later editions. This incident was just the latest provocation in decades of bad feeling between the two scientists. Gell-Mann often expressed frustration at the attention Feynman received; he remarked: "[Feynman] was a great scientist, but he spent a great deal of his effort generating anecdotes about himself."Feynman has been criticized for a chapter in the book entitled "You Just "Ask" Them", where he describes how he learned to seduce women at a bar he went to in the summer of 1946. A mentor taught him to ask a woman if she would sleep with him before buying her anything. He describes seeing women at the bar as "bitches" in his thoughts, and tells a story of how he told a woman named Ann that she was "worse than a whore" after Ann persuaded him to buy her sandwiches by telling him he could eat them at her place, but then, after he bought them, saying they actually couldn't eat together because another man was coming over. Later on that same evening, Ann returned to the bar to take Feynman to her place. Feynman states at the end of the chapter that this behaviour wasn't typical of him: "So it worked even with an ordinary girl! But no matter how effective the lesson was, I never really used it after that. I didn't enjoy doing it that way. But it was interesting to know that things worked much differently from how I was brought up."Feynman played an important role on the Presidential Rogers Commission, which investigated the "Challenger" disaster. He had been reluctant to participate, but was persuaded by advice from his wife. Feynman clashed several times with commission chairman William P. Rogers. During a break in one hearing, Rogers told commission member Neil Armstrong, "Feynman is becoming a pain in the ass."During a televised hearing, Feynman demonstrated that the material used in the shuttle's O-rings became less resilient in cold weather by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in ice-cold water. The commission ultimately determined that the disaster was caused by the primary O-ring not properly sealing in unusually cold weather at Cape Canaveral.Feynman devoted the latter half of his book "What Do You Care What Other People Think?" to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the Shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that NASA management's estimate of the reliability of the Space Shuttle was unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used it to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."The first public recognition of Feynman's work came in 1954, when Lewis Strauss, the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) notified him that he had won the Albert Einstein Award, which was worth $15,000 and came with a gold medal. Because of Strauss's actions in stripping Oppenheimer of his security clearance, Feynman was reluctant to accept the award, but Isidor Isaac Rabi cautioned him: "You should never turn a man's generosity as a sword against him. Any virtue that a man has, even if he has many vices, should not be used as a tool against him." It was followed by the AEC's Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1962. Schwinger, Tomonaga and Feynman shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1965, received the Oersted Medal in 1972, and the National Medal of Science in 1979. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, but ultimately resigned and is no longer listed by them.In 1978, Feynman sought medical treatment for abdominal pains and was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a rare form of cancer. Surgeons removed a tumor the size of a football that had crushed one kidney and his spleen. Further operations were performed in October 1986 and October 1987. He was again hospitalized at the UCLA Medical Center on February 3, 1988. A ruptured duodenal ulcer caused kidney failure, and he declined to undergo the dialysis that might have prolonged his life for a few months. Watched over by his wife Gweneth, sister Joan, and cousin Frances Lewine, he died on February 15, 1988, at age 69.When Feynman was nearing death, he asked his friend and colleague Danny Hillis why Hillis appeared so sad. Hillis replied that he thought Feynman was going to die soon. Feynman said that this sometimes bothered him, too, adding, when you get to be as old as he was, and have told so many stories to so many people, even when he was dead he would not be completely gone.Near the end of his life, Feynman attempted to visit the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) in Russia, a dream thwarted by Cold War bureaucratic issues. The letter from the Soviet government authorizing the trip was not received until the day after he died. His daughter Michelle later made the journey.His burial was at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena, California. His last words were: "I'd hate to die twice. It's so boring."Aspects of Feynman's life have been portrayed in various media. Feynman was portrayed by Matthew Broderick in the 1996 biopic "Infinity". Actor Alan Alda commissioned playwright Peter Parnell to write a two-character play about a fictional day in the life of Feynman set two years before Feynman's death. The play, "QED", premiered at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in 2001 and was later presented at the Vivian Beaumont Theater on Broadway, with both presentations starring Alda as Richard Feynman. Real Time Opera premiered its opera "Feynman" at the Norfolk (CT) Chamber Music Festival in June 2005. In 2011, Feynman was the subject of a biographical graphic novel entitled simply "Feynman", written by Jim Ottaviani and illustrated by Leland Myrick. In 2013, Feynman's role on the Rogers Commission was dramatised by the BBC in "The Challenger" (US title: "The Challenger Disaster"), with William Hurt playing Feynman.Feynman is commemorated in various ways. On May 4, 2005, the United States Postal Service issued the "American Scientists" commemorative set of four 37-cent self-adhesive stamps in several configurations. The scientists depicted were Richard Feynman, John von Neumann, Barbara McClintock, and Josiah Willard Gibbs. Feynman's stamp, sepia-toned, features a photograph of a 30-something Feynman and eight small Feynman diagrams. The stamps were designed by Victor Stabin under the artistic direction of Carl T. Herrman. The main building for the Computing Division at Fermilab is named the "Feynman Computing Center" in his honor. A photograph of Richard Feynman giving a lecture was part of the 1997 poster series commissioned by Apple Inc. for their "Think Different" advertising campaign. Sheldon Cooper, a fictional theoretical physicist from the television series "The Big Bang Theory", is a Feynman fan who has emulated him on various occasions, once by playing the bongo drums. On January 27, 2016, Bill Gates wrote an article "The Best Teacher I Never Had" describing Feynman's talents as a teacher which inspired Gates to create Project Tuva to place the videos of Feynman's Messenger Lectures, "The Character of Physical Law", on a website for public viewing. In 2015 Gates made a video on why he thought Feynman was special. The video was made for the 50th anniversary of Feynman's 1965 Nobel Prize, in response to Caltech's request for thoughts on Feynman. At CERN, home of the Large Hadron Collider, a street on the Meyrin site is named "Route Feynman" after the physicist."The Feynman Lectures on Physics" is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–1964. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.
|
[
"Manhattan Project",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 1997?
|
January 24, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Swansea City A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_0
|
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2001?
|
January 01, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Brentford F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_1
|
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Dec, 2002?
|
December 22, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Tranmere Rovers F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_2
|
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Oct, 2003?
|
October 13, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Hull City A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_3
|
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Oct, 2007?
|
October 29, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Doncaster Rovers F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_4
|
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Mar, 2009?
|
March 21, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Millwall F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_5
|
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Dec, 2010?
|
December 01, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_6
|
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2010?
|
January 01, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_7
|
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2010?
|
January 11, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_8
|
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Aug, 2011?
|
August 19, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Morecambe F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_9
|
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Walsall F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_10
|
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Walsall F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_11
|
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Walsall F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_12
|
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Sep, 2012?
|
September 26, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Prestatyn Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_13
|
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_14
|
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2013?
|
January 01, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_15
|
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Jan, 2013?
|
January 01, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_16
|
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Aug, 2013?
|
August 27, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_17
|
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Brighouse Town F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Jason Price play for in Feb, 2015?
|
February 24, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Brighouse Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6163292_P54_18
|
Jason Price plays for Morecambe F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Bradford City A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Ossett Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Selby Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2001.
Jason Price plays for Walsall F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Hereford United F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Jason Price plays for Brighouse Town F.C. from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
Jason Price plays for Prestatyn Town F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Jason Price plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Jason Price plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Barnet F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jason Price plays for Tranmere Rovers F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Jason Price plays for Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jason Price plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jason Price plays for Guiseley A.F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Jason Price plays for Brentford F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2001.
|
Jason PriceJason Jeffrey Price (born 12 April 1977 in Pontypridd) is a Welsh footballer. He can play as a right sided midfielder or as a forwardPrice had spells with Swansea City, Brentford (for whom he scored once against Reading), Tranmere Rovers and Hull City.He signed for Doncaster Rovers under former Rovers manager David Penney, and soon established himself as a key player under Sean O'Driscoll.On the return to his home country for the Football League Trophy Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 1 April 2007, Price suffered a snapped Achilles tendon ruling him out for nine months. He renewed his contract at Doncaster in June 2008 when his previous deal was due to expire. Despite much talk of him leaving Rovers, Price took up a new one-year deal.One of Price's most important goals was against Aston Villa in the 2008–09 FA Cup fourth round replay at Villa Park, when he poked in a cross from James Coppinger just before half-time.He joined Millwall on loan on 26 March 2009 for the remainder of the season, and two days later he scored on his Millwall debut – a 90th-minute winner which earned the Lions a crucial 1–0 victory at Crewe Alexandra.Price returned to Doncaster at the end of the season but was released from his contract on 7 May.On 7 July 2009 Price signed for Millwall on a one-year deal. He joined Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal on 1 February 2010, making seven appearances and scoring once against Swindon Town before returning to Millwall. Two days after his return, Price left the club on loan for a second time, joining Carlisle United until the end of the 2009–10 season. Price managed to score his first goal for the Cumbrians on his debut as Carlisle won the match 2–1 against Colchester.On 17 June 2010 Price signed a 1-year deal with Carlisle United. On 13 October 2010 he signed a one-month loan deal with Bradford City. His loan was extended to the start of January 2011, with Price scoring his first goal in his eighth game with the club, in a 1–1 draw with Accrington Stanley. On 28 January 2011 Price signed a one-month loan deal with Walsall who, at the time, were bottom of Football League One. Price made his debut at home the following day in a 6–1 victory over Bristol Rovers, the club's best league result since 1986 (which was a 6–0 victory, also over Bristol Rovers). On 24 March 2011 Price signed a loan deal with Hereford United until the end of the season.He was released by Carlisle United in May 2011 before signing an initial one-month deal with Barnet in League 2 in August 2011.On 2 August 2011, Price signed for Barnet on a one-month deal. He made his debut in a 1–0 win away to Morecambe and scored on his home debut in a 3–1 defeat against Port Vale.On 3 September 2011, Price signed for Morecambe on a four-month deal. He made his full debut at home in Morecambe's 6–0 hammering over Crawley Town on 10 September 2011.Price was released by Morecambe on 15 March 2012 to enable him to join Guiseley for the rest of the season.In August 2012, Price joined Welsh Premier League side Prestatyn Town and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–2 victory over Afan Lido. Price made a great start to life in the Welsh premier league scoring several goals and winning player of the month for September. Price scored two goals to help Prestatyn win the Welsh cup final in a 3–1 extra time victory over Bangor City.In the 2013–14 season, Price had spells with Ossett Town, Selby Town, Shaw Lane Aquaforce and Brighouse Town. In August 2016, Price signed for Almondbury Woolpack of the Huddersfield and District League. On 30 August 2016 he scored two goals in his first game against Flockton FC, in which Woolpack went on to win 7–0. He also assisted four goals in that game.Price was capped by WALES u21 level.Swansea CityHull CityDoncaster RoversPrestatyn Town2016 Seniors World Cup Winner with England
|
[
"Brentford F.C.",
"Guiseley A.F.C.",
"Doncaster Rovers F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"Tranmere Rovers F.C.",
"Walsall F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Shaw Lane Aquaforce F.C.",
"Selby Town F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Morecambe F.C.",
"Hereford United F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.",
"Barnet F.C.",
"Bradford City A.F.C.",
"Prestatyn Town F.C.",
"Ossett Town F.C."
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in May, 1948?
|
May 24, 1948
|
{
"text": [
"University of Liverpool"
]
}
|
L2_Q954665_P108_0
|
Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949.
|
Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):
|
[
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"University of Hamburg",
"University of London",
"Sapienza University of Rome",
"King's College London",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in May, 1955?
|
May 29, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"University of London"
]
}
|
L2_Q954665_P108_1
|
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956.
Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
|
Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):
|
[
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Liverpool",
"Sapienza University of Rome",
"King's College London",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in Feb, 1961?
|
February 17, 1961
|
{
"text": [
"Cornell University",
"King's College London"
]
}
|
L2_Q954665_P108_2
|
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963.
|
Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):
|
[
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Liverpool",
"University of London",
"Sapienza University of Rome"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in Aug, 1961?
|
August 25, 1961
|
{
"text": [
"Cornell University",
"King's College London"
]
}
|
L2_Q954665_P108_3
|
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949.
Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
|
Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):
|
[
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Liverpool",
"University of London",
"Sapienza University of Rome"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in Jan, 1962?
|
January 01, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hamburg",
"Cornell University",
"King's College London"
]
}
|
L2_Q954665_P108_4
|
Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949.
Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
|
Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):
|
[
"University of Liverpool",
"University of London",
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"Sapienza University of Rome",
"University of Liverpool",
"University of London",
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"Sapienza University of Rome"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in Jan, 1963?
|
January 01, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"Cornell University"
]
}
|
L2_Q954665_P108_5
|
Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949.
Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963.
|
Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Liverpool",
"University of London",
"Sapienza University of Rome",
"King's College London",
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Liverpool",
"University of London",
"Sapienza University of Rome",
"King's College London"
] |
|
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in Dec, 1968?
|
December 20, 1968
|
{
"text": [
"Sapienza University of Rome"
]
}
|
L2_Q954665_P108_6
|
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956.
Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969.
Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963.
Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
|
Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):
|
[
"University of Texas at Dallas",
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Liverpool",
"University of London",
"King's College London",
"Cornell University"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Levadiakos F.C. in Aug, 2018?
|
August 01, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Apostolos Mantzios"
]
}
|
L2_Q824450_P286_0
|
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Oct, 2018.
Giuseppe Sannino is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Giannis Taousianis is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
|
Levadiakos F.C.Levadiakos Football Club () is a Greek professional football club that plays in the Super League Greece 2. Based in Livadeia, Greece, the club was promoted to the Alpha Ethniki, forerunner of the Super League, after ten seasons in minor divisions in the 2005–06 season, as runner-up of the Football League in 2004–05. It was then relegated to the Beta Ethniki again in 2006–07 and returned to the top tier in 2007–08. The club finished one level above relegation that year but was relegated back to the second division by finishing 14th in 2009–10.Levadiakos started in 1961, when local clubs Trofonios and Pallevadiaki merged into a greater club. Straight after, Levadiakos played in the second division being close to relegation in almost every season. In the 1980s, the team was upgraded and in May 1987, players and supporters of the club celebrated the team's first ever promotion to Alpha Ethniki. Levadiakos stayed there only for four seasons, returning again only in 1994 and 1995. After their second relegation, Levadiakos declined and went very lower, even struggling to clinch promotion to the 3rd division of Greece. But once more, everything changed suddenly and the team reached again the Greek Super League after ten years, in 2005, but was immediately relegated. In the next summer, Levadiakos bought many expensive players and appointed Georgi Vasilev as manager. Vasiliev achieved to get the team to the Super League once again, and in the 2007–08 season he struggled, but managed to avoid going down again. Nevertheless, he resigned from the club and he was succeeded by Momčilo Vukotić.The club's crest has blue and green vertical stripes. It comes from the colours of Pallevadiaki (green) and Trofonios (blue), the clubs that joined in order to establish Levadiakos. The colour common to both teams was white, which was also the basic colour of the group in the early years of its foundation.Levadiakos' stadium was built in 1952. The stadium is located in Livadeia, about 130 km north-west of Athens. The stadium itself is located on the south side of Livadeia.Best position in bold.Key: 1R = First Round, 2R = Second Round, 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals.
|
[
"Giuseppe Sannino",
"Giannis Taousianis",
"Sotiris Antoniou"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Levadiakos F.C. in Jan, 2019?
|
January 21, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Giuseppe Sannino"
]
}
|
L2_Q824450_P286_1
|
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Oct, 2018.
Giannis Taousianis is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Giuseppe Sannino is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
|
Levadiakos F.C.Levadiakos Football Club () is a Greek professional football club that plays in the Super League Greece 2. Based in Livadeia, Greece, the club was promoted to the Alpha Ethniki, forerunner of the Super League, after ten seasons in minor divisions in the 2005–06 season, as runner-up of the Football League in 2004–05. It was then relegated to the Beta Ethniki again in 2006–07 and returned to the top tier in 2007–08. The club finished one level above relegation that year but was relegated back to the second division by finishing 14th in 2009–10.Levadiakos started in 1961, when local clubs Trofonios and Pallevadiaki merged into a greater club. Straight after, Levadiakos played in the second division being close to relegation in almost every season. In the 1980s, the team was upgraded and in May 1987, players and supporters of the club celebrated the team's first ever promotion to Alpha Ethniki. Levadiakos stayed there only for four seasons, returning again only in 1994 and 1995. After their second relegation, Levadiakos declined and went very lower, even struggling to clinch promotion to the 3rd division of Greece. But once more, everything changed suddenly and the team reached again the Greek Super League after ten years, in 2005, but was immediately relegated. In the next summer, Levadiakos bought many expensive players and appointed Georgi Vasilev as manager. Vasiliev achieved to get the team to the Super League once again, and in the 2007–08 season he struggled, but managed to avoid going down again. Nevertheless, he resigned from the club and he was succeeded by Momčilo Vukotić.The club's crest has blue and green vertical stripes. It comes from the colours of Pallevadiaki (green) and Trofonios (blue), the clubs that joined in order to establish Levadiakos. The colour common to both teams was white, which was also the basic colour of the group in the early years of its foundation.Levadiakos' stadium was built in 1952. The stadium is located in Livadeia, about 130 km north-west of Athens. The stadium itself is located on the south side of Livadeia.Best position in bold.Key: 1R = First Round, 2R = Second Round, 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals.
|
[
"Sotiris Antoniou",
"Apostolos Mantzios",
"Giannis Taousianis"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Levadiakos F.C. in Mar, 2020?
|
March 25, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Sotiris Antoniou"
]
}
|
L2_Q824450_P286_2
|
Giannis Taousianis is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Oct, 2018.
Giuseppe Sannino is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
|
Levadiakos F.C.Levadiakos Football Club () is a Greek professional football club that plays in the Super League Greece 2. Based in Livadeia, Greece, the club was promoted to the Alpha Ethniki, forerunner of the Super League, after ten seasons in minor divisions in the 2005–06 season, as runner-up of the Football League in 2004–05. It was then relegated to the Beta Ethniki again in 2006–07 and returned to the top tier in 2007–08. The club finished one level above relegation that year but was relegated back to the second division by finishing 14th in 2009–10.Levadiakos started in 1961, when local clubs Trofonios and Pallevadiaki merged into a greater club. Straight after, Levadiakos played in the second division being close to relegation in almost every season. In the 1980s, the team was upgraded and in May 1987, players and supporters of the club celebrated the team's first ever promotion to Alpha Ethniki. Levadiakos stayed there only for four seasons, returning again only in 1994 and 1995. After their second relegation, Levadiakos declined and went very lower, even struggling to clinch promotion to the 3rd division of Greece. But once more, everything changed suddenly and the team reached again the Greek Super League after ten years, in 2005, but was immediately relegated. In the next summer, Levadiakos bought many expensive players and appointed Georgi Vasilev as manager. Vasiliev achieved to get the team to the Super League once again, and in the 2007–08 season he struggled, but managed to avoid going down again. Nevertheless, he resigned from the club and he was succeeded by Momčilo Vukotić.The club's crest has blue and green vertical stripes. It comes from the colours of Pallevadiaki (green) and Trofonios (blue), the clubs that joined in order to establish Levadiakos. The colour common to both teams was white, which was also the basic colour of the group in the early years of its foundation.Levadiakos' stadium was built in 1952. The stadium is located in Livadeia, about 130 km north-west of Athens. The stadium itself is located on the south side of Livadeia.Best position in bold.Key: 1R = First Round, 2R = Second Round, 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals.
|
[
"Giuseppe Sannino",
"Apostolos Mantzios",
"Giannis Taousianis"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Levadiakos F.C. in Jun, 2022?
|
June 04, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Giannis Taousianis"
]
}
|
L2_Q824450_P286_3
|
Giannis Taousianis is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jul, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Giuseppe Sannino is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2018 to Jan, 2019.
Sotiris Antoniou is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Levadiakos F.C. from Jan, 2018 to Oct, 2018.
|
Levadiakos F.C.Levadiakos Football Club () is a Greek professional football club that plays in the Super League Greece 2. Based in Livadeia, Greece, the club was promoted to the Alpha Ethniki, forerunner of the Super League, after ten seasons in minor divisions in the 2005–06 season, as runner-up of the Football League in 2004–05. It was then relegated to the Beta Ethniki again in 2006–07 and returned to the top tier in 2007–08. The club finished one level above relegation that year but was relegated back to the second division by finishing 14th in 2009–10.Levadiakos started in 1961, when local clubs Trofonios and Pallevadiaki merged into a greater club. Straight after, Levadiakos played in the second division being close to relegation in almost every season. In the 1980s, the team was upgraded and in May 1987, players and supporters of the club celebrated the team's first ever promotion to Alpha Ethniki. Levadiakos stayed there only for four seasons, returning again only in 1994 and 1995. After their second relegation, Levadiakos declined and went very lower, even struggling to clinch promotion to the 3rd division of Greece. But once more, everything changed suddenly and the team reached again the Greek Super League after ten years, in 2005, but was immediately relegated. In the next summer, Levadiakos bought many expensive players and appointed Georgi Vasilev as manager. Vasiliev achieved to get the team to the Super League once again, and in the 2007–08 season he struggled, but managed to avoid going down again. Nevertheless, he resigned from the club and he was succeeded by Momčilo Vukotić.The club's crest has blue and green vertical stripes. It comes from the colours of Pallevadiaki (green) and Trofonios (blue), the clubs that joined in order to establish Levadiakos. The colour common to both teams was white, which was also the basic colour of the group in the early years of its foundation.Levadiakos' stadium was built in 1952. The stadium is located in Livadeia, about 130 km north-west of Athens. The stadium itself is located on the south side of Livadeia.Best position in bold.Key: 1R = First Round, 2R = Second Round, 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals.
|
[
"Giuseppe Sannino",
"Apostolos Mantzios",
"Sotiris Antoniou"
] |
|
Which team did Dzhambulad Bazayev play for in Jan, 1996?
|
January 01, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"FC Mozdok"
]
}
|
L2_Q4075152_P54_0
|
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Alania Vladikavkaz from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2012.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Mozdok from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Zenit Saint Petersburg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for Rubin Kazan from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Saturn Ramenskoye from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Dzhambulad BazayevDzhambulad Vasilyevich Bazayev (; born 18 August 1979 in Rustavi) is a retired Russian Ossetian footballer who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"FC Alania Vladikavkaz",
"Rubin Kazan",
"FC Saturn Ramenskoye",
"FC Zenit Saint Petersburg"
] |
|
Which team did Dzhambulad Bazayev play for in Jan, 2002?
|
January 01, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"FC Zenit Saint Petersburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q4075152_P54_1
|
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Zenit Saint Petersburg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Alania Vladikavkaz from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2012.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Mozdok from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for Rubin Kazan from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Saturn Ramenskoye from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Dzhambulad BazayevDzhambulad Vasilyevich Bazayev (; born 18 August 1979 in Rustavi) is a retired Russian Ossetian footballer who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"FC Alania Vladikavkaz",
"Rubin Kazan",
"FC Mozdok",
"FC Saturn Ramenskoye"
] |
|
Which team did Dzhambulad Bazayev play for in Jun, 2003?
|
June 30, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"FC Saturn Ramenskoye"
]
}
|
L2_Q4075152_P54_2
|
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Saturn Ramenskoye from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Alania Vladikavkaz from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2012.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Mozdok from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for Rubin Kazan from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Zenit Saint Petersburg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
|
Dzhambulad BazayevDzhambulad Vasilyevich Bazayev (; born 18 August 1979 in Rustavi) is a retired Russian Ossetian footballer who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"FC Alania Vladikavkaz",
"Rubin Kazan",
"FC Mozdok",
"FC Zenit Saint Petersburg"
] |
|
Which team did Dzhambulad Bazayev play for in Sep, 2006?
|
September 19, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Rubin Kazan"
]
}
|
L2_Q4075152_P54_3
|
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Alania Vladikavkaz from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2012.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Mozdok from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Saturn Ramenskoye from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Zenit Saint Petersburg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for Rubin Kazan from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
|
Dzhambulad BazayevDzhambulad Vasilyevich Bazayev (; born 18 August 1979 in Rustavi) is a retired Russian Ossetian footballer who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"FC Alania Vladikavkaz",
"FC Mozdok",
"FC Zenit Saint Petersburg",
"FC Saturn Ramenskoye"
] |
|
Which team did Dzhambulad Bazayev play for in Apr, 2007?
|
April 08, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"FC Alania Vladikavkaz"
]
}
|
L2_Q4075152_P54_4
|
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Zenit Saint Petersburg from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Mozdok from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1996.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Alania Vladikavkaz from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2012.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for Rubin Kazan from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Dzhambulad Bazayev plays for FC Saturn Ramenskoye from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Dzhambulad BazayevDzhambulad Vasilyevich Bazayev (; born 18 August 1979 in Rustavi) is a retired Russian Ossetian footballer who played as a midfielder.
|
[
"Rubin Kazan",
"FC Mozdok",
"FC Zenit Saint Petersburg",
"FC Saturn Ramenskoye"
] |
|
Who was the head of Besançon in Dec, 1993?
|
December 26, 1993
|
{
"text": [
"Robert Schwint"
]
}
|
L2_Q37776_P6_0
|
Anne Vignot is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Jean-Louis Fousseret is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2020.
Robert Schwint is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 2001.
|
BesançonBesançon (, , , ; archaic ; ) is the capital of the department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city is located in Eastern France, close to the Jura Mountains and the border with Switzerland.Capital of the historic and cultural region of Franche-Comté, Besançon is home to the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council headquarters, and is an important administrative centre in the region. It is also the seat of one of the fifteen French ecclesiastical provinces and one of the two divisions of the French Army.In 2018 the city had a population of 116,775, in a metropolitan area of 279,191, the second in the region in terms of population.Established in a meander of the Doubs river, the city was already important during the Gallo-Roman era under the name of "Vesontio", capital of the Sequani. Its geography and specific history turned it into a military stronghold, a garrison city, a political centre, and a religious capital.Besançon is the historical capital of watchmaking in France. This has led it to become a centre for innovative companies in the fields of microtechnology, micromechanics, and biomedical engineering. The University of Franche-Comté, founded in 1423, every year enrolls more than 20,000 students; its Centre for Applied Linguistics enrolls another estimated 4,000 trainees from all over the world.The greenest city in France, it enjoys a quality of life recognized in Europe. Thanks to its rich historical and cultural heritage and its unique architecture, Besançon has been labeled a "Town of Art and History" since 1986 and its fortifications due to Vauban has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2008.The city is first recorded in 58 BC as "Vesontio" in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of "Vesontio" is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derived from "wes", meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to "Besontio" or "Bisontion" and then underwent several transformations to become "Besançon" in 1243.The city sits within an oxbow of the Doubs River (a tributary of the Saône River); a mountain closes the fourth side. During the Bronze Age, c.1500 BC, tribes of Gauls settled the oxbow.From the 1st century BC through the modern era, the town had a significant military importance because the Alps rise abruptly to its immediate south, presenting a significant natural barrier.The Arar (Saône) River formed part of the border between the Haedui and their hereditary rivals, the Sequani. According to Strabo, the cause of the conflict was commercial. Each tribe claimed the Arar and the tolls on trade along it. The Sequani controlled access to the Rhine River and had built an oppidum (a fortified town) at Vesontio to protect their interests. The Sequani defeated and massacred the Haedui at the Battle of Magetobriga, with the help of the Arverni tribe and the Germanic Suebi tribe under the Germanic king Ariovistus.Julius Caesar, in his commentaries detailing his conquest of Gaul, describes Vesontio (possibly Latinized), as the largest town of the Sequani, a smaller Gaulic tribe, and mentions that a wooden palisade surrounded it.Over the centuries, the name permutated to become Besantio, Besontion, Bisanz in Middle High German, and gradually arrived at the modern French "Besançon". The locals retain their ancient heritage referring to themselves as "Bisontins" ("feminine:" Bisontine).It has been an archbishopric since the 4th century.In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided up Charlemagne's empire. Besançon became part of Lotharingia, under the Duke of Burgundy.As part of the Holy Roman Empire since 1034, the city became an archbishopric, and was designated the Free Imperial City of Besançon (an autonomous city-state under the Holy Roman Emperor) in 1184. In 1157, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa held the Diet of Besançon. There, Cardinal Orlando Bandinelli (the future Pope Alexander III, then adviser of Pope Adrian IV) openly asserted before the Emperor that the imperial dignity was a papal beneficium (in the more general sense of favour, not the strict feudal sense of fief), which incurred the wrath of the German princes. He would have fallen on the spot under the battle-axe of his lifelong foe, Otto of Wittelsbach, had Frederick not intervened. The Imperial Chancellor Rainald of Dassel then inaugurated a German policy that insisted upon the rights and the power of the German kings, the strengthening of the Church in the German Empire, the lordship of Italy and the humiliation of the Papacy. The Archbishops were elevated to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1288. The close connection to the Empire is reflected in the city's coat of arms.In 1290, after a century of fighting against the power of the archbishops, the Emperor granted Besançon its independence.In the 15th century, Besançon came under the influence of the dukes of Burgundy. After the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, the city was in effect a Habsburg fief. In 1519 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, became the Holy Roman Emperor. This made him master of the Franche-Comté and Besançon, a francophone imperial city. In 1526 the city obtained the right to mint coins, which it continued to strike until 1673. Nevertheless, all coins bore the name of Charles V.When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he gave the Franche-Comté to his son, Philip II, King of Spain. Besançon remained a free imperial city under the protection of the King of Spain. In 1598, Philip II gave the province to his daughter on her marriage to an Austrian archduke. It remained formally a portion of the Empire until its cession at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. Spain regained control of Franche-Comté and the city lost its status as a free city. Then in 1667, Louis XIV claimed the province as a consequence of his marriage to Marie-Thérèse of Spain in the War of Devolution.Louis conquered the city for the first time in 1668, but the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned it to Spain within a matter of months. While it was in French hands, the famed military engineer Vauban visited the city and drew up plans for its fortification. The Spaniards built the main centre point of the city's defences, "la Citadelle", siting it on Mont Saint-Étienne, which closes the neck of the oxbow that is the site of the original town. In their construction, the Spaniards followed Vauban's designs.In 1674, French troops recaptured the city, which the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678) then awarded to France. At this time the city became the administrative centre for the Franche-Comté, with its own Parlement of Besançon, which replaced Dole.As a result of control passing to France, Vauban returned to working on the citadel's fortifications, and those of the city. This process lasted until 1711, some 30 years, and the walls built then surround the city. Between the train station and the central city there is a complex moat system that now serves road traffic. Numerous forts, some of which date back to that time and that incorporate Vauban's designs elements sit on the six hills that surround the city: Fort de Trois Châtels, Fort Chaudanne, Fort du Petit Chaudanne, Fort Griffon, Fort des Justices, Fort de Beauregard and Fort de Brégille. The citadel itself has two dry moats, with an outer and inner court. In the evenings, the illuminated Citadelle stands above the city as a landmark and a testament to Vauban's genius as a military engineer.In 1814, the Austrians invaded and bombarded the city. It also occupied an important position during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. In 1871, a project of Besançon Commune is engaged.The Nazis occupied the citadel during World War II. Between 1940 and 1944, the Germans executed some one hundred French resistance fighters there. However, Besançon saw little action during the war. The allies bombed the railway complex in 1943, and the next year the Germans resisted the U.S. advance for four days.Besançon was also the location, between 1940 and 1941, of an Internment Camp ("Konzentrationslager"), Frontstalag 142, also known as "Caserne Vauban", which the Germans set up for 3–4,000 holders of British passports, all women and children. The conditions were harsh; many hundreds of internees died of pneumonia, diarrhea, food poisoning, dysentery, and frostbite.In 1959, the French Army turned the citadel over to the city of Besançon, which turned it into a museum.The forts of Brégille and Beauregard sit across the Doubs from the city. In 1913, a private company built a funicular to the Brégille Heights. The funicular passed from private ownership to the SNCF, who finally closed it in 1987. The funicular's tracks, stations and even road signs remain in place to this day.Besançon is located in the north-east quarter of France on the Doubs River. It is about east of the national capital of Paris, east of Dijon in Burgundy, northwest of Lausanne in Switzerland, and southwest of Belfort in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is located at the edge of the Jura Mountains.The city initially developed in a natural meander (or oxbow loop) of the Doubs River with a diameter of almost . The flat inner loop has an elevation of about , and is bounded to the south by a hill called "Mont Saint-Étienne", which has a maximum height of . The city is surrounded by six other hills which range in elevation from : Brégille, Griffon, Planoise, Chaudanne, Montfaucon, and Montboucon. (There is a barge canal that cuts through rock under Mont Saint-Étienne, short-cutting the meander.)Besançon is under the influence of both an oceanic climate (notable precipitations in quantity as much as in frequency) and a continental climate with hard winters (snow, frost) and warm and dry summers. The year-round average is . The warmest month is July and the coldest is January . Besançon receives about of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (); the driest is August (). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 28 July 1921, was , and the lowest was a reached on 1 January 1985.As of 2018, the population of the City of Besançon was 116,775, lower than the historical peak of 120,315 in 1975. Grand Besançon Métropole covers , 68 municipalities and has a population of 194,382. The metropolitan area covers , 312 municipalities and has 279,191 inhabitants. It is the 42nd of France, and it increased by 2.6% between 2010 and 2016.Until 2016, Besançon was the capital of the Franche-Comté administrative "région" of France, a "région" including the four "départements" of Doubs, Haute-Saône, Jura and Territoire de Belfort. Franche-Comté was since merged with the neighbouring region of Burgundy, and the "préfecture" was transferred to the city of Dijon. However, Besançon remains the seat of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council and of various decentralised administrations such as the regional offices of the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) or the Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires (CROUS).Mayor of the City of Besançon is Anne Vignot (The Greens).The city is known for its microtechnology and watch industries. It is host of the biannual Micronora trade fair, one of Europe's major events in the field of microtechnologies. The city has a little-known specialty, automatic ticketing machines for car parking, airports, date stamping etc.The watch industry, for which Besançon remains the French capital, endured a major crisis in the 1970s when the advent of quartz watches from Asia knocked out the traditional watch industry in the space of just a few years. The "Lip" affair epitomizes the industrial crisis. LIP is to this day the name of one of Besançon's most prestigious brands of watches. Refusing to let their factory close, the workers set up a cooperative to run it. The action produced a lot of notoriety and sympathy for the workers but also resulted in branding Besançon as a city of the radical left. It also did nothing to help revive the watch industry; the cooperative went out of business a short while later. The city took a long time to recover from the collapse of the watch industry and its other major industry of the industrial age, artificial textiles.Since the 1980s, Besançon's watch industry has clawed its way back on the basis of its historic reputation and quartz watches, establishing itself in a number of niche markets including customized watches, high quality watches, and fashion articles. Since the 1990s, the town has developed a reputation as one of France's leading centres of technology in all fields, including telecommunications and biotechnology.Besançon is the seat of the Université de Franche-Comté. , there were approximately students enrolled at the university, including around foreign students. The Institut Supérieur d'Ingénieurs de Franche-Comté (ISIFC), part of the Université de Franche-Comté, is the first school created in the country specifically for the Biomedical engineering field. The city is also home of the École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM), a technological school with a strong reputation in the fields of microtechnology and mechanics and the Centre for Applied Linguistics which teaches ten languages to non-native speakers (French, Arabic, Chinese, English, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish) and any other known language on request. The Centre welcomes more than students every year from all over the world.As well as being famed as one of France's finest "villes d'art" (art cities), Besançon is the seat of one of France's older universities, of France's National School of Mechanics and Micromechanics, and one of the best known French language schools in France, the CLA.The most historic center of the town is characterised by the broad horse-shoe of the river Doubs, "la Boucle", which encircles the old town. Vauban's imposing Citadelle blocks off the neck. The historic center presents an ensemble of classic stone buildings, some dating back to the Middle Ages and others to the Spanish Renaissance.During Antiquity, Vesontio was an important metropolis of Roman Gaul. It is adorned with monuments, some of which have survived, archaeological excavations carried out during construction sites often revealing new discoveries dating from this period. The most emblematic and best-preserved monument dating from this period is the Porte Noire, a Gallo-Roman triumphal arch built under Marcus Aurelius in the 2nd century in the Saint-Jean district. Heavily deteriorated by the vagaries of time and pollution, it was the subject of a long and difficult restoration operation at the beginning of the 21st century. Immediately below is the Square Castan, a garden with a collection of archaeological remains from the 2nd century or the 3rd century including in particular eight Corinthian columns.On the other bank of the Doubs River, in the Battant district, the remains of the Vesontio arena are visible: only a few steps and foundations have been unearthed, its stones having been widely used in the Middle Ages for the construction of other buildings.Two domus in the residential district of Vesontio: the domus of the Palace of Justice and the domus of the Lumière college with Roman mosaic exhibited in situ at the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology. Other remains can be seen in more anonymous places, such as the ancient foundations in the underground car park of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council.Most of the current fortification system (citadel, defensive wall made up of ramparts and bastions, Fort Griffon) is the work of the military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. This group of buildings allows Besançon to appear on the UNESCO World Heritage List with eleven other sites under the title Fortifications of Vauban. The forts on the other hills were all built in the 19th century. The only remaining pre-Vauban fortifications are Porte Rivotte, Porte Taillée, Tour Carrée, Tour Notre-Dame and Tour de la Pelote.The citadel of Besançon was built by Vauban from 1678 to 1771 and is the most visited site in Franche-Comté with more than 250,000 visitors each year. It extends over eleven hectares at the top of Mont Saint-Étienne at an altitude between 330 and 370 meters, thus overhanging the meander of the Doubs River which has an altitude between 240 and 250 meters. It brings together a museum of Resistance and Deportation, a museum of Franche-Comté traditions, the regional archeology service and a zoo. It is the symbol of the city. Fort Griffon, whose name is that of the Italian architect Jean Griffoni who was commissioned to build a first fortification at this location in 1595, is a second citadel. It was Vauban who, at the end of the 17th century, had the current fort built.The city walls designed by Vauban includes all the fortifications of La Boucle historic district which were rebuilt from 1675 to 1695. Vauban in fact replaced the medieval defenses restored and completed by Charles V in the sixteenth century with a belt provided with six bastioned battery towers : the Notre-Dame tower, the bastioned tower of Chamars, the bastioned tower of the Marais, the bastioned tower of the Cordeliers (completed in 1691), the bastioned tower of Bregille and the bastioned tower of Rivotte.Fortifications prior to the French conquest are also numerous. The Tour de la Pelote, located on the Quai de Strasbourg, is a defensive tower built in 1546 by the municipal government on the orders of Charles V. Its name would come from the former owner of the land where it was built, Pierre Pillot, lord of Chenecey. The Porte Rivotte is a city gate dating from the 16th century, consisting of two round towers and a pediment carved with a sun which was King Louis XIV's personal emblem. The Porte Taillée ("Carved Gate"), opened in a rocky outcrop, is the work of the Romans. It marks the entrance to the city on the road to Switzerland. It is surmounted by a guardhouse and a watchtower built in 1546. The “square tower”, located in the promenade des Glacis, is also called the Montmart tower. It was built in the 13th century to defend the old entrance to the Battant district.The fortifications of the 19th century consist of a set of forts covering all the heights of the city: the fort of Chaudanne built from 1837 to 1842, the fort of Bregille built from 1820 to 1832, the fort of Planoise built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Benoit was built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Beauregard in 1830.Another example are the Trois-Châtels and Tousey lunettes, both built at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries, as well as the Rosemont battery built during the war of 1870-1871, the Fort des Montboucons built from 1877 to 1880 and the Fort des Justices built from 1870. A third Lunette d'Arçon was located on the site of Fort Chaudanne; only its tower was preserved during the construction of the fort in the first half of the 19th century.The Ruty barracks, formerly Saint-Paul barracks, are made up of four pavilions surrounding a courtyard serving as a Place d'Armes and dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. It currently houses the headquarters of the 1st Armored Division and the 7th Armoured Brigade.After the city acquired an episcopal see in the 3rd century, churches and abbeys multiplied during the period of the High Middle Ages. Important constructions or reconstructions of religious buildings then took place in the 11th century during the episcopate of Hugues Ier de Salins and many churches were embellished or rebuilt after the French conquest of 1674. In 1842, the Church of the Holy Spirit was officially ceded to the Protestant community while the Jewish community inaugurated its synagogue in 1869. Finally, the Muslim community had two mosques built at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.The most important religious building dedicated to Catholic worship in Besançon is the Saint John's Cathedral, of Gothic architecture, dating from the 9th, 12th and 18th centuries. It has two apses and contains a masterpiece by Fra Bartolomeo, the painting of the "Madonna in Glory with Saints" painted in 1512. The cathedral dominates the old chapter district which includes the Archbishopric of Besançon located in the former Hôtel Boistouset and the former Archbishop's Palace currently occupied by the Rectorate of the academy. The Grand Seminary was built from 1670 to 1695 by Archbishop Antoine-Pierre Ier de Grammont and completed in the 18th century by the elevation of the portal and the construction of the main facade. The chapel has a two-storey facade of Corinthian pilasters on the street. Its portal is surmounted by a tympanum where the sculptor Huguenin represented a Madonna and Child in 1848.At the other end of the old cardo and current Grande Rue, is the Sainte-Madeleine church built from 1746 to 1766 on plans by Nicolas Nicole. It was definitively completed in 1828-1830 with the construction of its two towers, one of which hosts the Jacquemart bellstriker automaton. Its roof is made of polychrome glazed tiles.In the heart of the city center, the St. Peters Church, built by the Bisontin Claude Joseph Alexandre Bertrand from 1782 to 1786, impresses with the height of its bell tower which served as a belfry for the town hall which is opposite. The St Maurice's Church, founded in the 6th century, was rebuilt from 1711 to 1714 with a Jesuit-style facade surmounted by a carillon. The Notre-Dame Church corresponds to the former Benedictine abbey of Saint-Vincent which was founded in the eleventh century. It was under the Empire that it became the parish church of Notre-Dame. Its facade was designed in 1720 by the architect Jean-Pierre Galezot. You can still make out the large entrance gate to the abbey and the 16th century bell tower. Today it is occupied by the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences. The Saint-François-Xavier church, former chapel of the Jesuit college, was built between 1680 and 1688. Its plan is in the shape of a Latin cross surrounded by small side chapels. It was decommissioned in 1975. The Saint-Paul abbey, church of the former abbey founded around 628 by Saint Donat, archbishop of Besançon, was rebuilt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Notre-Dame-du-Foyer chapel, built from 1739 to 1745 by the Bisontin Nicolas Nicole, was once the chapel of the Couvent du Refuge before being attached to the Saint-Jacques hospital in 1802.Outside the old town, among the important Catholic buildings, is the Saint-Ferjeux basilica of Romano-Byzantine style built on the cave of the patron saints of Besançon, Saint Ferjeux and Saint Ferréol. Notre-Dame des Buis, a 19th century chapel, overlooks the city at an altitude of 491 meters.The Protestant community was assigned in 1842 the former hospice of the Holy Spirit, today the temple of the Holy Spirit. It is a 13th century Gothic building augmented by a 15th century chapel and deprived of its bell tower during the Revolution. It is distinguished by its gallery of sculpted wood, a masterpiece by an anonymous artist. Its neo-Gothic portal was created in 1841 by the architect Alphonse Delacroix in place of the old porch.The Jewish community, booming in the city in the middle of the 19th century, built the synagogue of Besançon from 1869 to 1871 on plans by the architect Pierre Marnotte. Listed as a historic monument in 1984, it is particularly remarkable for its Moorish style inspired by the Alhambra in Granada.The most recently built places of worship in Besançon are of Muslim faith: the Sounna Mosque built at the end of the 20th century on land ceded by the city in the Saint-Claude district and the Al- Fath located in the district of Planoise.In the 16th century, many palaces and mansions were erected in the Boucle and Battant districts. The most important is the Palais Granvelle with Renaissance architecture built for Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle, Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals of Emperor Charles V. It now houses the Museum of Time. The Town Hall was built by the architect Richard Maire who completed it in 1573. It has an ashlar facade in the spirit of Italian Renaissance palaces. Until the Revolution, a large niche in the facade housed a bronze statue of Charles V riding a two-headed eagle. The Palais de Justice (Court of Appeal) was originally the second main building of the town hall. In 1582, the municipality decided to enlarge the town hall to establish its court and its chapel. The construction was entrusted to the architect Hugues Sambin who was greatly inspired by the spirit of the Renaissance. The Hôtel de Champagney was built in the Battant district by Jacques Bonvalot, Lord of Champagney, during the first half of the 16th century. His daughter Nicole Bonvalot, widow of Nicolas de Granvelle, had the premises redesigned and the courtyard designed from 1560 to 1565 by architect Richard Maire. It is distinguished by the four gargoyles that adorn its facade and by its interior courtyard with arched passageways and galleries with wooden columns. The Hôtel Mareschal belonged to an important Besançon family, the Mareschal family. Burnt down on June 4, 1516, Guillaume Mareschal had it rebuilt in 1532 with an ornamental flora that heralded the Renaissance. Other notable buildings dating from the sixteenth century are the Hôtels of Chevanney, Gauthiot d'Ancier, Anvers, Bonvalot, and Bouteiller. At that time, the hills around Besançon were covered with vineyards: the city has preserved from this important viticultural past a dozen "cabordes", former vineyard huts made of dry limestone.Immediately after the French conquest, the installations were mainly of a military nature. However, two other notable constructions were erected at the end of the 17th century. Work on the Saint-Jacques hospital, which was intended to replace the one located on rue d'Arènes, began in 1688 and was completed in 1701. Its monumental entrance gate, executed by the locksmith Nicolas Chapuis in 1703 has been replaced by a copy. The Vauban Quay was built from 1691 to 1695 by the engineer Isaac Robelin. It is a monumental set of houses with arcades.During the Age of Enlightenment, the town's urban planning underwent major transformations and the construction of remarkable buildings, notably due to its new status as capital. The Hôtel de l'Intendance, currently prefecture of the Doubs departement, was built from 1771 to 1778 at the request of the intendant Charles André de Lacoré. The plans were drawn up by the great Parisian architect Victor Louis and the work directed by the bisontin architect Nicolas Nicole. It adopts the traditional plan of private mansions, with a main courtyard with a facade made up of six Ionic columns surmounted by a pediment and a garden at the rear of the building whose facade is decorated with a rotunda jutting out slightly. on the garden. The Théâtre Ledoux is an order from Monsieur de Lacoré to Claude-Nicolas Ledoux who drew up the plans and entrusted the construction to Claude-Joseph-Alexandre Bertrand which began in 1778 and ended with its inauguration on August 9, 1784 under the crook of Louis V Joseph of Bourbon-Condé. With a capacity of 2,000 seats, it was considered very innovative, as it had a seated parterre, an amphitheater hall without boxes, and it was the first in the world to have an orchestra pit. On April 29, 1958, a dramatic fire completely destroyed the interior and the roof of the building. The walls are the only witnesses that have survived, including the facade and its six monumental columns. Many mansions also attest to the prosperity of the city during this period. The Hotel Terrier de Santans was built between 1770 and 1772 for the Marquis Terrier de Santans, first president of parliament, by the architect Claude Bertrand. Other eminent families call on the greatest architects for their homes: the Hôtels Petit de Marivat, de Magnoncourt, Boistouset, de Courbouzon, de Clévans, de Camus, Querret, Terrier, and de Rosières.If the thermal baths of Besançon were completely destroyed in the 1950s, the city retains a number of buildings emblematic of its thermal past: the Grand Hôtel des Bains inaugurated in 1893, the municipal casino installed in a Belle Époque-style building inaugurated in 1882 or the Kursaal opened in 1893. It was also during this period that the astronomical observatory and the Café du Commerce were erected, a brasserie from the second half of the 19th century with a rich interior decor in the Belle Époque style.Besançon's specialization in watchmaking has also left its mark on the city's heritage. The astronomical clock located inside St. John's cathedral was commissioned in 1858 by Cardinal Mathieu from Auguste-Lucien Vérité. Composed of 30,000 mechanical parts, 57 dials and presenting 122 all interdependent indications, it is considered a masterpiece of its kind and classified as a Historic Monument in 1991. The National School of Watchmaking was built from 1928 to 1932 by the architect Paul Guadet. This imposing Art Deco building with a monumental clock on its facade now houses the Lycée Jules-Haag. The Dodane watch factory, completed in 1943, is an L-shaped reinforced concrete building whose construction was entrusted to the architect Auguste Perret who also designed the interior decor elements. It has a private garden with swimming pool and tennis court. In the twenty-first century, two monumental clocks, works by Bisontin Philippe Lebru from the Utinam workshop, were installed on the facade of the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and inside the Besançon Franche-Comté TGV station.In addition to the watchmaking heritage, other buildings with notable architecture were built during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The Canot university campus was built from 1929 by the architect René Tournier and inaugurated by the President of the Republic Albert Lebrun in 1933. It was the first university residence in France. The Higher Institute of Fine Arts was built between 1970 and 1974 to plans by the Catalan architect Josep Lluís Sert. The Cité des Arts inaugurated in 2013 is the work of the Japanese architect Kengo Kuma.With of urban open spaces, including of forests, Besançon is considered the first green city in France with 204 m2 of green spaces per capita. The Forest of Chailluz, covering , represents a quarter of the total area of the commune. The city is the owner of this mainly deciduous forest, which includes a wildlife park and a fitness trail in addition to numerous trails. The historic center is entirely surrounded by green spaces. To the west of the old town, on the left bank of the River Doubs, are the Jardins de la Gare-d'Eau: in 1833, the construction of the Rhone-Rhine Canal led the city to create a small port river shipping but it quickly fell into disuse after the opening of a canal tunnel under the citadel. The park around the basin is currently owned by the departmental council of Doubs. The Chamars Promenade, attached to these gardens but further north, built in the fourth quarter of the eighteenth century, owes its name to the contraction of Champ de Mars (Field of Mars). It was at first a marshland separated into two parts by an arm of the River Doubs: the big and the small Chamars. Vauban, judging this place vulnerable, fortified it with the help of ramparts and bastions. The city obtained permission to turn this space into a promenade in 1739. The architect Bertrand remodeled it between 1770 and 1778 by incorporating a café, public baths, an aviary of rare birds, waterfalls, a botanical garden and many plantings. It largely disappeared after 1830 with the leveling of the inner rampart and the creation of the Gare d'Eau port. A public garden was refurbished between 1978 and 1982. The only surviving elements of the former Chamars Promenade are the two guard houses, some plane trees, and the stone vases of the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Boutry.North of the historic district of Battant, on the right bank of the River Doubs, the Glacis Promenade, created in the middle of the nineteenth century, is the work of the landscape architect Brice Michel and the architect Boutterin. Right in the heart of this district, the Clos Barbisier is a garden created in 1988 and presenting an important variety of roses. The green belt extends east of the old town, still on the right bank of the River Doubs, by the Promenade of Helvetia which houses a botanical garden called Jardin des Sens et des Senteurs (Garden of Senses and Scents) realized in 1987, accessible to the visually impaired thanks to its plants and shrubs with certain sensory features (smell, touch), and Braille signs. Directly to the south is the Micaud Promenade, which has been progressively developed over from 1843 on plans by architect Alphonse Delacroix. It is named after Jules Micaud, the mayor who promoted the project. It includes more than four hundred trees, including a southern magnolia and a European beech, a bandstand, a pond, and several sculptures. The Jardins du Casino, a public garden with flowering lawns and tree-lined avenues, is directly on the other side of Edouard Droz Avenue, which runs along Micaud Promenade.In the heart of the historic center, the Promenade Granvelle is the former private garden of the sixteenth century Granvelle Palace, which the municipality acquired in 1712 and which was opened to the public in 1728. The architect Bertrand redeveloped it into a public garden from 1775 to 1778. It includes a bandstand, an artificial cave, a Wallace fountain, statues of Victor Hugo and Auguste Veil-Picard, the portal of the church of the convent of the Great Carmelites, and a neoclassical colonnade, a remnant of a refreshment pavilion. The first botanical garden in Besançon was created in 1580. It then occupied more than ten different sites, including the current location of Place Leclerc since 1957. The Parc de l'Observatoire, created in 1904 at the request of the director of the astronomical observatory Auguste Lebeuf, is home to a purple beech, a weeping beech, chestnut and pine trees.There are five museums in Besançon that all bear the designation "Museum of France". Besançon has one of the finest city art galleries in France outside Paris. The Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology, created in 1694, was the first museum created in France and predates The Louvre by almost a century. It has benefited from a remarkable series of bequests over time.In the 1960s the architect Luis Miquel, a pupil of Le Corbusier, totally rebuilt the building. The building's interior takes the form of a gently rising concrete walkway that takes visitors up from classical antiquity to the modern age. Among the museum's treasures are a fine collection of classical antiquities and ancient Egyptian artifacts, as well as a very rich collection of paintings including works by Bellini, Bronzino, Tintoretto, Titian, Rubens, Jordaens, Ruisdael, Cranach, Zurbarán, Goya, Philippe de Champaigne, Fragonard, Boucher, David, Ingres, Géricault, Courbet, Constable, Bonnard, Matisse, Picasso and many others.The Musée du Temps (Museum of Time), inaugurated in 2002, was formerly the City's History Museum. Located in the Granvelle Palace, its concept is unique in Europe, grouping watch collections (watches, sundials, hourglasses, all means of measuring time ...) and the funds of the history museum (paintings, engravings). In addition, three museums are grouped inside the Vauban citadelThe Museum of Resistance and Deportation has been open since 1971 and is one of the largest in its category at the national level. It consists of twenty rooms, retracing the themes related to the Second World War (Nazism, the Occupation, the Vichy regime, the Resistance, Liberation, Deportation) through photographs, texts, documents and original collectibles. The establishment also has two rooms dedicated to artists whose works were made in concentration camps.The Comtois Museum, installed in 1961 in the Royal Front, presents regional arts and traditions through sixteen permanent exhibition halls with collections of more than 20,000 objects, mainly from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.The Museum of Natural History, created in 1959 under the leadership of Mayor Jean Minjoz, presents varied backgrounds in a small evolutionary course around collections of natural sciences (naturalized animals, herbaria ...); it also presents live animals in four sectors (zoo, insectarium, noctarium and aquarium). Besançon is also home to the birthplace of Victor Hugo, presenting the humanist political commitment of the writer. The Cité des Arts exhibits part of the works of the regional fund of contemporary art of Burgundy-Franche-ComtéThe city is home to a National Center for Dramatic Art, the Centre dramatique national Besançon Franche-Comté created in 1972. This theater installed in the former ballroom of the Casino has a capacity of 337 seats. The Scène nationale de Besançon performs since 2012 in two facilities including the Théâtre de l'Espace and the Théâtre Ledoux. The Théâtre Ledoux was inaugurated in 1784 and can accommodate 1100 people. Besançon also has smaller structures. The Scénacle located in the Saint-Jean district is a small theater with a capacity of about 100 seats that offers plays and concerts by the troupe or regional artists. On campus, the 150-seat Petit Théâtre de la Bouloie welcomes student projects to promote artistic and cultural practice (university theater, university choir...), artistic residencies of young companies, professional shows proposed by the partner structures and shows of young companies.The Kursaal is the result of the will to offer entertainment and shows to spa guests of the spa resort of Besançon-les-Bains created in 1891 and military garrison in the city. The Kursaal-Circus opened at the end of 1893, but the promoter's finances, Madame Veuve Pellegrin, did not allow her to reimburse the expenses incurred. The city acquired it in 1895 and the Kursaal became the city's concert hall. It closes in 1970 for reasons of obsolescence, before being renovated from 1979 and reopened in September 1982. A conference room with 360 seats, called Petit Kursaal was also created in the basement. The main hall, known as Grand Kursaal, has two balconies and a dome ceiling decorated with frescoes reminiscent of the circus arts. Its capacity can go up to 1,038 seats including 450 on both balconies.Bands play throughout the year at La Rodia, located in the Prés-de-Vaux neighborhood. It includes a large 900-seat theater and a 330-seat "club" hall as well as two creative studios. The Micropolis Exhibition Center houses a modular hall with a capacity of 2,200 to 6,500 seats, where the majority of artists and bands on national and international tours are performing.The city is home to the Victor Hugo Franche-Comté Orchestra.There are two multiplex cinemas, the Mégarama Beaux-Arts in the historic district and Mégarama École-Valentin in the suburban area. The Cinéma Victor-Hugo is a smaller cinema promoting indie movies, located in the city center.The city of Besançon hosts many festive and cultural events.Several music festivals punctuate the year, the most emblematic and the oldest of which is the Besançon Franche-Comté International Music Festival, created in 1948 and held every year in September. This festival honors the symphonic repertoire, chamber music and recitals. It was completed in 1951 by the International Contest of Young Conductors held every two years (odd years), one of the most prestigious of the discipline which counts among its laureates Seiji Ozawa, Gerd Albrecht, Michel Plasson or Zdeněk Mácal.The Festival Détonation is another highlight of September: created in 2012 and organized by La Rodia, its programming mixes pop music, electronic music and interactive mapping installations.Initiated in 2007, the GéNéRiQ Festival takes place in February in five cities: Belfort, Besançon, Dijon, Montbéliard and Mulhouse. Its programming is also focused on new musical trends such as electro clubbing, mediterranean surf, free metal, electro blues, alternative hip hop or neo ghetto folk.Created in 1981, the Jazz and improvised music festival in Franche-Comté offers concerts in Besançon and other towns in the region in June.The Circasismic Festival, held in May since 2015, presents a program of electro, dub and rock music as well as circus and street theater shows.The Orgue en ville festival, created in 2009, offers about twenty concerts around the organ in religious buildings of Besançon and its agglomeration. It takes place between the end of June and the beginning of July.The Besançon-Montfaucon Festival offers musical works played on period instruments.The Foire Comtoise is a trade fair and a travelling funfair held in the Micropolis exhibition center. This event created in 1922 was originally an agricultural fair. It now hosts around 600 exhibitors and 140,000 visitors around the Feast of the Ascension weekend. Each year, a country or a community is a guest of honor and presents its crafts and its customs and traditions through shows.Since 1995, the Gourmet Instants market has been held on the Granvelle Promenade in September and showcases local gastronomic products.The Christmas market in Besançon has been spreading throughout December since 1993, while a carnival parade has been held since 1978, bringing together 20,000 to 30,000 people each year in the streets of the city center.The Grand Besançon Métropole book festival (Livres dans la Boucle) take place in September. Running over three days, it hosted in 2018 more than 200 authors and 30,000 visitors.An African cinema festival called Lumières d'Afrique has been held in November since 1996.Bien Urbain is a manifestation of street art and contemporary art in the public space held in June since 2011.In the field of theater, Besançon has two festivals. The Festival de Caves has been offering shows since 2006 in the cellars of the city. Born in Besançon, the concept of this festival has since spread in many cities in France and Europe.Since 2018, the Festival of World Languages and Cultures has been the heir to the International University Theater Meetings, which celebrated their 25th edition in 2017.The practice of sport in the agglomeration of Besançon is quite diverse, on the one hand because the municipality does not want to bet everything on one or two professional disciplines that would carry the colors of the city high, but rather to encourage its population to practice all disciplines, and on the other hand because the particular setting of the city (hills, cliffs, rivers) makes it possible to practice a wide range of outdoor sports such as hiking, mountain biking, climbing, rowing.The Palais des Sports Ghani-Yalouz, the largest indoor sports arena in the metropolitan area, was inaugurated in 1967 and refurbished in 2005. Its capacity is flexible, from 3,380 seats in handball configuration to 4,200 seats in basketball configuration. The main stadium is the Léo-Lagrange stadium, inaugurated in 1939 and renovated between 2003 and 2005. With a capacity of 11,500 seats, it exclusively hosts soccer matches. Three other stadiums are located in the town, the Rosemont stadium, the Orchamps stadium and the Henri Joran stadium in the Velotte district. The city has a single ice rink, the La Fayette ice rink, two indoor Olympic swimming pools (Mallarmé and La Fayette), two outdoor swimming pools (Chalezeule and Port Joint) and ten gyms. A large indoor climbing gym inaugurated in 2020 near the Léo-Lagrange stadium offers climbing routes that can reach up to 18 meters above the ground. The Centre des Cultures Urbaines de Besançon (CCUB) located in the Saint-Claude district is a 2,000 m2 indoor space inaugurated in 2019 and dedicated to boardsports (rollerblading, BMX, skateboarding) and balance practices (parkour, slacklining). An open-air skatepark is set up in the city center on the banks of the Doubs River in the Chamars area. Other notable facilities are located on the territory of peripheral municipalities. In Montfaucon, at the gates of Besançon, there is a free flight site for the practice of paragliding and hang-gliding as well as a cliff with nearly 150 climbing routes from 20 to 40 meters. The Golf de Besançon is an 18-hole golf course in the town of La Chevillotte.In the field of team sports, the city is currently represented at the national level mainly in the discipline of handball. The Entente Sportive Bisontine Feminine (ESBF) club, founded in 1970, plays in the French Women's First League. It is the most successful club in the city with notably 4 French league titles and a European Cup. Grand Besançon Doubs Handball (GBDH), men's handball club, participated in 4 seasons in the first division and 26 seasons in the second division. It is playing in the second division for the 2020-2021 season.In football, the city has two clubs playing in Championnat National 3, the fifth tier in the French football league system : Racing Besançon (RB) and Besançon Football (BF).Basketball is present with the Besançon Avenir Comtois (BesAC) club, playing in Championnat de Nationale 3, fifth tier in the French basketball league system. Former Besançon BCD, now defunct, played nine seasons in the top-tier men's professional basketball league in France and counted Bruce Bowen, Tanoka Beard and Tony Farmer among its most famous playersIn the field of individual sports at professional and amateur level, the city stands out in boxing with Olympic medalist Khedafi Djelkhir, wrestling with Olympic medalist Ghani Yalouz, archery with Jean-Charles Valladont several times medalist at the World and European championship and silver medalist at the Rio Olympics, judo, cycling (Amicale Cycliste Bisontine), weightlifting (La Française de Besançon) or canoeing (Société Nautique Bisontine, 2nd club French). Besançon also hosts the Franche-Comté Judo Besançon club with 90 national podiums, 50 French Champion titles in all categories and 20 European and world podiums.Grand Besançon Métropole is organizing from 2019 a festival called Grandes Heures Nature devoted to outdoor sports such as hiking, trail running, canoeing, climbing, mountain biking and road cycling. It takes place over four days during the month of June. The city of Besançon is a regular stage city in the Tour de France bicycle race, which it hosted 18 times between 1903 and 2018. The Besançon Trail des Forts has been taking place since 2004 every year in May and offers four trail running races of 48, 28, 19 and 10 kilometers, the longest course being registered among the ten stages of the National Trail Tour.Besançon is situated at the crossing of two major lines of communication, the NE-SW route that follows the valley of the river Doubs and links Germany and North Europe with Lyon and southwest Europe, and the N–S route linking northern France and the Netherlands with Switzerland. The city is served by the A36 motorway, which connects the German border with Burgundy.Besançon is well connected with the rest of France by train. One can reach major destinations such as Paris, Dijon, Belfort, Mulhouse, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and Lille directly. The city has some international connections to cities such as Basel in Switzerland, Frankfurt am Main and Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany and Luxembourg.A tramway commenced service in September 2014. The length of the line is and the route follows a mainly South-West-North East direction through the city between Hauts du Chazal and alternative destinations of Chalezeule ("parc Micaud") and the Besançon railway station at "Gare Viotte".Bus services in Besançon and its suburbs are run by the Ginko company. It runs 58 bus lines and its fleet has about 240 buses. The network serves the 68 municipalities of the urban community.Besançon was the birthplace of:King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands is also the "Lord of Besançon".[1.38] When he had proceeded three days' journey, word was brought to him that Ariovistus was hastening with all his forces to seize on Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani, and had advanced three days' journey from its territories. Caesar thought that he ought to take the greatest precautions lest this should happen, for there was in that town a most ample supply of every thing which was serviceable for war; and so fortified was it by the nature of the ground, as to afford a great facility for protracting the war, inasmuch as the river Doubs almost surrounds the whole town, as though it were traced round it with a pair of compasses. A mountain of great height shuts in the remaining space, which is not more than , where the river leaves a gap, in such a manner that the roots of that mountain extend to the river's bank on either side. A wall thrown around it makes a citadel of this [mountain], and connects it with the town.Eventually he saw the white walls beyond the distant mountain; it was the citadel of Besançon. "What a difference", he said, sighing, "if I could come into this fine city as a sub-lieutenant of one of these regiments of the post." Besançon is not only one of the prettiest cities in France, but it abounds in brave and intelligent men. Julien, however, was only a little peasant, without any means of approaching distinguished personages.This century was two years old. Rome was replacing Sparta;Already Napoleon was emerging from under Bonaparte.And already the First Consul's tight maskHad been split in several places by the Emperor's brow.It was then that in Besançon, that old Spanish town,Cast like a seed into the flying wind,A child was born of mixed blood—Breton and Lorraine—Pallid, blind and mute...That child, whom Life was scratching from its book,And who had not another day to live,Was me.The Christmas carol ""Berger, Secoue Ton Sommeil Profond"", known in English as "Shepherds, Shake Off Your Drowsy Sleep" originated in Besançon in the 17th century.Besançon is twinned with:
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[
"Anne Vignot",
"Jean-Louis Fousseret"
] |
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Who was the head of Besançon in Aug, 2015?
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August 29, 2015
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{
"text": [
"Jean-Louis Fousseret"
]
}
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L2_Q37776_P6_1
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Jean-Louis Fousseret is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2020.
Robert Schwint is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 2001.
Anne Vignot is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
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BesançonBesançon (, , , ; archaic ; ) is the capital of the department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city is located in Eastern France, close to the Jura Mountains and the border with Switzerland.Capital of the historic and cultural region of Franche-Comté, Besançon is home to the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council headquarters, and is an important administrative centre in the region. It is also the seat of one of the fifteen French ecclesiastical provinces and one of the two divisions of the French Army.In 2018 the city had a population of 116,775, in a metropolitan area of 279,191, the second in the region in terms of population.Established in a meander of the Doubs river, the city was already important during the Gallo-Roman era under the name of "Vesontio", capital of the Sequani. Its geography and specific history turned it into a military stronghold, a garrison city, a political centre, and a religious capital.Besançon is the historical capital of watchmaking in France. This has led it to become a centre for innovative companies in the fields of microtechnology, micromechanics, and biomedical engineering. The University of Franche-Comté, founded in 1423, every year enrolls more than 20,000 students; its Centre for Applied Linguistics enrolls another estimated 4,000 trainees from all over the world.The greenest city in France, it enjoys a quality of life recognized in Europe. Thanks to its rich historical and cultural heritage and its unique architecture, Besançon has been labeled a "Town of Art and History" since 1986 and its fortifications due to Vauban has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2008.The city is first recorded in 58 BC as "Vesontio" in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of "Vesontio" is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derived from "wes", meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to "Besontio" or "Bisontion" and then underwent several transformations to become "Besançon" in 1243.The city sits within an oxbow of the Doubs River (a tributary of the Saône River); a mountain closes the fourth side. During the Bronze Age, c.1500 BC, tribes of Gauls settled the oxbow.From the 1st century BC through the modern era, the town had a significant military importance because the Alps rise abruptly to its immediate south, presenting a significant natural barrier.The Arar (Saône) River formed part of the border between the Haedui and their hereditary rivals, the Sequani. According to Strabo, the cause of the conflict was commercial. Each tribe claimed the Arar and the tolls on trade along it. The Sequani controlled access to the Rhine River and had built an oppidum (a fortified town) at Vesontio to protect their interests. The Sequani defeated and massacred the Haedui at the Battle of Magetobriga, with the help of the Arverni tribe and the Germanic Suebi tribe under the Germanic king Ariovistus.Julius Caesar, in his commentaries detailing his conquest of Gaul, describes Vesontio (possibly Latinized), as the largest town of the Sequani, a smaller Gaulic tribe, and mentions that a wooden palisade surrounded it.Over the centuries, the name permutated to become Besantio, Besontion, Bisanz in Middle High German, and gradually arrived at the modern French "Besançon". The locals retain their ancient heritage referring to themselves as "Bisontins" ("feminine:" Bisontine).It has been an archbishopric since the 4th century.In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided up Charlemagne's empire. Besançon became part of Lotharingia, under the Duke of Burgundy.As part of the Holy Roman Empire since 1034, the city became an archbishopric, and was designated the Free Imperial City of Besançon (an autonomous city-state under the Holy Roman Emperor) in 1184. In 1157, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa held the Diet of Besançon. There, Cardinal Orlando Bandinelli (the future Pope Alexander III, then adviser of Pope Adrian IV) openly asserted before the Emperor that the imperial dignity was a papal beneficium (in the more general sense of favour, not the strict feudal sense of fief), which incurred the wrath of the German princes. He would have fallen on the spot under the battle-axe of his lifelong foe, Otto of Wittelsbach, had Frederick not intervened. The Imperial Chancellor Rainald of Dassel then inaugurated a German policy that insisted upon the rights and the power of the German kings, the strengthening of the Church in the German Empire, the lordship of Italy and the humiliation of the Papacy. The Archbishops were elevated to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1288. The close connection to the Empire is reflected in the city's coat of arms.In 1290, after a century of fighting against the power of the archbishops, the Emperor granted Besançon its independence.In the 15th century, Besançon came under the influence of the dukes of Burgundy. After the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, the city was in effect a Habsburg fief. In 1519 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, became the Holy Roman Emperor. This made him master of the Franche-Comté and Besançon, a francophone imperial city. In 1526 the city obtained the right to mint coins, which it continued to strike until 1673. Nevertheless, all coins bore the name of Charles V.When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he gave the Franche-Comté to his son, Philip II, King of Spain. Besançon remained a free imperial city under the protection of the King of Spain. In 1598, Philip II gave the province to his daughter on her marriage to an Austrian archduke. It remained formally a portion of the Empire until its cession at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. Spain regained control of Franche-Comté and the city lost its status as a free city. Then in 1667, Louis XIV claimed the province as a consequence of his marriage to Marie-Thérèse of Spain in the War of Devolution.Louis conquered the city for the first time in 1668, but the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned it to Spain within a matter of months. While it was in French hands, the famed military engineer Vauban visited the city and drew up plans for its fortification. The Spaniards built the main centre point of the city's defences, "la Citadelle", siting it on Mont Saint-Étienne, which closes the neck of the oxbow that is the site of the original town. In their construction, the Spaniards followed Vauban's designs.In 1674, French troops recaptured the city, which the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678) then awarded to France. At this time the city became the administrative centre for the Franche-Comté, with its own Parlement of Besançon, which replaced Dole.As a result of control passing to France, Vauban returned to working on the citadel's fortifications, and those of the city. This process lasted until 1711, some 30 years, and the walls built then surround the city. Between the train station and the central city there is a complex moat system that now serves road traffic. Numerous forts, some of which date back to that time and that incorporate Vauban's designs elements sit on the six hills that surround the city: Fort de Trois Châtels, Fort Chaudanne, Fort du Petit Chaudanne, Fort Griffon, Fort des Justices, Fort de Beauregard and Fort de Brégille. The citadel itself has two dry moats, with an outer and inner court. In the evenings, the illuminated Citadelle stands above the city as a landmark and a testament to Vauban's genius as a military engineer.In 1814, the Austrians invaded and bombarded the city. It also occupied an important position during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. In 1871, a project of Besançon Commune is engaged.The Nazis occupied the citadel during World War II. Between 1940 and 1944, the Germans executed some one hundred French resistance fighters there. However, Besançon saw little action during the war. The allies bombed the railway complex in 1943, and the next year the Germans resisted the U.S. advance for four days.Besançon was also the location, between 1940 and 1941, of an Internment Camp ("Konzentrationslager"), Frontstalag 142, also known as "Caserne Vauban", which the Germans set up for 3–4,000 holders of British passports, all women and children. The conditions were harsh; many hundreds of internees died of pneumonia, diarrhea, food poisoning, dysentery, and frostbite.In 1959, the French Army turned the citadel over to the city of Besançon, which turned it into a museum.The forts of Brégille and Beauregard sit across the Doubs from the city. In 1913, a private company built a funicular to the Brégille Heights. The funicular passed from private ownership to the SNCF, who finally closed it in 1987. The funicular's tracks, stations and even road signs remain in place to this day.Besançon is located in the north-east quarter of France on the Doubs River. It is about east of the national capital of Paris, east of Dijon in Burgundy, northwest of Lausanne in Switzerland, and southwest of Belfort in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is located at the edge of the Jura Mountains.The city initially developed in a natural meander (or oxbow loop) of the Doubs River with a diameter of almost . The flat inner loop has an elevation of about , and is bounded to the south by a hill called "Mont Saint-Étienne", which has a maximum height of . The city is surrounded by six other hills which range in elevation from : Brégille, Griffon, Planoise, Chaudanne, Montfaucon, and Montboucon. (There is a barge canal that cuts through rock under Mont Saint-Étienne, short-cutting the meander.)Besançon is under the influence of both an oceanic climate (notable precipitations in quantity as much as in frequency) and a continental climate with hard winters (snow, frost) and warm and dry summers. The year-round average is . The warmest month is July and the coldest is January . Besançon receives about of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (); the driest is August (). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 28 July 1921, was , and the lowest was a reached on 1 January 1985.As of 2018, the population of the City of Besançon was 116,775, lower than the historical peak of 120,315 in 1975. Grand Besançon Métropole covers , 68 municipalities and has a population of 194,382. The metropolitan area covers , 312 municipalities and has 279,191 inhabitants. It is the 42nd of France, and it increased by 2.6% between 2010 and 2016.Until 2016, Besançon was the capital of the Franche-Comté administrative "région" of France, a "région" including the four "départements" of Doubs, Haute-Saône, Jura and Territoire de Belfort. Franche-Comté was since merged with the neighbouring region of Burgundy, and the "préfecture" was transferred to the city of Dijon. However, Besançon remains the seat of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council and of various decentralised administrations such as the regional offices of the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) or the Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires (CROUS).Mayor of the City of Besançon is Anne Vignot (The Greens).The city is known for its microtechnology and watch industries. It is host of the biannual Micronora trade fair, one of Europe's major events in the field of microtechnologies. The city has a little-known specialty, automatic ticketing machines for car parking, airports, date stamping etc.The watch industry, for which Besançon remains the French capital, endured a major crisis in the 1970s when the advent of quartz watches from Asia knocked out the traditional watch industry in the space of just a few years. The "Lip" affair epitomizes the industrial crisis. LIP is to this day the name of one of Besançon's most prestigious brands of watches. Refusing to let their factory close, the workers set up a cooperative to run it. The action produced a lot of notoriety and sympathy for the workers but also resulted in branding Besançon as a city of the radical left. It also did nothing to help revive the watch industry; the cooperative went out of business a short while later. The city took a long time to recover from the collapse of the watch industry and its other major industry of the industrial age, artificial textiles.Since the 1980s, Besançon's watch industry has clawed its way back on the basis of its historic reputation and quartz watches, establishing itself in a number of niche markets including customized watches, high quality watches, and fashion articles. Since the 1990s, the town has developed a reputation as one of France's leading centres of technology in all fields, including telecommunications and biotechnology.Besançon is the seat of the Université de Franche-Comté. , there were approximately students enrolled at the university, including around foreign students. The Institut Supérieur d'Ingénieurs de Franche-Comté (ISIFC), part of the Université de Franche-Comté, is the first school created in the country specifically for the Biomedical engineering field. The city is also home of the École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM), a technological school with a strong reputation in the fields of microtechnology and mechanics and the Centre for Applied Linguistics which teaches ten languages to non-native speakers (French, Arabic, Chinese, English, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish) and any other known language on request. The Centre welcomes more than students every year from all over the world.As well as being famed as one of France's finest "villes d'art" (art cities), Besançon is the seat of one of France's older universities, of France's National School of Mechanics and Micromechanics, and one of the best known French language schools in France, the CLA.The most historic center of the town is characterised by the broad horse-shoe of the river Doubs, "la Boucle", which encircles the old town. Vauban's imposing Citadelle blocks off the neck. The historic center presents an ensemble of classic stone buildings, some dating back to the Middle Ages and others to the Spanish Renaissance.During Antiquity, Vesontio was an important metropolis of Roman Gaul. It is adorned with monuments, some of which have survived, archaeological excavations carried out during construction sites often revealing new discoveries dating from this period. The most emblematic and best-preserved monument dating from this period is the Porte Noire, a Gallo-Roman triumphal arch built under Marcus Aurelius in the 2nd century in the Saint-Jean district. Heavily deteriorated by the vagaries of time and pollution, it was the subject of a long and difficult restoration operation at the beginning of the 21st century. Immediately below is the Square Castan, a garden with a collection of archaeological remains from the 2nd century or the 3rd century including in particular eight Corinthian columns.On the other bank of the Doubs River, in the Battant district, the remains of the Vesontio arena are visible: only a few steps and foundations have been unearthed, its stones having been widely used in the Middle Ages for the construction of other buildings.Two domus in the residential district of Vesontio: the domus of the Palace of Justice and the domus of the Lumière college with Roman mosaic exhibited in situ at the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology. Other remains can be seen in more anonymous places, such as the ancient foundations in the underground car park of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council.Most of the current fortification system (citadel, defensive wall made up of ramparts and bastions, Fort Griffon) is the work of the military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. This group of buildings allows Besançon to appear on the UNESCO World Heritage List with eleven other sites under the title Fortifications of Vauban. The forts on the other hills were all built in the 19th century. The only remaining pre-Vauban fortifications are Porte Rivotte, Porte Taillée, Tour Carrée, Tour Notre-Dame and Tour de la Pelote.The citadel of Besançon was built by Vauban from 1678 to 1771 and is the most visited site in Franche-Comté with more than 250,000 visitors each year. It extends over eleven hectares at the top of Mont Saint-Étienne at an altitude between 330 and 370 meters, thus overhanging the meander of the Doubs River which has an altitude between 240 and 250 meters. It brings together a museum of Resistance and Deportation, a museum of Franche-Comté traditions, the regional archeology service and a zoo. It is the symbol of the city. Fort Griffon, whose name is that of the Italian architect Jean Griffoni who was commissioned to build a first fortification at this location in 1595, is a second citadel. It was Vauban who, at the end of the 17th century, had the current fort built.The city walls designed by Vauban includes all the fortifications of La Boucle historic district which were rebuilt from 1675 to 1695. Vauban in fact replaced the medieval defenses restored and completed by Charles V in the sixteenth century with a belt provided with six bastioned battery towers : the Notre-Dame tower, the bastioned tower of Chamars, the bastioned tower of the Marais, the bastioned tower of the Cordeliers (completed in 1691), the bastioned tower of Bregille and the bastioned tower of Rivotte.Fortifications prior to the French conquest are also numerous. The Tour de la Pelote, located on the Quai de Strasbourg, is a defensive tower built in 1546 by the municipal government on the orders of Charles V. Its name would come from the former owner of the land where it was built, Pierre Pillot, lord of Chenecey. The Porte Rivotte is a city gate dating from the 16th century, consisting of two round towers and a pediment carved with a sun which was King Louis XIV's personal emblem. The Porte Taillée ("Carved Gate"), opened in a rocky outcrop, is the work of the Romans. It marks the entrance to the city on the road to Switzerland. It is surmounted by a guardhouse and a watchtower built in 1546. The “square tower”, located in the promenade des Glacis, is also called the Montmart tower. It was built in the 13th century to defend the old entrance to the Battant district.The fortifications of the 19th century consist of a set of forts covering all the heights of the city: the fort of Chaudanne built from 1837 to 1842, the fort of Bregille built from 1820 to 1832, the fort of Planoise built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Benoit was built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Beauregard in 1830.Another example are the Trois-Châtels and Tousey lunettes, both built at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries, as well as the Rosemont battery built during the war of 1870-1871, the Fort des Montboucons built from 1877 to 1880 and the Fort des Justices built from 1870. A third Lunette d'Arçon was located on the site of Fort Chaudanne; only its tower was preserved during the construction of the fort in the first half of the 19th century.The Ruty barracks, formerly Saint-Paul barracks, are made up of four pavilions surrounding a courtyard serving as a Place d'Armes and dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. It currently houses the headquarters of the 1st Armored Division and the 7th Armoured Brigade.After the city acquired an episcopal see in the 3rd century, churches and abbeys multiplied during the period of the High Middle Ages. Important constructions or reconstructions of religious buildings then took place in the 11th century during the episcopate of Hugues Ier de Salins and many churches were embellished or rebuilt after the French conquest of 1674. In 1842, the Church of the Holy Spirit was officially ceded to the Protestant community while the Jewish community inaugurated its synagogue in 1869. Finally, the Muslim community had two mosques built at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.The most important religious building dedicated to Catholic worship in Besançon is the Saint John's Cathedral, of Gothic architecture, dating from the 9th, 12th and 18th centuries. It has two apses and contains a masterpiece by Fra Bartolomeo, the painting of the "Madonna in Glory with Saints" painted in 1512. The cathedral dominates the old chapter district which includes the Archbishopric of Besançon located in the former Hôtel Boistouset and the former Archbishop's Palace currently occupied by the Rectorate of the academy. The Grand Seminary was built from 1670 to 1695 by Archbishop Antoine-Pierre Ier de Grammont and completed in the 18th century by the elevation of the portal and the construction of the main facade. The chapel has a two-storey facade of Corinthian pilasters on the street. Its portal is surmounted by a tympanum where the sculptor Huguenin represented a Madonna and Child in 1848.At the other end of the old cardo and current Grande Rue, is the Sainte-Madeleine church built from 1746 to 1766 on plans by Nicolas Nicole. It was definitively completed in 1828-1830 with the construction of its two towers, one of which hosts the Jacquemart bellstriker automaton. Its roof is made of polychrome glazed tiles.In the heart of the city center, the St. Peters Church, built by the Bisontin Claude Joseph Alexandre Bertrand from 1782 to 1786, impresses with the height of its bell tower which served as a belfry for the town hall which is opposite. The St Maurice's Church, founded in the 6th century, was rebuilt from 1711 to 1714 with a Jesuit-style facade surmounted by a carillon. The Notre-Dame Church corresponds to the former Benedictine abbey of Saint-Vincent which was founded in the eleventh century. It was under the Empire that it became the parish church of Notre-Dame. Its facade was designed in 1720 by the architect Jean-Pierre Galezot. You can still make out the large entrance gate to the abbey and the 16th century bell tower. Today it is occupied by the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences. The Saint-François-Xavier church, former chapel of the Jesuit college, was built between 1680 and 1688. Its plan is in the shape of a Latin cross surrounded by small side chapels. It was decommissioned in 1975. The Saint-Paul abbey, church of the former abbey founded around 628 by Saint Donat, archbishop of Besançon, was rebuilt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Notre-Dame-du-Foyer chapel, built from 1739 to 1745 by the Bisontin Nicolas Nicole, was once the chapel of the Couvent du Refuge before being attached to the Saint-Jacques hospital in 1802.Outside the old town, among the important Catholic buildings, is the Saint-Ferjeux basilica of Romano-Byzantine style built on the cave of the patron saints of Besançon, Saint Ferjeux and Saint Ferréol. Notre-Dame des Buis, a 19th century chapel, overlooks the city at an altitude of 491 meters.The Protestant community was assigned in 1842 the former hospice of the Holy Spirit, today the temple of the Holy Spirit. It is a 13th century Gothic building augmented by a 15th century chapel and deprived of its bell tower during the Revolution. It is distinguished by its gallery of sculpted wood, a masterpiece by an anonymous artist. Its neo-Gothic portal was created in 1841 by the architect Alphonse Delacroix in place of the old porch.The Jewish community, booming in the city in the middle of the 19th century, built the synagogue of Besançon from 1869 to 1871 on plans by the architect Pierre Marnotte. Listed as a historic monument in 1984, it is particularly remarkable for its Moorish style inspired by the Alhambra in Granada.The most recently built places of worship in Besançon are of Muslim faith: the Sounna Mosque built at the end of the 20th century on land ceded by the city in the Saint-Claude district and the Al- Fath located in the district of Planoise.In the 16th century, many palaces and mansions were erected in the Boucle and Battant districts. The most important is the Palais Granvelle with Renaissance architecture built for Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle, Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals of Emperor Charles V. It now houses the Museum of Time. The Town Hall was built by the architect Richard Maire who completed it in 1573. It has an ashlar facade in the spirit of Italian Renaissance palaces. Until the Revolution, a large niche in the facade housed a bronze statue of Charles V riding a two-headed eagle. The Palais de Justice (Court of Appeal) was originally the second main building of the town hall. In 1582, the municipality decided to enlarge the town hall to establish its court and its chapel. The construction was entrusted to the architect Hugues Sambin who was greatly inspired by the spirit of the Renaissance. The Hôtel de Champagney was built in the Battant district by Jacques Bonvalot, Lord of Champagney, during the first half of the 16th century. His daughter Nicole Bonvalot, widow of Nicolas de Granvelle, had the premises redesigned and the courtyard designed from 1560 to 1565 by architect Richard Maire. It is distinguished by the four gargoyles that adorn its facade and by its interior courtyard with arched passageways and galleries with wooden columns. The Hôtel Mareschal belonged to an important Besançon family, the Mareschal family. Burnt down on June 4, 1516, Guillaume Mareschal had it rebuilt in 1532 with an ornamental flora that heralded the Renaissance. Other notable buildings dating from the sixteenth century are the Hôtels of Chevanney, Gauthiot d'Ancier, Anvers, Bonvalot, and Bouteiller. At that time, the hills around Besançon were covered with vineyards: the city has preserved from this important viticultural past a dozen "cabordes", former vineyard huts made of dry limestone.Immediately after the French conquest, the installations were mainly of a military nature. However, two other notable constructions were erected at the end of the 17th century. Work on the Saint-Jacques hospital, which was intended to replace the one located on rue d'Arènes, began in 1688 and was completed in 1701. Its monumental entrance gate, executed by the locksmith Nicolas Chapuis in 1703 has been replaced by a copy. The Vauban Quay was built from 1691 to 1695 by the engineer Isaac Robelin. It is a monumental set of houses with arcades.During the Age of Enlightenment, the town's urban planning underwent major transformations and the construction of remarkable buildings, notably due to its new status as capital. The Hôtel de l'Intendance, currently prefecture of the Doubs departement, was built from 1771 to 1778 at the request of the intendant Charles André de Lacoré. The plans were drawn up by the great Parisian architect Victor Louis and the work directed by the bisontin architect Nicolas Nicole. It adopts the traditional plan of private mansions, with a main courtyard with a facade made up of six Ionic columns surmounted by a pediment and a garden at the rear of the building whose facade is decorated with a rotunda jutting out slightly. on the garden. The Théâtre Ledoux is an order from Monsieur de Lacoré to Claude-Nicolas Ledoux who drew up the plans and entrusted the construction to Claude-Joseph-Alexandre Bertrand which began in 1778 and ended with its inauguration on August 9, 1784 under the crook of Louis V Joseph of Bourbon-Condé. With a capacity of 2,000 seats, it was considered very innovative, as it had a seated parterre, an amphitheater hall without boxes, and it was the first in the world to have an orchestra pit. On April 29, 1958, a dramatic fire completely destroyed the interior and the roof of the building. The walls are the only witnesses that have survived, including the facade and its six monumental columns. Many mansions also attest to the prosperity of the city during this period. The Hotel Terrier de Santans was built between 1770 and 1772 for the Marquis Terrier de Santans, first president of parliament, by the architect Claude Bertrand. Other eminent families call on the greatest architects for their homes: the Hôtels Petit de Marivat, de Magnoncourt, Boistouset, de Courbouzon, de Clévans, de Camus, Querret, Terrier, and de Rosières.If the thermal baths of Besançon were completely destroyed in the 1950s, the city retains a number of buildings emblematic of its thermal past: the Grand Hôtel des Bains inaugurated in 1893, the municipal casino installed in a Belle Époque-style building inaugurated in 1882 or the Kursaal opened in 1893. It was also during this period that the astronomical observatory and the Café du Commerce were erected, a brasserie from the second half of the 19th century with a rich interior decor in the Belle Époque style.Besançon's specialization in watchmaking has also left its mark on the city's heritage. The astronomical clock located inside St. John's cathedral was commissioned in 1858 by Cardinal Mathieu from Auguste-Lucien Vérité. Composed of 30,000 mechanical parts, 57 dials and presenting 122 all interdependent indications, it is considered a masterpiece of its kind and classified as a Historic Monument in 1991. The National School of Watchmaking was built from 1928 to 1932 by the architect Paul Guadet. This imposing Art Deco building with a monumental clock on its facade now houses the Lycée Jules-Haag. The Dodane watch factory, completed in 1943, is an L-shaped reinforced concrete building whose construction was entrusted to the architect Auguste Perret who also designed the interior decor elements. It has a private garden with swimming pool and tennis court. In the twenty-first century, two monumental clocks, works by Bisontin Philippe Lebru from the Utinam workshop, were installed on the facade of the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and inside the Besançon Franche-Comté TGV station.In addition to the watchmaking heritage, other buildings with notable architecture were built during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The Canot university campus was built from 1929 by the architect René Tournier and inaugurated by the President of the Republic Albert Lebrun in 1933. It was the first university residence in France. The Higher Institute of Fine Arts was built between 1970 and 1974 to plans by the Catalan architect Josep Lluís Sert. The Cité des Arts inaugurated in 2013 is the work of the Japanese architect Kengo Kuma.With of urban open spaces, including of forests, Besançon is considered the first green city in France with 204 m2 of green spaces per capita. The Forest of Chailluz, covering , represents a quarter of the total area of the commune. The city is the owner of this mainly deciduous forest, which includes a wildlife park and a fitness trail in addition to numerous trails. The historic center is entirely surrounded by green spaces. To the west of the old town, on the left bank of the River Doubs, are the Jardins de la Gare-d'Eau: in 1833, the construction of the Rhone-Rhine Canal led the city to create a small port river shipping but it quickly fell into disuse after the opening of a canal tunnel under the citadel. The park around the basin is currently owned by the departmental council of Doubs. The Chamars Promenade, attached to these gardens but further north, built in the fourth quarter of the eighteenth century, owes its name to the contraction of Champ de Mars (Field of Mars). It was at first a marshland separated into two parts by an arm of the River Doubs: the big and the small Chamars. Vauban, judging this place vulnerable, fortified it with the help of ramparts and bastions. The city obtained permission to turn this space into a promenade in 1739. The architect Bertrand remodeled it between 1770 and 1778 by incorporating a café, public baths, an aviary of rare birds, waterfalls, a botanical garden and many plantings. It largely disappeared after 1830 with the leveling of the inner rampart and the creation of the Gare d'Eau port. A public garden was refurbished between 1978 and 1982. The only surviving elements of the former Chamars Promenade are the two guard houses, some plane trees, and the stone vases of the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Boutry.North of the historic district of Battant, on the right bank of the River Doubs, the Glacis Promenade, created in the middle of the nineteenth century, is the work of the landscape architect Brice Michel and the architect Boutterin. Right in the heart of this district, the Clos Barbisier is a garden created in 1988 and presenting an important variety of roses. The green belt extends east of the old town, still on the right bank of the River Doubs, by the Promenade of Helvetia which houses a botanical garden called Jardin des Sens et des Senteurs (Garden of Senses and Scents) realized in 1987, accessible to the visually impaired thanks to its plants and shrubs with certain sensory features (smell, touch), and Braille signs. Directly to the south is the Micaud Promenade, which has been progressively developed over from 1843 on plans by architect Alphonse Delacroix. It is named after Jules Micaud, the mayor who promoted the project. It includes more than four hundred trees, including a southern magnolia and a European beech, a bandstand, a pond, and several sculptures. The Jardins du Casino, a public garden with flowering lawns and tree-lined avenues, is directly on the other side of Edouard Droz Avenue, which runs along Micaud Promenade.In the heart of the historic center, the Promenade Granvelle is the former private garden of the sixteenth century Granvelle Palace, which the municipality acquired in 1712 and which was opened to the public in 1728. The architect Bertrand redeveloped it into a public garden from 1775 to 1778. It includes a bandstand, an artificial cave, a Wallace fountain, statues of Victor Hugo and Auguste Veil-Picard, the portal of the church of the convent of the Great Carmelites, and a neoclassical colonnade, a remnant of a refreshment pavilion. The first botanical garden in Besançon was created in 1580. It then occupied more than ten different sites, including the current location of Place Leclerc since 1957. The Parc de l'Observatoire, created in 1904 at the request of the director of the astronomical observatory Auguste Lebeuf, is home to a purple beech, a weeping beech, chestnut and pine trees.There are five museums in Besançon that all bear the designation "Museum of France". Besançon has one of the finest city art galleries in France outside Paris. The Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology, created in 1694, was the first museum created in France and predates The Louvre by almost a century. It has benefited from a remarkable series of bequests over time.In the 1960s the architect Luis Miquel, a pupil of Le Corbusier, totally rebuilt the building. The building's interior takes the form of a gently rising concrete walkway that takes visitors up from classical antiquity to the modern age. Among the museum's treasures are a fine collection of classical antiquities and ancient Egyptian artifacts, as well as a very rich collection of paintings including works by Bellini, Bronzino, Tintoretto, Titian, Rubens, Jordaens, Ruisdael, Cranach, Zurbarán, Goya, Philippe de Champaigne, Fragonard, Boucher, David, Ingres, Géricault, Courbet, Constable, Bonnard, Matisse, Picasso and many others.The Musée du Temps (Museum of Time), inaugurated in 2002, was formerly the City's History Museum. Located in the Granvelle Palace, its concept is unique in Europe, grouping watch collections (watches, sundials, hourglasses, all means of measuring time ...) and the funds of the history museum (paintings, engravings). In addition, three museums are grouped inside the Vauban citadelThe Museum of Resistance and Deportation has been open since 1971 and is one of the largest in its category at the national level. It consists of twenty rooms, retracing the themes related to the Second World War (Nazism, the Occupation, the Vichy regime, the Resistance, Liberation, Deportation) through photographs, texts, documents and original collectibles. The establishment also has two rooms dedicated to artists whose works were made in concentration camps.The Comtois Museum, installed in 1961 in the Royal Front, presents regional arts and traditions through sixteen permanent exhibition halls with collections of more than 20,000 objects, mainly from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.The Museum of Natural History, created in 1959 under the leadership of Mayor Jean Minjoz, presents varied backgrounds in a small evolutionary course around collections of natural sciences (naturalized animals, herbaria ...); it also presents live animals in four sectors (zoo, insectarium, noctarium and aquarium). Besançon is also home to the birthplace of Victor Hugo, presenting the humanist political commitment of the writer. The Cité des Arts exhibits part of the works of the regional fund of contemporary art of Burgundy-Franche-ComtéThe city is home to a National Center for Dramatic Art, the Centre dramatique national Besançon Franche-Comté created in 1972. This theater installed in the former ballroom of the Casino has a capacity of 337 seats. The Scène nationale de Besançon performs since 2012 in two facilities including the Théâtre de l'Espace and the Théâtre Ledoux. The Théâtre Ledoux was inaugurated in 1784 and can accommodate 1100 people. Besançon also has smaller structures. The Scénacle located in the Saint-Jean district is a small theater with a capacity of about 100 seats that offers plays and concerts by the troupe or regional artists. On campus, the 150-seat Petit Théâtre de la Bouloie welcomes student projects to promote artistic and cultural practice (university theater, university choir...), artistic residencies of young companies, professional shows proposed by the partner structures and shows of young companies.The Kursaal is the result of the will to offer entertainment and shows to spa guests of the spa resort of Besançon-les-Bains created in 1891 and military garrison in the city. The Kursaal-Circus opened at the end of 1893, but the promoter's finances, Madame Veuve Pellegrin, did not allow her to reimburse the expenses incurred. The city acquired it in 1895 and the Kursaal became the city's concert hall. It closes in 1970 for reasons of obsolescence, before being renovated from 1979 and reopened in September 1982. A conference room with 360 seats, called Petit Kursaal was also created in the basement. The main hall, known as Grand Kursaal, has two balconies and a dome ceiling decorated with frescoes reminiscent of the circus arts. Its capacity can go up to 1,038 seats including 450 on both balconies.Bands play throughout the year at La Rodia, located in the Prés-de-Vaux neighborhood. It includes a large 900-seat theater and a 330-seat "club" hall as well as two creative studios. The Micropolis Exhibition Center houses a modular hall with a capacity of 2,200 to 6,500 seats, where the majority of artists and bands on national and international tours are performing.The city is home to the Victor Hugo Franche-Comté Orchestra.There are two multiplex cinemas, the Mégarama Beaux-Arts in the historic district and Mégarama École-Valentin in the suburban area. The Cinéma Victor-Hugo is a smaller cinema promoting indie movies, located in the city center.The city of Besançon hosts many festive and cultural events.Several music festivals punctuate the year, the most emblematic and the oldest of which is the Besançon Franche-Comté International Music Festival, created in 1948 and held every year in September. This festival honors the symphonic repertoire, chamber music and recitals. It was completed in 1951 by the International Contest of Young Conductors held every two years (odd years), one of the most prestigious of the discipline which counts among its laureates Seiji Ozawa, Gerd Albrecht, Michel Plasson or Zdeněk Mácal.The Festival Détonation is another highlight of September: created in 2012 and organized by La Rodia, its programming mixes pop music, electronic music and interactive mapping installations.Initiated in 2007, the GéNéRiQ Festival takes place in February in five cities: Belfort, Besançon, Dijon, Montbéliard and Mulhouse. Its programming is also focused on new musical trends such as electro clubbing, mediterranean surf, free metal, electro blues, alternative hip hop or neo ghetto folk.Created in 1981, the Jazz and improvised music festival in Franche-Comté offers concerts in Besançon and other towns in the region in June.The Circasismic Festival, held in May since 2015, presents a program of electro, dub and rock music as well as circus and street theater shows.The Orgue en ville festival, created in 2009, offers about twenty concerts around the organ in religious buildings of Besançon and its agglomeration. It takes place between the end of June and the beginning of July.The Besançon-Montfaucon Festival offers musical works played on period instruments.The Foire Comtoise is a trade fair and a travelling funfair held in the Micropolis exhibition center. This event created in 1922 was originally an agricultural fair. It now hosts around 600 exhibitors and 140,000 visitors around the Feast of the Ascension weekend. Each year, a country or a community is a guest of honor and presents its crafts and its customs and traditions through shows.Since 1995, the Gourmet Instants market has been held on the Granvelle Promenade in September and showcases local gastronomic products.The Christmas market in Besançon has been spreading throughout December since 1993, while a carnival parade has been held since 1978, bringing together 20,000 to 30,000 people each year in the streets of the city center.The Grand Besançon Métropole book festival (Livres dans la Boucle) take place in September. Running over three days, it hosted in 2018 more than 200 authors and 30,000 visitors.An African cinema festival called Lumières d'Afrique has been held in November since 1996.Bien Urbain is a manifestation of street art and contemporary art in the public space held in June since 2011.In the field of theater, Besançon has two festivals. The Festival de Caves has been offering shows since 2006 in the cellars of the city. Born in Besançon, the concept of this festival has since spread in many cities in France and Europe.Since 2018, the Festival of World Languages and Cultures has been the heir to the International University Theater Meetings, which celebrated their 25th edition in 2017.The practice of sport in the agglomeration of Besançon is quite diverse, on the one hand because the municipality does not want to bet everything on one or two professional disciplines that would carry the colors of the city high, but rather to encourage its population to practice all disciplines, and on the other hand because the particular setting of the city (hills, cliffs, rivers) makes it possible to practice a wide range of outdoor sports such as hiking, mountain biking, climbing, rowing.The Palais des Sports Ghani-Yalouz, the largest indoor sports arena in the metropolitan area, was inaugurated in 1967 and refurbished in 2005. Its capacity is flexible, from 3,380 seats in handball configuration to 4,200 seats in basketball configuration. The main stadium is the Léo-Lagrange stadium, inaugurated in 1939 and renovated between 2003 and 2005. With a capacity of 11,500 seats, it exclusively hosts soccer matches. Three other stadiums are located in the town, the Rosemont stadium, the Orchamps stadium and the Henri Joran stadium in the Velotte district. The city has a single ice rink, the La Fayette ice rink, two indoor Olympic swimming pools (Mallarmé and La Fayette), two outdoor swimming pools (Chalezeule and Port Joint) and ten gyms. A large indoor climbing gym inaugurated in 2020 near the Léo-Lagrange stadium offers climbing routes that can reach up to 18 meters above the ground. The Centre des Cultures Urbaines de Besançon (CCUB) located in the Saint-Claude district is a 2,000 m2 indoor space inaugurated in 2019 and dedicated to boardsports (rollerblading, BMX, skateboarding) and balance practices (parkour, slacklining). An open-air skatepark is set up in the city center on the banks of the Doubs River in the Chamars area. Other notable facilities are located on the territory of peripheral municipalities. In Montfaucon, at the gates of Besançon, there is a free flight site for the practice of paragliding and hang-gliding as well as a cliff with nearly 150 climbing routes from 20 to 40 meters. The Golf de Besançon is an 18-hole golf course in the town of La Chevillotte.In the field of team sports, the city is currently represented at the national level mainly in the discipline of handball. The Entente Sportive Bisontine Feminine (ESBF) club, founded in 1970, plays in the French Women's First League. It is the most successful club in the city with notably 4 French league titles and a European Cup. Grand Besançon Doubs Handball (GBDH), men's handball club, participated in 4 seasons in the first division and 26 seasons in the second division. It is playing in the second division for the 2020-2021 season.In football, the city has two clubs playing in Championnat National 3, the fifth tier in the French football league system : Racing Besançon (RB) and Besançon Football (BF).Basketball is present with the Besançon Avenir Comtois (BesAC) club, playing in Championnat de Nationale 3, fifth tier in the French basketball league system. Former Besançon BCD, now defunct, played nine seasons in the top-tier men's professional basketball league in France and counted Bruce Bowen, Tanoka Beard and Tony Farmer among its most famous playersIn the field of individual sports at professional and amateur level, the city stands out in boxing with Olympic medalist Khedafi Djelkhir, wrestling with Olympic medalist Ghani Yalouz, archery with Jean-Charles Valladont several times medalist at the World and European championship and silver medalist at the Rio Olympics, judo, cycling (Amicale Cycliste Bisontine), weightlifting (La Française de Besançon) or canoeing (Société Nautique Bisontine, 2nd club French). Besançon also hosts the Franche-Comté Judo Besançon club with 90 national podiums, 50 French Champion titles in all categories and 20 European and world podiums.Grand Besançon Métropole is organizing from 2019 a festival called Grandes Heures Nature devoted to outdoor sports such as hiking, trail running, canoeing, climbing, mountain biking and road cycling. It takes place over four days during the month of June. The city of Besançon is a regular stage city in the Tour de France bicycle race, which it hosted 18 times between 1903 and 2018. The Besançon Trail des Forts has been taking place since 2004 every year in May and offers four trail running races of 48, 28, 19 and 10 kilometers, the longest course being registered among the ten stages of the National Trail Tour.Besançon is situated at the crossing of two major lines of communication, the NE-SW route that follows the valley of the river Doubs and links Germany and North Europe with Lyon and southwest Europe, and the N–S route linking northern France and the Netherlands with Switzerland. The city is served by the A36 motorway, which connects the German border with Burgundy.Besançon is well connected with the rest of France by train. One can reach major destinations such as Paris, Dijon, Belfort, Mulhouse, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and Lille directly. The city has some international connections to cities such as Basel in Switzerland, Frankfurt am Main and Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany and Luxembourg.A tramway commenced service in September 2014. The length of the line is and the route follows a mainly South-West-North East direction through the city between Hauts du Chazal and alternative destinations of Chalezeule ("parc Micaud") and the Besançon railway station at "Gare Viotte".Bus services in Besançon and its suburbs are run by the Ginko company. It runs 58 bus lines and its fleet has about 240 buses. The network serves the 68 municipalities of the urban community.Besançon was the birthplace of:King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands is also the "Lord of Besançon".[1.38] When he had proceeded three days' journey, word was brought to him that Ariovistus was hastening with all his forces to seize on Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani, and had advanced three days' journey from its territories. Caesar thought that he ought to take the greatest precautions lest this should happen, for there was in that town a most ample supply of every thing which was serviceable for war; and so fortified was it by the nature of the ground, as to afford a great facility for protracting the war, inasmuch as the river Doubs almost surrounds the whole town, as though it were traced round it with a pair of compasses. A mountain of great height shuts in the remaining space, which is not more than , where the river leaves a gap, in such a manner that the roots of that mountain extend to the river's bank on either side. A wall thrown around it makes a citadel of this [mountain], and connects it with the town.Eventually he saw the white walls beyond the distant mountain; it was the citadel of Besançon. "What a difference", he said, sighing, "if I could come into this fine city as a sub-lieutenant of one of these regiments of the post." Besançon is not only one of the prettiest cities in France, but it abounds in brave and intelligent men. Julien, however, was only a little peasant, without any means of approaching distinguished personages.This century was two years old. Rome was replacing Sparta;Already Napoleon was emerging from under Bonaparte.And already the First Consul's tight maskHad been split in several places by the Emperor's brow.It was then that in Besançon, that old Spanish town,Cast like a seed into the flying wind,A child was born of mixed blood—Breton and Lorraine—Pallid, blind and mute...That child, whom Life was scratching from its book,And who had not another day to live,Was me.The Christmas carol ""Berger, Secoue Ton Sommeil Profond"", known in English as "Shepherds, Shake Off Your Drowsy Sleep" originated in Besançon in the 17th century.Besançon is twinned with:
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[
"Anne Vignot",
"Robert Schwint"
] |
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Who was the head of Besançon in Jan, 2021?
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January 15, 2021
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{
"text": [
"Anne Vignot"
]
}
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L2_Q37776_P6_2
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Anne Vignot is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Jean-Louis Fousseret is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2020.
Robert Schwint is the head of the government of Besançon from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 2001.
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BesançonBesançon (, , , ; archaic ; ) is the capital of the department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city is located in Eastern France, close to the Jura Mountains and the border with Switzerland.Capital of the historic and cultural region of Franche-Comté, Besançon is home to the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council headquarters, and is an important administrative centre in the region. It is also the seat of one of the fifteen French ecclesiastical provinces and one of the two divisions of the French Army.In 2018 the city had a population of 116,775, in a metropolitan area of 279,191, the second in the region in terms of population.Established in a meander of the Doubs river, the city was already important during the Gallo-Roman era under the name of "Vesontio", capital of the Sequani. Its geography and specific history turned it into a military stronghold, a garrison city, a political centre, and a religious capital.Besançon is the historical capital of watchmaking in France. This has led it to become a centre for innovative companies in the fields of microtechnology, micromechanics, and biomedical engineering. The University of Franche-Comté, founded in 1423, every year enrolls more than 20,000 students; its Centre for Applied Linguistics enrolls another estimated 4,000 trainees from all over the world.The greenest city in France, it enjoys a quality of life recognized in Europe. Thanks to its rich historical and cultural heritage and its unique architecture, Besançon has been labeled a "Town of Art and History" since 1986 and its fortifications due to Vauban has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2008.The city is first recorded in 58 BC as "Vesontio" in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of "Vesontio" is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derived from "wes", meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to "Besontio" or "Bisontion" and then underwent several transformations to become "Besançon" in 1243.The city sits within an oxbow of the Doubs River (a tributary of the Saône River); a mountain closes the fourth side. During the Bronze Age, c.1500 BC, tribes of Gauls settled the oxbow.From the 1st century BC through the modern era, the town had a significant military importance because the Alps rise abruptly to its immediate south, presenting a significant natural barrier.The Arar (Saône) River formed part of the border between the Haedui and their hereditary rivals, the Sequani. According to Strabo, the cause of the conflict was commercial. Each tribe claimed the Arar and the tolls on trade along it. The Sequani controlled access to the Rhine River and had built an oppidum (a fortified town) at Vesontio to protect their interests. The Sequani defeated and massacred the Haedui at the Battle of Magetobriga, with the help of the Arverni tribe and the Germanic Suebi tribe under the Germanic king Ariovistus.Julius Caesar, in his commentaries detailing his conquest of Gaul, describes Vesontio (possibly Latinized), as the largest town of the Sequani, a smaller Gaulic tribe, and mentions that a wooden palisade surrounded it.Over the centuries, the name permutated to become Besantio, Besontion, Bisanz in Middle High German, and gradually arrived at the modern French "Besançon". The locals retain their ancient heritage referring to themselves as "Bisontins" ("feminine:" Bisontine).It has been an archbishopric since the 4th century.In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided up Charlemagne's empire. Besançon became part of Lotharingia, under the Duke of Burgundy.As part of the Holy Roman Empire since 1034, the city became an archbishopric, and was designated the Free Imperial City of Besançon (an autonomous city-state under the Holy Roman Emperor) in 1184. In 1157, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa held the Diet of Besançon. There, Cardinal Orlando Bandinelli (the future Pope Alexander III, then adviser of Pope Adrian IV) openly asserted before the Emperor that the imperial dignity was a papal beneficium (in the more general sense of favour, not the strict feudal sense of fief), which incurred the wrath of the German princes. He would have fallen on the spot under the battle-axe of his lifelong foe, Otto of Wittelsbach, had Frederick not intervened. The Imperial Chancellor Rainald of Dassel then inaugurated a German policy that insisted upon the rights and the power of the German kings, the strengthening of the Church in the German Empire, the lordship of Italy and the humiliation of the Papacy. The Archbishops were elevated to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1288. The close connection to the Empire is reflected in the city's coat of arms.In 1290, after a century of fighting against the power of the archbishops, the Emperor granted Besançon its independence.In the 15th century, Besançon came under the influence of the dukes of Burgundy. After the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, the city was in effect a Habsburg fief. In 1519 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, became the Holy Roman Emperor. This made him master of the Franche-Comté and Besançon, a francophone imperial city. In 1526 the city obtained the right to mint coins, which it continued to strike until 1673. Nevertheless, all coins bore the name of Charles V.When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he gave the Franche-Comté to his son, Philip II, King of Spain. Besançon remained a free imperial city under the protection of the King of Spain. In 1598, Philip II gave the province to his daughter on her marriage to an Austrian archduke. It remained formally a portion of the Empire until its cession at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. Spain regained control of Franche-Comté and the city lost its status as a free city. Then in 1667, Louis XIV claimed the province as a consequence of his marriage to Marie-Thérèse of Spain in the War of Devolution.Louis conquered the city for the first time in 1668, but the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned it to Spain within a matter of months. While it was in French hands, the famed military engineer Vauban visited the city and drew up plans for its fortification. The Spaniards built the main centre point of the city's defences, "la Citadelle", siting it on Mont Saint-Étienne, which closes the neck of the oxbow that is the site of the original town. In their construction, the Spaniards followed Vauban's designs.In 1674, French troops recaptured the city, which the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678) then awarded to France. At this time the city became the administrative centre for the Franche-Comté, with its own Parlement of Besançon, which replaced Dole.As a result of control passing to France, Vauban returned to working on the citadel's fortifications, and those of the city. This process lasted until 1711, some 30 years, and the walls built then surround the city. Between the train station and the central city there is a complex moat system that now serves road traffic. Numerous forts, some of which date back to that time and that incorporate Vauban's designs elements sit on the six hills that surround the city: Fort de Trois Châtels, Fort Chaudanne, Fort du Petit Chaudanne, Fort Griffon, Fort des Justices, Fort de Beauregard and Fort de Brégille. The citadel itself has two dry moats, with an outer and inner court. In the evenings, the illuminated Citadelle stands above the city as a landmark and a testament to Vauban's genius as a military engineer.In 1814, the Austrians invaded and bombarded the city. It also occupied an important position during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. In 1871, a project of Besançon Commune is engaged.The Nazis occupied the citadel during World War II. Between 1940 and 1944, the Germans executed some one hundred French resistance fighters there. However, Besançon saw little action during the war. The allies bombed the railway complex in 1943, and the next year the Germans resisted the U.S. advance for four days.Besançon was also the location, between 1940 and 1941, of an Internment Camp ("Konzentrationslager"), Frontstalag 142, also known as "Caserne Vauban", which the Germans set up for 3–4,000 holders of British passports, all women and children. The conditions were harsh; many hundreds of internees died of pneumonia, diarrhea, food poisoning, dysentery, and frostbite.In 1959, the French Army turned the citadel over to the city of Besançon, which turned it into a museum.The forts of Brégille and Beauregard sit across the Doubs from the city. In 1913, a private company built a funicular to the Brégille Heights. The funicular passed from private ownership to the SNCF, who finally closed it in 1987. The funicular's tracks, stations and even road signs remain in place to this day.Besançon is located in the north-east quarter of France on the Doubs River. It is about east of the national capital of Paris, east of Dijon in Burgundy, northwest of Lausanne in Switzerland, and southwest of Belfort in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is located at the edge of the Jura Mountains.The city initially developed in a natural meander (or oxbow loop) of the Doubs River with a diameter of almost . The flat inner loop has an elevation of about , and is bounded to the south by a hill called "Mont Saint-Étienne", which has a maximum height of . The city is surrounded by six other hills which range in elevation from : Brégille, Griffon, Planoise, Chaudanne, Montfaucon, and Montboucon. (There is a barge canal that cuts through rock under Mont Saint-Étienne, short-cutting the meander.)Besançon is under the influence of both an oceanic climate (notable precipitations in quantity as much as in frequency) and a continental climate with hard winters (snow, frost) and warm and dry summers. The year-round average is . The warmest month is July and the coldest is January . Besançon receives about of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (); the driest is August (). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 28 July 1921, was , and the lowest was a reached on 1 January 1985.As of 2018, the population of the City of Besançon was 116,775, lower than the historical peak of 120,315 in 1975. Grand Besançon Métropole covers , 68 municipalities and has a population of 194,382. The metropolitan area covers , 312 municipalities and has 279,191 inhabitants. It is the 42nd of France, and it increased by 2.6% between 2010 and 2016.Until 2016, Besançon was the capital of the Franche-Comté administrative "région" of France, a "région" including the four "départements" of Doubs, Haute-Saône, Jura and Territoire de Belfort. Franche-Comté was since merged with the neighbouring region of Burgundy, and the "préfecture" was transferred to the city of Dijon. However, Besançon remains the seat of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council and of various decentralised administrations such as the regional offices of the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) or the Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires (CROUS).Mayor of the City of Besançon is Anne Vignot (The Greens).The city is known for its microtechnology and watch industries. It is host of the biannual Micronora trade fair, one of Europe's major events in the field of microtechnologies. The city has a little-known specialty, automatic ticketing machines for car parking, airports, date stamping etc.The watch industry, for which Besançon remains the French capital, endured a major crisis in the 1970s when the advent of quartz watches from Asia knocked out the traditional watch industry in the space of just a few years. The "Lip" affair epitomizes the industrial crisis. LIP is to this day the name of one of Besançon's most prestigious brands of watches. Refusing to let their factory close, the workers set up a cooperative to run it. The action produced a lot of notoriety and sympathy for the workers but also resulted in branding Besançon as a city of the radical left. It also did nothing to help revive the watch industry; the cooperative went out of business a short while later. The city took a long time to recover from the collapse of the watch industry and its other major industry of the industrial age, artificial textiles.Since the 1980s, Besançon's watch industry has clawed its way back on the basis of its historic reputation and quartz watches, establishing itself in a number of niche markets including customized watches, high quality watches, and fashion articles. Since the 1990s, the town has developed a reputation as one of France's leading centres of technology in all fields, including telecommunications and biotechnology.Besançon is the seat of the Université de Franche-Comté. , there were approximately students enrolled at the university, including around foreign students. The Institut Supérieur d'Ingénieurs de Franche-Comté (ISIFC), part of the Université de Franche-Comté, is the first school created in the country specifically for the Biomedical engineering field. The city is also home of the École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM), a technological school with a strong reputation in the fields of microtechnology and mechanics and the Centre for Applied Linguistics which teaches ten languages to non-native speakers (French, Arabic, Chinese, English, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish) and any other known language on request. The Centre welcomes more than students every year from all over the world.As well as being famed as one of France's finest "villes d'art" (art cities), Besançon is the seat of one of France's older universities, of France's National School of Mechanics and Micromechanics, and one of the best known French language schools in France, the CLA.The most historic center of the town is characterised by the broad horse-shoe of the river Doubs, "la Boucle", which encircles the old town. Vauban's imposing Citadelle blocks off the neck. The historic center presents an ensemble of classic stone buildings, some dating back to the Middle Ages and others to the Spanish Renaissance.During Antiquity, Vesontio was an important metropolis of Roman Gaul. It is adorned with monuments, some of which have survived, archaeological excavations carried out during construction sites often revealing new discoveries dating from this period. The most emblematic and best-preserved monument dating from this period is the Porte Noire, a Gallo-Roman triumphal arch built under Marcus Aurelius in the 2nd century in the Saint-Jean district. Heavily deteriorated by the vagaries of time and pollution, it was the subject of a long and difficult restoration operation at the beginning of the 21st century. Immediately below is the Square Castan, a garden with a collection of archaeological remains from the 2nd century or the 3rd century including in particular eight Corinthian columns.On the other bank of the Doubs River, in the Battant district, the remains of the Vesontio arena are visible: only a few steps and foundations have been unearthed, its stones having been widely used in the Middle Ages for the construction of other buildings.Two domus in the residential district of Vesontio: the domus of the Palace of Justice and the domus of the Lumière college with Roman mosaic exhibited in situ at the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology. Other remains can be seen in more anonymous places, such as the ancient foundations in the underground car park of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council.Most of the current fortification system (citadel, defensive wall made up of ramparts and bastions, Fort Griffon) is the work of the military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. This group of buildings allows Besançon to appear on the UNESCO World Heritage List with eleven other sites under the title Fortifications of Vauban. The forts on the other hills were all built in the 19th century. The only remaining pre-Vauban fortifications are Porte Rivotte, Porte Taillée, Tour Carrée, Tour Notre-Dame and Tour de la Pelote.The citadel of Besançon was built by Vauban from 1678 to 1771 and is the most visited site in Franche-Comté with more than 250,000 visitors each year. It extends over eleven hectares at the top of Mont Saint-Étienne at an altitude between 330 and 370 meters, thus overhanging the meander of the Doubs River which has an altitude between 240 and 250 meters. It brings together a museum of Resistance and Deportation, a museum of Franche-Comté traditions, the regional archeology service and a zoo. It is the symbol of the city. Fort Griffon, whose name is that of the Italian architect Jean Griffoni who was commissioned to build a first fortification at this location in 1595, is a second citadel. It was Vauban who, at the end of the 17th century, had the current fort built.The city walls designed by Vauban includes all the fortifications of La Boucle historic district which were rebuilt from 1675 to 1695. Vauban in fact replaced the medieval defenses restored and completed by Charles V in the sixteenth century with a belt provided with six bastioned battery towers : the Notre-Dame tower, the bastioned tower of Chamars, the bastioned tower of the Marais, the bastioned tower of the Cordeliers (completed in 1691), the bastioned tower of Bregille and the bastioned tower of Rivotte.Fortifications prior to the French conquest are also numerous. The Tour de la Pelote, located on the Quai de Strasbourg, is a defensive tower built in 1546 by the municipal government on the orders of Charles V. Its name would come from the former owner of the land where it was built, Pierre Pillot, lord of Chenecey. The Porte Rivotte is a city gate dating from the 16th century, consisting of two round towers and a pediment carved with a sun which was King Louis XIV's personal emblem. The Porte Taillée ("Carved Gate"), opened in a rocky outcrop, is the work of the Romans. It marks the entrance to the city on the road to Switzerland. It is surmounted by a guardhouse and a watchtower built in 1546. The “square tower”, located in the promenade des Glacis, is also called the Montmart tower. It was built in the 13th century to defend the old entrance to the Battant district.The fortifications of the 19th century consist of a set of forts covering all the heights of the city: the fort of Chaudanne built from 1837 to 1842, the fort of Bregille built from 1820 to 1832, the fort of Planoise built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Benoit was built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Beauregard in 1830.Another example are the Trois-Châtels and Tousey lunettes, both built at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries, as well as the Rosemont battery built during the war of 1870-1871, the Fort des Montboucons built from 1877 to 1880 and the Fort des Justices built from 1870. A third Lunette d'Arçon was located on the site of Fort Chaudanne; only its tower was preserved during the construction of the fort in the first half of the 19th century.The Ruty barracks, formerly Saint-Paul barracks, are made up of four pavilions surrounding a courtyard serving as a Place d'Armes and dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. It currently houses the headquarters of the 1st Armored Division and the 7th Armoured Brigade.After the city acquired an episcopal see in the 3rd century, churches and abbeys multiplied during the period of the High Middle Ages. Important constructions or reconstructions of religious buildings then took place in the 11th century during the episcopate of Hugues Ier de Salins and many churches were embellished or rebuilt after the French conquest of 1674. In 1842, the Church of the Holy Spirit was officially ceded to the Protestant community while the Jewish community inaugurated its synagogue in 1869. Finally, the Muslim community had two mosques built at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.The most important religious building dedicated to Catholic worship in Besançon is the Saint John's Cathedral, of Gothic architecture, dating from the 9th, 12th and 18th centuries. It has two apses and contains a masterpiece by Fra Bartolomeo, the painting of the "Madonna in Glory with Saints" painted in 1512. The cathedral dominates the old chapter district which includes the Archbishopric of Besançon located in the former Hôtel Boistouset and the former Archbishop's Palace currently occupied by the Rectorate of the academy. The Grand Seminary was built from 1670 to 1695 by Archbishop Antoine-Pierre Ier de Grammont and completed in the 18th century by the elevation of the portal and the construction of the main facade. The chapel has a two-storey facade of Corinthian pilasters on the street. Its portal is surmounted by a tympanum where the sculptor Huguenin represented a Madonna and Child in 1848.At the other end of the old cardo and current Grande Rue, is the Sainte-Madeleine church built from 1746 to 1766 on plans by Nicolas Nicole. It was definitively completed in 1828-1830 with the construction of its two towers, one of which hosts the Jacquemart bellstriker automaton. Its roof is made of polychrome glazed tiles.In the heart of the city center, the St. Peters Church, built by the Bisontin Claude Joseph Alexandre Bertrand from 1782 to 1786, impresses with the height of its bell tower which served as a belfry for the town hall which is opposite. The St Maurice's Church, founded in the 6th century, was rebuilt from 1711 to 1714 with a Jesuit-style facade surmounted by a carillon. The Notre-Dame Church corresponds to the former Benedictine abbey of Saint-Vincent which was founded in the eleventh century. It was under the Empire that it became the parish church of Notre-Dame. Its facade was designed in 1720 by the architect Jean-Pierre Galezot. You can still make out the large entrance gate to the abbey and the 16th century bell tower. Today it is occupied by the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences. The Saint-François-Xavier church, former chapel of the Jesuit college, was built between 1680 and 1688. Its plan is in the shape of a Latin cross surrounded by small side chapels. It was decommissioned in 1975. The Saint-Paul abbey, church of the former abbey founded around 628 by Saint Donat, archbishop of Besançon, was rebuilt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Notre-Dame-du-Foyer chapel, built from 1739 to 1745 by the Bisontin Nicolas Nicole, was once the chapel of the Couvent du Refuge before being attached to the Saint-Jacques hospital in 1802.Outside the old town, among the important Catholic buildings, is the Saint-Ferjeux basilica of Romano-Byzantine style built on the cave of the patron saints of Besançon, Saint Ferjeux and Saint Ferréol. Notre-Dame des Buis, a 19th century chapel, overlooks the city at an altitude of 491 meters.The Protestant community was assigned in 1842 the former hospice of the Holy Spirit, today the temple of the Holy Spirit. It is a 13th century Gothic building augmented by a 15th century chapel and deprived of its bell tower during the Revolution. It is distinguished by its gallery of sculpted wood, a masterpiece by an anonymous artist. Its neo-Gothic portal was created in 1841 by the architect Alphonse Delacroix in place of the old porch.The Jewish community, booming in the city in the middle of the 19th century, built the synagogue of Besançon from 1869 to 1871 on plans by the architect Pierre Marnotte. Listed as a historic monument in 1984, it is particularly remarkable for its Moorish style inspired by the Alhambra in Granada.The most recently built places of worship in Besançon are of Muslim faith: the Sounna Mosque built at the end of the 20th century on land ceded by the city in the Saint-Claude district and the Al- Fath located in the district of Planoise.In the 16th century, many palaces and mansions were erected in the Boucle and Battant districts. The most important is the Palais Granvelle with Renaissance architecture built for Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle, Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals of Emperor Charles V. It now houses the Museum of Time. The Town Hall was built by the architect Richard Maire who completed it in 1573. It has an ashlar facade in the spirit of Italian Renaissance palaces. Until the Revolution, a large niche in the facade housed a bronze statue of Charles V riding a two-headed eagle. The Palais de Justice (Court of Appeal) was originally the second main building of the town hall. In 1582, the municipality decided to enlarge the town hall to establish its court and its chapel. The construction was entrusted to the architect Hugues Sambin who was greatly inspired by the spirit of the Renaissance. The Hôtel de Champagney was built in the Battant district by Jacques Bonvalot, Lord of Champagney, during the first half of the 16th century. His daughter Nicole Bonvalot, widow of Nicolas de Granvelle, had the premises redesigned and the courtyard designed from 1560 to 1565 by architect Richard Maire. It is distinguished by the four gargoyles that adorn its facade and by its interior courtyard with arched passageways and galleries with wooden columns. The Hôtel Mareschal belonged to an important Besançon family, the Mareschal family. Burnt down on June 4, 1516, Guillaume Mareschal had it rebuilt in 1532 with an ornamental flora that heralded the Renaissance. Other notable buildings dating from the sixteenth century are the Hôtels of Chevanney, Gauthiot d'Ancier, Anvers, Bonvalot, and Bouteiller. At that time, the hills around Besançon were covered with vineyards: the city has preserved from this important viticultural past a dozen "cabordes", former vineyard huts made of dry limestone.Immediately after the French conquest, the installations were mainly of a military nature. However, two other notable constructions were erected at the end of the 17th century. Work on the Saint-Jacques hospital, which was intended to replace the one located on rue d'Arènes, began in 1688 and was completed in 1701. Its monumental entrance gate, executed by the locksmith Nicolas Chapuis in 1703 has been replaced by a copy. The Vauban Quay was built from 1691 to 1695 by the engineer Isaac Robelin. It is a monumental set of houses with arcades.During the Age of Enlightenment, the town's urban planning underwent major transformations and the construction of remarkable buildings, notably due to its new status as capital. The Hôtel de l'Intendance, currently prefecture of the Doubs departement, was built from 1771 to 1778 at the request of the intendant Charles André de Lacoré. The plans were drawn up by the great Parisian architect Victor Louis and the work directed by the bisontin architect Nicolas Nicole. It adopts the traditional plan of private mansions, with a main courtyard with a facade made up of six Ionic columns surmounted by a pediment and a garden at the rear of the building whose facade is decorated with a rotunda jutting out slightly. on the garden. The Théâtre Ledoux is an order from Monsieur de Lacoré to Claude-Nicolas Ledoux who drew up the plans and entrusted the construction to Claude-Joseph-Alexandre Bertrand which began in 1778 and ended with its inauguration on August 9, 1784 under the crook of Louis V Joseph of Bourbon-Condé. With a capacity of 2,000 seats, it was considered very innovative, as it had a seated parterre, an amphitheater hall without boxes, and it was the first in the world to have an orchestra pit. On April 29, 1958, a dramatic fire completely destroyed the interior and the roof of the building. The walls are the only witnesses that have survived, including the facade and its six monumental columns. Many mansions also attest to the prosperity of the city during this period. The Hotel Terrier de Santans was built between 1770 and 1772 for the Marquis Terrier de Santans, first president of parliament, by the architect Claude Bertrand. Other eminent families call on the greatest architects for their homes: the Hôtels Petit de Marivat, de Magnoncourt, Boistouset, de Courbouzon, de Clévans, de Camus, Querret, Terrier, and de Rosières.If the thermal baths of Besançon were completely destroyed in the 1950s, the city retains a number of buildings emblematic of its thermal past: the Grand Hôtel des Bains inaugurated in 1893, the municipal casino installed in a Belle Époque-style building inaugurated in 1882 or the Kursaal opened in 1893. It was also during this period that the astronomical observatory and the Café du Commerce were erected, a brasserie from the second half of the 19th century with a rich interior decor in the Belle Époque style.Besançon's specialization in watchmaking has also left its mark on the city's heritage. The astronomical clock located inside St. John's cathedral was commissioned in 1858 by Cardinal Mathieu from Auguste-Lucien Vérité. Composed of 30,000 mechanical parts, 57 dials and presenting 122 all interdependent indications, it is considered a masterpiece of its kind and classified as a Historic Monument in 1991. The National School of Watchmaking was built from 1928 to 1932 by the architect Paul Guadet. This imposing Art Deco building with a monumental clock on its facade now houses the Lycée Jules-Haag. The Dodane watch factory, completed in 1943, is an L-shaped reinforced concrete building whose construction was entrusted to the architect Auguste Perret who also designed the interior decor elements. It has a private garden with swimming pool and tennis court. In the twenty-first century, two monumental clocks, works by Bisontin Philippe Lebru from the Utinam workshop, were installed on the facade of the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and inside the Besançon Franche-Comté TGV station.In addition to the watchmaking heritage, other buildings with notable architecture were built during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The Canot university campus was built from 1929 by the architect René Tournier and inaugurated by the President of the Republic Albert Lebrun in 1933. It was the first university residence in France. The Higher Institute of Fine Arts was built between 1970 and 1974 to plans by the Catalan architect Josep Lluís Sert. The Cité des Arts inaugurated in 2013 is the work of the Japanese architect Kengo Kuma.With of urban open spaces, including of forests, Besançon is considered the first green city in France with 204 m2 of green spaces per capita. The Forest of Chailluz, covering , represents a quarter of the total area of the commune. The city is the owner of this mainly deciduous forest, which includes a wildlife park and a fitness trail in addition to numerous trails. The historic center is entirely surrounded by green spaces. To the west of the old town, on the left bank of the River Doubs, are the Jardins de la Gare-d'Eau: in 1833, the construction of the Rhone-Rhine Canal led the city to create a small port river shipping but it quickly fell into disuse after the opening of a canal tunnel under the citadel. The park around the basin is currently owned by the departmental council of Doubs. The Chamars Promenade, attached to these gardens but further north, built in the fourth quarter of the eighteenth century, owes its name to the contraction of Champ de Mars (Field of Mars). It was at first a marshland separated into two parts by an arm of the River Doubs: the big and the small Chamars. Vauban, judging this place vulnerable, fortified it with the help of ramparts and bastions. The city obtained permission to turn this space into a promenade in 1739. The architect Bertrand remodeled it between 1770 and 1778 by incorporating a café, public baths, an aviary of rare birds, waterfalls, a botanical garden and many plantings. It largely disappeared after 1830 with the leveling of the inner rampart and the creation of the Gare d'Eau port. A public garden was refurbished between 1978 and 1982. The only surviving elements of the former Chamars Promenade are the two guard houses, some plane trees, and the stone vases of the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Boutry.North of the historic district of Battant, on the right bank of the River Doubs, the Glacis Promenade, created in the middle of the nineteenth century, is the work of the landscape architect Brice Michel and the architect Boutterin. Right in the heart of this district, the Clos Barbisier is a garden created in 1988 and presenting an important variety of roses. The green belt extends east of the old town, still on the right bank of the River Doubs, by the Promenade of Helvetia which houses a botanical garden called Jardin des Sens et des Senteurs (Garden of Senses and Scents) realized in 1987, accessible to the visually impaired thanks to its plants and shrubs with certain sensory features (smell, touch), and Braille signs. Directly to the south is the Micaud Promenade, which has been progressively developed over from 1843 on plans by architect Alphonse Delacroix. It is named after Jules Micaud, the mayor who promoted the project. It includes more than four hundred trees, including a southern magnolia and a European beech, a bandstand, a pond, and several sculptures. The Jardins du Casino, a public garden with flowering lawns and tree-lined avenues, is directly on the other side of Edouard Droz Avenue, which runs along Micaud Promenade.In the heart of the historic center, the Promenade Granvelle is the former private garden of the sixteenth century Granvelle Palace, which the municipality acquired in 1712 and which was opened to the public in 1728. The architect Bertrand redeveloped it into a public garden from 1775 to 1778. It includes a bandstand, an artificial cave, a Wallace fountain, statues of Victor Hugo and Auguste Veil-Picard, the portal of the church of the convent of the Great Carmelites, and a neoclassical colonnade, a remnant of a refreshment pavilion. The first botanical garden in Besançon was created in 1580. It then occupied more than ten different sites, including the current location of Place Leclerc since 1957. The Parc de l'Observatoire, created in 1904 at the request of the director of the astronomical observatory Auguste Lebeuf, is home to a purple beech, a weeping beech, chestnut and pine trees.There are five museums in Besançon that all bear the designation "Museum of France". Besançon has one of the finest city art galleries in France outside Paris. The Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology, created in 1694, was the first museum created in France and predates The Louvre by almost a century. It has benefited from a remarkable series of bequests over time.In the 1960s the architect Luis Miquel, a pupil of Le Corbusier, totally rebuilt the building. The building's interior takes the form of a gently rising concrete walkway that takes visitors up from classical antiquity to the modern age. Among the museum's treasures are a fine collection of classical antiquities and ancient Egyptian artifacts, as well as a very rich collection of paintings including works by Bellini, Bronzino, Tintoretto, Titian, Rubens, Jordaens, Ruisdael, Cranach, Zurbarán, Goya, Philippe de Champaigne, Fragonard, Boucher, David, Ingres, Géricault, Courbet, Constable, Bonnard, Matisse, Picasso and many others.The Musée du Temps (Museum of Time), inaugurated in 2002, was formerly the City's History Museum. Located in the Granvelle Palace, its concept is unique in Europe, grouping watch collections (watches, sundials, hourglasses, all means of measuring time ...) and the funds of the history museum (paintings, engravings). In addition, three museums are grouped inside the Vauban citadelThe Museum of Resistance and Deportation has been open since 1971 and is one of the largest in its category at the national level. It consists of twenty rooms, retracing the themes related to the Second World War (Nazism, the Occupation, the Vichy regime, the Resistance, Liberation, Deportation) through photographs, texts, documents and original collectibles. The establishment also has two rooms dedicated to artists whose works were made in concentration camps.The Comtois Museum, installed in 1961 in the Royal Front, presents regional arts and traditions through sixteen permanent exhibition halls with collections of more than 20,000 objects, mainly from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.The Museum of Natural History, created in 1959 under the leadership of Mayor Jean Minjoz, presents varied backgrounds in a small evolutionary course around collections of natural sciences (naturalized animals, herbaria ...); it also presents live animals in four sectors (zoo, insectarium, noctarium and aquarium). Besançon is also home to the birthplace of Victor Hugo, presenting the humanist political commitment of the writer. The Cité des Arts exhibits part of the works of the regional fund of contemporary art of Burgundy-Franche-ComtéThe city is home to a National Center for Dramatic Art, the Centre dramatique national Besançon Franche-Comté created in 1972. This theater installed in the former ballroom of the Casino has a capacity of 337 seats. The Scène nationale de Besançon performs since 2012 in two facilities including the Théâtre de l'Espace and the Théâtre Ledoux. The Théâtre Ledoux was inaugurated in 1784 and can accommodate 1100 people. Besançon also has smaller structures. The Scénacle located in the Saint-Jean district is a small theater with a capacity of about 100 seats that offers plays and concerts by the troupe or regional artists. On campus, the 150-seat Petit Théâtre de la Bouloie welcomes student projects to promote artistic and cultural practice (university theater, university choir...), artistic residencies of young companies, professional shows proposed by the partner structures and shows of young companies.The Kursaal is the result of the will to offer entertainment and shows to spa guests of the spa resort of Besançon-les-Bains created in 1891 and military garrison in the city. The Kursaal-Circus opened at the end of 1893, but the promoter's finances, Madame Veuve Pellegrin, did not allow her to reimburse the expenses incurred. The city acquired it in 1895 and the Kursaal became the city's concert hall. It closes in 1970 for reasons of obsolescence, before being renovated from 1979 and reopened in September 1982. A conference room with 360 seats, called Petit Kursaal was also created in the basement. The main hall, known as Grand Kursaal, has two balconies and a dome ceiling decorated with frescoes reminiscent of the circus arts. Its capacity can go up to 1,038 seats including 450 on both balconies.Bands play throughout the year at La Rodia, located in the Prés-de-Vaux neighborhood. It includes a large 900-seat theater and a 330-seat "club" hall as well as two creative studios. The Micropolis Exhibition Center houses a modular hall with a capacity of 2,200 to 6,500 seats, where the majority of artists and bands on national and international tours are performing.The city is home to the Victor Hugo Franche-Comté Orchestra.There are two multiplex cinemas, the Mégarama Beaux-Arts in the historic district and Mégarama École-Valentin in the suburban area. The Cinéma Victor-Hugo is a smaller cinema promoting indie movies, located in the city center.The city of Besançon hosts many festive and cultural events.Several music festivals punctuate the year, the most emblematic and the oldest of which is the Besançon Franche-Comté International Music Festival, created in 1948 and held every year in September. This festival honors the symphonic repertoire, chamber music and recitals. It was completed in 1951 by the International Contest of Young Conductors held every two years (odd years), one of the most prestigious of the discipline which counts among its laureates Seiji Ozawa, Gerd Albrecht, Michel Plasson or Zdeněk Mácal.The Festival Détonation is another highlight of September: created in 2012 and organized by La Rodia, its programming mixes pop music, electronic music and interactive mapping installations.Initiated in 2007, the GéNéRiQ Festival takes place in February in five cities: Belfort, Besançon, Dijon, Montbéliard and Mulhouse. Its programming is also focused on new musical trends such as electro clubbing, mediterranean surf, free metal, electro blues, alternative hip hop or neo ghetto folk.Created in 1981, the Jazz and improvised music festival in Franche-Comté offers concerts in Besançon and other towns in the region in June.The Circasismic Festival, held in May since 2015, presents a program of electro, dub and rock music as well as circus and street theater shows.The Orgue en ville festival, created in 2009, offers about twenty concerts around the organ in religious buildings of Besançon and its agglomeration. It takes place between the end of June and the beginning of July.The Besançon-Montfaucon Festival offers musical works played on period instruments.The Foire Comtoise is a trade fair and a travelling funfair held in the Micropolis exhibition center. This event created in 1922 was originally an agricultural fair. It now hosts around 600 exhibitors and 140,000 visitors around the Feast of the Ascension weekend. Each year, a country or a community is a guest of honor and presents its crafts and its customs and traditions through shows.Since 1995, the Gourmet Instants market has been held on the Granvelle Promenade in September and showcases local gastronomic products.The Christmas market in Besançon has been spreading throughout December since 1993, while a carnival parade has been held since 1978, bringing together 20,000 to 30,000 people each year in the streets of the city center.The Grand Besançon Métropole book festival (Livres dans la Boucle) take place in September. Running over three days, it hosted in 2018 more than 200 authors and 30,000 visitors.An African cinema festival called Lumières d'Afrique has been held in November since 1996.Bien Urbain is a manifestation of street art and contemporary art in the public space held in June since 2011.In the field of theater, Besançon has two festivals. The Festival de Caves has been offering shows since 2006 in the cellars of the city. Born in Besançon, the concept of this festival has since spread in many cities in France and Europe.Since 2018, the Festival of World Languages and Cultures has been the heir to the International University Theater Meetings, which celebrated their 25th edition in 2017.The practice of sport in the agglomeration of Besançon is quite diverse, on the one hand because the municipality does not want to bet everything on one or two professional disciplines that would carry the colors of the city high, but rather to encourage its population to practice all disciplines, and on the other hand because the particular setting of the city (hills, cliffs, rivers) makes it possible to practice a wide range of outdoor sports such as hiking, mountain biking, climbing, rowing.The Palais des Sports Ghani-Yalouz, the largest indoor sports arena in the metropolitan area, was inaugurated in 1967 and refurbished in 2005. Its capacity is flexible, from 3,380 seats in handball configuration to 4,200 seats in basketball configuration. The main stadium is the Léo-Lagrange stadium, inaugurated in 1939 and renovated between 2003 and 2005. With a capacity of 11,500 seats, it exclusively hosts soccer matches. Three other stadiums are located in the town, the Rosemont stadium, the Orchamps stadium and the Henri Joran stadium in the Velotte district. The city has a single ice rink, the La Fayette ice rink, two indoor Olympic swimming pools (Mallarmé and La Fayette), two outdoor swimming pools (Chalezeule and Port Joint) and ten gyms. A large indoor climbing gym inaugurated in 2020 near the Léo-Lagrange stadium offers climbing routes that can reach up to 18 meters above the ground. The Centre des Cultures Urbaines de Besançon (CCUB) located in the Saint-Claude district is a 2,000 m2 indoor space inaugurated in 2019 and dedicated to boardsports (rollerblading, BMX, skateboarding) and balance practices (parkour, slacklining). An open-air skatepark is set up in the city center on the banks of the Doubs River in the Chamars area. Other notable facilities are located on the territory of peripheral municipalities. In Montfaucon, at the gates of Besançon, there is a free flight site for the practice of paragliding and hang-gliding as well as a cliff with nearly 150 climbing routes from 20 to 40 meters. The Golf de Besançon is an 18-hole golf course in the town of La Chevillotte.In the field of team sports, the city is currently represented at the national level mainly in the discipline of handball. The Entente Sportive Bisontine Feminine (ESBF) club, founded in 1970, plays in the French Women's First League. It is the most successful club in the city with notably 4 French league titles and a European Cup. Grand Besançon Doubs Handball (GBDH), men's handball club, participated in 4 seasons in the first division and 26 seasons in the second division. It is playing in the second division for the 2020-2021 season.In football, the city has two clubs playing in Championnat National 3, the fifth tier in the French football league system : Racing Besançon (RB) and Besançon Football (BF).Basketball is present with the Besançon Avenir Comtois (BesAC) club, playing in Championnat de Nationale 3, fifth tier in the French basketball league system. Former Besançon BCD, now defunct, played nine seasons in the top-tier men's professional basketball league in France and counted Bruce Bowen, Tanoka Beard and Tony Farmer among its most famous playersIn the field of individual sports at professional and amateur level, the city stands out in boxing with Olympic medalist Khedafi Djelkhir, wrestling with Olympic medalist Ghani Yalouz, archery with Jean-Charles Valladont several times medalist at the World and European championship and silver medalist at the Rio Olympics, judo, cycling (Amicale Cycliste Bisontine), weightlifting (La Française de Besançon) or canoeing (Société Nautique Bisontine, 2nd club French). Besançon also hosts the Franche-Comté Judo Besançon club with 90 national podiums, 50 French Champion titles in all categories and 20 European and world podiums.Grand Besançon Métropole is organizing from 2019 a festival called Grandes Heures Nature devoted to outdoor sports such as hiking, trail running, canoeing, climbing, mountain biking and road cycling. It takes place over four days during the month of June. The city of Besançon is a regular stage city in the Tour de France bicycle race, which it hosted 18 times between 1903 and 2018. The Besançon Trail des Forts has been taking place since 2004 every year in May and offers four trail running races of 48, 28, 19 and 10 kilometers, the longest course being registered among the ten stages of the National Trail Tour.Besançon is situated at the crossing of two major lines of communication, the NE-SW route that follows the valley of the river Doubs and links Germany and North Europe with Lyon and southwest Europe, and the N–S route linking northern France and the Netherlands with Switzerland. The city is served by the A36 motorway, which connects the German border with Burgundy.Besançon is well connected with the rest of France by train. One can reach major destinations such as Paris, Dijon, Belfort, Mulhouse, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and Lille directly. The city has some international connections to cities such as Basel in Switzerland, Frankfurt am Main and Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany and Luxembourg.A tramway commenced service in September 2014. The length of the line is and the route follows a mainly South-West-North East direction through the city between Hauts du Chazal and alternative destinations of Chalezeule ("parc Micaud") and the Besançon railway station at "Gare Viotte".Bus services in Besançon and its suburbs are run by the Ginko company. It runs 58 bus lines and its fleet has about 240 buses. The network serves the 68 municipalities of the urban community.Besançon was the birthplace of:King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands is also the "Lord of Besançon".[1.38] When he had proceeded three days' journey, word was brought to him that Ariovistus was hastening with all his forces to seize on Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani, and had advanced three days' journey from its territories. Caesar thought that he ought to take the greatest precautions lest this should happen, for there was in that town a most ample supply of every thing which was serviceable for war; and so fortified was it by the nature of the ground, as to afford a great facility for protracting the war, inasmuch as the river Doubs almost surrounds the whole town, as though it were traced round it with a pair of compasses. A mountain of great height shuts in the remaining space, which is not more than , where the river leaves a gap, in such a manner that the roots of that mountain extend to the river's bank on either side. A wall thrown around it makes a citadel of this [mountain], and connects it with the town.Eventually he saw the white walls beyond the distant mountain; it was the citadel of Besançon. "What a difference", he said, sighing, "if I could come into this fine city as a sub-lieutenant of one of these regiments of the post." Besançon is not only one of the prettiest cities in France, but it abounds in brave and intelligent men. Julien, however, was only a little peasant, without any means of approaching distinguished personages.This century was two years old. Rome was replacing Sparta;Already Napoleon was emerging from under Bonaparte.And already the First Consul's tight maskHad been split in several places by the Emperor's brow.It was then that in Besançon, that old Spanish town,Cast like a seed into the flying wind,A child was born of mixed blood—Breton and Lorraine—Pallid, blind and mute...That child, whom Life was scratching from its book,And who had not another day to live,Was me.The Christmas carol ""Berger, Secoue Ton Sommeil Profond"", known in English as "Shepherds, Shake Off Your Drowsy Sleep" originated in Besançon in the 17th century.Besançon is twinned with:
|
[
"Robert Schwint",
"Jean-Louis Fousseret"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Ruane hold in Aug, 1999?
|
August 25, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q479188_P39_0
|
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
|
Chris RuaneChristopher Shaun Ruane (born 18 July 1958) is a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Vale of Clwyd.Ruane attended Ysgol Mair Roman Catholic primary school in Rhyl. He then went to the Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School (three years above Carol Vorderman) on "Cefndy Road" in Rhyl, then in Flintshire, later Clwyd and since 1996 in Denbighshire. At the University of Wales College, Aberystwyth, he gained a BSc in Economics in 1979. From the University of Liverpool he gained a PGCE in 1980. He was a town councillor from 1988 and the Chairman of West Clwyd NUT region.He was a primary school teacher from 1982 to 1997, and a deputy head from 1991 to 1997.He contested Clwyd North West in 1992.He was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Peter Hain from 2003 until his resignation in March 2007 in protest against the decision to replace Trident.In 2003 Ruane voted in favour of the Iraq War.He lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the 2015 General Election. However, he successfully stood for re-election in the Vale of Clwyd constituency in the 2017 election. before losing it again.Ruane was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum and supported a second referendum. From 2017 until the 2019 General Election, Ruane served as Labour's Shadow Wales Minister. In his role, he regularly campaigned for the need for greater transparency around the Government's proposed replacement of European Union funding post-Brexit, on the basis that Wales had historically been a net recipient of funding.As a Parliamentarian, Ruane tabled written parliamentary questions extensively and has regularly been one of the most prolific users of the procedure amongst Members of Parliament. He used written parliamentary questions to highlight the fall in the number of registered voters from 2001 onwards.In 2013 he worked with Lord Layard and the Oxford Mindfulness Centre to establish mindfulness practice in the UK Parliament. Since then 260 UK parliamentarians and 460 members of their staff have received mindfulness training. In his period out of office, 2015–17, working with the Mindfulness Initiative (MI), he developed links with politicians and mindfulness advocates in 39 legislatures around the world and has helped to establish mindfulness practice in 13 of those legislatures.In 2018 Chris re-established the All Party Parliamentary Group on Wellbeing Economics in conjunction with former Chief Secretary to the Treasury Lord Gus O'Donnell and Lord Layard and has been a consistent campaigner for embedding wellbeing considerations in public policy formulation and decision making.In 2019 he again lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the General Election in December of that year.In October 2012, the Commons Speaker, John Bercow, blocked the release of data showing which MPs were renting their homes in London to other MPs for financial gain. However, a study of parliamentary records was published in "The Daily Telegraph". The study showed that 27 MPS, including Chris Ruane receive rental income from their homes in London while simultaneously claiming rental income from the taxpayer to live at another residence. Ruane owns a flat in London which he bought through the use of parliamentary expenses. Ruane claimed £1,906 a month for his London flat. He also owns a flat about three minutes' walk away. He said: "I have acted completely within the rules." Between January and June 2018, Ruane claimed £9,760. making him the lowest claiming of MPs in the North Wales region.He has two children.
|
[
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Ruane hold in Jun, 2003?
|
June 16, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q479188_P39_1
|
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
|
Chris RuaneChristopher Shaun Ruane (born 18 July 1958) is a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Vale of Clwyd.Ruane attended Ysgol Mair Roman Catholic primary school in Rhyl. He then went to the Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School (three years above Carol Vorderman) on "Cefndy Road" in Rhyl, then in Flintshire, later Clwyd and since 1996 in Denbighshire. At the University of Wales College, Aberystwyth, he gained a BSc in Economics in 1979. From the University of Liverpool he gained a PGCE in 1980. He was a town councillor from 1988 and the Chairman of West Clwyd NUT region.He was a primary school teacher from 1982 to 1997, and a deputy head from 1991 to 1997.He contested Clwyd North West in 1992.He was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Peter Hain from 2003 until his resignation in March 2007 in protest against the decision to replace Trident.In 2003 Ruane voted in favour of the Iraq War.He lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the 2015 General Election. However, he successfully stood for re-election in the Vale of Clwyd constituency in the 2017 election. before losing it again.Ruane was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum and supported a second referendum. From 2017 until the 2019 General Election, Ruane served as Labour's Shadow Wales Minister. In his role, he regularly campaigned for the need for greater transparency around the Government's proposed replacement of European Union funding post-Brexit, on the basis that Wales had historically been a net recipient of funding.As a Parliamentarian, Ruane tabled written parliamentary questions extensively and has regularly been one of the most prolific users of the procedure amongst Members of Parliament. He used written parliamentary questions to highlight the fall in the number of registered voters from 2001 onwards.In 2013 he worked with Lord Layard and the Oxford Mindfulness Centre to establish mindfulness practice in the UK Parliament. Since then 260 UK parliamentarians and 460 members of their staff have received mindfulness training. In his period out of office, 2015–17, working with the Mindfulness Initiative (MI), he developed links with politicians and mindfulness advocates in 39 legislatures around the world and has helped to establish mindfulness practice in 13 of those legislatures.In 2018 Chris re-established the All Party Parliamentary Group on Wellbeing Economics in conjunction with former Chief Secretary to the Treasury Lord Gus O'Donnell and Lord Layard and has been a consistent campaigner for embedding wellbeing considerations in public policy formulation and decision making.In 2019 he again lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the General Election in December of that year.In October 2012, the Commons Speaker, John Bercow, blocked the release of data showing which MPs were renting their homes in London to other MPs for financial gain. However, a study of parliamentary records was published in "The Daily Telegraph". The study showed that 27 MPS, including Chris Ruane receive rental income from their homes in London while simultaneously claiming rental income from the taxpayer to live at another residence. Ruane owns a flat in London which he bought through the use of parliamentary expenses. Ruane claimed £1,906 a month for his London flat. He also owns a flat about three minutes' walk away. He said: "I have acted completely within the rules." Between January and June 2018, Ruane claimed £9,760. making him the lowest claiming of MPs in the North Wales region.He has two children.
|
[
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Ruane hold in May, 2007?
|
May 03, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q479188_P39_2
|
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
|
Chris RuaneChristopher Shaun Ruane (born 18 July 1958) is a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Vale of Clwyd.Ruane attended Ysgol Mair Roman Catholic primary school in Rhyl. He then went to the Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School (three years above Carol Vorderman) on "Cefndy Road" in Rhyl, then in Flintshire, later Clwyd and since 1996 in Denbighshire. At the University of Wales College, Aberystwyth, he gained a BSc in Economics in 1979. From the University of Liverpool he gained a PGCE in 1980. He was a town councillor from 1988 and the Chairman of West Clwyd NUT region.He was a primary school teacher from 1982 to 1997, and a deputy head from 1991 to 1997.He contested Clwyd North West in 1992.He was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Peter Hain from 2003 until his resignation in March 2007 in protest against the decision to replace Trident.In 2003 Ruane voted in favour of the Iraq War.He lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the 2015 General Election. However, he successfully stood for re-election in the Vale of Clwyd constituency in the 2017 election. before losing it again.Ruane was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum and supported a second referendum. From 2017 until the 2019 General Election, Ruane served as Labour's Shadow Wales Minister. In his role, he regularly campaigned for the need for greater transparency around the Government's proposed replacement of European Union funding post-Brexit, on the basis that Wales had historically been a net recipient of funding.As a Parliamentarian, Ruane tabled written parliamentary questions extensively and has regularly been one of the most prolific users of the procedure amongst Members of Parliament. He used written parliamentary questions to highlight the fall in the number of registered voters from 2001 onwards.In 2013 he worked with Lord Layard and the Oxford Mindfulness Centre to establish mindfulness practice in the UK Parliament. Since then 260 UK parliamentarians and 460 members of their staff have received mindfulness training. In his period out of office, 2015–17, working with the Mindfulness Initiative (MI), he developed links with politicians and mindfulness advocates in 39 legislatures around the world and has helped to establish mindfulness practice in 13 of those legislatures.In 2018 Chris re-established the All Party Parliamentary Group on Wellbeing Economics in conjunction with former Chief Secretary to the Treasury Lord Gus O'Donnell and Lord Layard and has been a consistent campaigner for embedding wellbeing considerations in public policy formulation and decision making.In 2019 he again lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the General Election in December of that year.In October 2012, the Commons Speaker, John Bercow, blocked the release of data showing which MPs were renting their homes in London to other MPs for financial gain. However, a study of parliamentary records was published in "The Daily Telegraph". The study showed that 27 MPS, including Chris Ruane receive rental income from their homes in London while simultaneously claiming rental income from the taxpayer to live at another residence. Ruane owns a flat in London which he bought through the use of parliamentary expenses. Ruane claimed £1,906 a month for his London flat. He also owns a flat about three minutes' walk away. He said: "I have acted completely within the rules." Between January and June 2018, Ruane claimed £9,760. making him the lowest claiming of MPs in the North Wales region.He has two children.
|
[
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Ruane hold in Jul, 2012?
|
July 19, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q479188_P39_3
|
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
|
Chris RuaneChristopher Shaun Ruane (born 18 July 1958) is a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Vale of Clwyd.Ruane attended Ysgol Mair Roman Catholic primary school in Rhyl. He then went to the Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School (three years above Carol Vorderman) on "Cefndy Road" in Rhyl, then in Flintshire, later Clwyd and since 1996 in Denbighshire. At the University of Wales College, Aberystwyth, he gained a BSc in Economics in 1979. From the University of Liverpool he gained a PGCE in 1980. He was a town councillor from 1988 and the Chairman of West Clwyd NUT region.He was a primary school teacher from 1982 to 1997, and a deputy head from 1991 to 1997.He contested Clwyd North West in 1992.He was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Peter Hain from 2003 until his resignation in March 2007 in protest against the decision to replace Trident.In 2003 Ruane voted in favour of the Iraq War.He lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the 2015 General Election. However, he successfully stood for re-election in the Vale of Clwyd constituency in the 2017 election. before losing it again.Ruane was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum and supported a second referendum. From 2017 until the 2019 General Election, Ruane served as Labour's Shadow Wales Minister. In his role, he regularly campaigned for the need for greater transparency around the Government's proposed replacement of European Union funding post-Brexit, on the basis that Wales had historically been a net recipient of funding.As a Parliamentarian, Ruane tabled written parliamentary questions extensively and has regularly been one of the most prolific users of the procedure amongst Members of Parliament. He used written parliamentary questions to highlight the fall in the number of registered voters from 2001 onwards.In 2013 he worked with Lord Layard and the Oxford Mindfulness Centre to establish mindfulness practice in the UK Parliament. Since then 260 UK parliamentarians and 460 members of their staff have received mindfulness training. In his period out of office, 2015–17, working with the Mindfulness Initiative (MI), he developed links with politicians and mindfulness advocates in 39 legislatures around the world and has helped to establish mindfulness practice in 13 of those legislatures.In 2018 Chris re-established the All Party Parliamentary Group on Wellbeing Economics in conjunction with former Chief Secretary to the Treasury Lord Gus O'Donnell and Lord Layard and has been a consistent campaigner for embedding wellbeing considerations in public policy formulation and decision making.In 2019 he again lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the General Election in December of that year.In October 2012, the Commons Speaker, John Bercow, blocked the release of data showing which MPs were renting their homes in London to other MPs for financial gain. However, a study of parliamentary records was published in "The Daily Telegraph". The study showed that 27 MPS, including Chris Ruane receive rental income from their homes in London while simultaneously claiming rental income from the taxpayer to live at another residence. Ruane owns a flat in London which he bought through the use of parliamentary expenses. Ruane claimed £1,906 a month for his London flat. He also owns a flat about three minutes' walk away. He said: "I have acted completely within the rules." Between January and June 2018, Ruane claimed £9,760. making him the lowest claiming of MPs in the North Wales region.He has two children.
|
[
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Ruane hold in Sep, 2019?
|
September 01, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q479188_P39_4
|
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Chris Ruane holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
|
Chris RuaneChristopher Shaun Ruane (born 18 July 1958) is a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Vale of Clwyd.Ruane attended Ysgol Mair Roman Catholic primary school in Rhyl. He then went to the Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School (three years above Carol Vorderman) on "Cefndy Road" in Rhyl, then in Flintshire, later Clwyd and since 1996 in Denbighshire. At the University of Wales College, Aberystwyth, he gained a BSc in Economics in 1979. From the University of Liverpool he gained a PGCE in 1980. He was a town councillor from 1988 and the Chairman of West Clwyd NUT region.He was a primary school teacher from 1982 to 1997, and a deputy head from 1991 to 1997.He contested Clwyd North West in 1992.He was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Peter Hain from 2003 until his resignation in March 2007 in protest against the decision to replace Trident.In 2003 Ruane voted in favour of the Iraq War.He lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the 2015 General Election. However, he successfully stood for re-election in the Vale of Clwyd constituency in the 2017 election. before losing it again.Ruane was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum and supported a second referendum. From 2017 until the 2019 General Election, Ruane served as Labour's Shadow Wales Minister. In his role, he regularly campaigned for the need for greater transparency around the Government's proposed replacement of European Union funding post-Brexit, on the basis that Wales had historically been a net recipient of funding.As a Parliamentarian, Ruane tabled written parliamentary questions extensively and has regularly been one of the most prolific users of the procedure amongst Members of Parliament. He used written parliamentary questions to highlight the fall in the number of registered voters from 2001 onwards.In 2013 he worked with Lord Layard and the Oxford Mindfulness Centre to establish mindfulness practice in the UK Parliament. Since then 260 UK parliamentarians and 460 members of their staff have received mindfulness training. In his period out of office, 2015–17, working with the Mindfulness Initiative (MI), he developed links with politicians and mindfulness advocates in 39 legislatures around the world and has helped to establish mindfulness practice in 13 of those legislatures.In 2018 Chris re-established the All Party Parliamentary Group on Wellbeing Economics in conjunction with former Chief Secretary to the Treasury Lord Gus O'Donnell and Lord Layard and has been a consistent campaigner for embedding wellbeing considerations in public policy formulation and decision making.In 2019 he again lost his seat to Conservative James Davies in the General Election in December of that year.In October 2012, the Commons Speaker, John Bercow, blocked the release of data showing which MPs were renting their homes in London to other MPs for financial gain. However, a study of parliamentary records was published in "The Daily Telegraph". The study showed that 27 MPS, including Chris Ruane receive rental income from their homes in London while simultaneously claiming rental income from the taxpayer to live at another residence. Ruane owns a flat in London which he bought through the use of parliamentary expenses. Ruane claimed £1,906 a month for his London flat. He also owns a flat about three minutes' walk away. He said: "I have acted completely within the rules." Between January and June 2018, Ruane claimed £9,760. making him the lowest claiming of MPs in the North Wales region.He has two children.
|
[
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which team did Mike McCartney play for in Mar, 1971?
|
March 27, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"West Bromwich Albion F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q18619408_P54_0
|
Mike McCartney plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1987.
Mike McCartney plays for West Bromwich Albion F.C. from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Mike McCartney plays for Gretna F.C. from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Mike McCartney plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983.
Mike McCartney plays for Southampton F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
|
Mike McCartney (footballer)Michael McCartney (28 September 1954 – 2 January 2018) was a Scottish footballer who played as a full-back in the 1970s and 1980s. He spent most of his career with Carlisle United, for whom he made nearly 300 League appearances in two spells, between which he played for Southampton and Plymouth Argyle. He subsequently had years as manager of Scottish club Gretna.McCartney was born in Musselburgh and grew up as a supporter of Edinburgh club Heart of Midlothian. Having played international football for the Scottish Schoolboys, he turned down the opportunity to join Hearts as a trainee and instead moved to England, joining West Bromwich Albion, for whom he signed on as an apprentice in July 1970. Although he signed a professional contract in December 1971, he failed to break into the first team.In May 1973, he joined his former manager at Albion, Alan Ashman, signing for Second Division Carlisle United. At the end of McCartney's first season at Brunton Park, Carlisle finished in third place in the Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in the club's history. The Cumbrian club only managed one season in the top division, in which they finished in last place following which Carlisle fell down through the divisions and by 1977 they were in the Third Division.In July 1980, McCartney (now considered "one of the best left-backs in the lower divisions") was given the chance to return to the First Division by Southampton's manager Lawrie McMenemy who signed him for £50,000. He was one of two players who made his debut for the Saints in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City on 16 August 1980, the other being England international Kevin Keegan, whose arrival at The Dell overshadowed that of McCartney. McCartney failed to settle back in the First Division and, after a run of 15 consecutive matches, including a 7–1 defeat at Watford in the League Cup, he lost his place at left-back to Nick Holmes. After a total of 24 appearances, with one goal, McCartney returned to the Third Division with Plymouth Argyle in August 1981, for the same fee that Southampton had paid to Carlisle a year earlier.McCartney made his debut at Home Park on 15 August 1981 in a Football League Group Cup match against Bournemouth which ended goalless. Described as a "tough-tackling full-back", McCartney made a total of 62 appearances, scoring six goals, for Argyle before returning to Carlisle just before the end of the 1982–83 season in an exchange deal with Gordon Staniforth.He remained at Carlisle for five years during which time they were relegated twice and in 1987–88 they finished second from bottom of the Fourth Division. In February 1986, McCartney suffered an ankle injury in a match at Sunderland which brought his Football League career to an end, aged 33.In the summer of 1988, McCartney returned across the border to Scotland joining Gretna of the Northern League Division One, initially as a player-manager, becoming full-time manager the following year. In his first season as manager, Gretna finished as runners-up in the Northern League, followed by the championship in the next two years. In 1991–92, Gretna became the first Scottish club to reach the First Round proper of the FA Cup for 105 years, where they were eliminated by Rochdale after a replay. They reached the first round again in 1993–94, going out 2–3 to Bolton Wanderers of the First Division.Following their success in the Northern League, Gretna applied to join the Scottish League and McCartney himself worked on the required ground improvements. Following the failure of the application, and against McCartney's wishes, Gretna joined the Northern Premier League for the 1992–93 season, where they finished in a respectable sixth place. McCartney was concerned that the additional costs of travelling to clubs across northern England and North Wales would cause the club financial difficulties. Gradually the club's performances deteriorated with finishes in the lower half of the league and the club were forced to the edge of insolvency, leading to McCartney being dismissed in January 2000.Gretna was later acquired by Brooks Mileson who invested heavily in the club. In 2006, they reached the Scottish Cup Final, where they were defeated on penalties by McCartney's boyhood heroes, Hearts. Although Gretna defender Derek Townsley supplied him with a complimentary ticket to the Cup Final, McCartney supported Gretna's opponents.McCartney watched Hearts regularly, travelling from his home in Carlisle, where he worked in the building trade and as a van driver.
|
[
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Southampton F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Gretna F.C."
] |
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Which team did Mike McCartney play for in May, 1980?
|
May 27, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Southampton F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q18619408_P54_1
|
Mike McCartney plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983.
Mike McCartney plays for West Bromwich Albion F.C. from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Mike McCartney plays for Gretna F.C. from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Mike McCartney plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1987.
Mike McCartney plays for Southampton F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
|
Mike McCartney (footballer)Michael McCartney (28 September 1954 – 2 January 2018) was a Scottish footballer who played as a full-back in the 1970s and 1980s. He spent most of his career with Carlisle United, for whom he made nearly 300 League appearances in two spells, between which he played for Southampton and Plymouth Argyle. He subsequently had years as manager of Scottish club Gretna.McCartney was born in Musselburgh and grew up as a supporter of Edinburgh club Heart of Midlothian. Having played international football for the Scottish Schoolboys, he turned down the opportunity to join Hearts as a trainee and instead moved to England, joining West Bromwich Albion, for whom he signed on as an apprentice in July 1970. Although he signed a professional contract in December 1971, he failed to break into the first team.In May 1973, he joined his former manager at Albion, Alan Ashman, signing for Second Division Carlisle United. At the end of McCartney's first season at Brunton Park, Carlisle finished in third place in the Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in the club's history. The Cumbrian club only managed one season in the top division, in which they finished in last place following which Carlisle fell down through the divisions and by 1977 they were in the Third Division.In July 1980, McCartney (now considered "one of the best left-backs in the lower divisions") was given the chance to return to the First Division by Southampton's manager Lawrie McMenemy who signed him for £50,000. He was one of two players who made his debut for the Saints in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City on 16 August 1980, the other being England international Kevin Keegan, whose arrival at The Dell overshadowed that of McCartney. McCartney failed to settle back in the First Division and, after a run of 15 consecutive matches, including a 7–1 defeat at Watford in the League Cup, he lost his place at left-back to Nick Holmes. After a total of 24 appearances, with one goal, McCartney returned to the Third Division with Plymouth Argyle in August 1981, for the same fee that Southampton had paid to Carlisle a year earlier.McCartney made his debut at Home Park on 15 August 1981 in a Football League Group Cup match against Bournemouth which ended goalless. Described as a "tough-tackling full-back", McCartney made a total of 62 appearances, scoring six goals, for Argyle before returning to Carlisle just before the end of the 1982–83 season in an exchange deal with Gordon Staniforth.He remained at Carlisle for five years during which time they were relegated twice and in 1987–88 they finished second from bottom of the Fourth Division. In February 1986, McCartney suffered an ankle injury in a match at Sunderland which brought his Football League career to an end, aged 33.In the summer of 1988, McCartney returned across the border to Scotland joining Gretna of the Northern League Division One, initially as a player-manager, becoming full-time manager the following year. In his first season as manager, Gretna finished as runners-up in the Northern League, followed by the championship in the next two years. In 1991–92, Gretna became the first Scottish club to reach the First Round proper of the FA Cup for 105 years, where they were eliminated by Rochdale after a replay. They reached the first round again in 1993–94, going out 2–3 to Bolton Wanderers of the First Division.Following their success in the Northern League, Gretna applied to join the Scottish League and McCartney himself worked on the required ground improvements. Following the failure of the application, and against McCartney's wishes, Gretna joined the Northern Premier League for the 1992–93 season, where they finished in a respectable sixth place. McCartney was concerned that the additional costs of travelling to clubs across northern England and North Wales would cause the club financial difficulties. Gradually the club's performances deteriorated with finishes in the lower half of the league and the club were forced to the edge of insolvency, leading to McCartney being dismissed in January 2000.Gretna was later acquired by Brooks Mileson who invested heavily in the club. In 2006, they reached the Scottish Cup Final, where they were defeated on penalties by McCartney's boyhood heroes, Hearts. Although Gretna defender Derek Townsley supplied him with a complimentary ticket to the Cup Final, McCartney supported Gretna's opponents.McCartney watched Hearts regularly, travelling from his home in Carlisle, where he worked in the building trade and as a van driver.
|
[
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Gretna F.C.",
"West Bromwich Albion F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mike McCartney play for in Mar, 1982?
|
March 16, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Plymouth Argyle F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q18619408_P54_2
|
Mike McCartney plays for West Bromwich Albion F.C. from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Mike McCartney plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1987.
Mike McCartney plays for Southampton F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mike McCartney plays for Gretna F.C. from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Mike McCartney plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983.
|
Mike McCartney (footballer)Michael McCartney (28 September 1954 – 2 January 2018) was a Scottish footballer who played as a full-back in the 1970s and 1980s. He spent most of his career with Carlisle United, for whom he made nearly 300 League appearances in two spells, between which he played for Southampton and Plymouth Argyle. He subsequently had years as manager of Scottish club Gretna.McCartney was born in Musselburgh and grew up as a supporter of Edinburgh club Heart of Midlothian. Having played international football for the Scottish Schoolboys, he turned down the opportunity to join Hearts as a trainee and instead moved to England, joining West Bromwich Albion, for whom he signed on as an apprentice in July 1970. Although he signed a professional contract in December 1971, he failed to break into the first team.In May 1973, he joined his former manager at Albion, Alan Ashman, signing for Second Division Carlisle United. At the end of McCartney's first season at Brunton Park, Carlisle finished in third place in the Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in the club's history. The Cumbrian club only managed one season in the top division, in which they finished in last place following which Carlisle fell down through the divisions and by 1977 they were in the Third Division.In July 1980, McCartney (now considered "one of the best left-backs in the lower divisions") was given the chance to return to the First Division by Southampton's manager Lawrie McMenemy who signed him for £50,000. He was one of two players who made his debut for the Saints in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City on 16 August 1980, the other being England international Kevin Keegan, whose arrival at The Dell overshadowed that of McCartney. McCartney failed to settle back in the First Division and, after a run of 15 consecutive matches, including a 7–1 defeat at Watford in the League Cup, he lost his place at left-back to Nick Holmes. After a total of 24 appearances, with one goal, McCartney returned to the Third Division with Plymouth Argyle in August 1981, for the same fee that Southampton had paid to Carlisle a year earlier.McCartney made his debut at Home Park on 15 August 1981 in a Football League Group Cup match against Bournemouth which ended goalless. Described as a "tough-tackling full-back", McCartney made a total of 62 appearances, scoring six goals, for Argyle before returning to Carlisle just before the end of the 1982–83 season in an exchange deal with Gordon Staniforth.He remained at Carlisle for five years during which time they were relegated twice and in 1987–88 they finished second from bottom of the Fourth Division. In February 1986, McCartney suffered an ankle injury in a match at Sunderland which brought his Football League career to an end, aged 33.In the summer of 1988, McCartney returned across the border to Scotland joining Gretna of the Northern League Division One, initially as a player-manager, becoming full-time manager the following year. In his first season as manager, Gretna finished as runners-up in the Northern League, followed by the championship in the next two years. In 1991–92, Gretna became the first Scottish club to reach the First Round proper of the FA Cup for 105 years, where they were eliminated by Rochdale after a replay. They reached the first round again in 1993–94, going out 2–3 to Bolton Wanderers of the First Division.Following their success in the Northern League, Gretna applied to join the Scottish League and McCartney himself worked on the required ground improvements. Following the failure of the application, and against McCartney's wishes, Gretna joined the Northern Premier League for the 1992–93 season, where they finished in a respectable sixth place. McCartney was concerned that the additional costs of travelling to clubs across northern England and North Wales would cause the club financial difficulties. Gradually the club's performances deteriorated with finishes in the lower half of the league and the club were forced to the edge of insolvency, leading to McCartney being dismissed in January 2000.Gretna was later acquired by Brooks Mileson who invested heavily in the club. In 2006, they reached the Scottish Cup Final, where they were defeated on penalties by McCartney's boyhood heroes, Hearts. Although Gretna defender Derek Townsley supplied him with a complimentary ticket to the Cup Final, McCartney supported Gretna's opponents.McCartney watched Hearts regularly, travelling from his home in Carlisle, where he worked in the building trade and as a van driver.
|
[
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Southampton F.C.",
"Gretna F.C.",
"West Bromwich Albion F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mike McCartney play for in Sep, 1983?
|
September 02, 1983
|
{
"text": [
"Carlisle United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q18619408_P54_3
|
Mike McCartney plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983.
Mike McCartney plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1987.
Mike McCartney plays for Southampton F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mike McCartney plays for West Bromwich Albion F.C. from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Mike McCartney plays for Gretna F.C. from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
|
Mike McCartney (footballer)Michael McCartney (28 September 1954 – 2 January 2018) was a Scottish footballer who played as a full-back in the 1970s and 1980s. He spent most of his career with Carlisle United, for whom he made nearly 300 League appearances in two spells, between which he played for Southampton and Plymouth Argyle. He subsequently had years as manager of Scottish club Gretna.McCartney was born in Musselburgh and grew up as a supporter of Edinburgh club Heart of Midlothian. Having played international football for the Scottish Schoolboys, he turned down the opportunity to join Hearts as a trainee and instead moved to England, joining West Bromwich Albion, for whom he signed on as an apprentice in July 1970. Although he signed a professional contract in December 1971, he failed to break into the first team.In May 1973, he joined his former manager at Albion, Alan Ashman, signing for Second Division Carlisle United. At the end of McCartney's first season at Brunton Park, Carlisle finished in third place in the Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in the club's history. The Cumbrian club only managed one season in the top division, in which they finished in last place following which Carlisle fell down through the divisions and by 1977 they were in the Third Division.In July 1980, McCartney (now considered "one of the best left-backs in the lower divisions") was given the chance to return to the First Division by Southampton's manager Lawrie McMenemy who signed him for £50,000. He was one of two players who made his debut for the Saints in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City on 16 August 1980, the other being England international Kevin Keegan, whose arrival at The Dell overshadowed that of McCartney. McCartney failed to settle back in the First Division and, after a run of 15 consecutive matches, including a 7–1 defeat at Watford in the League Cup, he lost his place at left-back to Nick Holmes. After a total of 24 appearances, with one goal, McCartney returned to the Third Division with Plymouth Argyle in August 1981, for the same fee that Southampton had paid to Carlisle a year earlier.McCartney made his debut at Home Park on 15 August 1981 in a Football League Group Cup match against Bournemouth which ended goalless. Described as a "tough-tackling full-back", McCartney made a total of 62 appearances, scoring six goals, for Argyle before returning to Carlisle just before the end of the 1982–83 season in an exchange deal with Gordon Staniforth.He remained at Carlisle for five years during which time they were relegated twice and in 1987–88 they finished second from bottom of the Fourth Division. In February 1986, McCartney suffered an ankle injury in a match at Sunderland which brought his Football League career to an end, aged 33.In the summer of 1988, McCartney returned across the border to Scotland joining Gretna of the Northern League Division One, initially as a player-manager, becoming full-time manager the following year. In his first season as manager, Gretna finished as runners-up in the Northern League, followed by the championship in the next two years. In 1991–92, Gretna became the first Scottish club to reach the First Round proper of the FA Cup for 105 years, where they were eliminated by Rochdale after a replay. They reached the first round again in 1993–94, going out 2–3 to Bolton Wanderers of the First Division.Following their success in the Northern League, Gretna applied to join the Scottish League and McCartney himself worked on the required ground improvements. Following the failure of the application, and against McCartney's wishes, Gretna joined the Northern Premier League for the 1992–93 season, where they finished in a respectable sixth place. McCartney was concerned that the additional costs of travelling to clubs across northern England and North Wales would cause the club financial difficulties. Gradually the club's performances deteriorated with finishes in the lower half of the league and the club were forced to the edge of insolvency, leading to McCartney being dismissed in January 2000.Gretna was later acquired by Brooks Mileson who invested heavily in the club. In 2006, they reached the Scottish Cup Final, where they were defeated on penalties by McCartney's boyhood heroes, Hearts. Although Gretna defender Derek Townsley supplied him with a complimentary ticket to the Cup Final, McCartney supported Gretna's opponents.McCartney watched Hearts regularly, travelling from his home in Carlisle, where he worked in the building trade and as a van driver.
|
[
"Southampton F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"Gretna F.C.",
"West Bromwich Albion F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Mike McCartney play for in Mar, 1988?
|
March 15, 1988
|
{
"text": [
"Gretna F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q18619408_P54_4
|
Mike McCartney plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1987.
Mike McCartney plays for Gretna F.C. from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Mike McCartney plays for West Bromwich Albion F.C. from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1973.
Mike McCartney plays for Southampton F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1981.
Mike McCartney plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983.
|
Mike McCartney (footballer)Michael McCartney (28 September 1954 – 2 January 2018) was a Scottish footballer who played as a full-back in the 1970s and 1980s. He spent most of his career with Carlisle United, for whom he made nearly 300 League appearances in two spells, between which he played for Southampton and Plymouth Argyle. He subsequently had years as manager of Scottish club Gretna.McCartney was born in Musselburgh and grew up as a supporter of Edinburgh club Heart of Midlothian. Having played international football for the Scottish Schoolboys, he turned down the opportunity to join Hearts as a trainee and instead moved to England, joining West Bromwich Albion, for whom he signed on as an apprentice in July 1970. Although he signed a professional contract in December 1971, he failed to break into the first team.In May 1973, he joined his former manager at Albion, Alan Ashman, signing for Second Division Carlisle United. At the end of McCartney's first season at Brunton Park, Carlisle finished in third place in the Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in the club's history. The Cumbrian club only managed one season in the top division, in which they finished in last place following which Carlisle fell down through the divisions and by 1977 they were in the Third Division.In July 1980, McCartney (now considered "one of the best left-backs in the lower divisions") was given the chance to return to the First Division by Southampton's manager Lawrie McMenemy who signed him for £50,000. He was one of two players who made his debut for the Saints in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City on 16 August 1980, the other being England international Kevin Keegan, whose arrival at The Dell overshadowed that of McCartney. McCartney failed to settle back in the First Division and, after a run of 15 consecutive matches, including a 7–1 defeat at Watford in the League Cup, he lost his place at left-back to Nick Holmes. After a total of 24 appearances, with one goal, McCartney returned to the Third Division with Plymouth Argyle in August 1981, for the same fee that Southampton had paid to Carlisle a year earlier.McCartney made his debut at Home Park on 15 August 1981 in a Football League Group Cup match against Bournemouth which ended goalless. Described as a "tough-tackling full-back", McCartney made a total of 62 appearances, scoring six goals, for Argyle before returning to Carlisle just before the end of the 1982–83 season in an exchange deal with Gordon Staniforth.He remained at Carlisle for five years during which time they were relegated twice and in 1987–88 they finished second from bottom of the Fourth Division. In February 1986, McCartney suffered an ankle injury in a match at Sunderland which brought his Football League career to an end, aged 33.In the summer of 1988, McCartney returned across the border to Scotland joining Gretna of the Northern League Division One, initially as a player-manager, becoming full-time manager the following year. In his first season as manager, Gretna finished as runners-up in the Northern League, followed by the championship in the next two years. In 1991–92, Gretna became the first Scottish club to reach the First Round proper of the FA Cup for 105 years, where they were eliminated by Rochdale after a replay. They reached the first round again in 1993–94, going out 2–3 to Bolton Wanderers of the First Division.Following their success in the Northern League, Gretna applied to join the Scottish League and McCartney himself worked on the required ground improvements. Following the failure of the application, and against McCartney's wishes, Gretna joined the Northern Premier League for the 1992–93 season, where they finished in a respectable sixth place. McCartney was concerned that the additional costs of travelling to clubs across northern England and North Wales would cause the club financial difficulties. Gradually the club's performances deteriorated with finishes in the lower half of the league and the club were forced to the edge of insolvency, leading to McCartney being dismissed in January 2000.Gretna was later acquired by Brooks Mileson who invested heavily in the club. In 2006, they reached the Scottish Cup Final, where they were defeated on penalties by McCartney's boyhood heroes, Hearts. Although Gretna defender Derek Townsley supplied him with a complimentary ticket to the Cup Final, McCartney supported Gretna's opponents.McCartney watched Hearts regularly, travelling from his home in Carlisle, where he worked in the building trade and as a van driver.
|
[
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Southampton F.C.",
"Plymouth Argyle F.C.",
"West Bromwich Albion F.C."
] |
|
Which employer did John R. Kirtley work for in Nov, 1977?
|
November 19, 1977
|
{
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
}
|
L2_Q11169853_P108_0
|
John R. Kirtley works for IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center from Feb, 1978 to Feb, 2006.
John R. Kirtley works for Stanford University from Mar, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
John R. Kirtley works for University of Pennsylvania from Sep, 1976 to Jan, 1978.
|
John R. KirtleyJohn Robert Kirtley (born August 27, 1949) is an American condensed matter physicist and a Consulting Professor at the Center for Probing the Nanoscale in the Department of Applied Physics at Stanford University. He shared the 1998 Oliver E. Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society, and is a Fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences.He received his BA in Physics in 1971 and his PhD in Physics in 1976, both from the University of California, Santa Barbara. His PhD topic was inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, with Paul Hansma as his thesis advisor. He was then a Research Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania from 1976–1978, working in the group of Donald N. Langenberg on non-equilibrium superconductivity. From 1978 to 2006 he was a Research Staff Member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Since 2006 he has worked at the University of Twente in the Netherlands, been an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Forschungspreis winner at the University of Augsburg in Germany, a Jubileum Professor at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, and currently holds a Chaire d'Excellence from the NanoSciences Fondation in Grenoble, France.He has worked in the fields of Surface Enhanced Raman scattering, light emission from tunnel junctions and electron injection devices, noise in semiconducting devices, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning SQUID microscopy. He is married to Kathryn Barr Kirtley, who received her PhD from UCSB in quantum chemistry in 1977. They have one son, the writer David Barr Kirtley.Kirtley shared the 1998 Oliver E. Buckley Prize with C.C. Tsuei, Donald Ginsberg, and D.J. van Harlingen. The citation was for "using phase-sensitive experiments in the elucidation of the orbital symmetry of the pairing function in high-Tc superconductors". Kirtley, Tsuei, and co-workers used scanning SQUID imaging of the half-integer flux quantum effect in tricrystal samples
|
[
"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center",
"Stanford University"
] |
|
Which employer did John R. Kirtley work for in Nov, 2000?
|
November 28, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center"
]
}
|
L2_Q11169853_P108_1
|
John R. Kirtley works for Stanford University from Mar, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
John R. Kirtley works for IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center from Feb, 1978 to Feb, 2006.
John R. Kirtley works for University of Pennsylvania from Sep, 1976 to Jan, 1978.
|
John R. KirtleyJohn Robert Kirtley (born August 27, 1949) is an American condensed matter physicist and a Consulting Professor at the Center for Probing the Nanoscale in the Department of Applied Physics at Stanford University. He shared the 1998 Oliver E. Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society, and is a Fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences.He received his BA in Physics in 1971 and his PhD in Physics in 1976, both from the University of California, Santa Barbara. His PhD topic was inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, with Paul Hansma as his thesis advisor. He was then a Research Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania from 1976–1978, working in the group of Donald N. Langenberg on non-equilibrium superconductivity. From 1978 to 2006 he was a Research Staff Member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Since 2006 he has worked at the University of Twente in the Netherlands, been an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Forschungspreis winner at the University of Augsburg in Germany, a Jubileum Professor at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, and currently holds a Chaire d'Excellence from the NanoSciences Fondation in Grenoble, France.He has worked in the fields of Surface Enhanced Raman scattering, light emission from tunnel junctions and electron injection devices, noise in semiconducting devices, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning SQUID microscopy. He is married to Kathryn Barr Kirtley, who received her PhD from UCSB in quantum chemistry in 1977. They have one son, the writer David Barr Kirtley.Kirtley shared the 1998 Oliver E. Buckley Prize with C.C. Tsuei, Donald Ginsberg, and D.J. van Harlingen. The citation was for "using phase-sensitive experiments in the elucidation of the orbital symmetry of the pairing function in high-Tc superconductors". Kirtley, Tsuei, and co-workers used scanning SQUID imaging of the half-integer flux quantum effect in tricrystal samples
|
[
"University of Pennsylvania",
"Stanford University"
] |
|
Which employer did John R. Kirtley work for in Apr, 2018?
|
April 23, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Stanford University"
]
}
|
L2_Q11169853_P108_2
|
John R. Kirtley works for Stanford University from Mar, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
John R. Kirtley works for IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center from Feb, 1978 to Feb, 2006.
John R. Kirtley works for University of Pennsylvania from Sep, 1976 to Jan, 1978.
|
John R. KirtleyJohn Robert Kirtley (born August 27, 1949) is an American condensed matter physicist and a Consulting Professor at the Center for Probing the Nanoscale in the Department of Applied Physics at Stanford University. He shared the 1998 Oliver E. Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society, and is a Fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences.He received his BA in Physics in 1971 and his PhD in Physics in 1976, both from the University of California, Santa Barbara. His PhD topic was inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, with Paul Hansma as his thesis advisor. He was then a Research Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania from 1976–1978, working in the group of Donald N. Langenberg on non-equilibrium superconductivity. From 1978 to 2006 he was a Research Staff Member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Since 2006 he has worked at the University of Twente in the Netherlands, been an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Forschungspreis winner at the University of Augsburg in Germany, a Jubileum Professor at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, and currently holds a Chaire d'Excellence from the NanoSciences Fondation in Grenoble, France.He has worked in the fields of Surface Enhanced Raman scattering, light emission from tunnel junctions and electron injection devices, noise in semiconducting devices, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning SQUID microscopy. He is married to Kathryn Barr Kirtley, who received her PhD from UCSB in quantum chemistry in 1977. They have one son, the writer David Barr Kirtley.Kirtley shared the 1998 Oliver E. Buckley Prize with C.C. Tsuei, Donald Ginsberg, and D.J. van Harlingen. The citation was for "using phase-sensitive experiments in the elucidation of the orbital symmetry of the pairing function in high-Tc superconductors". Kirtley, Tsuei, and co-workers used scanning SQUID imaging of the half-integer flux quantum effect in tricrystal samples
|
[
"University of Pennsylvania",
"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center"
] |
|
Which team did Christophe Samson play for in Sep, 2006?
|
September 08, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Stade Rochelais"
]
}
|
L2_Q2966485_P54_0
|
Christophe Samson plays for ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Christophe Samson plays for RC Toulonnais from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Christophe Samson plays for Stade Rochelais from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Christophe Samson plays for Castres Olympique from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Christophe Samson plays for France national rugby union team from Jun, 2012 to Jun, 2013.
|
Christophe SamsonChristophe Samson (born 1 March 1984) is a French rugby union player. His position is Lock and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He began his career with La Rochelle in the Pro D2 before moving to home-town club Clermont Auvergne in 2007. He moved to Toulon in 2010. He made his international debut in June 2012 during France's 2012 tour of Argentina. Castres
|
[
"RC Toulonnais",
"ASM Clermont Auvergne",
"Castres Olympique",
"France national rugby union team"
] |
|
Which team did Christophe Samson play for in Jun, 2009?
|
June 13, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"ASM Clermont Auvergne"
]
}
|
L2_Q2966485_P54_1
|
Christophe Samson plays for ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Christophe Samson plays for France national rugby union team from Jun, 2012 to Jun, 2013.
Christophe Samson plays for Stade Rochelais from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Christophe Samson plays for RC Toulonnais from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Christophe Samson plays for Castres Olympique from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
|
Christophe SamsonChristophe Samson (born 1 March 1984) is a French rugby union player. His position is Lock and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He began his career with La Rochelle in the Pro D2 before moving to home-town club Clermont Auvergne in 2007. He moved to Toulon in 2010. He made his international debut in June 2012 during France's 2012 tour of Argentina. Castres
|
[
"RC Toulonnais",
"Castres Olympique",
"Stade Rochelais",
"France national rugby union team"
] |
|
Which team did Christophe Samson play for in Oct, 2010?
|
October 26, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"RC Toulonnais"
]
}
|
L2_Q2966485_P54_2
|
Christophe Samson plays for Castres Olympique from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Christophe Samson plays for ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Christophe Samson plays for Stade Rochelais from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Christophe Samson plays for France national rugby union team from Jun, 2012 to Jun, 2013.
Christophe Samson plays for RC Toulonnais from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Christophe SamsonChristophe Samson (born 1 March 1984) is a French rugby union player. His position is Lock and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He began his career with La Rochelle in the Pro D2 before moving to home-town club Clermont Auvergne in 2007. He moved to Toulon in 2010. He made his international debut in June 2012 during France's 2012 tour of Argentina. Castres
|
[
"Castres Olympique",
"Stade Rochelais",
"France national rugby union team",
"ASM Clermont Auvergne"
] |
|
Which team did Christophe Samson play for in Jan, 2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Castres Olympique",
"RC Toulonnais"
]
}
|
L2_Q2966485_P54_3
|
Christophe Samson plays for France national rugby union team from Jun, 2012 to Jun, 2013.
Christophe Samson plays for Castres Olympique from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Christophe Samson plays for RC Toulonnais from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Christophe Samson plays for Stade Rochelais from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Christophe Samson plays for ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
|
Christophe SamsonChristophe Samson (born 1 March 1984) is a French rugby union player. His position is Lock and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He began his career with La Rochelle in the Pro D2 before moving to home-town club Clermont Auvergne in 2007. He moved to Toulon in 2010. He made his international debut in June 2012 during France's 2012 tour of Argentina. Castres
|
[
"ASM Clermont Auvergne",
"Stade Rochelais",
"France national rugby union team",
"ASM Clermont Auvergne",
"Stade Rochelais",
"France national rugby union team"
] |
|
Which team did Christophe Samson play for in Apr, 2013?
|
April 15, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"France national rugby union team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2966485_P54_4
|
Christophe Samson plays for ASM Clermont Auvergne from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Christophe Samson plays for Stade Rochelais from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Christophe Samson plays for Castres Olympique from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Christophe Samson plays for France national rugby union team from Jun, 2012 to Jun, 2013.
Christophe Samson plays for RC Toulonnais from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Christophe SamsonChristophe Samson (born 1 March 1984) is a French rugby union player. His position is Lock and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He began his career with La Rochelle in the Pro D2 before moving to home-town club Clermont Auvergne in 2007. He moved to Toulon in 2010. He made his international debut in June 2012 during France's 2012 tour of Argentina. Castres
|
[
"Castres Olympique",
"Stade Rochelais",
"RC Toulonnais",
"ASM Clermont Auvergne"
] |
|
Which team did Paul Hinshelwood play for in May, 1980?
|
May 04, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Crystal Palace F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7151304_P54_0
|
Paul Hinshelwood plays for Millwall F.C. from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1986.
Paul Hinshelwood plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1983.
Paul Hinshelwood plays for Oxford United F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Paul Hinshelwood plays for England national under-21 association football team from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1980.
Paul Hinshelwood plays for Colchester United F.C. from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1988.
|
Paul HinshelwoodPaul Hinshelwood (born 14 August 1956, in Bristol, England) is an English retired footballer who played in the Football League for Crystal Palace, Oxford United, Millwall and Colchester United. He gained representative honours with the England under-21 team and also played and managed in non-league football. His sons Adam and Paul jr were also professional footballers.Hinshelwood grew up in Croydon, and in 1969, along with his brother Martin, played in the final of the London FA Schools Cup, watched by former Crystal Palace manager Arthur Rowe. Rowe was impressed, and the brothers were invited for trials with the club. Both performed well, and were taken on as apprentices."Doris", as he was known by the fans, although his dressing room nickname was "Fish", originally began as a striker, but did not play that well in the role. In November 1976, Hinshelwood switched to playing at right-back. Along with future England left-back Kenny Sansom, he shored up the Palace defence, and the club were promoted twice in three seasons, to reach the First Division in 1979. In that season, Hinshelwood only missed one game, as Palace went up as champions.Palace spent two years in the top flight, and Hinshelwood was voted as the fans' "Player of the Year" for both. As well as this, he gained two caps for the England under-21 side.Hinshelwood left Palace in 1983, transferring to Oxford United. There, he won the Third Division title for the first time (Palace had only gone up in third place). He then transferred back to south-London, to Millwall, where he won promotion to Division 2. He was the sold for a nominal sum along with Nicky Chatterton to Colchester United and then went to non-league clubs Basildon United, Dartford and Chelmsford City.Later, he would reunite with former Palace teammate Steve Kember, as his assistant at Whyteleafe, and would become their manager after Kember left to take up a coaching role at Palace.Hinshelwood's family also have a strong footballing background. His father Wally was a professional footballer in the 1950s and '60s, most notably at Reading and Bristol City. His older brother Martin played for Crystal Palace before his career was cut short because of injury, and is currently Director of Football at Brighton. Paul's son Adam is also a retired professional and his son Paul Jr. also had a football career. His nephew (Martin Hinshelwood's son) Danny also had a brief career in professional football.In 2005, Paul was named in Palace's Centenary XI.
|
[
"Oxford United F.C.",
"Millwall F.C.",
"England national under-21 association football team",
"Colchester United F.C."
] |
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