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Which team did Jonas Hofmann play for in Nov, 2014?
|
November 03, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"1. FSV Mainz 05",
"Borussia Dortmund"
]
}
|
L2_Q822781_P54_5
|
Jonas Hofmann plays for Borussia Dortmund II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Jonas Hofmann plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Germany national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Jonas Hofmann plays for 1. FSV Mainz 05 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
|
Jonas HofmannJonas Hofmann (; born 14 July 1992) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Borussia Mönchengladbach and the Germany national team.Hofmann began his club career in 1998 playing at FC Rot in the municipality of St. Leon-Rot and remained there until the end of the 2003–2004 season, before he moved to 1899 Hoffenheim in the 2004–2005 season. Hofmann debuted for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim second team in a 1–0 victory in April 2011 during the 2010–2011 season. At the end of the 2010–2011 season playing for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim II, Hofmann made five league appearances, in which he scored two goals.In the 2011–2012 season, Hofmann signed a contract for Borussia Dortmund until 30 June 2015; and inducted into Borussia Dortmund II for 2011–2012 season. Hofmann debuted for Dortmund II on 6 August in a 2–0 away victory over 1. FC Kaiserslautern II, scoring his first goal of the 2011–2012 season. On 10 September, Hofmann succeeded in scoring two goals in a 4–0 away victory over the second team of Schalke 04. In the 2012–2013 Bundesliga season, Hofmann was inducted into the Borussia Dortmund first team.Hofmann debuted for Borussia Dortmund first team in the 2012–2013 Bundesliga season on 16 December 2012, in BVB's 3–1 away victory over TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, where he came on as substitute in the 89th minute. On 6 April 2013, he started his first match in the Bundesliga, and he was credited with an assist to Julian Schieber to score an equalizing goal tap-in finish for a 2–2 scoreline in Dortmund's 4–2 home victory over FC Augsburg.On 27 July 2013, Hofmann won the 2013 DFL-Supercup with Dortmund 4–2 against rivals Bayern Munich. Hofmann's first goal for Borussia Dortmund came on 18 August in a win against Eintracht Braunschweig, after coming on as a substitute in the second half. On 12 April 2014, Hofmann scored the third goal as Dortmund defeated Bayern Munich 3–0 at the Allianz Arena. On 13 August 2014, he played in the 2014 Super Cup.During the summer transfer window of 2014, Borussia Dortmund agreed to a year-long loan deal for Hofmann that would send him to 1. FSV Mainz 05 until 30 June 2015. He was injured for most of the 2014-15 season and scored 3 goals in 12 games for Mainz, before returning to Dortmund.On 30 July 2015, Hofmann scored his first European goal in a 1–0 win over Austrian side Wolfsberger AC in the first leg of the Europa League third qualifying round.It was announced on 29 December 2015 that Hofmann would join Borussia Mönchengladbach on 1 January 2016, signing a four-year deal until 2020. After only joining Gladbach during the winter break, he made his debut for the club on 23 January 2016 in a 1–3 loss to former club Dortmund.Hofmann scored his first goal for the club in a Round of 16 match in the UEFA Europa League against fellow German side Schalke on 9 March 2017. The game ended in a 1–1 draw with Gladbach eventually going out on away goals after the two-legged tie finished 3–3.On 18 October 2018, Hofmann scored his first ever professional hat-trick in a 4–0 league win over former club Mainz. Hofmann signed a new deal with Gladbach on 16 April 2019, , extending his stay at the club until 2023.On January 8 2021, he scored a brace and got an assist in a historic 3-2 win against Bayern MunichHofmann played between the years 2009 and 2010 for the German U18 national football team and he completed his last cap for the under 18 national team with a victory on 25 March 2010 against France U18 national football team, before going on to represent the German U21 national football team.In October 2020, he was called to represent Germany national team by Joachim Löw for the matches against Turkey, Ukraine and Switzerland. He made his debut on 7 October 2020, against Turkey in a friendly game. On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.
|
[
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"Borussia Dortmund II",
"Germany national under-18 football team",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim"
] |
|
Which team did Jonas Hofmann play for in Aug, 2022?
|
August 20, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Borussia Mönchengladbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q822781_P54_6
|
Jonas Hofmann plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Jonas Hofmann plays for 1. FSV Mainz 05 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Borussia Dortmund II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2014.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Germany national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Jonas Hofmann plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Jonas Hofmann plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
|
Jonas HofmannJonas Hofmann (; born 14 July 1992) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Borussia Mönchengladbach and the Germany national team.Hofmann began his club career in 1998 playing at FC Rot in the municipality of St. Leon-Rot and remained there until the end of the 2003–2004 season, before he moved to 1899 Hoffenheim in the 2004–2005 season. Hofmann debuted for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim second team in a 1–0 victory in April 2011 during the 2010–2011 season. At the end of the 2010–2011 season playing for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim II, Hofmann made five league appearances, in which he scored two goals.In the 2011–2012 season, Hofmann signed a contract for Borussia Dortmund until 30 June 2015; and inducted into Borussia Dortmund II for 2011–2012 season. Hofmann debuted for Dortmund II on 6 August in a 2–0 away victory over 1. FC Kaiserslautern II, scoring his first goal of the 2011–2012 season. On 10 September, Hofmann succeeded in scoring two goals in a 4–0 away victory over the second team of Schalke 04. In the 2012–2013 Bundesliga season, Hofmann was inducted into the Borussia Dortmund first team.Hofmann debuted for Borussia Dortmund first team in the 2012–2013 Bundesliga season on 16 December 2012, in BVB's 3–1 away victory over TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, where he came on as substitute in the 89th minute. On 6 April 2013, he started his first match in the Bundesliga, and he was credited with an assist to Julian Schieber to score an equalizing goal tap-in finish for a 2–2 scoreline in Dortmund's 4–2 home victory over FC Augsburg.On 27 July 2013, Hofmann won the 2013 DFL-Supercup with Dortmund 4–2 against rivals Bayern Munich. Hofmann's first goal for Borussia Dortmund came on 18 August in a win against Eintracht Braunschweig, after coming on as a substitute in the second half. On 12 April 2014, Hofmann scored the third goal as Dortmund defeated Bayern Munich 3–0 at the Allianz Arena. On 13 August 2014, he played in the 2014 Super Cup.During the summer transfer window of 2014, Borussia Dortmund agreed to a year-long loan deal for Hofmann that would send him to 1. FSV Mainz 05 until 30 June 2015. He was injured for most of the 2014-15 season and scored 3 goals in 12 games for Mainz, before returning to Dortmund.On 30 July 2015, Hofmann scored his first European goal in a 1–0 win over Austrian side Wolfsberger AC in the first leg of the Europa League third qualifying round.It was announced on 29 December 2015 that Hofmann would join Borussia Mönchengladbach on 1 January 2016, signing a four-year deal until 2020. After only joining Gladbach during the winter break, he made his debut for the club on 23 January 2016 in a 1–3 loss to former club Dortmund.Hofmann scored his first goal for the club in a Round of 16 match in the UEFA Europa League against fellow German side Schalke on 9 March 2017. The game ended in a 1–1 draw with Gladbach eventually going out on away goals after the two-legged tie finished 3–3.On 18 October 2018, Hofmann scored his first ever professional hat-trick in a 4–0 league win over former club Mainz. Hofmann signed a new deal with Gladbach on 16 April 2019, , extending his stay at the club until 2023.On January 8 2021, he scored a brace and got an assist in a historic 3-2 win against Bayern MunichHofmann played between the years 2009 and 2010 for the German U18 national football team and he completed his last cap for the under 18 national team with a victory on 25 March 2010 against France U18 national football team, before going on to represent the German U21 national football team.In October 2020, he was called to represent Germany national team by Joachim Löw for the matches against Turkey, Ukraine and Switzerland. He made his debut on 7 October 2020, against Turkey in a friendly game. On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.
|
[
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"Germany national under-18 football team",
"Borussia Dortmund",
"Borussia Dortmund II",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"1. FSV Mainz 05"
] |
|
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Mar, 1998?
|
March 29, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"ASA Târgu Mureș"
]
}
|
L2_Q7363386_P54_0
|
Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
|
Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.
|
[
"CSM Reșița",
"ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"FC Politehnica Iași",
"CSU Voința Sibiu",
"CS Gaz Metan Mediaș"
] |
|
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Sep, 2001?
|
September 16, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"CSM Reșița"
]
}
|
L2_Q7363386_P54_1
|
Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001.
Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
|
Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.
|
[
"ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"FC Politehnica Iași",
"CSU Voința Sibiu",
"CS Gaz Metan Mediaș",
"ASA Târgu Mureș"
] |
|
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Apr, 2002?
|
April 21, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"FCU Craiova 1948"
]
}
|
L2_Q7363386_P54_2
|
Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001.
Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.
|
[
"CSM Reșița",
"ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș",
"FC Politehnica Iași",
"CSU Voința Sibiu",
"CS Gaz Metan Mediaș",
"ASA Târgu Mureș"
] |
|
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Sep, 2009?
|
September 29, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"FC Politehnica Iași"
]
}
|
L2_Q7363386_P54_3
|
Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001.
|
Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.
|
[
"CSM Reșița",
"ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"CSU Voința Sibiu",
"CS Gaz Metan Mediaș",
"ASA Târgu Mureș"
] |
|
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Feb, 2010?
|
February 04, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"CS Gaz Metan Mediaș"
]
}
|
L2_Q7363386_P54_4
|
Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
|
Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.
|
[
"CSM Reșița",
"ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"FC Politehnica Iași",
"CSU Voința Sibiu",
"ASA Târgu Mureș"
] |
|
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Jan, 2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CSU Voința Sibiu",
"ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș",
"CS Gaz Metan Mediaș"
]
}
|
L2_Q7363386_P54_5
|
Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001.
Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.
|
[
"CSM Reșița",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"ASA Târgu Mureș",
"FC Politehnica Iași",
"CSM Reșița",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"ASA Târgu Mureș",
"FC Politehnica Iași",
"CSM Reșița",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"ASA Târgu Mureș",
"FC Politehnica Iași"
] |
|
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Mar, 2013?
|
March 27, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș"
]
}
|
L2_Q7363386_P54_6
|
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001.
Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010.
Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
|
Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.
|
[
"CSM Reșița",
"FCU Craiova 1948",
"FC Politehnica Iași",
"CSU Voința Sibiu",
"CS Gaz Metan Mediaș",
"ASA Târgu Mureș"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Viktoria Plzeň in Nov, 2017?
|
November 12, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Pavel Vrba"
]
}
|
L2_Q206838_P286_0
|
Michal Bílek is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Pavel Vrba is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from Jul, 2017 to Dec, 2019.
Adrián Guľa is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from Jan, 2020 to May, 2021.
|
FC Viktoria PlzeňFootball Club Viktoria Plzeň () is a Czech professional football club based in Plzeň. They play in the Czech First League, the top division of football in the country.As runners-up in the 1970–71 Czechoslovak Cup, the club gained the right to play in the following season's Cup Winners' Cup, as winners Spartak Trnava also won the championship and played in the European Cup. In 2010, they played in the UEFA Europa League after winning the 2009–10 Czech Cup.The club won the Czech league for the first time in 2011, and participated in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage, during which they won their first Champions League match, earning five points and qualifying for the Round of 32 in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. The club won their second Czech league title in the 2012–13 season.In 2013–14, the club participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage and finished third. They then reached the round of 16 in UEFA Europa League before being eliminated by Lyon.In 1911, Jaroslav Ausobský, an official of the state railways, filed a request for the establishment of a new football club in Plzeň. In August 1911, the newly formed club Viktoria played their first match, losing 7–3 against Olympia Plzeň.For the first 18 years of its existence, Viktoria Plzeň was a purely amateur club, although in 1922–23, they took their first foreign trip to Spain, where they won six out of nine matches. In June 1929, an extraordinary meeting of members agreed to go professional and enter the national professional league. Viktoria finished their first season in seventh place, but the very next season, improved and reached second place, which meant a first-ever promotion to the First League. In the 1934–35 Czechoslovak First League, Viktoria finished in fourth place and subsequently played in the 1935 Mitropa Cup, the top European club competition at the time. Two matches against Juventus brought Viktoria to the attention of European football at large. They drew 3–3 at home but lost 5–1 in Turin.Viktoria played without success in the First League, being relegated for the 1938 season but returning to top competition the next year. The outbreak of World War II interrupted competition, notably through the absence of teams from Slovakia. In 1942, Viktoria fell again into the divisions, but again returned to the top league the next year, where they would remain until 1952. That same year, the club changed its name to Sokol Škoda Plzeň. For nine years they remained in the divisions, struggling to return to the First League, and in 1961, now under the name of Spartak Plzeň, achieved that promotion. The club was relegated and promoted frequently between the top two tiers until 1972, when as Škoda Plzeň they settled in the First League for eight years.In 1971, Viktoria won the Czech Cup by drawing lots after the two-legged final ended 4–4 on aggregate and 5–5 in a limited penalty shootout against Sparta Prague B. They lost 7–2 on aggregate in the Czechoslovak Cup final against Slovak Cup winners Spartak Trnava, but as Trnava had won the league title that season, Viktoria was the country's entrant to the next season's European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's greatest honor is elimination in the first round by Bayern Munich, 7–2 on aggregate. From 1980 until the division of Czechoslovakia 13 years later, Viktoria moved frequently between the top two tiers again.In 1992, the club returned to its historical name FC Viktoria Plzeň and the very next season, advanced to the first league, where it remained until 1999.In the first years of the new millennium, Viktoria was owned by a foreign investor – Italian Football Company Ltd EAST. This situation lasted until March 2005, when 100% of the club's shares were purchased by local interests. The summer of 2005 also brought back relations with the Czech motor company Škoda, which had previously been the club's name sponsors.On 18 May 2010, Viktoria won the Czech Cup final 2–1 against Jablonec, and returned to European competitions via the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League. Viktoria entered in the third qualifying round against Beşiktaş and held them 1–1 at home before losing 3–0 away.Viktoria won its first ever league championship in 2010–11, finishing with 69 points to Sparta Prague's 68. The club therefore qualified for a play-off to the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, in which they defeated Copenhagen 5–2 on aggregate. Viktoria were placed in Group H alongside reigning champions Barcelona and Milan, and reached third place in the group by recording a victory over BATE Borisov. This saw the club drop into the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League in the round of 32, where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Schalke 04 after extra time.The club's Stadion města Plzně was also rebuilt in 2011. On 11 June 2011, Viktoria celebrated together with fans in the courtyard of the Pilsner Urquell brewery for a centennial anniversary. In January 2012, the club held a festive gala for its centenary, and voted current midfielder Pavel Horváth as its greatest player of all-time.The 2011–12 season saw Viktoria finish in third place in the league, three points behind champions Slovan Liberec, to qualify for a third consecutive Europa League campaign. Starting in the second qualifying round, the club advanced past Metalurgi Rustavi of Georgia and Ruch Chorzów of Poland to set up a play-off against the Belgian club Lokeren, in which Viktoria advanced on away goals after a 2–2 aggregate draw. The club finished first in Group B, ahead of the tournament's reigning champions Atlético Madrid. In the round of 32, Viktoria were drawn against Napoli and won 3–0 away and 2–0 at home to advance to the last 16, where they played Fenerbahçe. Viktoria lost the home leg 1–0, and in the away leg (which was played behind closed doors due to the Istanbul club's fans' recent conduct) drew 1–1, resulting in their elimination. Viktoria won the Czech league for a second time in the 2012–13 season.In 2017, the club installed a dugout in the shape of a beer can after a deal with a local beer sponsor.Highlighted players are in the current squad.The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Plzeň's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D) and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.Czech First League:Czech Cup:Czech Supercup:Czech 2. Liga:
|
[
"Michal Bílek",
"Adrián Guľa"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Viktoria Plzeň in Mar, 2020?
|
March 22, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Adrián Guľa"
]
}
|
L2_Q206838_P286_1
|
Michal Bílek is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Adrián Guľa is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from Jan, 2020 to May, 2021.
Pavel Vrba is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from Jul, 2017 to Dec, 2019.
|
FC Viktoria PlzeňFootball Club Viktoria Plzeň () is a Czech professional football club based in Plzeň. They play in the Czech First League, the top division of football in the country.As runners-up in the 1970–71 Czechoslovak Cup, the club gained the right to play in the following season's Cup Winners' Cup, as winners Spartak Trnava also won the championship and played in the European Cup. In 2010, they played in the UEFA Europa League after winning the 2009–10 Czech Cup.The club won the Czech league for the first time in 2011, and participated in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage, during which they won their first Champions League match, earning five points and qualifying for the Round of 32 in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. The club won their second Czech league title in the 2012–13 season.In 2013–14, the club participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage and finished third. They then reached the round of 16 in UEFA Europa League before being eliminated by Lyon.In 1911, Jaroslav Ausobský, an official of the state railways, filed a request for the establishment of a new football club in Plzeň. In August 1911, the newly formed club Viktoria played their first match, losing 7–3 against Olympia Plzeň.For the first 18 years of its existence, Viktoria Plzeň was a purely amateur club, although in 1922–23, they took their first foreign trip to Spain, where they won six out of nine matches. In June 1929, an extraordinary meeting of members agreed to go professional and enter the national professional league. Viktoria finished their first season in seventh place, but the very next season, improved and reached second place, which meant a first-ever promotion to the First League. In the 1934–35 Czechoslovak First League, Viktoria finished in fourth place and subsequently played in the 1935 Mitropa Cup, the top European club competition at the time. Two matches against Juventus brought Viktoria to the attention of European football at large. They drew 3–3 at home but lost 5–1 in Turin.Viktoria played without success in the First League, being relegated for the 1938 season but returning to top competition the next year. The outbreak of World War II interrupted competition, notably through the absence of teams from Slovakia. In 1942, Viktoria fell again into the divisions, but again returned to the top league the next year, where they would remain until 1952. That same year, the club changed its name to Sokol Škoda Plzeň. For nine years they remained in the divisions, struggling to return to the First League, and in 1961, now under the name of Spartak Plzeň, achieved that promotion. The club was relegated and promoted frequently between the top two tiers until 1972, when as Škoda Plzeň they settled in the First League for eight years.In 1971, Viktoria won the Czech Cup by drawing lots after the two-legged final ended 4–4 on aggregate and 5–5 in a limited penalty shootout against Sparta Prague B. They lost 7–2 on aggregate in the Czechoslovak Cup final against Slovak Cup winners Spartak Trnava, but as Trnava had won the league title that season, Viktoria was the country's entrant to the next season's European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's greatest honor is elimination in the first round by Bayern Munich, 7–2 on aggregate. From 1980 until the division of Czechoslovakia 13 years later, Viktoria moved frequently between the top two tiers again.In 1992, the club returned to its historical name FC Viktoria Plzeň and the very next season, advanced to the first league, where it remained until 1999.In the first years of the new millennium, Viktoria was owned by a foreign investor – Italian Football Company Ltd EAST. This situation lasted until March 2005, when 100% of the club's shares were purchased by local interests. The summer of 2005 also brought back relations with the Czech motor company Škoda, which had previously been the club's name sponsors.On 18 May 2010, Viktoria won the Czech Cup final 2–1 against Jablonec, and returned to European competitions via the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League. Viktoria entered in the third qualifying round against Beşiktaş and held them 1–1 at home before losing 3–0 away.Viktoria won its first ever league championship in 2010–11, finishing with 69 points to Sparta Prague's 68. The club therefore qualified for a play-off to the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, in which they defeated Copenhagen 5–2 on aggregate. Viktoria were placed in Group H alongside reigning champions Barcelona and Milan, and reached third place in the group by recording a victory over BATE Borisov. This saw the club drop into the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League in the round of 32, where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Schalke 04 after extra time.The club's Stadion města Plzně was also rebuilt in 2011. On 11 June 2011, Viktoria celebrated together with fans in the courtyard of the Pilsner Urquell brewery for a centennial anniversary. In January 2012, the club held a festive gala for its centenary, and voted current midfielder Pavel Horváth as its greatest player of all-time.The 2011–12 season saw Viktoria finish in third place in the league, three points behind champions Slovan Liberec, to qualify for a third consecutive Europa League campaign. Starting in the second qualifying round, the club advanced past Metalurgi Rustavi of Georgia and Ruch Chorzów of Poland to set up a play-off against the Belgian club Lokeren, in which Viktoria advanced on away goals after a 2–2 aggregate draw. The club finished first in Group B, ahead of the tournament's reigning champions Atlético Madrid. In the round of 32, Viktoria were drawn against Napoli and won 3–0 away and 2–0 at home to advance to the last 16, where they played Fenerbahçe. Viktoria lost the home leg 1–0, and in the away leg (which was played behind closed doors due to the Istanbul club's fans' recent conduct) drew 1–1, resulting in their elimination. Viktoria won the Czech league for a second time in the 2012–13 season.In 2017, the club installed a dugout in the shape of a beer can after a deal with a local beer sponsor.Highlighted players are in the current squad.The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Plzeň's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D) and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.Czech First League:Czech Cup:Czech Supercup:Czech 2. Liga:
|
[
"Pavel Vrba",
"Michal Bílek"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Viktoria Plzeň in Mar, 2022?
|
March 02, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Michal Bílek"
]
}
|
L2_Q206838_P286_2
|
Pavel Vrba is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from Jul, 2017 to Dec, 2019.
Michal Bílek is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from May, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Adrián Guľa is the head coach of FC Viktoria Plzeň from Jan, 2020 to May, 2021.
|
FC Viktoria PlzeňFootball Club Viktoria Plzeň () is a Czech professional football club based in Plzeň. They play in the Czech First League, the top division of football in the country.As runners-up in the 1970–71 Czechoslovak Cup, the club gained the right to play in the following season's Cup Winners' Cup, as winners Spartak Trnava also won the championship and played in the European Cup. In 2010, they played in the UEFA Europa League after winning the 2009–10 Czech Cup.The club won the Czech league for the first time in 2011, and participated in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage, during which they won their first Champions League match, earning five points and qualifying for the Round of 32 in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. The club won their second Czech league title in the 2012–13 season.In 2013–14, the club participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage and finished third. They then reached the round of 16 in UEFA Europa League before being eliminated by Lyon.In 1911, Jaroslav Ausobský, an official of the state railways, filed a request for the establishment of a new football club in Plzeň. In August 1911, the newly formed club Viktoria played their first match, losing 7–3 against Olympia Plzeň.For the first 18 years of its existence, Viktoria Plzeň was a purely amateur club, although in 1922–23, they took their first foreign trip to Spain, where they won six out of nine matches. In June 1929, an extraordinary meeting of members agreed to go professional and enter the national professional league. Viktoria finished their first season in seventh place, but the very next season, improved and reached second place, which meant a first-ever promotion to the First League. In the 1934–35 Czechoslovak First League, Viktoria finished in fourth place and subsequently played in the 1935 Mitropa Cup, the top European club competition at the time. Two matches against Juventus brought Viktoria to the attention of European football at large. They drew 3–3 at home but lost 5–1 in Turin.Viktoria played without success in the First League, being relegated for the 1938 season but returning to top competition the next year. The outbreak of World War II interrupted competition, notably through the absence of teams from Slovakia. In 1942, Viktoria fell again into the divisions, but again returned to the top league the next year, where they would remain until 1952. That same year, the club changed its name to Sokol Škoda Plzeň. For nine years they remained in the divisions, struggling to return to the First League, and in 1961, now under the name of Spartak Plzeň, achieved that promotion. The club was relegated and promoted frequently between the top two tiers until 1972, when as Škoda Plzeň they settled in the First League for eight years.In 1971, Viktoria won the Czech Cup by drawing lots after the two-legged final ended 4–4 on aggregate and 5–5 in a limited penalty shootout against Sparta Prague B. They lost 7–2 on aggregate in the Czechoslovak Cup final against Slovak Cup winners Spartak Trnava, but as Trnava had won the league title that season, Viktoria was the country's entrant to the next season's European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's greatest honor is elimination in the first round by Bayern Munich, 7–2 on aggregate. From 1980 until the division of Czechoslovakia 13 years later, Viktoria moved frequently between the top two tiers again.In 1992, the club returned to its historical name FC Viktoria Plzeň and the very next season, advanced to the first league, where it remained until 1999.In the first years of the new millennium, Viktoria was owned by a foreign investor – Italian Football Company Ltd EAST. This situation lasted until March 2005, when 100% of the club's shares were purchased by local interests. The summer of 2005 also brought back relations with the Czech motor company Škoda, which had previously been the club's name sponsors.On 18 May 2010, Viktoria won the Czech Cup final 2–1 against Jablonec, and returned to European competitions via the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League. Viktoria entered in the third qualifying round against Beşiktaş and held them 1–1 at home before losing 3–0 away.Viktoria won its first ever league championship in 2010–11, finishing with 69 points to Sparta Prague's 68. The club therefore qualified for a play-off to the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, in which they defeated Copenhagen 5–2 on aggregate. Viktoria were placed in Group H alongside reigning champions Barcelona and Milan, and reached third place in the group by recording a victory over BATE Borisov. This saw the club drop into the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League in the round of 32, where they lost 4–2 on aggregate to Schalke 04 after extra time.The club's Stadion města Plzně was also rebuilt in 2011. On 11 June 2011, Viktoria celebrated together with fans in the courtyard of the Pilsner Urquell brewery for a centennial anniversary. In January 2012, the club held a festive gala for its centenary, and voted current midfielder Pavel Horváth as its greatest player of all-time.The 2011–12 season saw Viktoria finish in third place in the league, three points behind champions Slovan Liberec, to qualify for a third consecutive Europa League campaign. Starting in the second qualifying round, the club advanced past Metalurgi Rustavi of Georgia and Ruch Chorzów of Poland to set up a play-off against the Belgian club Lokeren, in which Viktoria advanced on away goals after a 2–2 aggregate draw. The club finished first in Group B, ahead of the tournament's reigning champions Atlético Madrid. In the round of 32, Viktoria were drawn against Napoli and won 3–0 away and 2–0 at home to advance to the last 16, where they played Fenerbahçe. Viktoria lost the home leg 1–0, and in the away leg (which was played behind closed doors due to the Istanbul club's fans' recent conduct) drew 1–1, resulting in their elimination. Viktoria won the Czech league for a second time in the 2012–13 season.In 2017, the club installed a dugout in the shape of a beer can after a deal with a local beer sponsor.Highlighted players are in the current squad.The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Plzeň's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D) and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.Czech First League:Czech Cup:Czech Supercup:Czech 2. Liga:
|
[
"Pavel Vrba",
"Adrián Guľa"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Jan, 2008?
|
January 16, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Malatyaspor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_0
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Jan, 2008?
|
January 01, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Malatyaspor"
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_1
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Sakaryaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Apr, 2011?
|
April 26, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Beşiktaş A2"
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_2
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Dec, 2012?
|
December 17, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor"
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_3
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Jul, 2013?
|
July 28, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK"
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_4
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Jan, 2014?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K."
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_5
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Malatyaspor",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Malatyaspor",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Dec, 2014?
|
December 25, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Sakaryaspor"
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_6
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Kırıkhanspor",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Aug, 2015?
|
August 08, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Kırıkhanspor"
]
}
|
L2_Q5627174_P54_7
|
Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor.
|
[
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in Oct, 1995?
|
October 21, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Telia Company"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_0
|
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Providence Equity Partners",
"EQT Partners",
"Carlyle Group",
"BC Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in Jul, 2003?
|
July 16, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"EQT Partners"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_1
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group",
"BC Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in Oct, 2010?
|
October 26, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_2
|
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in Aug, 2008?
|
August 29, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_3
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in Apr, 2019?
|
April 01, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"BC Partners"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_4
|
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Which team did Kyle Macy play for in Aug, 1975?
|
August 03, 1975
|
{
"text": [
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball"
]
}
|
L2_Q1155161_P54_0
|
Kyle Macy plays for Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1976.
Kyle Macy plays for Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1980.
Kyle Macy plays for Pallacanestro Treviso from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
|
Kyle MacyKyle Paul Macy (born April 9, 1957) is an assistant coach for the Transylvania University Pioneers men's basketball team. Macy, born in Fort Wayne, Indiana and raised in Peru, Indiana, played college basketball at Purdue University and the University of Kentucky, and spent seven years in the NBA with the Phoenix Suns, Chicago Bulls and Indiana Pacers; he then spent three seasons in the Italian Lega Serie A. After his playing career, he has held various basketball-related positions, including coach, general manager, and broadcaster.The 1975 Indiana "Mr. Basketball" Award winner from Peru High School, where he played for his father, Bob; chose to attend Purdue University, coached by head coach, Fred Schaus. Macy averaged 13.8 points a game as a freshman, while leading the Boilermakers in free throws, shooting .859 percent from the line on the season. He started in 25 of 27 games, helping them to a 16–11 season record.After playing his freshman year at Purdue, Macy transferred to the University of Kentucky in 1976. After sitting out the 1976–77 season as mandated by NCAA rules, he started playing at Kentucky in 1977. Macy had a very successful college career, as a three-time All-America and three-time All-SEC player. The 1978 team on which Macy was a starter won the 1978 NCAA National Championship. In his senior year of 1979–80, he became the first Kentucky player ever to be named consensus Southeastern Conference Player of the Year.Macy was selected with the 22nd pick of the 1979 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns, even though he had a year of college eligibility remaining. Macy played out his last year of college, and started playing for the Suns in 1980. Macy spent five years with the Suns, averaging 10.6 points and 4.0 assists per game. Macy spent one year each with the Chicago Bulls (1985–86) and the Indiana Pacers (1986–87) before retiring from the NBA. Then he played professionally in Italy for Dietor Bologna (1987–88) and Benetton Treviso (1988–90). Macy was also one of the original participants of the NBA All-Star Three Point Contest when it debuted in 1986.Macy was an excellent free throw shooter throughout his career. During the 1981-82 NBA season he led the NBA in free throw percentage. He still holds the career free throw shooting percentage record at the University of Kentucky, and his .884 career percentage is second only to Steve Nash (.907) on the Phoenix Suns' career leaders list.Macy was head coach of the Morehead State University Eagles of the Ohio Valley Conference for nine years. In 2003, Macy coached the Eagles to 20 wins, its most in 19 years, and a share of the OVC regular season championship. However, the 2004–05 season was less successful, as Morehead failed to qualify for the OVC tournament. Following that season, Macy coached a group of Sports Reach collegiate all-stars that toured China and finished with a perfect 7–0 record against several Chinese professional teams. After a disastrous 4–23 season in 2005–06, Macy resigned as head coach on February 28, 2006.Macy emphasized free throw shooting in his coaching, and the emphasis paid off, as his Morehead State teams were perennially among the Division I leaders in free throw shooting percentage.Later in 2006, Macy accepted the head coaching position on the Lexington Christian Academy Eagles Men's tennis team. In his first season they had their first winning season since 2003. In November 2007, Macy was named general manager of the East Kentucky Miners, an expansion team of the Continental Basketball Association, based in Pikeville, Kentucky. Later, he served as the color commentator for University of Kentucky telecasts. In October 2016, Macy joined the staff of head coach Brian Lane at Transylvania University.
|
[
"Pallacanestro Treviso",
"Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball"
] |
|
Which team did Kyle Macy play for in Nov, 1977?
|
November 21, 1977
|
{
"text": [
"Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball"
]
}
|
L2_Q1155161_P54_1
|
Kyle Macy plays for Pallacanestro Treviso from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Kyle Macy plays for Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1980.
Kyle Macy plays for Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1976.
|
Kyle MacyKyle Paul Macy (born April 9, 1957) is an assistant coach for the Transylvania University Pioneers men's basketball team. Macy, born in Fort Wayne, Indiana and raised in Peru, Indiana, played college basketball at Purdue University and the University of Kentucky, and spent seven years in the NBA with the Phoenix Suns, Chicago Bulls and Indiana Pacers; he then spent three seasons in the Italian Lega Serie A. After his playing career, he has held various basketball-related positions, including coach, general manager, and broadcaster.The 1975 Indiana "Mr. Basketball" Award winner from Peru High School, where he played for his father, Bob; chose to attend Purdue University, coached by head coach, Fred Schaus. Macy averaged 13.8 points a game as a freshman, while leading the Boilermakers in free throws, shooting .859 percent from the line on the season. He started in 25 of 27 games, helping them to a 16–11 season record.After playing his freshman year at Purdue, Macy transferred to the University of Kentucky in 1976. After sitting out the 1976–77 season as mandated by NCAA rules, he started playing at Kentucky in 1977. Macy had a very successful college career, as a three-time All-America and three-time All-SEC player. The 1978 team on which Macy was a starter won the 1978 NCAA National Championship. In his senior year of 1979–80, he became the first Kentucky player ever to be named consensus Southeastern Conference Player of the Year.Macy was selected with the 22nd pick of the 1979 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns, even though he had a year of college eligibility remaining. Macy played out his last year of college, and started playing for the Suns in 1980. Macy spent five years with the Suns, averaging 10.6 points and 4.0 assists per game. Macy spent one year each with the Chicago Bulls (1985–86) and the Indiana Pacers (1986–87) before retiring from the NBA. Then he played professionally in Italy for Dietor Bologna (1987–88) and Benetton Treviso (1988–90). Macy was also one of the original participants of the NBA All-Star Three Point Contest when it debuted in 1986.Macy was an excellent free throw shooter throughout his career. During the 1981-82 NBA season he led the NBA in free throw percentage. He still holds the career free throw shooting percentage record at the University of Kentucky, and his .884 career percentage is second only to Steve Nash (.907) on the Phoenix Suns' career leaders list.Macy was head coach of the Morehead State University Eagles of the Ohio Valley Conference for nine years. In 2003, Macy coached the Eagles to 20 wins, its most in 19 years, and a share of the OVC regular season championship. However, the 2004–05 season was less successful, as Morehead failed to qualify for the OVC tournament. Following that season, Macy coached a group of Sports Reach collegiate all-stars that toured China and finished with a perfect 7–0 record against several Chinese professional teams. After a disastrous 4–23 season in 2005–06, Macy resigned as head coach on February 28, 2006.Macy emphasized free throw shooting in his coaching, and the emphasis paid off, as his Morehead State teams were perennially among the Division I leaders in free throw shooting percentage.Later in 2006, Macy accepted the head coaching position on the Lexington Christian Academy Eagles Men's tennis team. In his first season they had their first winning season since 2003. In November 2007, Macy was named general manager of the East Kentucky Miners, an expansion team of the Continental Basketball Association, based in Pikeville, Kentucky. Later, he served as the color commentator for University of Kentucky telecasts. In October 2016, Macy joined the staff of head coach Brian Lane at Transylvania University.
|
[
"Pallacanestro Treviso",
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball"
] |
|
Which team did Kyle Macy play for in Jun, 1989?
|
June 24, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"Pallacanestro Treviso"
]
}
|
L2_Q1155161_P54_2
|
Kyle Macy plays for Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1980.
Kyle Macy plays for Pallacanestro Treviso from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Kyle Macy plays for Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1976.
|
Kyle MacyKyle Paul Macy (born April 9, 1957) is an assistant coach for the Transylvania University Pioneers men's basketball team. Macy, born in Fort Wayne, Indiana and raised in Peru, Indiana, played college basketball at Purdue University and the University of Kentucky, and spent seven years in the NBA with the Phoenix Suns, Chicago Bulls and Indiana Pacers; he then spent three seasons in the Italian Lega Serie A. After his playing career, he has held various basketball-related positions, including coach, general manager, and broadcaster.The 1975 Indiana "Mr. Basketball" Award winner from Peru High School, where he played for his father, Bob; chose to attend Purdue University, coached by head coach, Fred Schaus. Macy averaged 13.8 points a game as a freshman, while leading the Boilermakers in free throws, shooting .859 percent from the line on the season. He started in 25 of 27 games, helping them to a 16–11 season record.After playing his freshman year at Purdue, Macy transferred to the University of Kentucky in 1976. After sitting out the 1976–77 season as mandated by NCAA rules, he started playing at Kentucky in 1977. Macy had a very successful college career, as a three-time All-America and three-time All-SEC player. The 1978 team on which Macy was a starter won the 1978 NCAA National Championship. In his senior year of 1979–80, he became the first Kentucky player ever to be named consensus Southeastern Conference Player of the Year.Macy was selected with the 22nd pick of the 1979 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns, even though he had a year of college eligibility remaining. Macy played out his last year of college, and started playing for the Suns in 1980. Macy spent five years with the Suns, averaging 10.6 points and 4.0 assists per game. Macy spent one year each with the Chicago Bulls (1985–86) and the Indiana Pacers (1986–87) before retiring from the NBA. Then he played professionally in Italy for Dietor Bologna (1987–88) and Benetton Treviso (1988–90). Macy was also one of the original participants of the NBA All-Star Three Point Contest when it debuted in 1986.Macy was an excellent free throw shooter throughout his career. During the 1981-82 NBA season he led the NBA in free throw percentage. He still holds the career free throw shooting percentage record at the University of Kentucky, and his .884 career percentage is second only to Steve Nash (.907) on the Phoenix Suns' career leaders list.Macy was head coach of the Morehead State University Eagles of the Ohio Valley Conference for nine years. In 2003, Macy coached the Eagles to 20 wins, its most in 19 years, and a share of the OVC regular season championship. However, the 2004–05 season was less successful, as Morehead failed to qualify for the OVC tournament. Following that season, Macy coached a group of Sports Reach collegiate all-stars that toured China and finished with a perfect 7–0 record against several Chinese professional teams. After a disastrous 4–23 season in 2005–06, Macy resigned as head coach on February 28, 2006.Macy emphasized free throw shooting in his coaching, and the emphasis paid off, as his Morehead State teams were perennially among the Division I leaders in free throw shooting percentage.Later in 2006, Macy accepted the head coaching position on the Lexington Christian Academy Eagles Men's tennis team. In his first season they had their first winning season since 2003. In November 2007, Macy was named general manager of the East Kentucky Miners, an expansion team of the Continental Basketball Association, based in Pikeville, Kentucky. Later, he served as the color commentator for University of Kentucky telecasts. In October 2016, Macy joined the staff of head coach Brian Lane at Transylvania University.
|
[
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball",
"Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball"
] |
|
Which team did Arnold D'Arcy play for in Aug, 1954?
|
August 23, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4795007_P54_0
|
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956.
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Swindon Town F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1964.
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Cheltenham Town F.C. from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
|
Arnold D'ArcyArnold Joseph D'Arcy (born 13 January 1933) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a left winger in the Football League.
|
[
"Swindon Town F.C.",
"Cheltenham Town F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Arnold D'Arcy play for in May, 1961?
|
May 24, 1961
|
{
"text": [
"Swindon Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4795007_P54_1
|
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Swindon Town F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1964.
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Cheltenham Town F.C. from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956.
|
Arnold D'ArcyArnold Joseph D'Arcy (born 13 January 1933) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a left winger in the Football League.
|
[
"Cheltenham Town F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Arnold D'Arcy play for in Jan, 1964?
|
January 31, 1964
|
{
"text": [
"Cheltenham Town F.C.",
"Swindon Town F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4795007_P54_2
|
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Swindon Town F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1964.
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Cheltenham Town F.C. from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1965.
Arnold D'Arcy plays for Wigan Athletic F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956.
|
Arnold D'ArcyArnold Joseph D'Arcy (born 13 January 1933) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a left winger in the Football League.
|
[
"Wigan Athletic F.C.",
"Swindon Town F.C.",
"Wigan Athletic F.C."
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Nov, 1946?
|
November 02, 1946
|
{
"text": [
"George Miterev"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_0
|
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Sergey Burenkov",
"Igor Denisov",
"Boris Petrovsky",
"Sergei Kurashov",
"Mariya Kovrigina",
"Yevgeniy Chazov",
"Yefim Smirnov"
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Feb, 1951?
|
February 14, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"Yefim Smirnov"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_1
|
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Sergey Burenkov",
"Igor Denisov",
"Boris Petrovsky",
"Sergei Kurashov",
"Mariya Kovrigina",
"Yevgeniy Chazov",
"George Miterev"
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Oct, 1958?
|
October 26, 1958
|
{
"text": [
"Mariya Kovrigina"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_2
|
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Sergey Burenkov",
"Igor Denisov",
"Boris Petrovsky",
"Sergei Kurashov",
"Yevgeniy Chazov",
"Yefim Smirnov",
"George Miterev"
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Jan, 1960?
|
January 26, 1960
|
{
"text": [
"Sergei Kurashov"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_3
|
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Sergey Burenkov",
"Igor Denisov",
"Boris Petrovsky",
"Mariya Kovrigina",
"Yevgeniy Chazov",
"Yefim Smirnov",
"George Miterev"
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Feb, 1974?
|
February 24, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Boris Petrovsky"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_4
|
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Sergey Burenkov",
"Igor Denisov",
"Sergei Kurashov",
"Mariya Kovrigina",
"Yevgeniy Chazov",
"Yefim Smirnov",
"George Miterev"
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Dec, 1982?
|
December 19, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Sergey Burenkov"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_5
|
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Igor Denisov",
"Boris Petrovsky",
"Sergei Kurashov",
"Mariya Kovrigina",
"Yevgeniy Chazov",
"Yefim Smirnov",
"George Miterev"
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Jul, 1987?
|
July 10, 1987
|
{
"text": [
"Yevgeniy Chazov"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_6
|
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Sergey Burenkov",
"Igor Denisov",
"Boris Petrovsky",
"Sergei Kurashov",
"Mariya Kovrigina",
"Yefim Smirnov",
"George Miterev"
] |
|
Who was the chair of USSR Ministry of Health in Oct, 1990?
|
October 04, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Igor Denisov"
]
}
|
L2_Q6867098_P488_7
|
Mariya Kovrigina is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1954 to Jan, 1959.
Yefim Smirnov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1947 to Dec, 1952.
Sergey Burenkov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Dec, 1980 to Dec, 1986.
George Miterev is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Mar, 1946 to Feb, 1947.
Sergei Kurashov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Jan, 1959 to Aug, 1965.
Yevgeniy Chazov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Feb, 1987 to Mar, 1990.
Igor Denisov is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Apr, 1990 to Nov, 1991.
Boris Petrovsky is the chair of USSR Ministry of Health from Sep, 1965 to Dec, 1980.
|
Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.The main duties of the ministry were to develop and to prepare these for legislation and to maintain a decent level of health organisation in the USSR. The ministry missariat monitored and supervised the application of standards and measures to improve Soviet health care. According to the July 1936 decree establishing the People's Commissariat for Health, the commissariat had control over all financial assets related or linked to health care. As such, the ministry controlled all financial functions regarding health. It coordinated medical personnel all over the country, but also local council deputies. MOH was obliged to take active measures against deficiencies in the health care system, and to further develop and implement measures to improve it.The MOH, with the help of other ministries and Soviet institutions, was responsible for the construction of new medical institutions around the country. Maintenance of hospital and other medical institutions were carried out by the MOH and the State Committee for Construction. According to the Regulations on the Ministry of Health of the USSR, MOH was responsible for maintenance and the construction of public health care services, and organising and conducting forensic medical and forensic psychiatric examination and establishing public pharmaceutical services. It was also assigned to develop and publish guidelines on organising and improving curative and preventive care, maternal and child health and to oversee the formulation of therapeutic and preventive work in health care.The competence of the MOH within the jurisdiction of the USSR was periodically reviewed by the Council of Ministers.The Ministry of Health was an all-union ministry, which meant that it controlled the fifteen ministries of health of the union republics. The union health ministries, in turn, were in charge of the autonomous oblasts and district health departments. The union ministries, along with the oblasts and the district health departments, were in control of the public hospitals and medicine in their area.A July 1936 decree by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars established the People's Commissariat for Health. Grigory Kaminsky, having served as People's Commissar for Health of the RSFSR, became the first commissar of the All-Union Commissariat for Health. Kaminsky was arrested in 1938 after his speech in 1937 which denounced the ongoing stalinist repression in the country (Great Purge). In a very short period of time since the formation of the commissariat, the diseases and viruses which had for a long time been a major problem had been eliminated. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Health was renamed Ministry of Health.The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms), ministers, and deputy ministers of the Soviet time:
|
[
"Sergey Burenkov",
"Boris Petrovsky",
"Sergei Kurashov",
"Mariya Kovrigina",
"Yevgeniy Chazov",
"Yefim Smirnov",
"George Miterev"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Flora Tallinn in May, 2013?
|
May 13, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Marko Lelov"
]
}
|
L2_Q222861_P286_0
|
Jürgen Henn is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Aug, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Marko Lelov is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Oct, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Arno Pijpers is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
|
FC FloraFC Flora, commonly known as Flora Tallinn, or simply as Flora, is a professional football club based in Tallinn, Estonia, that competes in the Meistriliiga, the top flight of Estonian football. The club's home ground is A. Le Coq Arena.Formed in 1990, Flora were founding members of the Meistriliiga, and are one of two clubs which have never been relegated from the Estonian top division, along with Narva Trans. Flora have won more trophies than any other club in Estonian football, with a record 13 Meistriliiga titles, eight Estonian Cups and a record eleven Estonian Supercups.Flora was founded on 10 March 1990 by Aivar Pohlak as an effort to revive Estonian football during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The team was mainly based on players from Lõvid youth team. Flora finished their first season in last place and were relegated. The situation changed after the formation of the Meistriliiga in 1992. After 52 years of foreign occupation, Estonian clubs could once again play for the Estonian League Championship title. Flora finished the inaugural season of the Meistriliiga in fourth place. After the first season, the league was reformed to run from Autumn to Spring. Flora finished the 1992–93 season as runners-up. In 1993, Roman Ubakivi was appointed as manager. One round before the end of the 1993–94 season, Tevalte, who led the Meistriliiga table at the time, was controversially disqualified over allegations of match fixing. The season ended with Flora and Norma both on equal 36 points. Flora won the championship play-off match 5–2 and was awarded their first league title. The club made their European debut in the 1994–95 UEFA Cup, losing to Odense 0–6 on aggregate in the preliminary round. Flora managed to defend the league title in the 1994–95 season and won the 1994–95 Estonian Cup, defeating Lantana-Marlekor 2–0 in the final.In January 1996, Teitur Thordarson replaced Ubakivi as manager. Disappointing start in the 1995–96 season left the team in second place. Flora finished the 1996–97 season as runners-up once again. In the 1997–98 season, the club won their first league title under Thordarson. Subsequently, the league format was changed and Flora managed win another title in the same calendar year. Flora made their debut in the UEFA Champions League for the first time in the 1998–99 season, narrowly losing to Steaua București 4–5 on aggregate in the first qualifying round. The club added another Estonian Cup trophy after defeating Lantana 3–2 in the finals. Since 1999, Meistriliiga adopted the current league format with the season running from Spring to Autumn within a single calendar year. The 1999 season was unsuccessful as Flora placed third. In 2000, Tarmo Rüütli was appointed as manager. Under Rüütli, Flora finished the 2000 season as runners-up, behind Levadia who won the title without a single loss.In 2001, a new era began for Flora as the club moved to the new A. Le Coq Arena and Rüütli was replaced by Arno Pijpers. Under Pijpers, Flora won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles in 2001, 2002 and 2003. In the 2003 season, Flora won the league without losing a single league match, extending their unbeaten run from the previous season to 37, while Tor Henning Hamre scored a record 39 goals in a season. Pijpers left Flora in September 2004, before the end of the 2004 season, and was replaced by Janno Kivisild. The team failed to defend the league title for another season, finishing in third place.The 2005 season was unsuccessful as Flora placed fourth, 26 points behind the league champions TVMK. This was the first time Flora didn't win a Meistriliiga medal since 1992. After the disappointing season, Kivisild was replaced by Pasi Rautiainen. In the 2006–07 UEFA Cup, Flora defeated Lyn Oslo 1–1 on aggregate on away goals in the first qualifying round, before losing to Brøndby 0–4 on aggregate in the second qualifying round. The club finished the 2006 season in third place and placed second in the 2007 season. In 2007, Flora also suffered their biggest margin of defeat in the Meistriliiga thus far, losing 0–6 to TVMK. Flora finished the 2008 season as runners-up, behind Levadia once again, despite amassing 91 points and scoring 113 goals. Tarmo Rüütli returned to Flora for the 2009 season, but failed to lead the club to winning the league, placing fourth. Flora were more successful in the Estonian Cup, winning the trophy in 2008 and 2009.In 2010, Rüütli was replaced by the former Flora player and Estonia national team record cap holder Martin Reim. Under Reim, rejuvenated Flora ended the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles and won the league in the 2010 season. Flora successfully defended their title in the 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup, defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final. Flora finished the 2012 season in third place, behind the champions Nõmme Kalju and Levadia. After the season, Reim left the club and was replaced Marko Lelov in December 2012. Lelov won the 2012–13 Estonian Cup, but was sacked in July 2013 after disappointing results in the league. He was replaced by Norbert Hurt, initially as a caretaker, with position being made permanent later. Flora finished the 2013 season in fourth place and placed third in 2014.In 2015, Flora celebrated their 25th anniversary by winning their 10th league title in the 34th round of the season. The club also won the 2015–16 Estonian Cup, defeating Sillamäe Kalev 3–0 in extra time in the final. In May 2016, Aivar Pohlak resigned from the club's presidency and was succeeded by his son Pelle Pohlak. In the first qualifying round of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, Flora lost to Lincoln Red Imps 2–3 on aggregate, after which Hurt resigned and was replaced by Argo Arbeiter. Flora finished the disappointing 2016 season in fourth place. Arbeiter was sacked and in January 2017, Arno Pijpers to take over as manager. In the 2017 season, Flora won their 11th Meistriliiga title. In December 2017, it was announced that Pijpers will not continue as manager and Jürgen Henn was appointed in his place in January 2018. Under Henn, Flora won the 2019 Meistriliiga and 2020 Meistriliiga title.Flora crest features the Greco-Roman goddess Flora, after whom the club is named. The club's colours are green and white, symbolizing growth, purity and honesty.The club's home ground is the 14,336-seat A. Le Coq Arena (known as Lilleküla Stadium prior to sponsorship). Opened in 2001 and expanded from 2016 to 2018, it is the largest football stadium in Estonia. The Lilleküla Football Complex also includes two grass surface pitches, two artificial turf pitches and an indoor hall. A. Le Coq Arena is located at Jalgpalli 21, Kesklinn, Tallinn.Flora use Sportland Arena artificial turf, located next to A. Le Coq Arena, for training and home matches during winter and early spring months."For season transfers, see List of Estonian football transfers summer 2020 and List of Estonian football transfers winter 2020–21."12 – Club supporters (the 12th Man)
|
[
"Arno Pijpers",
"Jürgen Henn"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Flora Tallinn in May, 2017?
|
May 07, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Arno Pijpers"
]
}
|
L2_Q222861_P286_1
|
Arno Pijpers is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Marko Lelov is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Oct, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Jürgen Henn is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Aug, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
FC FloraFC Flora, commonly known as Flora Tallinn, or simply as Flora, is a professional football club based in Tallinn, Estonia, that competes in the Meistriliiga, the top flight of Estonian football. The club's home ground is A. Le Coq Arena.Formed in 1990, Flora were founding members of the Meistriliiga, and are one of two clubs which have never been relegated from the Estonian top division, along with Narva Trans. Flora have won more trophies than any other club in Estonian football, with a record 13 Meistriliiga titles, eight Estonian Cups and a record eleven Estonian Supercups.Flora was founded on 10 March 1990 by Aivar Pohlak as an effort to revive Estonian football during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The team was mainly based on players from Lõvid youth team. Flora finished their first season in last place and were relegated. The situation changed after the formation of the Meistriliiga in 1992. After 52 years of foreign occupation, Estonian clubs could once again play for the Estonian League Championship title. Flora finished the inaugural season of the Meistriliiga in fourth place. After the first season, the league was reformed to run from Autumn to Spring. Flora finished the 1992–93 season as runners-up. In 1993, Roman Ubakivi was appointed as manager. One round before the end of the 1993–94 season, Tevalte, who led the Meistriliiga table at the time, was controversially disqualified over allegations of match fixing. The season ended with Flora and Norma both on equal 36 points. Flora won the championship play-off match 5–2 and was awarded their first league title. The club made their European debut in the 1994–95 UEFA Cup, losing to Odense 0–6 on aggregate in the preliminary round. Flora managed to defend the league title in the 1994–95 season and won the 1994–95 Estonian Cup, defeating Lantana-Marlekor 2–0 in the final.In January 1996, Teitur Thordarson replaced Ubakivi as manager. Disappointing start in the 1995–96 season left the team in second place. Flora finished the 1996–97 season as runners-up once again. In the 1997–98 season, the club won their first league title under Thordarson. Subsequently, the league format was changed and Flora managed win another title in the same calendar year. Flora made their debut in the UEFA Champions League for the first time in the 1998–99 season, narrowly losing to Steaua București 4–5 on aggregate in the first qualifying round. The club added another Estonian Cup trophy after defeating Lantana 3–2 in the finals. Since 1999, Meistriliiga adopted the current league format with the season running from Spring to Autumn within a single calendar year. The 1999 season was unsuccessful as Flora placed third. In 2000, Tarmo Rüütli was appointed as manager. Under Rüütli, Flora finished the 2000 season as runners-up, behind Levadia who won the title without a single loss.In 2001, a new era began for Flora as the club moved to the new A. Le Coq Arena and Rüütli was replaced by Arno Pijpers. Under Pijpers, Flora won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles in 2001, 2002 and 2003. In the 2003 season, Flora won the league without losing a single league match, extending their unbeaten run from the previous season to 37, while Tor Henning Hamre scored a record 39 goals in a season. Pijpers left Flora in September 2004, before the end of the 2004 season, and was replaced by Janno Kivisild. The team failed to defend the league title for another season, finishing in third place.The 2005 season was unsuccessful as Flora placed fourth, 26 points behind the league champions TVMK. This was the first time Flora didn't win a Meistriliiga medal since 1992. After the disappointing season, Kivisild was replaced by Pasi Rautiainen. In the 2006–07 UEFA Cup, Flora defeated Lyn Oslo 1–1 on aggregate on away goals in the first qualifying round, before losing to Brøndby 0–4 on aggregate in the second qualifying round. The club finished the 2006 season in third place and placed second in the 2007 season. In 2007, Flora also suffered their biggest margin of defeat in the Meistriliiga thus far, losing 0–6 to TVMK. Flora finished the 2008 season as runners-up, behind Levadia once again, despite amassing 91 points and scoring 113 goals. Tarmo Rüütli returned to Flora for the 2009 season, but failed to lead the club to winning the league, placing fourth. Flora were more successful in the Estonian Cup, winning the trophy in 2008 and 2009.In 2010, Rüütli was replaced by the former Flora player and Estonia national team record cap holder Martin Reim. Under Reim, rejuvenated Flora ended the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles and won the league in the 2010 season. Flora successfully defended their title in the 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup, defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final. Flora finished the 2012 season in third place, behind the champions Nõmme Kalju and Levadia. After the season, Reim left the club and was replaced Marko Lelov in December 2012. Lelov won the 2012–13 Estonian Cup, but was sacked in July 2013 after disappointing results in the league. He was replaced by Norbert Hurt, initially as a caretaker, with position being made permanent later. Flora finished the 2013 season in fourth place and placed third in 2014.In 2015, Flora celebrated their 25th anniversary by winning their 10th league title in the 34th round of the season. The club also won the 2015–16 Estonian Cup, defeating Sillamäe Kalev 3–0 in extra time in the final. In May 2016, Aivar Pohlak resigned from the club's presidency and was succeeded by his son Pelle Pohlak. In the first qualifying round of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, Flora lost to Lincoln Red Imps 2–3 on aggregate, after which Hurt resigned and was replaced by Argo Arbeiter. Flora finished the disappointing 2016 season in fourth place. Arbeiter was sacked and in January 2017, Arno Pijpers to take over as manager. In the 2017 season, Flora won their 11th Meistriliiga title. In December 2017, it was announced that Pijpers will not continue as manager and Jürgen Henn was appointed in his place in January 2018. Under Henn, Flora won the 2019 Meistriliiga and 2020 Meistriliiga title.Flora crest features the Greco-Roman goddess Flora, after whom the club is named. The club's colours are green and white, symbolizing growth, purity and honesty.The club's home ground is the 14,336-seat A. Le Coq Arena (known as Lilleküla Stadium prior to sponsorship). Opened in 2001 and expanded from 2016 to 2018, it is the largest football stadium in Estonia. The Lilleküla Football Complex also includes two grass surface pitches, two artificial turf pitches and an indoor hall. A. Le Coq Arena is located at Jalgpalli 21, Kesklinn, Tallinn.Flora use Sportland Arena artificial turf, located next to A. Le Coq Arena, for training and home matches during winter and early spring months."For season transfers, see List of Estonian football transfers summer 2020 and List of Estonian football transfers winter 2020–21."12 – Club supporters (the 12th Man)
|
[
"Marko Lelov",
"Jürgen Henn"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Flora Tallinn in Nov, 2022?
|
November 28, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Jürgen Henn"
]
}
|
L2_Q222861_P286_2
|
Arno Pijpers is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Marko Lelov is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Oct, 2012 to Jul, 2013.
Jürgen Henn is the head coach of FC Flora Tallinn from Aug, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
FC FloraFC Flora, commonly known as Flora Tallinn, or simply as Flora, is a professional football club based in Tallinn, Estonia, that competes in the Meistriliiga, the top flight of Estonian football. The club's home ground is A. Le Coq Arena.Formed in 1990, Flora were founding members of the Meistriliiga, and are one of two clubs which have never been relegated from the Estonian top division, along with Narva Trans. Flora have won more trophies than any other club in Estonian football, with a record 13 Meistriliiga titles, eight Estonian Cups and a record eleven Estonian Supercups.Flora was founded on 10 March 1990 by Aivar Pohlak as an effort to revive Estonian football during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The team was mainly based on players from Lõvid youth team. Flora finished their first season in last place and were relegated. The situation changed after the formation of the Meistriliiga in 1992. After 52 years of foreign occupation, Estonian clubs could once again play for the Estonian League Championship title. Flora finished the inaugural season of the Meistriliiga in fourth place. After the first season, the league was reformed to run from Autumn to Spring. Flora finished the 1992–93 season as runners-up. In 1993, Roman Ubakivi was appointed as manager. One round before the end of the 1993–94 season, Tevalte, who led the Meistriliiga table at the time, was controversially disqualified over allegations of match fixing. The season ended with Flora and Norma both on equal 36 points. Flora won the championship play-off match 5–2 and was awarded their first league title. The club made their European debut in the 1994–95 UEFA Cup, losing to Odense 0–6 on aggregate in the preliminary round. Flora managed to defend the league title in the 1994–95 season and won the 1994–95 Estonian Cup, defeating Lantana-Marlekor 2–0 in the final.In January 1996, Teitur Thordarson replaced Ubakivi as manager. Disappointing start in the 1995–96 season left the team in second place. Flora finished the 1996–97 season as runners-up once again. In the 1997–98 season, the club won their first league title under Thordarson. Subsequently, the league format was changed and Flora managed win another title in the same calendar year. Flora made their debut in the UEFA Champions League for the first time in the 1998–99 season, narrowly losing to Steaua București 4–5 on aggregate in the first qualifying round. The club added another Estonian Cup trophy after defeating Lantana 3–2 in the finals. Since 1999, Meistriliiga adopted the current league format with the season running from Spring to Autumn within a single calendar year. The 1999 season was unsuccessful as Flora placed third. In 2000, Tarmo Rüütli was appointed as manager. Under Rüütli, Flora finished the 2000 season as runners-up, behind Levadia who won the title without a single loss.In 2001, a new era began for Flora as the club moved to the new A. Le Coq Arena and Rüütli was replaced by Arno Pijpers. Under Pijpers, Flora won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles in 2001, 2002 and 2003. In the 2003 season, Flora won the league without losing a single league match, extending their unbeaten run from the previous season to 37, while Tor Henning Hamre scored a record 39 goals in a season. Pijpers left Flora in September 2004, before the end of the 2004 season, and was replaced by Janno Kivisild. The team failed to defend the league title for another season, finishing in third place.The 2005 season was unsuccessful as Flora placed fourth, 26 points behind the league champions TVMK. This was the first time Flora didn't win a Meistriliiga medal since 1992. After the disappointing season, Kivisild was replaced by Pasi Rautiainen. In the 2006–07 UEFA Cup, Flora defeated Lyn Oslo 1–1 on aggregate on away goals in the first qualifying round, before losing to Brøndby 0–4 on aggregate in the second qualifying round. The club finished the 2006 season in third place and placed second in the 2007 season. In 2007, Flora also suffered their biggest margin of defeat in the Meistriliiga thus far, losing 0–6 to TVMK. Flora finished the 2008 season as runners-up, behind Levadia once again, despite amassing 91 points and scoring 113 goals. Tarmo Rüütli returned to Flora for the 2009 season, but failed to lead the club to winning the league, placing fourth. Flora were more successful in the Estonian Cup, winning the trophy in 2008 and 2009.In 2010, Rüütli was replaced by the former Flora player and Estonia national team record cap holder Martin Reim. Under Reim, rejuvenated Flora ended the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles and won the league in the 2010 season. Flora successfully defended their title in the 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup, defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final. Flora finished the 2012 season in third place, behind the champions Nõmme Kalju and Levadia. After the season, Reim left the club and was replaced Marko Lelov in December 2012. Lelov won the 2012–13 Estonian Cup, but was sacked in July 2013 after disappointing results in the league. He was replaced by Norbert Hurt, initially as a caretaker, with position being made permanent later. Flora finished the 2013 season in fourth place and placed third in 2014.In 2015, Flora celebrated their 25th anniversary by winning their 10th league title in the 34th round of the season. The club also won the 2015–16 Estonian Cup, defeating Sillamäe Kalev 3–0 in extra time in the final. In May 2016, Aivar Pohlak resigned from the club's presidency and was succeeded by his son Pelle Pohlak. In the first qualifying round of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, Flora lost to Lincoln Red Imps 2–3 on aggregate, after which Hurt resigned and was replaced by Argo Arbeiter. Flora finished the disappointing 2016 season in fourth place. Arbeiter was sacked and in January 2017, Arno Pijpers to take over as manager. In the 2017 season, Flora won their 11th Meistriliiga title. In December 2017, it was announced that Pijpers will not continue as manager and Jürgen Henn was appointed in his place in January 2018. Under Henn, Flora won the 2019 Meistriliiga and 2020 Meistriliiga title.Flora crest features the Greco-Roman goddess Flora, after whom the club is named. The club's colours are green and white, symbolizing growth, purity and honesty.The club's home ground is the 14,336-seat A. Le Coq Arena (known as Lilleküla Stadium prior to sponsorship). Opened in 2001 and expanded from 2016 to 2018, it is the largest football stadium in Estonia. The Lilleküla Football Complex also includes two grass surface pitches, two artificial turf pitches and an indoor hall. A. Le Coq Arena is located at Jalgpalli 21, Kesklinn, Tallinn.Flora use Sportland Arena artificial turf, located next to A. Le Coq Arena, for training and home matches during winter and early spring months."For season transfers, see List of Estonian football transfers summer 2020 and List of Estonian football transfers winter 2020–21."12 – Club supporters (the 12th Man)
|
[
"Arno Pijpers",
"Marko Lelov"
] |
|
Which position did Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull hold in Aug, 1919?
|
August 03, 1919
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Congress of Deputies"
]
}
|
L2_Q10956804_P39_0
|
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from Jun, 1919 to Oct, 1920.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of mayor of Valencia from Apr, 1939 to May, 1943.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of procurador en Cortes from May, 1952 to Nov, 1967.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Cortes republicanas from Nov, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
|
Joaquín Manglano y Cucaló de MontullJoaquín Manglano y Cucaló de Montull, (1892-1985) was a Spanish entrepreneur, official, Catholic activist and politician. In terms of business he is known mostly as member of the Levantine economic oligarchy, in terms of officialdom as a Francoist mayor of Valencia (1939-1943) and a longtime Cortes deputy (1952-1967), in terms of Catholic activity as president of Legión Católica Española and in terms of politics as a Carlist. He was Grandee of Spain, 15. Baron of Cárcer, 2. Baron of Beniomer, 18. Baron of Llaurí, 6. Count of Burgo de Laverazo, 2. Marquis of Altamira de la Puebla, 13. Baron of Alcahalí de San Juan y MosqueraThe Manglano family was first noted in the 14th century, related to Alcarria; they grew to major Castilian landholders in the 16th and 17th century. In the mid-18th century its branch settled in Levante; accumulating land in the Valencia province they grew to regidores and, by means of marriage, entered the aristocratic strata. Joaquín's paternal grandfather, Jose Pedro Manglano y Ruiz (1819-1900), gained new aristocratic titles, in 1867-1868 served as a Cortes deputy and emerged as one of the most prestigious local personalities.Joaquín's father, Luis Manglano y Palencia (1863–1937), inherited some of the titles and most of the real estate wealth, adding also new honors to his collection; until the 1910s in public realm he was noted mostly as leader of aristocratic Valencian Catholic organizations. He married Josefa Cucaló de Montull y Cubells (1861–1951), a girl of prestigious aristocratic descent who brought yet new titles to the family. The couple had 8 children, Joaquín born as the oldest of the siblings.Joaquín was first educated - like his father, brothers and sons - at the prestigious Jesuit Colegio San José in Valencia, completing the curriculum in 1908. He then went on to study both law and letters. He spent academic years with University of Valencia, but obtained PhD laurels in 1914 in Madrid thanks to the thesis titled "Apuntes para una memoria sobre El Justicia de Valencia". He might have intended to work as a secondary school teacher, but in the mid-1910 he was already referred to as “joven abogado valenciano” and having later inherited most of his fathers’ wealth, lived off the family business. In the 1950s he pursued his interest in history by publishing few works.In 1922 Manglano married Maria del Pilar Baldoví y Miquel (1902-1999), descendant to a noble Baldoví family, owners of landholdings in Ribera Baixa; she brought to the already opulent marriage the Tancat de la Baldovina, hundreds of hectares of rice-growing areas near Sueca. The couple settled in Valencia, on calle Salvador; they had 5 children, born between 1923 and 1933; though some of them became known locally, none grew to a nationally recognized figure. , a military involved in CESID, was his nephew. , a currently active Spanish politician, is his grand-nephew.Manglano accumulated a number of aristocratic titles. In 1916 he was awarded a long defunct honor of 15. , the name alternatively applied to him by contemporary press and by present-day scholars alike. Following death of his father, in 1949 Manglano was confirmed as 2. and 18. . In 1950 the regime conferred upon him Grandeza de España. In 1953 he inherited the title and became the 6. , in 1956 the 2. and in 1962 the 13. Baron of Alcahalí. By the end of his life Manglano ceded some of the titles to his offspring, in one case re-acquiring it as he outlived his son.Throughout the 19th century Manglano's ascendants did not demonstrate clear political penchant: the Barón de Llaurí family is listed as traditionally pro-Liberal, Barón de Cárcer family as traditionally ambiguous and Barón de Terrateig traditionally Carlist. However, in the early 20th century his father was clearly active as a Conservative. The young Joaquín, apart from having been first noted as joining Orden de Montesa in 1909, during his academic years engaged in emerging Catholic initiatives; they are currently classified as falling somewhere in-between Christian Democracy and Social Catholicism. Influenced by Herrera Oria and , in 1912 Manglano was recorded as active in catolicismo agrario, visiting local Levantine villages and advocating workers’ self-organization; in 1913 he contributed himself to setting up Sindicato Cátolico Agrario. In the mid-1910s he was also active in the Valencian Centro de Jovenes para la Defensa Social and together with his father took part in initiatives bringing together various breeds of ultra-conservative groupings, apart from the Conservatives including the Integrists and the Jaimists.In 1916 Joaquín supported own father in his bid for the Cortes from Nules; in the extremely divided local conservative setting Luis Manglano was elected thanks to support of the right-wing conservative fraction named Maurists, the Carlists, and the Republicans. In 1917 Joaquín appeared among ciervistas, followers of another conservative tycoon, Juan de la Cierva. During the 1918 campaign he decided to compete himself, undoubtedly banking on previous success of his father, also from Nules. Political environment was extremely complex: according to a present-day scholar he was supposed to represent the Maurists and two Carlist groups, the mainstream Jaimists and the local breakaways, named Paquistas, who even set up "La Gaceta de Levante" to support the campaign. The Carlists eventually supported Jaime Chicharro and it was only the mauristas who backed Cárcer, though contemporary press dubbed Manglano ciervo-datista or ciervista. The result was that with the conservative vote split, the mandate went to a Liberal candidate.In 1919 Manglano decided to try again, though political setting was already entirely different: with Maura serving as the prime minister, barón de Cárcer was to stand as a governmental candidate with all electoral infrastructure at his disposal. Though initially he was to stand in Nules, it was finally decided that Albocàsser offered better chances; indeed, with no counter-candidate standing, he was declared victorious according to notorious Article 29. During the brief term in the parliament he emerged as a rather active newcomer and was noted mostly as outspoken advocate of governmental support for catholic trade unions, supposed to provide a bulwark against “red workers”. During the following campaign of 1920 Manglano concluded that mauristas had nothing to offer, vacillating between datistas and ciervistas; supposed to run as ciervista he finally resigned; the setting persisted until the 1923 campaign.As the 1923 advent of Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought national political life to a standstill, all existing parties have been dissolved. It is not clear how Manglano approached the end of liberal democracy; however, in January 1924 he was recorded as admitted by the dictator at a personal meeting, when probably Cárcer offered his support for the new regime. Though he was soon noted as engaged in a new primoderiverista state party, Unión Patriótica, until the mid-1920s Manglano was not recorded as landing any jobs either in the party or in the administration. His public activities during that period focused on two areas: business and Catholic initiatives.Already in the 1910s active in corporate organizations and pressure groups of orange producers, in the early 1920s he emerged as a fairly belligerent speaker, at the Valencian Asamblea Naranjera comparing their militants to soldiers who recognized no limits. In the mid-1920s he rose to executive of Federación de Productores de Naranja de Levante, finally becoming its treasurer. Once he married into the rice business Manglano commenced activities also in their groupings. He animated the local Cámara Oficial Agrícola and Cámara de la Propiedad Rústica, cultivating the trade union link at Sindicato Agrícola de San Bernardo and exploiting his UP connection. On the Catholic side he was active in Legión Católica and Acción Católica, the former an aristocratic and the latter a popular organization. In Acción he grew to propaganda coordinator of the Valencia branch. In Legión he became president of the Valencia organization, member of Consejo Nacional, vice-president and finally president of Legión Católica Española.At unspecified time Cárcer was nominated to the Valencian ayuntamiento; according to some sources the appointment might have taken place in 1926 and according to other it occurred in January 1927. Neither his exact position nor role is clear; referred to either as regidor, concejal or teniente de alcalde, he was noted as engaged in trade, scholarship, festivities and local suburban administration. He resigned from the city council in August 1928, but in February 1929 was again noted as active; it is not clear when he ceased. Received by Alfonso XIII in 1930, in the early 1931 he was acknowledged as running in the local elections, but nothing is known of their outcome; most likely he lost.In the early months of the Republic Cárcer, initially appearing at good terms with local authorities, engaged in conservative meetings united with his old-time rival, Chicharro. Some sources report him taking part in the pro-Alfonsist Acción Española and running for the Cortes from Albocàsser and Vinaròs, information not confirmed elsewhere. By the Left he was clearly recognized as a reactionary enemy: in September 1931 some of his property went up in flames. In February 1932 the civil governor acknowledged him as inflammatory speaker and declared that his meetings would be monitored by the security to ensure he does not go off limits.During his early career Cárcer had many close encounters with the Carlists; as a teenager he met them at joint Integrist meetings, negotiated their support when running for the Cortes and by some newspapers was even once reported as their candidate. Privately he used to meet a longtime Valencian Carlist leader, , at meetings of Colegio San José associates; perhaps most importantly, his mother and his wife came from the Carlist families. However, it was only in the spring of 1932 that he started to visit their meetings and deliver addresses. At that time his Conservative stand adopted a decisively anti-Republican flavor.It is likely that Manglano engaged in gear-up to the Sanjurjo coup. Official information claimed a contraband of weapons directed to Cárcer had been intercepted, though when it came to details only one pistol was discovered. He was arrested mid-August in Pamplona and released early October 1932. Legal measures taken materialized as expropriation of his landholdings; he was denounced as the one who tried to “set the fire on”. According to some sources he was sent to the Spanish African prison outpost in Villa Cisneros, where he was finally converted to Carlism and joined the movement as part of "Grupo de Villacisneros". In the late 1932 and most of 1933 Manglano was already fully engaged in Carlist propaganda in Levante, demonstrating also a penchant for joint monarchist alliance with Renovación Española. He was briefly detained again in the summer of 1933.In the second Republican campaign to the Cortes Cárcer stood as a Carlist candidate on a joint Valencian Right-wing list; elected, after the 13-year-break he resumed the parliamentary career. In the diet he joined commissión de guerra and indeed remained very active on military-related issues: proposed his own draft on NCOs organization, discussed officer retirement rules, navy armament, operations of the carabineros and above all, demanding larger share of the budget for the army. One of the most active Carlist deputies, Manglano addressed also a number of other questions, ranging from public space to schooling and prison services, with rice and orange production dedicated due attention as well.In 1934-1936 Cárcer went on with ever-increasing propaganda activities, both in his native area and far beyond it, featured also in Traditionalist press and in 1934 nominated to co-head Delegación de Propaganda within the national Carlist executive. He shared the generally uncompromising and fiercely anti-Republican party line, on the one hand lambasting CEDA and Gil-Robles while on the other demanding harsh measures against Manuel Azaña, charged with supporting the 1934 revolution. It is not clear what his role was in the Levantine party structures; some authors claim he was president of Junta Regional. He was not listed as running in the 1936 electoral campaign, though the issue is not entirely clear. Beyond Carlism, he rose to national executive of Junta Central del Tiro Nacional, a shooting association.It is obscure whether Cárcer was engaged in the forthcoming coup. When it commenced he was in Irún, an aristocratic summer holiday location or an escape route to France. He soon found his way to Burgos, meeting Mola and offering own services. Outcome of the talks is not clear; it is known, however, that Cárcer's properties in Valencia and Madrid were searched, his brother detained and executed. There is scarce information on Cárcer's whereabouts during late 1936; one author claims he enlisted to Requeté. The most reliable information is that following Nationalist conquest of the city he returned to Irún, together with a number of Levantine Carlists setting up sort of regional Valencian Carlist executive on exile. The group focused on assistance to Levantine refugees and on editing a weekly "Valencia". At that time he acted as „comisario carlista por Valencia”.Supporting the Nationalist army - most likely by financial donations - and remembered for his pro-military Cortes harangues, Cárcer went on well with the military. Member of the Carlist wartime executive, in early 1937 he advocated acceptance of amalgamation of Carlism into Falange Española Tradicionalista, though he refrained from taking part in last-minute attempt of internal coup within the party. In mid-1937 he transformed the exile Carlist Valencian organization into the FET one, the difference having been that it was based in San Sebastián. Some authors identify him merely as member of Secretaría Regional of FET, others claim that until early 1938 was co-heading the Valencian branch. Despite unification, Manglano stuck to his Traditionalist identity; he soon embarked on war against the Falangist old-shirts, competing with them for control of the Valencian FET.When in the spring of 1938 the Nationalist troops seized first comarcas of the Valencian region, rivalry to control its FET branch translated into rivalry for real power. With Castellón province fully controlled by May, in June Cárcer was appointed head of the provincial FET, one of 3 most important civil positions in every province. When speculating about his nomination scholars consider Francoist policy of keeping different political families in check by balancing their influence, Cárcer's good relations with Serrano Suñer or pressure on part of pro-Carlist Army of Levante commander, general Orgaz.Once appointed, Manglano embarked on all-out war against the Falangist old-shirts, trying to turn the province into a Carlist fiefdom. He denounced them as disguised Leftists, did his best to get the Falangist military unit, Bandera Valenciana, dissolved, and appointed Traditionalists to key positions in party and administrative structures. In later reports he was denounced as sabotaging unification, spending party money on Traditionalist propaganda and allowing Carlist youth to prowl the streets shouting “Viva el Rey”. However, the Falangists stroke back, complaining about his omnipresence. In October 1938 Cárcer travelled to Burgos to enhance his position, but the mission backfired. In January 1939 he was dismissed from the Castellón FET jefatura. Total personal reshuffling followed and the attempt to ensure Carlist domination in the province ended up in failure.Though Manglano's dismissal from provincial Castellón jefatura might have looked like a fall from grace, it turned out to have been an episode in the Francoist checks-and-balances policy. Soon after in April 1939 the Nationalist troops entered Valencia, he was nominated mayor of the city, at that time the third largest urban centre of Spain. The post rendered him one of the most powerful Carlist politicians within Francoist structures, second only to the then Minister of Justice, conde Rodezno. Unlike in Castellón, his relations with FET were good, even though he resumed his strategy of favoring Traditionalist sympathizers. Another preference visible in his personal policy was nominating individuals related to local business oligarchy; never again in the Valencian history would it have such a firm grip on local government.As mayor Cárcer focused on reconstruction and urban re-organization. The former was mostly related to the maritime quarter, heavily bombed during the war, and to restoration of pre-Republican monuments and facilities, especially the Catholic ones. The latter was about expansion towards the sea and , pushing the railroad rings suffocating the city traffic into the tunnels and turning Avenida del Oeste into a modern city axis, together with setting a number of similar, major streets. He tried to address massive housing shortages by launching cheap community houses project and to deal with dramatically underdeveloped education infrastructure. Minor but lasting projects were construction of a new bus terminal, building food markets, especially the central , and re-claiming heritage sites. He also defended usage of valenciano against espanolismo of the civil governor.In terms of urban planning the Cárcer term is criticized as improvisation, especially that the first long-term plan was approved after he had left. Setting new straight major throughways was already in the 1940s lambasted as childish and anti-social, as it led to destruction of historical boroughs and demolition of existing houses with no replacement provided. Management of municipal finances, considered totally chaotic, attracts even heavier criticism. Though during the 1940 audience with Franco Cárcer ensured hefty credit line, his concept of enhancing city income relied mostly on "politica annexionista". For some time the city used the 1935 budget for its planning, the result having been a major deficit.Manglano's mayorship is subject to general onslaught as the period of massive real estate speculation, by some scholars considered key feature of his rule. With loose building regulations disguised as "favoring labor", Valencia became a Mecca of construction companies and petrified domination of local economic tycoons. Though in the 1980s a local daily hailed him as great mayor, in both scholarly works and radical Left-wing propaganda Manglano is lambasted as incompetent and chaotic administrator and representative of local Fascist oligarchy. It is not clear whether this opinion was shared by his contemporaries. It is also unknown whether the Falangist – Carlist rivalry or any other politics was in play when he ceased as mayor in 1943.Though as mayor of a provincial capital Cárcer was entitled to enter the 1943-created Francoist diet, Cortes Españoles, once he stepped down as alcalde he lost also the parliamentary ticket; his term lasted merely 2 months. It is not clear whether he was sidetracked or withdrew from major politics; as in 1944 he was received by Franco it does not seem that he found himself in disfavor, though since the mid-1940s he held no major posts in the party, state structures or local Valencian administration.Cárcer key system roles were those related to a peculiar realm of the Francoist labor organization, supposed to unite workers and proprietors. He was jefe of Hermandad Sindical Provincial de Labradores y Ganaderos de Valencia and member of Comité Sindical de la Seda within Comisión de Incorporación Industrial y Mercantil. Active in Juntas Nacionales de los Grupos de Producción y de Industriales y Elaboradores de Arroz within Sindicato de Cereales, later he grew to directivo of Sindicatos Agrarios of Movimiento; it is not clear when he ceased. On the business side, he entered executive boards of Luso Española de Porcelanas, Banco de España, Naviliera Industrial Española and Compania Valenciana de Cementos Portland. Manglano went on also with his orange and rice businesses, anxious that the Francoist policy of nearing the Axis might damage fruit exports to Britain.At the turn of the decades Cárcer's star was on the rise again. In 1949 he got aristocratic titles, inherited from his late father though not formally acknowledged since 1937, recognized by Franco; in 1950 the dictator conferred upon him Grandeza de España, the honor received with the likes of José Moscardó, José Calvo Sotelo, Emilio Mola Vidal and José Antonio Primo de Rivera. In 1952 admitted again by Franco, the same year Manglano was appointed to the 6. Consejo Nacional of the Movimiento, which in turn guaranteed – following the pause of 9 years – a seat in the Cortes. Franco kept appointing Cárcer to 5 consecutive Falangist councils, which translated into prolongation of Cortes mandates in 1955, 1958, 1961 and 1964.Throughout the 1950s and 1960s Cárcer did not play any role in national politics; Consejo Nacional and Cortes Españolas were largely decorative bodies which ensured prestige and connections, but not political power. He is noted as member of many committees and groups, taking part in a number of parliamentary debates of moderate importance, e.g. those shaping the rural fiscal regime or regulating women's access to juridical jobs; only some, like nationalizing of Banca de España, the move he fruitlessly opposed, carried a lot of weight. None of these interventions compares to his hectic activity during the 1967 discussion related to law on religious liberty. Cárcer emerged as one of the most outspoken and vehement opponents of the draft and was a number of times noted as trying to block the legislation.In 1967 Cárcer was not appointed to Consejo Nacional; it is not clear whether his religious zeal carried him too far away or whether himself he decided to test his popularity in the newly opened pool of Cortes mandates, up for grabs in semi-free elections from the so-called tercio familiar. He stood in his native Valencia but lost and had to renounce the mandate. His last and his first days in the Spanish diet are spanned by 48 years, rendering Cárcer one of the national record-holders in terms of duration of parliamentary career.Cárcer retained anti-Falangist, Traditionalist identity, which was not incompatible with an "extreme addiction to the regime". On the other hand, his stand was irreconcilable with intransigent opposition originally mounted by the Carlist leader, Manuel Fal. Cárcer sided rather with his rival, conde Rodezno, leader of the breakaway faction pursuing a collaborationist path. In the mid-1940s he neared the Alfonsist claimant Don Juan, by the Rodeznistas considered a would-be candidate to the throne also according to the Carlist reading. In the 1950s he definitely broke with the regent Don Javier and declared Don Juan the legitimate heir; Cárcer entered his Consejo Privado and was nominated royal representative in Region Valenciana.Though since the early post-war years Cárcer had nothing to do with mainstream Carlism, he kept considering himself a Carlist. When received by Franco in 1970, together with other collaborationists he claimed to have represented "antiguo ". At that time Carlism was being taken over by a progressist, socialist faction of Don Javier's son, Don Carlos Hugo. Together with a number of other Traditionalists Cárcer attempted to mount a counter-strike; in an open 1974 letter to Carlist leaders expulsed by the Hugocarlistas, Zamanillo and Valiente, he advocated merging all traditionally-minded Carlist factions - Hermandad del Maestrazgo, Centro Zumalacarregui, Regencia de Estella, Circulos Vazquez de Mella – into a new Comunión, which would "form part of Movimiento Nacional and serve Catholic faith and Spain" under the orders of Franco and the future king, Juan Carlos.After the death of Franco and during dismantling of his regime Cárcer withdrew from politics and public life, as octogenarian hardly active in aristocratic Catholic organizations like Real Hermandad del Santo Calíz de Valencia, the congregation he presided. None of the nationwide newspapers acknowledged his death in an editorial, except for paid obituaries. He gained no monograph and in scholarly discourse is extensively featured only in a single work on early Francoism in Valencia. In public debate his name is referred to during efforts to rename Avenida Barón de Cárcer, the name Avenida del Oeste was given in the 1940s. Though some claim that the name honors ancient holders of the title, militant democratic groupings demand that the street is purged according to the Ley de Memoria Historica regulations. From some viewpoints – present also in scholarly works – his name is noted when denouncing the current Spanish system as merely a "formal democracy", in fact continuation of the Fascist Francoist setting.
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[
"mayor of Valencia",
"Member of the Cortes republicanas",
"procurador en Cortes"
] |
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Which position did Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull hold in May, 1935?
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May 22, 1935
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{
"text": [
"Member of the Cortes republicanas"
]
}
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L2_Q10956804_P39_1
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Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from Jun, 1919 to Oct, 1920.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Cortes republicanas from Nov, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of mayor of Valencia from Apr, 1939 to May, 1943.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of procurador en Cortes from May, 1952 to Nov, 1967.
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Joaquín Manglano y Cucaló de MontullJoaquín Manglano y Cucaló de Montull, (1892-1985) was a Spanish entrepreneur, official, Catholic activist and politician. In terms of business he is known mostly as member of the Levantine economic oligarchy, in terms of officialdom as a Francoist mayor of Valencia (1939-1943) and a longtime Cortes deputy (1952-1967), in terms of Catholic activity as president of Legión Católica Española and in terms of politics as a Carlist. He was Grandee of Spain, 15. Baron of Cárcer, 2. Baron of Beniomer, 18. Baron of Llaurí, 6. Count of Burgo de Laverazo, 2. Marquis of Altamira de la Puebla, 13. Baron of Alcahalí de San Juan y MosqueraThe Manglano family was first noted in the 14th century, related to Alcarria; they grew to major Castilian landholders in the 16th and 17th century. In the mid-18th century its branch settled in Levante; accumulating land in the Valencia province they grew to regidores and, by means of marriage, entered the aristocratic strata. Joaquín's paternal grandfather, Jose Pedro Manglano y Ruiz (1819-1900), gained new aristocratic titles, in 1867-1868 served as a Cortes deputy and emerged as one of the most prestigious local personalities.Joaquín's father, Luis Manglano y Palencia (1863–1937), inherited some of the titles and most of the real estate wealth, adding also new honors to his collection; until the 1910s in public realm he was noted mostly as leader of aristocratic Valencian Catholic organizations. He married Josefa Cucaló de Montull y Cubells (1861–1951), a girl of prestigious aristocratic descent who brought yet new titles to the family. The couple had 8 children, Joaquín born as the oldest of the siblings.Joaquín was first educated - like his father, brothers and sons - at the prestigious Jesuit Colegio San José in Valencia, completing the curriculum in 1908. He then went on to study both law and letters. He spent academic years with University of Valencia, but obtained PhD laurels in 1914 in Madrid thanks to the thesis titled "Apuntes para una memoria sobre El Justicia de Valencia". He might have intended to work as a secondary school teacher, but in the mid-1910 he was already referred to as “joven abogado valenciano” and having later inherited most of his fathers’ wealth, lived off the family business. In the 1950s he pursued his interest in history by publishing few works.In 1922 Manglano married Maria del Pilar Baldoví y Miquel (1902-1999), descendant to a noble Baldoví family, owners of landholdings in Ribera Baixa; she brought to the already opulent marriage the Tancat de la Baldovina, hundreds of hectares of rice-growing areas near Sueca. The couple settled in Valencia, on calle Salvador; they had 5 children, born between 1923 and 1933; though some of them became known locally, none grew to a nationally recognized figure. , a military involved in CESID, was his nephew. , a currently active Spanish politician, is his grand-nephew.Manglano accumulated a number of aristocratic titles. In 1916 he was awarded a long defunct honor of 15. , the name alternatively applied to him by contemporary press and by present-day scholars alike. Following death of his father, in 1949 Manglano was confirmed as 2. and 18. . In 1950 the regime conferred upon him Grandeza de España. In 1953 he inherited the title and became the 6. , in 1956 the 2. and in 1962 the 13. Baron of Alcahalí. By the end of his life Manglano ceded some of the titles to his offspring, in one case re-acquiring it as he outlived his son.Throughout the 19th century Manglano's ascendants did not demonstrate clear political penchant: the Barón de Llaurí family is listed as traditionally pro-Liberal, Barón de Cárcer family as traditionally ambiguous and Barón de Terrateig traditionally Carlist. However, in the early 20th century his father was clearly active as a Conservative. The young Joaquín, apart from having been first noted as joining Orden de Montesa in 1909, during his academic years engaged in emerging Catholic initiatives; they are currently classified as falling somewhere in-between Christian Democracy and Social Catholicism. Influenced by Herrera Oria and , in 1912 Manglano was recorded as active in catolicismo agrario, visiting local Levantine villages and advocating workers’ self-organization; in 1913 he contributed himself to setting up Sindicato Cátolico Agrario. In the mid-1910s he was also active in the Valencian Centro de Jovenes para la Defensa Social and together with his father took part in initiatives bringing together various breeds of ultra-conservative groupings, apart from the Conservatives including the Integrists and the Jaimists.In 1916 Joaquín supported own father in his bid for the Cortes from Nules; in the extremely divided local conservative setting Luis Manglano was elected thanks to support of the right-wing conservative fraction named Maurists, the Carlists, and the Republicans. In 1917 Joaquín appeared among ciervistas, followers of another conservative tycoon, Juan de la Cierva. During the 1918 campaign he decided to compete himself, undoubtedly banking on previous success of his father, also from Nules. Political environment was extremely complex: according to a present-day scholar he was supposed to represent the Maurists and two Carlist groups, the mainstream Jaimists and the local breakaways, named Paquistas, who even set up "La Gaceta de Levante" to support the campaign. The Carlists eventually supported Jaime Chicharro and it was only the mauristas who backed Cárcer, though contemporary press dubbed Manglano ciervo-datista or ciervista. The result was that with the conservative vote split, the mandate went to a Liberal candidate.In 1919 Manglano decided to try again, though political setting was already entirely different: with Maura serving as the prime minister, barón de Cárcer was to stand as a governmental candidate with all electoral infrastructure at his disposal. Though initially he was to stand in Nules, it was finally decided that Albocàsser offered better chances; indeed, with no counter-candidate standing, he was declared victorious according to notorious Article 29. During the brief term in the parliament he emerged as a rather active newcomer and was noted mostly as outspoken advocate of governmental support for catholic trade unions, supposed to provide a bulwark against “red workers”. During the following campaign of 1920 Manglano concluded that mauristas had nothing to offer, vacillating between datistas and ciervistas; supposed to run as ciervista he finally resigned; the setting persisted until the 1923 campaign.As the 1923 advent of Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought national political life to a standstill, all existing parties have been dissolved. It is not clear how Manglano approached the end of liberal democracy; however, in January 1924 he was recorded as admitted by the dictator at a personal meeting, when probably Cárcer offered his support for the new regime. Though he was soon noted as engaged in a new primoderiverista state party, Unión Patriótica, until the mid-1920s Manglano was not recorded as landing any jobs either in the party or in the administration. His public activities during that period focused on two areas: business and Catholic initiatives.Already in the 1910s active in corporate organizations and pressure groups of orange producers, in the early 1920s he emerged as a fairly belligerent speaker, at the Valencian Asamblea Naranjera comparing their militants to soldiers who recognized no limits. In the mid-1920s he rose to executive of Federación de Productores de Naranja de Levante, finally becoming its treasurer. Once he married into the rice business Manglano commenced activities also in their groupings. He animated the local Cámara Oficial Agrícola and Cámara de la Propiedad Rústica, cultivating the trade union link at Sindicato Agrícola de San Bernardo and exploiting his UP connection. On the Catholic side he was active in Legión Católica and Acción Católica, the former an aristocratic and the latter a popular organization. In Acción he grew to propaganda coordinator of the Valencia branch. In Legión he became president of the Valencia organization, member of Consejo Nacional, vice-president and finally president of Legión Católica Española.At unspecified time Cárcer was nominated to the Valencian ayuntamiento; according to some sources the appointment might have taken place in 1926 and according to other it occurred in January 1927. Neither his exact position nor role is clear; referred to either as regidor, concejal or teniente de alcalde, he was noted as engaged in trade, scholarship, festivities and local suburban administration. He resigned from the city council in August 1928, but in February 1929 was again noted as active; it is not clear when he ceased. Received by Alfonso XIII in 1930, in the early 1931 he was acknowledged as running in the local elections, but nothing is known of their outcome; most likely he lost.In the early months of the Republic Cárcer, initially appearing at good terms with local authorities, engaged in conservative meetings united with his old-time rival, Chicharro. Some sources report him taking part in the pro-Alfonsist Acción Española and running for the Cortes from Albocàsser and Vinaròs, information not confirmed elsewhere. By the Left he was clearly recognized as a reactionary enemy: in September 1931 some of his property went up in flames. In February 1932 the civil governor acknowledged him as inflammatory speaker and declared that his meetings would be monitored by the security to ensure he does not go off limits.During his early career Cárcer had many close encounters with the Carlists; as a teenager he met them at joint Integrist meetings, negotiated their support when running for the Cortes and by some newspapers was even once reported as their candidate. Privately he used to meet a longtime Valencian Carlist leader, , at meetings of Colegio San José associates; perhaps most importantly, his mother and his wife came from the Carlist families. However, it was only in the spring of 1932 that he started to visit their meetings and deliver addresses. At that time his Conservative stand adopted a decisively anti-Republican flavor.It is likely that Manglano engaged in gear-up to the Sanjurjo coup. Official information claimed a contraband of weapons directed to Cárcer had been intercepted, though when it came to details only one pistol was discovered. He was arrested mid-August in Pamplona and released early October 1932. Legal measures taken materialized as expropriation of his landholdings; he was denounced as the one who tried to “set the fire on”. According to some sources he was sent to the Spanish African prison outpost in Villa Cisneros, where he was finally converted to Carlism and joined the movement as part of "Grupo de Villacisneros". In the late 1932 and most of 1933 Manglano was already fully engaged in Carlist propaganda in Levante, demonstrating also a penchant for joint monarchist alliance with Renovación Española. He was briefly detained again in the summer of 1933.In the second Republican campaign to the Cortes Cárcer stood as a Carlist candidate on a joint Valencian Right-wing list; elected, after the 13-year-break he resumed the parliamentary career. In the diet he joined commissión de guerra and indeed remained very active on military-related issues: proposed his own draft on NCOs organization, discussed officer retirement rules, navy armament, operations of the carabineros and above all, demanding larger share of the budget for the army. One of the most active Carlist deputies, Manglano addressed also a number of other questions, ranging from public space to schooling and prison services, with rice and orange production dedicated due attention as well.In 1934-1936 Cárcer went on with ever-increasing propaganda activities, both in his native area and far beyond it, featured also in Traditionalist press and in 1934 nominated to co-head Delegación de Propaganda within the national Carlist executive. He shared the generally uncompromising and fiercely anti-Republican party line, on the one hand lambasting CEDA and Gil-Robles while on the other demanding harsh measures against Manuel Azaña, charged with supporting the 1934 revolution. It is not clear what his role was in the Levantine party structures; some authors claim he was president of Junta Regional. He was not listed as running in the 1936 electoral campaign, though the issue is not entirely clear. Beyond Carlism, he rose to national executive of Junta Central del Tiro Nacional, a shooting association.It is obscure whether Cárcer was engaged in the forthcoming coup. When it commenced he was in Irún, an aristocratic summer holiday location or an escape route to France. He soon found his way to Burgos, meeting Mola and offering own services. Outcome of the talks is not clear; it is known, however, that Cárcer's properties in Valencia and Madrid were searched, his brother detained and executed. There is scarce information on Cárcer's whereabouts during late 1936; one author claims he enlisted to Requeté. The most reliable information is that following Nationalist conquest of the city he returned to Irún, together with a number of Levantine Carlists setting up sort of regional Valencian Carlist executive on exile. The group focused on assistance to Levantine refugees and on editing a weekly "Valencia". At that time he acted as „comisario carlista por Valencia”.Supporting the Nationalist army - most likely by financial donations - and remembered for his pro-military Cortes harangues, Cárcer went on well with the military. Member of the Carlist wartime executive, in early 1937 he advocated acceptance of amalgamation of Carlism into Falange Española Tradicionalista, though he refrained from taking part in last-minute attempt of internal coup within the party. In mid-1937 he transformed the exile Carlist Valencian organization into the FET one, the difference having been that it was based in San Sebastián. Some authors identify him merely as member of Secretaría Regional of FET, others claim that until early 1938 was co-heading the Valencian branch. Despite unification, Manglano stuck to his Traditionalist identity; he soon embarked on war against the Falangist old-shirts, competing with them for control of the Valencian FET.When in the spring of 1938 the Nationalist troops seized first comarcas of the Valencian region, rivalry to control its FET branch translated into rivalry for real power. With Castellón province fully controlled by May, in June Cárcer was appointed head of the provincial FET, one of 3 most important civil positions in every province. When speculating about his nomination scholars consider Francoist policy of keeping different political families in check by balancing their influence, Cárcer's good relations with Serrano Suñer or pressure on part of pro-Carlist Army of Levante commander, general Orgaz.Once appointed, Manglano embarked on all-out war against the Falangist old-shirts, trying to turn the province into a Carlist fiefdom. He denounced them as disguised Leftists, did his best to get the Falangist military unit, Bandera Valenciana, dissolved, and appointed Traditionalists to key positions in party and administrative structures. In later reports he was denounced as sabotaging unification, spending party money on Traditionalist propaganda and allowing Carlist youth to prowl the streets shouting “Viva el Rey”. However, the Falangists stroke back, complaining about his omnipresence. In October 1938 Cárcer travelled to Burgos to enhance his position, but the mission backfired. In January 1939 he was dismissed from the Castellón FET jefatura. Total personal reshuffling followed and the attempt to ensure Carlist domination in the province ended up in failure.Though Manglano's dismissal from provincial Castellón jefatura might have looked like a fall from grace, it turned out to have been an episode in the Francoist checks-and-balances policy. Soon after in April 1939 the Nationalist troops entered Valencia, he was nominated mayor of the city, at that time the third largest urban centre of Spain. The post rendered him one of the most powerful Carlist politicians within Francoist structures, second only to the then Minister of Justice, conde Rodezno. Unlike in Castellón, his relations with FET were good, even though he resumed his strategy of favoring Traditionalist sympathizers. Another preference visible in his personal policy was nominating individuals related to local business oligarchy; never again in the Valencian history would it have such a firm grip on local government.As mayor Cárcer focused on reconstruction and urban re-organization. The former was mostly related to the maritime quarter, heavily bombed during the war, and to restoration of pre-Republican monuments and facilities, especially the Catholic ones. The latter was about expansion towards the sea and , pushing the railroad rings suffocating the city traffic into the tunnels and turning Avenida del Oeste into a modern city axis, together with setting a number of similar, major streets. He tried to address massive housing shortages by launching cheap community houses project and to deal with dramatically underdeveloped education infrastructure. Minor but lasting projects were construction of a new bus terminal, building food markets, especially the central , and re-claiming heritage sites. He also defended usage of valenciano against espanolismo of the civil governor.In terms of urban planning the Cárcer term is criticized as improvisation, especially that the first long-term plan was approved after he had left. Setting new straight major throughways was already in the 1940s lambasted as childish and anti-social, as it led to destruction of historical boroughs and demolition of existing houses with no replacement provided. Management of municipal finances, considered totally chaotic, attracts even heavier criticism. Though during the 1940 audience with Franco Cárcer ensured hefty credit line, his concept of enhancing city income relied mostly on "politica annexionista". For some time the city used the 1935 budget for its planning, the result having been a major deficit.Manglano's mayorship is subject to general onslaught as the period of massive real estate speculation, by some scholars considered key feature of his rule. With loose building regulations disguised as "favoring labor", Valencia became a Mecca of construction companies and petrified domination of local economic tycoons. Though in the 1980s a local daily hailed him as great mayor, in both scholarly works and radical Left-wing propaganda Manglano is lambasted as incompetent and chaotic administrator and representative of local Fascist oligarchy. It is not clear whether this opinion was shared by his contemporaries. It is also unknown whether the Falangist – Carlist rivalry or any other politics was in play when he ceased as mayor in 1943.Though as mayor of a provincial capital Cárcer was entitled to enter the 1943-created Francoist diet, Cortes Españoles, once he stepped down as alcalde he lost also the parliamentary ticket; his term lasted merely 2 months. It is not clear whether he was sidetracked or withdrew from major politics; as in 1944 he was received by Franco it does not seem that he found himself in disfavor, though since the mid-1940s he held no major posts in the party, state structures or local Valencian administration.Cárcer key system roles were those related to a peculiar realm of the Francoist labor organization, supposed to unite workers and proprietors. He was jefe of Hermandad Sindical Provincial de Labradores y Ganaderos de Valencia and member of Comité Sindical de la Seda within Comisión de Incorporación Industrial y Mercantil. Active in Juntas Nacionales de los Grupos de Producción y de Industriales y Elaboradores de Arroz within Sindicato de Cereales, later he grew to directivo of Sindicatos Agrarios of Movimiento; it is not clear when he ceased. On the business side, he entered executive boards of Luso Española de Porcelanas, Banco de España, Naviliera Industrial Española and Compania Valenciana de Cementos Portland. Manglano went on also with his orange and rice businesses, anxious that the Francoist policy of nearing the Axis might damage fruit exports to Britain.At the turn of the decades Cárcer's star was on the rise again. In 1949 he got aristocratic titles, inherited from his late father though not formally acknowledged since 1937, recognized by Franco; in 1950 the dictator conferred upon him Grandeza de España, the honor received with the likes of José Moscardó, José Calvo Sotelo, Emilio Mola Vidal and José Antonio Primo de Rivera. In 1952 admitted again by Franco, the same year Manglano was appointed to the 6. Consejo Nacional of the Movimiento, which in turn guaranteed – following the pause of 9 years – a seat in the Cortes. Franco kept appointing Cárcer to 5 consecutive Falangist councils, which translated into prolongation of Cortes mandates in 1955, 1958, 1961 and 1964.Throughout the 1950s and 1960s Cárcer did not play any role in national politics; Consejo Nacional and Cortes Españolas were largely decorative bodies which ensured prestige and connections, but not political power. He is noted as member of many committees and groups, taking part in a number of parliamentary debates of moderate importance, e.g. those shaping the rural fiscal regime or regulating women's access to juridical jobs; only some, like nationalizing of Banca de España, the move he fruitlessly opposed, carried a lot of weight. None of these interventions compares to his hectic activity during the 1967 discussion related to law on religious liberty. Cárcer emerged as one of the most outspoken and vehement opponents of the draft and was a number of times noted as trying to block the legislation.In 1967 Cárcer was not appointed to Consejo Nacional; it is not clear whether his religious zeal carried him too far away or whether himself he decided to test his popularity in the newly opened pool of Cortes mandates, up for grabs in semi-free elections from the so-called tercio familiar. He stood in his native Valencia but lost and had to renounce the mandate. His last and his first days in the Spanish diet are spanned by 48 years, rendering Cárcer one of the national record-holders in terms of duration of parliamentary career.Cárcer retained anti-Falangist, Traditionalist identity, which was not incompatible with an "extreme addiction to the regime". On the other hand, his stand was irreconcilable with intransigent opposition originally mounted by the Carlist leader, Manuel Fal. Cárcer sided rather with his rival, conde Rodezno, leader of the breakaway faction pursuing a collaborationist path. In the mid-1940s he neared the Alfonsist claimant Don Juan, by the Rodeznistas considered a would-be candidate to the throne also according to the Carlist reading. In the 1950s he definitely broke with the regent Don Javier and declared Don Juan the legitimate heir; Cárcer entered his Consejo Privado and was nominated royal representative in Region Valenciana.Though since the early post-war years Cárcer had nothing to do with mainstream Carlism, he kept considering himself a Carlist. When received by Franco in 1970, together with other collaborationists he claimed to have represented "antiguo ". At that time Carlism was being taken over by a progressist, socialist faction of Don Javier's son, Don Carlos Hugo. Together with a number of other Traditionalists Cárcer attempted to mount a counter-strike; in an open 1974 letter to Carlist leaders expulsed by the Hugocarlistas, Zamanillo and Valiente, he advocated merging all traditionally-minded Carlist factions - Hermandad del Maestrazgo, Centro Zumalacarregui, Regencia de Estella, Circulos Vazquez de Mella – into a new Comunión, which would "form part of Movimiento Nacional and serve Catholic faith and Spain" under the orders of Franco and the future king, Juan Carlos.After the death of Franco and during dismantling of his regime Cárcer withdrew from politics and public life, as octogenarian hardly active in aristocratic Catholic organizations like Real Hermandad del Santo Calíz de Valencia, the congregation he presided. None of the nationwide newspapers acknowledged his death in an editorial, except for paid obituaries. He gained no monograph and in scholarly discourse is extensively featured only in a single work on early Francoism in Valencia. In public debate his name is referred to during efforts to rename Avenida Barón de Cárcer, the name Avenida del Oeste was given in the 1940s. Though some claim that the name honors ancient holders of the title, militant democratic groupings demand that the street is purged according to the Ley de Memoria Historica regulations. From some viewpoints – present also in scholarly works – his name is noted when denouncing the current Spanish system as merely a "formal democracy", in fact continuation of the Fascist Francoist setting.
|
[
"mayor of Valencia",
"Member of the Congress of Deputies",
"procurador en Cortes"
] |
|
Which position did Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull hold in Mar, 1943?
|
March 28, 1943
|
{
"text": [
"mayor of Valencia"
]
}
|
L2_Q10956804_P39_2
|
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Cortes republicanas from Nov, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of procurador en Cortes from May, 1952 to Nov, 1967.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from Jun, 1919 to Oct, 1920.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of mayor of Valencia from Apr, 1939 to May, 1943.
|
Joaquín Manglano y Cucaló de MontullJoaquín Manglano y Cucaló de Montull, (1892-1985) was a Spanish entrepreneur, official, Catholic activist and politician. In terms of business he is known mostly as member of the Levantine economic oligarchy, in terms of officialdom as a Francoist mayor of Valencia (1939-1943) and a longtime Cortes deputy (1952-1967), in terms of Catholic activity as president of Legión Católica Española and in terms of politics as a Carlist. He was Grandee of Spain, 15. Baron of Cárcer, 2. Baron of Beniomer, 18. Baron of Llaurí, 6. Count of Burgo de Laverazo, 2. Marquis of Altamira de la Puebla, 13. Baron of Alcahalí de San Juan y MosqueraThe Manglano family was first noted in the 14th century, related to Alcarria; they grew to major Castilian landholders in the 16th and 17th century. In the mid-18th century its branch settled in Levante; accumulating land in the Valencia province they grew to regidores and, by means of marriage, entered the aristocratic strata. Joaquín's paternal grandfather, Jose Pedro Manglano y Ruiz (1819-1900), gained new aristocratic titles, in 1867-1868 served as a Cortes deputy and emerged as one of the most prestigious local personalities.Joaquín's father, Luis Manglano y Palencia (1863–1937), inherited some of the titles and most of the real estate wealth, adding also new honors to his collection; until the 1910s in public realm he was noted mostly as leader of aristocratic Valencian Catholic organizations. He married Josefa Cucaló de Montull y Cubells (1861–1951), a girl of prestigious aristocratic descent who brought yet new titles to the family. The couple had 8 children, Joaquín born as the oldest of the siblings.Joaquín was first educated - like his father, brothers and sons - at the prestigious Jesuit Colegio San José in Valencia, completing the curriculum in 1908. He then went on to study both law and letters. He spent academic years with University of Valencia, but obtained PhD laurels in 1914 in Madrid thanks to the thesis titled "Apuntes para una memoria sobre El Justicia de Valencia". He might have intended to work as a secondary school teacher, but in the mid-1910 he was already referred to as “joven abogado valenciano” and having later inherited most of his fathers’ wealth, lived off the family business. In the 1950s he pursued his interest in history by publishing few works.In 1922 Manglano married Maria del Pilar Baldoví y Miquel (1902-1999), descendant to a noble Baldoví family, owners of landholdings in Ribera Baixa; she brought to the already opulent marriage the Tancat de la Baldovina, hundreds of hectares of rice-growing areas near Sueca. The couple settled in Valencia, on calle Salvador; they had 5 children, born between 1923 and 1933; though some of them became known locally, none grew to a nationally recognized figure. , a military involved in CESID, was his nephew. , a currently active Spanish politician, is his grand-nephew.Manglano accumulated a number of aristocratic titles. In 1916 he was awarded a long defunct honor of 15. , the name alternatively applied to him by contemporary press and by present-day scholars alike. Following death of his father, in 1949 Manglano was confirmed as 2. and 18. . In 1950 the regime conferred upon him Grandeza de España. In 1953 he inherited the title and became the 6. , in 1956 the 2. and in 1962 the 13. Baron of Alcahalí. By the end of his life Manglano ceded some of the titles to his offspring, in one case re-acquiring it as he outlived his son.Throughout the 19th century Manglano's ascendants did not demonstrate clear political penchant: the Barón de Llaurí family is listed as traditionally pro-Liberal, Barón de Cárcer family as traditionally ambiguous and Barón de Terrateig traditionally Carlist. However, in the early 20th century his father was clearly active as a Conservative. The young Joaquín, apart from having been first noted as joining Orden de Montesa in 1909, during his academic years engaged in emerging Catholic initiatives; they are currently classified as falling somewhere in-between Christian Democracy and Social Catholicism. Influenced by Herrera Oria and , in 1912 Manglano was recorded as active in catolicismo agrario, visiting local Levantine villages and advocating workers’ self-organization; in 1913 he contributed himself to setting up Sindicato Cátolico Agrario. In the mid-1910s he was also active in the Valencian Centro de Jovenes para la Defensa Social and together with his father took part in initiatives bringing together various breeds of ultra-conservative groupings, apart from the Conservatives including the Integrists and the Jaimists.In 1916 Joaquín supported own father in his bid for the Cortes from Nules; in the extremely divided local conservative setting Luis Manglano was elected thanks to support of the right-wing conservative fraction named Maurists, the Carlists, and the Republicans. In 1917 Joaquín appeared among ciervistas, followers of another conservative tycoon, Juan de la Cierva. During the 1918 campaign he decided to compete himself, undoubtedly banking on previous success of his father, also from Nules. Political environment was extremely complex: according to a present-day scholar he was supposed to represent the Maurists and two Carlist groups, the mainstream Jaimists and the local breakaways, named Paquistas, who even set up "La Gaceta de Levante" to support the campaign. The Carlists eventually supported Jaime Chicharro and it was only the mauristas who backed Cárcer, though contemporary press dubbed Manglano ciervo-datista or ciervista. The result was that with the conservative vote split, the mandate went to a Liberal candidate.In 1919 Manglano decided to try again, though political setting was already entirely different: with Maura serving as the prime minister, barón de Cárcer was to stand as a governmental candidate with all electoral infrastructure at his disposal. Though initially he was to stand in Nules, it was finally decided that Albocàsser offered better chances; indeed, with no counter-candidate standing, he was declared victorious according to notorious Article 29. During the brief term in the parliament he emerged as a rather active newcomer and was noted mostly as outspoken advocate of governmental support for catholic trade unions, supposed to provide a bulwark against “red workers”. During the following campaign of 1920 Manglano concluded that mauristas had nothing to offer, vacillating between datistas and ciervistas; supposed to run as ciervista he finally resigned; the setting persisted until the 1923 campaign.As the 1923 advent of Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought national political life to a standstill, all existing parties have been dissolved. It is not clear how Manglano approached the end of liberal democracy; however, in January 1924 he was recorded as admitted by the dictator at a personal meeting, when probably Cárcer offered his support for the new regime. Though he was soon noted as engaged in a new primoderiverista state party, Unión Patriótica, until the mid-1920s Manglano was not recorded as landing any jobs either in the party or in the administration. His public activities during that period focused on two areas: business and Catholic initiatives.Already in the 1910s active in corporate organizations and pressure groups of orange producers, in the early 1920s he emerged as a fairly belligerent speaker, at the Valencian Asamblea Naranjera comparing their militants to soldiers who recognized no limits. In the mid-1920s he rose to executive of Federación de Productores de Naranja de Levante, finally becoming its treasurer. Once he married into the rice business Manglano commenced activities also in their groupings. He animated the local Cámara Oficial Agrícola and Cámara de la Propiedad Rústica, cultivating the trade union link at Sindicato Agrícola de San Bernardo and exploiting his UP connection. On the Catholic side he was active in Legión Católica and Acción Católica, the former an aristocratic and the latter a popular organization. In Acción he grew to propaganda coordinator of the Valencia branch. In Legión he became president of the Valencia organization, member of Consejo Nacional, vice-president and finally president of Legión Católica Española.At unspecified time Cárcer was nominated to the Valencian ayuntamiento; according to some sources the appointment might have taken place in 1926 and according to other it occurred in January 1927. Neither his exact position nor role is clear; referred to either as regidor, concejal or teniente de alcalde, he was noted as engaged in trade, scholarship, festivities and local suburban administration. He resigned from the city council in August 1928, but in February 1929 was again noted as active; it is not clear when he ceased. Received by Alfonso XIII in 1930, in the early 1931 he was acknowledged as running in the local elections, but nothing is known of their outcome; most likely he lost.In the early months of the Republic Cárcer, initially appearing at good terms with local authorities, engaged in conservative meetings united with his old-time rival, Chicharro. Some sources report him taking part in the pro-Alfonsist Acción Española and running for the Cortes from Albocàsser and Vinaròs, information not confirmed elsewhere. By the Left he was clearly recognized as a reactionary enemy: in September 1931 some of his property went up in flames. In February 1932 the civil governor acknowledged him as inflammatory speaker and declared that his meetings would be monitored by the security to ensure he does not go off limits.During his early career Cárcer had many close encounters with the Carlists; as a teenager he met them at joint Integrist meetings, negotiated their support when running for the Cortes and by some newspapers was even once reported as their candidate. Privately he used to meet a longtime Valencian Carlist leader, , at meetings of Colegio San José associates; perhaps most importantly, his mother and his wife came from the Carlist families. However, it was only in the spring of 1932 that he started to visit their meetings and deliver addresses. At that time his Conservative stand adopted a decisively anti-Republican flavor.It is likely that Manglano engaged in gear-up to the Sanjurjo coup. Official information claimed a contraband of weapons directed to Cárcer had been intercepted, though when it came to details only one pistol was discovered. He was arrested mid-August in Pamplona and released early October 1932. Legal measures taken materialized as expropriation of his landholdings; he was denounced as the one who tried to “set the fire on”. According to some sources he was sent to the Spanish African prison outpost in Villa Cisneros, where he was finally converted to Carlism and joined the movement as part of "Grupo de Villacisneros". In the late 1932 and most of 1933 Manglano was already fully engaged in Carlist propaganda in Levante, demonstrating also a penchant for joint monarchist alliance with Renovación Española. He was briefly detained again in the summer of 1933.In the second Republican campaign to the Cortes Cárcer stood as a Carlist candidate on a joint Valencian Right-wing list; elected, after the 13-year-break he resumed the parliamentary career. In the diet he joined commissión de guerra and indeed remained very active on military-related issues: proposed his own draft on NCOs organization, discussed officer retirement rules, navy armament, operations of the carabineros and above all, demanding larger share of the budget for the army. One of the most active Carlist deputies, Manglano addressed also a number of other questions, ranging from public space to schooling and prison services, with rice and orange production dedicated due attention as well.In 1934-1936 Cárcer went on with ever-increasing propaganda activities, both in his native area and far beyond it, featured also in Traditionalist press and in 1934 nominated to co-head Delegación de Propaganda within the national Carlist executive. He shared the generally uncompromising and fiercely anti-Republican party line, on the one hand lambasting CEDA and Gil-Robles while on the other demanding harsh measures against Manuel Azaña, charged with supporting the 1934 revolution. It is not clear what his role was in the Levantine party structures; some authors claim he was president of Junta Regional. He was not listed as running in the 1936 electoral campaign, though the issue is not entirely clear. Beyond Carlism, he rose to national executive of Junta Central del Tiro Nacional, a shooting association.It is obscure whether Cárcer was engaged in the forthcoming coup. When it commenced he was in Irún, an aristocratic summer holiday location or an escape route to France. He soon found his way to Burgos, meeting Mola and offering own services. Outcome of the talks is not clear; it is known, however, that Cárcer's properties in Valencia and Madrid were searched, his brother detained and executed. There is scarce information on Cárcer's whereabouts during late 1936; one author claims he enlisted to Requeté. The most reliable information is that following Nationalist conquest of the city he returned to Irún, together with a number of Levantine Carlists setting up sort of regional Valencian Carlist executive on exile. The group focused on assistance to Levantine refugees and on editing a weekly "Valencia". At that time he acted as „comisario carlista por Valencia”.Supporting the Nationalist army - most likely by financial donations - and remembered for his pro-military Cortes harangues, Cárcer went on well with the military. Member of the Carlist wartime executive, in early 1937 he advocated acceptance of amalgamation of Carlism into Falange Española Tradicionalista, though he refrained from taking part in last-minute attempt of internal coup within the party. In mid-1937 he transformed the exile Carlist Valencian organization into the FET one, the difference having been that it was based in San Sebastián. Some authors identify him merely as member of Secretaría Regional of FET, others claim that until early 1938 was co-heading the Valencian branch. Despite unification, Manglano stuck to his Traditionalist identity; he soon embarked on war against the Falangist old-shirts, competing with them for control of the Valencian FET.When in the spring of 1938 the Nationalist troops seized first comarcas of the Valencian region, rivalry to control its FET branch translated into rivalry for real power. With Castellón province fully controlled by May, in June Cárcer was appointed head of the provincial FET, one of 3 most important civil positions in every province. When speculating about his nomination scholars consider Francoist policy of keeping different political families in check by balancing their influence, Cárcer's good relations with Serrano Suñer or pressure on part of pro-Carlist Army of Levante commander, general Orgaz.Once appointed, Manglano embarked on all-out war against the Falangist old-shirts, trying to turn the province into a Carlist fiefdom. He denounced them as disguised Leftists, did his best to get the Falangist military unit, Bandera Valenciana, dissolved, and appointed Traditionalists to key positions in party and administrative structures. In later reports he was denounced as sabotaging unification, spending party money on Traditionalist propaganda and allowing Carlist youth to prowl the streets shouting “Viva el Rey”. However, the Falangists stroke back, complaining about his omnipresence. In October 1938 Cárcer travelled to Burgos to enhance his position, but the mission backfired. In January 1939 he was dismissed from the Castellón FET jefatura. Total personal reshuffling followed and the attempt to ensure Carlist domination in the province ended up in failure.Though Manglano's dismissal from provincial Castellón jefatura might have looked like a fall from grace, it turned out to have been an episode in the Francoist checks-and-balances policy. Soon after in April 1939 the Nationalist troops entered Valencia, he was nominated mayor of the city, at that time the third largest urban centre of Spain. The post rendered him one of the most powerful Carlist politicians within Francoist structures, second only to the then Minister of Justice, conde Rodezno. Unlike in Castellón, his relations with FET were good, even though he resumed his strategy of favoring Traditionalist sympathizers. Another preference visible in his personal policy was nominating individuals related to local business oligarchy; never again in the Valencian history would it have such a firm grip on local government.As mayor Cárcer focused on reconstruction and urban re-organization. The former was mostly related to the maritime quarter, heavily bombed during the war, and to restoration of pre-Republican monuments and facilities, especially the Catholic ones. The latter was about expansion towards the sea and , pushing the railroad rings suffocating the city traffic into the tunnels and turning Avenida del Oeste into a modern city axis, together with setting a number of similar, major streets. He tried to address massive housing shortages by launching cheap community houses project and to deal with dramatically underdeveloped education infrastructure. Minor but lasting projects were construction of a new bus terminal, building food markets, especially the central , and re-claiming heritage sites. He also defended usage of valenciano against espanolismo of the civil governor.In terms of urban planning the Cárcer term is criticized as improvisation, especially that the first long-term plan was approved after he had left. Setting new straight major throughways was already in the 1940s lambasted as childish and anti-social, as it led to destruction of historical boroughs and demolition of existing houses with no replacement provided. Management of municipal finances, considered totally chaotic, attracts even heavier criticism. Though during the 1940 audience with Franco Cárcer ensured hefty credit line, his concept of enhancing city income relied mostly on "politica annexionista". For some time the city used the 1935 budget for its planning, the result having been a major deficit.Manglano's mayorship is subject to general onslaught as the period of massive real estate speculation, by some scholars considered key feature of his rule. With loose building regulations disguised as "favoring labor", Valencia became a Mecca of construction companies and petrified domination of local economic tycoons. Though in the 1980s a local daily hailed him as great mayor, in both scholarly works and radical Left-wing propaganda Manglano is lambasted as incompetent and chaotic administrator and representative of local Fascist oligarchy. It is not clear whether this opinion was shared by his contemporaries. It is also unknown whether the Falangist – Carlist rivalry or any other politics was in play when he ceased as mayor in 1943.Though as mayor of a provincial capital Cárcer was entitled to enter the 1943-created Francoist diet, Cortes Españoles, once he stepped down as alcalde he lost also the parliamentary ticket; his term lasted merely 2 months. It is not clear whether he was sidetracked or withdrew from major politics; as in 1944 he was received by Franco it does not seem that he found himself in disfavor, though since the mid-1940s he held no major posts in the party, state structures or local Valencian administration.Cárcer key system roles were those related to a peculiar realm of the Francoist labor organization, supposed to unite workers and proprietors. He was jefe of Hermandad Sindical Provincial de Labradores y Ganaderos de Valencia and member of Comité Sindical de la Seda within Comisión de Incorporación Industrial y Mercantil. Active in Juntas Nacionales de los Grupos de Producción y de Industriales y Elaboradores de Arroz within Sindicato de Cereales, later he grew to directivo of Sindicatos Agrarios of Movimiento; it is not clear when he ceased. On the business side, he entered executive boards of Luso Española de Porcelanas, Banco de España, Naviliera Industrial Española and Compania Valenciana de Cementos Portland. Manglano went on also with his orange and rice businesses, anxious that the Francoist policy of nearing the Axis might damage fruit exports to Britain.At the turn of the decades Cárcer's star was on the rise again. In 1949 he got aristocratic titles, inherited from his late father though not formally acknowledged since 1937, recognized by Franco; in 1950 the dictator conferred upon him Grandeza de España, the honor received with the likes of José Moscardó, José Calvo Sotelo, Emilio Mola Vidal and José Antonio Primo de Rivera. In 1952 admitted again by Franco, the same year Manglano was appointed to the 6. Consejo Nacional of the Movimiento, which in turn guaranteed – following the pause of 9 years – a seat in the Cortes. Franco kept appointing Cárcer to 5 consecutive Falangist councils, which translated into prolongation of Cortes mandates in 1955, 1958, 1961 and 1964.Throughout the 1950s and 1960s Cárcer did not play any role in national politics; Consejo Nacional and Cortes Españolas were largely decorative bodies which ensured prestige and connections, but not political power. He is noted as member of many committees and groups, taking part in a number of parliamentary debates of moderate importance, e.g. those shaping the rural fiscal regime or regulating women's access to juridical jobs; only some, like nationalizing of Banca de España, the move he fruitlessly opposed, carried a lot of weight. None of these interventions compares to his hectic activity during the 1967 discussion related to law on religious liberty. Cárcer emerged as one of the most outspoken and vehement opponents of the draft and was a number of times noted as trying to block the legislation.In 1967 Cárcer was not appointed to Consejo Nacional; it is not clear whether his religious zeal carried him too far away or whether himself he decided to test his popularity in the newly opened pool of Cortes mandates, up for grabs in semi-free elections from the so-called tercio familiar. He stood in his native Valencia but lost and had to renounce the mandate. His last and his first days in the Spanish diet are spanned by 48 years, rendering Cárcer one of the national record-holders in terms of duration of parliamentary career.Cárcer retained anti-Falangist, Traditionalist identity, which was not incompatible with an "extreme addiction to the regime". On the other hand, his stand was irreconcilable with intransigent opposition originally mounted by the Carlist leader, Manuel Fal. Cárcer sided rather with his rival, conde Rodezno, leader of the breakaway faction pursuing a collaborationist path. In the mid-1940s he neared the Alfonsist claimant Don Juan, by the Rodeznistas considered a would-be candidate to the throne also according to the Carlist reading. In the 1950s he definitely broke with the regent Don Javier and declared Don Juan the legitimate heir; Cárcer entered his Consejo Privado and was nominated royal representative in Region Valenciana.Though since the early post-war years Cárcer had nothing to do with mainstream Carlism, he kept considering himself a Carlist. When received by Franco in 1970, together with other collaborationists he claimed to have represented "antiguo ". At that time Carlism was being taken over by a progressist, socialist faction of Don Javier's son, Don Carlos Hugo. Together with a number of other Traditionalists Cárcer attempted to mount a counter-strike; in an open 1974 letter to Carlist leaders expulsed by the Hugocarlistas, Zamanillo and Valiente, he advocated merging all traditionally-minded Carlist factions - Hermandad del Maestrazgo, Centro Zumalacarregui, Regencia de Estella, Circulos Vazquez de Mella – into a new Comunión, which would "form part of Movimiento Nacional and serve Catholic faith and Spain" under the orders of Franco and the future king, Juan Carlos.After the death of Franco and during dismantling of his regime Cárcer withdrew from politics and public life, as octogenarian hardly active in aristocratic Catholic organizations like Real Hermandad del Santo Calíz de Valencia, the congregation he presided. None of the nationwide newspapers acknowledged his death in an editorial, except for paid obituaries. He gained no monograph and in scholarly discourse is extensively featured only in a single work on early Francoism in Valencia. In public debate his name is referred to during efforts to rename Avenida Barón de Cárcer, the name Avenida del Oeste was given in the 1940s. Though some claim that the name honors ancient holders of the title, militant democratic groupings demand that the street is purged according to the Ley de Memoria Historica regulations. From some viewpoints – present also in scholarly works – his name is noted when denouncing the current Spanish system as merely a "formal democracy", in fact continuation of the Fascist Francoist setting.
|
[
"Member of the Congress of Deputies",
"Member of the Cortes republicanas",
"procurador en Cortes"
] |
|
Which position did Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull hold in Jun, 1961?
|
June 10, 1961
|
{
"text": [
"procurador en Cortes"
]
}
|
L2_Q10956804_P39_3
|
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Cortes republicanas from Nov, 1933 to Jan, 1936.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of procurador en Cortes from May, 1952 to Nov, 1967.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of mayor of Valencia from Apr, 1939 to May, 1943.
Joaquín Manglano Cucaló de Montull holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from Jun, 1919 to Oct, 1920.
|
Joaquín Manglano y Cucaló de MontullJoaquín Manglano y Cucaló de Montull, (1892-1985) was a Spanish entrepreneur, official, Catholic activist and politician. In terms of business he is known mostly as member of the Levantine economic oligarchy, in terms of officialdom as a Francoist mayor of Valencia (1939-1943) and a longtime Cortes deputy (1952-1967), in terms of Catholic activity as president of Legión Católica Española and in terms of politics as a Carlist. He was Grandee of Spain, 15. Baron of Cárcer, 2. Baron of Beniomer, 18. Baron of Llaurí, 6. Count of Burgo de Laverazo, 2. Marquis of Altamira de la Puebla, 13. Baron of Alcahalí de San Juan y MosqueraThe Manglano family was first noted in the 14th century, related to Alcarria; they grew to major Castilian landholders in the 16th and 17th century. In the mid-18th century its branch settled in Levante; accumulating land in the Valencia province they grew to regidores and, by means of marriage, entered the aristocratic strata. Joaquín's paternal grandfather, Jose Pedro Manglano y Ruiz (1819-1900), gained new aristocratic titles, in 1867-1868 served as a Cortes deputy and emerged as one of the most prestigious local personalities.Joaquín's father, Luis Manglano y Palencia (1863–1937), inherited some of the titles and most of the real estate wealth, adding also new honors to his collection; until the 1910s in public realm he was noted mostly as leader of aristocratic Valencian Catholic organizations. He married Josefa Cucaló de Montull y Cubells (1861–1951), a girl of prestigious aristocratic descent who brought yet new titles to the family. The couple had 8 children, Joaquín born as the oldest of the siblings.Joaquín was first educated - like his father, brothers and sons - at the prestigious Jesuit Colegio San José in Valencia, completing the curriculum in 1908. He then went on to study both law and letters. He spent academic years with University of Valencia, but obtained PhD laurels in 1914 in Madrid thanks to the thesis titled "Apuntes para una memoria sobre El Justicia de Valencia". He might have intended to work as a secondary school teacher, but in the mid-1910 he was already referred to as “joven abogado valenciano” and having later inherited most of his fathers’ wealth, lived off the family business. In the 1950s he pursued his interest in history by publishing few works.In 1922 Manglano married Maria del Pilar Baldoví y Miquel (1902-1999), descendant to a noble Baldoví family, owners of landholdings in Ribera Baixa; she brought to the already opulent marriage the Tancat de la Baldovina, hundreds of hectares of rice-growing areas near Sueca. The couple settled in Valencia, on calle Salvador; they had 5 children, born between 1923 and 1933; though some of them became known locally, none grew to a nationally recognized figure. , a military involved in CESID, was his nephew. , a currently active Spanish politician, is his grand-nephew.Manglano accumulated a number of aristocratic titles. In 1916 he was awarded a long defunct honor of 15. , the name alternatively applied to him by contemporary press and by present-day scholars alike. Following death of his father, in 1949 Manglano was confirmed as 2. and 18. . In 1950 the regime conferred upon him Grandeza de España. In 1953 he inherited the title and became the 6. , in 1956 the 2. and in 1962 the 13. Baron of Alcahalí. By the end of his life Manglano ceded some of the titles to his offspring, in one case re-acquiring it as he outlived his son.Throughout the 19th century Manglano's ascendants did not demonstrate clear political penchant: the Barón de Llaurí family is listed as traditionally pro-Liberal, Barón de Cárcer family as traditionally ambiguous and Barón de Terrateig traditionally Carlist. However, in the early 20th century his father was clearly active as a Conservative. The young Joaquín, apart from having been first noted as joining Orden de Montesa in 1909, during his academic years engaged in emerging Catholic initiatives; they are currently classified as falling somewhere in-between Christian Democracy and Social Catholicism. Influenced by Herrera Oria and , in 1912 Manglano was recorded as active in catolicismo agrario, visiting local Levantine villages and advocating workers’ self-organization; in 1913 he contributed himself to setting up Sindicato Cátolico Agrario. In the mid-1910s he was also active in the Valencian Centro de Jovenes para la Defensa Social and together with his father took part in initiatives bringing together various breeds of ultra-conservative groupings, apart from the Conservatives including the Integrists and the Jaimists.In 1916 Joaquín supported own father in his bid for the Cortes from Nules; in the extremely divided local conservative setting Luis Manglano was elected thanks to support of the right-wing conservative fraction named Maurists, the Carlists, and the Republicans. In 1917 Joaquín appeared among ciervistas, followers of another conservative tycoon, Juan de la Cierva. During the 1918 campaign he decided to compete himself, undoubtedly banking on previous success of his father, also from Nules. Political environment was extremely complex: according to a present-day scholar he was supposed to represent the Maurists and two Carlist groups, the mainstream Jaimists and the local breakaways, named Paquistas, who even set up "La Gaceta de Levante" to support the campaign. The Carlists eventually supported Jaime Chicharro and it was only the mauristas who backed Cárcer, though contemporary press dubbed Manglano ciervo-datista or ciervista. The result was that with the conservative vote split, the mandate went to a Liberal candidate.In 1919 Manglano decided to try again, though political setting was already entirely different: with Maura serving as the prime minister, barón de Cárcer was to stand as a governmental candidate with all electoral infrastructure at his disposal. Though initially he was to stand in Nules, it was finally decided that Albocàsser offered better chances; indeed, with no counter-candidate standing, he was declared victorious according to notorious Article 29. During the brief term in the parliament he emerged as a rather active newcomer and was noted mostly as outspoken advocate of governmental support for catholic trade unions, supposed to provide a bulwark against “red workers”. During the following campaign of 1920 Manglano concluded that mauristas had nothing to offer, vacillating between datistas and ciervistas; supposed to run as ciervista he finally resigned; the setting persisted until the 1923 campaign.As the 1923 advent of Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought national political life to a standstill, all existing parties have been dissolved. It is not clear how Manglano approached the end of liberal democracy; however, in January 1924 he was recorded as admitted by the dictator at a personal meeting, when probably Cárcer offered his support for the new regime. Though he was soon noted as engaged in a new primoderiverista state party, Unión Patriótica, until the mid-1920s Manglano was not recorded as landing any jobs either in the party or in the administration. His public activities during that period focused on two areas: business and Catholic initiatives.Already in the 1910s active in corporate organizations and pressure groups of orange producers, in the early 1920s he emerged as a fairly belligerent speaker, at the Valencian Asamblea Naranjera comparing their militants to soldiers who recognized no limits. In the mid-1920s he rose to executive of Federación de Productores de Naranja de Levante, finally becoming its treasurer. Once he married into the rice business Manglano commenced activities also in their groupings. He animated the local Cámara Oficial Agrícola and Cámara de la Propiedad Rústica, cultivating the trade union link at Sindicato Agrícola de San Bernardo and exploiting his UP connection. On the Catholic side he was active in Legión Católica and Acción Católica, the former an aristocratic and the latter a popular organization. In Acción he grew to propaganda coordinator of the Valencia branch. In Legión he became president of the Valencia organization, member of Consejo Nacional, vice-president and finally president of Legión Católica Española.At unspecified time Cárcer was nominated to the Valencian ayuntamiento; according to some sources the appointment might have taken place in 1926 and according to other it occurred in January 1927. Neither his exact position nor role is clear; referred to either as regidor, concejal or teniente de alcalde, he was noted as engaged in trade, scholarship, festivities and local suburban administration. He resigned from the city council in August 1928, but in February 1929 was again noted as active; it is not clear when he ceased. Received by Alfonso XIII in 1930, in the early 1931 he was acknowledged as running in the local elections, but nothing is known of their outcome; most likely he lost.In the early months of the Republic Cárcer, initially appearing at good terms with local authorities, engaged in conservative meetings united with his old-time rival, Chicharro. Some sources report him taking part in the pro-Alfonsist Acción Española and running for the Cortes from Albocàsser and Vinaròs, information not confirmed elsewhere. By the Left he was clearly recognized as a reactionary enemy: in September 1931 some of his property went up in flames. In February 1932 the civil governor acknowledged him as inflammatory speaker and declared that his meetings would be monitored by the security to ensure he does not go off limits.During his early career Cárcer had many close encounters with the Carlists; as a teenager he met them at joint Integrist meetings, negotiated their support when running for the Cortes and by some newspapers was even once reported as their candidate. Privately he used to meet a longtime Valencian Carlist leader, , at meetings of Colegio San José associates; perhaps most importantly, his mother and his wife came from the Carlist families. However, it was only in the spring of 1932 that he started to visit their meetings and deliver addresses. At that time his Conservative stand adopted a decisively anti-Republican flavor.It is likely that Manglano engaged in gear-up to the Sanjurjo coup. Official information claimed a contraband of weapons directed to Cárcer had been intercepted, though when it came to details only one pistol was discovered. He was arrested mid-August in Pamplona and released early October 1932. Legal measures taken materialized as expropriation of his landholdings; he was denounced as the one who tried to “set the fire on”. According to some sources he was sent to the Spanish African prison outpost in Villa Cisneros, where he was finally converted to Carlism and joined the movement as part of "Grupo de Villacisneros". In the late 1932 and most of 1933 Manglano was already fully engaged in Carlist propaganda in Levante, demonstrating also a penchant for joint monarchist alliance with Renovación Española. He was briefly detained again in the summer of 1933.In the second Republican campaign to the Cortes Cárcer stood as a Carlist candidate on a joint Valencian Right-wing list; elected, after the 13-year-break he resumed the parliamentary career. In the diet he joined commissión de guerra and indeed remained very active on military-related issues: proposed his own draft on NCOs organization, discussed officer retirement rules, navy armament, operations of the carabineros and above all, demanding larger share of the budget for the army. One of the most active Carlist deputies, Manglano addressed also a number of other questions, ranging from public space to schooling and prison services, with rice and orange production dedicated due attention as well.In 1934-1936 Cárcer went on with ever-increasing propaganda activities, both in his native area and far beyond it, featured also in Traditionalist press and in 1934 nominated to co-head Delegación de Propaganda within the national Carlist executive. He shared the generally uncompromising and fiercely anti-Republican party line, on the one hand lambasting CEDA and Gil-Robles while on the other demanding harsh measures against Manuel Azaña, charged with supporting the 1934 revolution. It is not clear what his role was in the Levantine party structures; some authors claim he was president of Junta Regional. He was not listed as running in the 1936 electoral campaign, though the issue is not entirely clear. Beyond Carlism, he rose to national executive of Junta Central del Tiro Nacional, a shooting association.It is obscure whether Cárcer was engaged in the forthcoming coup. When it commenced he was in Irún, an aristocratic summer holiday location or an escape route to France. He soon found his way to Burgos, meeting Mola and offering own services. Outcome of the talks is not clear; it is known, however, that Cárcer's properties in Valencia and Madrid were searched, his brother detained and executed. There is scarce information on Cárcer's whereabouts during late 1936; one author claims he enlisted to Requeté. The most reliable information is that following Nationalist conquest of the city he returned to Irún, together with a number of Levantine Carlists setting up sort of regional Valencian Carlist executive on exile. The group focused on assistance to Levantine refugees and on editing a weekly "Valencia". At that time he acted as „comisario carlista por Valencia”.Supporting the Nationalist army - most likely by financial donations - and remembered for his pro-military Cortes harangues, Cárcer went on well with the military. Member of the Carlist wartime executive, in early 1937 he advocated acceptance of amalgamation of Carlism into Falange Española Tradicionalista, though he refrained from taking part in last-minute attempt of internal coup within the party. In mid-1937 he transformed the exile Carlist Valencian organization into the FET one, the difference having been that it was based in San Sebastián. Some authors identify him merely as member of Secretaría Regional of FET, others claim that until early 1938 was co-heading the Valencian branch. Despite unification, Manglano stuck to his Traditionalist identity; he soon embarked on war against the Falangist old-shirts, competing with them for control of the Valencian FET.When in the spring of 1938 the Nationalist troops seized first comarcas of the Valencian region, rivalry to control its FET branch translated into rivalry for real power. With Castellón province fully controlled by May, in June Cárcer was appointed head of the provincial FET, one of 3 most important civil positions in every province. When speculating about his nomination scholars consider Francoist policy of keeping different political families in check by balancing their influence, Cárcer's good relations with Serrano Suñer or pressure on part of pro-Carlist Army of Levante commander, general Orgaz.Once appointed, Manglano embarked on all-out war against the Falangist old-shirts, trying to turn the province into a Carlist fiefdom. He denounced them as disguised Leftists, did his best to get the Falangist military unit, Bandera Valenciana, dissolved, and appointed Traditionalists to key positions in party and administrative structures. In later reports he was denounced as sabotaging unification, spending party money on Traditionalist propaganda and allowing Carlist youth to prowl the streets shouting “Viva el Rey”. However, the Falangists stroke back, complaining about his omnipresence. In October 1938 Cárcer travelled to Burgos to enhance his position, but the mission backfired. In January 1939 he was dismissed from the Castellón FET jefatura. Total personal reshuffling followed and the attempt to ensure Carlist domination in the province ended up in failure.Though Manglano's dismissal from provincial Castellón jefatura might have looked like a fall from grace, it turned out to have been an episode in the Francoist checks-and-balances policy. Soon after in April 1939 the Nationalist troops entered Valencia, he was nominated mayor of the city, at that time the third largest urban centre of Spain. The post rendered him one of the most powerful Carlist politicians within Francoist structures, second only to the then Minister of Justice, conde Rodezno. Unlike in Castellón, his relations with FET were good, even though he resumed his strategy of favoring Traditionalist sympathizers. Another preference visible in his personal policy was nominating individuals related to local business oligarchy; never again in the Valencian history would it have such a firm grip on local government.As mayor Cárcer focused on reconstruction and urban re-organization. The former was mostly related to the maritime quarter, heavily bombed during the war, and to restoration of pre-Republican monuments and facilities, especially the Catholic ones. The latter was about expansion towards the sea and , pushing the railroad rings suffocating the city traffic into the tunnels and turning Avenida del Oeste into a modern city axis, together with setting a number of similar, major streets. He tried to address massive housing shortages by launching cheap community houses project and to deal with dramatically underdeveloped education infrastructure. Minor but lasting projects were construction of a new bus terminal, building food markets, especially the central , and re-claiming heritage sites. He also defended usage of valenciano against espanolismo of the civil governor.In terms of urban planning the Cárcer term is criticized as improvisation, especially that the first long-term plan was approved after he had left. Setting new straight major throughways was already in the 1940s lambasted as childish and anti-social, as it led to destruction of historical boroughs and demolition of existing houses with no replacement provided. Management of municipal finances, considered totally chaotic, attracts even heavier criticism. Though during the 1940 audience with Franco Cárcer ensured hefty credit line, his concept of enhancing city income relied mostly on "politica annexionista". For some time the city used the 1935 budget for its planning, the result having been a major deficit.Manglano's mayorship is subject to general onslaught as the period of massive real estate speculation, by some scholars considered key feature of his rule. With loose building regulations disguised as "favoring labor", Valencia became a Mecca of construction companies and petrified domination of local economic tycoons. Though in the 1980s a local daily hailed him as great mayor, in both scholarly works and radical Left-wing propaganda Manglano is lambasted as incompetent and chaotic administrator and representative of local Fascist oligarchy. It is not clear whether this opinion was shared by his contemporaries. It is also unknown whether the Falangist – Carlist rivalry or any other politics was in play when he ceased as mayor in 1943.Though as mayor of a provincial capital Cárcer was entitled to enter the 1943-created Francoist diet, Cortes Españoles, once he stepped down as alcalde he lost also the parliamentary ticket; his term lasted merely 2 months. It is not clear whether he was sidetracked or withdrew from major politics; as in 1944 he was received by Franco it does not seem that he found himself in disfavor, though since the mid-1940s he held no major posts in the party, state structures or local Valencian administration.Cárcer key system roles were those related to a peculiar realm of the Francoist labor organization, supposed to unite workers and proprietors. He was jefe of Hermandad Sindical Provincial de Labradores y Ganaderos de Valencia and member of Comité Sindical de la Seda within Comisión de Incorporación Industrial y Mercantil. Active in Juntas Nacionales de los Grupos de Producción y de Industriales y Elaboradores de Arroz within Sindicato de Cereales, later he grew to directivo of Sindicatos Agrarios of Movimiento; it is not clear when he ceased. On the business side, he entered executive boards of Luso Española de Porcelanas, Banco de España, Naviliera Industrial Española and Compania Valenciana de Cementos Portland. Manglano went on also with his orange and rice businesses, anxious that the Francoist policy of nearing the Axis might damage fruit exports to Britain.At the turn of the decades Cárcer's star was on the rise again. In 1949 he got aristocratic titles, inherited from his late father though not formally acknowledged since 1937, recognized by Franco; in 1950 the dictator conferred upon him Grandeza de España, the honor received with the likes of José Moscardó, José Calvo Sotelo, Emilio Mola Vidal and José Antonio Primo de Rivera. In 1952 admitted again by Franco, the same year Manglano was appointed to the 6. Consejo Nacional of the Movimiento, which in turn guaranteed – following the pause of 9 years – a seat in the Cortes. Franco kept appointing Cárcer to 5 consecutive Falangist councils, which translated into prolongation of Cortes mandates in 1955, 1958, 1961 and 1964.Throughout the 1950s and 1960s Cárcer did not play any role in national politics; Consejo Nacional and Cortes Españolas were largely decorative bodies which ensured prestige and connections, but not political power. He is noted as member of many committees and groups, taking part in a number of parliamentary debates of moderate importance, e.g. those shaping the rural fiscal regime or regulating women's access to juridical jobs; only some, like nationalizing of Banca de España, the move he fruitlessly opposed, carried a lot of weight. None of these interventions compares to his hectic activity during the 1967 discussion related to law on religious liberty. Cárcer emerged as one of the most outspoken and vehement opponents of the draft and was a number of times noted as trying to block the legislation.In 1967 Cárcer was not appointed to Consejo Nacional; it is not clear whether his religious zeal carried him too far away or whether himself he decided to test his popularity in the newly opened pool of Cortes mandates, up for grabs in semi-free elections from the so-called tercio familiar. He stood in his native Valencia but lost and had to renounce the mandate. His last and his first days in the Spanish diet are spanned by 48 years, rendering Cárcer one of the national record-holders in terms of duration of parliamentary career.Cárcer retained anti-Falangist, Traditionalist identity, which was not incompatible with an "extreme addiction to the regime". On the other hand, his stand was irreconcilable with intransigent opposition originally mounted by the Carlist leader, Manuel Fal. Cárcer sided rather with his rival, conde Rodezno, leader of the breakaway faction pursuing a collaborationist path. In the mid-1940s he neared the Alfonsist claimant Don Juan, by the Rodeznistas considered a would-be candidate to the throne also according to the Carlist reading. In the 1950s he definitely broke with the regent Don Javier and declared Don Juan the legitimate heir; Cárcer entered his Consejo Privado and was nominated royal representative in Region Valenciana.Though since the early post-war years Cárcer had nothing to do with mainstream Carlism, he kept considering himself a Carlist. When received by Franco in 1970, together with other collaborationists he claimed to have represented "antiguo ". At that time Carlism was being taken over by a progressist, socialist faction of Don Javier's son, Don Carlos Hugo. Together with a number of other Traditionalists Cárcer attempted to mount a counter-strike; in an open 1974 letter to Carlist leaders expulsed by the Hugocarlistas, Zamanillo and Valiente, he advocated merging all traditionally-minded Carlist factions - Hermandad del Maestrazgo, Centro Zumalacarregui, Regencia de Estella, Circulos Vazquez de Mella – into a new Comunión, which would "form part of Movimiento Nacional and serve Catholic faith and Spain" under the orders of Franco and the future king, Juan Carlos.After the death of Franco and during dismantling of his regime Cárcer withdrew from politics and public life, as octogenarian hardly active in aristocratic Catholic organizations like Real Hermandad del Santo Calíz de Valencia, the congregation he presided. None of the nationwide newspapers acknowledged his death in an editorial, except for paid obituaries. He gained no monograph and in scholarly discourse is extensively featured only in a single work on early Francoism in Valencia. In public debate his name is referred to during efforts to rename Avenida Barón de Cárcer, the name Avenida del Oeste was given in the 1940s. Though some claim that the name honors ancient holders of the title, militant democratic groupings demand that the street is purged according to the Ley de Memoria Historica regulations. From some viewpoints – present also in scholarly works – his name is noted when denouncing the current Spanish system as merely a "formal democracy", in fact continuation of the Fascist Francoist setting.
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[
"mayor of Valencia",
"Member of the Cortes republicanas",
"Member of the Congress of Deputies"
] |
|
Which employer did Stephen Milner work for in Mar, 1991?
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March 07, 1991
|
{
"text": [
"University of Cambridge"
]
}
|
L2_Q33082682_P108_0
|
Stephen Milner works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Stephen Milner works for University of Manchester from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
Stephen Milner works for University of Bristol from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2006.
|
Stephen MilnerStephen J. Milner is a British scholar of Italian. Since 2006, he has been the Serena Professor of Italian at the University of Manchester. In 2017, he was announced as the next Director of the British School at Rome.
|
[
"University of Manchester",
"University of Bristol"
] |
|
Which employer did Stephen Milner work for in Apr, 1993?
|
April 06, 1993
|
{
"text": [
"University of Bristol"
]
}
|
L2_Q33082682_P108_1
|
Stephen Milner works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Stephen Milner works for University of Bristol from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2006.
Stephen Milner works for University of Manchester from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Stephen MilnerStephen J. Milner is a British scholar of Italian. Since 2006, he has been the Serena Professor of Italian at the University of Manchester. In 2017, he was announced as the next Director of the British School at Rome.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"University of Manchester"
] |
|
Which employer did Stephen Milner work for in Nov, 2009?
|
November 21, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"University of Manchester"
]
}
|
L2_Q33082682_P108_2
|
Stephen Milner works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Stephen Milner works for University of Bristol from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2006.
Stephen Milner works for University of Manchester from Jan, 2006 to Dec, 2022.
|
Stephen MilnerStephen J. Milner is a British scholar of Italian. Since 2006, he has been the Serena Professor of Italian at the University of Manchester. In 2017, he was announced as the next Director of the British School at Rome.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"University of Bristol"
] |
|
Which position did Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol hold in Apr, 2003?
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April 05, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"director"
]
}
|
L2_Q19928416_P39_0
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Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Catalan Parliament from Jan, 2018 to May, 2019.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana from May, 2015 to Nov, 2017.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of director from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2010.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from May, 2019 to Sep, 2019.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of chairperson from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2020.
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Jordi Sànchez (politician)Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol (born 1 October 1964) is a Spanish political activist from Catalonia, who was president of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) between May 2015 and November 2017.He was imprisoned in October 2017, accused of sedition in connection with the Catalan independence referendum. In March 2018, following the Catalan regional election in December, he was proposed as candidate for president by the leading pro-independence Together for Catalonia alliance, led by the former president Carles Puigdemont, who was in Belgium. On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.During December 2018 he went on a hunger strike in protest against his imprisonment and treatment.In the 2019 general election he was head of the Together for Catalonia candidacy for the Province of Barcelona. After being elected for the Congress of Deputies, he resigned as member of the Parliament of Catalonia on 18 May 2019. He was sworn in on 20 May 2019, but on 24 May, by a recommendation of the Supreme Court, the Board of the Congress suspended him and other Catalan independence leaders that were elected lawmakers. In October 2019 he was sentenced guilty of sedition by Spanish Supreme Court, and given a nine-year sentence. Amnesty International believes his detention and sentence constituted a disproportionate restriction on his rights to free speech and peaceful assembly.He was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon.In 1991, he received a degree in Political Science from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. A part-time instructor at the University of Barcelona, he has also taught at other universities.He was the leader and spokesperson, with Àngel Colom, of the "Crida a la Solidaritat" ("Call for Solidarity") from 1983 until its dissolution in June 1993. Linked for many years to Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, between 1996 and 2004 he was a board member of the Catalan Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 1996 he was named assistant director of the Jaume Bofill Foundation, and then its director in 2001. He left the foundation in 2010 to take on a position as aide to the Ombudsman of Catalonia, Rafael Ribó, ex-leader of the ICV eco-socialists.In addition to contributing periodically as an analyst of social and political issues in various media, between 2004 and 2006 he coordinated the creation of one of the five areas of the "Pacte Nacional per l'Educació" ("National Education Accord"), specifically the one that laid out the foundations for a public education system. In 2008, he was the coordinator of one of the four areas of the "Pacte Nacional per a la Immigració" ("National Immigration Accord"), in particular the part that addressed the need to adapt social services.On 16 May 2015, Jordi Sànchez took over the presidency of the ANC from Carme Forcadell, after having been elected by a broad majority of the members of the group's National Board, meeting in Sant Vicenç Hall in the castle at Cardona despite the fact that the candidate who received the most votes from the organization's members was the US-born publisher and writer, Liz Castro. Nevertheless, Sànchez was considered a consensus candidate, and had been supported by the outgoing Executive board.On 16 October 2017, Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of sedition, a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code.This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during Operation Anubis police raids to dismantle the framework of the 1 October Catalan independence referendum performed by the Spanish Civil Guard. They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by Òmnium Cultural and ANC. The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", even though Sànchez and Cuixart made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening. According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a police vehicle. But footage from that night contradicts that and shows Sànchez and Cuixart calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering". After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remained. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, Mossos d'Esquadra. Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard didn't notify them in advance of the registries, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.A sentence of sedition can carry up to 15 years in prison. In July 2018, Sànchez was transferred to a prison in Catalonia. Between December 1 and December 20, 2018, he started a hunger strike in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce Spanish courts' refusal to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases. On February 1, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on February the 12th and ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.On 14 October 2019 Sànchez was found guilty of sedition and given a nine-year sentence.After his detention, activists launched a “yellow-ribbon” campaign in support of Jordi Sànchez and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.Catalan ex-President Carles Puigdemont and the European Free Alliance referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners". The Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catalá argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".Amnesty International issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release. Amnesty International does not consider them "prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International avoids the term "political prisoners" because there is no generally accepted definition of the term in international law and because generally speaking the term has many different meanings and interpretations. The term "political prisoners" is only used sporadically by the organisation as a descriptive term in specific cases with a strong political context. Amnesty explicitly avoids the term in cases where it might be confused with the term "prisoner of conscience". The organisation says the two terms should not be confused.On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in Avinguda Diagonal, Barcelona and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in Passeig de Gràcia to protest against their imprisonment.Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and congregated 750,000 people according to the local police.On 7 March 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that ""pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort"" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum. And on 23 March it reminded ""Under rule 92 of the Committee's rules of procedure, the State party has also been requested to take all necessary measures to ensure that Mr. Jordi Sánchez I Picanyol can exercise his political rights in compliance with article 25 of the Covenant."".On 8 August 2018, PEN International made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be ""an excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly"".The World Organisation Against Torture sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain Pedro Sánchez as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the ""arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart"" and concluded ""OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped."" In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.The day before the beginning of the trial, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization expressed their support to ""those Catalonian activists being trialled"" and added ""perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia."". On the same day, the European Democratic Lawyers association requested the ""immediate"" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their ""concern"" because of the ""lack of procedural guarantees during the trial"".On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Sànchez, Cuixart and Junqueras and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of theirs rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".After Sànchez was sentenced to a nine-year sentence, Amnesty International reiterated his petition to immediately release Sànchez and Cuixart and denounced that the "vague" and "overly broad" interpretation of sedition done by the Spanish Supreme Court could have negative effects on the freedom of protest in Spain.He was finally freed in June 2021 following a government pardon, together with other eight politicians inprisoned in connection with the Catalan independence referendum.
|
[
"chairperson",
"president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana",
"Member of the Congress of Deputies",
"Member of the Catalan Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol hold in Jun, 2015?
|
June 07, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana"
]
}
|
L2_Q19928416_P39_1
|
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of chairperson from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2020.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of director from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2010.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from May, 2019 to Sep, 2019.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana from May, 2015 to Nov, 2017.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Catalan Parliament from Jan, 2018 to May, 2019.
|
Jordi Sànchez (politician)Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol (born 1 October 1964) is a Spanish political activist from Catalonia, who was president of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) between May 2015 and November 2017.He was imprisoned in October 2017, accused of sedition in connection with the Catalan independence referendum. In March 2018, following the Catalan regional election in December, he was proposed as candidate for president by the leading pro-independence Together for Catalonia alliance, led by the former president Carles Puigdemont, who was in Belgium. On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.During December 2018 he went on a hunger strike in protest against his imprisonment and treatment.In the 2019 general election he was head of the Together for Catalonia candidacy for the Province of Barcelona. After being elected for the Congress of Deputies, he resigned as member of the Parliament of Catalonia on 18 May 2019. He was sworn in on 20 May 2019, but on 24 May, by a recommendation of the Supreme Court, the Board of the Congress suspended him and other Catalan independence leaders that were elected lawmakers. In October 2019 he was sentenced guilty of sedition by Spanish Supreme Court, and given a nine-year sentence. Amnesty International believes his detention and sentence constituted a disproportionate restriction on his rights to free speech and peaceful assembly.He was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon.In 1991, he received a degree in Political Science from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. A part-time instructor at the University of Barcelona, he has also taught at other universities.He was the leader and spokesperson, with Àngel Colom, of the "Crida a la Solidaritat" ("Call for Solidarity") from 1983 until its dissolution in June 1993. Linked for many years to Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, between 1996 and 2004 he was a board member of the Catalan Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 1996 he was named assistant director of the Jaume Bofill Foundation, and then its director in 2001. He left the foundation in 2010 to take on a position as aide to the Ombudsman of Catalonia, Rafael Ribó, ex-leader of the ICV eco-socialists.In addition to contributing periodically as an analyst of social and political issues in various media, between 2004 and 2006 he coordinated the creation of one of the five areas of the "Pacte Nacional per l'Educació" ("National Education Accord"), specifically the one that laid out the foundations for a public education system. In 2008, he was the coordinator of one of the four areas of the "Pacte Nacional per a la Immigració" ("National Immigration Accord"), in particular the part that addressed the need to adapt social services.On 16 May 2015, Jordi Sànchez took over the presidency of the ANC from Carme Forcadell, after having been elected by a broad majority of the members of the group's National Board, meeting in Sant Vicenç Hall in the castle at Cardona despite the fact that the candidate who received the most votes from the organization's members was the US-born publisher and writer, Liz Castro. Nevertheless, Sànchez was considered a consensus candidate, and had been supported by the outgoing Executive board.On 16 October 2017, Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of sedition, a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code.This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during Operation Anubis police raids to dismantle the framework of the 1 October Catalan independence referendum performed by the Spanish Civil Guard. They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by Òmnium Cultural and ANC. The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", even though Sànchez and Cuixart made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening. According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a police vehicle. But footage from that night contradicts that and shows Sànchez and Cuixart calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering". After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remained. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, Mossos d'Esquadra. Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard didn't notify them in advance of the registries, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.A sentence of sedition can carry up to 15 years in prison. In July 2018, Sànchez was transferred to a prison in Catalonia. Between December 1 and December 20, 2018, he started a hunger strike in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce Spanish courts' refusal to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases. On February 1, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on February the 12th and ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.On 14 October 2019 Sànchez was found guilty of sedition and given a nine-year sentence.After his detention, activists launched a “yellow-ribbon” campaign in support of Jordi Sànchez and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.Catalan ex-President Carles Puigdemont and the European Free Alliance referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners". The Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catalá argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".Amnesty International issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release. Amnesty International does not consider them "prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International avoids the term "political prisoners" because there is no generally accepted definition of the term in international law and because generally speaking the term has many different meanings and interpretations. The term "political prisoners" is only used sporadically by the organisation as a descriptive term in specific cases with a strong political context. Amnesty explicitly avoids the term in cases where it might be confused with the term "prisoner of conscience". The organisation says the two terms should not be confused.On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in Avinguda Diagonal, Barcelona and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in Passeig de Gràcia to protest against their imprisonment.Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and congregated 750,000 people according to the local police.On 7 March 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that ""pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort"" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum. And on 23 March it reminded ""Under rule 92 of the Committee's rules of procedure, the State party has also been requested to take all necessary measures to ensure that Mr. Jordi Sánchez I Picanyol can exercise his political rights in compliance with article 25 of the Covenant."".On 8 August 2018, PEN International made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be ""an excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly"".The World Organisation Against Torture sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain Pedro Sánchez as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the ""arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart"" and concluded ""OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped."" In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.The day before the beginning of the trial, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization expressed their support to ""those Catalonian activists being trialled"" and added ""perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia."". On the same day, the European Democratic Lawyers association requested the ""immediate"" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their ""concern"" because of the ""lack of procedural guarantees during the trial"".On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Sànchez, Cuixart and Junqueras and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of theirs rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".After Sànchez was sentenced to a nine-year sentence, Amnesty International reiterated his petition to immediately release Sànchez and Cuixart and denounced that the "vague" and "overly broad" interpretation of sedition done by the Spanish Supreme Court could have negative effects on the freedom of protest in Spain.He was finally freed in June 2021 following a government pardon, together with other eight politicians inprisoned in connection with the Catalan independence referendum.
|
[
"chairperson",
"Member of the Congress of Deputies",
"director",
"Member of the Catalan Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol hold in May, 2018?
|
May 03, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the Catalan Parliament"
]
}
|
L2_Q19928416_P39_2
|
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana from May, 2015 to Nov, 2017.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of director from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2010.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of chairperson from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2020.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Catalan Parliament from Jan, 2018 to May, 2019.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from May, 2019 to Sep, 2019.
|
Jordi Sànchez (politician)Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol (born 1 October 1964) is a Spanish political activist from Catalonia, who was president of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) between May 2015 and November 2017.He was imprisoned in October 2017, accused of sedition in connection with the Catalan independence referendum. In March 2018, following the Catalan regional election in December, he was proposed as candidate for president by the leading pro-independence Together for Catalonia alliance, led by the former president Carles Puigdemont, who was in Belgium. On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.During December 2018 he went on a hunger strike in protest against his imprisonment and treatment.In the 2019 general election he was head of the Together for Catalonia candidacy for the Province of Barcelona. After being elected for the Congress of Deputies, he resigned as member of the Parliament of Catalonia on 18 May 2019. He was sworn in on 20 May 2019, but on 24 May, by a recommendation of the Supreme Court, the Board of the Congress suspended him and other Catalan independence leaders that were elected lawmakers. In October 2019 he was sentenced guilty of sedition by Spanish Supreme Court, and given a nine-year sentence. Amnesty International believes his detention and sentence constituted a disproportionate restriction on his rights to free speech and peaceful assembly.He was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon.In 1991, he received a degree in Political Science from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. A part-time instructor at the University of Barcelona, he has also taught at other universities.He was the leader and spokesperson, with Àngel Colom, of the "Crida a la Solidaritat" ("Call for Solidarity") from 1983 until its dissolution in June 1993. Linked for many years to Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, between 1996 and 2004 he was a board member of the Catalan Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 1996 he was named assistant director of the Jaume Bofill Foundation, and then its director in 2001. He left the foundation in 2010 to take on a position as aide to the Ombudsman of Catalonia, Rafael Ribó, ex-leader of the ICV eco-socialists.In addition to contributing periodically as an analyst of social and political issues in various media, between 2004 and 2006 he coordinated the creation of one of the five areas of the "Pacte Nacional per l'Educació" ("National Education Accord"), specifically the one that laid out the foundations for a public education system. In 2008, he was the coordinator of one of the four areas of the "Pacte Nacional per a la Immigració" ("National Immigration Accord"), in particular the part that addressed the need to adapt social services.On 16 May 2015, Jordi Sànchez took over the presidency of the ANC from Carme Forcadell, after having been elected by a broad majority of the members of the group's National Board, meeting in Sant Vicenç Hall in the castle at Cardona despite the fact that the candidate who received the most votes from the organization's members was the US-born publisher and writer, Liz Castro. Nevertheless, Sànchez was considered a consensus candidate, and had been supported by the outgoing Executive board.On 16 October 2017, Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of sedition, a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code.This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during Operation Anubis police raids to dismantle the framework of the 1 October Catalan independence referendum performed by the Spanish Civil Guard. They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by Òmnium Cultural and ANC. The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", even though Sànchez and Cuixart made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening. According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a police vehicle. But footage from that night contradicts that and shows Sànchez and Cuixart calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering". After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remained. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, Mossos d'Esquadra. Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard didn't notify them in advance of the registries, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.A sentence of sedition can carry up to 15 years in prison. In July 2018, Sànchez was transferred to a prison in Catalonia. Between December 1 and December 20, 2018, he started a hunger strike in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce Spanish courts' refusal to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases. On February 1, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on February the 12th and ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.On 14 October 2019 Sànchez was found guilty of sedition and given a nine-year sentence.After his detention, activists launched a “yellow-ribbon” campaign in support of Jordi Sànchez and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.Catalan ex-President Carles Puigdemont and the European Free Alliance referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners". The Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catalá argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".Amnesty International issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release. Amnesty International does not consider them "prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International avoids the term "political prisoners" because there is no generally accepted definition of the term in international law and because generally speaking the term has many different meanings and interpretations. The term "political prisoners" is only used sporadically by the organisation as a descriptive term in specific cases with a strong political context. Amnesty explicitly avoids the term in cases where it might be confused with the term "prisoner of conscience". The organisation says the two terms should not be confused.On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in Avinguda Diagonal, Barcelona and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in Passeig de Gràcia to protest against their imprisonment.Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and congregated 750,000 people according to the local police.On 7 March 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that ""pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort"" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum. And on 23 March it reminded ""Under rule 92 of the Committee's rules of procedure, the State party has also been requested to take all necessary measures to ensure that Mr. Jordi Sánchez I Picanyol can exercise his political rights in compliance with article 25 of the Covenant."".On 8 August 2018, PEN International made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be ""an excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly"".The World Organisation Against Torture sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain Pedro Sánchez as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the ""arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart"" and concluded ""OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped."" In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.The day before the beginning of the trial, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization expressed their support to ""those Catalonian activists being trialled"" and added ""perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia."". On the same day, the European Democratic Lawyers association requested the ""immediate"" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their ""concern"" because of the ""lack of procedural guarantees during the trial"".On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Sànchez, Cuixart and Junqueras and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of theirs rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".After Sànchez was sentenced to a nine-year sentence, Amnesty International reiterated his petition to immediately release Sànchez and Cuixart and denounced that the "vague" and "overly broad" interpretation of sedition done by the Spanish Supreme Court could have negative effects on the freedom of protest in Spain.He was finally freed in June 2021 following a government pardon, together with other eight politicians inprisoned in connection with the Catalan independence referendum.
|
[
"chairperson",
"president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana",
"director",
"Member of the Congress of Deputies"
] |
|
Which position did Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol hold in Oct, 2019?
|
October 14, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"chairperson"
]
}
|
L2_Q19928416_P39_3
|
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana from May, 2015 to Nov, 2017.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of chairperson from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2020.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of director from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2010.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from May, 2019 to Sep, 2019.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Catalan Parliament from Jan, 2018 to May, 2019.
|
Jordi Sànchez (politician)Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol (born 1 October 1964) is a Spanish political activist from Catalonia, who was president of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) between May 2015 and November 2017.He was imprisoned in October 2017, accused of sedition in connection with the Catalan independence referendum. In March 2018, following the Catalan regional election in December, he was proposed as candidate for president by the leading pro-independence Together for Catalonia alliance, led by the former president Carles Puigdemont, who was in Belgium. On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.During December 2018 he went on a hunger strike in protest against his imprisonment and treatment.In the 2019 general election he was head of the Together for Catalonia candidacy for the Province of Barcelona. After being elected for the Congress of Deputies, he resigned as member of the Parliament of Catalonia on 18 May 2019. He was sworn in on 20 May 2019, but on 24 May, by a recommendation of the Supreme Court, the Board of the Congress suspended him and other Catalan independence leaders that were elected lawmakers. In October 2019 he was sentenced guilty of sedition by Spanish Supreme Court, and given a nine-year sentence. Amnesty International believes his detention and sentence constituted a disproportionate restriction on his rights to free speech and peaceful assembly.He was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon.In 1991, he received a degree in Political Science from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. A part-time instructor at the University of Barcelona, he has also taught at other universities.He was the leader and spokesperson, with Àngel Colom, of the "Crida a la Solidaritat" ("Call for Solidarity") from 1983 until its dissolution in June 1993. Linked for many years to Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, between 1996 and 2004 he was a board member of the Catalan Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 1996 he was named assistant director of the Jaume Bofill Foundation, and then its director in 2001. He left the foundation in 2010 to take on a position as aide to the Ombudsman of Catalonia, Rafael Ribó, ex-leader of the ICV eco-socialists.In addition to contributing periodically as an analyst of social and political issues in various media, between 2004 and 2006 he coordinated the creation of one of the five areas of the "Pacte Nacional per l'Educació" ("National Education Accord"), specifically the one that laid out the foundations for a public education system. In 2008, he was the coordinator of one of the four areas of the "Pacte Nacional per a la Immigració" ("National Immigration Accord"), in particular the part that addressed the need to adapt social services.On 16 May 2015, Jordi Sànchez took over the presidency of the ANC from Carme Forcadell, after having been elected by a broad majority of the members of the group's National Board, meeting in Sant Vicenç Hall in the castle at Cardona despite the fact that the candidate who received the most votes from the organization's members was the US-born publisher and writer, Liz Castro. Nevertheless, Sànchez was considered a consensus candidate, and had been supported by the outgoing Executive board.On 16 October 2017, Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of sedition, a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code.This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during Operation Anubis police raids to dismantle the framework of the 1 October Catalan independence referendum performed by the Spanish Civil Guard. They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by Òmnium Cultural and ANC. The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", even though Sànchez and Cuixart made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening. According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a police vehicle. But footage from that night contradicts that and shows Sànchez and Cuixart calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering". After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remained. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, Mossos d'Esquadra. Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard didn't notify them in advance of the registries, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.A sentence of sedition can carry up to 15 years in prison. In July 2018, Sànchez was transferred to a prison in Catalonia. Between December 1 and December 20, 2018, he started a hunger strike in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce Spanish courts' refusal to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases. On February 1, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on February the 12th and ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.On 14 October 2019 Sànchez was found guilty of sedition and given a nine-year sentence.After his detention, activists launched a “yellow-ribbon” campaign in support of Jordi Sànchez and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.Catalan ex-President Carles Puigdemont and the European Free Alliance referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners". The Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catalá argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".Amnesty International issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release. Amnesty International does not consider them "prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International avoids the term "political prisoners" because there is no generally accepted definition of the term in international law and because generally speaking the term has many different meanings and interpretations. The term "political prisoners" is only used sporadically by the organisation as a descriptive term in specific cases with a strong political context. Amnesty explicitly avoids the term in cases where it might be confused with the term "prisoner of conscience". The organisation says the two terms should not be confused.On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in Avinguda Diagonal, Barcelona and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in Passeig de Gràcia to protest against their imprisonment.Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and congregated 750,000 people according to the local police.On 7 March 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that ""pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort"" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum. And on 23 March it reminded ""Under rule 92 of the Committee's rules of procedure, the State party has also been requested to take all necessary measures to ensure that Mr. Jordi Sánchez I Picanyol can exercise his political rights in compliance with article 25 of the Covenant."".On 8 August 2018, PEN International made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be ""an excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly"".The World Organisation Against Torture sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain Pedro Sánchez as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the ""arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart"" and concluded ""OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped."" In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.The day before the beginning of the trial, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization expressed their support to ""those Catalonian activists being trialled"" and added ""perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia."". On the same day, the European Democratic Lawyers association requested the ""immediate"" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their ""concern"" because of the ""lack of procedural guarantees during the trial"".On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Sànchez, Cuixart and Junqueras and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of theirs rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".After Sànchez was sentenced to a nine-year sentence, Amnesty International reiterated his petition to immediately release Sànchez and Cuixart and denounced that the "vague" and "overly broad" interpretation of sedition done by the Spanish Supreme Court could have negative effects on the freedom of protest in Spain.He was finally freed in June 2021 following a government pardon, together with other eight politicians inprisoned in connection with the Catalan independence referendum.
|
[
"president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana",
"Member of the Congress of Deputies",
"director",
"Member of the Catalan Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol hold in Sep, 2019?
|
September 14, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"chairperson",
"Member of the Congress of Deputies"
]
}
|
L2_Q19928416_P39_4
|
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana from May, 2015 to Nov, 2017.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Catalan Parliament from Jan, 2018 to May, 2019.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of chairperson from Jan, 2019 to Jan, 2020.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from May, 2019 to Sep, 2019.
Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol holds the position of director from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2010.
|
Jordi Sànchez (politician)Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol (born 1 October 1964) is a Spanish political activist from Catalonia, who was president of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) between May 2015 and November 2017.He was imprisoned in October 2017, accused of sedition in connection with the Catalan independence referendum. In March 2018, following the Catalan regional election in December, he was proposed as candidate for president by the leading pro-independence Together for Catalonia alliance, led by the former president Carles Puigdemont, who was in Belgium. On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.During December 2018 he went on a hunger strike in protest against his imprisonment and treatment.In the 2019 general election he was head of the Together for Catalonia candidacy for the Province of Barcelona. After being elected for the Congress of Deputies, he resigned as member of the Parliament of Catalonia on 18 May 2019. He was sworn in on 20 May 2019, but on 24 May, by a recommendation of the Supreme Court, the Board of the Congress suspended him and other Catalan independence leaders that were elected lawmakers. In October 2019 he was sentenced guilty of sedition by Spanish Supreme Court, and given a nine-year sentence. Amnesty International believes his detention and sentence constituted a disproportionate restriction on his rights to free speech and peaceful assembly.He was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon.In 1991, he received a degree in Political Science from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. A part-time instructor at the University of Barcelona, he has also taught at other universities.He was the leader and spokesperson, with Àngel Colom, of the "Crida a la Solidaritat" ("Call for Solidarity") from 1983 until its dissolution in June 1993. Linked for many years to Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, between 1996 and 2004 he was a board member of the Catalan Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 1996 he was named assistant director of the Jaume Bofill Foundation, and then its director in 2001. He left the foundation in 2010 to take on a position as aide to the Ombudsman of Catalonia, Rafael Ribó, ex-leader of the ICV eco-socialists.In addition to contributing periodically as an analyst of social and political issues in various media, between 2004 and 2006 he coordinated the creation of one of the five areas of the "Pacte Nacional per l'Educació" ("National Education Accord"), specifically the one that laid out the foundations for a public education system. In 2008, he was the coordinator of one of the four areas of the "Pacte Nacional per a la Immigració" ("National Immigration Accord"), in particular the part that addressed the need to adapt social services.On 16 May 2015, Jordi Sànchez took over the presidency of the ANC from Carme Forcadell, after having been elected by a broad majority of the members of the group's National Board, meeting in Sant Vicenç Hall in the castle at Cardona despite the fact that the candidate who received the most votes from the organization's members was the US-born publisher and writer, Liz Castro. Nevertheless, Sànchez was considered a consensus candidate, and had been supported by the outgoing Executive board.On 16 October 2017, Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of sedition, a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code.This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during Operation Anubis police raids to dismantle the framework of the 1 October Catalan independence referendum performed by the Spanish Civil Guard. They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by Òmnium Cultural and ANC. The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", even though Sànchez and Cuixart made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening. According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a police vehicle. But footage from that night contradicts that and shows Sànchez and Cuixart calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering". After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remained. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, Mossos d'Esquadra. Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard didn't notify them in advance of the registries, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.A sentence of sedition can carry up to 15 years in prison. In July 2018, Sànchez was transferred to a prison in Catalonia. Between December 1 and December 20, 2018, he started a hunger strike in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce Spanish courts' refusal to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases. On February 1, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on February the 12th and ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.On 14 October 2019 Sànchez was found guilty of sedition and given a nine-year sentence.After his detention, activists launched a “yellow-ribbon” campaign in support of Jordi Sànchez and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.Catalan ex-President Carles Puigdemont and the European Free Alliance referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners". The Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catalá argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".Amnesty International issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release. Amnesty International does not consider them "prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International avoids the term "political prisoners" because there is no generally accepted definition of the term in international law and because generally speaking the term has many different meanings and interpretations. The term "political prisoners" is only used sporadically by the organisation as a descriptive term in specific cases with a strong political context. Amnesty explicitly avoids the term in cases where it might be confused with the term "prisoner of conscience". The organisation says the two terms should not be confused.On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in Avinguda Diagonal, Barcelona and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in Passeig de Gràcia to protest against their imprisonment.Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and congregated 750,000 people according to the local police.On 7 March 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that ""pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort"" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum. And on 23 March it reminded ""Under rule 92 of the Committee's rules of procedure, the State party has also been requested to take all necessary measures to ensure that Mr. Jordi Sánchez I Picanyol can exercise his political rights in compliance with article 25 of the Covenant."".On 8 August 2018, PEN International made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be ""an excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly"".The World Organisation Against Torture sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain Pedro Sánchez as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the ""arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart"" and concluded ""OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped."" In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.The day before the beginning of the trial, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization expressed their support to ""those Catalonian activists being trialled"" and added ""perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia."". On the same day, the European Democratic Lawyers association requested the ""immediate"" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their ""concern"" because of the ""lack of procedural guarantees during the trial"".On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Sànchez, Cuixart and Junqueras and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of theirs rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".After Sànchez was sentenced to a nine-year sentence, Amnesty International reiterated his petition to immediately release Sànchez and Cuixart and denounced that the "vague" and "overly broad" interpretation of sedition done by the Spanish Supreme Court could have negative effects on the freedom of protest in Spain.He was finally freed in June 2021 following a government pardon, together with other eight politicians inprisoned in connection with the Catalan independence referendum.
|
[
"president of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana",
"director",
"Member of the Catalan Parliament"
] |
|
Which team did Sebastian Freis play for in Jun, 2008?
|
June 18, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Karlsruher SC"
]
}
|
L2_Q128877_P54_0
|
Sebastian Freis plays for Karlsruher SC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Sebastian Freis plays for SC Freiburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
Sebastian Freis plays for 1. FC Köln from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-20 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Sebastian Freis plays for SpVgg Greuther Fürth from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Sebastian FreisSebastian Freis (born 23 April 1985) is a German former professional footballer who played as striker.Before joining Karlsruher SC in 1999, Freis played as a youth member for SC Wettersbach. His debut for Karlsruhe came on 15 October 2004, in a 2. Bundesliga match against Rot-Weiss Essen where Freis immediately scored a hat-trick. Altogether he made 78 appearances and 22 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and played an important role in the 2006–07 season, when Karlsruhe gained promotion to the Bundesliga. In July 2009, he moved to 1. FC Köln.In January 2015, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth on a free transfer, signing a contract until 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he was released.In August 2017, Freis joined 2. Bundesliga side Jahn Regensburg as a free agent, agreeing to a two-year contract. In 2019, when his contract ran out, he decided end his career.On 10 October 2006, he made his Germany U21 national team debut when the team lost 0–2 against England.
|
[
"Germany national under-20 football team",
"1. FC Köln",
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"SpVgg Greuther Fürth",
"SC Freiburg"
] |
|
Which team did Sebastian Freis play for in Jan, 2004?
|
January 19, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Germany national under-20 football team",
"Karlsruher SC"
]
}
|
L2_Q128877_P54_1
|
Sebastian Freis plays for Karlsruher SC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Sebastian Freis plays for 1. FC Köln from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Sebastian Freis plays for SC Freiburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-20 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Sebastian Freis plays for SpVgg Greuther Fürth from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Sebastian FreisSebastian Freis (born 23 April 1985) is a German former professional footballer who played as striker.Before joining Karlsruher SC in 1999, Freis played as a youth member for SC Wettersbach. His debut for Karlsruhe came on 15 October 2004, in a 2. Bundesliga match against Rot-Weiss Essen where Freis immediately scored a hat-trick. Altogether he made 78 appearances and 22 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and played an important role in the 2006–07 season, when Karlsruhe gained promotion to the Bundesliga. In July 2009, he moved to 1. FC Köln.In January 2015, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth on a free transfer, signing a contract until 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he was released.In August 2017, Freis joined 2. Bundesliga side Jahn Regensburg as a free agent, agreeing to a two-year contract. In 2019, when his contract ran out, he decided end his career.On 10 October 2006, he made his Germany U21 national team debut when the team lost 0–2 against England.
|
[
"1. FC Köln",
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"SpVgg Greuther Fürth",
"SC Freiburg",
"1. FC Köln",
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"SpVgg Greuther Fürth",
"SC Freiburg"
] |
|
Which team did Sebastian Freis play for in Jan, 2006?
|
January 01, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"Karlsruher SC"
]
}
|
L2_Q128877_P54_2
|
Sebastian Freis plays for SC Freiburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
Sebastian Freis plays for SpVgg Greuther Fürth from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-20 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Sebastian Freis plays for 1. FC Köln from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sebastian Freis plays for Karlsruher SC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
|
Sebastian FreisSebastian Freis (born 23 April 1985) is a German former professional footballer who played as striker.Before joining Karlsruher SC in 1999, Freis played as a youth member for SC Wettersbach. His debut for Karlsruhe came on 15 October 2004, in a 2. Bundesliga match against Rot-Weiss Essen where Freis immediately scored a hat-trick. Altogether he made 78 appearances and 22 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and played an important role in the 2006–07 season, when Karlsruhe gained promotion to the Bundesliga. In July 2009, he moved to 1. FC Köln.In January 2015, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth on a free transfer, signing a contract until 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he was released.In August 2017, Freis joined 2. Bundesliga side Jahn Regensburg as a free agent, agreeing to a two-year contract. In 2019, when his contract ran out, he decided end his career.On 10 October 2006, he made his Germany U21 national team debut when the team lost 0–2 against England.
|
[
"Germany national under-20 football team",
"SpVgg Greuther Fürth",
"1. FC Köln",
"SC Freiburg"
] |
|
Which team did Sebastian Freis play for in May, 2009?
|
May 06, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"1. FC Köln"
]
}
|
L2_Q128877_P54_3
|
Sebastian Freis plays for 1. FC Köln from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Sebastian Freis plays for Karlsruher SC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Sebastian Freis plays for SC Freiburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
Sebastian Freis plays for SpVgg Greuther Fürth from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-20 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Sebastian FreisSebastian Freis (born 23 April 1985) is a German former professional footballer who played as striker.Before joining Karlsruher SC in 1999, Freis played as a youth member for SC Wettersbach. His debut for Karlsruhe came on 15 October 2004, in a 2. Bundesliga match against Rot-Weiss Essen where Freis immediately scored a hat-trick. Altogether he made 78 appearances and 22 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and played an important role in the 2006–07 season, when Karlsruhe gained promotion to the Bundesliga. In July 2009, he moved to 1. FC Köln.In January 2015, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth on a free transfer, signing a contract until 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he was released.In August 2017, Freis joined 2. Bundesliga side Jahn Regensburg as a free agent, agreeing to a two-year contract. In 2019, when his contract ran out, he decided end his career.On 10 October 2006, he made his Germany U21 national team debut when the team lost 0–2 against England.
|
[
"Germany national under-20 football team",
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"SpVgg Greuther Fürth",
"Karlsruher SC",
"SC Freiburg"
] |
|
Which team did Sebastian Freis play for in Sep, 2013?
|
September 25, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"SC Freiburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q128877_P54_4
|
Sebastian Freis plays for 1. FC Köln from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sebastian Freis plays for SC Freiburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Sebastian Freis plays for Karlsruher SC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-20 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Sebastian Freis plays for SpVgg Greuther Fürth from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Sebastian FreisSebastian Freis (born 23 April 1985) is a German former professional footballer who played as striker.Before joining Karlsruher SC in 1999, Freis played as a youth member for SC Wettersbach. His debut for Karlsruhe came on 15 October 2004, in a 2. Bundesliga match against Rot-Weiss Essen where Freis immediately scored a hat-trick. Altogether he made 78 appearances and 22 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and played an important role in the 2006–07 season, when Karlsruhe gained promotion to the Bundesliga. In July 2009, he moved to 1. FC Köln.In January 2015, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth on a free transfer, signing a contract until 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he was released.In August 2017, Freis joined 2. Bundesliga side Jahn Regensburg as a free agent, agreeing to a two-year contract. In 2019, when his contract ran out, he decided end his career.On 10 October 2006, he made his Germany U21 national team debut when the team lost 0–2 against England.
|
[
"Germany national under-20 football team",
"1. FC Köln",
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"SpVgg Greuther Fürth",
"Karlsruher SC"
] |
|
Which team did Sebastian Freis play for in Jul, 2019?
|
July 03, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"SpVgg Greuther Fürth"
]
}
|
L2_Q128877_P54_5
|
Sebastian Freis plays for 1. FC Köln from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Sebastian Freis plays for Karlsruher SC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009.
Sebastian Freis plays for SpVgg Greuther Fürth from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Sebastian Freis plays for SC Freiburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
Sebastian Freis plays for Germany national under-20 football team from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Sebastian FreisSebastian Freis (born 23 April 1985) is a German former professional footballer who played as striker.Before joining Karlsruher SC in 1999, Freis played as a youth member for SC Wettersbach. His debut for Karlsruhe came on 15 October 2004, in a 2. Bundesliga match against Rot-Weiss Essen where Freis immediately scored a hat-trick. Altogether he made 78 appearances and 22 goals in the 2. Bundesliga and played an important role in the 2006–07 season, when Karlsruhe gained promotion to the Bundesliga. In July 2009, he moved to 1. FC Köln.In January 2015, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth on a free transfer, signing a contract until 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he was released.In August 2017, Freis joined 2. Bundesliga side Jahn Regensburg as a free agent, agreeing to a two-year contract. In 2019, when his contract ran out, he decided end his career.On 10 October 2006, he made his Germany U21 national team debut when the team lost 0–2 against England.
|
[
"Germany national under-20 football team",
"1. FC Köln",
"Germany national under-21 football team",
"Karlsruher SC",
"SC Freiburg"
] |
|
Which political party did Gad Yaacobi belong to in Sep, 1967?
|
September 09, 1967
|
{
"text": [
"Rafi"
]
}
|
L2_Q612860_P102_0
|
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Israeli Labor Party from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Rafi from Jul, 1965 to Jan, 1968.
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Alignment from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1991.
|
Gad YaacobiGad Yaacobi (, 18 January 1935 – 27 August 2007) was an Israeli Minister, Alignment Knesset member, and Israel Ambassador to the United Nations.Yaacobi was born in Kfar Vitkin during Mandate era, where he completed his high-school studies. His academic studies were economics and political science at the Tel Aviv University.From 1960 to 1961 he served as an assistant to the Agriculture Minister of Israel, and from 1961 to 1966 as head of the Center for Planning and Economic Development in the Agriculture Ministry, appointed by Moshe Dayan.In 1965 Yaacobi was among the founders of the Rafi party. When Rafi merged into the Labor Party (which formed part of the alliance known as the Alignment), he was appointed to the party's bureau. In the 1969 election, he was elected to the Knesset, and in 1972 was appointed Deputy Transportation Minister. In 1974 he was appointed Transportation Minister by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, a position he held until the 1977 election. In 1984, in the joint Alignment – Likud government, Yaacobi served as Minister of Economy and Planning until 1987, when he was appointed Minister of Communications – a position he held again in the 23rd Israeli government, from 1988 to 1990.After not being elected to the 13th Knesset, Yaacobi was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations (September 1992 – June 1996). Upon his return to Israel, he was appointed chairman of the Israel Electric Corporation, a position he held until 1998, and in 2000 he was appointed chairman of the Israel Ports and Railways Authority. He also served as a lecturer at Tel-Aviv University and at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzlia, and in the management of several non-profit organizations.Yaacobi published 15 books, among them three for children, and two of poetry. He also wrote articles for several periodicals.
|
[
"Israeli Labor Party",
"Alignment"
] |
|
Which political party did Gad Yaacobi belong to in Jul, 1979?
|
July 31, 1979
|
{
"text": [
"Alignment"
]
}
|
L2_Q612860_P102_1
|
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Rafi from Jul, 1965 to Jan, 1968.
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Alignment from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1991.
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Israeli Labor Party from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
|
Gad YaacobiGad Yaacobi (, 18 January 1935 – 27 August 2007) was an Israeli Minister, Alignment Knesset member, and Israel Ambassador to the United Nations.Yaacobi was born in Kfar Vitkin during Mandate era, where he completed his high-school studies. His academic studies were economics and political science at the Tel Aviv University.From 1960 to 1961 he served as an assistant to the Agriculture Minister of Israel, and from 1961 to 1966 as head of the Center for Planning and Economic Development in the Agriculture Ministry, appointed by Moshe Dayan.In 1965 Yaacobi was among the founders of the Rafi party. When Rafi merged into the Labor Party (which formed part of the alliance known as the Alignment), he was appointed to the party's bureau. In the 1969 election, he was elected to the Knesset, and in 1972 was appointed Deputy Transportation Minister. In 1974 he was appointed Transportation Minister by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, a position he held until the 1977 election. In 1984, in the joint Alignment – Likud government, Yaacobi served as Minister of Economy and Planning until 1987, when he was appointed Minister of Communications – a position he held again in the 23rd Israeli government, from 1988 to 1990.After not being elected to the 13th Knesset, Yaacobi was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations (September 1992 – June 1996). Upon his return to Israel, he was appointed chairman of the Israel Electric Corporation, a position he held until 1998, and in 2000 he was appointed chairman of the Israel Ports and Railways Authority. He also served as a lecturer at Tel-Aviv University and at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzlia, and in the management of several non-profit organizations.Yaacobi published 15 books, among them three for children, and two of poetry. He also wrote articles for several periodicals.
|
[
"Israeli Labor Party",
"Rafi"
] |
|
Which political party did Gad Yaacobi belong to in Apr, 1991?
|
April 23, 1991
|
{
"text": [
"Israeli Labor Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q612860_P102_2
|
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Rafi from Jul, 1965 to Jan, 1968.
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Alignment from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1991.
Gad Yaacobi is a member of the Israeli Labor Party from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
|
Gad YaacobiGad Yaacobi (, 18 January 1935 – 27 August 2007) was an Israeli Minister, Alignment Knesset member, and Israel Ambassador to the United Nations.Yaacobi was born in Kfar Vitkin during Mandate era, where he completed his high-school studies. His academic studies were economics and political science at the Tel Aviv University.From 1960 to 1961 he served as an assistant to the Agriculture Minister of Israel, and from 1961 to 1966 as head of the Center for Planning and Economic Development in the Agriculture Ministry, appointed by Moshe Dayan.In 1965 Yaacobi was among the founders of the Rafi party. When Rafi merged into the Labor Party (which formed part of the alliance known as the Alignment), he was appointed to the party's bureau. In the 1969 election, he was elected to the Knesset, and in 1972 was appointed Deputy Transportation Minister. In 1974 he was appointed Transportation Minister by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, a position he held until the 1977 election. In 1984, in the joint Alignment – Likud government, Yaacobi served as Minister of Economy and Planning until 1987, when he was appointed Minister of Communications – a position he held again in the 23rd Israeli government, from 1988 to 1990.After not being elected to the 13th Knesset, Yaacobi was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations (September 1992 – June 1996). Upon his return to Israel, he was appointed chairman of the Israel Electric Corporation, a position he held until 1998, and in 2000 he was appointed chairman of the Israel Ports and Railways Authority. He also served as a lecturer at Tel-Aviv University and at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzlia, and in the management of several non-profit organizations.Yaacobi published 15 books, among them three for children, and two of poetry. He also wrote articles for several periodicals.
|
[
"Rafi",
"Alignment"
] |
|
Which employer did Manuel Estiarte work for in Oct, 2011?
|
October 11, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Barcelona"
]
}
|
L2_Q962176_P108_0
|
Manuel Estiarte works for FC Barcelona from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
Manuel Estiarte works for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Manuel Estiarte works for Manchester City F.C from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
|
Manuel EstiarteManel Estiarte Duocastella (born October 26, 1961 in Manresa) is a Spanish former water polo player born in Manresa, a municipality in Barcelona, Spain. He is currently a member of Pep Guardiola's technical staff at Manchester City FC. He is usually considered as one of the two greatest water poloists of all time.Estiarte played for the national team for 23 years (between 1977 and 2000) and captained the side for 20 years. He made 580 appearances, and scored 1,561 goals.His first international appearance was as a 15-year-old at the 1977 European Aquatics Championships in Jönköping, Sweden. At 18 years old, he made his Olympic debut at the 1980 Moscow Games, where he was the leading goalscorer - a feat he repeated at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games and (jointly with Tibor Benedek) at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, with 21, 34, 27 and 22 goals, respectively. Estiarte holds the record for the most goals scored by a water polo player in Olympic history, with 127 goals.He has participated in six Olympic Games, all consecutively (Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996, and Sydney 2000). Estiarte is the second Spaniard to compete at six Olympic Games, after equestrian Luis Álvarez de Cervera. As of 2012, no other Spaniards have competed in six Olympics.Estiarte is the first water polo player to compete at six Olympic Games. (While there is a case for Welshman Paul Radmilovic to be recognized as such, one of his appearances was the 1906 Intercalated Games, which are not considered 'official'.)With the national squad he reached the finals at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics on home soil. Estiarte converted a penalty 42 seconds from full-time to put Spain ahead, but nine seconds later Italy equalised and went on to win 9-8 in extra time.Four years later, he was part of the team that made up for this painful loss by winning gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, defeating Croatia 7-5 in the final.He won the World Championship at Perth 1998 after finishing in second place at Perth 1991 and Rome 1994.At the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, he was given the honour to carry the national flag of Spain during the opening ceremony, becoming the 19th water polo player to be a flag bearer at the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics. Later he announced his retirement from the sport.During the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Estiarte was chosen by his fellow athletes in the Olympic Village to represent them in the Commission of Active Athletes. He was also a member of the International Olympics Committee from 2000 to 2006. From July 2008 until June 2012, he was involved in external relations at FC Barcelona.He was also Pep Guardiola's personal assistant at Bayern Munich from 2013 to 2016, and holds the same position with Guardiola at Manchester City FC. Estiarte's official title at the Premier League club is Head of Player Support and Protocol.Estiarte was one of three born to parents in Manresa, Spain, with a brother named Albert and a sister named Rosa. All three siblings were involved in high-profile athletics. Rosa Estiarte committed suicide in 1985 by jumping out of a window in their fourth-floor family home, which Manel witnessed. Manel is married and has two children, including a daughter named Rebecca.In 2009, Estiarte released his autobiography, entitled "All My Siblings", in which he recounts his personal and professional life, including the death of his sister Rosa.Estiarte and Pep Guardiola, current manager of Manchester City FC, have known each other since the early 1990s. The pair met on the final day of the 1991-1992 La Liga season, when Guardiola, still an FC Barcelona player at the time, won the title, and Estiarte, a passionate Barcelona supporter, went to congratulate him. The pair remained in contact throughout both of their careers as athletes, and in 2008, Guardiola asked Estiarte if he could accompany him to Barcelona to assist him as head coach.The two have been close friends and colleagues since, with Estiarte working with Guardiola for the entirety of his career in management, even assisting Guardiola in obtaining a lawyer when he was accused of doping in 2001.Guardiola wrote the foreword to Estiarte's autobiography "All My Siblings", saying this about the six-time Olympian: “I don't know if angels exist and, if they do, if they help us. Much less if guardian angels exist. But, if they do exist, I believe you are one of them.”In reference to Estiarte's influence on him as a manager, Guardiola has stated that “he helped me a lot in terms of the significance of understanding sport by seeing it from above.” Guardiola maintains that Estiarte is a crucial element to his managerial endeavors.Manel Estiarte was awarded with the Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sports Merit in 1993, and the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sports Merit in 1996, the highest distinction of sporting merit in Spain. Additionally, he was granted the most prestigious domestic/international sports award in Spain, the Prince of Asturias Sports Award in 2001.
|
[
"FC Bayern Munich",
"Manchester City F.C"
] |
|
Which employer did Manuel Estiarte work for in Jul, 2013?
|
July 23, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"FC Bayern Munich"
]
}
|
L2_Q962176_P108_1
|
Manuel Estiarte works for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Manuel Estiarte works for Manchester City F.C from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Manuel Estiarte works for FC Barcelona from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
|
Manuel EstiarteManel Estiarte Duocastella (born October 26, 1961 in Manresa) is a Spanish former water polo player born in Manresa, a municipality in Barcelona, Spain. He is currently a member of Pep Guardiola's technical staff at Manchester City FC. He is usually considered as one of the two greatest water poloists of all time.Estiarte played for the national team for 23 years (between 1977 and 2000) and captained the side for 20 years. He made 580 appearances, and scored 1,561 goals.His first international appearance was as a 15-year-old at the 1977 European Aquatics Championships in Jönköping, Sweden. At 18 years old, he made his Olympic debut at the 1980 Moscow Games, where he was the leading goalscorer - a feat he repeated at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games and (jointly with Tibor Benedek) at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, with 21, 34, 27 and 22 goals, respectively. Estiarte holds the record for the most goals scored by a water polo player in Olympic history, with 127 goals.He has participated in six Olympic Games, all consecutively (Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996, and Sydney 2000). Estiarte is the second Spaniard to compete at six Olympic Games, after equestrian Luis Álvarez de Cervera. As of 2012, no other Spaniards have competed in six Olympics.Estiarte is the first water polo player to compete at six Olympic Games. (While there is a case for Welshman Paul Radmilovic to be recognized as such, one of his appearances was the 1906 Intercalated Games, which are not considered 'official'.)With the national squad he reached the finals at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics on home soil. Estiarte converted a penalty 42 seconds from full-time to put Spain ahead, but nine seconds later Italy equalised and went on to win 9-8 in extra time.Four years later, he was part of the team that made up for this painful loss by winning gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, defeating Croatia 7-5 in the final.He won the World Championship at Perth 1998 after finishing in second place at Perth 1991 and Rome 1994.At the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, he was given the honour to carry the national flag of Spain during the opening ceremony, becoming the 19th water polo player to be a flag bearer at the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics. Later he announced his retirement from the sport.During the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Estiarte was chosen by his fellow athletes in the Olympic Village to represent them in the Commission of Active Athletes. He was also a member of the International Olympics Committee from 2000 to 2006. From July 2008 until June 2012, he was involved in external relations at FC Barcelona.He was also Pep Guardiola's personal assistant at Bayern Munich from 2013 to 2016, and holds the same position with Guardiola at Manchester City FC. Estiarte's official title at the Premier League club is Head of Player Support and Protocol.Estiarte was one of three born to parents in Manresa, Spain, with a brother named Albert and a sister named Rosa. All three siblings were involved in high-profile athletics. Rosa Estiarte committed suicide in 1985 by jumping out of a window in their fourth-floor family home, which Manel witnessed. Manel is married and has two children, including a daughter named Rebecca.In 2009, Estiarte released his autobiography, entitled "All My Siblings", in which he recounts his personal and professional life, including the death of his sister Rosa.Estiarte and Pep Guardiola, current manager of Manchester City FC, have known each other since the early 1990s. The pair met on the final day of the 1991-1992 La Liga season, when Guardiola, still an FC Barcelona player at the time, won the title, and Estiarte, a passionate Barcelona supporter, went to congratulate him. The pair remained in contact throughout both of their careers as athletes, and in 2008, Guardiola asked Estiarte if he could accompany him to Barcelona to assist him as head coach.The two have been close friends and colleagues since, with Estiarte working with Guardiola for the entirety of his career in management, even assisting Guardiola in obtaining a lawyer when he was accused of doping in 2001.Guardiola wrote the foreword to Estiarte's autobiography "All My Siblings", saying this about the six-time Olympian: “I don't know if angels exist and, if they do, if they help us. Much less if guardian angels exist. But, if they do exist, I believe you are one of them.”In reference to Estiarte's influence on him as a manager, Guardiola has stated that “he helped me a lot in terms of the significance of understanding sport by seeing it from above.” Guardiola maintains that Estiarte is a crucial element to his managerial endeavors.Manel Estiarte was awarded with the Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sports Merit in 1993, and the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sports Merit in 1996, the highest distinction of sporting merit in Spain. Additionally, he was granted the most prestigious domestic/international sports award in Spain, the Prince of Asturias Sports Award in 2001.
|
[
"FC Barcelona",
"Manchester City F.C"
] |
|
Which employer did Manuel Estiarte work for in Mar, 2019?
|
March 26, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Manchester City F.C"
]
}
|
L2_Q962176_P108_2
|
Manuel Estiarte works for Manchester City F.C from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Manuel Estiarte works for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Manuel Estiarte works for FC Barcelona from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
|
Manuel EstiarteManel Estiarte Duocastella (born October 26, 1961 in Manresa) is a Spanish former water polo player born in Manresa, a municipality in Barcelona, Spain. He is currently a member of Pep Guardiola's technical staff at Manchester City FC. He is usually considered as one of the two greatest water poloists of all time.Estiarte played for the national team for 23 years (between 1977 and 2000) and captained the side for 20 years. He made 580 appearances, and scored 1,561 goals.His first international appearance was as a 15-year-old at the 1977 European Aquatics Championships in Jönköping, Sweden. At 18 years old, he made his Olympic debut at the 1980 Moscow Games, where he was the leading goalscorer - a feat he repeated at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games and (jointly with Tibor Benedek) at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, with 21, 34, 27 and 22 goals, respectively. Estiarte holds the record for the most goals scored by a water polo player in Olympic history, with 127 goals.He has participated in six Olympic Games, all consecutively (Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996, and Sydney 2000). Estiarte is the second Spaniard to compete at six Olympic Games, after equestrian Luis Álvarez de Cervera. As of 2012, no other Spaniards have competed in six Olympics.Estiarte is the first water polo player to compete at six Olympic Games. (While there is a case for Welshman Paul Radmilovic to be recognized as such, one of his appearances was the 1906 Intercalated Games, which are not considered 'official'.)With the national squad he reached the finals at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics on home soil. Estiarte converted a penalty 42 seconds from full-time to put Spain ahead, but nine seconds later Italy equalised and went on to win 9-8 in extra time.Four years later, he was part of the team that made up for this painful loss by winning gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, defeating Croatia 7-5 in the final.He won the World Championship at Perth 1998 after finishing in second place at Perth 1991 and Rome 1994.At the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, he was given the honour to carry the national flag of Spain during the opening ceremony, becoming the 19th water polo player to be a flag bearer at the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics. Later he announced his retirement from the sport.During the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Estiarte was chosen by his fellow athletes in the Olympic Village to represent them in the Commission of Active Athletes. He was also a member of the International Olympics Committee from 2000 to 2006. From July 2008 until June 2012, he was involved in external relations at FC Barcelona.He was also Pep Guardiola's personal assistant at Bayern Munich from 2013 to 2016, and holds the same position with Guardiola at Manchester City FC. Estiarte's official title at the Premier League club is Head of Player Support and Protocol.Estiarte was one of three born to parents in Manresa, Spain, with a brother named Albert and a sister named Rosa. All three siblings were involved in high-profile athletics. Rosa Estiarte committed suicide in 1985 by jumping out of a window in their fourth-floor family home, which Manel witnessed. Manel is married and has two children, including a daughter named Rebecca.In 2009, Estiarte released his autobiography, entitled "All My Siblings", in which he recounts his personal and professional life, including the death of his sister Rosa.Estiarte and Pep Guardiola, current manager of Manchester City FC, have known each other since the early 1990s. The pair met on the final day of the 1991-1992 La Liga season, when Guardiola, still an FC Barcelona player at the time, won the title, and Estiarte, a passionate Barcelona supporter, went to congratulate him. The pair remained in contact throughout both of their careers as athletes, and in 2008, Guardiola asked Estiarte if he could accompany him to Barcelona to assist him as head coach.The two have been close friends and colleagues since, with Estiarte working with Guardiola for the entirety of his career in management, even assisting Guardiola in obtaining a lawyer when he was accused of doping in 2001.Guardiola wrote the foreword to Estiarte's autobiography "All My Siblings", saying this about the six-time Olympian: “I don't know if angels exist and, if they do, if they help us. Much less if guardian angels exist. But, if they do exist, I believe you are one of them.”In reference to Estiarte's influence on him as a manager, Guardiola has stated that “he helped me a lot in terms of the significance of understanding sport by seeing it from above.” Guardiola maintains that Estiarte is a crucial element to his managerial endeavors.Manel Estiarte was awarded with the Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sports Merit in 1993, and the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sports Merit in 1996, the highest distinction of sporting merit in Spain. Additionally, he was granted the most prestigious domestic/international sports award in Spain, the Prince of Asturias Sports Award in 2001.
|
[
"FC Barcelona",
"FC Bayern Munich"
] |
|
Which position did David Lewis Davies hold in May, 1931?
|
May 21, 1931
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5236572_P39_0
|
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1935 to Nov, 1937.
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 36th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1931 to Oct, 1935.
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1931 to Oct, 1931.
|
David Lewis DaviesDavid Lewis Davies (1873 – 25 November 1937) was a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontypridd from 1931 to 1937.He first stood for Parliament at the 1918 general election, when Pontypridd was won by the Coalition Liberal candidate Thomas Lewis. Lewis was forced to seek re-election in July 1922 when he was appointed as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (a nominal post held by a government whip), and the by-election was won by a new Labour candidate, Thomas Jones.Jones held the seat for nine years until he resigned from the House of Commons on 4 February 1931. Davies was the Labour candidate in the resulting by-election, which he won 60% of the votes. He held the seat for a further seven years, until his death in November 1937, aged 64.
|
[
"Member of the 36th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did David Lewis Davies hold in Jun, 1933?
|
June 10, 1933
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 36th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5236572_P39_1
|
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1931 to Oct, 1931.
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 36th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1931 to Oct, 1935.
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1935 to Nov, 1937.
|
David Lewis DaviesDavid Lewis Davies (1873 – 25 November 1937) was a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontypridd from 1931 to 1937.He first stood for Parliament at the 1918 general election, when Pontypridd was won by the Coalition Liberal candidate Thomas Lewis. Lewis was forced to seek re-election in July 1922 when he was appointed as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (a nominal post held by a government whip), and the by-election was won by a new Labour candidate, Thomas Jones.Jones held the seat for nine years until he resigned from the House of Commons on 4 February 1931. Davies was the Labour candidate in the resulting by-election, which he won 60% of the votes. He held the seat for a further seven years, until his death in November 1937, aged 64.
|
[
"Member of the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did David Lewis Davies hold in Jul, 1936?
|
July 02, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5236572_P39_2
|
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 36th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1931 to Oct, 1935.
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1931 to Oct, 1931.
David Lewis Davies holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1935 to Nov, 1937.
|
David Lewis DaviesDavid Lewis Davies (1873 – 25 November 1937) was a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontypridd from 1931 to 1937.He first stood for Parliament at the 1918 general election, when Pontypridd was won by the Coalition Liberal candidate Thomas Lewis. Lewis was forced to seek re-election in July 1922 when he was appointed as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (a nominal post held by a government whip), and the by-election was won by a new Labour candidate, Thomas Jones.Jones held the seat for nine years until he resigned from the House of Commons on 4 February 1931. Davies was the Labour candidate in the resulting by-election, which he won 60% of the votes. He held the seat for a further seven years, until his death in November 1937, aged 64.
|
[
"Member of the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 36th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which political party did Sergio Chiamparino belong to in Jun, 1996?
|
June 27, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Democratic Party of the Left"
]
}
|
L2_Q1054714_P102_0
|
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democratic Party from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
|
Sergio ChiamparinoSergio Chiamparino (born 1 September 1948) is an Italian politician.He was President of Piedmont from 2014 to 2019, and was the mayor of Turin, Italy from 2001 to 2011.A graduate in political sciences at the University of Turin, where he worked as a researcher until 1975, Chiamparino started his political career that same year as head of the Italian Communist Party in the Town Council of Moncalieri, his native city. He joined the Democratic Party of the Left on its formation and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1996, following a surprise defeat in 1994 to the centre-right candidate Alessandro Meluzzi (a former Freemason who laterly become an Orthodox bishop) in the left-leaning district of Mirafiori.He was elected mayor of Turin in 2001, succeeding to Valentino Castellani and then re-elected in May 2006 with 66.6% of votes, defeating the centre-right candidate Rocco Buttiglione. He was afterward elected president of the Piedmont regional council in 2014.
|
[
"Democrats of the Left",
"Democratic Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Sergio Chiamparino belong to in Nov, 1999?
|
November 26, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Democrats of the Left"
]
}
|
L2_Q1054714_P102_1
|
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democratic Party from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
|
Sergio ChiamparinoSergio Chiamparino (born 1 September 1948) is an Italian politician.He was President of Piedmont from 2014 to 2019, and was the mayor of Turin, Italy from 2001 to 2011.A graduate in political sciences at the University of Turin, where he worked as a researcher until 1975, Chiamparino started his political career that same year as head of the Italian Communist Party in the Town Council of Moncalieri, his native city. He joined the Democratic Party of the Left on its formation and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1996, following a surprise defeat in 1994 to the centre-right candidate Alessandro Meluzzi (a former Freemason who laterly become an Orthodox bishop) in the left-leaning district of Mirafiori.He was elected mayor of Turin in 2001, succeeding to Valentino Castellani and then re-elected in May 2006 with 66.6% of votes, defeating the centre-right candidate Rocco Buttiglione. He was afterward elected president of the Piedmont regional council in 2014.
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democratic Party"
] |
|
Which political party did Sergio Chiamparino belong to in Jan, 2020?
|
January 27, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Democratic Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q1054714_P102_2
|
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democratic Party from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1998.
Sergio Chiamparino is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2007.
|
Sergio ChiamparinoSergio Chiamparino (born 1 September 1948) is an Italian politician.He was President of Piedmont from 2014 to 2019, and was the mayor of Turin, Italy from 2001 to 2011.A graduate in political sciences at the University of Turin, where he worked as a researcher until 1975, Chiamparino started his political career that same year as head of the Italian Communist Party in the Town Council of Moncalieri, his native city. He joined the Democratic Party of the Left on its formation and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1996, following a surprise defeat in 1994 to the centre-right candidate Alessandro Meluzzi (a former Freemason who laterly become an Orthodox bishop) in the left-leaning district of Mirafiori.He was elected mayor of Turin in 2001, succeeding to Valentino Castellani and then re-elected in May 2006 with 66.6% of votes, defeating the centre-right candidate Rocco Buttiglione. He was afterward elected president of the Piedmont regional council in 2014.
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which position did Joseph Watson Sidebotham hold in Dec, 1890?
|
December 22, 1890
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6287820_P39_0
|
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
|
Joseph Watson SidebothamJoseph Watson Sidebotham (29 April 1857 – 10 June 1925) was a British colliery owner and Conservative politician.He was the eldest son of Joseph Sidebotham and Anne Coward of Bowdon, Cheshire. He was educated privately and at Owens College, before receiving a Bachelor of Music degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. He married Marian Dowling in 1886.His family company, Messrs J W Sidebotham and Brothers were the owners of a number of coal mines. In January 1889 an explosion at the company's Hyde Colliery caused the death of twenty-three miners.He was elected as Conservative MP for the Hyde Division of Cheshire at the 1886 general election, and held the seat until 1900, when he announced his retirement for "private and personal" reasons.Sidebotham's interest in music led him to introduce a bill in the House of Commons to regulate and register music teachers. Although the bill was unsuccessful, he was elected as a convocation member to the Senate of the University of London, and worked to reform the university's system of accreditation of music degrees.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Joseph Watson Sidebotham hold in Nov, 1893?
|
November 18, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6287820_P39_1
|
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Joseph Watson SidebothamJoseph Watson Sidebotham (29 April 1857 – 10 June 1925) was a British colliery owner and Conservative politician.He was the eldest son of Joseph Sidebotham and Anne Coward of Bowdon, Cheshire. He was educated privately and at Owens College, before receiving a Bachelor of Music degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. He married Marian Dowling in 1886.His family company, Messrs J W Sidebotham and Brothers were the owners of a number of coal mines. In January 1889 an explosion at the company's Hyde Colliery caused the death of twenty-three miners.He was elected as Conservative MP for the Hyde Division of Cheshire at the 1886 general election, and held the seat until 1900, when he announced his retirement for "private and personal" reasons.Sidebotham's interest in music led him to introduce a bill in the House of Commons to regulate and register music teachers. Although the bill was unsuccessful, he was elected as a convocation member to the Senate of the University of London, and worked to reform the university's system of accreditation of music degrees.
|
[
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Joseph Watson Sidebotham hold in Apr, 1897?
|
April 22, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6287820_P39_2
|
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
Joseph Watson Sidebotham holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Joseph Watson SidebothamJoseph Watson Sidebotham (29 April 1857 – 10 June 1925) was a British colliery owner and Conservative politician.He was the eldest son of Joseph Sidebotham and Anne Coward of Bowdon, Cheshire. He was educated privately and at Owens College, before receiving a Bachelor of Music degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. He married Marian Dowling in 1886.His family company, Messrs J W Sidebotham and Brothers were the owners of a number of coal mines. In January 1889 an explosion at the company's Hyde Colliery caused the death of twenty-three miners.He was elected as Conservative MP for the Hyde Division of Cheshire at the 1886 general election, and held the seat until 1900, when he announced his retirement for "private and personal" reasons.Sidebotham's interest in music led him to introduce a bill in the House of Commons to regulate and register music teachers. Although the bill was unsuccessful, he was elected as a convocation member to the Senate of the University of London, and worked to reform the university's system of accreditation of music degrees.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which employer did Khaled Koubaa work for in Aug, 2014?
|
August 16, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Google"
]
}
|
L2_Q12210136_P108_0
|
Khaled Koubaa works for ICANN from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019.
Khaled Koubaa works for Google from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Khaled Koubaa works for Facebook from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
|
Khaled KoubaaKhaled Koubaa (Arabic: خالد قوبعة), born September 19, 1973 in Sfax, is a Tunisian international Internet governance expert and manager of public policy in North Africa at Facebook.Khaled Koubaa completed his secondary education at the Lycée 9-Avril in Sfax before continuing his university studies at the École Supérieure de Commerce de Tunis, where he obtained a bachelor degree in management, which he completed with a master's degree in e-commerce from the École Supérieure de Commerce Électronique de La Manouba.Koubaa is a graduate of the DiploFoundation Institute, where he followed a program on Internet governance. He also has a degree in public leadership from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government and a degree in radical innovation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Before joining Google in 2012, where he led the government relations and public policy work in the Middle East and North Africa, Khaled Koubaa worked mainly as a consultant in new technologies and social media for several governments and organizations in the Arab region and Africa.He founded and chaired the Tunisian chapter of the Internet Society in 2006, before joining its international board of directors in 2009. He is also served as a member of the AfriNIC Board of Directors.In 2016, he was selected for a three-year term as a member of the board of directors of ICANN, the global Internet regulatory authority. Khaled served also as member of the World Bank’s Expert Advisory Council on Citizen Engagement.In 2019, he joined Facebook to serve as a manager of public policy in North Africa.On the 17th of November 2020, he was appointed by the UN Secretary General to the Multistakeholder Advisory Group as a member representing the private sector.Khaled Koubaa is also the founder and president of the Arab World Internet Institute.Khaled Koubaa is married and has two children.According to Koubaa, the Internet has played an important role in his personal life as he met his wife online and also saw his daughter for the first time online.
|
[
"Facebook",
"ICANN"
] |
|
Which employer did Khaled Koubaa work for in Sep, 2016?
|
September 06, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"ICANN"
]
}
|
L2_Q12210136_P108_1
|
Khaled Koubaa works for ICANN from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019.
Khaled Koubaa works for Facebook from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Khaled Koubaa works for Google from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
|
Khaled KoubaaKhaled Koubaa (Arabic: خالد قوبعة), born September 19, 1973 in Sfax, is a Tunisian international Internet governance expert and manager of public policy in North Africa at Facebook.Khaled Koubaa completed his secondary education at the Lycée 9-Avril in Sfax before continuing his university studies at the École Supérieure de Commerce de Tunis, where he obtained a bachelor degree in management, which he completed with a master's degree in e-commerce from the École Supérieure de Commerce Électronique de La Manouba.Koubaa is a graduate of the DiploFoundation Institute, where he followed a program on Internet governance. He also has a degree in public leadership from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government and a degree in radical innovation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Before joining Google in 2012, where he led the government relations and public policy work in the Middle East and North Africa, Khaled Koubaa worked mainly as a consultant in new technologies and social media for several governments and organizations in the Arab region and Africa.He founded and chaired the Tunisian chapter of the Internet Society in 2006, before joining its international board of directors in 2009. He is also served as a member of the AfriNIC Board of Directors.In 2016, he was selected for a three-year term as a member of the board of directors of ICANN, the global Internet regulatory authority. Khaled served also as member of the World Bank’s Expert Advisory Council on Citizen Engagement.In 2019, he joined Facebook to serve as a manager of public policy in North Africa.On the 17th of November 2020, he was appointed by the UN Secretary General to the Multistakeholder Advisory Group as a member representing the private sector.Khaled Koubaa is also the founder and president of the Arab World Internet Institute.Khaled Koubaa is married and has two children.According to Koubaa, the Internet has played an important role in his personal life as he met his wife online and also saw his daughter for the first time online.
|
[
"Facebook",
"Google"
] |
|
Which employer did Khaled Koubaa work for in Apr, 2019?
|
April 12, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Facebook"
]
}
|
L2_Q12210136_P108_2
|
Khaled Koubaa works for Google from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2016.
Khaled Koubaa works for Facebook from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Khaled Koubaa works for ICANN from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2019.
|
Khaled KoubaaKhaled Koubaa (Arabic: خالد قوبعة), born September 19, 1973 in Sfax, is a Tunisian international Internet governance expert and manager of public policy in North Africa at Facebook.Khaled Koubaa completed his secondary education at the Lycée 9-Avril in Sfax before continuing his university studies at the École Supérieure de Commerce de Tunis, where he obtained a bachelor degree in management, which he completed with a master's degree in e-commerce from the École Supérieure de Commerce Électronique de La Manouba.Koubaa is a graduate of the DiploFoundation Institute, where he followed a program on Internet governance. He also has a degree in public leadership from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government and a degree in radical innovation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Before joining Google in 2012, where he led the government relations and public policy work in the Middle East and North Africa, Khaled Koubaa worked mainly as a consultant in new technologies and social media for several governments and organizations in the Arab region and Africa.He founded and chaired the Tunisian chapter of the Internet Society in 2006, before joining its international board of directors in 2009. He is also served as a member of the AfriNIC Board of Directors.In 2016, he was selected for a three-year term as a member of the board of directors of ICANN, the global Internet regulatory authority. Khaled served also as member of the World Bank’s Expert Advisory Council on Citizen Engagement.In 2019, he joined Facebook to serve as a manager of public policy in North Africa.On the 17th of November 2020, he was appointed by the UN Secretary General to the Multistakeholder Advisory Group as a member representing the private sector.Khaled Koubaa is also the founder and president of the Arab World Internet Institute.Khaled Koubaa is married and has two children.According to Koubaa, the Internet has played an important role in his personal life as he met his wife online and also saw his daughter for the first time online.
|
[
"Google",
"ICANN"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team F.C. Crotone in Jul, 1981?
|
July 26, 1981
|
{
"text": [
"Franco Scoglio"
]
}
|
L2_Q6690_P286_0
|
Franco Scoglio is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Jul, 1981 to Jul, 1981.
Walter Zenga is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2016 to Jun, 2018.
Francesco Modesto is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2021 to May, 2022.
Giovanni Stroppa is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2018 to Mar, 2021.
Franco Lerda is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from May, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
F.C. CrotoneFootball Club Crotone S.r.l., commonly referred to as Crotone, is an Italian football club based in Crotone, Calabria. Founded in 1910, it holds its home games at Stadio Ezio Scida, which has a 16,547-seat capacity.The club is based in the ancient Greek settlement of Kroton, one of the first Greek colonies in what is now known as modern day Italy. The club is proud of their Greek origins with their banners and slogans and regularly depicting Greek icons such as soldiers of Sparta.The first team from Crotone, "Società sportiva Crotona", was founded as soon as September 1910, but without adhering to Italian Football Federation, and the following main teams of Crotone, like "Milone Crotone", did not participated before 1921-1923 in several minor leagues including "Prima Divisione" (which later would be known as Serie C). Following World War II, a new club, "Unione Sportiva Crotone" replaced the previous one, playing seven seasons in Serie C.In 1963, the club was relegated to Serie D, but returned to the third division the following year, remaining there for fourteen consecutive seasons, missing promotion in 1977 when finishing third behind Bari and Paganese. In 1978, following the Italian football league reorganisation, Crotone was relegated to Serie C2 and the following year was declared bankrupt. A new club, "Associazione Sportiva Crotone", began competing again in the "Prima Categoria" (eighth division).Crotone was promoted to Serie C2 in 1984–85, but only for one season. The team's name was changed to "Kroton Calcio", and the club was promoted again to C2 after the 1986–87 season, where it played until 1991. A second bankruptcy led to the foundation of Football Club Crotone Calcio with Raffaele Vrenna as chairman, starting in the "Promozione" (7th level). Crotone gained successive promotions to Serie C2 and C1, winning in the play-offs against Locri and Benevento, respectively.Under Antonello Cuccureddu, Crotone first reached Serie B in 2000, returning to the second level two seasons later. Again in division two in 2004, after disposing of Viterbese in the promotion play-offs, it remained in the category until the 2006–07 season.After being beaten by Taranto in the 2008 play-offs, Crotone returned to the second division the following season, defeating Benevento.The team was promoted to Serie A, the Italian top flight, for the first time in its history in 2016. In the 2016–17 season, the club finished 17th, securing a place in the next Serie A season by beating Lazio 3–1 on the last matchday.The following season, Crotone failed to avoid relegation after losing against Napoli in the last match of the Serie A campaign, returning to Serie B after two seasons. Following the 2019-2020 season, the club was promoted to Serie A once more. however, the club's campaign was less than satisfactory. After spending the majority of the season in the last spot of the table, and losing incredible matches that were an early indicator of the hardship the club would endure, Crotone was mathematically relegated to Serie B after 34 games, following a loss to would-be champions Inter.Team colours are dark blue and white due to their Greek origins and also red.The team's mottos are "Salutate la Magna Grecia" (Salute Greater Greece) and "Noi siamo la Magna Grecia" (We are Greater Greece).
|
[
"Walter Zenga",
"Francesco Modesto",
"Franco Lerda",
"Giovanni Stroppa"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team F.C. Crotone in Dec, 2016?
|
December 25, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Walter Zenga"
]
}
|
L2_Q6690_P286_1
|
Walter Zenga is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2016 to Jun, 2018.
Franco Lerda is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from May, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Francesco Modesto is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2021 to May, 2022.
Giovanni Stroppa is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2018 to Mar, 2021.
Franco Scoglio is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Jul, 1981 to Jul, 1981.
|
F.C. CrotoneFootball Club Crotone S.r.l., commonly referred to as Crotone, is an Italian football club based in Crotone, Calabria. Founded in 1910, it holds its home games at Stadio Ezio Scida, which has a 16,547-seat capacity.The club is based in the ancient Greek settlement of Kroton, one of the first Greek colonies in what is now known as modern day Italy. The club is proud of their Greek origins with their banners and slogans and regularly depicting Greek icons such as soldiers of Sparta.The first team from Crotone, "Società sportiva Crotona", was founded as soon as September 1910, but without adhering to Italian Football Federation, and the following main teams of Crotone, like "Milone Crotone", did not participated before 1921-1923 in several minor leagues including "Prima Divisione" (which later would be known as Serie C). Following World War II, a new club, "Unione Sportiva Crotone" replaced the previous one, playing seven seasons in Serie C.In 1963, the club was relegated to Serie D, but returned to the third division the following year, remaining there for fourteen consecutive seasons, missing promotion in 1977 when finishing third behind Bari and Paganese. In 1978, following the Italian football league reorganisation, Crotone was relegated to Serie C2 and the following year was declared bankrupt. A new club, "Associazione Sportiva Crotone", began competing again in the "Prima Categoria" (eighth division).Crotone was promoted to Serie C2 in 1984–85, but only for one season. The team's name was changed to "Kroton Calcio", and the club was promoted again to C2 after the 1986–87 season, where it played until 1991. A second bankruptcy led to the foundation of Football Club Crotone Calcio with Raffaele Vrenna as chairman, starting in the "Promozione" (7th level). Crotone gained successive promotions to Serie C2 and C1, winning in the play-offs against Locri and Benevento, respectively.Under Antonello Cuccureddu, Crotone first reached Serie B in 2000, returning to the second level two seasons later. Again in division two in 2004, after disposing of Viterbese in the promotion play-offs, it remained in the category until the 2006–07 season.After being beaten by Taranto in the 2008 play-offs, Crotone returned to the second division the following season, defeating Benevento.The team was promoted to Serie A, the Italian top flight, for the first time in its history in 2016. In the 2016–17 season, the club finished 17th, securing a place in the next Serie A season by beating Lazio 3–1 on the last matchday.The following season, Crotone failed to avoid relegation after losing against Napoli in the last match of the Serie A campaign, returning to Serie B after two seasons. Following the 2019-2020 season, the club was promoted to Serie A once more. however, the club's campaign was less than satisfactory. After spending the majority of the season in the last spot of the table, and losing incredible matches that were an early indicator of the hardship the club would endure, Crotone was mathematically relegated to Serie B after 34 games, following a loss to would-be champions Inter.Team colours are dark blue and white due to their Greek origins and also red.The team's mottos are "Salutate la Magna Grecia" (Salute Greater Greece) and "Noi siamo la Magna Grecia" (We are Greater Greece).
|
[
"Francesco Modesto",
"Franco Scoglio",
"Franco Lerda",
"Giovanni Stroppa"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team F.C. Crotone in Jan, 2019?
|
January 08, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Giovanni Stroppa"
]
}
|
L2_Q6690_P286_2
|
Francesco Modesto is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2021 to May, 2022.
Franco Lerda is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from May, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Giovanni Stroppa is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2018 to Mar, 2021.
Walter Zenga is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2016 to Jun, 2018.
Franco Scoglio is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Jul, 1981 to Jul, 1981.
|
F.C. CrotoneFootball Club Crotone S.r.l., commonly referred to as Crotone, is an Italian football club based in Crotone, Calabria. Founded in 1910, it holds its home games at Stadio Ezio Scida, which has a 16,547-seat capacity.The club is based in the ancient Greek settlement of Kroton, one of the first Greek colonies in what is now known as modern day Italy. The club is proud of their Greek origins with their banners and slogans and regularly depicting Greek icons such as soldiers of Sparta.The first team from Crotone, "Società sportiva Crotona", was founded as soon as September 1910, but without adhering to Italian Football Federation, and the following main teams of Crotone, like "Milone Crotone", did not participated before 1921-1923 in several minor leagues including "Prima Divisione" (which later would be known as Serie C). Following World War II, a new club, "Unione Sportiva Crotone" replaced the previous one, playing seven seasons in Serie C.In 1963, the club was relegated to Serie D, but returned to the third division the following year, remaining there for fourteen consecutive seasons, missing promotion in 1977 when finishing third behind Bari and Paganese. In 1978, following the Italian football league reorganisation, Crotone was relegated to Serie C2 and the following year was declared bankrupt. A new club, "Associazione Sportiva Crotone", began competing again in the "Prima Categoria" (eighth division).Crotone was promoted to Serie C2 in 1984–85, but only for one season. The team's name was changed to "Kroton Calcio", and the club was promoted again to C2 after the 1986–87 season, where it played until 1991. A second bankruptcy led to the foundation of Football Club Crotone Calcio with Raffaele Vrenna as chairman, starting in the "Promozione" (7th level). Crotone gained successive promotions to Serie C2 and C1, winning in the play-offs against Locri and Benevento, respectively.Under Antonello Cuccureddu, Crotone first reached Serie B in 2000, returning to the second level two seasons later. Again in division two in 2004, after disposing of Viterbese in the promotion play-offs, it remained in the category until the 2006–07 season.After being beaten by Taranto in the 2008 play-offs, Crotone returned to the second division the following season, defeating Benevento.The team was promoted to Serie A, the Italian top flight, for the first time in its history in 2016. In the 2016–17 season, the club finished 17th, securing a place in the next Serie A season by beating Lazio 3–1 on the last matchday.The following season, Crotone failed to avoid relegation after losing against Napoli in the last match of the Serie A campaign, returning to Serie B after two seasons. Following the 2019-2020 season, the club was promoted to Serie A once more. however, the club's campaign was less than satisfactory. After spending the majority of the season in the last spot of the table, and losing incredible matches that were an early indicator of the hardship the club would endure, Crotone was mathematically relegated to Serie B after 34 games, following a loss to would-be champions Inter.Team colours are dark blue and white due to their Greek origins and also red.The team's mottos are "Salutate la Magna Grecia" (Salute Greater Greece) and "Noi siamo la Magna Grecia" (We are Greater Greece).
|
[
"Walter Zenga",
"Francesco Modesto",
"Franco Lerda",
"Franco Scoglio"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team F.C. Crotone in Jan, 2022?
|
January 16, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Francesco Modesto"
]
}
|
L2_Q6690_P286_3
|
Giovanni Stroppa is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2018 to Mar, 2021.
Franco Lerda is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from May, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Francesco Modesto is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2021 to May, 2022.
Walter Zenga is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2016 to Jun, 2018.
Franco Scoglio is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Jul, 1981 to Jul, 1981.
|
F.C. CrotoneFootball Club Crotone S.r.l., commonly referred to as Crotone, is an Italian football club based in Crotone, Calabria. Founded in 1910, it holds its home games at Stadio Ezio Scida, which has a 16,547-seat capacity.The club is based in the ancient Greek settlement of Kroton, one of the first Greek colonies in what is now known as modern day Italy. The club is proud of their Greek origins with their banners and slogans and regularly depicting Greek icons such as soldiers of Sparta.The first team from Crotone, "Società sportiva Crotona", was founded as soon as September 1910, but without adhering to Italian Football Federation, and the following main teams of Crotone, like "Milone Crotone", did not participated before 1921-1923 in several minor leagues including "Prima Divisione" (which later would be known as Serie C). Following World War II, a new club, "Unione Sportiva Crotone" replaced the previous one, playing seven seasons in Serie C.In 1963, the club was relegated to Serie D, but returned to the third division the following year, remaining there for fourteen consecutive seasons, missing promotion in 1977 when finishing third behind Bari and Paganese. In 1978, following the Italian football league reorganisation, Crotone was relegated to Serie C2 and the following year was declared bankrupt. A new club, "Associazione Sportiva Crotone", began competing again in the "Prima Categoria" (eighth division).Crotone was promoted to Serie C2 in 1984–85, but only for one season. The team's name was changed to "Kroton Calcio", and the club was promoted again to C2 after the 1986–87 season, where it played until 1991. A second bankruptcy led to the foundation of Football Club Crotone Calcio with Raffaele Vrenna as chairman, starting in the "Promozione" (7th level). Crotone gained successive promotions to Serie C2 and C1, winning in the play-offs against Locri and Benevento, respectively.Under Antonello Cuccureddu, Crotone first reached Serie B in 2000, returning to the second level two seasons later. Again in division two in 2004, after disposing of Viterbese in the promotion play-offs, it remained in the category until the 2006–07 season.After being beaten by Taranto in the 2008 play-offs, Crotone returned to the second division the following season, defeating Benevento.The team was promoted to Serie A, the Italian top flight, for the first time in its history in 2016. In the 2016–17 season, the club finished 17th, securing a place in the next Serie A season by beating Lazio 3–1 on the last matchday.The following season, Crotone failed to avoid relegation after losing against Napoli in the last match of the Serie A campaign, returning to Serie B after two seasons. Following the 2019-2020 season, the club was promoted to Serie A once more. however, the club's campaign was less than satisfactory. After spending the majority of the season in the last spot of the table, and losing incredible matches that were an early indicator of the hardship the club would endure, Crotone was mathematically relegated to Serie B after 34 games, following a loss to would-be champions Inter.Team colours are dark blue and white due to their Greek origins and also red.The team's mottos are "Salutate la Magna Grecia" (Salute Greater Greece) and "Noi siamo la Magna Grecia" (We are Greater Greece).
|
[
"Walter Zenga",
"Franco Scoglio",
"Franco Lerda",
"Giovanni Stroppa"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team F.C. Crotone in Aug, 2022?
|
August 17, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Franco Lerda"
]
}
|
L2_Q6690_P286_4
|
Franco Lerda is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from May, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Walter Zenga is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2016 to Jun, 2018.
Francesco Modesto is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2021 to May, 2022.
Franco Scoglio is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Jul, 1981 to Jul, 1981.
Giovanni Stroppa is the head coach of F.C. Crotone from Dec, 2018 to Mar, 2021.
|
F.C. CrotoneFootball Club Crotone S.r.l., commonly referred to as Crotone, is an Italian football club based in Crotone, Calabria. Founded in 1910, it holds its home games at Stadio Ezio Scida, which has a 16,547-seat capacity.The club is based in the ancient Greek settlement of Kroton, one of the first Greek colonies in what is now known as modern day Italy. The club is proud of their Greek origins with their banners and slogans and regularly depicting Greek icons such as soldiers of Sparta.The first team from Crotone, "Società sportiva Crotona", was founded as soon as September 1910, but without adhering to Italian Football Federation, and the following main teams of Crotone, like "Milone Crotone", did not participated before 1921-1923 in several minor leagues including "Prima Divisione" (which later would be known as Serie C). Following World War II, a new club, "Unione Sportiva Crotone" replaced the previous one, playing seven seasons in Serie C.In 1963, the club was relegated to Serie D, but returned to the third division the following year, remaining there for fourteen consecutive seasons, missing promotion in 1977 when finishing third behind Bari and Paganese. In 1978, following the Italian football league reorganisation, Crotone was relegated to Serie C2 and the following year was declared bankrupt. A new club, "Associazione Sportiva Crotone", began competing again in the "Prima Categoria" (eighth division).Crotone was promoted to Serie C2 in 1984–85, but only for one season. The team's name was changed to "Kroton Calcio", and the club was promoted again to C2 after the 1986–87 season, where it played until 1991. A second bankruptcy led to the foundation of Football Club Crotone Calcio with Raffaele Vrenna as chairman, starting in the "Promozione" (7th level). Crotone gained successive promotions to Serie C2 and C1, winning in the play-offs against Locri and Benevento, respectively.Under Antonello Cuccureddu, Crotone first reached Serie B in 2000, returning to the second level two seasons later. Again in division two in 2004, after disposing of Viterbese in the promotion play-offs, it remained in the category until the 2006–07 season.After being beaten by Taranto in the 2008 play-offs, Crotone returned to the second division the following season, defeating Benevento.The team was promoted to Serie A, the Italian top flight, for the first time in its history in 2016. In the 2016–17 season, the club finished 17th, securing a place in the next Serie A season by beating Lazio 3–1 on the last matchday.The following season, Crotone failed to avoid relegation after losing against Napoli in the last match of the Serie A campaign, returning to Serie B after two seasons. Following the 2019-2020 season, the club was promoted to Serie A once more. however, the club's campaign was less than satisfactory. After spending the majority of the season in the last spot of the table, and losing incredible matches that were an early indicator of the hardship the club would endure, Crotone was mathematically relegated to Serie B after 34 games, following a loss to would-be champions Inter.Team colours are dark blue and white due to their Greek origins and also red.The team's mottos are "Salutate la Magna Grecia" (Salute Greater Greece) and "Noi siamo la Magna Grecia" (We are Greater Greece).
|
[
"Walter Zenga",
"Francesco Modesto",
"Franco Scoglio",
"Giovanni Stroppa"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Fremantle Football Club in Nov, 1996?
|
November 26, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"Gerard Neesham"
]
}
|
L2_Q278043_P286_0
|
Damian Drum is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1999 to May, 2001.
Ross Lyon is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2011 to Aug, 2019.
Gerard Neesham is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Justin Longmuir is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Mark Harvey is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jul, 2007 to Sep, 2011.
Ben Allan is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from May, 2001 to Sep, 2001.
|
Fremantle Football ClubThe Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Dockers, is a professional Australian rules football club competing in the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite competition. The team was founded in 1994 to represent the port city of Fremantle, a stronghold of football in Western Australia. The Dockers were the second team from the state to be admitted to the competition, following the West Coast Eagles in 1987. Despite having participated in and won several finals matches, Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs not to have won a premiership (the others being and ), though it did claim a minor premiership in 2015 and reach the 2013 Grand Final, losing to . High-profile players who forged careers at Fremantle include All-Australian Matthew Pavlich, Hall of Fame inductee Peter Bell, and dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe, who captains the club under head coach Justin Longmuir. Originally based at Fremantle Oval, the club's training and administrative facilities are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central, whilst its home ground is the 60,000-capacity Perth Stadium in Burswood. Fremantle has also fielded a women's team in the AFL Women's league since the competition's inception in 2017. They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio. Their most successful season was the 2020 season, in which the team was undefeated, but was ultimately cancelled without a premiership awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The port city of Fremantle, Western Australia has a rich footballing history, hosting the state's first organised game of Australian rules in 1881. Fremantle's first teams, the Fremantle Football Club, the Union/Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club, dominated the early years of the West Australian Football League (WAFL), winning 24 of the first 34 premierships. Since 1897, Fremantle Oval has been the main venue for Australian rules football matches in the city. Until the opening of Perth Stadium in 2018, the record attendance for an Australian rules football game in Western Australia stood at 52,781 for the 1979 WANFL Grand Final between East Fremantle and South Fremantle at Subiaco Oval.Champion footballers who forged careers playing for Fremantle-based clubs include, among other Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees, Steve Marsh, Jack Sheedy, John Todd, George Doig, William Truscott and Bernie Naylor.Negotiations between East Fremantle and South Fremantle to enter into the VFL as a merged club began in 1987. However, due to an exclusive rights clause granted to the West Coast Eagles this would be impossible until the end of the 1992 season. Further applications were made by the clubs to join but their model was out of favour with the West Australian Football Commission.The AFL announced on 14 December 1993 that a new team, to be based in Fremantle, would enter the league in 1995, with the tentative name of "Fremantle Sharks." The licence cost $4 million. The names "Fremantle Football Club", "Fremantle Dockers" and the club colours of purple, red, green and white were announced on 21 July 1994. The decision to base the new club in Fremantle was primarily due to the long association of Australian rules football in Fremantle. However, it was not represented in a national club competition until 1995, eight years after the first expansion of the then Victorian Football League into Western Australia in 1987 with the creation of the West Coast Eagles. Their first training session was held on 31 October 1994 at Fremantle Oval.The team endured some tough years near the bottom of the premiership ladder, until they finished fifth after the home and away rounds in 2003 and made the finals for the first time. The elimination final against eighth-placed Essendon at Subiaco Oval was then the club's biggest ever game, but ended in disappointment for the home team, with the finals experience of Essendon proving too strong for the young team. They then missed making the finals in the following two seasons, finishing both years with 11 wins, 11 losses and only 1 game outside the top eight.After an average first half to the 2006 AFL season, Fremantle finished the year with a club-record nine straight wins to earn themselves third position at the end of the home and away season with a club-best 15 wins. In the qualifying final against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, the Dockers led for the first three-quarters before being overrun by the Crows. The following week saw the club win its first finals game in the semi-final against Melbourne at Subiaco Oval. The club subsequently earned a trip to Sydney to play in its first ever preliminary final, where they lost by 35 points at ANZ Stadium to the Sydney Swans.In 2007, following Chris Connolly's resignation midway through the season, Mark Harvey, a three-time premiership player with Essendon, was appointed caretaker coach for the club. During his seven matches for 2007, Harvey coached the Dockers to four wins and three losses. The club came 11th that year, and Harvey was appointed full-time coach at the end of the season. The following year saw the club slump to 14th.In Round 15, 2009, Fremantle recorded the lowest score in its history and of the 2000s, scoring only 1.7 (13) to the Adelaide Crows' 19.16 (130). It scored just one point in the first half and the only goal scored came in the third quarter.After finishing sixth in 2010, the club played in the finals for the first time since 2006. The team played Hawthorn at Subiaco Oval, and despite being considered underdogs, went on to win by 30 points. The win came from strong performances from Luke McPharlin and Adam McPhee who limited the impact of Lance Franklin and Luke Hodge, respectively. The team's second ever win in a finals match qualified them for a semi-final to be played against the Geelong Cats at the MCG the following week. In a one-sided contest, the Dockers lost by 69 points.The 2011 season saw Fremantle lose just once in the first six rounds before ending the year in 11th position after losing their final seven games. Fremantle's collapse was considered a result of a heavy injury count that began in the pre-season.In September 2011, Mark Harvey was sensationally sacked by the club in favour of still-contracted St. Kilda coach Ross Lyon.Fremantle qualified for the finals in 2012 after finishing in seventh position. In their elimination final against Geelong, the Dockers won their first ever finals game away from home with a 16-point victory at the MCG behind Matthew Pavlich's six goals. Fremantle subsequently lost to the Crows in Adelaide the following week, ending their finals campaign.In 2013, Fremantle finished the home-and-away season in third position with a club-best 16 wins. In their qualifying final against the Cats in Geelong, the Dockers produced a first-round upset with a 15-point victory to advance through to a home preliminary final. In the preliminary final, the Dockers defeated the reigning premiers, the Sydney Swans, by 25 points to advance to their maiden AFL Grand Final. In the 2013 grand final, the Dockers were defeated by Hawthorn by a margin of 15 points.In 2014, the club reached the finals for the third successive year with a top-four finish and 16 wins, but despite earning a double chance, they were knocked out after losses to Sydney away and Port Adelaide at home. Nat Fyfe was awarded the Leigh Matthews Trophy for winning the AFL Players' Association MVP award.In 2015, the club were crowned minor premiers for the first time in their history, earning their first piece of silverware with the McClelland Trophy. However, the club failed to convert this into a grand final appearance, losing to Hawthorn by 27 points in its home preliminary final. Fremantle ended their season with Nat Fyfe becoming the club's first Brownlow Medalist.Season 2016 marked Matthew Pavlich's final season in the AFL, as Fremantle missed the finals following a 10-game losing streak to start the year, finishing in 16th position with just four wins.Ross Lyon was sacked as coach on 20 August 2019 after the club failed to qualify for the finals. He was replaced by Justin Longmuir.After struggling in their early start up years, Fremantle are beginning to be a more established and consistently more competitive club in the AFL, with an overall win percentage of 50.0% since first making the finals in 2003. The Dockers' halcyon years took place between 2013 and 2015, where they earned three-straight top four finishes to go with their only grand final appearance (2013) and their only minor premiership (2015).Fremantle played in its first drawn match in Round 8, 2013 against the Sydney Swans. In 2006, against St Kilda at Aurora Stadium in Launceston, they did play in a controversial Round 5 match that initially ended in a draw. However, the AFL overturned the draw result the following Wednesday after the match, due to an off-field error made by the timekeepers not sounding the siren for long enough, and declared Fremantle as one-point winners. It marked the first time a game result had been later overturned since 1900.The club is nicknamed the "Dockers" in reference to Fremantle's history as a port city. Shortly after the club was launched in 1994, Levi Strauss & Co., which produces the Dockers brand of clothing, challenged the club's right to use the name "Fremantle Dockers", specifically on clothing. As a result, the club and the AFL discontinued the official use of the "Dockers" nickname in 1997. However, it remained in common usage both inside and outside the club, and continued to appear in the official team song "Freo Way to Go" and as the title of the official club magazine "Docker". In October 2010, the strong association that members and fans have with the "Dockers" nickname led the club to form a new arrangement with Levi Strauss & Co which allows the club to officially use the nickname "Dockers" everywhere including on clothing and other brand elements. This name change was made in conjunction with changes to the club logo and playing strip.Until 2011 the Fremantle Football Club used the anchor symbol as the basis for all of their guernseys. The home guernsey was purple, with a white anchor on the front separating the chest area into red and green panels, representing the traditional maritime port and starboard colours. The colours also acknowledged Fremantle's large Italian community, which historically has been associated with the city's fishing community. The away or clash guernsey was all white with a purple anchor. Since the end of the 2010 home and away season, the home jumper is purple with three white chevrons, and the away jumper is white with purple chevrons.One game each year is designated as the "Purple Haze" game, where an all-purple jumper with a white anchor is worn. This game is used to raise money for the Starlight Children's Foundation. After the guernsey re-design to a predominately purple home jumper, Fremantle wore the Starlight Foundation logo, a yellow star, above the highest chevron for their Purple Haze game.Since 2003, the AFL has hosted an annual Heritage Round. Until 2006, Fremantle wore a white guernsey with three red chevrons, to emulate the jumper worn by the original Fremantle Football Club in 1885. However, in 2007, the selected round had Fremantle playing Sydney, who also wear red and white. An alternative blue and white striped design was used, based on the jumper worn by the East Fremantle Football Club in their 1979 WAFL Grand Final win over the South Fremantle Football Club. This "Fremantle Derby" held the record, prior to the opening of Optus Stadium, for the highest attendance at a football game of any code in Western Australia, with 52,781 attending at Subiaco Oval.In September 2008, newly appointed CEO Steve Rosich confirmed that the Fremantle Football Club would undergo a thorough review of all areas, including the club's team name, song, guernsey, and logo in a bid to boost its marketability. However he later confirmed that the purple colour will be maintained as it had become synonymous with Fremantle.Fremantle Football Club had its original training and administration facilities at Fremantle Oval. On 21 February 2017 the club moved its training and administration facilities to Cockburn ARC, a world-class facility constructed in 2015–17 at a price of $109 million, located in the suburb of Cockburn Central.The team's home games are currently played at Optus Stadium, a 60,000 seat multi-purpose stadium located in the suburb of Burswood. The club began playing home matches at the venue in 2018, having previously played home matches at Subiaco Oval from 2001 onward and before that the WACA Ground from 1995 to 2000.The official song of Fremantle is "Freo Way to Go", a truncated version of the club's original song, "Freo Heave Ho", written by Ken Walther. "Freo Way to Go" was adopted in 2011 following a poll on the Dockers' official website, beating out three other newly composed songs, including "Freo Freo", written by Fremantle-based indie rock group and the Dockers' then-number one ticket holder, Eskimo Joe. The poll took place around the same time that the club's guernsey and logo were also updated.Unlike other AFL team songs, "Freo Way to Go" is played to a contemporary rock tune. "Freo Heave Ho" also had a section based on Igor Stravinsky's arrangement of the traditional Russian folk song, "Song of the Volga Boatmen", which was dropped in 2011, leaving only the original composition of Walther.Due to its unconventional style, the song is derided by many opposition supporters and defended with equally fierce loyalty by many fans. "Every other team song sounds like a 'Knees Up Mother Brown' from previous eras. We've got a backbeat", boasted author and Fremantle fan Tim Winton. In 2021, in response to being named the club's new number one ticket holder, Tame Impala frontman and Fremantle local Kevin Parker released a new Fremantle "pump up" track to be played at home games. Bolstering the Fremantle connection, the song draws inspiration from AC/DC.The club is owned by the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC). Since 2003, a Board of Directors controls the operation of the club, on behalf of the WAFC. Prior to this, a two-tier arrangement was in place, with a Board of Management between the Board of Directors and the Commission. The initial club chief executive officer was David Hatt, who had come from a hockey background, and the inaugural club chairman was Ross Kelly, who had played for West Perth. It was a deliberate act by the commission to avoid having administrators from either East Fremantle or South Fremantle in key roles, as they wanted the club to be bigger than just representing Fremantle.Kelly resigned at the end of 1998, replaced by Ross McLean. Whilst he presided over some key financial decisions, including the building of the club's administrative and training centre at Fremantle Oval and the deferment of the licence fee to the AFL, it was Fremantle's lowest point onfield, culminating in a two-win season in 2001 which saw the coach Damian Drum be sacked mid-year. McLean resigned following an inadvertent breach of the salary cap.In early 2001 Hatt accepted a government job and Cameron Schwab was appointed. After weathering the fallout from the disastrous 2001 season, Schwab and the new chairman, local West Australian retailing businessman Rick Hart, set about rebuilding the club. A former recruiting manager, Schwab focused on building up the on-field performance by recruiting high-profile players in Trent Croad, Peter Bell and Jeff Farmer, as well as coach Chris Connolly and with Hart then focused on enhancing the corporate and financial standing of the club. The club membership grew every year from 2002 until 2008 and the final licence payment was made to the AFL in 2005.Schwab chose to return to Melbourne in 2008 and was replaced as CEO by Steve Rosich, who had previously worked for the West Coast Eagles. A year later Hart resigned as president and Steve Harris, who runs The Brand Agency and had produced advertising for Fremantle since 2002, took over at the end of 2009. Harris had been on the board since November 2008, the first club chairman or president to have previously served on the board. The club has developed into one of the wealthiest clubs in the league and their surprise recruitment of Ross Lyon to replace Mark Harvey as coach at the end of the 2011 is seen as an example of their ruthless drive for sustained success. In 2014, Harris resigned as president nd was replaced by the then vice president, Perth property developer Dale Alcock.Fremantle's biggest rivalry is with the other Western Australian team, the West Coast Eagles, who they play twice each year in the home and away season, in the fiercely contested "Western Derby" matches (Pronounced in Western Australia). West Coast were victorious in the first nine games, before Fremantle won in round 16, 1999, after which has prompted a fairly even Derby result with Fremantle at 19 and West Coast at 21 Derby wins. The term "derby" is named after the Fremantle Derby games between East and South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League, which for almost 100 years have been considered some of the most important games in the local league. The 1979 WANFL Grand Final still holds the Subiaco Oval football attendance record of 52,781.The Dockers and the St Kilda Football Club have seen a number of controversial events between them, most notably the AFL siren controversy at York Park in 2006. The match was sent into a state of confusion with Fremantle leading by one point when the siren (which had not been very loud all game) was not heard by the umpires who then allowed St Kilda tagger Steven Baker to score a point after time had elapsed and, as a result, the match ended in a draw. The outcome of the game was taken to the AFL Commission and it was decided during the week that as the siren had gone Fremantle were judged to be the winners, disallowing Baker's point.During the 2011 off-season, Fremantle sacked coach Mark Harvey and replaced him with then-St Kilda coach Ross Lyon in controversial circumstances. The move was met with much criticism towards Fremantle's president, Steve Harris, and CEO, Steve Rosich, claiming that they had "backstabbed" Harvey. Lyon was also met with widespread criticism and was accused of backstabbing St Kilda by many Saints supporters as the club was made aware that Fremantle had approached Lyon during St Kilda's lead-up to its finals campaign. The two clubs contested a highly anticipated Friday night match in Round 4 of the 2012 AFL season at Etihad Stadium, with Fremantle winning by 13 points and Lyon being booed throughout the match. Lyon has since become Fremantle's longest serving and most successful coach.For most of Fremantle's history, players have played for various West Australian Football League (WAFL) teams when not selected to play for the Fremantle AFL team. Players recruited from the WAFL have remained with their original club, and players recruited from interstate have been allocated to teams via a draft system. Since the 2014 season, the Peel Thunder Football Club has served as the host club for the Fremantle Dockers, an arrangement which will see Fremantle's reserves players playing in the WAFL for Peel Thunder Football Club. An attempt to field a standalone Fremantle reserves side in the WAFL was rejected by the other WAFL clubs. A similar host club system was used in 1999 when South Fremantle was the aligned club but was cancelled after a single season.In May 2016, the club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017. As part of the bid, the team would guarantee all players education and job opportunities with the club and the partnering Curtin University.Fremantle beat out a bid from rivals when they were granted a license on 15 June 2016.Kiara Bowers and Kara Antonio were the club's first signings, unveiled along with the league's other 14 marquee players on 27 July 2016. A further 24 senior players and two rookie players were added to the club's inaugural list in the league's drafting and signing period.Former South Fremantle assistant coach, Michelle Cowan was appointed the team's inaugural head coach in July 2016.The club's initial bid outlined plans for a game each at Domain Stadium and at Curtin University's Bentley campus as well as up to two remaining matches held at the club training base in the city of Cockburn. The club eventually played two home games at Fremantle Oval, one at Domain Stadium and one in Mandurah. In 2018, the Dockers hosted the first football game at Perth Stadium but will play the remainder of their home games at Fremantle Oval.The Dockers struggled in their inaugural season, only winning one of seven games and finishing seventh out of eight teams on the ladder. They fared slightly better in 2018, winning three matches, but again finished seventh on the ladder.In 2019, Fremantle had their most successful season, losing only one game during the home and away matches to eventual premiers Adelaide and making the finals for the first time. The team, now coached by Trent Cooper and with Kiara Bowers making her long-awaited debut after two injury affect years, started the year with a high scoring victory over Melbourne in the opening round and then kicked their highest ever score, 10.7 (67), in round 2 against Brisbane. Despite having won two more games than Carlton, the controversial conference system saw Carlton host the knock out preliminary final and inflict Fremantle's second defeat of the year. In the post-season awards, Bowers and Dana Hooker came second behind Erin Phillips in the AFLW MVP award and AFL Women's best and fairest award respectively. Bowers, Hooker and Gemma Houghton were all named in the AFL Women's All-Australian team. Ashley Sharp was awarded goal of the year for a long run, multiple bounce goal.The Doig Medal is the Fremantle Football Club's annual fairest and best award. Currently, the Fremantle coaching staff give every player votes on a 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis after every match, including Finals Series matches. Top votes are awarded for what is regarded as an elite performance. At the end of the year the votes are tallied and the Doig Medal Night is held to announce the winner. Variations on the voting system have been used in past years. The awards ceremony has been held at the Fremantle Passenger Terminal (1995), Challenge Stadium (1998–1999), Fremantle Oval (2000–2001), the Grand Ballroom at Burswood Entertainment Complex (2002–2005, 2008–current) and the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (2006–2007).The Beacon Award is presented to the club's best first year player. Mature aged recruits Michael Barlow, Tendai Mzungu and Lee Spurr have won in recent years, despite being significantly older than most first year players.The Fremantle Football Hall of Legends was inaugurated by Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new AFL team's links with its home city's football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the WAFL: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.In 2019, The West Australian named Fremantle's greatest team of the past twenty five years as part of the club's twenty fifth anniversary celebrations, as voted by Fans and club officials.:It is traditional for each AFL club to recognise a prominent supporter as the number-one ticket holder. Fremantle originally chose to award this to Carmen Lawrence, the sitting member for the federal seat of Fremantle. This was roundly criticised as the member may or may not be a supporter of the club and unnecessarily linked politics with sport. The policy was soon changed to select a well-known Fremantle identity for a two-year period.On 23 April 2010, Eskimo Joe were announced as Fremantle's number-one ticket holder, replacing golfer Nick O'Hern. The band's drummer and guitarist, Joel Quartermain, hinted that they might write a new theme song for the club, saying that Other high-profile fans include current and former Premiers of Western Australia, Mark McGowan and Alan Carpenter, former Federal Minister of Defence, Stephen Smith, Tim Minchin, members of psychedelic rock band Tame Impala, author Tim Winton, American tennis player John Isner and journalists and television presenters Dixie Marshall, Simon Reeve and Matt Price, who wrote a book on Fremantle, "Way to Go".Despite a relative lack of on-field success, Fremantle has recorded membership figures above average for the league.The club in 2005 had the fastest growing membership in the AFL competition with home crowds growing at a similar rate. The club's recent membership slogans have emphasised the passion of Fremantle fans for their team.From 2003 until 2011, the Fremantle Football Club had the Governors of Western Australia as its patron.Vice-patrons
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[
"Ben Allan",
"Mark Harvey",
"Damian Drum",
"Justin Longmuir",
"Ross Lyon"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Fremantle Football Club in Mar, 2000?
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March 21, 2000
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{
"text": [
"Damian Drum"
]
}
|
L2_Q278043_P286_1
|
Damian Drum is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1999 to May, 2001.
Ben Allan is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from May, 2001 to Sep, 2001.
Mark Harvey is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jul, 2007 to Sep, 2011.
Ross Lyon is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2011 to Aug, 2019.
Gerard Neesham is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Justin Longmuir is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
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Fremantle Football ClubThe Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Dockers, is a professional Australian rules football club competing in the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite competition. The team was founded in 1994 to represent the port city of Fremantle, a stronghold of football in Western Australia. The Dockers were the second team from the state to be admitted to the competition, following the West Coast Eagles in 1987. Despite having participated in and won several finals matches, Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs not to have won a premiership (the others being and ), though it did claim a minor premiership in 2015 and reach the 2013 Grand Final, losing to . High-profile players who forged careers at Fremantle include All-Australian Matthew Pavlich, Hall of Fame inductee Peter Bell, and dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe, who captains the club under head coach Justin Longmuir. Originally based at Fremantle Oval, the club's training and administrative facilities are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central, whilst its home ground is the 60,000-capacity Perth Stadium in Burswood. Fremantle has also fielded a women's team in the AFL Women's league since the competition's inception in 2017. They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio. Their most successful season was the 2020 season, in which the team was undefeated, but was ultimately cancelled without a premiership awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The port city of Fremantle, Western Australia has a rich footballing history, hosting the state's first organised game of Australian rules in 1881. Fremantle's first teams, the Fremantle Football Club, the Union/Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club, dominated the early years of the West Australian Football League (WAFL), winning 24 of the first 34 premierships. Since 1897, Fremantle Oval has been the main venue for Australian rules football matches in the city. Until the opening of Perth Stadium in 2018, the record attendance for an Australian rules football game in Western Australia stood at 52,781 for the 1979 WANFL Grand Final between East Fremantle and South Fremantle at Subiaco Oval.Champion footballers who forged careers playing for Fremantle-based clubs include, among other Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees, Steve Marsh, Jack Sheedy, John Todd, George Doig, William Truscott and Bernie Naylor.Negotiations between East Fremantle and South Fremantle to enter into the VFL as a merged club began in 1987. However, due to an exclusive rights clause granted to the West Coast Eagles this would be impossible until the end of the 1992 season. Further applications were made by the clubs to join but their model was out of favour with the West Australian Football Commission.The AFL announced on 14 December 1993 that a new team, to be based in Fremantle, would enter the league in 1995, with the tentative name of "Fremantle Sharks." The licence cost $4 million. The names "Fremantle Football Club", "Fremantle Dockers" and the club colours of purple, red, green and white were announced on 21 July 1994. The decision to base the new club in Fremantle was primarily due to the long association of Australian rules football in Fremantle. However, it was not represented in a national club competition until 1995, eight years after the first expansion of the then Victorian Football League into Western Australia in 1987 with the creation of the West Coast Eagles. Their first training session was held on 31 October 1994 at Fremantle Oval.The team endured some tough years near the bottom of the premiership ladder, until they finished fifth after the home and away rounds in 2003 and made the finals for the first time. The elimination final against eighth-placed Essendon at Subiaco Oval was then the club's biggest ever game, but ended in disappointment for the home team, with the finals experience of Essendon proving too strong for the young team. They then missed making the finals in the following two seasons, finishing both years with 11 wins, 11 losses and only 1 game outside the top eight.After an average first half to the 2006 AFL season, Fremantle finished the year with a club-record nine straight wins to earn themselves third position at the end of the home and away season with a club-best 15 wins. In the qualifying final against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, the Dockers led for the first three-quarters before being overrun by the Crows. The following week saw the club win its first finals game in the semi-final against Melbourne at Subiaco Oval. The club subsequently earned a trip to Sydney to play in its first ever preliminary final, where they lost by 35 points at ANZ Stadium to the Sydney Swans.In 2007, following Chris Connolly's resignation midway through the season, Mark Harvey, a three-time premiership player with Essendon, was appointed caretaker coach for the club. During his seven matches for 2007, Harvey coached the Dockers to four wins and three losses. The club came 11th that year, and Harvey was appointed full-time coach at the end of the season. The following year saw the club slump to 14th.In Round 15, 2009, Fremantle recorded the lowest score in its history and of the 2000s, scoring only 1.7 (13) to the Adelaide Crows' 19.16 (130). It scored just one point in the first half and the only goal scored came in the third quarter.After finishing sixth in 2010, the club played in the finals for the first time since 2006. The team played Hawthorn at Subiaco Oval, and despite being considered underdogs, went on to win by 30 points. The win came from strong performances from Luke McPharlin and Adam McPhee who limited the impact of Lance Franklin and Luke Hodge, respectively. The team's second ever win in a finals match qualified them for a semi-final to be played against the Geelong Cats at the MCG the following week. In a one-sided contest, the Dockers lost by 69 points.The 2011 season saw Fremantle lose just once in the first six rounds before ending the year in 11th position after losing their final seven games. Fremantle's collapse was considered a result of a heavy injury count that began in the pre-season.In September 2011, Mark Harvey was sensationally sacked by the club in favour of still-contracted St. Kilda coach Ross Lyon.Fremantle qualified for the finals in 2012 after finishing in seventh position. In their elimination final against Geelong, the Dockers won their first ever finals game away from home with a 16-point victory at the MCG behind Matthew Pavlich's six goals. Fremantle subsequently lost to the Crows in Adelaide the following week, ending their finals campaign.In 2013, Fremantle finished the home-and-away season in third position with a club-best 16 wins. In their qualifying final against the Cats in Geelong, the Dockers produced a first-round upset with a 15-point victory to advance through to a home preliminary final. In the preliminary final, the Dockers defeated the reigning premiers, the Sydney Swans, by 25 points to advance to their maiden AFL Grand Final. In the 2013 grand final, the Dockers were defeated by Hawthorn by a margin of 15 points.In 2014, the club reached the finals for the third successive year with a top-four finish and 16 wins, but despite earning a double chance, they were knocked out after losses to Sydney away and Port Adelaide at home. Nat Fyfe was awarded the Leigh Matthews Trophy for winning the AFL Players' Association MVP award.In 2015, the club were crowned minor premiers for the first time in their history, earning their first piece of silverware with the McClelland Trophy. However, the club failed to convert this into a grand final appearance, losing to Hawthorn by 27 points in its home preliminary final. Fremantle ended their season with Nat Fyfe becoming the club's first Brownlow Medalist.Season 2016 marked Matthew Pavlich's final season in the AFL, as Fremantle missed the finals following a 10-game losing streak to start the year, finishing in 16th position with just four wins.Ross Lyon was sacked as coach on 20 August 2019 after the club failed to qualify for the finals. He was replaced by Justin Longmuir.After struggling in their early start up years, Fremantle are beginning to be a more established and consistently more competitive club in the AFL, with an overall win percentage of 50.0% since first making the finals in 2003. The Dockers' halcyon years took place between 2013 and 2015, where they earned three-straight top four finishes to go with their only grand final appearance (2013) and their only minor premiership (2015).Fremantle played in its first drawn match in Round 8, 2013 against the Sydney Swans. In 2006, against St Kilda at Aurora Stadium in Launceston, they did play in a controversial Round 5 match that initially ended in a draw. However, the AFL overturned the draw result the following Wednesday after the match, due to an off-field error made by the timekeepers not sounding the siren for long enough, and declared Fremantle as one-point winners. It marked the first time a game result had been later overturned since 1900.The club is nicknamed the "Dockers" in reference to Fremantle's history as a port city. Shortly after the club was launched in 1994, Levi Strauss & Co., which produces the Dockers brand of clothing, challenged the club's right to use the name "Fremantle Dockers", specifically on clothing. As a result, the club and the AFL discontinued the official use of the "Dockers" nickname in 1997. However, it remained in common usage both inside and outside the club, and continued to appear in the official team song "Freo Way to Go" and as the title of the official club magazine "Docker". In October 2010, the strong association that members and fans have with the "Dockers" nickname led the club to form a new arrangement with Levi Strauss & Co which allows the club to officially use the nickname "Dockers" everywhere including on clothing and other brand elements. This name change was made in conjunction with changes to the club logo and playing strip.Until 2011 the Fremantle Football Club used the anchor symbol as the basis for all of their guernseys. The home guernsey was purple, with a white anchor on the front separating the chest area into red and green panels, representing the traditional maritime port and starboard colours. The colours also acknowledged Fremantle's large Italian community, which historically has been associated with the city's fishing community. The away or clash guernsey was all white with a purple anchor. Since the end of the 2010 home and away season, the home jumper is purple with three white chevrons, and the away jumper is white with purple chevrons.One game each year is designated as the "Purple Haze" game, where an all-purple jumper with a white anchor is worn. This game is used to raise money for the Starlight Children's Foundation. After the guernsey re-design to a predominately purple home jumper, Fremantle wore the Starlight Foundation logo, a yellow star, above the highest chevron for their Purple Haze game.Since 2003, the AFL has hosted an annual Heritage Round. Until 2006, Fremantle wore a white guernsey with three red chevrons, to emulate the jumper worn by the original Fremantle Football Club in 1885. However, in 2007, the selected round had Fremantle playing Sydney, who also wear red and white. An alternative blue and white striped design was used, based on the jumper worn by the East Fremantle Football Club in their 1979 WAFL Grand Final win over the South Fremantle Football Club. This "Fremantle Derby" held the record, prior to the opening of Optus Stadium, for the highest attendance at a football game of any code in Western Australia, with 52,781 attending at Subiaco Oval.In September 2008, newly appointed CEO Steve Rosich confirmed that the Fremantle Football Club would undergo a thorough review of all areas, including the club's team name, song, guernsey, and logo in a bid to boost its marketability. However he later confirmed that the purple colour will be maintained as it had become synonymous with Fremantle.Fremantle Football Club had its original training and administration facilities at Fremantle Oval. On 21 February 2017 the club moved its training and administration facilities to Cockburn ARC, a world-class facility constructed in 2015–17 at a price of $109 million, located in the suburb of Cockburn Central.The team's home games are currently played at Optus Stadium, a 60,000 seat multi-purpose stadium located in the suburb of Burswood. The club began playing home matches at the venue in 2018, having previously played home matches at Subiaco Oval from 2001 onward and before that the WACA Ground from 1995 to 2000.The official song of Fremantle is "Freo Way to Go", a truncated version of the club's original song, "Freo Heave Ho", written by Ken Walther. "Freo Way to Go" was adopted in 2011 following a poll on the Dockers' official website, beating out three other newly composed songs, including "Freo Freo", written by Fremantle-based indie rock group and the Dockers' then-number one ticket holder, Eskimo Joe. The poll took place around the same time that the club's guernsey and logo were also updated.Unlike other AFL team songs, "Freo Way to Go" is played to a contemporary rock tune. "Freo Heave Ho" also had a section based on Igor Stravinsky's arrangement of the traditional Russian folk song, "Song of the Volga Boatmen", which was dropped in 2011, leaving only the original composition of Walther.Due to its unconventional style, the song is derided by many opposition supporters and defended with equally fierce loyalty by many fans. "Every other team song sounds like a 'Knees Up Mother Brown' from previous eras. We've got a backbeat", boasted author and Fremantle fan Tim Winton. In 2021, in response to being named the club's new number one ticket holder, Tame Impala frontman and Fremantle local Kevin Parker released a new Fremantle "pump up" track to be played at home games. Bolstering the Fremantle connection, the song draws inspiration from AC/DC.The club is owned by the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC). Since 2003, a Board of Directors controls the operation of the club, on behalf of the WAFC. Prior to this, a two-tier arrangement was in place, with a Board of Management between the Board of Directors and the Commission. The initial club chief executive officer was David Hatt, who had come from a hockey background, and the inaugural club chairman was Ross Kelly, who had played for West Perth. It was a deliberate act by the commission to avoid having administrators from either East Fremantle or South Fremantle in key roles, as they wanted the club to be bigger than just representing Fremantle.Kelly resigned at the end of 1998, replaced by Ross McLean. Whilst he presided over some key financial decisions, including the building of the club's administrative and training centre at Fremantle Oval and the deferment of the licence fee to the AFL, it was Fremantle's lowest point onfield, culminating in a two-win season in 2001 which saw the coach Damian Drum be sacked mid-year. McLean resigned following an inadvertent breach of the salary cap.In early 2001 Hatt accepted a government job and Cameron Schwab was appointed. After weathering the fallout from the disastrous 2001 season, Schwab and the new chairman, local West Australian retailing businessman Rick Hart, set about rebuilding the club. A former recruiting manager, Schwab focused on building up the on-field performance by recruiting high-profile players in Trent Croad, Peter Bell and Jeff Farmer, as well as coach Chris Connolly and with Hart then focused on enhancing the corporate and financial standing of the club. The club membership grew every year from 2002 until 2008 and the final licence payment was made to the AFL in 2005.Schwab chose to return to Melbourne in 2008 and was replaced as CEO by Steve Rosich, who had previously worked for the West Coast Eagles. A year later Hart resigned as president and Steve Harris, who runs The Brand Agency and had produced advertising for Fremantle since 2002, took over at the end of 2009. Harris had been on the board since November 2008, the first club chairman or president to have previously served on the board. The club has developed into one of the wealthiest clubs in the league and their surprise recruitment of Ross Lyon to replace Mark Harvey as coach at the end of the 2011 is seen as an example of their ruthless drive for sustained success. In 2014, Harris resigned as president nd was replaced by the then vice president, Perth property developer Dale Alcock.Fremantle's biggest rivalry is with the other Western Australian team, the West Coast Eagles, who they play twice each year in the home and away season, in the fiercely contested "Western Derby" matches (Pronounced in Western Australia). West Coast were victorious in the first nine games, before Fremantle won in round 16, 1999, after which has prompted a fairly even Derby result with Fremantle at 19 and West Coast at 21 Derby wins. The term "derby" is named after the Fremantle Derby games between East and South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League, which for almost 100 years have been considered some of the most important games in the local league. The 1979 WANFL Grand Final still holds the Subiaco Oval football attendance record of 52,781.The Dockers and the St Kilda Football Club have seen a number of controversial events between them, most notably the AFL siren controversy at York Park in 2006. The match was sent into a state of confusion with Fremantle leading by one point when the siren (which had not been very loud all game) was not heard by the umpires who then allowed St Kilda tagger Steven Baker to score a point after time had elapsed and, as a result, the match ended in a draw. The outcome of the game was taken to the AFL Commission and it was decided during the week that as the siren had gone Fremantle were judged to be the winners, disallowing Baker's point.During the 2011 off-season, Fremantle sacked coach Mark Harvey and replaced him with then-St Kilda coach Ross Lyon in controversial circumstances. The move was met with much criticism towards Fremantle's president, Steve Harris, and CEO, Steve Rosich, claiming that they had "backstabbed" Harvey. Lyon was also met with widespread criticism and was accused of backstabbing St Kilda by many Saints supporters as the club was made aware that Fremantle had approached Lyon during St Kilda's lead-up to its finals campaign. The two clubs contested a highly anticipated Friday night match in Round 4 of the 2012 AFL season at Etihad Stadium, with Fremantle winning by 13 points and Lyon being booed throughout the match. Lyon has since become Fremantle's longest serving and most successful coach.For most of Fremantle's history, players have played for various West Australian Football League (WAFL) teams when not selected to play for the Fremantle AFL team. Players recruited from the WAFL have remained with their original club, and players recruited from interstate have been allocated to teams via a draft system. Since the 2014 season, the Peel Thunder Football Club has served as the host club for the Fremantle Dockers, an arrangement which will see Fremantle's reserves players playing in the WAFL for Peel Thunder Football Club. An attempt to field a standalone Fremantle reserves side in the WAFL was rejected by the other WAFL clubs. A similar host club system was used in 1999 when South Fremantle was the aligned club but was cancelled after a single season.In May 2016, the club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017. As part of the bid, the team would guarantee all players education and job opportunities with the club and the partnering Curtin University.Fremantle beat out a bid from rivals when they were granted a license on 15 June 2016.Kiara Bowers and Kara Antonio were the club's first signings, unveiled along with the league's other 14 marquee players on 27 July 2016. A further 24 senior players and two rookie players were added to the club's inaugural list in the league's drafting and signing period.Former South Fremantle assistant coach, Michelle Cowan was appointed the team's inaugural head coach in July 2016.The club's initial bid outlined plans for a game each at Domain Stadium and at Curtin University's Bentley campus as well as up to two remaining matches held at the club training base in the city of Cockburn. The club eventually played two home games at Fremantle Oval, one at Domain Stadium and one in Mandurah. In 2018, the Dockers hosted the first football game at Perth Stadium but will play the remainder of their home games at Fremantle Oval.The Dockers struggled in their inaugural season, only winning one of seven games and finishing seventh out of eight teams on the ladder. They fared slightly better in 2018, winning three matches, but again finished seventh on the ladder.In 2019, Fremantle had their most successful season, losing only one game during the home and away matches to eventual premiers Adelaide and making the finals for the first time. The team, now coached by Trent Cooper and with Kiara Bowers making her long-awaited debut after two injury affect years, started the year with a high scoring victory over Melbourne in the opening round and then kicked their highest ever score, 10.7 (67), in round 2 against Brisbane. Despite having won two more games than Carlton, the controversial conference system saw Carlton host the knock out preliminary final and inflict Fremantle's second defeat of the year. In the post-season awards, Bowers and Dana Hooker came second behind Erin Phillips in the AFLW MVP award and AFL Women's best and fairest award respectively. Bowers, Hooker and Gemma Houghton were all named in the AFL Women's All-Australian team. Ashley Sharp was awarded goal of the year for a long run, multiple bounce goal.The Doig Medal is the Fremantle Football Club's annual fairest and best award. Currently, the Fremantle coaching staff give every player votes on a 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis after every match, including Finals Series matches. Top votes are awarded for what is regarded as an elite performance. At the end of the year the votes are tallied and the Doig Medal Night is held to announce the winner. Variations on the voting system have been used in past years. The awards ceremony has been held at the Fremantle Passenger Terminal (1995), Challenge Stadium (1998–1999), Fremantle Oval (2000–2001), the Grand Ballroom at Burswood Entertainment Complex (2002–2005, 2008–current) and the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (2006–2007).The Beacon Award is presented to the club's best first year player. Mature aged recruits Michael Barlow, Tendai Mzungu and Lee Spurr have won in recent years, despite being significantly older than most first year players.The Fremantle Football Hall of Legends was inaugurated by Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new AFL team's links with its home city's football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the WAFL: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.In 2019, The West Australian named Fremantle's greatest team of the past twenty five years as part of the club's twenty fifth anniversary celebrations, as voted by Fans and club officials.:It is traditional for each AFL club to recognise a prominent supporter as the number-one ticket holder. Fremantle originally chose to award this to Carmen Lawrence, the sitting member for the federal seat of Fremantle. This was roundly criticised as the member may or may not be a supporter of the club and unnecessarily linked politics with sport. The policy was soon changed to select a well-known Fremantle identity for a two-year period.On 23 April 2010, Eskimo Joe were announced as Fremantle's number-one ticket holder, replacing golfer Nick O'Hern. The band's drummer and guitarist, Joel Quartermain, hinted that they might write a new theme song for the club, saying that Other high-profile fans include current and former Premiers of Western Australia, Mark McGowan and Alan Carpenter, former Federal Minister of Defence, Stephen Smith, Tim Minchin, members of psychedelic rock band Tame Impala, author Tim Winton, American tennis player John Isner and journalists and television presenters Dixie Marshall, Simon Reeve and Matt Price, who wrote a book on Fremantle, "Way to Go".Despite a relative lack of on-field success, Fremantle has recorded membership figures above average for the league.The club in 2005 had the fastest growing membership in the AFL competition with home crowds growing at a similar rate. The club's recent membership slogans have emphasised the passion of Fremantle fans for their team.From 2003 until 2011, the Fremantle Football Club had the Governors of Western Australia as its patron.Vice-patrons
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[
"Ben Allan",
"Mark Harvey",
"Gerard Neesham",
"Justin Longmuir",
"Ross Lyon"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Fremantle Football Club in Jun, 2001?
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June 10, 2001
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{
"text": [
"Ben Allan"
]
}
|
L2_Q278043_P286_2
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Gerard Neesham is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Justin Longmuir is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Damian Drum is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1999 to May, 2001.
Ben Allan is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from May, 2001 to Sep, 2001.
Mark Harvey is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jul, 2007 to Sep, 2011.
Ross Lyon is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2011 to Aug, 2019.
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Fremantle Football ClubThe Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Dockers, is a professional Australian rules football club competing in the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite competition. The team was founded in 1994 to represent the port city of Fremantle, a stronghold of football in Western Australia. The Dockers were the second team from the state to be admitted to the competition, following the West Coast Eagles in 1987. Despite having participated in and won several finals matches, Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs not to have won a premiership (the others being and ), though it did claim a minor premiership in 2015 and reach the 2013 Grand Final, losing to . High-profile players who forged careers at Fremantle include All-Australian Matthew Pavlich, Hall of Fame inductee Peter Bell, and dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe, who captains the club under head coach Justin Longmuir. Originally based at Fremantle Oval, the club's training and administrative facilities are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central, whilst its home ground is the 60,000-capacity Perth Stadium in Burswood. Fremantle has also fielded a women's team in the AFL Women's league since the competition's inception in 2017. They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio. Their most successful season was the 2020 season, in which the team was undefeated, but was ultimately cancelled without a premiership awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The port city of Fremantle, Western Australia has a rich footballing history, hosting the state's first organised game of Australian rules in 1881. Fremantle's first teams, the Fremantle Football Club, the Union/Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club, dominated the early years of the West Australian Football League (WAFL), winning 24 of the first 34 premierships. Since 1897, Fremantle Oval has been the main venue for Australian rules football matches in the city. Until the opening of Perth Stadium in 2018, the record attendance for an Australian rules football game in Western Australia stood at 52,781 for the 1979 WANFL Grand Final between East Fremantle and South Fremantle at Subiaco Oval.Champion footballers who forged careers playing for Fremantle-based clubs include, among other Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees, Steve Marsh, Jack Sheedy, John Todd, George Doig, William Truscott and Bernie Naylor.Negotiations between East Fremantle and South Fremantle to enter into the VFL as a merged club began in 1987. However, due to an exclusive rights clause granted to the West Coast Eagles this would be impossible until the end of the 1992 season. Further applications were made by the clubs to join but their model was out of favour with the West Australian Football Commission.The AFL announced on 14 December 1993 that a new team, to be based in Fremantle, would enter the league in 1995, with the tentative name of "Fremantle Sharks." The licence cost $4 million. The names "Fremantle Football Club", "Fremantle Dockers" and the club colours of purple, red, green and white were announced on 21 July 1994. The decision to base the new club in Fremantle was primarily due to the long association of Australian rules football in Fremantle. However, it was not represented in a national club competition until 1995, eight years after the first expansion of the then Victorian Football League into Western Australia in 1987 with the creation of the West Coast Eagles. Their first training session was held on 31 October 1994 at Fremantle Oval.The team endured some tough years near the bottom of the premiership ladder, until they finished fifth after the home and away rounds in 2003 and made the finals for the first time. The elimination final against eighth-placed Essendon at Subiaco Oval was then the club's biggest ever game, but ended in disappointment for the home team, with the finals experience of Essendon proving too strong for the young team. They then missed making the finals in the following two seasons, finishing both years with 11 wins, 11 losses and only 1 game outside the top eight.After an average first half to the 2006 AFL season, Fremantle finished the year with a club-record nine straight wins to earn themselves third position at the end of the home and away season with a club-best 15 wins. In the qualifying final against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, the Dockers led for the first three-quarters before being overrun by the Crows. The following week saw the club win its first finals game in the semi-final against Melbourne at Subiaco Oval. The club subsequently earned a trip to Sydney to play in its first ever preliminary final, where they lost by 35 points at ANZ Stadium to the Sydney Swans.In 2007, following Chris Connolly's resignation midway through the season, Mark Harvey, a three-time premiership player with Essendon, was appointed caretaker coach for the club. During his seven matches for 2007, Harvey coached the Dockers to four wins and three losses. The club came 11th that year, and Harvey was appointed full-time coach at the end of the season. The following year saw the club slump to 14th.In Round 15, 2009, Fremantle recorded the lowest score in its history and of the 2000s, scoring only 1.7 (13) to the Adelaide Crows' 19.16 (130). It scored just one point in the first half and the only goal scored came in the third quarter.After finishing sixth in 2010, the club played in the finals for the first time since 2006. The team played Hawthorn at Subiaco Oval, and despite being considered underdogs, went on to win by 30 points. The win came from strong performances from Luke McPharlin and Adam McPhee who limited the impact of Lance Franklin and Luke Hodge, respectively. The team's second ever win in a finals match qualified them for a semi-final to be played against the Geelong Cats at the MCG the following week. In a one-sided contest, the Dockers lost by 69 points.The 2011 season saw Fremantle lose just once in the first six rounds before ending the year in 11th position after losing their final seven games. Fremantle's collapse was considered a result of a heavy injury count that began in the pre-season.In September 2011, Mark Harvey was sensationally sacked by the club in favour of still-contracted St. Kilda coach Ross Lyon.Fremantle qualified for the finals in 2012 after finishing in seventh position. In their elimination final against Geelong, the Dockers won their first ever finals game away from home with a 16-point victory at the MCG behind Matthew Pavlich's six goals. Fremantle subsequently lost to the Crows in Adelaide the following week, ending their finals campaign.In 2013, Fremantle finished the home-and-away season in third position with a club-best 16 wins. In their qualifying final against the Cats in Geelong, the Dockers produced a first-round upset with a 15-point victory to advance through to a home preliminary final. In the preliminary final, the Dockers defeated the reigning premiers, the Sydney Swans, by 25 points to advance to their maiden AFL Grand Final. In the 2013 grand final, the Dockers were defeated by Hawthorn by a margin of 15 points.In 2014, the club reached the finals for the third successive year with a top-four finish and 16 wins, but despite earning a double chance, they were knocked out after losses to Sydney away and Port Adelaide at home. Nat Fyfe was awarded the Leigh Matthews Trophy for winning the AFL Players' Association MVP award.In 2015, the club were crowned minor premiers for the first time in their history, earning their first piece of silverware with the McClelland Trophy. However, the club failed to convert this into a grand final appearance, losing to Hawthorn by 27 points in its home preliminary final. Fremantle ended their season with Nat Fyfe becoming the club's first Brownlow Medalist.Season 2016 marked Matthew Pavlich's final season in the AFL, as Fremantle missed the finals following a 10-game losing streak to start the year, finishing in 16th position with just four wins.Ross Lyon was sacked as coach on 20 August 2019 after the club failed to qualify for the finals. He was replaced by Justin Longmuir.After struggling in their early start up years, Fremantle are beginning to be a more established and consistently more competitive club in the AFL, with an overall win percentage of 50.0% since first making the finals in 2003. The Dockers' halcyon years took place between 2013 and 2015, where they earned three-straight top four finishes to go with their only grand final appearance (2013) and their only minor premiership (2015).Fremantle played in its first drawn match in Round 8, 2013 against the Sydney Swans. In 2006, against St Kilda at Aurora Stadium in Launceston, they did play in a controversial Round 5 match that initially ended in a draw. However, the AFL overturned the draw result the following Wednesday after the match, due to an off-field error made by the timekeepers not sounding the siren for long enough, and declared Fremantle as one-point winners. It marked the first time a game result had been later overturned since 1900.The club is nicknamed the "Dockers" in reference to Fremantle's history as a port city. Shortly after the club was launched in 1994, Levi Strauss & Co., which produces the Dockers brand of clothing, challenged the club's right to use the name "Fremantle Dockers", specifically on clothing. As a result, the club and the AFL discontinued the official use of the "Dockers" nickname in 1997. However, it remained in common usage both inside and outside the club, and continued to appear in the official team song "Freo Way to Go" and as the title of the official club magazine "Docker". In October 2010, the strong association that members and fans have with the "Dockers" nickname led the club to form a new arrangement with Levi Strauss & Co which allows the club to officially use the nickname "Dockers" everywhere including on clothing and other brand elements. This name change was made in conjunction with changes to the club logo and playing strip.Until 2011 the Fremantle Football Club used the anchor symbol as the basis for all of their guernseys. The home guernsey was purple, with a white anchor on the front separating the chest area into red and green panels, representing the traditional maritime port and starboard colours. The colours also acknowledged Fremantle's large Italian community, which historically has been associated with the city's fishing community. The away or clash guernsey was all white with a purple anchor. Since the end of the 2010 home and away season, the home jumper is purple with three white chevrons, and the away jumper is white with purple chevrons.One game each year is designated as the "Purple Haze" game, where an all-purple jumper with a white anchor is worn. This game is used to raise money for the Starlight Children's Foundation. After the guernsey re-design to a predominately purple home jumper, Fremantle wore the Starlight Foundation logo, a yellow star, above the highest chevron for their Purple Haze game.Since 2003, the AFL has hosted an annual Heritage Round. Until 2006, Fremantle wore a white guernsey with three red chevrons, to emulate the jumper worn by the original Fremantle Football Club in 1885. However, in 2007, the selected round had Fremantle playing Sydney, who also wear red and white. An alternative blue and white striped design was used, based on the jumper worn by the East Fremantle Football Club in their 1979 WAFL Grand Final win over the South Fremantle Football Club. This "Fremantle Derby" held the record, prior to the opening of Optus Stadium, for the highest attendance at a football game of any code in Western Australia, with 52,781 attending at Subiaco Oval.In September 2008, newly appointed CEO Steve Rosich confirmed that the Fremantle Football Club would undergo a thorough review of all areas, including the club's team name, song, guernsey, and logo in a bid to boost its marketability. However he later confirmed that the purple colour will be maintained as it had become synonymous with Fremantle.Fremantle Football Club had its original training and administration facilities at Fremantle Oval. On 21 February 2017 the club moved its training and administration facilities to Cockburn ARC, a world-class facility constructed in 2015–17 at a price of $109 million, located in the suburb of Cockburn Central.The team's home games are currently played at Optus Stadium, a 60,000 seat multi-purpose stadium located in the suburb of Burswood. The club began playing home matches at the venue in 2018, having previously played home matches at Subiaco Oval from 2001 onward and before that the WACA Ground from 1995 to 2000.The official song of Fremantle is "Freo Way to Go", a truncated version of the club's original song, "Freo Heave Ho", written by Ken Walther. "Freo Way to Go" was adopted in 2011 following a poll on the Dockers' official website, beating out three other newly composed songs, including "Freo Freo", written by Fremantle-based indie rock group and the Dockers' then-number one ticket holder, Eskimo Joe. The poll took place around the same time that the club's guernsey and logo were also updated.Unlike other AFL team songs, "Freo Way to Go" is played to a contemporary rock tune. "Freo Heave Ho" also had a section based on Igor Stravinsky's arrangement of the traditional Russian folk song, "Song of the Volga Boatmen", which was dropped in 2011, leaving only the original composition of Walther.Due to its unconventional style, the song is derided by many opposition supporters and defended with equally fierce loyalty by many fans. "Every other team song sounds like a 'Knees Up Mother Brown' from previous eras. We've got a backbeat", boasted author and Fremantle fan Tim Winton. In 2021, in response to being named the club's new number one ticket holder, Tame Impala frontman and Fremantle local Kevin Parker released a new Fremantle "pump up" track to be played at home games. Bolstering the Fremantle connection, the song draws inspiration from AC/DC.The club is owned by the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC). Since 2003, a Board of Directors controls the operation of the club, on behalf of the WAFC. Prior to this, a two-tier arrangement was in place, with a Board of Management between the Board of Directors and the Commission. The initial club chief executive officer was David Hatt, who had come from a hockey background, and the inaugural club chairman was Ross Kelly, who had played for West Perth. It was a deliberate act by the commission to avoid having administrators from either East Fremantle or South Fremantle in key roles, as they wanted the club to be bigger than just representing Fremantle.Kelly resigned at the end of 1998, replaced by Ross McLean. Whilst he presided over some key financial decisions, including the building of the club's administrative and training centre at Fremantle Oval and the deferment of the licence fee to the AFL, it was Fremantle's lowest point onfield, culminating in a two-win season in 2001 which saw the coach Damian Drum be sacked mid-year. McLean resigned following an inadvertent breach of the salary cap.In early 2001 Hatt accepted a government job and Cameron Schwab was appointed. After weathering the fallout from the disastrous 2001 season, Schwab and the new chairman, local West Australian retailing businessman Rick Hart, set about rebuilding the club. A former recruiting manager, Schwab focused on building up the on-field performance by recruiting high-profile players in Trent Croad, Peter Bell and Jeff Farmer, as well as coach Chris Connolly and with Hart then focused on enhancing the corporate and financial standing of the club. The club membership grew every year from 2002 until 2008 and the final licence payment was made to the AFL in 2005.Schwab chose to return to Melbourne in 2008 and was replaced as CEO by Steve Rosich, who had previously worked for the West Coast Eagles. A year later Hart resigned as president and Steve Harris, who runs The Brand Agency and had produced advertising for Fremantle since 2002, took over at the end of 2009. Harris had been on the board since November 2008, the first club chairman or president to have previously served on the board. The club has developed into one of the wealthiest clubs in the league and their surprise recruitment of Ross Lyon to replace Mark Harvey as coach at the end of the 2011 is seen as an example of their ruthless drive for sustained success. In 2014, Harris resigned as president nd was replaced by the then vice president, Perth property developer Dale Alcock.Fremantle's biggest rivalry is with the other Western Australian team, the West Coast Eagles, who they play twice each year in the home and away season, in the fiercely contested "Western Derby" matches (Pronounced in Western Australia). West Coast were victorious in the first nine games, before Fremantle won in round 16, 1999, after which has prompted a fairly even Derby result with Fremantle at 19 and West Coast at 21 Derby wins. The term "derby" is named after the Fremantle Derby games between East and South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League, which for almost 100 years have been considered some of the most important games in the local league. The 1979 WANFL Grand Final still holds the Subiaco Oval football attendance record of 52,781.The Dockers and the St Kilda Football Club have seen a number of controversial events between them, most notably the AFL siren controversy at York Park in 2006. The match was sent into a state of confusion with Fremantle leading by one point when the siren (which had not been very loud all game) was not heard by the umpires who then allowed St Kilda tagger Steven Baker to score a point after time had elapsed and, as a result, the match ended in a draw. The outcome of the game was taken to the AFL Commission and it was decided during the week that as the siren had gone Fremantle were judged to be the winners, disallowing Baker's point.During the 2011 off-season, Fremantle sacked coach Mark Harvey and replaced him with then-St Kilda coach Ross Lyon in controversial circumstances. The move was met with much criticism towards Fremantle's president, Steve Harris, and CEO, Steve Rosich, claiming that they had "backstabbed" Harvey. Lyon was also met with widespread criticism and was accused of backstabbing St Kilda by many Saints supporters as the club was made aware that Fremantle had approached Lyon during St Kilda's lead-up to its finals campaign. The two clubs contested a highly anticipated Friday night match in Round 4 of the 2012 AFL season at Etihad Stadium, with Fremantle winning by 13 points and Lyon being booed throughout the match. Lyon has since become Fremantle's longest serving and most successful coach.For most of Fremantle's history, players have played for various West Australian Football League (WAFL) teams when not selected to play for the Fremantle AFL team. Players recruited from the WAFL have remained with their original club, and players recruited from interstate have been allocated to teams via a draft system. Since the 2014 season, the Peel Thunder Football Club has served as the host club for the Fremantle Dockers, an arrangement which will see Fremantle's reserves players playing in the WAFL for Peel Thunder Football Club. An attempt to field a standalone Fremantle reserves side in the WAFL was rejected by the other WAFL clubs. A similar host club system was used in 1999 when South Fremantle was the aligned club but was cancelled after a single season.In May 2016, the club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017. As part of the bid, the team would guarantee all players education and job opportunities with the club and the partnering Curtin University.Fremantle beat out a bid from rivals when they were granted a license on 15 June 2016.Kiara Bowers and Kara Antonio were the club's first signings, unveiled along with the league's other 14 marquee players on 27 July 2016. A further 24 senior players and two rookie players were added to the club's inaugural list in the league's drafting and signing period.Former South Fremantle assistant coach, Michelle Cowan was appointed the team's inaugural head coach in July 2016.The club's initial bid outlined plans for a game each at Domain Stadium and at Curtin University's Bentley campus as well as up to two remaining matches held at the club training base in the city of Cockburn. The club eventually played two home games at Fremantle Oval, one at Domain Stadium and one in Mandurah. In 2018, the Dockers hosted the first football game at Perth Stadium but will play the remainder of their home games at Fremantle Oval.The Dockers struggled in their inaugural season, only winning one of seven games and finishing seventh out of eight teams on the ladder. They fared slightly better in 2018, winning three matches, but again finished seventh on the ladder.In 2019, Fremantle had their most successful season, losing only one game during the home and away matches to eventual premiers Adelaide and making the finals for the first time. The team, now coached by Trent Cooper and with Kiara Bowers making her long-awaited debut after two injury affect years, started the year with a high scoring victory over Melbourne in the opening round and then kicked their highest ever score, 10.7 (67), in round 2 against Brisbane. Despite having won two more games than Carlton, the controversial conference system saw Carlton host the knock out preliminary final and inflict Fremantle's second defeat of the year. In the post-season awards, Bowers and Dana Hooker came second behind Erin Phillips in the AFLW MVP award and AFL Women's best and fairest award respectively. Bowers, Hooker and Gemma Houghton were all named in the AFL Women's All-Australian team. Ashley Sharp was awarded goal of the year for a long run, multiple bounce goal.The Doig Medal is the Fremantle Football Club's annual fairest and best award. Currently, the Fremantle coaching staff give every player votes on a 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis after every match, including Finals Series matches. Top votes are awarded for what is regarded as an elite performance. At the end of the year the votes are tallied and the Doig Medal Night is held to announce the winner. Variations on the voting system have been used in past years. The awards ceremony has been held at the Fremantle Passenger Terminal (1995), Challenge Stadium (1998–1999), Fremantle Oval (2000–2001), the Grand Ballroom at Burswood Entertainment Complex (2002–2005, 2008–current) and the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (2006–2007).The Beacon Award is presented to the club's best first year player. Mature aged recruits Michael Barlow, Tendai Mzungu and Lee Spurr have won in recent years, despite being significantly older than most first year players.The Fremantle Football Hall of Legends was inaugurated by Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new AFL team's links with its home city's football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the WAFL: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.In 2019, The West Australian named Fremantle's greatest team of the past twenty five years as part of the club's twenty fifth anniversary celebrations, as voted by Fans and club officials.:It is traditional for each AFL club to recognise a prominent supporter as the number-one ticket holder. Fremantle originally chose to award this to Carmen Lawrence, the sitting member for the federal seat of Fremantle. This was roundly criticised as the member may or may not be a supporter of the club and unnecessarily linked politics with sport. The policy was soon changed to select a well-known Fremantle identity for a two-year period.On 23 April 2010, Eskimo Joe were announced as Fremantle's number-one ticket holder, replacing golfer Nick O'Hern. The band's drummer and guitarist, Joel Quartermain, hinted that they might write a new theme song for the club, saying that Other high-profile fans include current and former Premiers of Western Australia, Mark McGowan and Alan Carpenter, former Federal Minister of Defence, Stephen Smith, Tim Minchin, members of psychedelic rock band Tame Impala, author Tim Winton, American tennis player John Isner and journalists and television presenters Dixie Marshall, Simon Reeve and Matt Price, who wrote a book on Fremantle, "Way to Go".Despite a relative lack of on-field success, Fremantle has recorded membership figures above average for the league.The club in 2005 had the fastest growing membership in the AFL competition with home crowds growing at a similar rate. The club's recent membership slogans have emphasised the passion of Fremantle fans for their team.From 2003 until 2011, the Fremantle Football Club had the Governors of Western Australia as its patron.Vice-patrons
|
[
"Mark Harvey",
"Gerard Neesham",
"Damian Drum",
"Justin Longmuir",
"Ross Lyon"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Fremantle Football Club in Apr, 2010?
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April 18, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Mark Harvey"
]
}
|
L2_Q278043_P286_3
|
Ben Allan is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from May, 2001 to Sep, 2001.
Justin Longmuir is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Damian Drum is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1999 to May, 2001.
Ross Lyon is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2011 to Aug, 2019.
Mark Harvey is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jul, 2007 to Sep, 2011.
Gerard Neesham is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
|
Fremantle Football ClubThe Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Dockers, is a professional Australian rules football club competing in the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite competition. The team was founded in 1994 to represent the port city of Fremantle, a stronghold of football in Western Australia. The Dockers were the second team from the state to be admitted to the competition, following the West Coast Eagles in 1987. Despite having participated in and won several finals matches, Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs not to have won a premiership (the others being and ), though it did claim a minor premiership in 2015 and reach the 2013 Grand Final, losing to . High-profile players who forged careers at Fremantle include All-Australian Matthew Pavlich, Hall of Fame inductee Peter Bell, and dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe, who captains the club under head coach Justin Longmuir. Originally based at Fremantle Oval, the club's training and administrative facilities are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central, whilst its home ground is the 60,000-capacity Perth Stadium in Burswood. Fremantle has also fielded a women's team in the AFL Women's league since the competition's inception in 2017. They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio. Their most successful season was the 2020 season, in which the team was undefeated, but was ultimately cancelled without a premiership awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The port city of Fremantle, Western Australia has a rich footballing history, hosting the state's first organised game of Australian rules in 1881. Fremantle's first teams, the Fremantle Football Club, the Union/Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club, dominated the early years of the West Australian Football League (WAFL), winning 24 of the first 34 premierships. Since 1897, Fremantle Oval has been the main venue for Australian rules football matches in the city. Until the opening of Perth Stadium in 2018, the record attendance for an Australian rules football game in Western Australia stood at 52,781 for the 1979 WANFL Grand Final between East Fremantle and South Fremantle at Subiaco Oval.Champion footballers who forged careers playing for Fremantle-based clubs include, among other Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees, Steve Marsh, Jack Sheedy, John Todd, George Doig, William Truscott and Bernie Naylor.Negotiations between East Fremantle and South Fremantle to enter into the VFL as a merged club began in 1987. However, due to an exclusive rights clause granted to the West Coast Eagles this would be impossible until the end of the 1992 season. Further applications were made by the clubs to join but their model was out of favour with the West Australian Football Commission.The AFL announced on 14 December 1993 that a new team, to be based in Fremantle, would enter the league in 1995, with the tentative name of "Fremantle Sharks." The licence cost $4 million. The names "Fremantle Football Club", "Fremantle Dockers" and the club colours of purple, red, green and white were announced on 21 July 1994. The decision to base the new club in Fremantle was primarily due to the long association of Australian rules football in Fremantle. However, it was not represented in a national club competition until 1995, eight years after the first expansion of the then Victorian Football League into Western Australia in 1987 with the creation of the West Coast Eagles. Their first training session was held on 31 October 1994 at Fremantle Oval.The team endured some tough years near the bottom of the premiership ladder, until they finished fifth after the home and away rounds in 2003 and made the finals for the first time. The elimination final against eighth-placed Essendon at Subiaco Oval was then the club's biggest ever game, but ended in disappointment for the home team, with the finals experience of Essendon proving too strong for the young team. They then missed making the finals in the following two seasons, finishing both years with 11 wins, 11 losses and only 1 game outside the top eight.After an average first half to the 2006 AFL season, Fremantle finished the year with a club-record nine straight wins to earn themselves third position at the end of the home and away season with a club-best 15 wins. In the qualifying final against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, the Dockers led for the first three-quarters before being overrun by the Crows. The following week saw the club win its first finals game in the semi-final against Melbourne at Subiaco Oval. The club subsequently earned a trip to Sydney to play in its first ever preliminary final, where they lost by 35 points at ANZ Stadium to the Sydney Swans.In 2007, following Chris Connolly's resignation midway through the season, Mark Harvey, a three-time premiership player with Essendon, was appointed caretaker coach for the club. During his seven matches for 2007, Harvey coached the Dockers to four wins and three losses. The club came 11th that year, and Harvey was appointed full-time coach at the end of the season. The following year saw the club slump to 14th.In Round 15, 2009, Fremantle recorded the lowest score in its history and of the 2000s, scoring only 1.7 (13) to the Adelaide Crows' 19.16 (130). It scored just one point in the first half and the only goal scored came in the third quarter.After finishing sixth in 2010, the club played in the finals for the first time since 2006. The team played Hawthorn at Subiaco Oval, and despite being considered underdogs, went on to win by 30 points. The win came from strong performances from Luke McPharlin and Adam McPhee who limited the impact of Lance Franklin and Luke Hodge, respectively. The team's second ever win in a finals match qualified them for a semi-final to be played against the Geelong Cats at the MCG the following week. In a one-sided contest, the Dockers lost by 69 points.The 2011 season saw Fremantle lose just once in the first six rounds before ending the year in 11th position after losing their final seven games. Fremantle's collapse was considered a result of a heavy injury count that began in the pre-season.In September 2011, Mark Harvey was sensationally sacked by the club in favour of still-contracted St. Kilda coach Ross Lyon.Fremantle qualified for the finals in 2012 after finishing in seventh position. In their elimination final against Geelong, the Dockers won their first ever finals game away from home with a 16-point victory at the MCG behind Matthew Pavlich's six goals. Fremantle subsequently lost to the Crows in Adelaide the following week, ending their finals campaign.In 2013, Fremantle finished the home-and-away season in third position with a club-best 16 wins. In their qualifying final against the Cats in Geelong, the Dockers produced a first-round upset with a 15-point victory to advance through to a home preliminary final. In the preliminary final, the Dockers defeated the reigning premiers, the Sydney Swans, by 25 points to advance to their maiden AFL Grand Final. In the 2013 grand final, the Dockers were defeated by Hawthorn by a margin of 15 points.In 2014, the club reached the finals for the third successive year with a top-four finish and 16 wins, but despite earning a double chance, they were knocked out after losses to Sydney away and Port Adelaide at home. Nat Fyfe was awarded the Leigh Matthews Trophy for winning the AFL Players' Association MVP award.In 2015, the club were crowned minor premiers for the first time in their history, earning their first piece of silverware with the McClelland Trophy. However, the club failed to convert this into a grand final appearance, losing to Hawthorn by 27 points in its home preliminary final. Fremantle ended their season with Nat Fyfe becoming the club's first Brownlow Medalist.Season 2016 marked Matthew Pavlich's final season in the AFL, as Fremantle missed the finals following a 10-game losing streak to start the year, finishing in 16th position with just four wins.Ross Lyon was sacked as coach on 20 August 2019 after the club failed to qualify for the finals. He was replaced by Justin Longmuir.After struggling in their early start up years, Fremantle are beginning to be a more established and consistently more competitive club in the AFL, with an overall win percentage of 50.0% since first making the finals in 2003. The Dockers' halcyon years took place between 2013 and 2015, where they earned three-straight top four finishes to go with their only grand final appearance (2013) and their only minor premiership (2015).Fremantle played in its first drawn match in Round 8, 2013 against the Sydney Swans. In 2006, against St Kilda at Aurora Stadium in Launceston, they did play in a controversial Round 5 match that initially ended in a draw. However, the AFL overturned the draw result the following Wednesday after the match, due to an off-field error made by the timekeepers not sounding the siren for long enough, and declared Fremantle as one-point winners. It marked the first time a game result had been later overturned since 1900.The club is nicknamed the "Dockers" in reference to Fremantle's history as a port city. Shortly after the club was launched in 1994, Levi Strauss & Co., which produces the Dockers brand of clothing, challenged the club's right to use the name "Fremantle Dockers", specifically on clothing. As a result, the club and the AFL discontinued the official use of the "Dockers" nickname in 1997. However, it remained in common usage both inside and outside the club, and continued to appear in the official team song "Freo Way to Go" and as the title of the official club magazine "Docker". In October 2010, the strong association that members and fans have with the "Dockers" nickname led the club to form a new arrangement with Levi Strauss & Co which allows the club to officially use the nickname "Dockers" everywhere including on clothing and other brand elements. This name change was made in conjunction with changes to the club logo and playing strip.Until 2011 the Fremantle Football Club used the anchor symbol as the basis for all of their guernseys. The home guernsey was purple, with a white anchor on the front separating the chest area into red and green panels, representing the traditional maritime port and starboard colours. The colours also acknowledged Fremantle's large Italian community, which historically has been associated with the city's fishing community. The away or clash guernsey was all white with a purple anchor. Since the end of the 2010 home and away season, the home jumper is purple with three white chevrons, and the away jumper is white with purple chevrons.One game each year is designated as the "Purple Haze" game, where an all-purple jumper with a white anchor is worn. This game is used to raise money for the Starlight Children's Foundation. After the guernsey re-design to a predominately purple home jumper, Fremantle wore the Starlight Foundation logo, a yellow star, above the highest chevron for their Purple Haze game.Since 2003, the AFL has hosted an annual Heritage Round. Until 2006, Fremantle wore a white guernsey with three red chevrons, to emulate the jumper worn by the original Fremantle Football Club in 1885. However, in 2007, the selected round had Fremantle playing Sydney, who also wear red and white. An alternative blue and white striped design was used, based on the jumper worn by the East Fremantle Football Club in their 1979 WAFL Grand Final win over the South Fremantle Football Club. This "Fremantle Derby" held the record, prior to the opening of Optus Stadium, for the highest attendance at a football game of any code in Western Australia, with 52,781 attending at Subiaco Oval.In September 2008, newly appointed CEO Steve Rosich confirmed that the Fremantle Football Club would undergo a thorough review of all areas, including the club's team name, song, guernsey, and logo in a bid to boost its marketability. However he later confirmed that the purple colour will be maintained as it had become synonymous with Fremantle.Fremantle Football Club had its original training and administration facilities at Fremantle Oval. On 21 February 2017 the club moved its training and administration facilities to Cockburn ARC, a world-class facility constructed in 2015–17 at a price of $109 million, located in the suburb of Cockburn Central.The team's home games are currently played at Optus Stadium, a 60,000 seat multi-purpose stadium located in the suburb of Burswood. The club began playing home matches at the venue in 2018, having previously played home matches at Subiaco Oval from 2001 onward and before that the WACA Ground from 1995 to 2000.The official song of Fremantle is "Freo Way to Go", a truncated version of the club's original song, "Freo Heave Ho", written by Ken Walther. "Freo Way to Go" was adopted in 2011 following a poll on the Dockers' official website, beating out three other newly composed songs, including "Freo Freo", written by Fremantle-based indie rock group and the Dockers' then-number one ticket holder, Eskimo Joe. The poll took place around the same time that the club's guernsey and logo were also updated.Unlike other AFL team songs, "Freo Way to Go" is played to a contemporary rock tune. "Freo Heave Ho" also had a section based on Igor Stravinsky's arrangement of the traditional Russian folk song, "Song of the Volga Boatmen", which was dropped in 2011, leaving only the original composition of Walther.Due to its unconventional style, the song is derided by many opposition supporters and defended with equally fierce loyalty by many fans. "Every other team song sounds like a 'Knees Up Mother Brown' from previous eras. We've got a backbeat", boasted author and Fremantle fan Tim Winton. In 2021, in response to being named the club's new number one ticket holder, Tame Impala frontman and Fremantle local Kevin Parker released a new Fremantle "pump up" track to be played at home games. Bolstering the Fremantle connection, the song draws inspiration from AC/DC.The club is owned by the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC). Since 2003, a Board of Directors controls the operation of the club, on behalf of the WAFC. Prior to this, a two-tier arrangement was in place, with a Board of Management between the Board of Directors and the Commission. The initial club chief executive officer was David Hatt, who had come from a hockey background, and the inaugural club chairman was Ross Kelly, who had played for West Perth. It was a deliberate act by the commission to avoid having administrators from either East Fremantle or South Fremantle in key roles, as they wanted the club to be bigger than just representing Fremantle.Kelly resigned at the end of 1998, replaced by Ross McLean. Whilst he presided over some key financial decisions, including the building of the club's administrative and training centre at Fremantle Oval and the deferment of the licence fee to the AFL, it was Fremantle's lowest point onfield, culminating in a two-win season in 2001 which saw the coach Damian Drum be sacked mid-year. McLean resigned following an inadvertent breach of the salary cap.In early 2001 Hatt accepted a government job and Cameron Schwab was appointed. After weathering the fallout from the disastrous 2001 season, Schwab and the new chairman, local West Australian retailing businessman Rick Hart, set about rebuilding the club. A former recruiting manager, Schwab focused on building up the on-field performance by recruiting high-profile players in Trent Croad, Peter Bell and Jeff Farmer, as well as coach Chris Connolly and with Hart then focused on enhancing the corporate and financial standing of the club. The club membership grew every year from 2002 until 2008 and the final licence payment was made to the AFL in 2005.Schwab chose to return to Melbourne in 2008 and was replaced as CEO by Steve Rosich, who had previously worked for the West Coast Eagles. A year later Hart resigned as president and Steve Harris, who runs The Brand Agency and had produced advertising for Fremantle since 2002, took over at the end of 2009. Harris had been on the board since November 2008, the first club chairman or president to have previously served on the board. The club has developed into one of the wealthiest clubs in the league and their surprise recruitment of Ross Lyon to replace Mark Harvey as coach at the end of the 2011 is seen as an example of their ruthless drive for sustained success. In 2014, Harris resigned as president nd was replaced by the then vice president, Perth property developer Dale Alcock.Fremantle's biggest rivalry is with the other Western Australian team, the West Coast Eagles, who they play twice each year in the home and away season, in the fiercely contested "Western Derby" matches (Pronounced in Western Australia). West Coast were victorious in the first nine games, before Fremantle won in round 16, 1999, after which has prompted a fairly even Derby result with Fremantle at 19 and West Coast at 21 Derby wins. The term "derby" is named after the Fremantle Derby games between East and South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League, which for almost 100 years have been considered some of the most important games in the local league. The 1979 WANFL Grand Final still holds the Subiaco Oval football attendance record of 52,781.The Dockers and the St Kilda Football Club have seen a number of controversial events between them, most notably the AFL siren controversy at York Park in 2006. The match was sent into a state of confusion with Fremantle leading by one point when the siren (which had not been very loud all game) was not heard by the umpires who then allowed St Kilda tagger Steven Baker to score a point after time had elapsed and, as a result, the match ended in a draw. The outcome of the game was taken to the AFL Commission and it was decided during the week that as the siren had gone Fremantle were judged to be the winners, disallowing Baker's point.During the 2011 off-season, Fremantle sacked coach Mark Harvey and replaced him with then-St Kilda coach Ross Lyon in controversial circumstances. The move was met with much criticism towards Fremantle's president, Steve Harris, and CEO, Steve Rosich, claiming that they had "backstabbed" Harvey. Lyon was also met with widespread criticism and was accused of backstabbing St Kilda by many Saints supporters as the club was made aware that Fremantle had approached Lyon during St Kilda's lead-up to its finals campaign. The two clubs contested a highly anticipated Friday night match in Round 4 of the 2012 AFL season at Etihad Stadium, with Fremantle winning by 13 points and Lyon being booed throughout the match. Lyon has since become Fremantle's longest serving and most successful coach.For most of Fremantle's history, players have played for various West Australian Football League (WAFL) teams when not selected to play for the Fremantle AFL team. Players recruited from the WAFL have remained with their original club, and players recruited from interstate have been allocated to teams via a draft system. Since the 2014 season, the Peel Thunder Football Club has served as the host club for the Fremantle Dockers, an arrangement which will see Fremantle's reserves players playing in the WAFL for Peel Thunder Football Club. An attempt to field a standalone Fremantle reserves side in the WAFL was rejected by the other WAFL clubs. A similar host club system was used in 1999 when South Fremantle was the aligned club but was cancelled after a single season.In May 2016, the club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017. As part of the bid, the team would guarantee all players education and job opportunities with the club and the partnering Curtin University.Fremantle beat out a bid from rivals when they were granted a license on 15 June 2016.Kiara Bowers and Kara Antonio were the club's first signings, unveiled along with the league's other 14 marquee players on 27 July 2016. A further 24 senior players and two rookie players were added to the club's inaugural list in the league's drafting and signing period.Former South Fremantle assistant coach, Michelle Cowan was appointed the team's inaugural head coach in July 2016.The club's initial bid outlined plans for a game each at Domain Stadium and at Curtin University's Bentley campus as well as up to two remaining matches held at the club training base in the city of Cockburn. The club eventually played two home games at Fremantle Oval, one at Domain Stadium and one in Mandurah. In 2018, the Dockers hosted the first football game at Perth Stadium but will play the remainder of their home games at Fremantle Oval.The Dockers struggled in their inaugural season, only winning one of seven games and finishing seventh out of eight teams on the ladder. They fared slightly better in 2018, winning three matches, but again finished seventh on the ladder.In 2019, Fremantle had their most successful season, losing only one game during the home and away matches to eventual premiers Adelaide and making the finals for the first time. The team, now coached by Trent Cooper and with Kiara Bowers making her long-awaited debut after two injury affect years, started the year with a high scoring victory over Melbourne in the opening round and then kicked their highest ever score, 10.7 (67), in round 2 against Brisbane. Despite having won two more games than Carlton, the controversial conference system saw Carlton host the knock out preliminary final and inflict Fremantle's second defeat of the year. In the post-season awards, Bowers and Dana Hooker came second behind Erin Phillips in the AFLW MVP award and AFL Women's best and fairest award respectively. Bowers, Hooker and Gemma Houghton were all named in the AFL Women's All-Australian team. Ashley Sharp was awarded goal of the year for a long run, multiple bounce goal.The Doig Medal is the Fremantle Football Club's annual fairest and best award. Currently, the Fremantle coaching staff give every player votes on a 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis after every match, including Finals Series matches. Top votes are awarded for what is regarded as an elite performance. At the end of the year the votes are tallied and the Doig Medal Night is held to announce the winner. Variations on the voting system have been used in past years. The awards ceremony has been held at the Fremantle Passenger Terminal (1995), Challenge Stadium (1998–1999), Fremantle Oval (2000–2001), the Grand Ballroom at Burswood Entertainment Complex (2002–2005, 2008–current) and the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (2006–2007).The Beacon Award is presented to the club's best first year player. Mature aged recruits Michael Barlow, Tendai Mzungu and Lee Spurr have won in recent years, despite being significantly older than most first year players.The Fremantle Football Hall of Legends was inaugurated by Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new AFL team's links with its home city's football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the WAFL: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.In 2019, The West Australian named Fremantle's greatest team of the past twenty five years as part of the club's twenty fifth anniversary celebrations, as voted by Fans and club officials.:It is traditional for each AFL club to recognise a prominent supporter as the number-one ticket holder. Fremantle originally chose to award this to Carmen Lawrence, the sitting member for the federal seat of Fremantle. This was roundly criticised as the member may or may not be a supporter of the club and unnecessarily linked politics with sport. The policy was soon changed to select a well-known Fremantle identity for a two-year period.On 23 April 2010, Eskimo Joe were announced as Fremantle's number-one ticket holder, replacing golfer Nick O'Hern. The band's drummer and guitarist, Joel Quartermain, hinted that they might write a new theme song for the club, saying that Other high-profile fans include current and former Premiers of Western Australia, Mark McGowan and Alan Carpenter, former Federal Minister of Defence, Stephen Smith, Tim Minchin, members of psychedelic rock band Tame Impala, author Tim Winton, American tennis player John Isner and journalists and television presenters Dixie Marshall, Simon Reeve and Matt Price, who wrote a book on Fremantle, "Way to Go".Despite a relative lack of on-field success, Fremantle has recorded membership figures above average for the league.The club in 2005 had the fastest growing membership in the AFL competition with home crowds growing at a similar rate. The club's recent membership slogans have emphasised the passion of Fremantle fans for their team.From 2003 until 2011, the Fremantle Football Club had the Governors of Western Australia as its patron.Vice-patrons
|
[
"Ben Allan",
"Gerard Neesham",
"Damian Drum",
"Justin Longmuir",
"Ross Lyon"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team Fremantle Football Club in May, 2017?
|
May 23, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Ross Lyon"
]
}
|
L2_Q278043_P286_4
|
Justin Longmuir is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Ross Lyon is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2011 to Aug, 2019.
Gerard Neesham is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Mark Harvey is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jul, 2007 to Sep, 2011.
Ben Allan is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from May, 2001 to Sep, 2001.
Damian Drum is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1999 to May, 2001.
|
Fremantle Football ClubThe Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Dockers, is a professional Australian rules football club competing in the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite competition. The team was founded in 1994 to represent the port city of Fremantle, a stronghold of football in Western Australia. The Dockers were the second team from the state to be admitted to the competition, following the West Coast Eagles in 1987. Despite having participated in and won several finals matches, Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs not to have won a premiership (the others being and ), though it did claim a minor premiership in 2015 and reach the 2013 Grand Final, losing to . High-profile players who forged careers at Fremantle include All-Australian Matthew Pavlich, Hall of Fame inductee Peter Bell, and dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe, who captains the club under head coach Justin Longmuir. Originally based at Fremantle Oval, the club's training and administrative facilities are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central, whilst its home ground is the 60,000-capacity Perth Stadium in Burswood. Fremantle has also fielded a women's team in the AFL Women's league since the competition's inception in 2017. They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio. Their most successful season was the 2020 season, in which the team was undefeated, but was ultimately cancelled without a premiership awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The port city of Fremantle, Western Australia has a rich footballing history, hosting the state's first organised game of Australian rules in 1881. Fremantle's first teams, the Fremantle Football Club, the Union/Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club, dominated the early years of the West Australian Football League (WAFL), winning 24 of the first 34 premierships. Since 1897, Fremantle Oval has been the main venue for Australian rules football matches in the city. Until the opening of Perth Stadium in 2018, the record attendance for an Australian rules football game in Western Australia stood at 52,781 for the 1979 WANFL Grand Final between East Fremantle and South Fremantle at Subiaco Oval.Champion footballers who forged careers playing for Fremantle-based clubs include, among other Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees, Steve Marsh, Jack Sheedy, John Todd, George Doig, William Truscott and Bernie Naylor.Negotiations between East Fremantle and South Fremantle to enter into the VFL as a merged club began in 1987. However, due to an exclusive rights clause granted to the West Coast Eagles this would be impossible until the end of the 1992 season. Further applications were made by the clubs to join but their model was out of favour with the West Australian Football Commission.The AFL announced on 14 December 1993 that a new team, to be based in Fremantle, would enter the league in 1995, with the tentative name of "Fremantle Sharks." The licence cost $4 million. The names "Fremantle Football Club", "Fremantle Dockers" and the club colours of purple, red, green and white were announced on 21 July 1994. The decision to base the new club in Fremantle was primarily due to the long association of Australian rules football in Fremantle. However, it was not represented in a national club competition until 1995, eight years after the first expansion of the then Victorian Football League into Western Australia in 1987 with the creation of the West Coast Eagles. Their first training session was held on 31 October 1994 at Fremantle Oval.The team endured some tough years near the bottom of the premiership ladder, until they finished fifth after the home and away rounds in 2003 and made the finals for the first time. The elimination final against eighth-placed Essendon at Subiaco Oval was then the club's biggest ever game, but ended in disappointment for the home team, with the finals experience of Essendon proving too strong for the young team. They then missed making the finals in the following two seasons, finishing both years with 11 wins, 11 losses and only 1 game outside the top eight.After an average first half to the 2006 AFL season, Fremantle finished the year with a club-record nine straight wins to earn themselves third position at the end of the home and away season with a club-best 15 wins. In the qualifying final against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, the Dockers led for the first three-quarters before being overrun by the Crows. The following week saw the club win its first finals game in the semi-final against Melbourne at Subiaco Oval. The club subsequently earned a trip to Sydney to play in its first ever preliminary final, where they lost by 35 points at ANZ Stadium to the Sydney Swans.In 2007, following Chris Connolly's resignation midway through the season, Mark Harvey, a three-time premiership player with Essendon, was appointed caretaker coach for the club. During his seven matches for 2007, Harvey coached the Dockers to four wins and three losses. The club came 11th that year, and Harvey was appointed full-time coach at the end of the season. The following year saw the club slump to 14th.In Round 15, 2009, Fremantle recorded the lowest score in its history and of the 2000s, scoring only 1.7 (13) to the Adelaide Crows' 19.16 (130). It scored just one point in the first half and the only goal scored came in the third quarter.After finishing sixth in 2010, the club played in the finals for the first time since 2006. The team played Hawthorn at Subiaco Oval, and despite being considered underdogs, went on to win by 30 points. The win came from strong performances from Luke McPharlin and Adam McPhee who limited the impact of Lance Franklin and Luke Hodge, respectively. The team's second ever win in a finals match qualified them for a semi-final to be played against the Geelong Cats at the MCG the following week. In a one-sided contest, the Dockers lost by 69 points.The 2011 season saw Fremantle lose just once in the first six rounds before ending the year in 11th position after losing their final seven games. Fremantle's collapse was considered a result of a heavy injury count that began in the pre-season.In September 2011, Mark Harvey was sensationally sacked by the club in favour of still-contracted St. Kilda coach Ross Lyon.Fremantle qualified for the finals in 2012 after finishing in seventh position. In their elimination final against Geelong, the Dockers won their first ever finals game away from home with a 16-point victory at the MCG behind Matthew Pavlich's six goals. Fremantle subsequently lost to the Crows in Adelaide the following week, ending their finals campaign.In 2013, Fremantle finished the home-and-away season in third position with a club-best 16 wins. In their qualifying final against the Cats in Geelong, the Dockers produced a first-round upset with a 15-point victory to advance through to a home preliminary final. In the preliminary final, the Dockers defeated the reigning premiers, the Sydney Swans, by 25 points to advance to their maiden AFL Grand Final. In the 2013 grand final, the Dockers were defeated by Hawthorn by a margin of 15 points.In 2014, the club reached the finals for the third successive year with a top-four finish and 16 wins, but despite earning a double chance, they were knocked out after losses to Sydney away and Port Adelaide at home. Nat Fyfe was awarded the Leigh Matthews Trophy for winning the AFL Players' Association MVP award.In 2015, the club were crowned minor premiers for the first time in their history, earning their first piece of silverware with the McClelland Trophy. However, the club failed to convert this into a grand final appearance, losing to Hawthorn by 27 points in its home preliminary final. Fremantle ended their season with Nat Fyfe becoming the club's first Brownlow Medalist.Season 2016 marked Matthew Pavlich's final season in the AFL, as Fremantle missed the finals following a 10-game losing streak to start the year, finishing in 16th position with just four wins.Ross Lyon was sacked as coach on 20 August 2019 after the club failed to qualify for the finals. He was replaced by Justin Longmuir.After struggling in their early start up years, Fremantle are beginning to be a more established and consistently more competitive club in the AFL, with an overall win percentage of 50.0% since first making the finals in 2003. The Dockers' halcyon years took place between 2013 and 2015, where they earned three-straight top four finishes to go with their only grand final appearance (2013) and their only minor premiership (2015).Fremantle played in its first drawn match in Round 8, 2013 against the Sydney Swans. In 2006, against St Kilda at Aurora Stadium in Launceston, they did play in a controversial Round 5 match that initially ended in a draw. However, the AFL overturned the draw result the following Wednesday after the match, due to an off-field error made by the timekeepers not sounding the siren for long enough, and declared Fremantle as one-point winners. It marked the first time a game result had been later overturned since 1900.The club is nicknamed the "Dockers" in reference to Fremantle's history as a port city. Shortly after the club was launched in 1994, Levi Strauss & Co., which produces the Dockers brand of clothing, challenged the club's right to use the name "Fremantle Dockers", specifically on clothing. As a result, the club and the AFL discontinued the official use of the "Dockers" nickname in 1997. However, it remained in common usage both inside and outside the club, and continued to appear in the official team song "Freo Way to Go" and as the title of the official club magazine "Docker". In October 2010, the strong association that members and fans have with the "Dockers" nickname led the club to form a new arrangement with Levi Strauss & Co which allows the club to officially use the nickname "Dockers" everywhere including on clothing and other brand elements. This name change was made in conjunction with changes to the club logo and playing strip.Until 2011 the Fremantle Football Club used the anchor symbol as the basis for all of their guernseys. The home guernsey was purple, with a white anchor on the front separating the chest area into red and green panels, representing the traditional maritime port and starboard colours. The colours also acknowledged Fremantle's large Italian community, which historically has been associated with the city's fishing community. The away or clash guernsey was all white with a purple anchor. Since the end of the 2010 home and away season, the home jumper is purple with three white chevrons, and the away jumper is white with purple chevrons.One game each year is designated as the "Purple Haze" game, where an all-purple jumper with a white anchor is worn. This game is used to raise money for the Starlight Children's Foundation. After the guernsey re-design to a predominately purple home jumper, Fremantle wore the Starlight Foundation logo, a yellow star, above the highest chevron for their Purple Haze game.Since 2003, the AFL has hosted an annual Heritage Round. Until 2006, Fremantle wore a white guernsey with three red chevrons, to emulate the jumper worn by the original Fremantle Football Club in 1885. However, in 2007, the selected round had Fremantle playing Sydney, who also wear red and white. An alternative blue and white striped design was used, based on the jumper worn by the East Fremantle Football Club in their 1979 WAFL Grand Final win over the South Fremantle Football Club. This "Fremantle Derby" held the record, prior to the opening of Optus Stadium, for the highest attendance at a football game of any code in Western Australia, with 52,781 attending at Subiaco Oval.In September 2008, newly appointed CEO Steve Rosich confirmed that the Fremantle Football Club would undergo a thorough review of all areas, including the club's team name, song, guernsey, and logo in a bid to boost its marketability. However he later confirmed that the purple colour will be maintained as it had become synonymous with Fremantle.Fremantle Football Club had its original training and administration facilities at Fremantle Oval. On 21 February 2017 the club moved its training and administration facilities to Cockburn ARC, a world-class facility constructed in 2015–17 at a price of $109 million, located in the suburb of Cockburn Central.The team's home games are currently played at Optus Stadium, a 60,000 seat multi-purpose stadium located in the suburb of Burswood. The club began playing home matches at the venue in 2018, having previously played home matches at Subiaco Oval from 2001 onward and before that the WACA Ground from 1995 to 2000.The official song of Fremantle is "Freo Way to Go", a truncated version of the club's original song, "Freo Heave Ho", written by Ken Walther. "Freo Way to Go" was adopted in 2011 following a poll on the Dockers' official website, beating out three other newly composed songs, including "Freo Freo", written by Fremantle-based indie rock group and the Dockers' then-number one ticket holder, Eskimo Joe. The poll took place around the same time that the club's guernsey and logo were also updated.Unlike other AFL team songs, "Freo Way to Go" is played to a contemporary rock tune. "Freo Heave Ho" also had a section based on Igor Stravinsky's arrangement of the traditional Russian folk song, "Song of the Volga Boatmen", which was dropped in 2011, leaving only the original composition of Walther.Due to its unconventional style, the song is derided by many opposition supporters and defended with equally fierce loyalty by many fans. "Every other team song sounds like a 'Knees Up Mother Brown' from previous eras. We've got a backbeat", boasted author and Fremantle fan Tim Winton. In 2021, in response to being named the club's new number one ticket holder, Tame Impala frontman and Fremantle local Kevin Parker released a new Fremantle "pump up" track to be played at home games. Bolstering the Fremantle connection, the song draws inspiration from AC/DC.The club is owned by the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC). Since 2003, a Board of Directors controls the operation of the club, on behalf of the WAFC. Prior to this, a two-tier arrangement was in place, with a Board of Management between the Board of Directors and the Commission. The initial club chief executive officer was David Hatt, who had come from a hockey background, and the inaugural club chairman was Ross Kelly, who had played for West Perth. It was a deliberate act by the commission to avoid having administrators from either East Fremantle or South Fremantle in key roles, as they wanted the club to be bigger than just representing Fremantle.Kelly resigned at the end of 1998, replaced by Ross McLean. Whilst he presided over some key financial decisions, including the building of the club's administrative and training centre at Fremantle Oval and the deferment of the licence fee to the AFL, it was Fremantle's lowest point onfield, culminating in a two-win season in 2001 which saw the coach Damian Drum be sacked mid-year. McLean resigned following an inadvertent breach of the salary cap.In early 2001 Hatt accepted a government job and Cameron Schwab was appointed. After weathering the fallout from the disastrous 2001 season, Schwab and the new chairman, local West Australian retailing businessman Rick Hart, set about rebuilding the club. A former recruiting manager, Schwab focused on building up the on-field performance by recruiting high-profile players in Trent Croad, Peter Bell and Jeff Farmer, as well as coach Chris Connolly and with Hart then focused on enhancing the corporate and financial standing of the club. The club membership grew every year from 2002 until 2008 and the final licence payment was made to the AFL in 2005.Schwab chose to return to Melbourne in 2008 and was replaced as CEO by Steve Rosich, who had previously worked for the West Coast Eagles. A year later Hart resigned as president and Steve Harris, who runs The Brand Agency and had produced advertising for Fremantle since 2002, took over at the end of 2009. Harris had been on the board since November 2008, the first club chairman or president to have previously served on the board. The club has developed into one of the wealthiest clubs in the league and their surprise recruitment of Ross Lyon to replace Mark Harvey as coach at the end of the 2011 is seen as an example of their ruthless drive for sustained success. In 2014, Harris resigned as president nd was replaced by the then vice president, Perth property developer Dale Alcock.Fremantle's biggest rivalry is with the other Western Australian team, the West Coast Eagles, who they play twice each year in the home and away season, in the fiercely contested "Western Derby" matches (Pronounced in Western Australia). West Coast were victorious in the first nine games, before Fremantle won in round 16, 1999, after which has prompted a fairly even Derby result with Fremantle at 19 and West Coast at 21 Derby wins. The term "derby" is named after the Fremantle Derby games between East and South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League, which for almost 100 years have been considered some of the most important games in the local league. The 1979 WANFL Grand Final still holds the Subiaco Oval football attendance record of 52,781.The Dockers and the St Kilda Football Club have seen a number of controversial events between them, most notably the AFL siren controversy at York Park in 2006. The match was sent into a state of confusion with Fremantle leading by one point when the siren (which had not been very loud all game) was not heard by the umpires who then allowed St Kilda tagger Steven Baker to score a point after time had elapsed and, as a result, the match ended in a draw. The outcome of the game was taken to the AFL Commission and it was decided during the week that as the siren had gone Fremantle were judged to be the winners, disallowing Baker's point.During the 2011 off-season, Fremantle sacked coach Mark Harvey and replaced him with then-St Kilda coach Ross Lyon in controversial circumstances. The move was met with much criticism towards Fremantle's president, Steve Harris, and CEO, Steve Rosich, claiming that they had "backstabbed" Harvey. Lyon was also met with widespread criticism and was accused of backstabbing St Kilda by many Saints supporters as the club was made aware that Fremantle had approached Lyon during St Kilda's lead-up to its finals campaign. The two clubs contested a highly anticipated Friday night match in Round 4 of the 2012 AFL season at Etihad Stadium, with Fremantle winning by 13 points and Lyon being booed throughout the match. Lyon has since become Fremantle's longest serving and most successful coach.For most of Fremantle's history, players have played for various West Australian Football League (WAFL) teams when not selected to play for the Fremantle AFL team. Players recruited from the WAFL have remained with their original club, and players recruited from interstate have been allocated to teams via a draft system. Since the 2014 season, the Peel Thunder Football Club has served as the host club for the Fremantle Dockers, an arrangement which will see Fremantle's reserves players playing in the WAFL for Peel Thunder Football Club. An attempt to field a standalone Fremantle reserves side in the WAFL was rejected by the other WAFL clubs. A similar host club system was used in 1999 when South Fremantle was the aligned club but was cancelled after a single season.In May 2016, the club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017. As part of the bid, the team would guarantee all players education and job opportunities with the club and the partnering Curtin University.Fremantle beat out a bid from rivals when they were granted a license on 15 June 2016.Kiara Bowers and Kara Antonio were the club's first signings, unveiled along with the league's other 14 marquee players on 27 July 2016. A further 24 senior players and two rookie players were added to the club's inaugural list in the league's drafting and signing period.Former South Fremantle assistant coach, Michelle Cowan was appointed the team's inaugural head coach in July 2016.The club's initial bid outlined plans for a game each at Domain Stadium and at Curtin University's Bentley campus as well as up to two remaining matches held at the club training base in the city of Cockburn. The club eventually played two home games at Fremantle Oval, one at Domain Stadium and one in Mandurah. In 2018, the Dockers hosted the first football game at Perth Stadium but will play the remainder of their home games at Fremantle Oval.The Dockers struggled in their inaugural season, only winning one of seven games and finishing seventh out of eight teams on the ladder. They fared slightly better in 2018, winning three matches, but again finished seventh on the ladder.In 2019, Fremantle had their most successful season, losing only one game during the home and away matches to eventual premiers Adelaide and making the finals for the first time. The team, now coached by Trent Cooper and with Kiara Bowers making her long-awaited debut after two injury affect years, started the year with a high scoring victory over Melbourne in the opening round and then kicked their highest ever score, 10.7 (67), in round 2 against Brisbane. Despite having won two more games than Carlton, the controversial conference system saw Carlton host the knock out preliminary final and inflict Fremantle's second defeat of the year. In the post-season awards, Bowers and Dana Hooker came second behind Erin Phillips in the AFLW MVP award and AFL Women's best and fairest award respectively. Bowers, Hooker and Gemma Houghton were all named in the AFL Women's All-Australian team. Ashley Sharp was awarded goal of the year for a long run, multiple bounce goal.The Doig Medal is the Fremantle Football Club's annual fairest and best award. Currently, the Fremantle coaching staff give every player votes on a 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis after every match, including Finals Series matches. Top votes are awarded for what is regarded as an elite performance. At the end of the year the votes are tallied and the Doig Medal Night is held to announce the winner. Variations on the voting system have been used in past years. The awards ceremony has been held at the Fremantle Passenger Terminal (1995), Challenge Stadium (1998–1999), Fremantle Oval (2000–2001), the Grand Ballroom at Burswood Entertainment Complex (2002–2005, 2008–current) and the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (2006–2007).The Beacon Award is presented to the club's best first year player. Mature aged recruits Michael Barlow, Tendai Mzungu and Lee Spurr have won in recent years, despite being significantly older than most first year players.The Fremantle Football Hall of Legends was inaugurated by Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new AFL team's links with its home city's football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the WAFL: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.In 2019, The West Australian named Fremantle's greatest team of the past twenty five years as part of the club's twenty fifth anniversary celebrations, as voted by Fans and club officials.:It is traditional for each AFL club to recognise a prominent supporter as the number-one ticket holder. Fremantle originally chose to award this to Carmen Lawrence, the sitting member for the federal seat of Fremantle. This was roundly criticised as the member may or may not be a supporter of the club and unnecessarily linked politics with sport. The policy was soon changed to select a well-known Fremantle identity for a two-year period.On 23 April 2010, Eskimo Joe were announced as Fremantle's number-one ticket holder, replacing golfer Nick O'Hern. The band's drummer and guitarist, Joel Quartermain, hinted that they might write a new theme song for the club, saying that Other high-profile fans include current and former Premiers of Western Australia, Mark McGowan and Alan Carpenter, former Federal Minister of Defence, Stephen Smith, Tim Minchin, members of psychedelic rock band Tame Impala, author Tim Winton, American tennis player John Isner and journalists and television presenters Dixie Marshall, Simon Reeve and Matt Price, who wrote a book on Fremantle, "Way to Go".Despite a relative lack of on-field success, Fremantle has recorded membership figures above average for the league.The club in 2005 had the fastest growing membership in the AFL competition with home crowds growing at a similar rate. The club's recent membership slogans have emphasised the passion of Fremantle fans for their team.From 2003 until 2011, the Fremantle Football Club had the Governors of Western Australia as its patron.Vice-patrons
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[
"Ben Allan",
"Mark Harvey",
"Gerard Neesham",
"Damian Drum",
"Justin Longmuir"
] |
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Who was the head coach of the team Fremantle Football Club in Jun, 2021?
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June 30, 2021
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{
"text": [
"Justin Longmuir"
]
}
|
L2_Q278043_P286_5
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Ben Allan is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from May, 2001 to Sep, 2001.
Gerard Neesham is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1998.
Ross Lyon is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2011 to Aug, 2019.
Justin Longmuir is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Damian Drum is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jan, 1999 to May, 2001.
Mark Harvey is the head coach of Fremantle Football Club from Jul, 2007 to Sep, 2011.
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Fremantle Football ClubThe Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Dockers, is a professional Australian rules football club competing in the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's elite competition. The team was founded in 1994 to represent the port city of Fremantle, a stronghold of football in Western Australia. The Dockers were the second team from the state to be admitted to the competition, following the West Coast Eagles in 1987. Despite having participated in and won several finals matches, Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs not to have won a premiership (the others being and ), though it did claim a minor premiership in 2015 and reach the 2013 Grand Final, losing to . High-profile players who forged careers at Fremantle include All-Australian Matthew Pavlich, Hall of Fame inductee Peter Bell, and dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe, who captains the club under head coach Justin Longmuir. Originally based at Fremantle Oval, the club's training and administrative facilities are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central, whilst its home ground is the 60,000-capacity Perth Stadium in Burswood. Fremantle has also fielded a women's team in the AFL Women's league since the competition's inception in 2017. They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio. Their most successful season was the 2020 season, in which the team was undefeated, but was ultimately cancelled without a premiership awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The port city of Fremantle, Western Australia has a rich footballing history, hosting the state's first organised game of Australian rules in 1881. Fremantle's first teams, the Fremantle Football Club, the Union/Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club, dominated the early years of the West Australian Football League (WAFL), winning 24 of the first 34 premierships. Since 1897, Fremantle Oval has been the main venue for Australian rules football matches in the city. Until the opening of Perth Stadium in 2018, the record attendance for an Australian rules football game in Western Australia stood at 52,781 for the 1979 WANFL Grand Final between East Fremantle and South Fremantle at Subiaco Oval.Champion footballers who forged careers playing for Fremantle-based clubs include, among other Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees, Steve Marsh, Jack Sheedy, John Todd, George Doig, William Truscott and Bernie Naylor.Negotiations between East Fremantle and South Fremantle to enter into the VFL as a merged club began in 1987. However, due to an exclusive rights clause granted to the West Coast Eagles this would be impossible until the end of the 1992 season. Further applications were made by the clubs to join but their model was out of favour with the West Australian Football Commission.The AFL announced on 14 December 1993 that a new team, to be based in Fremantle, would enter the league in 1995, with the tentative name of "Fremantle Sharks." The licence cost $4 million. The names "Fremantle Football Club", "Fremantle Dockers" and the club colours of purple, red, green and white were announced on 21 July 1994. The decision to base the new club in Fremantle was primarily due to the long association of Australian rules football in Fremantle. However, it was not represented in a national club competition until 1995, eight years after the first expansion of the then Victorian Football League into Western Australia in 1987 with the creation of the West Coast Eagles. Their first training session was held on 31 October 1994 at Fremantle Oval.The team endured some tough years near the bottom of the premiership ladder, until they finished fifth after the home and away rounds in 2003 and made the finals for the first time. The elimination final against eighth-placed Essendon at Subiaco Oval was then the club's biggest ever game, but ended in disappointment for the home team, with the finals experience of Essendon proving too strong for the young team. They then missed making the finals in the following two seasons, finishing both years with 11 wins, 11 losses and only 1 game outside the top eight.After an average first half to the 2006 AFL season, Fremantle finished the year with a club-record nine straight wins to earn themselves third position at the end of the home and away season with a club-best 15 wins. In the qualifying final against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, the Dockers led for the first three-quarters before being overrun by the Crows. The following week saw the club win its first finals game in the semi-final against Melbourne at Subiaco Oval. The club subsequently earned a trip to Sydney to play in its first ever preliminary final, where they lost by 35 points at ANZ Stadium to the Sydney Swans.In 2007, following Chris Connolly's resignation midway through the season, Mark Harvey, a three-time premiership player with Essendon, was appointed caretaker coach for the club. During his seven matches for 2007, Harvey coached the Dockers to four wins and three losses. The club came 11th that year, and Harvey was appointed full-time coach at the end of the season. The following year saw the club slump to 14th.In Round 15, 2009, Fremantle recorded the lowest score in its history and of the 2000s, scoring only 1.7 (13) to the Adelaide Crows' 19.16 (130). It scored just one point in the first half and the only goal scored came in the third quarter.After finishing sixth in 2010, the club played in the finals for the first time since 2006. The team played Hawthorn at Subiaco Oval, and despite being considered underdogs, went on to win by 30 points. The win came from strong performances from Luke McPharlin and Adam McPhee who limited the impact of Lance Franklin and Luke Hodge, respectively. The team's second ever win in a finals match qualified them for a semi-final to be played against the Geelong Cats at the MCG the following week. In a one-sided contest, the Dockers lost by 69 points.The 2011 season saw Fremantle lose just once in the first six rounds before ending the year in 11th position after losing their final seven games. Fremantle's collapse was considered a result of a heavy injury count that began in the pre-season.In September 2011, Mark Harvey was sensationally sacked by the club in favour of still-contracted St. Kilda coach Ross Lyon.Fremantle qualified for the finals in 2012 after finishing in seventh position. In their elimination final against Geelong, the Dockers won their first ever finals game away from home with a 16-point victory at the MCG behind Matthew Pavlich's six goals. Fremantle subsequently lost to the Crows in Adelaide the following week, ending their finals campaign.In 2013, Fremantle finished the home-and-away season in third position with a club-best 16 wins. In their qualifying final against the Cats in Geelong, the Dockers produced a first-round upset with a 15-point victory to advance through to a home preliminary final. In the preliminary final, the Dockers defeated the reigning premiers, the Sydney Swans, by 25 points to advance to their maiden AFL Grand Final. In the 2013 grand final, the Dockers were defeated by Hawthorn by a margin of 15 points.In 2014, the club reached the finals for the third successive year with a top-four finish and 16 wins, but despite earning a double chance, they were knocked out after losses to Sydney away and Port Adelaide at home. Nat Fyfe was awarded the Leigh Matthews Trophy for winning the AFL Players' Association MVP award.In 2015, the club were crowned minor premiers for the first time in their history, earning their first piece of silverware with the McClelland Trophy. However, the club failed to convert this into a grand final appearance, losing to Hawthorn by 27 points in its home preliminary final. Fremantle ended their season with Nat Fyfe becoming the club's first Brownlow Medalist.Season 2016 marked Matthew Pavlich's final season in the AFL, as Fremantle missed the finals following a 10-game losing streak to start the year, finishing in 16th position with just four wins.Ross Lyon was sacked as coach on 20 August 2019 after the club failed to qualify for the finals. He was replaced by Justin Longmuir.After struggling in their early start up years, Fremantle are beginning to be a more established and consistently more competitive club in the AFL, with an overall win percentage of 50.0% since first making the finals in 2003. The Dockers' halcyon years took place between 2013 and 2015, where they earned three-straight top four finishes to go with their only grand final appearance (2013) and their only minor premiership (2015).Fremantle played in its first drawn match in Round 8, 2013 against the Sydney Swans. In 2006, against St Kilda at Aurora Stadium in Launceston, they did play in a controversial Round 5 match that initially ended in a draw. However, the AFL overturned the draw result the following Wednesday after the match, due to an off-field error made by the timekeepers not sounding the siren for long enough, and declared Fremantle as one-point winners. It marked the first time a game result had been later overturned since 1900.The club is nicknamed the "Dockers" in reference to Fremantle's history as a port city. Shortly after the club was launched in 1994, Levi Strauss & Co., which produces the Dockers brand of clothing, challenged the club's right to use the name "Fremantle Dockers", specifically on clothing. As a result, the club and the AFL discontinued the official use of the "Dockers" nickname in 1997. However, it remained in common usage both inside and outside the club, and continued to appear in the official team song "Freo Way to Go" and as the title of the official club magazine "Docker". In October 2010, the strong association that members and fans have with the "Dockers" nickname led the club to form a new arrangement with Levi Strauss & Co which allows the club to officially use the nickname "Dockers" everywhere including on clothing and other brand elements. This name change was made in conjunction with changes to the club logo and playing strip.Until 2011 the Fremantle Football Club used the anchor symbol as the basis for all of their guernseys. The home guernsey was purple, with a white anchor on the front separating the chest area into red and green panels, representing the traditional maritime port and starboard colours. The colours also acknowledged Fremantle's large Italian community, which historically has been associated with the city's fishing community. The away or clash guernsey was all white with a purple anchor. Since the end of the 2010 home and away season, the home jumper is purple with three white chevrons, and the away jumper is white with purple chevrons.One game each year is designated as the "Purple Haze" game, where an all-purple jumper with a white anchor is worn. This game is used to raise money for the Starlight Children's Foundation. After the guernsey re-design to a predominately purple home jumper, Fremantle wore the Starlight Foundation logo, a yellow star, above the highest chevron for their Purple Haze game.Since 2003, the AFL has hosted an annual Heritage Round. Until 2006, Fremantle wore a white guernsey with three red chevrons, to emulate the jumper worn by the original Fremantle Football Club in 1885. However, in 2007, the selected round had Fremantle playing Sydney, who also wear red and white. An alternative blue and white striped design was used, based on the jumper worn by the East Fremantle Football Club in their 1979 WAFL Grand Final win over the South Fremantle Football Club. This "Fremantle Derby" held the record, prior to the opening of Optus Stadium, for the highest attendance at a football game of any code in Western Australia, with 52,781 attending at Subiaco Oval.In September 2008, newly appointed CEO Steve Rosich confirmed that the Fremantle Football Club would undergo a thorough review of all areas, including the club's team name, song, guernsey, and logo in a bid to boost its marketability. However he later confirmed that the purple colour will be maintained as it had become synonymous with Fremantle.Fremantle Football Club had its original training and administration facilities at Fremantle Oval. On 21 February 2017 the club moved its training and administration facilities to Cockburn ARC, a world-class facility constructed in 2015–17 at a price of $109 million, located in the suburb of Cockburn Central.The team's home games are currently played at Optus Stadium, a 60,000 seat multi-purpose stadium located in the suburb of Burswood. The club began playing home matches at the venue in 2018, having previously played home matches at Subiaco Oval from 2001 onward and before that the WACA Ground from 1995 to 2000.The official song of Fremantle is "Freo Way to Go", a truncated version of the club's original song, "Freo Heave Ho", written by Ken Walther. "Freo Way to Go" was adopted in 2011 following a poll on the Dockers' official website, beating out three other newly composed songs, including "Freo Freo", written by Fremantle-based indie rock group and the Dockers' then-number one ticket holder, Eskimo Joe. The poll took place around the same time that the club's guernsey and logo were also updated.Unlike other AFL team songs, "Freo Way to Go" is played to a contemporary rock tune. "Freo Heave Ho" also had a section based on Igor Stravinsky's arrangement of the traditional Russian folk song, "Song of the Volga Boatmen", which was dropped in 2011, leaving only the original composition of Walther.Due to its unconventional style, the song is derided by many opposition supporters and defended with equally fierce loyalty by many fans. "Every other team song sounds like a 'Knees Up Mother Brown' from previous eras. We've got a backbeat", boasted author and Fremantle fan Tim Winton. In 2021, in response to being named the club's new number one ticket holder, Tame Impala frontman and Fremantle local Kevin Parker released a new Fremantle "pump up" track to be played at home games. Bolstering the Fremantle connection, the song draws inspiration from AC/DC.The club is owned by the West Australian Football Commission (WAFC). Since 2003, a Board of Directors controls the operation of the club, on behalf of the WAFC. Prior to this, a two-tier arrangement was in place, with a Board of Management between the Board of Directors and the Commission. The initial club chief executive officer was David Hatt, who had come from a hockey background, and the inaugural club chairman was Ross Kelly, who had played for West Perth. It was a deliberate act by the commission to avoid having administrators from either East Fremantle or South Fremantle in key roles, as they wanted the club to be bigger than just representing Fremantle.Kelly resigned at the end of 1998, replaced by Ross McLean. Whilst he presided over some key financial decisions, including the building of the club's administrative and training centre at Fremantle Oval and the deferment of the licence fee to the AFL, it was Fremantle's lowest point onfield, culminating in a two-win season in 2001 which saw the coach Damian Drum be sacked mid-year. McLean resigned following an inadvertent breach of the salary cap.In early 2001 Hatt accepted a government job and Cameron Schwab was appointed. After weathering the fallout from the disastrous 2001 season, Schwab and the new chairman, local West Australian retailing businessman Rick Hart, set about rebuilding the club. A former recruiting manager, Schwab focused on building up the on-field performance by recruiting high-profile players in Trent Croad, Peter Bell and Jeff Farmer, as well as coach Chris Connolly and with Hart then focused on enhancing the corporate and financial standing of the club. The club membership grew every year from 2002 until 2008 and the final licence payment was made to the AFL in 2005.Schwab chose to return to Melbourne in 2008 and was replaced as CEO by Steve Rosich, who had previously worked for the West Coast Eagles. A year later Hart resigned as president and Steve Harris, who runs The Brand Agency and had produced advertising for Fremantle since 2002, took over at the end of 2009. Harris had been on the board since November 2008, the first club chairman or president to have previously served on the board. The club has developed into one of the wealthiest clubs in the league and their surprise recruitment of Ross Lyon to replace Mark Harvey as coach at the end of the 2011 is seen as an example of their ruthless drive for sustained success. In 2014, Harris resigned as president nd was replaced by the then vice president, Perth property developer Dale Alcock.Fremantle's biggest rivalry is with the other Western Australian team, the West Coast Eagles, who they play twice each year in the home and away season, in the fiercely contested "Western Derby" matches (Pronounced in Western Australia). West Coast were victorious in the first nine games, before Fremantle won in round 16, 1999, after which has prompted a fairly even Derby result with Fremantle at 19 and West Coast at 21 Derby wins. The term "derby" is named after the Fremantle Derby games between East and South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League, which for almost 100 years have been considered some of the most important games in the local league. The 1979 WANFL Grand Final still holds the Subiaco Oval football attendance record of 52,781.The Dockers and the St Kilda Football Club have seen a number of controversial events between them, most notably the AFL siren controversy at York Park in 2006. The match was sent into a state of confusion with Fremantle leading by one point when the siren (which had not been very loud all game) was not heard by the umpires who then allowed St Kilda tagger Steven Baker to score a point after time had elapsed and, as a result, the match ended in a draw. The outcome of the game was taken to the AFL Commission and it was decided during the week that as the siren had gone Fremantle were judged to be the winners, disallowing Baker's point.During the 2011 off-season, Fremantle sacked coach Mark Harvey and replaced him with then-St Kilda coach Ross Lyon in controversial circumstances. The move was met with much criticism towards Fremantle's president, Steve Harris, and CEO, Steve Rosich, claiming that they had "backstabbed" Harvey. Lyon was also met with widespread criticism and was accused of backstabbing St Kilda by many Saints supporters as the club was made aware that Fremantle had approached Lyon during St Kilda's lead-up to its finals campaign. The two clubs contested a highly anticipated Friday night match in Round 4 of the 2012 AFL season at Etihad Stadium, with Fremantle winning by 13 points and Lyon being booed throughout the match. Lyon has since become Fremantle's longest serving and most successful coach.For most of Fremantle's history, players have played for various West Australian Football League (WAFL) teams when not selected to play for the Fremantle AFL team. Players recruited from the WAFL have remained with their original club, and players recruited from interstate have been allocated to teams via a draft system. Since the 2014 season, the Peel Thunder Football Club has served as the host club for the Fremantle Dockers, an arrangement which will see Fremantle's reserves players playing in the WAFL for Peel Thunder Football Club. An attempt to field a standalone Fremantle reserves side in the WAFL was rejected by the other WAFL clubs. A similar host club system was used in 1999 when South Fremantle was the aligned club but was cancelled after a single season.In May 2016, the club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017. As part of the bid, the team would guarantee all players education and job opportunities with the club and the partnering Curtin University.Fremantle beat out a bid from rivals when they were granted a license on 15 June 2016.Kiara Bowers and Kara Antonio were the club's first signings, unveiled along with the league's other 14 marquee players on 27 July 2016. A further 24 senior players and two rookie players were added to the club's inaugural list in the league's drafting and signing period.Former South Fremantle assistant coach, Michelle Cowan was appointed the team's inaugural head coach in July 2016.The club's initial bid outlined plans for a game each at Domain Stadium and at Curtin University's Bentley campus as well as up to two remaining matches held at the club training base in the city of Cockburn. The club eventually played two home games at Fremantle Oval, one at Domain Stadium and one in Mandurah. In 2018, the Dockers hosted the first football game at Perth Stadium but will play the remainder of their home games at Fremantle Oval.The Dockers struggled in their inaugural season, only winning one of seven games and finishing seventh out of eight teams on the ladder. They fared slightly better in 2018, winning three matches, but again finished seventh on the ladder.In 2019, Fremantle had their most successful season, losing only one game during the home and away matches to eventual premiers Adelaide and making the finals for the first time. The team, now coached by Trent Cooper and with Kiara Bowers making her long-awaited debut after two injury affect years, started the year with a high scoring victory over Melbourne in the opening round and then kicked their highest ever score, 10.7 (67), in round 2 against Brisbane. Despite having won two more games than Carlton, the controversial conference system saw Carlton host the knock out preliminary final and inflict Fremantle's second defeat of the year. In the post-season awards, Bowers and Dana Hooker came second behind Erin Phillips in the AFLW MVP award and AFL Women's best and fairest award respectively. Bowers, Hooker and Gemma Houghton were all named in the AFL Women's All-Australian team. Ashley Sharp was awarded goal of the year for a long run, multiple bounce goal.The Doig Medal is the Fremantle Football Club's annual fairest and best award. Currently, the Fremantle coaching staff give every player votes on a 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis after every match, including Finals Series matches. Top votes are awarded for what is regarded as an elite performance. At the end of the year the votes are tallied and the Doig Medal Night is held to announce the winner. Variations on the voting system have been used in past years. The awards ceremony has been held at the Fremantle Passenger Terminal (1995), Challenge Stadium (1998–1999), Fremantle Oval (2000–2001), the Grand Ballroom at Burswood Entertainment Complex (2002–2005, 2008–current) and the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (2006–2007).The Beacon Award is presented to the club's best first year player. Mature aged recruits Michael Barlow, Tendai Mzungu and Lee Spurr have won in recent years, despite being significantly older than most first year players.The Fremantle Football Hall of Legends was inaugurated by Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new AFL team's links with its home city's football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the WAFL: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.In 2019, The West Australian named Fremantle's greatest team of the past twenty five years as part of the club's twenty fifth anniversary celebrations, as voted by Fans and club officials.:It is traditional for each AFL club to recognise a prominent supporter as the number-one ticket holder. Fremantle originally chose to award this to Carmen Lawrence, the sitting member for the federal seat of Fremantle. This was roundly criticised as the member may or may not be a supporter of the club and unnecessarily linked politics with sport. The policy was soon changed to select a well-known Fremantle identity for a two-year period.On 23 April 2010, Eskimo Joe were announced as Fremantle's number-one ticket holder, replacing golfer Nick O'Hern. The band's drummer and guitarist, Joel Quartermain, hinted that they might write a new theme song for the club, saying that Other high-profile fans include current and former Premiers of Western Australia, Mark McGowan and Alan Carpenter, former Federal Minister of Defence, Stephen Smith, Tim Minchin, members of psychedelic rock band Tame Impala, author Tim Winton, American tennis player John Isner and journalists and television presenters Dixie Marshall, Simon Reeve and Matt Price, who wrote a book on Fremantle, "Way to Go".Despite a relative lack of on-field success, Fremantle has recorded membership figures above average for the league.The club in 2005 had the fastest growing membership in the AFL competition with home crowds growing at a similar rate. The club's recent membership slogans have emphasised the passion of Fremantle fans for their team.From 2003 until 2011, the Fremantle Football Club had the Governors of Western Australia as its patron.Vice-patrons
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[
"Ben Allan",
"Mark Harvey",
"Gerard Neesham",
"Damian Drum",
"Ross Lyon"
] |
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Who was the head of Hong Kong in Feb, 1999?
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February 04, 1999
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{
"text": [
"Tung Chee Hwa"
]
}
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L2_Q8646_P6_0
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Carrie Lam is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2017 to Jun, 2022.
Donald Tsang is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2012.
Tung Chee Hwa is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 1997 to Mar, 2005.
CY Leung is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2017.
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Hong KongHong Kong (; , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With over 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world.Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin'an County at the end of the First Opium War in 1841 then again in 1842. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. British Hong Kong was occupied by Imperial Japan from 1941 to 1945; British administration resumed after the surrender of Japan. The whole territory was transferred to China in 1997. As one of China’s two special administrative regions (the other being Macau), Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems".Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, the territory has become one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. It is the world's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer. Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world. Hong Kong is home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world. Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population.Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index. The city has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world. The dense space led to a developed transportation network with public transport rates exceeding 90 percent. Hong Kong is ranked 4th in the Global Financial Centres Index.The name of the territory, first romanised as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780, originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the Cantonese pronunciation "hēung góng", or Tanka Cantonese. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour". "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour developed. Sir John Davis (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.The simplified name "Hong Kong" was frequently used by 1810. The name was also commonly written as the single word "Hongkong" until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name. Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC).Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in Wong Tei Tung, Sai Kung in 2003. The archaeological works revealed knapped stone tools from deposits with an optical luminescence dating between 35,000 and 39,000 years ago.During the Middle Neolithic period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans. Neolithic to Bronze Age Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be Austronesians in the Middle Neolithic period and later the Yueh people. As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since Late Neolithic period. Bronze Age Hong Kong was featured with coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue. The region was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom (a predecessor state of Vietnam) after the Qin collapse and recaptured by China after the Han conquest. During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen. By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the Ming dynasty.The earliest European visitor was Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares, who arrived in 1513. Portuguese merchants established a trading post called Tamão in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s, Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were re-established by 1549. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557.After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the "Haijin" policies. In 1661-1683, population of most area forming present day Hong Kong were cleared under the Great Clearance, turning it into a wasteland. The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684. Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton. Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade, triggering a British military response and the First Opium War. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi. British force started controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26th January, 1841. However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement. After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking.Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony. Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in the Convention of Peking. By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.The colony was further expanded in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education. Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port. The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940. The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945.Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War, and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949. Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s. With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government began reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The public-housing estate programme, Independent Commission Against Corruption, and Mass Transit Railway were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more-reliable transportation. Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub.The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979. Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer. The impending transfer triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life. Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996. The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule. Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The government was forced to use substantial foreign exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the recovery from this was muted by an H5N1 avian-flu outbreak and a housing surplus. This was followed by the 2003 SARS epidemic, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region's democratic development and the central government's adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council democratic reforms following the handover, the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact national security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law. The central government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing Chief Executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known as the Umbrella Revolution. Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections and enforcement of national law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station raised further concerns about the region's autonomy. In June 2019, mass protests erupted in response to a proposed extradition amendment bill permitting extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong history, with organisers claiming to have attracted more than one million Hong Kong residents.Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government. The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty, resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony. Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution.The regional government is composed of three branches:The Chief Executive is the head of government and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The State Council (led by the Premier of China) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 1,200 business, community, and government leaders.The Legislative Council has 70 members, each serving a four-year term. 35 are directly elected from geographical constituencies and 35 represent functional constituencies (FC). Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups, and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting District Council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections. All popularly elected members are chosen by proportional representation. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting.Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election. These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp (the current government), the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups. The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections. Hong Kong is represented in the National People's Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government.Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction. Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule. Local courts may refer to precedents set in English law and overseas jurisprudence. However, mainland criminal procedure law applies to cases investigated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR. Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil law system. Decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies. The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality. Mainland Chinese citizens do not have right of abode in Hong Kong and are subject to immigration controls. Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army is responsible for the region's defence. Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces, the regional government may request assistance from the garrison. Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations. The territory actively participates in the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Olympic Committee, and many United Nations agencies. The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations.The imposition of Hong Kong national security law by the central government in Beijing in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand in July and in October by Finland and Ireland. The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July, because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a district council. These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. There are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected. Rural committee chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats.Hong Kong is governed by a hybrid regime that is not fully representative of the population. Legislative Council members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to those narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the transfer of sovereignty. Similarly, the Chief Executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected. Although universal suffrage for Chief Executive and all Legislative Council elections are defined goals of Basic Law Articles 45 and 68, the legislature is only partially directly elected and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body. The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions.Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment. Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners. Foreign domestic helpers, predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law. Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and are ineligible for right of abode in the territory. Sex trafficking in Hong Kong is an issue. Hongkonger and foreign women and girls are forced into prostitution in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city.The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty. It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.In 2020, in a period of large-scale protests, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security law. The law criminalises acts that were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.In October 2020, Hong Kong police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians during the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River. The territory's area (2754.97 km if the maritime area is included) consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, is land and is water. The territory's highest point is Tai Mo Shan, above sea level. Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories. Much of this is built on reclaimed land; (six per cent of the total land or about 25 per cent of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland. About 40 per cent of the remaining land area are country parks and nature reserves. The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa"), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer. Summer is hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. Typhoons occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February; an occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy. When there is snowfall, which is extremely rare, it is usually at high elevations. Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year; the highest and lowest recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are on 22 August 2017 and on 18 January 1893. The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017, and at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016.Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 317 towers taller than , and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world. The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land. Single-family detached homes are extremely rare and generally only found in outlying areas.The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region. Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the HSBC Main Building, the anemometer-topped triangular Central Plaza, the circular Hopewell Centre, and the sharp-edged Bank of China Tower.Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises. However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong. Some (including the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory) retain their original function, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex, and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure. The Ping Shan Heritage Trail has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda)."Tong lau", mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants. Examples include Lui Seng Chun, the Blue House in Wan Chai, and the Shanghai Street shophouses in Mong Kok. Mass-produced public-housing estates, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in modernist style.The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,482,500 in mid-2019. The overwhelming majority (92 per cent) is Han Chinese, most of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and a number of other Cantonese peoples. The remaining eight per cent are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos, Indonesians, and South Asians. About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory. The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty. Headline population density of about 6,800 people/km does not reflect true densities since only 6.9% of land is residential, the residential average population density calculates closer to a highly cramped 100,000/km.The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 94.6 per cent of the population, 88.9 per cent as a first language and 5.7 per cent as a second language. Slightly over half the population (53.2 per cent) speaks English, the other official language; 4.3 per cent are native speakers, and 48.9 per cent speak English as a second language. Code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population. Post-handover governments have promoted Mandarin, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 48.6 per cent of the population speaks Mandarin, with 1.9 per cent native speakers and 46.7 per cent speaking it as a second language. Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used on the mainland.Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, have the most adherents (20 per cent), and are followed by Christianity (12 per cent) and Islam (4 per cent). Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and the Baháʼí Faith, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 82.2 years for males and 87.6 years for females in 2018, the sixth-highest in the world. Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death. The universal public healthcare system is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95 per cent of healthcare costs are covered by the government.Income inequality has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people. Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2016, the wage gap remained high; the 90th percentile of earners receive 41 per cent of all income. The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people. Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity, median income for the top 10 per cent of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10 per cent.Hong Kong has a capitalist mixed service economy, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market. It is the world's 35th-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$373 billion. Although Hong Kong's economy has ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index since 1995, the territory has a relatively high level of income disparity. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4 trillion (US$3.87 trillion) .Hong Kong is the tenth-largest trading entity in exports and imports (2017), trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product. Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40 per cent of that traffic. The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port and the busiest airport for international cargo. The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States. Hong Kong is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90 per cent of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all its meat and rice. Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP, and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7 per cent of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10 per cent. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87. The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27 per cent in 1993; it fell to less than three per cent in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of market liberalisation on the mainland. Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed (facilitating trade between regions). The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment. A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions. Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty. Mainland firms represent over half of the Hang Seng Index value, up from five per cent in 1997.As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Fifty per cent of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13 per cent by 2015. The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia. The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong is a gateway for foreign direct investment in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for renminbi-denominated bonds, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading. In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little industrial policy, and implemented almost no trade controls. Under the doctrine of "positive non-interventionism", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth. While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s, late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including export-credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for five per cent of GDP. In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th most popular destination for international tourists. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau). The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates.Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90 per cent of daily trips are made on public transport, the highest percentage in the world. The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card, is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 93 metro stations throughout the territory. With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41 per cent of all public transit passengers in the city and has an on-time rate of 99.9 per cent. Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail line, and longer-distance inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom station. Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is provided at West Kowloon railway station.Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong. Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in mainland China), due to historical influence of the British Empire. Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles. More than 18,000 taxicabs, easily identifiable by their bright colour, are licensed to carry riders in the territory. Bus services operate more than 700 routes across the territory, with smaller public light buses (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly. Highways, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory. The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.Hong Kong International Airport is the territory's primary airport. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based Cathay Pacific (flag carrier), Hong Kong Airlines, low-cost airline HK Express and cargo airline Air Hong Kong. It is the eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic, and handles the most air-cargo traffic in the world. Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through Shek Kong Airfield, under the supervision of the Hong Kong Aviation Club.The Star Ferry operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers. Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller kai-to boats serve the most remote coastal settlements. Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available. Junks, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.The Peak Tram, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided funicular rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. The Central and Western District has an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the Mid-Levels escalator (the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system). Hong Kong Tramways covers a portion of Hong Kong Island. The MTR operates its Light Rail system, serving the northwestern New Territories.Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally. The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46 per cent from coal and 47 per cent from petroleum. The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China. Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory. Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed, and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The Dongjiang River in Guangdong supplies 70 per cent of the city's water, and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater. Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use.Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6 per cent of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent, contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest). Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous; there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts, more than double the territory's population.Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law. Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland due to its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century. Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits. Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-handover: 53 per cent of the population identify as "Hongkongers", while 11 per cent describe themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23 per cent as "Hongkonger in China" and 12 per cent as "Chinese in Hong Kong".Traditional Chinese family values, including family honour, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are prevalent. Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual. Spiritual concepts such as "feng shui" are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to "feng shui" is believed to determine the success of a business. "Bagua" mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4; the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes. Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible. There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and "siu yeh". Dim sum, as part of "yum cha" (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include congee, "cha siu bao", "siu yuk", egg tarts, and mango pudding. Local versions of Western food are served at "cha chaan teng" (fast, casual restaurants). Common "cha chaan teng" menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea.Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped rebuild the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade. By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as "The World of Suzie Wong". When Bruce Lee's "Way of the Dragon" was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as "A Better Tomorrow", "As Tears Go By", and "Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain" expanded global interest beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular. Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as "Farewell My Concubine", "To Live", and "Chungking Express". The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style "shidaiqu", it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop. Local media featured songs by artists such as Sam Hui, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts. Despite a general decline since late in the decade, Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory.Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong, and remains a large part of local musical education. The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently host musicians and conductors from overseas. The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted a number of major sporting events, including the 2009 East Asian Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy. The territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup.Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952, and has earned three medals. Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first and only Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Hong Kong athletes have won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994.Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer, has a monopoly on gambling and provides over seven per cent of government revenue. Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries and betting on horse racing and football.Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled after that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system. Children are required to attend school from the age of six until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18. At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and awarded the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education on successful completion. Of residents aged 15 and older, 81.3 per cent completed lower-secondary education, 66.4 per cent graduated from an upper secondary school, 31.6 per cent attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24 per cent earned a bachelor's degree or higher. Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7 per cent. Lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty.Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the medium of instruction, with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education includes English and Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.Hong Kong has eleven universities. The University of Hong Kong was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction. Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and City University of Hong Kong, these universities are ranked among the best in Asia. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Baptist University, Lingnan University, Education University of Hong Kong, Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Shue Yan University and The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong were all established in subsequent years.Hong Kong's major English-language newspaper is the "South China Morning Post", with "The Standard" serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are "Ming Pao", "Oriental Daily News", and "Apple Daily". Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned "Ta Kung Pao" and "Wen Wei Po". Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including "The Wall Street Journal", "The Financial Times", "The New York Times International Edition", "USA Today", "Yomiuri Shimbun", and "The Nikkei".Three free-to-air television broadcasters operate in the territory; TVB, HKTVE, and Hong Kong Open TV air eight digital channels. TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80 per cent viewer share. Pay TV services operated by Cable TV Hong Kong and PCCW offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences. RTHK is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and three television channels. Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population. Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the Great Firewall, yet local control applies.
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[
"Donald Tsang",
"CY Leung",
"Carrie Lam"
] |
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Who was the head of Hong Kong in Sep, 2005?
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September 23, 2005
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{
"text": [
"Donald Tsang"
]
}
|
L2_Q8646_P6_1
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Tung Chee Hwa is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 1997 to Mar, 2005.
Donald Tsang is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2012.
CY Leung is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2017.
Carrie Lam is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2017 to Jun, 2022.
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Hong KongHong Kong (; , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With over 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world.Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin'an County at the end of the First Opium War in 1841 then again in 1842. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. British Hong Kong was occupied by Imperial Japan from 1941 to 1945; British administration resumed after the surrender of Japan. The whole territory was transferred to China in 1997. As one of China’s two special administrative regions (the other being Macau), Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems".Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, the territory has become one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. It is the world's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer. Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world. Hong Kong is home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world. Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population.Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index. The city has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world. The dense space led to a developed transportation network with public transport rates exceeding 90 percent. Hong Kong is ranked 4th in the Global Financial Centres Index.The name of the territory, first romanised as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780, originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the Cantonese pronunciation "hēung góng", or Tanka Cantonese. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour". "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour developed. Sir John Davis (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.The simplified name "Hong Kong" was frequently used by 1810. The name was also commonly written as the single word "Hongkong" until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name. Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC).Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in Wong Tei Tung, Sai Kung in 2003. The archaeological works revealed knapped stone tools from deposits with an optical luminescence dating between 35,000 and 39,000 years ago.During the Middle Neolithic period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans. Neolithic to Bronze Age Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be Austronesians in the Middle Neolithic period and later the Yueh people. As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since Late Neolithic period. Bronze Age Hong Kong was featured with coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue. The region was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom (a predecessor state of Vietnam) after the Qin collapse and recaptured by China after the Han conquest. During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen. By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the Ming dynasty.The earliest European visitor was Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares, who arrived in 1513. Portuguese merchants established a trading post called Tamão in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s, Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were re-established by 1549. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557.After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the "Haijin" policies. In 1661-1683, population of most area forming present day Hong Kong were cleared under the Great Clearance, turning it into a wasteland. The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684. Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton. Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade, triggering a British military response and the First Opium War. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi. British force started controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26th January, 1841. However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement. After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking.Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony. Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in the Convention of Peking. By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.The colony was further expanded in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education. Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port. The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940. The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945.Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War, and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949. Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s. With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government began reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The public-housing estate programme, Independent Commission Against Corruption, and Mass Transit Railway were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more-reliable transportation. Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub.The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979. Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer. The impending transfer triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life. Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996. The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule. Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The government was forced to use substantial foreign exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the recovery from this was muted by an H5N1 avian-flu outbreak and a housing surplus. This was followed by the 2003 SARS epidemic, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region's democratic development and the central government's adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council democratic reforms following the handover, the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact national security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law. The central government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing Chief Executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known as the Umbrella Revolution. Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections and enforcement of national law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station raised further concerns about the region's autonomy. In June 2019, mass protests erupted in response to a proposed extradition amendment bill permitting extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong history, with organisers claiming to have attracted more than one million Hong Kong residents.Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government. The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty, resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony. Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution.The regional government is composed of three branches:The Chief Executive is the head of government and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The State Council (led by the Premier of China) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 1,200 business, community, and government leaders.The Legislative Council has 70 members, each serving a four-year term. 35 are directly elected from geographical constituencies and 35 represent functional constituencies (FC). Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups, and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting District Council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections. All popularly elected members are chosen by proportional representation. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting.Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election. These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp (the current government), the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups. The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections. Hong Kong is represented in the National People's Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government.Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction. Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule. Local courts may refer to precedents set in English law and overseas jurisprudence. However, mainland criminal procedure law applies to cases investigated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR. Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil law system. Decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies. The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality. Mainland Chinese citizens do not have right of abode in Hong Kong and are subject to immigration controls. Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army is responsible for the region's defence. Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces, the regional government may request assistance from the garrison. Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations. The territory actively participates in the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Olympic Committee, and many United Nations agencies. The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations.The imposition of Hong Kong national security law by the central government in Beijing in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand in July and in October by Finland and Ireland. The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July, because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a district council. These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. There are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected. Rural committee chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats.Hong Kong is governed by a hybrid regime that is not fully representative of the population. Legislative Council members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to those narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the transfer of sovereignty. Similarly, the Chief Executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected. Although universal suffrage for Chief Executive and all Legislative Council elections are defined goals of Basic Law Articles 45 and 68, the legislature is only partially directly elected and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body. The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions.Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment. Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners. Foreign domestic helpers, predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law. Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and are ineligible for right of abode in the territory. Sex trafficking in Hong Kong is an issue. Hongkonger and foreign women and girls are forced into prostitution in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city.The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty. It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.In 2020, in a period of large-scale protests, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security law. The law criminalises acts that were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.In October 2020, Hong Kong police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians during the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River. The territory's area (2754.97 km if the maritime area is included) consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, is land and is water. The territory's highest point is Tai Mo Shan, above sea level. Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories. Much of this is built on reclaimed land; (six per cent of the total land or about 25 per cent of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland. About 40 per cent of the remaining land area are country parks and nature reserves. The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa"), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer. Summer is hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. Typhoons occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February; an occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy. When there is snowfall, which is extremely rare, it is usually at high elevations. Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year; the highest and lowest recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are on 22 August 2017 and on 18 January 1893. The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017, and at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016.Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 317 towers taller than , and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world. The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land. Single-family detached homes are extremely rare and generally only found in outlying areas.The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region. Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the HSBC Main Building, the anemometer-topped triangular Central Plaza, the circular Hopewell Centre, and the sharp-edged Bank of China Tower.Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises. However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong. Some (including the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory) retain their original function, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex, and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure. The Ping Shan Heritage Trail has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda)."Tong lau", mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants. Examples include Lui Seng Chun, the Blue House in Wan Chai, and the Shanghai Street shophouses in Mong Kok. Mass-produced public-housing estates, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in modernist style.The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,482,500 in mid-2019. The overwhelming majority (92 per cent) is Han Chinese, most of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and a number of other Cantonese peoples. The remaining eight per cent are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos, Indonesians, and South Asians. About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory. The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty. Headline population density of about 6,800 people/km does not reflect true densities since only 6.9% of land is residential, the residential average population density calculates closer to a highly cramped 100,000/km.The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 94.6 per cent of the population, 88.9 per cent as a first language and 5.7 per cent as a second language. Slightly over half the population (53.2 per cent) speaks English, the other official language; 4.3 per cent are native speakers, and 48.9 per cent speak English as a second language. Code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population. Post-handover governments have promoted Mandarin, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 48.6 per cent of the population speaks Mandarin, with 1.9 per cent native speakers and 46.7 per cent speaking it as a second language. Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used on the mainland.Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, have the most adherents (20 per cent), and are followed by Christianity (12 per cent) and Islam (4 per cent). Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and the Baháʼí Faith, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 82.2 years for males and 87.6 years for females in 2018, the sixth-highest in the world. Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death. The universal public healthcare system is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95 per cent of healthcare costs are covered by the government.Income inequality has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people. Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2016, the wage gap remained high; the 90th percentile of earners receive 41 per cent of all income. The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people. Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity, median income for the top 10 per cent of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10 per cent.Hong Kong has a capitalist mixed service economy, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market. It is the world's 35th-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$373 billion. Although Hong Kong's economy has ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index since 1995, the territory has a relatively high level of income disparity. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4 trillion (US$3.87 trillion) .Hong Kong is the tenth-largest trading entity in exports and imports (2017), trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product. Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40 per cent of that traffic. The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port and the busiest airport for international cargo. The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States. Hong Kong is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90 per cent of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all its meat and rice. Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP, and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7 per cent of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10 per cent. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87. The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27 per cent in 1993; it fell to less than three per cent in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of market liberalisation on the mainland. Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed (facilitating trade between regions). The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment. A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions. Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty. Mainland firms represent over half of the Hang Seng Index value, up from five per cent in 1997.As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Fifty per cent of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13 per cent by 2015. The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia. The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong is a gateway for foreign direct investment in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for renminbi-denominated bonds, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading. In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little industrial policy, and implemented almost no trade controls. Under the doctrine of "positive non-interventionism", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth. While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s, late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including export-credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for five per cent of GDP. In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th most popular destination for international tourists. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau). The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates.Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90 per cent of daily trips are made on public transport, the highest percentage in the world. The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card, is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 93 metro stations throughout the territory. With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41 per cent of all public transit passengers in the city and has an on-time rate of 99.9 per cent. Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail line, and longer-distance inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom station. Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is provided at West Kowloon railway station.Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong. Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in mainland China), due to historical influence of the British Empire. Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles. More than 18,000 taxicabs, easily identifiable by their bright colour, are licensed to carry riders in the territory. Bus services operate more than 700 routes across the territory, with smaller public light buses (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly. Highways, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory. The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.Hong Kong International Airport is the territory's primary airport. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based Cathay Pacific (flag carrier), Hong Kong Airlines, low-cost airline HK Express and cargo airline Air Hong Kong. It is the eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic, and handles the most air-cargo traffic in the world. Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through Shek Kong Airfield, under the supervision of the Hong Kong Aviation Club.The Star Ferry operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers. Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller kai-to boats serve the most remote coastal settlements. Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available. Junks, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.The Peak Tram, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided funicular rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. The Central and Western District has an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the Mid-Levels escalator (the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system). Hong Kong Tramways covers a portion of Hong Kong Island. The MTR operates its Light Rail system, serving the northwestern New Territories.Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally. The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46 per cent from coal and 47 per cent from petroleum. The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China. Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory. Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed, and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The Dongjiang River in Guangdong supplies 70 per cent of the city's water, and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater. Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use.Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6 per cent of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent, contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest). Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous; there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts, more than double the territory's population.Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law. Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland due to its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century. Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits. Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-handover: 53 per cent of the population identify as "Hongkongers", while 11 per cent describe themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23 per cent as "Hongkonger in China" and 12 per cent as "Chinese in Hong Kong".Traditional Chinese family values, including family honour, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are prevalent. Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual. Spiritual concepts such as "feng shui" are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to "feng shui" is believed to determine the success of a business. "Bagua" mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4; the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes. Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible. There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and "siu yeh". Dim sum, as part of "yum cha" (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include congee, "cha siu bao", "siu yuk", egg tarts, and mango pudding. Local versions of Western food are served at "cha chaan teng" (fast, casual restaurants). Common "cha chaan teng" menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea.Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped rebuild the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade. By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as "The World of Suzie Wong". When Bruce Lee's "Way of the Dragon" was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as "A Better Tomorrow", "As Tears Go By", and "Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain" expanded global interest beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular. Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as "Farewell My Concubine", "To Live", and "Chungking Express". The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style "shidaiqu", it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop. Local media featured songs by artists such as Sam Hui, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts. Despite a general decline since late in the decade, Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory.Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong, and remains a large part of local musical education. The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently host musicians and conductors from overseas. The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted a number of major sporting events, including the 2009 East Asian Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy. The territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup.Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952, and has earned three medals. Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first and only Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Hong Kong athletes have won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994.Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer, has a monopoly on gambling and provides over seven per cent of government revenue. Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries and betting on horse racing and football.Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled after that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system. Children are required to attend school from the age of six until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18. At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and awarded the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education on successful completion. Of residents aged 15 and older, 81.3 per cent completed lower-secondary education, 66.4 per cent graduated from an upper secondary school, 31.6 per cent attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24 per cent earned a bachelor's degree or higher. Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7 per cent. Lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty.Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the medium of instruction, with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education includes English and Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.Hong Kong has eleven universities. The University of Hong Kong was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction. Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and City University of Hong Kong, these universities are ranked among the best in Asia. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Baptist University, Lingnan University, Education University of Hong Kong, Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Shue Yan University and The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong were all established in subsequent years.Hong Kong's major English-language newspaper is the "South China Morning Post", with "The Standard" serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are "Ming Pao", "Oriental Daily News", and "Apple Daily". Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned "Ta Kung Pao" and "Wen Wei Po". Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including "The Wall Street Journal", "The Financial Times", "The New York Times International Edition", "USA Today", "Yomiuri Shimbun", and "The Nikkei".Three free-to-air television broadcasters operate in the territory; TVB, HKTVE, and Hong Kong Open TV air eight digital channels. TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80 per cent viewer share. Pay TV services operated by Cable TV Hong Kong and PCCW offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences. RTHK is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and three television channels. Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population. Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the Great Firewall, yet local control applies.
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[
"Carrie Lam",
"CY Leung",
"Tung Chee Hwa"
] |
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Who was the head of Hong Kong in Jul, 2014?
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July 08, 2014
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{
"text": [
"CY Leung"
]
}
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L2_Q8646_P6_2
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Tung Chee Hwa is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 1997 to Mar, 2005.
CY Leung is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2017.
Carrie Lam is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2017 to Jun, 2022.
Donald Tsang is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2012.
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Hong KongHong Kong (; , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With over 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world.Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin'an County at the end of the First Opium War in 1841 then again in 1842. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. British Hong Kong was occupied by Imperial Japan from 1941 to 1945; British administration resumed after the surrender of Japan. The whole territory was transferred to China in 1997. As one of China’s two special administrative regions (the other being Macau), Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems".Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, the territory has become one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. It is the world's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer. Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world. Hong Kong is home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world. Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population.Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index. The city has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world. The dense space led to a developed transportation network with public transport rates exceeding 90 percent. Hong Kong is ranked 4th in the Global Financial Centres Index.The name of the territory, first romanised as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780, originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the Cantonese pronunciation "hēung góng", or Tanka Cantonese. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour". "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour developed. Sir John Davis (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.The simplified name "Hong Kong" was frequently used by 1810. The name was also commonly written as the single word "Hongkong" until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name. Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC).Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in Wong Tei Tung, Sai Kung in 2003. The archaeological works revealed knapped stone tools from deposits with an optical luminescence dating between 35,000 and 39,000 years ago.During the Middle Neolithic period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans. Neolithic to Bronze Age Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be Austronesians in the Middle Neolithic period and later the Yueh people. As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since Late Neolithic period. Bronze Age Hong Kong was featured with coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue. The region was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom (a predecessor state of Vietnam) after the Qin collapse and recaptured by China after the Han conquest. During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen. By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the Ming dynasty.The earliest European visitor was Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares, who arrived in 1513. Portuguese merchants established a trading post called Tamão in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s, Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were re-established by 1549. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557.After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the "Haijin" policies. In 1661-1683, population of most area forming present day Hong Kong were cleared under the Great Clearance, turning it into a wasteland. The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684. Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton. Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade, triggering a British military response and the First Opium War. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi. British force started controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26th January, 1841. However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement. After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking.Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony. Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in the Convention of Peking. By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.The colony was further expanded in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education. Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port. The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940. The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945.Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War, and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949. Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s. With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government began reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The public-housing estate programme, Independent Commission Against Corruption, and Mass Transit Railway were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more-reliable transportation. Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub.The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979. Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer. The impending transfer triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life. Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996. The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule. Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The government was forced to use substantial foreign exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the recovery from this was muted by an H5N1 avian-flu outbreak and a housing surplus. This was followed by the 2003 SARS epidemic, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region's democratic development and the central government's adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council democratic reforms following the handover, the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact national security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law. The central government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing Chief Executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known as the Umbrella Revolution. Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections and enforcement of national law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station raised further concerns about the region's autonomy. In June 2019, mass protests erupted in response to a proposed extradition amendment bill permitting extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong history, with organisers claiming to have attracted more than one million Hong Kong residents.Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government. The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty, resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony. Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution.The regional government is composed of three branches:The Chief Executive is the head of government and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The State Council (led by the Premier of China) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 1,200 business, community, and government leaders.The Legislative Council has 70 members, each serving a four-year term. 35 are directly elected from geographical constituencies and 35 represent functional constituencies (FC). Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups, and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting District Council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections. All popularly elected members are chosen by proportional representation. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting.Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election. These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp (the current government), the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups. The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections. Hong Kong is represented in the National People's Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government.Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction. Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule. Local courts may refer to precedents set in English law and overseas jurisprudence. However, mainland criminal procedure law applies to cases investigated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR. Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil law system. Decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies. The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality. Mainland Chinese citizens do not have right of abode in Hong Kong and are subject to immigration controls. Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army is responsible for the region's defence. Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces, the regional government may request assistance from the garrison. Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations. The territory actively participates in the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Olympic Committee, and many United Nations agencies. The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations.The imposition of Hong Kong national security law by the central government in Beijing in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand in July and in October by Finland and Ireland. The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July, because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a district council. These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. There are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected. Rural committee chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats.Hong Kong is governed by a hybrid regime that is not fully representative of the population. Legislative Council members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to those narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the transfer of sovereignty. Similarly, the Chief Executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected. Although universal suffrage for Chief Executive and all Legislative Council elections are defined goals of Basic Law Articles 45 and 68, the legislature is only partially directly elected and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body. The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions.Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment. Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners. Foreign domestic helpers, predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law. Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and are ineligible for right of abode in the territory. Sex trafficking in Hong Kong is an issue. Hongkonger and foreign women and girls are forced into prostitution in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city.The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty. It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.In 2020, in a period of large-scale protests, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security law. The law criminalises acts that were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.In October 2020, Hong Kong police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians during the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River. The territory's area (2754.97 km if the maritime area is included) consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, is land and is water. The territory's highest point is Tai Mo Shan, above sea level. Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories. Much of this is built on reclaimed land; (six per cent of the total land or about 25 per cent of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland. About 40 per cent of the remaining land area are country parks and nature reserves. The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa"), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer. Summer is hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. Typhoons occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February; an occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy. When there is snowfall, which is extremely rare, it is usually at high elevations. Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year; the highest and lowest recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are on 22 August 2017 and on 18 January 1893. The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017, and at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016.Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 317 towers taller than , and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world. The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land. Single-family detached homes are extremely rare and generally only found in outlying areas.The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region. Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the HSBC Main Building, the anemometer-topped triangular Central Plaza, the circular Hopewell Centre, and the sharp-edged Bank of China Tower.Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises. However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong. Some (including the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory) retain their original function, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex, and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure. The Ping Shan Heritage Trail has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda)."Tong lau", mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants. Examples include Lui Seng Chun, the Blue House in Wan Chai, and the Shanghai Street shophouses in Mong Kok. Mass-produced public-housing estates, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in modernist style.The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,482,500 in mid-2019. The overwhelming majority (92 per cent) is Han Chinese, most of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and a number of other Cantonese peoples. The remaining eight per cent are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos, Indonesians, and South Asians. About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory. The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty. Headline population density of about 6,800 people/km does not reflect true densities since only 6.9% of land is residential, the residential average population density calculates closer to a highly cramped 100,000/km.The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 94.6 per cent of the population, 88.9 per cent as a first language and 5.7 per cent as a second language. Slightly over half the population (53.2 per cent) speaks English, the other official language; 4.3 per cent are native speakers, and 48.9 per cent speak English as a second language. Code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population. Post-handover governments have promoted Mandarin, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 48.6 per cent of the population speaks Mandarin, with 1.9 per cent native speakers and 46.7 per cent speaking it as a second language. Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used on the mainland.Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, have the most adherents (20 per cent), and are followed by Christianity (12 per cent) and Islam (4 per cent). Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and the Baháʼí Faith, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 82.2 years for males and 87.6 years for females in 2018, the sixth-highest in the world. Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death. The universal public healthcare system is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95 per cent of healthcare costs are covered by the government.Income inequality has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people. Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2016, the wage gap remained high; the 90th percentile of earners receive 41 per cent of all income. The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people. Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity, median income for the top 10 per cent of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10 per cent.Hong Kong has a capitalist mixed service economy, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market. It is the world's 35th-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$373 billion. Although Hong Kong's economy has ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index since 1995, the territory has a relatively high level of income disparity. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4 trillion (US$3.87 trillion) .Hong Kong is the tenth-largest trading entity in exports and imports (2017), trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product. Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40 per cent of that traffic. The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port and the busiest airport for international cargo. The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States. Hong Kong is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90 per cent of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all its meat and rice. Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP, and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7 per cent of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10 per cent. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87. The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27 per cent in 1993; it fell to less than three per cent in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of market liberalisation on the mainland. Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed (facilitating trade between regions). The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment. A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions. Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty. Mainland firms represent over half of the Hang Seng Index value, up from five per cent in 1997.As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Fifty per cent of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13 per cent by 2015. The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia. The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong is a gateway for foreign direct investment in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for renminbi-denominated bonds, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading. In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little industrial policy, and implemented almost no trade controls. Under the doctrine of "positive non-interventionism", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth. While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s, late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including export-credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for five per cent of GDP. In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th most popular destination for international tourists. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau). The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates.Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90 per cent of daily trips are made on public transport, the highest percentage in the world. The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card, is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 93 metro stations throughout the territory. With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41 per cent of all public transit passengers in the city and has an on-time rate of 99.9 per cent. Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail line, and longer-distance inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom station. Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is provided at West Kowloon railway station.Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong. Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in mainland China), due to historical influence of the British Empire. Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles. More than 18,000 taxicabs, easily identifiable by their bright colour, are licensed to carry riders in the territory. Bus services operate more than 700 routes across the territory, with smaller public light buses (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly. Highways, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory. The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.Hong Kong International Airport is the territory's primary airport. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based Cathay Pacific (flag carrier), Hong Kong Airlines, low-cost airline HK Express and cargo airline Air Hong Kong. It is the eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic, and handles the most air-cargo traffic in the world. Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through Shek Kong Airfield, under the supervision of the Hong Kong Aviation Club.The Star Ferry operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers. Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller kai-to boats serve the most remote coastal settlements. Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available. Junks, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.The Peak Tram, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided funicular rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. The Central and Western District has an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the Mid-Levels escalator (the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system). Hong Kong Tramways covers a portion of Hong Kong Island. The MTR operates its Light Rail system, serving the northwestern New Territories.Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally. The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46 per cent from coal and 47 per cent from petroleum. The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China. Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory. Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed, and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The Dongjiang River in Guangdong supplies 70 per cent of the city's water, and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater. Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use.Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6 per cent of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent, contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest). Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous; there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts, more than double the territory's population.Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law. Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland due to its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century. Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits. Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-handover: 53 per cent of the population identify as "Hongkongers", while 11 per cent describe themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23 per cent as "Hongkonger in China" and 12 per cent as "Chinese in Hong Kong".Traditional Chinese family values, including family honour, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are prevalent. Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual. Spiritual concepts such as "feng shui" are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to "feng shui" is believed to determine the success of a business. "Bagua" mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4; the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes. Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible. There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and "siu yeh". Dim sum, as part of "yum cha" (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include congee, "cha siu bao", "siu yuk", egg tarts, and mango pudding. Local versions of Western food are served at "cha chaan teng" (fast, casual restaurants). Common "cha chaan teng" menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea.Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped rebuild the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade. By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as "The World of Suzie Wong". When Bruce Lee's "Way of the Dragon" was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as "A Better Tomorrow", "As Tears Go By", and "Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain" expanded global interest beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular. Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as "Farewell My Concubine", "To Live", and "Chungking Express". The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style "shidaiqu", it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop. Local media featured songs by artists such as Sam Hui, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts. Despite a general decline since late in the decade, Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory.Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong, and remains a large part of local musical education. The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently host musicians and conductors from overseas. The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted a number of major sporting events, including the 2009 East Asian Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy. The territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup.Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952, and has earned three medals. Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first and only Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Hong Kong athletes have won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994.Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer, has a monopoly on gambling and provides over seven per cent of government revenue. Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries and betting on horse racing and football.Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled after that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system. Children are required to attend school from the age of six until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18. At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and awarded the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education on successful completion. Of residents aged 15 and older, 81.3 per cent completed lower-secondary education, 66.4 per cent graduated from an upper secondary school, 31.6 per cent attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24 per cent earned a bachelor's degree or higher. Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7 per cent. Lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty.Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the medium of instruction, with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education includes English and Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.Hong Kong has eleven universities. The University of Hong Kong was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction. Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and City University of Hong Kong, these universities are ranked among the best in Asia. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Baptist University, Lingnan University, Education University of Hong Kong, Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Shue Yan University and The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong were all established in subsequent years.Hong Kong's major English-language newspaper is the "South China Morning Post", with "The Standard" serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are "Ming Pao", "Oriental Daily News", and "Apple Daily". Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned "Ta Kung Pao" and "Wen Wei Po". Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including "The Wall Street Journal", "The Financial Times", "The New York Times International Edition", "USA Today", "Yomiuri Shimbun", and "The Nikkei".Three free-to-air television broadcasters operate in the territory; TVB, HKTVE, and Hong Kong Open TV air eight digital channels. TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80 per cent viewer share. Pay TV services operated by Cable TV Hong Kong and PCCW offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences. RTHK is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and three television channels. Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population. Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the Great Firewall, yet local control applies.
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[
"Donald Tsang",
"Tung Chee Hwa",
"Carrie Lam"
] |
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Who was the head of Hong Kong in Jan, 2019?
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January 18, 2019
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{
"text": [
"Carrie Lam"
]
}
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L2_Q8646_P6_3
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Donald Tsang is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jun, 2005 to Jun, 2012.
Carrie Lam is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2017 to Jun, 2022.
Tung Chee Hwa is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 1997 to Mar, 2005.
CY Leung is the head of the government of Hong Kong from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2017.
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Hong KongHong Kong (; , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With over 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world.Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin'an County at the end of the First Opium War in 1841 then again in 1842. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. British Hong Kong was occupied by Imperial Japan from 1941 to 1945; British administration resumed after the surrender of Japan. The whole territory was transferred to China in 1997. As one of China’s two special administrative regions (the other being Macau), Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems".Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, the territory has become one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. It is the world's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer. Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world. Hong Kong is home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world. Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population.Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index. The city has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world. The dense space led to a developed transportation network with public transport rates exceeding 90 percent. Hong Kong is ranked 4th in the Global Financial Centres Index.The name of the territory, first romanised as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780, originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the Cantonese pronunciation "hēung góng", or Tanka Cantonese. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour". "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour developed. Sir John Davis (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.The simplified name "Hong Kong" was frequently used by 1810. The name was also commonly written as the single word "Hongkong" until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name. Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC).Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in Wong Tei Tung, Sai Kung in 2003. The archaeological works revealed knapped stone tools from deposits with an optical luminescence dating between 35,000 and 39,000 years ago.During the Middle Neolithic period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans. Neolithic to Bronze Age Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to be Austronesians in the Middle Neolithic period and later the Yueh people. As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since Late Neolithic period. Bronze Age Hong Kong was featured with coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue. The region was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom (a predecessor state of Vietnam) after the Qin collapse and recaptured by China after the Han conquest. During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen. By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the Ming dynasty.The earliest European visitor was Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares, who arrived in 1513. Portuguese merchants established a trading post called Tamão in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s, Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were re-established by 1549. Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557.After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the "Haijin" policies. In 1661-1683, population of most area forming present day Hong Kong were cleared under the Great Clearance, turning it into a wasteland. The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684. Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton. Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade, triggering a British military response and the First Opium War. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi. British force started controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26th January, 1841. However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement. After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking.Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony. Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in the Convention of Peking. By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.The colony was further expanded in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education. Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port. The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940. The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945.Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War, and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949. Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s. With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government began reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The public-housing estate programme, Independent Commission Against Corruption, and Mass Transit Railway were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more-reliable transportation. Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub.The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979. Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer. The impending transfer triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life. Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996. The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule. Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The government was forced to use substantial foreign exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the recovery from this was muted by an H5N1 avian-flu outbreak and a housing surplus. This was followed by the 2003 SARS epidemic, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region's democratic development and the central government's adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council democratic reforms following the handover, the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact national security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law. The central government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing Chief Executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known as the Umbrella Revolution. Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections and enforcement of national law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station raised further concerns about the region's autonomy. In June 2019, mass protests erupted in response to a proposed extradition amendment bill permitting extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong history, with organisers claiming to have attracted more than one million Hong Kong residents.Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government. The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty, resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony. Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution.The regional government is composed of three branches:The Chief Executive is the head of government and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The State Council (led by the Premier of China) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 1,200 business, community, and government leaders.The Legislative Council has 70 members, each serving a four-year term. 35 are directly elected from geographical constituencies and 35 represent functional constituencies (FC). Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups, and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting District Council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections. All popularly elected members are chosen by proportional representation. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting.Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election. These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp (the current government), the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups. The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections. Hong Kong is represented in the National People's Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government.Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction. Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule. Local courts may refer to precedents set in English law and overseas jurisprudence. However, mainland criminal procedure law applies to cases investigated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR. Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil law system. Decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies. The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality. Mainland Chinese citizens do not have right of abode in Hong Kong and are subject to immigration controls. Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army is responsible for the region's defence. Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces, the regional government may request assistance from the garrison. Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations. The territory actively participates in the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Olympic Committee, and many United Nations agencies. The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations.The imposition of Hong Kong national security law by the central government in Beijing in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand in July and in October by Finland and Ireland. The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July, because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a district council. These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy. There are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected. Rural committee chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats.Hong Kong is governed by a hybrid regime that is not fully representative of the population. Legislative Council members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to those narrow corporate electorates and not the general public. This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the transfer of sovereignty. Similarly, the Chief Executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected. Although universal suffrage for Chief Executive and all Legislative Council elections are defined goals of Basic Law Articles 45 and 68, the legislature is only partially directly elected and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body. The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions.Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment. Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners. Foreign domestic helpers, predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law. Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and are ineligible for right of abode in the territory. Sex trafficking in Hong Kong is an issue. Hongkonger and foreign women and girls are forced into prostitution in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city.The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty. It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.In 2020, in a period of large-scale protests, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security law. The law criminalises acts that were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.In October 2020, Hong Kong police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians during the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River. The territory's area (2754.97 km if the maritime area is included) consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, is land and is water. The territory's highest point is Tai Mo Shan, above sea level. Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories. Much of this is built on reclaimed land; (six per cent of the total land or about 25 per cent of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea.Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland. About 40 per cent of the remaining land area are country parks and nature reserves. The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa"), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer. Summer is hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. Typhoons occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Winters are mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February; an occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy. When there is snowfall, which is extremely rare, it is usually at high elevations. Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year; the highest and lowest recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are on 22 August 2017 and on 18 January 1893. The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017, and at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016.Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 317 towers taller than , and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world. The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land. Single-family detached homes are extremely rare and generally only found in outlying areas.The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region. Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the HSBC Main Building, the anemometer-topped triangular Central Plaza, the circular Hopewell Centre, and the sharp-edged Bank of China Tower.Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises. However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong. Some (including the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory) retain their original function, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex, and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure. The Ping Shan Heritage Trail has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda)."Tong lau", mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants. Examples include Lui Seng Chun, the Blue House in Wan Chai, and the Shanghai Street shophouses in Mong Kok. Mass-produced public-housing estates, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in modernist style.The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,482,500 in mid-2019. The overwhelming majority (92 per cent) is Han Chinese, most of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and a number of other Cantonese peoples. The remaining eight per cent are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos, Indonesians, and South Asians. About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory. The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty. Headline population density of about 6,800 people/km does not reflect true densities since only 6.9% of land is residential, the residential average population density calculates closer to a highly cramped 100,000/km.The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 94.6 per cent of the population, 88.9 per cent as a first language and 5.7 per cent as a second language. Slightly over half the population (53.2 per cent) speaks English, the other official language; 4.3 per cent are native speakers, and 48.9 per cent speak English as a second language. Code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population. Post-handover governments have promoted Mandarin, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 48.6 per cent of the population speaks Mandarin, with 1.9 per cent native speakers and 46.7 per cent speaking it as a second language. Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used on the mainland.Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, have the most adherents (20 per cent), and are followed by Christianity (12 per cent) and Islam (4 per cent). Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and the Baháʼí Faith, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 82.2 years for males and 87.6 years for females in 2018, the sixth-highest in the world. Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death. The universal public healthcare system is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95 per cent of healthcare costs are covered by the government.Income inequality has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people. Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2016, the wage gap remained high; the 90th percentile of earners receive 41 per cent of all income. The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people. Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity, median income for the top 10 per cent of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10 per cent.Hong Kong has a capitalist mixed service economy, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market. It is the world's 35th-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$373 billion. Although Hong Kong's economy has ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index since 1995, the territory has a relatively high level of income disparity. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of HK$30.4 trillion (US$3.87 trillion) .Hong Kong is the tenth-largest trading entity in exports and imports (2017), trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product. Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40 per cent of that traffic. The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port and the busiest airport for international cargo. The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States. Hong Kong is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90 per cent of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all its meat and rice. Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP, and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7 per cent of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10 per cent. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87. The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27 per cent in 1993; it fell to less than three per cent in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of market liberalisation on the mainland. Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed (facilitating trade between regions). The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment. A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions. Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty. Mainland firms represent over half of the Hang Seng Index value, up from five per cent in 1997.As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Fifty per cent of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13 per cent by 2015. The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia. The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong is a gateway for foreign direct investment in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for renminbi-denominated bonds, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading. In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little industrial policy, and implemented almost no trade controls. Under the doctrine of "positive non-interventionism", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth. While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s, late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including export-credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for five per cent of GDP. In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th most popular destination for international tourists. It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau). The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates.Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network. Over 90 per cent of daily trips are made on public transport, the highest percentage in the world. The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card, is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores.The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 93 metro stations throughout the territory. With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41 per cent of all public transit passengers in the city and has an on-time rate of 99.9 per cent. Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail line, and longer-distance inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom station. Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is provided at West Kowloon railway station.Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong. Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in mainland China), due to historical influence of the British Empire. Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles. More than 18,000 taxicabs, easily identifiable by their bright colour, are licensed to carry riders in the territory. Bus services operate more than 700 routes across the territory, with smaller public light buses (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly. Highways, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory. The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.Hong Kong International Airport is the territory's primary airport. Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based Cathay Pacific (flag carrier), Hong Kong Airlines, low-cost airline HK Express and cargo airline Air Hong Kong. It is the eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic, and handles the most air-cargo traffic in the world. Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through Shek Kong Airfield, under the supervision of the Hong Kong Aviation Club.The Star Ferry operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers. Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller kai-to boats serve the most remote coastal settlements. Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available. Junks, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.The Peak Tram, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided funicular rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. The Central and Western District has an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the Mid-Levels escalator (the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system). Hong Kong Tramways covers a portion of Hong Kong Island. The MTR operates its Light Rail system, serving the northwestern New Territories.Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally. The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46 per cent from coal and 47 per cent from petroleum. The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China. Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory. Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed, and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater. The Dongjiang River in Guangdong supplies 70 per cent of the city's water, and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater. Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use.Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6 per cent of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent, contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest). Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous; there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts, more than double the territory's population.Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law. Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland due to its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century. Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits. Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-handover: 53 per cent of the population identify as "Hongkongers", while 11 per cent describe themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23 per cent as "Hongkonger in China" and 12 per cent as "Chinese in Hong Kong".Traditional Chinese family values, including family honour, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are prevalent. Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual. Spiritual concepts such as "feng shui" are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to "feng shui" is believed to determine the success of a business. "Bagua" mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4; the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes. Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible. There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and "siu yeh". Dim sum, as part of "yum cha" (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include congee, "cha siu bao", "siu yuk", egg tarts, and mango pudding. Local versions of Western food are served at "cha chaan teng" (fast, casual restaurants). Common "cha chaan teng" menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea.Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped rebuild the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade. By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as "The World of Suzie Wong". When Bruce Lee's "Way of the Dragon" was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as "A Better Tomorrow", "As Tears Go By", and "Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain" expanded global interest beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular. Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as "Farewell My Concubine", "To Live", and "Chungking Express". The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style "shidaiqu", it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop. Local media featured songs by artists such as Sam Hui, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts. Despite a general decline since late in the decade, Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory.Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong, and remains a large part of local musical education. The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently host musicians and conductors from overseas. The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities. The city has hosted a number of major sporting events, including the 2009 East Asian Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy. The territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup.Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952, and has earned three medals. Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first and only Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Hong Kong athletes have won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994.Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer, has a monopoly on gambling and provides over seven per cent of government revenue. Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries and betting on horse racing and football.Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled after that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system. Children are required to attend school from the age of six until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18. At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and awarded the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education on successful completion. Of residents aged 15 and older, 81.3 per cent completed lower-secondary education, 66.4 per cent graduated from an upper secondary school, 31.6 per cent attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24 per cent earned a bachelor's degree or higher. Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7 per cent. Lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty.Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau. Private schools subsidised under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the medium of instruction, with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education includes English and Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.Hong Kong has eleven universities. The University of Hong Kong was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction. Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and City University of Hong Kong, these universities are ranked among the best in Asia. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Baptist University, Lingnan University, Education University of Hong Kong, Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Shue Yan University and The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong were all established in subsequent years.Hong Kong's major English-language newspaper is the "South China Morning Post", with "The Standard" serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are "Ming Pao", "Oriental Daily News", and "Apple Daily". Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned "Ta Kung Pao" and "Wen Wei Po". Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including "The Wall Street Journal", "The Financial Times", "The New York Times International Edition", "USA Today", "Yomiuri Shimbun", and "The Nikkei".Three free-to-air television broadcasters operate in the territory; TVB, HKTVE, and Hong Kong Open TV air eight digital channels. TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80 per cent viewer share. Pay TV services operated by Cable TV Hong Kong and PCCW offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences. RTHK is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and three television channels. Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population. Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the Great Firewall, yet local control applies.
|
[
"Donald Tsang",
"CY Leung",
"Tung Chee Hwa"
] |
|
Which employer did Henry Edward Cusack work for in Jun, 1886?
|
June 23, 1886
|
{
"text": [
"Kitson and Company"
]
}
|
L2_Q42411127_P108_0
|
Henry Edward Cusack works for London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1890.
Henry Edward Cusack works for Kitson and Company from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
Henry Edward Cusack works for Midland Great Western Railway from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1915.
|
Henry Edward CusackHenry Edward Cusack, or Edward Cusack as he was more commonly known, was a Locomotive Superintendent of the Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR).Edward Cusack was born on 6 November 1865. He was educated at Clifton College, Bristol, England. His father, Sir Ralph Smith Cusack was Chairman of the MGWR from 1865 to 1905 and his brother-in-law, Major Major James William Henry Claud "H.C." Cusack was Deputy Chairman of the MGWR from 1905. His mother was Elizabeth Barker He served a four-year apprenticeship with Kitson and Company, England, followed by two years at Crewe, then returned to Ireland as a junior draughtsman in 1890. He married Constance Louisa Vernon in 1892. When Martin Atock announced his intended retirement from the MGWR Henry Edward Cusack was appointed his joint first assistant locomotive engineer with Basil Hope from the North Eastern Railway. Martin Atock's son, Thomas, was appointed as second assistant. Cusack rose to take the Chief Mechancial Engineers position from 1905-1915 and was replaced by the young draughtsman W. H. Morton who rose to support him.Cusack oversaw the introduction of MGWR Class D on the transition from his predecessor Martin Atock. The first attributed locomotive to his era was the MGWR Class A, the largest 4-4-0 in Ireland at the time of introduction in 1902. The smaller MGWR Class C 4-4-0 followed from 1909. His era also saw the MGWR Class B goods 0-6-0, an attempt at a larger freight engine. It is generally noted W. H. Morton is likely to have assisted Cusack with practical design input.Cusack was responsible for the design of a Royal Train prepared for the visit of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1903 with a12 wheel saloon reputed to be the most luxurious in Ireland. As well as 6 wheel carriages he also designed the coaches for the MGWR "limited mail" express train in 1900. His coach designs typically had a distinct roof profile, somewhat flat for most of top but tightly curved at the sides.
|
[
"Midland Great Western Railway",
"London and North Western Railway"
] |
|
Which employer did Henry Edward Cusack work for in Dec, 1889?
|
December 27, 1889
|
{
"text": [
"London and North Western Railway"
]
}
|
L2_Q42411127_P108_1
|
Henry Edward Cusack works for Midland Great Western Railway from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1915.
Henry Edward Cusack works for Kitson and Company from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
Henry Edward Cusack works for London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1890.
|
Henry Edward CusackHenry Edward Cusack, or Edward Cusack as he was more commonly known, was a Locomotive Superintendent of the Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR).Edward Cusack was born on 6 November 1865. He was educated at Clifton College, Bristol, England. His father, Sir Ralph Smith Cusack was Chairman of the MGWR from 1865 to 1905 and his brother-in-law, Major Major James William Henry Claud "H.C." Cusack was Deputy Chairman of the MGWR from 1905. His mother was Elizabeth Barker He served a four-year apprenticeship with Kitson and Company, England, followed by two years at Crewe, then returned to Ireland as a junior draughtsman in 1890. He married Constance Louisa Vernon in 1892. When Martin Atock announced his intended retirement from the MGWR Henry Edward Cusack was appointed his joint first assistant locomotive engineer with Basil Hope from the North Eastern Railway. Martin Atock's son, Thomas, was appointed as second assistant. Cusack rose to take the Chief Mechancial Engineers position from 1905-1915 and was replaced by the young draughtsman W. H. Morton who rose to support him.Cusack oversaw the introduction of MGWR Class D on the transition from his predecessor Martin Atock. The first attributed locomotive to his era was the MGWR Class A, the largest 4-4-0 in Ireland at the time of introduction in 1902. The smaller MGWR Class C 4-4-0 followed from 1909. His era also saw the MGWR Class B goods 0-6-0, an attempt at a larger freight engine. It is generally noted W. H. Morton is likely to have assisted Cusack with practical design input.Cusack was responsible for the design of a Royal Train prepared for the visit of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1903 with a12 wheel saloon reputed to be the most luxurious in Ireland. As well as 6 wheel carriages he also designed the coaches for the MGWR "limited mail" express train in 1900. His coach designs typically had a distinct roof profile, somewhat flat for most of top but tightly curved at the sides.
|
[
"Midland Great Western Railway",
"Kitson and Company"
] |
|
Which employer did Henry Edward Cusack work for in Mar, 1892?
|
March 07, 1892
|
{
"text": [
"Midland Great Western Railway"
]
}
|
L2_Q42411127_P108_2
|
Henry Edward Cusack works for London and North Western Railway from Jan, 1888 to Jan, 1890.
Henry Edward Cusack works for Midland Great Western Railway from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1915.
Henry Edward Cusack works for Kitson and Company from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1888.
|
Henry Edward CusackHenry Edward Cusack, or Edward Cusack as he was more commonly known, was a Locomotive Superintendent of the Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR).Edward Cusack was born on 6 November 1865. He was educated at Clifton College, Bristol, England. His father, Sir Ralph Smith Cusack was Chairman of the MGWR from 1865 to 1905 and his brother-in-law, Major Major James William Henry Claud "H.C." Cusack was Deputy Chairman of the MGWR from 1905. His mother was Elizabeth Barker He served a four-year apprenticeship with Kitson and Company, England, followed by two years at Crewe, then returned to Ireland as a junior draughtsman in 1890. He married Constance Louisa Vernon in 1892. When Martin Atock announced his intended retirement from the MGWR Henry Edward Cusack was appointed his joint first assistant locomotive engineer with Basil Hope from the North Eastern Railway. Martin Atock's son, Thomas, was appointed as second assistant. Cusack rose to take the Chief Mechancial Engineers position from 1905-1915 and was replaced by the young draughtsman W. H. Morton who rose to support him.Cusack oversaw the introduction of MGWR Class D on the transition from his predecessor Martin Atock. The first attributed locomotive to his era was the MGWR Class A, the largest 4-4-0 in Ireland at the time of introduction in 1902. The smaller MGWR Class C 4-4-0 followed from 1909. His era also saw the MGWR Class B goods 0-6-0, an attempt at a larger freight engine. It is generally noted W. H. Morton is likely to have assisted Cusack with practical design input.Cusack was responsible for the design of a Royal Train prepared for the visit of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1903 with a12 wheel saloon reputed to be the most luxurious in Ireland. As well as 6 wheel carriages he also designed the coaches for the MGWR "limited mail" express train in 1900. His coach designs typically had a distinct roof profile, somewhat flat for most of top but tightly curved at the sides.
|
[
"Kitson and Company",
"London and North Western Railway"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in Mar, 2008?
|
March 26, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"AS Monaco FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_0
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"Empoli F.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in Dec, 2011?
|
December 07, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"Novara Calcio"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_1
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"AS Monaco FC",
"Empoli F.C.",
"CF Badalona"
] |
|
Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in Jul, 2012?
|
July 09, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Empoli F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_2
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
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Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
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[
"AS Monaco FC",
"Novara Calcio",
"CF Badalona"
] |
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Which team did Guillaume Gigliotti play for in Jun, 2013?
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June 08, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"CF Badalona"
]
}
|
L2_Q16232591_P54_3
|
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for CF Badalona from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for AS Monaco FC from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Guillaume Gigliotti plays for Empoli F.C. from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
|
Guillaume GigliottiGuillaume René Gigliotti (born 9 November 1989) is a French footballer who plays in Italy for Chievo as a left back.Born in Istres, Gigliotti finished his formation with Monaco, making his senior debuts with the reserve team in the 2007–08 season. In July 2010, he moved to Italy, signing with Novara. After appearing sparingly with the club, he was loaned to Foggia in August 2011.After being a regular with Foggia (contributing with 31 appearances and 2 goals), Gigliotti signed with Empoli, with Flavio Lazzari moved to opposite direction. However, he only appeared once with Empoli, playing the last minutes in a 3–1 home win over Varese.On 3 September 2013 Gigliotti moved to Spain, signing a contract with Badalona on free transfer.On 2 February 2014 he was signed by Foggia Calcio.On 16 July 2018 he joined Serie B club Salernitana, signing a 3-year contract.On 31 July 2019, he signed a 2-year contract with Serie B club Crotone. On 5 October 2020 he moved to Chievo on a two-year contract.Guillaume's brother, David Gigliotti, is also a professional footballer. He is of Argentine descent through his father.
|
[
"AS Monaco FC",
"Novara Calcio",
"Empoli F.C."
] |
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