question stringlengths 36 90 | date stringlengths 12 18 | text_answers dict | id stringlengths 11 20 | fact_context stringlengths 174 4.76k | context stringclasses 999 values | none_context stringclasses 1 value | neg_answers listlengths 2 155 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in May, 2000? | May 20, 2000 | {
"text": [
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_0 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"CB Valladolid"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in Sep, 2006? | September 23, 2006 | {
"text": [
"Real Madrid Baloncesto"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_1 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"CB Valladolid"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in May, 2009? | May 01, 2009 | {
"text": [
"Club Joventut Badalona"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_2 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"CB Valladolid"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in Apr, 2010? | April 10, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Bilbao Basket"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_3 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"CB Valladolid"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in Jan, 2011? | January 09, 2011 | {
"text": [
"CB Valladolid",
"Bilbao Basket"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_4 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in Jan, 2012? | January 01, 2012 | {
"text": [
"Saski Baskonia",
"CB Valladolid"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_5 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"Oviedo CB",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in Feb, 2014? | February 06, 2014 | {
"text": [
"CB Gran Canaria"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_6 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"CB Valladolid"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in Apr, 2015? | April 19, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Club Melilla Baloncesto"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_7 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Oviedo CB",
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"CB Valladolid"
] | |
Which team did Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca play for in Mar, 2016? | March 13, 2016 | {
"text": [
"Oviedo CB"
]
} | L2_Q2362297_P54_8 | Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Saski Baskonia from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Gran Canaria from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Bilbao Basket from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for CB Valladolid from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Real Madrid Baloncesto B from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Joventut Badalona from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2010.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Oviedo CB from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Eduardo Hernández-Sonseca plays for Club Melilla Baloncesto from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016. | Eduardo Hernández-SonsecaEduardo Hernández-Sonseca Lorenzo (born 21 June 1983) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Basket Navarra of the LEB Plata.Hernández-Sonseca starts his career in the reserve team of Baloncesto, and he played with the whites until 2007, when he leaves the club for playing with DKV Joventut. After spending three seasons in Badalona, he continued playing at several clubs of the Liga ACB. On 25 September 2012 he signed a two-week deal with Caja Laboral after playing the entire pre-season with the team. He started the 2013–14 season with Afra Fars, a team in the Iranian Basketball Super League. On 26 January 2014 he signed with the Belgian team Kangoeroes Basket Willebroek.Hernández-Sonseca played for the first time with the Spain national basketball team on 23 November 2003, in a game of the Qualification for the EuroBasket 2003 against Denmark, where Spain won by 87–43 at Arganda del Rey. Sonseca made 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, in the best performance for a newcomer in the Spanish squad.Sonseca joined also the national team before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but finally coach Hernández chose Marc Gasol instead of him for playing the tournament.Real MadridJoventutOviedo | [
"Saski Baskonia",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto B",
"CB Gran Canaria",
"Real Madrid Baloncesto",
"Club Melilla Baloncesto",
"Bilbao Basket",
"Club Joventut Badalona",
"CB Valladolid"
] | |
Which position did Lord Edward Cavendish hold in Aug, 1867? | August 04, 1867 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337905_P39_0 | Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to May, 1891.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885. | Lord Edward CavendishLieutenant-Colonel Lord Edward Cavendish MP (28 January 1838 – 18 May 1891) was a 19th-century British politician, soldier, and nobleman.Born in Marylebone, Cavendish was the third son of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, by his wife, Lady Blanche Howard (a daughter of the 6th Earl of Carlisle and a niece of the 6th Duke of Devonshire). His father and his two surviving brothers were all Members of Parliament (MPs): his eldest brother Spencer, MP for North Lancashire 1857–91 and later 8th Duke of Devonshire, led the Liberal Party and was asked three times to be Prime Minister by Queen Victoria; the middle brother, Frederick was MP for the West Riding and Chief Secretary for Ireland and was assassinated in 1882.Cavendish was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade. On retirement from the regular army he joined the 2nd Derbyshire Militia (later the Sherwood Foresters), but transferred to the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment in 1888.Cavendish served as MP for West Derbyshire from the creation of the constituency until his death. Like his eldest brother, he became a Liberal Unionist in reaction to the Liberal Party's policy on Irish Home Rule. Upon his death in Marylebone aged 53, his son, Victor, was elected unopposed to replace him, later becoming the 9th Duke of Devonshire.Cavendish married his cousin Emma Lascelles (d. 1920), a daughter of the Rt. Hon. William Lascelles, on 3 August 1865. They had three sons: | [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Lord Edward Cavendish hold in Mar, 1882? | March 16, 1882 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337905_P39_1 | Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to May, 1891. | Lord Edward CavendishLieutenant-Colonel Lord Edward Cavendish MP (28 January 1838 – 18 May 1891) was a 19th-century British politician, soldier, and nobleman.Born in Marylebone, Cavendish was the third son of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, by his wife, Lady Blanche Howard (a daughter of the 6th Earl of Carlisle and a niece of the 6th Duke of Devonshire). His father and his two surviving brothers were all Members of Parliament (MPs): his eldest brother Spencer, MP for North Lancashire 1857–91 and later 8th Duke of Devonshire, led the Liberal Party and was asked three times to be Prime Minister by Queen Victoria; the middle brother, Frederick was MP for the West Riding and Chief Secretary for Ireland and was assassinated in 1882.Cavendish was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade. On retirement from the regular army he joined the 2nd Derbyshire Militia (later the Sherwood Foresters), but transferred to the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment in 1888.Cavendish served as MP for West Derbyshire from the creation of the constituency until his death. Like his eldest brother, he became a Liberal Unionist in reaction to the Liberal Party's policy on Irish Home Rule. Upon his death in Marylebone aged 53, his son, Victor, was elected unopposed to replace him, later becoming the 9th Duke of Devonshire.Cavendish married his cousin Emma Lascelles (d. 1920), a daughter of the Rt. Hon. William Lascelles, on 3 August 1865. They had three sons: | [
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Lord Edward Cavendish hold in Apr, 1886? | April 21, 1886 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337905_P39_2 | Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to May, 1891.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868. | Lord Edward CavendishLieutenant-Colonel Lord Edward Cavendish MP (28 January 1838 – 18 May 1891) was a 19th-century British politician, soldier, and nobleman.Born in Marylebone, Cavendish was the third son of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, by his wife, Lady Blanche Howard (a daughter of the 6th Earl of Carlisle and a niece of the 6th Duke of Devonshire). His father and his two surviving brothers were all Members of Parliament (MPs): his eldest brother Spencer, MP for North Lancashire 1857–91 and later 8th Duke of Devonshire, led the Liberal Party and was asked three times to be Prime Minister by Queen Victoria; the middle brother, Frederick was MP for the West Riding and Chief Secretary for Ireland and was assassinated in 1882.Cavendish was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade. On retirement from the regular army he joined the 2nd Derbyshire Militia (later the Sherwood Foresters), but transferred to the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment in 1888.Cavendish served as MP for West Derbyshire from the creation of the constituency until his death. Like his eldest brother, he became a Liberal Unionist in reaction to the Liberal Party's policy on Irish Home Rule. Upon his death in Marylebone aged 53, his son, Victor, was elected unopposed to replace him, later becoming the 9th Duke of Devonshire.Cavendish married his cousin Emma Lascelles (d. 1920), a daughter of the Rt. Hon. William Lascelles, on 3 August 1865. They had three sons: | [
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Lord Edward Cavendish hold in Aug, 1887? | August 31, 1887 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q337905_P39_3 | Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to May, 1891.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1865 to Nov, 1868.
Lord Edward Cavendish holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885. | Lord Edward CavendishLieutenant-Colonel Lord Edward Cavendish MP (28 January 1838 – 18 May 1891) was a 19th-century British politician, soldier, and nobleman.Born in Marylebone, Cavendish was the third son of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, by his wife, Lady Blanche Howard (a daughter of the 6th Earl of Carlisle and a niece of the 6th Duke of Devonshire). His father and his two surviving brothers were all Members of Parliament (MPs): his eldest brother Spencer, MP for North Lancashire 1857–91 and later 8th Duke of Devonshire, led the Liberal Party and was asked three times to be Prime Minister by Queen Victoria; the middle brother, Frederick was MP for the West Riding and Chief Secretary for Ireland and was assassinated in 1882.Cavendish was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade. On retirement from the regular army he joined the 2nd Derbyshire Militia (later the Sherwood Foresters), but transferred to the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment in 1888.Cavendish served as MP for West Derbyshire from the creation of the constituency until his death. Like his eldest brother, he became a Liberal Unionist in reaction to the Liberal Party's policy on Irish Home Rule. Upon his death in Marylebone aged 53, his son, Victor, was elected unopposed to replace him, later becoming the 9th Duke of Devonshire.Cavendish married his cousin Emma Lascelles (d. 1920), a daughter of the Rt. Hon. William Lascelles, on 3 August 1865. They had three sons: | [
"Member of the 19th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in Apr, 1957? | April 13, 1957 | {
"text": [
"University of California, Davis"
]
} | L2_Q15460084_P108_0 | John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962. | John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995. | [
"Pennsylvania State University",
"University of Kentucky"
] | |
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in Jul, 1963? | July 11, 1963 | {
"text": [
"University of Kentucky"
]
} | L2_Q15460084_P108_1 | John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962. | John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995. | [
"University of California, Davis",
"Pennsylvania State University"
] | |
Which employer did John W. Oswald work for in Nov, 1973? | November 02, 1973 | {
"text": [
"Pennsylvania State University"
]
} | L2_Q15460084_P108_2 | John W. Oswald works for University of California, Davis from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1962.
John W. Oswald works for University of Kentucky from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1970.
John W. Oswald works for Pennsylvania State University from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1983. | John W. OswaldJohn Wieland Oswald (October 11, 1917 – February 1, 1995) was president of the University of Kentucky, executive vice president of the University of California, and President of the Pennsylvania State University.Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917, Oswald did his undergraduate work in botany at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana and received his Ph.D. from the University of California in 1942. During World War II, Oswald served as a PT boat captain in the Mediterranean.In 1946, Oswald taught plant pathology as an assistant professor at the Davis Campus of the University of California. He was chairman plant pathology department at the Berkeley Campus in 1954. In 1962 he became vice president for administration in the statewide system for the University of California.Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995. | [
"University of California, Davis",
"University of Kentucky"
] | |
Where was Eva Feldman educated in Oct, 1970? | October 22, 1970 | {
"text": [
"Earlham College"
]
} | L2_Q5415042_P69_0 | Eva Feldman attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979.
Eva Feldman attended Earlham College from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1973.
Eva Feldman attended University of Notre Dame from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1975. | Eva FeldmanEva Lucille Feldman, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.A.N., F.A.N.A. is an American physician and the Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology at the University of Michigan. She is the Director of the NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies and Director of the University of Michigan ALS Center of Excellence, which includes the Pranger ALS Clinic.Feldman is one of the world’s leading authorities on neurologic diseases. Her primary interests include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, and neurologic complications of diabetes and obesity, as well as how environmental toxins affect the nervous system. She is annually listed in Best Doctors in America and is a member of the Association of American Physicians (AAP), National Academy of Medicine (NAM) and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Feldman has authored over 470 articles and has received numerous awards and honors throughout her remarkable career.Growing up in Indiana, Feldman began her academic career at Earlham College, completed her B.A. in biology, and then at the University of Notre Dame, receiving an M.S. in zoology. Her time at U-M began by receiving a Ph.D. (1979) in neuroscience, working in the laboratory of Dr. Bernard Agranoff, and then an M.D. (1983) at U-M Medical School. She performed her residency in neurology (1988) at The Johns Hopkins Hospital where she was named chief resident and the first neurologist to receive The Johns Hopkins Award for Medical Teaching and Excellence. She returned to U-M to complete a fellowship in neuromuscular disease (1988) with longtime mentor Dr. Jim Albers and has remained on faculty ever since.In 1988, Feldman became an assistant professor and opened her basic science laboratory in the Department of Neurology at Michigan Medicine, serving as member of the Neuroscience Program and Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center. She was appointed to the faculty of the U-M Cancer Center in 1992. In 1994, she became an associate professor, and in 1998, she joined the faculty of the Cellular and Molecular Biology Program.In 2000, Feldman became Director of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Center for the Study of Complications in Diabetes (until 2010), Director of the ALS Center of Excellence at Michigan Medicine, and a fully endowed professor, the Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology. In 2005, she was named the Director of Michigan Medicine’s Neuropathy Center. She was appointed the inaugural Director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute in 2007, after U-M received a $100-million-dollar gift from A. Alfred Taubman. She remained Director for a decade.Feldman served as President of the Peripheral Nerve Society from 2007-2009 and President of the American Neurological Association (ANA) from 2011-2013. At that time, she was only the third woman elected as ANA President in 130 years. She is the only U-M alumnus to receive both Early and Distinguished Career Achievement Awards from the U-M Medical Alumni Society. Among her many honors, Feldman is an elected member of the AAP and NAM and is an AAAS Fellow. As of 2020, she chairs the NAM Neurology and Psychiatry Sections of the NAM. Feldman also serves on a number of editorial boards for leading scientific journals, including "The Lancet Neurology", "Nature Neurology", "JAMA Neurology", and "Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry".Among Feldman’s greatest accomplishments is guiding and supporting the future of medical science through mentoring and inspiring the next generation of scientists and physicians. Nine scientists have received their Ph.D. degrees under her tutelage, and she has trained more than 100 postdoctoral fellows and neurologists to specialize in the understanding and treatment of neurological diseases.In January 2007, Feldman was named the first director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, which was founded by philanthropist A. Alfred Taubman to empower medical scientists to expand the boundaries of discovery, to develop new therapies for disease, and to alleviate human suffering. Under her leadership, the Taubman Institute funded senior-level physician scientists in a diverse spectrum of diseases: adult and childhood cancer, ALS, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hearing loss. She also established an Emerging Scholars program to support promising early-career physician scientists. She remained director until 2017.In 2008, Feldman and the Taubman Institute played an important role in educating Michigan citizens on the importance of stem cell research in the study and treatment of disease. In the November 2008 election, voters approved a constitutional amendment lifting restrictions on stem cell research in the state. As a result of the election, the Taubman Institute opened the first core facility in Michigan dedicated to the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines, one of the few in the nation.Feldman has made contributions to medical research and clinical care in many critical areas, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and complications in diabetes. She developed a clinical screening instrument for the rapid diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy, which is currently being used worldwide. She conducted the first human clinical trial of a stem cell therapy for ALS.Feldman’s scientific laboratory was initially established in 1988, and in 2000 had grown to include over 20 scientists and was named the Program for Neurology Research and Discovery. In the proceeding 20 years, her lab grew to over 30 scientists and was renamed The NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (www.mneuronet.org) in 2020. The mission of Feldman’s research remains the same: to advance scientific discovery and establish therapies for neurological diseases.Feldman has made contributions to biomedical research and clinical care in many critical areas of neurodegenerative disease.Feldman is the author of more than 470 articles, 71 book chapters, and four books. Her research has been funded continually by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for over 30 years, and she currently is the principal investigator or co-Investigator of grants funded by the NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and private foundations. Feldman also leads multiple clinical trials focused on understanding and treating neurological disorders, with an emphasis on ALS and neuropathy.1987 The Johns Hopkins Hospital Annual Resident Award for Outstanding Medical Student Teaching2000 The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Jane Cobb Promise Award for Medical Research2001 Michigan Medicine Alumni Society Early Career Distinguished Achievement Award2002 to present (annual) Castle ConnollyTop Doctors in America The Best Doctors in America Who’s Who in Medicine and Healthcare Who’s Who of American Women2003, 2005 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Mary Jane Kugel Award2006 American Diabetes Association Lifetime Achievement Award2007 to present (annual) America’s Top Doctors2010 Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars2011 University of Michigan League of Research Excellence2012 University of Michigan Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award2016 Castle Connolly National Physician of the Year Award for Clinical ExcellenceCrain’s Detroit Business 100 Most Influential Women in MichiganSociety for Neuroscience Bernice Grafstein Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Mentoring2017 Endocrine Society Gerald D. Aurbach Award for Outstanding Translational ResearchEsteemed Women of Michigan Recipient2018 American Neurological Association Honorary FellowMarquis Who’s Who in the World Lifetime Award2019 Peripheral Nerve Society Alan J. Gebhart Prize for Excellence in Peripheral Nerve ResearchMichigan Medicine Alumni Society Distinguished Achievement Award2020 Castle Connolly Exceptional Women in Medicine Award | [
"University of Notre Dame",
"University of Michigan"
] | |
Where was Eva Feldman educated in Jun, 1973? | June 15, 1973 | {
"text": [
"University of Notre Dame"
]
} | L2_Q5415042_P69_1 | Eva Feldman attended University of Notre Dame from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1975.
Eva Feldman attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979.
Eva Feldman attended Earlham College from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1973. | Eva FeldmanEva Lucille Feldman, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.A.N., F.A.N.A. is an American physician and the Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology at the University of Michigan. She is the Director of the NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies and Director of the University of Michigan ALS Center of Excellence, which includes the Pranger ALS Clinic.Feldman is one of the world’s leading authorities on neurologic diseases. Her primary interests include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, and neurologic complications of diabetes and obesity, as well as how environmental toxins affect the nervous system. She is annually listed in Best Doctors in America and is a member of the Association of American Physicians (AAP), National Academy of Medicine (NAM) and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Feldman has authored over 470 articles and has received numerous awards and honors throughout her remarkable career.Growing up in Indiana, Feldman began her academic career at Earlham College, completed her B.A. in biology, and then at the University of Notre Dame, receiving an M.S. in zoology. Her time at U-M began by receiving a Ph.D. (1979) in neuroscience, working in the laboratory of Dr. Bernard Agranoff, and then an M.D. (1983) at U-M Medical School. She performed her residency in neurology (1988) at The Johns Hopkins Hospital where she was named chief resident and the first neurologist to receive The Johns Hopkins Award for Medical Teaching and Excellence. She returned to U-M to complete a fellowship in neuromuscular disease (1988) with longtime mentor Dr. Jim Albers and has remained on faculty ever since.In 1988, Feldman became an assistant professor and opened her basic science laboratory in the Department of Neurology at Michigan Medicine, serving as member of the Neuroscience Program and Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center. She was appointed to the faculty of the U-M Cancer Center in 1992. In 1994, she became an associate professor, and in 1998, she joined the faculty of the Cellular and Molecular Biology Program.In 2000, Feldman became Director of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Center for the Study of Complications in Diabetes (until 2010), Director of the ALS Center of Excellence at Michigan Medicine, and a fully endowed professor, the Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology. In 2005, she was named the Director of Michigan Medicine’s Neuropathy Center. She was appointed the inaugural Director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute in 2007, after U-M received a $100-million-dollar gift from A. Alfred Taubman. She remained Director for a decade.Feldman served as President of the Peripheral Nerve Society from 2007-2009 and President of the American Neurological Association (ANA) from 2011-2013. At that time, she was only the third woman elected as ANA President in 130 years. She is the only U-M alumnus to receive both Early and Distinguished Career Achievement Awards from the U-M Medical Alumni Society. Among her many honors, Feldman is an elected member of the AAP and NAM and is an AAAS Fellow. As of 2020, she chairs the NAM Neurology and Psychiatry Sections of the NAM. Feldman also serves on a number of editorial boards for leading scientific journals, including "The Lancet Neurology", "Nature Neurology", "JAMA Neurology", and "Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry".Among Feldman’s greatest accomplishments is guiding and supporting the future of medical science through mentoring and inspiring the next generation of scientists and physicians. Nine scientists have received their Ph.D. degrees under her tutelage, and she has trained more than 100 postdoctoral fellows and neurologists to specialize in the understanding and treatment of neurological diseases.In January 2007, Feldman was named the first director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, which was founded by philanthropist A. Alfred Taubman to empower medical scientists to expand the boundaries of discovery, to develop new therapies for disease, and to alleviate human suffering. Under her leadership, the Taubman Institute funded senior-level physician scientists in a diverse spectrum of diseases: adult and childhood cancer, ALS, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hearing loss. She also established an Emerging Scholars program to support promising early-career physician scientists. She remained director until 2017.In 2008, Feldman and the Taubman Institute played an important role in educating Michigan citizens on the importance of stem cell research in the study and treatment of disease. In the November 2008 election, voters approved a constitutional amendment lifting restrictions on stem cell research in the state. As a result of the election, the Taubman Institute opened the first core facility in Michigan dedicated to the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines, one of the few in the nation.Feldman has made contributions to medical research and clinical care in many critical areas, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and complications in diabetes. She developed a clinical screening instrument for the rapid diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy, which is currently being used worldwide. She conducted the first human clinical trial of a stem cell therapy for ALS.Feldman’s scientific laboratory was initially established in 1988, and in 2000 had grown to include over 20 scientists and was named the Program for Neurology Research and Discovery. In the proceeding 20 years, her lab grew to over 30 scientists and was renamed The NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (www.mneuronet.org) in 2020. The mission of Feldman’s research remains the same: to advance scientific discovery and establish therapies for neurological diseases.Feldman has made contributions to biomedical research and clinical care in many critical areas of neurodegenerative disease.Feldman is the author of more than 470 articles, 71 book chapters, and four books. Her research has been funded continually by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for over 30 years, and she currently is the principal investigator or co-Investigator of grants funded by the NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and private foundations. Feldman also leads multiple clinical trials focused on understanding and treating neurological disorders, with an emphasis on ALS and neuropathy.1987 The Johns Hopkins Hospital Annual Resident Award for Outstanding Medical Student Teaching2000 The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Jane Cobb Promise Award for Medical Research2001 Michigan Medicine Alumni Society Early Career Distinguished Achievement Award2002 to present (annual) Castle ConnollyTop Doctors in America The Best Doctors in America Who’s Who in Medicine and Healthcare Who’s Who of American Women2003, 2005 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Mary Jane Kugel Award2006 American Diabetes Association Lifetime Achievement Award2007 to present (annual) America’s Top Doctors2010 Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars2011 University of Michigan League of Research Excellence2012 University of Michigan Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award2016 Castle Connolly National Physician of the Year Award for Clinical ExcellenceCrain’s Detroit Business 100 Most Influential Women in MichiganSociety for Neuroscience Bernice Grafstein Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Mentoring2017 Endocrine Society Gerald D. Aurbach Award for Outstanding Translational ResearchEsteemed Women of Michigan Recipient2018 American Neurological Association Honorary FellowMarquis Who’s Who in the World Lifetime Award2019 Peripheral Nerve Society Alan J. Gebhart Prize for Excellence in Peripheral Nerve ResearchMichigan Medicine Alumni Society Distinguished Achievement Award2020 Castle Connolly Exceptional Women in Medicine Award | [
"University of Michigan",
"Earlham College"
] | |
Where was Eva Feldman educated in Feb, 1975? | February 12, 1975 | {
"text": [
"University of Michigan"
]
} | L2_Q5415042_P69_2 | Eva Feldman attended University of Notre Dame from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1975.
Eva Feldman attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979.
Eva Feldman attended Earlham College from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1973. | Eva FeldmanEva Lucille Feldman, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.A.N., F.A.N.A. is an American physician and the Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology at the University of Michigan. She is the Director of the NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies and Director of the University of Michigan ALS Center of Excellence, which includes the Pranger ALS Clinic.Feldman is one of the world’s leading authorities on neurologic diseases. Her primary interests include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, and neurologic complications of diabetes and obesity, as well as how environmental toxins affect the nervous system. She is annually listed in Best Doctors in America and is a member of the Association of American Physicians (AAP), National Academy of Medicine (NAM) and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Feldman has authored over 470 articles and has received numerous awards and honors throughout her remarkable career.Growing up in Indiana, Feldman began her academic career at Earlham College, completed her B.A. in biology, and then at the University of Notre Dame, receiving an M.S. in zoology. Her time at U-M began by receiving a Ph.D. (1979) in neuroscience, working in the laboratory of Dr. Bernard Agranoff, and then an M.D. (1983) at U-M Medical School. She performed her residency in neurology (1988) at The Johns Hopkins Hospital where she was named chief resident and the first neurologist to receive The Johns Hopkins Award for Medical Teaching and Excellence. She returned to U-M to complete a fellowship in neuromuscular disease (1988) with longtime mentor Dr. Jim Albers and has remained on faculty ever since.In 1988, Feldman became an assistant professor and opened her basic science laboratory in the Department of Neurology at Michigan Medicine, serving as member of the Neuroscience Program and Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center. She was appointed to the faculty of the U-M Cancer Center in 1992. In 1994, she became an associate professor, and in 1998, she joined the faculty of the Cellular and Molecular Biology Program.In 2000, Feldman became Director of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Center for the Study of Complications in Diabetes (until 2010), Director of the ALS Center of Excellence at Michigan Medicine, and a fully endowed professor, the Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology. In 2005, she was named the Director of Michigan Medicine’s Neuropathy Center. She was appointed the inaugural Director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute in 2007, after U-M received a $100-million-dollar gift from A. Alfred Taubman. She remained Director for a decade.Feldman served as President of the Peripheral Nerve Society from 2007-2009 and President of the American Neurological Association (ANA) from 2011-2013. At that time, she was only the third woman elected as ANA President in 130 years. She is the only U-M alumnus to receive both Early and Distinguished Career Achievement Awards from the U-M Medical Alumni Society. Among her many honors, Feldman is an elected member of the AAP and NAM and is an AAAS Fellow. As of 2020, she chairs the NAM Neurology and Psychiatry Sections of the NAM. Feldman also serves on a number of editorial boards for leading scientific journals, including "The Lancet Neurology", "Nature Neurology", "JAMA Neurology", and "Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry".Among Feldman’s greatest accomplishments is guiding and supporting the future of medical science through mentoring and inspiring the next generation of scientists and physicians. Nine scientists have received their Ph.D. degrees under her tutelage, and she has trained more than 100 postdoctoral fellows and neurologists to specialize in the understanding and treatment of neurological diseases.In January 2007, Feldman was named the first director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, which was founded by philanthropist A. Alfred Taubman to empower medical scientists to expand the boundaries of discovery, to develop new therapies for disease, and to alleviate human suffering. Under her leadership, the Taubman Institute funded senior-level physician scientists in a diverse spectrum of diseases: adult and childhood cancer, ALS, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hearing loss. She also established an Emerging Scholars program to support promising early-career physician scientists. She remained director until 2017.In 2008, Feldman and the Taubman Institute played an important role in educating Michigan citizens on the importance of stem cell research in the study and treatment of disease. In the November 2008 election, voters approved a constitutional amendment lifting restrictions on stem cell research in the state. As a result of the election, the Taubman Institute opened the first core facility in Michigan dedicated to the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines, one of the few in the nation.Feldman has made contributions to medical research and clinical care in many critical areas, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and complications in diabetes. She developed a clinical screening instrument for the rapid diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy, which is currently being used worldwide. She conducted the first human clinical trial of a stem cell therapy for ALS.Feldman’s scientific laboratory was initially established in 1988, and in 2000 had grown to include over 20 scientists and was named the Program for Neurology Research and Discovery. In the proceeding 20 years, her lab grew to over 30 scientists and was renamed The NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (www.mneuronet.org) in 2020. The mission of Feldman’s research remains the same: to advance scientific discovery and establish therapies for neurological diseases.Feldman has made contributions to biomedical research and clinical care in many critical areas of neurodegenerative disease.Feldman is the author of more than 470 articles, 71 book chapters, and four books. Her research has been funded continually by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for over 30 years, and she currently is the principal investigator or co-Investigator of grants funded by the NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and private foundations. Feldman also leads multiple clinical trials focused on understanding and treating neurological disorders, with an emphasis on ALS and neuropathy.1987 The Johns Hopkins Hospital Annual Resident Award for Outstanding Medical Student Teaching2000 The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Jane Cobb Promise Award for Medical Research2001 Michigan Medicine Alumni Society Early Career Distinguished Achievement Award2002 to present (annual) Castle ConnollyTop Doctors in America The Best Doctors in America Who’s Who in Medicine and Healthcare Who’s Who of American Women2003, 2005 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Mary Jane Kugel Award2006 American Diabetes Association Lifetime Achievement Award2007 to present (annual) America’s Top Doctors2010 Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars2011 University of Michigan League of Research Excellence2012 University of Michigan Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award2016 Castle Connolly National Physician of the Year Award for Clinical ExcellenceCrain’s Detroit Business 100 Most Influential Women in MichiganSociety for Neuroscience Bernice Grafstein Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Mentoring2017 Endocrine Society Gerald D. Aurbach Award for Outstanding Translational ResearchEsteemed Women of Michigan Recipient2018 American Neurological Association Honorary FellowMarquis Who’s Who in the World Lifetime Award2019 Peripheral Nerve Society Alan J. Gebhart Prize for Excellence in Peripheral Nerve ResearchMichigan Medicine Alumni Society Distinguished Achievement Award2020 Castle Connolly Exceptional Women in Medicine Award | [
"University of Notre Dame",
"Earlham College"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Dec, 1975? | December 02, 1975 | {
"text": [
"Raymond Las Vergnas"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_0 | Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Aug, 1978? | August 28, 1978 | {
"text": [
"Jacques Chouillet"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_1 | Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Jun, 1985? | June 15, 1985 | {
"text": [
"Henri Béhar"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_2 | Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Sep, 1989? | September 12, 1989 | {
"text": [
"Robert Ellrodt"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_3 | Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Nov, 1992? | November 30, 1992 | {
"text": [
"Suzy Halimi"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_4 | Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Nov, 1998? | November 01, 1998 | {
"text": [
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_5 | Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Jul, 2001? | July 24, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Jean-Michel Lacroix"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_6 | Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Jul, 2005? | July 14, 2005 | {
"text": [
"Bernard Bosredon"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_7 | Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Sep, 2011? | September 05, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_8 | Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Feb, 2017? | February 21, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Carle Bonafous-Murat"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_9 | Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Jamil Dakhlia",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Who was the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle in Dec, 2020? | December 14, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Jamil Dakhlia"
]
} | L2_Q571293_P488_10 | Suzy Halimi is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1996.
Robert Ellrodt is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1991.
Marie-Christine Lemardeley is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Apr, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
Carle Bonafous-Murat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Dec, 2014 to Dec, 2018.
Raymond Las Vergnas is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1976.
Bernard Bosredon is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2008.
Jacques Chouillet is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1981.
Jean-Michel Lacroix is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Jamil Dakhlia is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jul, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Henri Béhar is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1986.
Jean-Louis Leutrat is the chair of University Sorbonne Nouvelle from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001. | Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3The New Sorbonne University (, also known as Paris III) is a public university in Paris, France. It is one of the inheritors of the historic University of Paris, which ceased to exist in 1970. Paris III offers courses in a wide range of Arts and Humanities subjects, areas in which - according to the 2018 QS World University Rankings - the university is the 71st best worldwide.The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May. Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres").The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The main university centres are:Central Sorbonne Building — central administration offices, Literature. Censier — the main teaching site, named after the adjacent streetBièvre — houses teaching and research facilities for language study and the main staff and student refectoriesRue Saint Jacques — French as a Foreign LanguageRue des Bernardins — Linguistics and PhoneticsRue de l' Ecole de Médecine — English Studies Rue Saint Guillaume — Latin American StudiesPlace du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny — Houses the E.S.I.T (School of Interpreting and Translation)Asnières -- located outside of Paris, where the German Studies department, now closed, was housed.The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It is also connected to the Library of Saint Genevieve, the Central Sorbonne Library, the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Library of Saint Barbara.The "Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle" publishes research carried out by the university.The "CROUS de Paris" (Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. The "Restaurant Universitaire Censier" is the student refectory which is used by the large majority of Paris III students due to its proximity to the Censier university site.New Sorbonne University is a member of the Sorbonne Paris Cité, a alliance of the following Parisian universities: | [
"Henri Béhar",
"Raymond Las Vergnas",
"Jean-Michel Lacroix",
"Bernard Bosredon",
"Carle Bonafous-Murat",
"Marie-Christine Lemardeley",
"Robert Ellrodt",
"Jacques Chouillet",
"Suzy Halimi",
"Jean-Louis Leutrat"
] | |
Which team did Dejan Mezga play for in Jan, 2005? | January 27, 2005 | {
"text": [
"NK Čakovec"
]
} | L2_Q3704835_P54_0 | Dejan Mezga plays for NK Maribor from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2014.
Dejan Mezga plays for Apollon Limassol FC from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Dejan Mezga plays for NK Čakovec from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Dejan Mezga plays for H.N.K. Hajduk Split from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. | Dejan MezgaDejan Mezga (born 16 July 1985) is a Croatian footballer who plays for SV Übelbach as a midfielder. During his career, he played for Čakovec, Maribor, Hajduk Split, Apollon Limassol, Nacional, Inter Zaprešić, Varaždin, , and SV Übelbach.Mezga acquired Slovenian citizenship on 23 August 2012.Coming from the village of , near Čakovec, in the region of Međimurje, Mezga went through the ranks of several lower-tier local clubs, debuting at the age of 15 for the seniors of NK Sloga Čakovec, before joining the U17 team of NK Varteks. In his last season of eligibility for the U19 team, he left the club, however, and joined the Druga HNL side NK Čakovec, where he became a fixture for the following several seasons.In 2007, he joined the Slovenian PrvaLiga side Maribor. He soon established himself in the first team, and, after winning his first league title with the team, in 2009, won the fans' award "Vijoličasti bojevnik" (Purple Warrior) awarded to the most distinguished player of the past season. Maribor went on to win four titles in the following five seasons, with Mezga featuring heavily in all campaigns, and was selected for the league's ideal eleven of the 2011–12 championship.After his contract expired in the summer of 2014, he joined Croatian side Hajduk Split.He briefly returned to Maribor in August 2016, before signing for Nacional in January 2017. | [
"Apollon Limassol FC",
"NK Maribor",
"H.N.K. Hajduk Split"
] | |
Which team did Dejan Mezga play for in Nov, 2010? | November 02, 2010 | {
"text": [
"NK Maribor"
]
} | L2_Q3704835_P54_1 | Dejan Mezga plays for H.N.K. Hajduk Split from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Dejan Mezga plays for NK Maribor from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2014.
Dejan Mezga plays for NK Čakovec from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Dejan Mezga plays for Apollon Limassol FC from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Dejan MezgaDejan Mezga (born 16 July 1985) is a Croatian footballer who plays for SV Übelbach as a midfielder. During his career, he played for Čakovec, Maribor, Hajduk Split, Apollon Limassol, Nacional, Inter Zaprešić, Varaždin, , and SV Übelbach.Mezga acquired Slovenian citizenship on 23 August 2012.Coming from the village of , near Čakovec, in the region of Međimurje, Mezga went through the ranks of several lower-tier local clubs, debuting at the age of 15 for the seniors of NK Sloga Čakovec, before joining the U17 team of NK Varteks. In his last season of eligibility for the U19 team, he left the club, however, and joined the Druga HNL side NK Čakovec, where he became a fixture for the following several seasons.In 2007, he joined the Slovenian PrvaLiga side Maribor. He soon established himself in the first team, and, after winning his first league title with the team, in 2009, won the fans' award "Vijoličasti bojevnik" (Purple Warrior) awarded to the most distinguished player of the past season. Maribor went on to win four titles in the following five seasons, with Mezga featuring heavily in all campaigns, and was selected for the league's ideal eleven of the 2011–12 championship.After his contract expired in the summer of 2014, he joined Croatian side Hajduk Split.He briefly returned to Maribor in August 2016, before signing for Nacional in January 2017. | [
"Apollon Limassol FC",
"NK Čakovec",
"H.N.K. Hajduk Split"
] | |
Which team did Dejan Mezga play for in Sep, 2014? | September 20, 2014 | {
"text": [
"H.N.K. Hajduk Split"
]
} | L2_Q3704835_P54_2 | Dejan Mezga plays for H.N.K. Hajduk Split from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Dejan Mezga plays for NK Maribor from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2014.
Dejan Mezga plays for Apollon Limassol FC from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Dejan Mezga plays for NK Čakovec from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007. | Dejan MezgaDejan Mezga (born 16 July 1985) is a Croatian footballer who plays for SV Übelbach as a midfielder. During his career, he played for Čakovec, Maribor, Hajduk Split, Apollon Limassol, Nacional, Inter Zaprešić, Varaždin, , and SV Übelbach.Mezga acquired Slovenian citizenship on 23 August 2012.Coming from the village of , near Čakovec, in the region of Međimurje, Mezga went through the ranks of several lower-tier local clubs, debuting at the age of 15 for the seniors of NK Sloga Čakovec, before joining the U17 team of NK Varteks. In his last season of eligibility for the U19 team, he left the club, however, and joined the Druga HNL side NK Čakovec, where he became a fixture for the following several seasons.In 2007, he joined the Slovenian PrvaLiga side Maribor. He soon established himself in the first team, and, after winning his first league title with the team, in 2009, won the fans' award "Vijoličasti bojevnik" (Purple Warrior) awarded to the most distinguished player of the past season. Maribor went on to win four titles in the following five seasons, with Mezga featuring heavily in all campaigns, and was selected for the league's ideal eleven of the 2011–12 championship.After his contract expired in the summer of 2014, he joined Croatian side Hajduk Split.He briefly returned to Maribor in August 2016, before signing for Nacional in January 2017. | [
"Apollon Limassol FC",
"NK Čakovec",
"NK Maribor"
] | |
Which team did Dejan Mezga play for in Jan, 2021? | January 07, 2021 | {
"text": [
"Apollon Limassol FC"
]
} | L2_Q3704835_P54_3 | Dejan Mezga plays for NK Čakovec from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
Dejan Mezga plays for Apollon Limassol FC from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Dejan Mezga plays for NK Maribor from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2014.
Dejan Mezga plays for H.N.K. Hajduk Split from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. | Dejan MezgaDejan Mezga (born 16 July 1985) is a Croatian footballer who plays for SV Übelbach as a midfielder. During his career, he played for Čakovec, Maribor, Hajduk Split, Apollon Limassol, Nacional, Inter Zaprešić, Varaždin, , and SV Übelbach.Mezga acquired Slovenian citizenship on 23 August 2012.Coming from the village of , near Čakovec, in the region of Međimurje, Mezga went through the ranks of several lower-tier local clubs, debuting at the age of 15 for the seniors of NK Sloga Čakovec, before joining the U17 team of NK Varteks. In his last season of eligibility for the U19 team, he left the club, however, and joined the Druga HNL side NK Čakovec, where he became a fixture for the following several seasons.In 2007, he joined the Slovenian PrvaLiga side Maribor. He soon established himself in the first team, and, after winning his first league title with the team, in 2009, won the fans' award "Vijoličasti bojevnik" (Purple Warrior) awarded to the most distinguished player of the past season. Maribor went on to win four titles in the following five seasons, with Mezga featuring heavily in all campaigns, and was selected for the league's ideal eleven of the 2011–12 championship.After his contract expired in the summer of 2014, he joined Croatian side Hajduk Split.He briefly returned to Maribor in August 2016, before signing for Nacional in January 2017. | [
"NK Maribor",
"NK Čakovec",
"H.N.K. Hajduk Split"
] | |
Where was Jewel Plummer Cobb educated in Nov, 1941? | November 07, 1941 | {
"text": [
"University of Michigan"
]
} | L2_Q6189477_P69_0 | Jewel Plummer Cobb attended Talladega College from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944.
Jewel Plummer Cobb attended New York University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1950.
Jewel Plummer Cobb attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942. | Jewel Plummer CobbJewel Plummer Cobb (January 17, 1924 – January 1, 2017) was an American biologist, cancer researcher, professor, dean, and academic administrator. She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma. Cobb was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities, and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school.Jewel Isadora Plummer was the only child of Frank V. Plummer, and Carriebel (Cole) Plummer. Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C. Her mother, Carriebel, found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a BA in interpretive dancing. She had re-entered college the same time Jewell enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter earning degrees in the same year. Jewell's father, Frank, was the first Black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University, becoming a physician specializing in dermatology. Plummer's paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist.Cobb's economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration. From her father's scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions, Cobb developed an interest in learning from a young age. Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher, her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class. This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruif's "The Microbe Hunters".Cobb matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942, but, dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan, she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama. Talladega College did not accept transfer credits, forcing Cobb to start anew. In spite of this, she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four. She graduated with a BA in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.Cobb initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University, allegedly due to her race, but was granted the fellowship after an interview. She earned her MS from New York University in 1947, and her PhD with a focus on cell physiology in 1950Her dissertation, "Mechanisms of Pigment Formation", examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase. In 1949, she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. In 2021, the town renamed a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory "Jewel Cobb Road" in honor of Cobb.After receiving her Ph.D, Cobb became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital (1950-1952). From 1952-1954 Cobb was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology. Shortly thereafter, Cobb returned to New York, serving as an assistant professor for NYU's post graduate medical school (1955–60), while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College (1956–57).From 1960-69, Cobb was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College. While there, she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation.Cobb served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976. Cobb was the first black Dean in the College's history. Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College, she expressed: "This is a college in transition, moving forward at an exciting pace. We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans."During her time at Connecticut College, she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black undergraduates at the college. The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color. This work inspired similar programs at other universities.Cobb also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program, which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry. Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling. Just five years after this program was established, these students were accepted into graduate programs, which included, Yale, Georgetown, and the University of Connecticut.While in Connecticut, Dr. Cobb also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London, in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education, (1973-1976). Dr Cobb, as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools, policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences. The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science.Due to the many roles, Cobb worked long hours. She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons.In July 1976, Cobb decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University. Cobb's decision to leave was not premeditated, rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Women's division of Rutgers. Cobb's greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role.While at Douglass, Cobb (alongside nine other Americans) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future of higher education for women. Additionally, in April 1978, Cobb was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships, best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility.Cobb was appointed President of California State University, Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term.Cobb was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds, as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center, which was the first building in the College's history to be funded through private donations. She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus. The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor. Cobb also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel, allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex. The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center, now called Dan Black Hall, was done while Cobb was president.At Fullerton, some faculty members did not share Cobb's interests in research and rebuilding, holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach. Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus. Cobb brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote. Both times, her decisions were upheld.In 1990, aged 66, she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W. Ann Reynolds, the Chancellor of the California State University System, requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire. In response to her departure, Julian Foster, a campus leader and prominent political scientist, expressed Cobb's emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton.Shortly after retiring, Cobb was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division.In 1991, she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network, which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering.In 2001, Cobb became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program (STEP) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University, Los Angeles. She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees.Cobb's research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage, and on the effects of hormones, ultraviolet light, and chemotherapy agents on cell division. Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers, lung cancers, and childhood leukemia. This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes: breast cancer, head and neck cancers, lung cancer, leukemia, and some types of lymphoma. Cobb was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells.She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research in"Direct Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture." This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas.Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship, research grants from the: Damon Runyon, National Science Foundation, National Cancer Institute, and Public Health Services.Cobb was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London (1958) and Moscow (1962) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College. She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000, where she spent seven months in Naples, Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics.Throughout her career, she collaborated with other notable researchers, including oncologist Jane C. Wright, Grace Antikajian, and Dorothy Walker Jones. Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R. Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J. Kopac.In recognition of her research achievements, Cobb was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974. She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980.Cobb was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation, dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community. Programs established by the organization included: economic, educational, and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color.She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which supported both women and people of color in the field. Cobb was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Association's Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology. The museum's exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color, including several of Cobb's findings.As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement, Cobb called for an alliance between the Women's Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement. She called for the equality of women, the abolition of abortion laws, and the demand for public child care in particular.Many of the policies and programs Cobb initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper, "Filters for Women in Science", where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering. Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity, Cobb claimed that the characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores, which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science.Cobb's insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory.A former student, Timothy Yarboro, stated, "I would not have become a doctor. Because of her, I knew it was possible."Cobb resided in Maplewood, New Jersey, until her death on January 1, 2017 at the age of 92. She was survived by her only child, Jonathan, a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging. | [
"New York University",
"Talladega College"
] | |
Where was Jewel Plummer Cobb educated in Jul, 1943? | July 04, 1943 | {
"text": [
"Talladega College"
]
} | L2_Q6189477_P69_1 | Jewel Plummer Cobb attended Talladega College from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944.
Jewel Plummer Cobb attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942.
Jewel Plummer Cobb attended New York University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1950. | Jewel Plummer CobbJewel Plummer Cobb (January 17, 1924 – January 1, 2017) was an American biologist, cancer researcher, professor, dean, and academic administrator. She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma. Cobb was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities, and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school.Jewel Isadora Plummer was the only child of Frank V. Plummer, and Carriebel (Cole) Plummer. Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C. Her mother, Carriebel, found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a BA in interpretive dancing. She had re-entered college the same time Jewell enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter earning degrees in the same year. Jewell's father, Frank, was the first Black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University, becoming a physician specializing in dermatology. Plummer's paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist.Cobb's economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration. From her father's scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions, Cobb developed an interest in learning from a young age. Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher, her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class. This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruif's "The Microbe Hunters".Cobb matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942, but, dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan, she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama. Talladega College did not accept transfer credits, forcing Cobb to start anew. In spite of this, she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four. She graduated with a BA in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.Cobb initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University, allegedly due to her race, but was granted the fellowship after an interview. She earned her MS from New York University in 1947, and her PhD with a focus on cell physiology in 1950Her dissertation, "Mechanisms of Pigment Formation", examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase. In 1949, she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. In 2021, the town renamed a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory "Jewel Cobb Road" in honor of Cobb.After receiving her Ph.D, Cobb became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital (1950-1952). From 1952-1954 Cobb was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology. Shortly thereafter, Cobb returned to New York, serving as an assistant professor for NYU's post graduate medical school (1955–60), while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College (1956–57).From 1960-69, Cobb was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College. While there, she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation.Cobb served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976. Cobb was the first black Dean in the College's history. Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College, she expressed: "This is a college in transition, moving forward at an exciting pace. We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans."During her time at Connecticut College, she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black undergraduates at the college. The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color. This work inspired similar programs at other universities.Cobb also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program, which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry. Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling. Just five years after this program was established, these students were accepted into graduate programs, which included, Yale, Georgetown, and the University of Connecticut.While in Connecticut, Dr. Cobb also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London, in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education, (1973-1976). Dr Cobb, as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools, policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences. The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science.Due to the many roles, Cobb worked long hours. She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons.In July 1976, Cobb decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University. Cobb's decision to leave was not premeditated, rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Women's division of Rutgers. Cobb's greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role.While at Douglass, Cobb (alongside nine other Americans) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future of higher education for women. Additionally, in April 1978, Cobb was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships, best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility.Cobb was appointed President of California State University, Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term.Cobb was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds, as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center, which was the first building in the College's history to be funded through private donations. She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus. The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor. Cobb also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel, allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex. The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center, now called Dan Black Hall, was done while Cobb was president.At Fullerton, some faculty members did not share Cobb's interests in research and rebuilding, holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach. Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus. Cobb brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote. Both times, her decisions were upheld.In 1990, aged 66, she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W. Ann Reynolds, the Chancellor of the California State University System, requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire. In response to her departure, Julian Foster, a campus leader and prominent political scientist, expressed Cobb's emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton.Shortly after retiring, Cobb was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division.In 1991, she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network, which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering.In 2001, Cobb became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program (STEP) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University, Los Angeles. She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees.Cobb's research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage, and on the effects of hormones, ultraviolet light, and chemotherapy agents on cell division. Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers, lung cancers, and childhood leukemia. This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes: breast cancer, head and neck cancers, lung cancer, leukemia, and some types of lymphoma. Cobb was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells.She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research in"Direct Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture." This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas.Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship, research grants from the: Damon Runyon, National Science Foundation, National Cancer Institute, and Public Health Services.Cobb was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London (1958) and Moscow (1962) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College. She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000, where she spent seven months in Naples, Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics.Throughout her career, she collaborated with other notable researchers, including oncologist Jane C. Wright, Grace Antikajian, and Dorothy Walker Jones. Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R. Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J. Kopac.In recognition of her research achievements, Cobb was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974. She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980.Cobb was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation, dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community. Programs established by the organization included: economic, educational, and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color.She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which supported both women and people of color in the field. Cobb was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Association's Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology. The museum's exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color, including several of Cobb's findings.As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement, Cobb called for an alliance between the Women's Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement. She called for the equality of women, the abolition of abortion laws, and the demand for public child care in particular.Many of the policies and programs Cobb initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper, "Filters for Women in Science", where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering. Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity, Cobb claimed that the characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores, which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science.Cobb's insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory.A former student, Timothy Yarboro, stated, "I would not have become a doctor. Because of her, I knew it was possible."Cobb resided in Maplewood, New Jersey, until her death on January 1, 2017 at the age of 92. She was survived by her only child, Jonathan, a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging. | [
"New York University",
"University of Michigan"
] | |
Where was Jewel Plummer Cobb educated in Oct, 1944? | October 13, 1944 | {
"text": [
"New York University"
]
} | L2_Q6189477_P69_2 | Jewel Plummer Cobb attended New York University from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1950.
Jewel Plummer Cobb attended Talladega College from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1944.
Jewel Plummer Cobb attended University of Michigan from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1942. | Jewel Plummer CobbJewel Plummer Cobb (January 17, 1924 – January 1, 2017) was an American biologist, cancer researcher, professor, dean, and academic administrator. She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma. Cobb was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities, and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school.Jewel Isadora Plummer was the only child of Frank V. Plummer, and Carriebel (Cole) Plummer. Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C. Her mother, Carriebel, found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a BA in interpretive dancing. She had re-entered college the same time Jewell enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter earning degrees in the same year. Jewell's father, Frank, was the first Black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University, becoming a physician specializing in dermatology. Plummer's paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist.Cobb's economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration. From her father's scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions, Cobb developed an interest in learning from a young age. Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher, her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class. This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruif's "The Microbe Hunters".Cobb matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942, but, dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan, she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama. Talladega College did not accept transfer credits, forcing Cobb to start anew. In spite of this, she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four. She graduated with a BA in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.Cobb initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University, allegedly due to her race, but was granted the fellowship after an interview. She earned her MS from New York University in 1947, and her PhD with a focus on cell physiology in 1950Her dissertation, "Mechanisms of Pigment Formation", examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase. In 1949, she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. In 2021, the town renamed a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory "Jewel Cobb Road" in honor of Cobb.After receiving her Ph.D, Cobb became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital (1950-1952). From 1952-1954 Cobb was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology. Shortly thereafter, Cobb returned to New York, serving as an assistant professor for NYU's post graduate medical school (1955–60), while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College (1956–57).From 1960-69, Cobb was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College. While there, she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation.Cobb served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976. Cobb was the first black Dean in the College's history. Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College, she expressed: "This is a college in transition, moving forward at an exciting pace. We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans."During her time at Connecticut College, she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black undergraduates at the college. The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color. This work inspired similar programs at other universities.Cobb also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program, which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry. Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling. Just five years after this program was established, these students were accepted into graduate programs, which included, Yale, Georgetown, and the University of Connecticut.While in Connecticut, Dr. Cobb also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London, in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education, (1973-1976). Dr Cobb, as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools, policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences. The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science.Due to the many roles, Cobb worked long hours. She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons.In July 1976, Cobb decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University. Cobb's decision to leave was not premeditated, rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Women's division of Rutgers. Cobb's greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role.While at Douglass, Cobb (alongside nine other Americans) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future of higher education for women. Additionally, in April 1978, Cobb was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships, best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility.Cobb was appointed President of California State University, Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term.Cobb was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds, as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center, which was the first building in the College's history to be funded through private donations. She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus. The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor. Cobb also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel, allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex. The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center, now called Dan Black Hall, was done while Cobb was president.At Fullerton, some faculty members did not share Cobb's interests in research and rebuilding, holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach. Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus. Cobb brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote. Both times, her decisions were upheld.In 1990, aged 66, she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W. Ann Reynolds, the Chancellor of the California State University System, requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire. In response to her departure, Julian Foster, a campus leader and prominent political scientist, expressed Cobb's emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton.Shortly after retiring, Cobb was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division.In 1991, she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network, which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering.In 2001, Cobb became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program (STEP) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University, Los Angeles. She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees.Cobb's research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage, and on the effects of hormones, ultraviolet light, and chemotherapy agents on cell division. Cobb discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers, lung cancers, and childhood leukemia. This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes: breast cancer, head and neck cancers, lung cancer, leukemia, and some types of lymphoma. Cobb was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells.She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research in"Direct Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture." This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas.Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship, research grants from the: Damon Runyon, National Science Foundation, National Cancer Institute, and Public Health Services.Cobb was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London (1958) and Moscow (1962) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College. She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000, where she spent seven months in Naples, Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics.Throughout her career, she collaborated with other notable researchers, including oncologist Jane C. Wright, Grace Antikajian, and Dorothy Walker Jones. Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R. Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J. Kopac.In recognition of her research achievements, Cobb was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974. She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980.Cobb was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation, dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community. Programs established by the organization included: economic, educational, and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color.She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which supported both women and people of color in the field. Cobb was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Association's Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology. The museum's exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color, including several of Cobb's findings.As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement, Cobb called for an alliance between the Women's Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement. She called for the equality of women, the abolition of abortion laws, and the demand for public child care in particular.Many of the policies and programs Cobb initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper, "Filters for Women in Science", where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering. Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity, Cobb claimed that the characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores, which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science.Cobb's insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory.A former student, Timothy Yarboro, stated, "I would not have become a doctor. Because of her, I knew it was possible."Cobb resided in Maplewood, New Jersey, until her death on January 1, 2017 at the age of 92. She was survived by her only child, Jonathan, a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging. | [
"University of Michigan",
"Talladega College"
] | |
Which political party did Cecil L'Estrange Malone belong to in Apr, 1918? | April 20, 1918 | {
"text": [
"Liberal Party"
]
} | L2_Q5056185_P102_0 | Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Labour Party from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1922.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the British Socialist Party from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Liberal Party from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1919. | Cecil MaloneCecil John L'Estrange Malone (7 September 1890 – 25 February 1965) was a British politician and pioneer naval aviator who served as the United Kingdom's first Communist member of parliament.Malone was born in Dalton Holme, a parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, on 7 September 1890. He was the son of the Reverend Savile L'Estrange Malone and Frances Mary Faljomb. He was related to the sisters Constance Markievicz and Eva Gore-Booth.Malone was educated at Cordwalles School in Maidenhead before joining the Royal Navy in 1905 and went through officer training at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. On 15 March 1910, he was confirmed as a sub-lieutenant having previously been acting in that rank. In 1911, he was part of the second course approved by the Admiralty to attend Naval Flying School, Eastchurch. He was promoted to lieutenant from sub-lieutenant on 15 December 1911.Malone earned his Royal Aero Club certificate (No. 195) on 12 March 1912. In the Army Manoeuvres of 1912, Malone flew a twin-engined triple-screwed Short biplane. He is also noted for flying off the forecastle of steaming .During World War I, Malone commanded Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) planes in the Cuxhaven Raid on 25 December 1914. From August 1914 to March 1915, he captained , a cross-channel steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. From March 1915 to April 1916, he captained , another steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. Under Malone's command, seaplanes from "Ben-my-Chree" were the first on record to carry torpedoes and they torpedoed three enemy vessels in 1916. Malone then took over command of the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron, for which he was awarded the Fourth Class of the Order of the Nile.Malone was appointed to the Plans Division of the Admiralty in 1918 before becoming the First British Air Attache at the Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris. In this capacity, he was the Air Representative of the Supreme War Council in Versailles in 1918. He was awarded Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his war efforts.Malone was elected as the Coalition Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for East Leyton at the 1918 general election. He was a member of the anti-communist Reconstruction Society and wrote a number of articles strongly criticising left-wing activists. As Adams and Wilson wrote, "his early career contained no hint of his subsequent espousal of the communist cause."On 13 September 1919, with a passport endorsed by the British Foreign Office in hand, Cecil Malone embarked on the "S.S. Arcturus" for Helsinki. There Malone, who intended to visit Soviet Russia despite the blockade of the country, unexpectedly met up with another individual planning on crossing over to Petrograd. After travelling by sea and land to the border, the pair managed to cross the frontier through deserted forests and marshland by foot, arriving at the Soviet border on Sunday, 28 September. The two arrived in Petrograd by train at 6 pm the following day. Malone met and spoke with key leaders of the trade union movement in Petrograd before proceeding by train to Moscow.In Moscow, Malone met with Maxim Litvinov, then a top official in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, with whom he had a long discussion. He later met for an hour with foreign minister Georgii Chicherin. Malone's new friends arranged for him to accompany Red Army leader Leon Trotsky on an inspection of troops at Tula aboard Trotsky's special train. Accompanying Malone on the trip were the head of the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh), Alexei Rykov; chief of food supply for the Russian Republic, Alexander Tsiurupa; and People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky.During his visit, detailed in his memoir, Malone toured factories and theatres, power stations and government offices. He found the mission of the Bolshevik government in attempting economic reconstruction to be compelling and emerged from his trip a committed communist. "The history of Allied negotiations and transactions with Russia appears to have been a chain of catastrophes and mistakes" he wrote:"...[I]t seems there was a culpable lack of foresight in visualizing the forces behind the Revolution. Every effort was made by Lenin and Trotsky to bring about peace with the Allies. They were prepared to refuse to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, and instead to continue the fight on the side of the Allies, but the Allies refused to recognize them ... Various interventional operations, mostly carried out on the plea of protecting Russia against the invasion from Germany, were inaugurated, but really, as we now see, they were carried out in the interests of the capitalist class in Russia. It seems incredible that such slender excuses for intervention should have been allowed to hold good for so long... [N]ow we find ourselves supporting partisan leaders in Russia by the supply of arms and munitions at the expense of the British taxpayer, and in addition we find our Government carrying on an inhuman and illegal blockade against the Russian people, the result of which during the coming winter months will indeed be terrible."Upon his return to England, Malone became active in the "Hands Off Russia" campaign, and in November 1919 he officially joined the proto-Communist British Socialist Party (BSP). Malone was soon being elected to the party's leadership through the patronage of Theodore Rothstein. In the summer of 1920, the BSP became the main constituent of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and as a result, Malone became the first CPGB MP. He attended the London Communist Unity Convention held 31 July and 1 August 1921, at which he was elected to the new party's governing Central Committee. Malone's sudden conversion to revolutionary politics brought more questions than answers, and its genuineness was questioned. John Maclean claimed that Malone was a counter-revolutionary sent to disrupt the workers' movement, and he refused to speak alongside Malone.Official CPGB historian James Klugmann saw Malone as a leading figure in the party's first year of existence: "In the first months of the Party's existence Col. Malone was very active not only in Parliament, but addressing mass meetings and rallies all over the country. Whatever his theoretical weaknesses, he was a man of passion, moved by the revolutionary tremors that were shaking the world, full of wrath and indignation against the powers that be, and after a fiery speech in the Albert Hall on November 7, 1920, he was charged with sedition under Regulation 42 of the Defense of the Realm Act ... [h]e was sentenced to six months in the Second Division."The line which landed Malone in jail related to his argument that during a revolutionary crisis, excesses might occur resulting in the killing of some prominent members of the bourgeoisie. "What are a few Churchills or a few Curzons on lampposts compared to the massacre of thousands of human beings?", Malone asked his audience. Despite Malone's prosecution, the Communist Party did not disavow Malone's rhetorical flourish, going so far as to publish an official party pamphlet, entitled "What are a Few Churchills?" in January 1921. He was stripped of his OBE on 24 June 1921.Malone came to the attention of Special Branch, whose role it was to combat "Bolshevik subversion". He was frequently mentioned in reports to the cabinet on "Revolutionary Organisations in the United Kingdom". Malone worked to promote the affiliation of the CPGB to the Labour Party, which was under consideration as a tactical matter, urged by Lenin. Malone was particularly keen and stated "There are still a few differences between the Communist Party and the Labour Party. I am glad to realise, however, that this will soon be settled by affiliation".Malone dissociated himself from the Communist Party of Great Britain and joined the Independent Labour Party, which was affiliated to the Labour Party, in 1922. He was the Labour candidate for Ashton-under-Lyne in the 1924 general election, but was unsuccessful. However, following the death of Arthur Holland in 1927, Malone was elected as MP for Northampton in the ensuing 1928 by-election. He was re-elected at the 1929 general election, and served in Ramsay MacDonald's government as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Pensions, Frederick Roberts, in 1931. He was not re-elected in the 1931 general election.Malone returned to military service in the Second World War. In 1942 he was the staff officer to the chief warden of the City of Westminster Civil Defence. From 1943 to 1945 he served in the Admiralty Small Vessels Pool. Following the end of the war in 1945, he became the Vice President of the Royal Television Society, the founder and chairman of the Radio Association, and a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. By the time of his death his publications included "The Russian Republic", "New China", and "Manchukuo: Jewel of Asia".Malone married Leah Kay in 1921. After her death, he remarried in 1956. He died on 25 February 1965, aged 74. | [
"British Socialist Party",
"Labour Party",
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
] | |
Which political party did Cecil L'Estrange Malone belong to in Sep, 1919? | September 07, 1919 | {
"text": [
"British Socialist Party"
]
} | L2_Q5056185_P102_1 | Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Liberal Party from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the British Socialist Party from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Labour Party from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1922. | Cecil MaloneCecil John L'Estrange Malone (7 September 1890 – 25 February 1965) was a British politician and pioneer naval aviator who served as the United Kingdom's first Communist member of parliament.Malone was born in Dalton Holme, a parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, on 7 September 1890. He was the son of the Reverend Savile L'Estrange Malone and Frances Mary Faljomb. He was related to the sisters Constance Markievicz and Eva Gore-Booth.Malone was educated at Cordwalles School in Maidenhead before joining the Royal Navy in 1905 and went through officer training at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. On 15 March 1910, he was confirmed as a sub-lieutenant having previously been acting in that rank. In 1911, he was part of the second course approved by the Admiralty to attend Naval Flying School, Eastchurch. He was promoted to lieutenant from sub-lieutenant on 15 December 1911.Malone earned his Royal Aero Club certificate (No. 195) on 12 March 1912. In the Army Manoeuvres of 1912, Malone flew a twin-engined triple-screwed Short biplane. He is also noted for flying off the forecastle of steaming .During World War I, Malone commanded Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) planes in the Cuxhaven Raid on 25 December 1914. From August 1914 to March 1915, he captained , a cross-channel steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. From March 1915 to April 1916, he captained , another steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. Under Malone's command, seaplanes from "Ben-my-Chree" were the first on record to carry torpedoes and they torpedoed three enemy vessels in 1916. Malone then took over command of the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron, for which he was awarded the Fourth Class of the Order of the Nile.Malone was appointed to the Plans Division of the Admiralty in 1918 before becoming the First British Air Attache at the Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris. In this capacity, he was the Air Representative of the Supreme War Council in Versailles in 1918. He was awarded Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his war efforts.Malone was elected as the Coalition Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for East Leyton at the 1918 general election. He was a member of the anti-communist Reconstruction Society and wrote a number of articles strongly criticising left-wing activists. As Adams and Wilson wrote, "his early career contained no hint of his subsequent espousal of the communist cause."On 13 September 1919, with a passport endorsed by the British Foreign Office in hand, Cecil Malone embarked on the "S.S. Arcturus" for Helsinki. There Malone, who intended to visit Soviet Russia despite the blockade of the country, unexpectedly met up with another individual planning on crossing over to Petrograd. After travelling by sea and land to the border, the pair managed to cross the frontier through deserted forests and marshland by foot, arriving at the Soviet border on Sunday, 28 September. The two arrived in Petrograd by train at 6 pm the following day. Malone met and spoke with key leaders of the trade union movement in Petrograd before proceeding by train to Moscow.In Moscow, Malone met with Maxim Litvinov, then a top official in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, with whom he had a long discussion. He later met for an hour with foreign minister Georgii Chicherin. Malone's new friends arranged for him to accompany Red Army leader Leon Trotsky on an inspection of troops at Tula aboard Trotsky's special train. Accompanying Malone on the trip were the head of the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh), Alexei Rykov; chief of food supply for the Russian Republic, Alexander Tsiurupa; and People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky.During his visit, detailed in his memoir, Malone toured factories and theatres, power stations and government offices. He found the mission of the Bolshevik government in attempting economic reconstruction to be compelling and emerged from his trip a committed communist. "The history of Allied negotiations and transactions with Russia appears to have been a chain of catastrophes and mistakes" he wrote:"...[I]t seems there was a culpable lack of foresight in visualizing the forces behind the Revolution. Every effort was made by Lenin and Trotsky to bring about peace with the Allies. They were prepared to refuse to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, and instead to continue the fight on the side of the Allies, but the Allies refused to recognize them ... Various interventional operations, mostly carried out on the plea of protecting Russia against the invasion from Germany, were inaugurated, but really, as we now see, they were carried out in the interests of the capitalist class in Russia. It seems incredible that such slender excuses for intervention should have been allowed to hold good for so long... [N]ow we find ourselves supporting partisan leaders in Russia by the supply of arms and munitions at the expense of the British taxpayer, and in addition we find our Government carrying on an inhuman and illegal blockade against the Russian people, the result of which during the coming winter months will indeed be terrible."Upon his return to England, Malone became active in the "Hands Off Russia" campaign, and in November 1919 he officially joined the proto-Communist British Socialist Party (BSP). Malone was soon being elected to the party's leadership through the patronage of Theodore Rothstein. In the summer of 1920, the BSP became the main constituent of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and as a result, Malone became the first CPGB MP. He attended the London Communist Unity Convention held 31 July and 1 August 1921, at which he was elected to the new party's governing Central Committee. Malone's sudden conversion to revolutionary politics brought more questions than answers, and its genuineness was questioned. John Maclean claimed that Malone was a counter-revolutionary sent to disrupt the workers' movement, and he refused to speak alongside Malone.Official CPGB historian James Klugmann saw Malone as a leading figure in the party's first year of existence: "In the first months of the Party's existence Col. Malone was very active not only in Parliament, but addressing mass meetings and rallies all over the country. Whatever his theoretical weaknesses, he was a man of passion, moved by the revolutionary tremors that were shaking the world, full of wrath and indignation against the powers that be, and after a fiery speech in the Albert Hall on November 7, 1920, he was charged with sedition under Regulation 42 of the Defense of the Realm Act ... [h]e was sentenced to six months in the Second Division."The line which landed Malone in jail related to his argument that during a revolutionary crisis, excesses might occur resulting in the killing of some prominent members of the bourgeoisie. "What are a few Churchills or a few Curzons on lampposts compared to the massacre of thousands of human beings?", Malone asked his audience. Despite Malone's prosecution, the Communist Party did not disavow Malone's rhetorical flourish, going so far as to publish an official party pamphlet, entitled "What are a Few Churchills?" in January 1921. He was stripped of his OBE on 24 June 1921.Malone came to the attention of Special Branch, whose role it was to combat "Bolshevik subversion". He was frequently mentioned in reports to the cabinet on "Revolutionary Organisations in the United Kingdom". Malone worked to promote the affiliation of the CPGB to the Labour Party, which was under consideration as a tactical matter, urged by Lenin. Malone was particularly keen and stated "There are still a few differences between the Communist Party and the Labour Party. I am glad to realise, however, that this will soon be settled by affiliation".Malone dissociated himself from the Communist Party of Great Britain and joined the Independent Labour Party, which was affiliated to the Labour Party, in 1922. He was the Labour candidate for Ashton-under-Lyne in the 1924 general election, but was unsuccessful. However, following the death of Arthur Holland in 1927, Malone was elected as MP for Northampton in the ensuing 1928 by-election. He was re-elected at the 1929 general election, and served in Ramsay MacDonald's government as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Pensions, Frederick Roberts, in 1931. He was not re-elected in the 1931 general election.Malone returned to military service in the Second World War. In 1942 he was the staff officer to the chief warden of the City of Westminster Civil Defence. From 1943 to 1945 he served in the Admiralty Small Vessels Pool. Following the end of the war in 1945, he became the Vice President of the Royal Television Society, the founder and chairman of the Radio Association, and a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. By the time of his death his publications included "The Russian Republic", "New China", and "Manchukuo: Jewel of Asia".Malone married Leah Kay in 1921. After her death, he remarried in 1956. He died on 25 February 1965, aged 74. | [
"Labour Party",
"Liberal Party",
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
] | |
Which political party did Cecil L'Estrange Malone belong to in Aug, 1921? | August 03, 1921 | {
"text": [
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
]
} | L2_Q5056185_P102_2 | Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the British Socialist Party from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Labour Party from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1922.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Liberal Party from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1919. | Cecil MaloneCecil John L'Estrange Malone (7 September 1890 – 25 February 1965) was a British politician and pioneer naval aviator who served as the United Kingdom's first Communist member of parliament.Malone was born in Dalton Holme, a parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, on 7 September 1890. He was the son of the Reverend Savile L'Estrange Malone and Frances Mary Faljomb. He was related to the sisters Constance Markievicz and Eva Gore-Booth.Malone was educated at Cordwalles School in Maidenhead before joining the Royal Navy in 1905 and went through officer training at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. On 15 March 1910, he was confirmed as a sub-lieutenant having previously been acting in that rank. In 1911, he was part of the second course approved by the Admiralty to attend Naval Flying School, Eastchurch. He was promoted to lieutenant from sub-lieutenant on 15 December 1911.Malone earned his Royal Aero Club certificate (No. 195) on 12 March 1912. In the Army Manoeuvres of 1912, Malone flew a twin-engined triple-screwed Short biplane. He is also noted for flying off the forecastle of steaming .During World War I, Malone commanded Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) planes in the Cuxhaven Raid on 25 December 1914. From August 1914 to March 1915, he captained , a cross-channel steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. From March 1915 to April 1916, he captained , another steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. Under Malone's command, seaplanes from "Ben-my-Chree" were the first on record to carry torpedoes and they torpedoed three enemy vessels in 1916. Malone then took over command of the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron, for which he was awarded the Fourth Class of the Order of the Nile.Malone was appointed to the Plans Division of the Admiralty in 1918 before becoming the First British Air Attache at the Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris. In this capacity, he was the Air Representative of the Supreme War Council in Versailles in 1918. He was awarded Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his war efforts.Malone was elected as the Coalition Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for East Leyton at the 1918 general election. He was a member of the anti-communist Reconstruction Society and wrote a number of articles strongly criticising left-wing activists. As Adams and Wilson wrote, "his early career contained no hint of his subsequent espousal of the communist cause."On 13 September 1919, with a passport endorsed by the British Foreign Office in hand, Cecil Malone embarked on the "S.S. Arcturus" for Helsinki. There Malone, who intended to visit Soviet Russia despite the blockade of the country, unexpectedly met up with another individual planning on crossing over to Petrograd. After travelling by sea and land to the border, the pair managed to cross the frontier through deserted forests and marshland by foot, arriving at the Soviet border on Sunday, 28 September. The two arrived in Petrograd by train at 6 pm the following day. Malone met and spoke with key leaders of the trade union movement in Petrograd before proceeding by train to Moscow.In Moscow, Malone met with Maxim Litvinov, then a top official in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, with whom he had a long discussion. He later met for an hour with foreign minister Georgii Chicherin. Malone's new friends arranged for him to accompany Red Army leader Leon Trotsky on an inspection of troops at Tula aboard Trotsky's special train. Accompanying Malone on the trip were the head of the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh), Alexei Rykov; chief of food supply for the Russian Republic, Alexander Tsiurupa; and People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky.During his visit, detailed in his memoir, Malone toured factories and theatres, power stations and government offices. He found the mission of the Bolshevik government in attempting economic reconstruction to be compelling and emerged from his trip a committed communist. "The history of Allied negotiations and transactions with Russia appears to have been a chain of catastrophes and mistakes" he wrote:"...[I]t seems there was a culpable lack of foresight in visualizing the forces behind the Revolution. Every effort was made by Lenin and Trotsky to bring about peace with the Allies. They were prepared to refuse to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, and instead to continue the fight on the side of the Allies, but the Allies refused to recognize them ... Various interventional operations, mostly carried out on the plea of protecting Russia against the invasion from Germany, were inaugurated, but really, as we now see, they were carried out in the interests of the capitalist class in Russia. It seems incredible that such slender excuses for intervention should have been allowed to hold good for so long... [N]ow we find ourselves supporting partisan leaders in Russia by the supply of arms and munitions at the expense of the British taxpayer, and in addition we find our Government carrying on an inhuman and illegal blockade against the Russian people, the result of which during the coming winter months will indeed be terrible."Upon his return to England, Malone became active in the "Hands Off Russia" campaign, and in November 1919 he officially joined the proto-Communist British Socialist Party (BSP). Malone was soon being elected to the party's leadership through the patronage of Theodore Rothstein. In the summer of 1920, the BSP became the main constituent of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and as a result, Malone became the first CPGB MP. He attended the London Communist Unity Convention held 31 July and 1 August 1921, at which he was elected to the new party's governing Central Committee. Malone's sudden conversion to revolutionary politics brought more questions than answers, and its genuineness was questioned. John Maclean claimed that Malone was a counter-revolutionary sent to disrupt the workers' movement, and he refused to speak alongside Malone.Official CPGB historian James Klugmann saw Malone as a leading figure in the party's first year of existence: "In the first months of the Party's existence Col. Malone was very active not only in Parliament, but addressing mass meetings and rallies all over the country. Whatever his theoretical weaknesses, he was a man of passion, moved by the revolutionary tremors that were shaking the world, full of wrath and indignation against the powers that be, and after a fiery speech in the Albert Hall on November 7, 1920, he was charged with sedition under Regulation 42 of the Defense of the Realm Act ... [h]e was sentenced to six months in the Second Division."The line which landed Malone in jail related to his argument that during a revolutionary crisis, excesses might occur resulting in the killing of some prominent members of the bourgeoisie. "What are a few Churchills or a few Curzons on lampposts compared to the massacre of thousands of human beings?", Malone asked his audience. Despite Malone's prosecution, the Communist Party did not disavow Malone's rhetorical flourish, going so far as to publish an official party pamphlet, entitled "What are a Few Churchills?" in January 1921. He was stripped of his OBE on 24 June 1921.Malone came to the attention of Special Branch, whose role it was to combat "Bolshevik subversion". He was frequently mentioned in reports to the cabinet on "Revolutionary Organisations in the United Kingdom". Malone worked to promote the affiliation of the CPGB to the Labour Party, which was under consideration as a tactical matter, urged by Lenin. Malone was particularly keen and stated "There are still a few differences between the Communist Party and the Labour Party. I am glad to realise, however, that this will soon be settled by affiliation".Malone dissociated himself from the Communist Party of Great Britain and joined the Independent Labour Party, which was affiliated to the Labour Party, in 1922. He was the Labour candidate for Ashton-under-Lyne in the 1924 general election, but was unsuccessful. However, following the death of Arthur Holland in 1927, Malone was elected as MP for Northampton in the ensuing 1928 by-election. He was re-elected at the 1929 general election, and served in Ramsay MacDonald's government as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Pensions, Frederick Roberts, in 1931. He was not re-elected in the 1931 general election.Malone returned to military service in the Second World War. In 1942 he was the staff officer to the chief warden of the City of Westminster Civil Defence. From 1943 to 1945 he served in the Admiralty Small Vessels Pool. Following the end of the war in 1945, he became the Vice President of the Royal Television Society, the founder and chairman of the Radio Association, and a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. By the time of his death his publications included "The Russian Republic", "New China", and "Manchukuo: Jewel of Asia".Malone married Leah Kay in 1921. After her death, he remarried in 1956. He died on 25 February 1965, aged 74. | [
"British Socialist Party",
"Labour Party",
"Liberal Party"
] | |
Which political party did Cecil L'Estrange Malone belong to in Jan, 1922? | January 01, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Labour Party",
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
]
} | L2_Q5056185_P102_3 | Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Liberal Party from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1919.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the British Socialist Party from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Cecil L'Estrange Malone is a member of the Labour Party from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1922. | Cecil MaloneCecil John L'Estrange Malone (7 September 1890 – 25 February 1965) was a British politician and pioneer naval aviator who served as the United Kingdom's first Communist member of parliament.Malone was born in Dalton Holme, a parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, on 7 September 1890. He was the son of the Reverend Savile L'Estrange Malone and Frances Mary Faljomb. He was related to the sisters Constance Markievicz and Eva Gore-Booth.Malone was educated at Cordwalles School in Maidenhead before joining the Royal Navy in 1905 and went through officer training at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. On 15 March 1910, he was confirmed as a sub-lieutenant having previously been acting in that rank. In 1911, he was part of the second course approved by the Admiralty to attend Naval Flying School, Eastchurch. He was promoted to lieutenant from sub-lieutenant on 15 December 1911.Malone earned his Royal Aero Club certificate (No. 195) on 12 March 1912. In the Army Manoeuvres of 1912, Malone flew a twin-engined triple-screwed Short biplane. He is also noted for flying off the forecastle of steaming .During World War I, Malone commanded Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) planes in the Cuxhaven Raid on 25 December 1914. From August 1914 to March 1915, he captained , a cross-channel steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. From March 1915 to April 1916, he captained , another steamer converted to a seaplane carrier. Under Malone's command, seaplanes from "Ben-my-Chree" were the first on record to carry torpedoes and they torpedoed three enemy vessels in 1916. Malone then took over command of the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron, for which he was awarded the Fourth Class of the Order of the Nile.Malone was appointed to the Plans Division of the Admiralty in 1918 before becoming the First British Air Attache at the Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris. In this capacity, he was the Air Representative of the Supreme War Council in Versailles in 1918. He was awarded Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his war efforts.Malone was elected as the Coalition Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for East Leyton at the 1918 general election. He was a member of the anti-communist Reconstruction Society and wrote a number of articles strongly criticising left-wing activists. As Adams and Wilson wrote, "his early career contained no hint of his subsequent espousal of the communist cause."On 13 September 1919, with a passport endorsed by the British Foreign Office in hand, Cecil Malone embarked on the "S.S. Arcturus" for Helsinki. There Malone, who intended to visit Soviet Russia despite the blockade of the country, unexpectedly met up with another individual planning on crossing over to Petrograd. After travelling by sea and land to the border, the pair managed to cross the frontier through deserted forests and marshland by foot, arriving at the Soviet border on Sunday, 28 September. The two arrived in Petrograd by train at 6 pm the following day. Malone met and spoke with key leaders of the trade union movement in Petrograd before proceeding by train to Moscow.In Moscow, Malone met with Maxim Litvinov, then a top official in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, with whom he had a long discussion. He later met for an hour with foreign minister Georgii Chicherin. Malone's new friends arranged for him to accompany Red Army leader Leon Trotsky on an inspection of troops at Tula aboard Trotsky's special train. Accompanying Malone on the trip were the head of the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh), Alexei Rykov; chief of food supply for the Russian Republic, Alexander Tsiurupa; and People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky.During his visit, detailed in his memoir, Malone toured factories and theatres, power stations and government offices. He found the mission of the Bolshevik government in attempting economic reconstruction to be compelling and emerged from his trip a committed communist. "The history of Allied negotiations and transactions with Russia appears to have been a chain of catastrophes and mistakes" he wrote:"...[I]t seems there was a culpable lack of foresight in visualizing the forces behind the Revolution. Every effort was made by Lenin and Trotsky to bring about peace with the Allies. They were prepared to refuse to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, and instead to continue the fight on the side of the Allies, but the Allies refused to recognize them ... Various interventional operations, mostly carried out on the plea of protecting Russia against the invasion from Germany, were inaugurated, but really, as we now see, they were carried out in the interests of the capitalist class in Russia. It seems incredible that such slender excuses for intervention should have been allowed to hold good for so long... [N]ow we find ourselves supporting partisan leaders in Russia by the supply of arms and munitions at the expense of the British taxpayer, and in addition we find our Government carrying on an inhuman and illegal blockade against the Russian people, the result of which during the coming winter months will indeed be terrible."Upon his return to England, Malone became active in the "Hands Off Russia" campaign, and in November 1919 he officially joined the proto-Communist British Socialist Party (BSP). Malone was soon being elected to the party's leadership through the patronage of Theodore Rothstein. In the summer of 1920, the BSP became the main constituent of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and as a result, Malone became the first CPGB MP. He attended the London Communist Unity Convention held 31 July and 1 August 1921, at which he was elected to the new party's governing Central Committee. Malone's sudden conversion to revolutionary politics brought more questions than answers, and its genuineness was questioned. John Maclean claimed that Malone was a counter-revolutionary sent to disrupt the workers' movement, and he refused to speak alongside Malone.Official CPGB historian James Klugmann saw Malone as a leading figure in the party's first year of existence: "In the first months of the Party's existence Col. Malone was very active not only in Parliament, but addressing mass meetings and rallies all over the country. Whatever his theoretical weaknesses, he was a man of passion, moved by the revolutionary tremors that were shaking the world, full of wrath and indignation against the powers that be, and after a fiery speech in the Albert Hall on November 7, 1920, he was charged with sedition under Regulation 42 of the Defense of the Realm Act ... [h]e was sentenced to six months in the Second Division."The line which landed Malone in jail related to his argument that during a revolutionary crisis, excesses might occur resulting in the killing of some prominent members of the bourgeoisie. "What are a few Churchills or a few Curzons on lampposts compared to the massacre of thousands of human beings?", Malone asked his audience. Despite Malone's prosecution, the Communist Party did not disavow Malone's rhetorical flourish, going so far as to publish an official party pamphlet, entitled "What are a Few Churchills?" in January 1921. He was stripped of his OBE on 24 June 1921.Malone came to the attention of Special Branch, whose role it was to combat "Bolshevik subversion". He was frequently mentioned in reports to the cabinet on "Revolutionary Organisations in the United Kingdom". Malone worked to promote the affiliation of the CPGB to the Labour Party, which was under consideration as a tactical matter, urged by Lenin. Malone was particularly keen and stated "There are still a few differences between the Communist Party and the Labour Party. I am glad to realise, however, that this will soon be settled by affiliation".Malone dissociated himself from the Communist Party of Great Britain and joined the Independent Labour Party, which was affiliated to the Labour Party, in 1922. He was the Labour candidate for Ashton-under-Lyne in the 1924 general election, but was unsuccessful. However, following the death of Arthur Holland in 1927, Malone was elected as MP for Northampton in the ensuing 1928 by-election. He was re-elected at the 1929 general election, and served in Ramsay MacDonald's government as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Pensions, Frederick Roberts, in 1931. He was not re-elected in the 1931 general election.Malone returned to military service in the Second World War. In 1942 he was the staff officer to the chief warden of the City of Westminster Civil Defence. From 1943 to 1945 he served in the Admiralty Small Vessels Pool. Following the end of the war in 1945, he became the Vice President of the Royal Television Society, the founder and chairman of the Radio Association, and a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. By the time of his death his publications included "The Russian Republic", "New China", and "Manchukuo: Jewel of Asia".Malone married Leah Kay in 1921. After her death, he remarried in 1956. He died on 25 February 1965, aged 74. | [
"British Socialist Party",
"Liberal Party",
"British Socialist Party",
"Liberal Party"
] | |
Which team did Alf Quantrill play for in Oct, 1914? | October 10, 1914 | {
"text": [
"Derby County F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4721740_P54_0 | Alf Quantrill plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Derby County F.C. from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Nottingham Forest F.C. from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1932.
Alf Quantrill plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1930. | Alf QuantrillAlfred Edward Quantrill (22 January 1897 – 19 April 1968) was an English footballer. Born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India where his father was based on military service, he played on either wing and appeared four times for the England national team.Quantrill played non-league football for Boston Swifts until being signed by Derby County in 1914. Quantrill helped Derby gain promotion to Division One in his first season at the club, but his career was soon interrupted by the First World War. He served as a member of the Derbyshire Yeomanry, but was sent home after developing malaria in Salonika.Quantrill returned to health and retained his place in the Derby team when league football resumed. In March 1920 he made his debut for England against Wales, a 2–1 defeat. He went on to win four caps, scoring once, in the 5–4 win at home to Scotland.In 1921 Quantrill was transferred to Preston North End, playing in a forward line also including Tommy Roberts, Rowland Woodhouse and Archie Rawlings. He made his debut on 27 August 1921 in a 2–2 draw away to Bolton Wanderers. Quantrill played in 64 games for Preston before leaving in 1923 to join Bradford Park Avenue. He later moved to Nottingham Forest in August 1930 where he finished his league career in April 1932.Quantrill was married to Hetty Winifred Bloomer, the eldest daughter of former England international Steve Bloomer and had two children. He served as a private in the Derbyshire Yeomanry during the First World War. | [
"Nottingham Forest F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"Chorley F.C.",
"Preston North End F.C."
] | |
Which team did Alf Quantrill play for in Jul, 1920? | July 14, 1920 | {
"text": [
"Derby County F.C.",
"England national association football team"
]
} | L2_Q4721740_P54_1 | Alf Quantrill plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1930.
Alf Quantrill plays for Nottingham Forest F.C. from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1932.
Alf Quantrill plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Derby County F.C. from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1921. | Alf QuantrillAlfred Edward Quantrill (22 January 1897 – 19 April 1968) was an English footballer. Born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India where his father was based on military service, he played on either wing and appeared four times for the England national team.Quantrill played non-league football for Boston Swifts until being signed by Derby County in 1914. Quantrill helped Derby gain promotion to Division One in his first season at the club, but his career was soon interrupted by the First World War. He served as a member of the Derbyshire Yeomanry, but was sent home after developing malaria in Salonika.Quantrill returned to health and retained his place in the Derby team when league football resumed. In March 1920 he made his debut for England against Wales, a 2–1 defeat. He went on to win four caps, scoring once, in the 5–4 win at home to Scotland.In 1921 Quantrill was transferred to Preston North End, playing in a forward line also including Tommy Roberts, Rowland Woodhouse and Archie Rawlings. He made his debut on 27 August 1921 in a 2–2 draw away to Bolton Wanderers. Quantrill played in 64 games for Preston before leaving in 1923 to join Bradford Park Avenue. He later moved to Nottingham Forest in August 1930 where he finished his league career in April 1932.Quantrill was married to Hetty Winifred Bloomer, the eldest daughter of former England international Steve Bloomer and had two children. He served as a private in the Derbyshire Yeomanry during the First World War. | [
"Nottingham Forest F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Chorley F.C.",
"Preston North End F.C."
] | |
Which team did Alf Quantrill play for in Nov, 1922? | November 09, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Preston North End F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4721740_P54_2 | Alf Quantrill plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Derby County F.C. from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Nottingham Forest F.C. from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1932.
Alf Quantrill plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1930. | Alf QuantrillAlfred Edward Quantrill (22 January 1897 – 19 April 1968) was an English footballer. Born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India where his father was based on military service, he played on either wing and appeared four times for the England national team.Quantrill played non-league football for Boston Swifts until being signed by Derby County in 1914. Quantrill helped Derby gain promotion to Division One in his first season at the club, but his career was soon interrupted by the First World War. He served as a member of the Derbyshire Yeomanry, but was sent home after developing malaria in Salonika.Quantrill returned to health and retained his place in the Derby team when league football resumed. In March 1920 he made his debut for England against Wales, a 2–1 defeat. He went on to win four caps, scoring once, in the 5–4 win at home to Scotland.In 1921 Quantrill was transferred to Preston North End, playing in a forward line also including Tommy Roberts, Rowland Woodhouse and Archie Rawlings. He made his debut on 27 August 1921 in a 2–2 draw away to Bolton Wanderers. Quantrill played in 64 games for Preston before leaving in 1923 to join Bradford Park Avenue. He later moved to Nottingham Forest in August 1930 where he finished his league career in April 1932.Quantrill was married to Hetty Winifred Bloomer, the eldest daughter of former England international Steve Bloomer and had two children. He served as a private in the Derbyshire Yeomanry during the First World War. | [
"Nottingham Forest F.C.",
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"Derby County F.C.",
"Chorley F.C."
] | |
Which team did Alf Quantrill play for in Oct, 1928? | October 15, 1928 | {
"text": [
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4721740_P54_3 | Alf Quantrill plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Derby County F.C. from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Nottingham Forest F.C. from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1932.
Alf Quantrill plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1930.
Alf Quantrill plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1924. | Alf QuantrillAlfred Edward Quantrill (22 January 1897 – 19 April 1968) was an English footballer. Born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India where his father was based on military service, he played on either wing and appeared four times for the England national team.Quantrill played non-league football for Boston Swifts until being signed by Derby County in 1914. Quantrill helped Derby gain promotion to Division One in his first season at the club, but his career was soon interrupted by the First World War. He served as a member of the Derbyshire Yeomanry, but was sent home after developing malaria in Salonika.Quantrill returned to health and retained his place in the Derby team when league football resumed. In March 1920 he made his debut for England against Wales, a 2–1 defeat. He went on to win four caps, scoring once, in the 5–4 win at home to Scotland.In 1921 Quantrill was transferred to Preston North End, playing in a forward line also including Tommy Roberts, Rowland Woodhouse and Archie Rawlings. He made his debut on 27 August 1921 in a 2–2 draw away to Bolton Wanderers. Quantrill played in 64 games for Preston before leaving in 1923 to join Bradford Park Avenue. He later moved to Nottingham Forest in August 1930 where he finished his league career in April 1932.Quantrill was married to Hetty Winifred Bloomer, the eldest daughter of former England international Steve Bloomer and had two children. He served as a private in the Derbyshire Yeomanry during the First World War. | [
"Nottingham Forest F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"Derby County F.C.",
"Chorley F.C.",
"Preston North End F.C."
] | |
Which team did Alf Quantrill play for in Jan, 1924? | January 01, 1924 | {
"text": [
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"Chorley F.C.",
"Preston North End F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4721740_P54_4 | Alf Quantrill plays for Nottingham Forest F.C. from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1932.
Alf Quantrill plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1930.
Alf Quantrill plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Derby County F.C. from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1921. | Alf QuantrillAlfred Edward Quantrill (22 January 1897 – 19 April 1968) was an English footballer. Born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India where his father was based on military service, he played on either wing and appeared four times for the England national team.Quantrill played non-league football for Boston Swifts until being signed by Derby County in 1914. Quantrill helped Derby gain promotion to Division One in his first season at the club, but his career was soon interrupted by the First World War. He served as a member of the Derbyshire Yeomanry, but was sent home after developing malaria in Salonika.Quantrill returned to health and retained his place in the Derby team when league football resumed. In March 1920 he made his debut for England against Wales, a 2–1 defeat. He went on to win four caps, scoring once, in the 5–4 win at home to Scotland.In 1921 Quantrill was transferred to Preston North End, playing in a forward line also including Tommy Roberts, Rowland Woodhouse and Archie Rawlings. He made his debut on 27 August 1921 in a 2–2 draw away to Bolton Wanderers. Quantrill played in 64 games for Preston before leaving in 1923 to join Bradford Park Avenue. He later moved to Nottingham Forest in August 1930 where he finished his league career in April 1932.Quantrill was married to Hetty Winifred Bloomer, the eldest daughter of former England international Steve Bloomer and had two children. He served as a private in the Derbyshire Yeomanry during the First World War. | [
"Nottingham Forest F.C.",
"Derby County F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"Nottingham Forest F.C.",
"Derby County F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"Nottingham Forest F.C.",
"Derby County F.C.",
"England national association football team"
] | |
Which team did Alf Quantrill play for in Oct, 1930? | October 19, 1930 | {
"text": [
"Nottingham Forest F.C."
]
} | L2_Q4721740_P54_5 | Alf Quantrill plays for Preston North End F.C. from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1930.
Alf Quantrill plays for England national association football team from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Derby County F.C. from Jan, 1914 to Jan, 1921.
Alf Quantrill plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1924.
Alf Quantrill plays for Nottingham Forest F.C. from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1932. | Alf QuantrillAlfred Edward Quantrill (22 January 1897 – 19 April 1968) was an English footballer. Born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India where his father was based on military service, he played on either wing and appeared four times for the England national team.Quantrill played non-league football for Boston Swifts until being signed by Derby County in 1914. Quantrill helped Derby gain promotion to Division One in his first season at the club, but his career was soon interrupted by the First World War. He served as a member of the Derbyshire Yeomanry, but was sent home after developing malaria in Salonika.Quantrill returned to health and retained his place in the Derby team when league football resumed. In March 1920 he made his debut for England against Wales, a 2–1 defeat. He went on to win four caps, scoring once, in the 5–4 win at home to Scotland.In 1921 Quantrill was transferred to Preston North End, playing in a forward line also including Tommy Roberts, Rowland Woodhouse and Archie Rawlings. He made his debut on 27 August 1921 in a 2–2 draw away to Bolton Wanderers. Quantrill played in 64 games for Preston before leaving in 1923 to join Bradford Park Avenue. He later moved to Nottingham Forest in August 1930 where he finished his league career in April 1932.Quantrill was married to Hetty Winifred Bloomer, the eldest daughter of former England international Steve Bloomer and had two children. He served as a private in the Derbyshire Yeomanry during the First World War. | [
"Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.",
"England national association football team",
"Derby County F.C.",
"Chorley F.C.",
"Preston North End F.C."
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Lamia F.C. in May, 2019? | May 07, 2019 | {
"text": [
"Makis Chavos"
]
} | L2_Q6481836_P286_0 | Gianluca Festa is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Giorgos Petrakis is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Jun, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Makis Chavos is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Sep, 2018 to Aug, 2019.
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Jun, 2020. | PAS Lamia 1964Lamia Football Club () is a Greek professional football club based in Lamia, Greece. It was founded in 1964. The club plays in the Super League, the first tier of Greek football. It plays its home matches at the Lamia Municipal Stadium.On June 1, 1964, when the representatives of the clubs of Fthiotida decided to "carve out" a common course, A.S. Lamia was established. In order to reach the final decision, it took a long time and endless hours of negotiations. The "Queen of Fthiotida", as it is called, comes from the merger of Lamiakos and Palamiaki.In 1961 Hellenic Football Federation decided that from the next season (1962–63) the 2nd National Division, at which Olympiacos Lamia would compete at that time, would consist of 60 teams divided into four groups and the champion from each group would also take the rally for the First National. As a result, at the end of the 1961–62 championship in a general assembly held by the members of Olympiacos Lamia (17/6/1962), they decided to propose to Palamiaki their merger and the creation of a new club and while initially the answer to the "yellow-black" was affirmative, their suggestion that the new group be called Palamiaky was not accepted and so "marriage ended in divorce".The sinking of the negotiations with Palamiaki led to the new general assembly the members of Olympiacos (24/7/1962), where it was decided to merge the "redcurrants" with the Pamfthiotikos, named Lamiakos, who represented the prefecture in B National in the period 1963–64, but in the same year, the ticket for the category took and Palamiaiki as the champion of the National Team, with the result that Lamia was represented by two clubs in the category. This was also the time to create an association that would come from the union of the largest groups in the city.On May 25, 1964, at the initiative of the then mayor of Lamia and the football players of the prefecture, a general meeting was held, which did not have the expected result, as it initially resulted in the creation of two new clubs of the AS. Lamia and the AS Thermopylae, however, a week later, on June 1, 1964, it was decided that the latter merged with AS. Ghoul.Although the "Cyan-Whites" had reached six times near the First National, they had not managed to rise to the first category (until 2017). Nevertheless, their course over the years, combined with the remarkable appearances against the great forces of Greek football in the institution of the cup (2–1 and 1–0 with AEK and with Panathinaikos in the defeat of 1–5, but with the hosts leading to the 15th with Rizopoulos' head and accepting four goals after the first ten minutes of the extension), they have made PAS Lamia 1964 particularly popular in the prefecture of Fthiotida.PAS Lamia came close to rising in the 2nd National Championship after many years in 2006–07, but eventually finished fourth. During the 2007–08 season and while there were administrative changes, the international player of AEK and Olympiacos, Daniel Batista, was recruited as a coach, but again he did not manage to distinguish himself, winning 13th place with difficulty, ensuring the stay in category 3, bringing 40 points, just 7 over the relegation zone. The following year (2008–09) they were downgraded to D National Division.In the summer of 2012, Lamia merged with Agrotis Lianokladi, who at that time were in D Ethniki, replacing them in the category, renamed PAS Lamia 1964. In the period 2012–13 they finished first in the 4th group in the regional championship, leaving A.O. Karditsa 5 points behind. At the same time they also won the Cup of Fthiotida, defeating Achilles Domokos with 3–1 in the final.The following year (2013–14) they finished first in their group at the Gamma Ethniki, ensuring the rise for the second division (Football League) in 2014–15. During the 2014–15 season they competed in the 2nd League of the Football League, where they gained the fourth position. The following year (2015–16) they were ranked fifth in the same championship.In the 2016–17 season, PAS Lamia won the promotion to the Super League (2017–18) for the first time in their history in Greek football.Historically the emblem of AS Lamia is the letter "L" in blue or white color as it was decided at the founding of the club on 1 June 1964. This was the emblem until the period 1978–79. At that time the coat of arms with vertical blue and white stripes was used as an emblem. The coat of arms or letter "L" in turn was the emblem of the club until the period 1994–95. In the race season 1995–96, the white and blue stripes were used for the first time and the letter "L" was included in the coat of arms.In the period 1999–00, when Lamia fought in the Delta Ethniki used the Rainbow Coat as an emblem. That year the team won the championship. In 2008, during Lamias' stay in Pelion for pre-season preparation, used as a coat of arms in a training suit a coat of arms between laurels with Latin characters LFC and 1964, which is the year of founding the club.The emblem that uses the club today was presented in 2014 and depicts Athanasios Diakos, the hero of Roumeli, in his upper right hand side.The colours of the club are cyan and white.Lamia Municipal Stadium is a stadium located in the city of Lamia, in the Prefecture of Fthiotida in Central Greece. It is the headquarters of PAS Lamia since the founding of a club.It was built in 1952 and belongs to the Municipality of Lamia. The stadium is located in the northern part of Lamia, next to the local Town Hall and is part of Lamia Municipal Sports Center (DAK of Lamia).Its capacity is 5,500 seats, making it the twelfth largest stadium in the Football League for the 2014–15 season. The stadium was rebuilt in 2004 and 2008, and blue plastic seats were added to all the stands.The record of attendance at the Lamia Municipal Stadium took place on March 31, 1968, in a match between Lamia and Trikala, with 11,502 fans staying at the stadium stage.In the summer of 2017 the stadium was renovated to license PAS Lamia in the Super League. So, five new headlamps were added for better illumination of the pitch and also new seats. In addition, the main stadium of the stadium was built, the changing rooms, benches and much more were renovated.Best position in bold.Key: 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals. | [
"Giorgos Petrakis",
"Apostolos Mantzios",
"Gianluca Festa"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Lamia F.C. in Feb, 2020? | February 23, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Apostolos Mantzios"
]
} | L2_Q6481836_P286_1 | Gianluca Festa is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Makis Chavos is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Sep, 2018 to Aug, 2019.
Giorgos Petrakis is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Jun, 2020 to Oct, 2020. | PAS Lamia 1964Lamia Football Club () is a Greek professional football club based in Lamia, Greece. It was founded in 1964. The club plays in the Super League, the first tier of Greek football. It plays its home matches at the Lamia Municipal Stadium.On June 1, 1964, when the representatives of the clubs of Fthiotida decided to "carve out" a common course, A.S. Lamia was established. In order to reach the final decision, it took a long time and endless hours of negotiations. The "Queen of Fthiotida", as it is called, comes from the merger of Lamiakos and Palamiaki.In 1961 Hellenic Football Federation decided that from the next season (1962–63) the 2nd National Division, at which Olympiacos Lamia would compete at that time, would consist of 60 teams divided into four groups and the champion from each group would also take the rally for the First National. As a result, at the end of the 1961–62 championship in a general assembly held by the members of Olympiacos Lamia (17/6/1962), they decided to propose to Palamiaki their merger and the creation of a new club and while initially the answer to the "yellow-black" was affirmative, their suggestion that the new group be called Palamiaky was not accepted and so "marriage ended in divorce".The sinking of the negotiations with Palamiaki led to the new general assembly the members of Olympiacos (24/7/1962), where it was decided to merge the "redcurrants" with the Pamfthiotikos, named Lamiakos, who represented the prefecture in B National in the period 1963–64, but in the same year, the ticket for the category took and Palamiaiki as the champion of the National Team, with the result that Lamia was represented by two clubs in the category. This was also the time to create an association that would come from the union of the largest groups in the city.On May 25, 1964, at the initiative of the then mayor of Lamia and the football players of the prefecture, a general meeting was held, which did not have the expected result, as it initially resulted in the creation of two new clubs of the AS. Lamia and the AS Thermopylae, however, a week later, on June 1, 1964, it was decided that the latter merged with AS. Ghoul.Although the "Cyan-Whites" had reached six times near the First National, they had not managed to rise to the first category (until 2017). Nevertheless, their course over the years, combined with the remarkable appearances against the great forces of Greek football in the institution of the cup (2–1 and 1–0 with AEK and with Panathinaikos in the defeat of 1–5, but with the hosts leading to the 15th with Rizopoulos' head and accepting four goals after the first ten minutes of the extension), they have made PAS Lamia 1964 particularly popular in the prefecture of Fthiotida.PAS Lamia came close to rising in the 2nd National Championship after many years in 2006–07, but eventually finished fourth. During the 2007–08 season and while there were administrative changes, the international player of AEK and Olympiacos, Daniel Batista, was recruited as a coach, but again he did not manage to distinguish himself, winning 13th place with difficulty, ensuring the stay in category 3, bringing 40 points, just 7 over the relegation zone. The following year (2008–09) they were downgraded to D National Division.In the summer of 2012, Lamia merged with Agrotis Lianokladi, who at that time were in D Ethniki, replacing them in the category, renamed PAS Lamia 1964. In the period 2012–13 they finished first in the 4th group in the regional championship, leaving A.O. Karditsa 5 points behind. At the same time they also won the Cup of Fthiotida, defeating Achilles Domokos with 3–1 in the final.The following year (2013–14) they finished first in their group at the Gamma Ethniki, ensuring the rise for the second division (Football League) in 2014–15. During the 2014–15 season they competed in the 2nd League of the Football League, where they gained the fourth position. The following year (2015–16) they were ranked fifth in the same championship.In the 2016–17 season, PAS Lamia won the promotion to the Super League (2017–18) for the first time in their history in Greek football.Historically the emblem of AS Lamia is the letter "L" in blue or white color as it was decided at the founding of the club on 1 June 1964. This was the emblem until the period 1978–79. At that time the coat of arms with vertical blue and white stripes was used as an emblem. The coat of arms or letter "L" in turn was the emblem of the club until the period 1994–95. In the race season 1995–96, the white and blue stripes were used for the first time and the letter "L" was included in the coat of arms.In the period 1999–00, when Lamia fought in the Delta Ethniki used the Rainbow Coat as an emblem. That year the team won the championship. In 2008, during Lamias' stay in Pelion for pre-season preparation, used as a coat of arms in a training suit a coat of arms between laurels with Latin characters LFC and 1964, which is the year of founding the club.The emblem that uses the club today was presented in 2014 and depicts Athanasios Diakos, the hero of Roumeli, in his upper right hand side.The colours of the club are cyan and white.Lamia Municipal Stadium is a stadium located in the city of Lamia, in the Prefecture of Fthiotida in Central Greece. It is the headquarters of PAS Lamia since the founding of a club.It was built in 1952 and belongs to the Municipality of Lamia. The stadium is located in the northern part of Lamia, next to the local Town Hall and is part of Lamia Municipal Sports Center (DAK of Lamia).Its capacity is 5,500 seats, making it the twelfth largest stadium in the Football League for the 2014–15 season. The stadium was rebuilt in 2004 and 2008, and blue plastic seats were added to all the stands.The record of attendance at the Lamia Municipal Stadium took place on March 31, 1968, in a match between Lamia and Trikala, with 11,502 fans staying at the stadium stage.In the summer of 2017 the stadium was renovated to license PAS Lamia in the Super League. So, five new headlamps were added for better illumination of the pitch and also new seats. In addition, the main stadium of the stadium was built, the changing rooms, benches and much more were renovated.Best position in bold.Key: 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals. | [
"Giorgos Petrakis",
"Makis Chavos",
"Gianluca Festa"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Lamia F.C. in Sep, 2020? | September 07, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Giorgos Petrakis"
]
} | L2_Q6481836_P286_2 | Makis Chavos is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Sep, 2018 to Aug, 2019.
Giorgos Petrakis is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Jun, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Jun, 2020.
Gianluca Festa is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022. | PAS Lamia 1964Lamia Football Club () is a Greek professional football club based in Lamia, Greece. It was founded in 1964. The club plays in the Super League, the first tier of Greek football. It plays its home matches at the Lamia Municipal Stadium.On June 1, 1964, when the representatives of the clubs of Fthiotida decided to "carve out" a common course, A.S. Lamia was established. In order to reach the final decision, it took a long time and endless hours of negotiations. The "Queen of Fthiotida", as it is called, comes from the merger of Lamiakos and Palamiaki.In 1961 Hellenic Football Federation decided that from the next season (1962–63) the 2nd National Division, at which Olympiacos Lamia would compete at that time, would consist of 60 teams divided into four groups and the champion from each group would also take the rally for the First National. As a result, at the end of the 1961–62 championship in a general assembly held by the members of Olympiacos Lamia (17/6/1962), they decided to propose to Palamiaki their merger and the creation of a new club and while initially the answer to the "yellow-black" was affirmative, their suggestion that the new group be called Palamiaky was not accepted and so "marriage ended in divorce".The sinking of the negotiations with Palamiaki led to the new general assembly the members of Olympiacos (24/7/1962), where it was decided to merge the "redcurrants" with the Pamfthiotikos, named Lamiakos, who represented the prefecture in B National in the period 1963–64, but in the same year, the ticket for the category took and Palamiaiki as the champion of the National Team, with the result that Lamia was represented by two clubs in the category. This was also the time to create an association that would come from the union of the largest groups in the city.On May 25, 1964, at the initiative of the then mayor of Lamia and the football players of the prefecture, a general meeting was held, which did not have the expected result, as it initially resulted in the creation of two new clubs of the AS. Lamia and the AS Thermopylae, however, a week later, on June 1, 1964, it was decided that the latter merged with AS. Ghoul.Although the "Cyan-Whites" had reached six times near the First National, they had not managed to rise to the first category (until 2017). Nevertheless, their course over the years, combined with the remarkable appearances against the great forces of Greek football in the institution of the cup (2–1 and 1–0 with AEK and with Panathinaikos in the defeat of 1–5, but with the hosts leading to the 15th with Rizopoulos' head and accepting four goals after the first ten minutes of the extension), they have made PAS Lamia 1964 particularly popular in the prefecture of Fthiotida.PAS Lamia came close to rising in the 2nd National Championship after many years in 2006–07, but eventually finished fourth. During the 2007–08 season and while there were administrative changes, the international player of AEK and Olympiacos, Daniel Batista, was recruited as a coach, but again he did not manage to distinguish himself, winning 13th place with difficulty, ensuring the stay in category 3, bringing 40 points, just 7 over the relegation zone. The following year (2008–09) they were downgraded to D National Division.In the summer of 2012, Lamia merged with Agrotis Lianokladi, who at that time were in D Ethniki, replacing them in the category, renamed PAS Lamia 1964. In the period 2012–13 they finished first in the 4th group in the regional championship, leaving A.O. Karditsa 5 points behind. At the same time they also won the Cup of Fthiotida, defeating Achilles Domokos with 3–1 in the final.The following year (2013–14) they finished first in their group at the Gamma Ethniki, ensuring the rise for the second division (Football League) in 2014–15. During the 2014–15 season they competed in the 2nd League of the Football League, where they gained the fourth position. The following year (2015–16) they were ranked fifth in the same championship.In the 2016–17 season, PAS Lamia won the promotion to the Super League (2017–18) for the first time in their history in Greek football.Historically the emblem of AS Lamia is the letter "L" in blue or white color as it was decided at the founding of the club on 1 June 1964. This was the emblem until the period 1978–79. At that time the coat of arms with vertical blue and white stripes was used as an emblem. The coat of arms or letter "L" in turn was the emblem of the club until the period 1994–95. In the race season 1995–96, the white and blue stripes were used for the first time and the letter "L" was included in the coat of arms.In the period 1999–00, when Lamia fought in the Delta Ethniki used the Rainbow Coat as an emblem. That year the team won the championship. In 2008, during Lamias' stay in Pelion for pre-season preparation, used as a coat of arms in a training suit a coat of arms between laurels with Latin characters LFC and 1964, which is the year of founding the club.The emblem that uses the club today was presented in 2014 and depicts Athanasios Diakos, the hero of Roumeli, in his upper right hand side.The colours of the club are cyan and white.Lamia Municipal Stadium is a stadium located in the city of Lamia, in the Prefecture of Fthiotida in Central Greece. It is the headquarters of PAS Lamia since the founding of a club.It was built in 1952 and belongs to the Municipality of Lamia. The stadium is located in the northern part of Lamia, next to the local Town Hall and is part of Lamia Municipal Sports Center (DAK of Lamia).Its capacity is 5,500 seats, making it the twelfth largest stadium in the Football League for the 2014–15 season. The stadium was rebuilt in 2004 and 2008, and blue plastic seats were added to all the stands.The record of attendance at the Lamia Municipal Stadium took place on March 31, 1968, in a match between Lamia and Trikala, with 11,502 fans staying at the stadium stage.In the summer of 2017 the stadium was renovated to license PAS Lamia in the Super League. So, five new headlamps were added for better illumination of the pitch and also new seats. In addition, the main stadium of the stadium was built, the changing rooms, benches and much more were renovated.Best position in bold.Key: 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals. | [
"Apostolos Mantzios",
"Makis Chavos",
"Gianluca Festa"
] | |
Who was the head coach of the team Lamia F.C. in Apr, 2022? | April 22, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Gianluca Festa"
]
} | L2_Q6481836_P286_3 | Gianluca Festa is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Makis Chavos is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Sep, 2018 to Aug, 2019.
Giorgos Petrakis is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Jun, 2020 to Oct, 2020.
Apostolos Mantzios is the head coach of Lamia F.C. from Oct, 2019 to Jun, 2020. | PAS Lamia 1964Lamia Football Club () is a Greek professional football club based in Lamia, Greece. It was founded in 1964. The club plays in the Super League, the first tier of Greek football. It plays its home matches at the Lamia Municipal Stadium.On June 1, 1964, when the representatives of the clubs of Fthiotida decided to "carve out" a common course, A.S. Lamia was established. In order to reach the final decision, it took a long time and endless hours of negotiations. The "Queen of Fthiotida", as it is called, comes from the merger of Lamiakos and Palamiaki.In 1961 Hellenic Football Federation decided that from the next season (1962–63) the 2nd National Division, at which Olympiacos Lamia would compete at that time, would consist of 60 teams divided into four groups and the champion from each group would also take the rally for the First National. As a result, at the end of the 1961–62 championship in a general assembly held by the members of Olympiacos Lamia (17/6/1962), they decided to propose to Palamiaki their merger and the creation of a new club and while initially the answer to the "yellow-black" was affirmative, their suggestion that the new group be called Palamiaky was not accepted and so "marriage ended in divorce".The sinking of the negotiations with Palamiaki led to the new general assembly the members of Olympiacos (24/7/1962), where it was decided to merge the "redcurrants" with the Pamfthiotikos, named Lamiakos, who represented the prefecture in B National in the period 1963–64, but in the same year, the ticket for the category took and Palamiaiki as the champion of the National Team, with the result that Lamia was represented by two clubs in the category. This was also the time to create an association that would come from the union of the largest groups in the city.On May 25, 1964, at the initiative of the then mayor of Lamia and the football players of the prefecture, a general meeting was held, which did not have the expected result, as it initially resulted in the creation of two new clubs of the AS. Lamia and the AS Thermopylae, however, a week later, on June 1, 1964, it was decided that the latter merged with AS. Ghoul.Although the "Cyan-Whites" had reached six times near the First National, they had not managed to rise to the first category (until 2017). Nevertheless, their course over the years, combined with the remarkable appearances against the great forces of Greek football in the institution of the cup (2–1 and 1–0 with AEK and with Panathinaikos in the defeat of 1–5, but with the hosts leading to the 15th with Rizopoulos' head and accepting four goals after the first ten minutes of the extension), they have made PAS Lamia 1964 particularly popular in the prefecture of Fthiotida.PAS Lamia came close to rising in the 2nd National Championship after many years in 2006–07, but eventually finished fourth. During the 2007–08 season and while there were administrative changes, the international player of AEK and Olympiacos, Daniel Batista, was recruited as a coach, but again he did not manage to distinguish himself, winning 13th place with difficulty, ensuring the stay in category 3, bringing 40 points, just 7 over the relegation zone. The following year (2008–09) they were downgraded to D National Division.In the summer of 2012, Lamia merged with Agrotis Lianokladi, who at that time were in D Ethniki, replacing them in the category, renamed PAS Lamia 1964. In the period 2012–13 they finished first in the 4th group in the regional championship, leaving A.O. Karditsa 5 points behind. At the same time they also won the Cup of Fthiotida, defeating Achilles Domokos with 3–1 in the final.The following year (2013–14) they finished first in their group at the Gamma Ethniki, ensuring the rise for the second division (Football League) in 2014–15. During the 2014–15 season they competed in the 2nd League of the Football League, where they gained the fourth position. The following year (2015–16) they were ranked fifth in the same championship.In the 2016–17 season, PAS Lamia won the promotion to the Super League (2017–18) for the first time in their history in Greek football.Historically the emblem of AS Lamia is the letter "L" in blue or white color as it was decided at the founding of the club on 1 June 1964. This was the emblem until the period 1978–79. At that time the coat of arms with vertical blue and white stripes was used as an emblem. The coat of arms or letter "L" in turn was the emblem of the club until the period 1994–95. In the race season 1995–96, the white and blue stripes were used for the first time and the letter "L" was included in the coat of arms.In the period 1999–00, when Lamia fought in the Delta Ethniki used the Rainbow Coat as an emblem. That year the team won the championship. In 2008, during Lamias' stay in Pelion for pre-season preparation, used as a coat of arms in a training suit a coat of arms between laurels with Latin characters LFC and 1964, which is the year of founding the club.The emblem that uses the club today was presented in 2014 and depicts Athanasios Diakos, the hero of Roumeli, in his upper right hand side.The colours of the club are cyan and white.Lamia Municipal Stadium is a stadium located in the city of Lamia, in the Prefecture of Fthiotida in Central Greece. It is the headquarters of PAS Lamia since the founding of a club.It was built in 1952 and belongs to the Municipality of Lamia. The stadium is located in the northern part of Lamia, next to the local Town Hall and is part of Lamia Municipal Sports Center (DAK of Lamia).Its capacity is 5,500 seats, making it the twelfth largest stadium in the Football League for the 2014–15 season. The stadium was rebuilt in 2004 and 2008, and blue plastic seats were added to all the stands.The record of attendance at the Lamia Municipal Stadium took place on March 31, 1968, in a match between Lamia and Trikala, with 11,502 fans staying at the stadium stage.In the summer of 2017 the stadium was renovated to license PAS Lamia in the Super League. So, five new headlamps were added for better illumination of the pitch and also new seats. In addition, the main stadium of the stadium was built, the changing rooms, benches and much more were renovated.Best position in bold.Key: 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals. | [
"Giorgos Petrakis",
"Apostolos Mantzios",
"Makis Chavos"
] | |
Which position did John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish hold in Dec, 1980? | December 31, 1980 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q6246107_P39_0 | John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1991 to Feb, 2001.
John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. | John MacKay, Baron MacKay of ArdbrecknishJohn Jackson Mackay, Baron Mackay of Ardbrecknish (15 November 1938 – 21 February 2001) was a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician.He started his career as a mathematics teacher, becoming Head of Mathematics at Oban High School.He was a Tory candidate for the Western Isles in the February 1974 election having, in the climate of the era, accepted he could realise his original Liberal Parliamentary ambitions only by joining the Conservatives. He contested Argyll in October 1974 and was Member of Parliament for the constituency from 1979 to 1983, and after boundary changes, for Argyll and Bute (UK Parliament constituency) from 1983 to 1987, when he lost the seat to the Liberal candidate Hon Mrs Ray Michie - the daughter of Lord Bannerman, a local Liberal.Mackay was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 1982 to 1987 with responsibility for Health and Social Work and was Commons Scottish spokesman on Agriculture (which was the responsibility of the Earl of Mansfield sitting in the Lords). Against the advice of officials he supported a Private Member's Bill on solvent abuse, a scourge of the time, which became law in 1983. In Health he threw himself into the 1982 NHS strikes and a modernisation of mental health legislation.Following his defeat, he was given a life peerage as Baron Mackay of Ardbrecknish, of Tayvallich in the District of Argyll and Bute. He rejoined the government as a Lord in Waiting in 1993. In January 1994, he joined the Department of Transport as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted later that year to become Minister of State at the Department of Social Security, a post he held until 1997. During this time he was held in high regard by both the civil servants who worked with him and by the ex-Service community with whom he had regular contact in his role as War Pensions Minister. In addition, he was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1996 Birthday Honours and was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the City of Glasgow on 7 January 1997. In opposition, he served as Deputy Leader of the Conservative peers.He died in 2001 in Wandsworth at the age of 62. | [
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish hold in Jan, 1985? | January 02, 1985 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q6246107_P39_1 | John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1991 to Feb, 2001.
John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. | John MacKay, Baron MacKay of ArdbrecknishJohn Jackson Mackay, Baron Mackay of Ardbrecknish (15 November 1938 – 21 February 2001) was a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician.He started his career as a mathematics teacher, becoming Head of Mathematics at Oban High School.He was a Tory candidate for the Western Isles in the February 1974 election having, in the climate of the era, accepted he could realise his original Liberal Parliamentary ambitions only by joining the Conservatives. He contested Argyll in October 1974 and was Member of Parliament for the constituency from 1979 to 1983, and after boundary changes, for Argyll and Bute (UK Parliament constituency) from 1983 to 1987, when he lost the seat to the Liberal candidate Hon Mrs Ray Michie - the daughter of Lord Bannerman, a local Liberal.Mackay was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 1982 to 1987 with responsibility for Health and Social Work and was Commons Scottish spokesman on Agriculture (which was the responsibility of the Earl of Mansfield sitting in the Lords). Against the advice of officials he supported a Private Member's Bill on solvent abuse, a scourge of the time, which became law in 1983. In Health he threw himself into the 1982 NHS strikes and a modernisation of mental health legislation.Following his defeat, he was given a life peerage as Baron Mackay of Ardbrecknish, of Tayvallich in the District of Argyll and Bute. He rejoined the government as a Lord in Waiting in 1993. In January 1994, he joined the Department of Transport as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted later that year to become Minister of State at the Department of Social Security, a post he held until 1997. During this time he was held in high regard by both the civil servants who worked with him and by the ex-Service community with whom he had regular contact in his role as War Pensions Minister. In addition, he was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1996 Birthday Honours and was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the City of Glasgow on 7 January 1997. In opposition, he served as Deputy Leader of the Conservative peers.He died in 2001 in Wandsworth at the age of 62. | [
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords"
] | |
Which position did John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish hold in Jun, 1993? | June 25, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Member of the House of Lords"
]
} | L2_Q6246107_P39_2 | John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1991 to Feb, 2001.
John MacKay, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987. | John MacKay, Baron MacKay of ArdbrecknishJohn Jackson Mackay, Baron Mackay of Ardbrecknish (15 November 1938 – 21 February 2001) was a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician.He started his career as a mathematics teacher, becoming Head of Mathematics at Oban High School.He was a Tory candidate for the Western Isles in the February 1974 election having, in the climate of the era, accepted he could realise his original Liberal Parliamentary ambitions only by joining the Conservatives. He contested Argyll in October 1974 and was Member of Parliament for the constituency from 1979 to 1983, and after boundary changes, for Argyll and Bute (UK Parliament constituency) from 1983 to 1987, when he lost the seat to the Liberal candidate Hon Mrs Ray Michie - the daughter of Lord Bannerman, a local Liberal.Mackay was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 1982 to 1987 with responsibility for Health and Social Work and was Commons Scottish spokesman on Agriculture (which was the responsibility of the Earl of Mansfield sitting in the Lords). Against the advice of officials he supported a Private Member's Bill on solvent abuse, a scourge of the time, which became law in 1983. In Health he threw himself into the 1982 NHS strikes and a modernisation of mental health legislation.Following his defeat, he was given a life peerage as Baron Mackay of Ardbrecknish, of Tayvallich in the District of Argyll and Bute. He rejoined the government as a Lord in Waiting in 1993. In January 1994, he joined the Department of Transport as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted later that year to become Minister of State at the Department of Social Security, a post he held until 1997. During this time he was held in high regard by both the civil servants who worked with him and by the ex-Service community with whom he had regular contact in his role as War Pensions Minister. In addition, he was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1996 Birthday Honours and was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the City of Glasgow on 7 January 1997. In opposition, he served as Deputy Leader of the Conservative peers.He died in 2001 in Wandsworth at the age of 62. | [
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Aug, 1790? | August 17, 1790 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_0 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Oct, 1799? | October 25, 1799 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_1 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Jun, 1801? | June 04, 1801 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_2 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Mar, 1806? | March 25, 1806 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_3 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Dec, 1806? | December 07, 1806 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_4 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Feb, 1808? | February 03, 1808 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_5 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Apr, 1814? | April 12, 1814 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_6 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Nov, 1819? | November 11, 1819 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_7 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Feb, 1825? | February 28, 1825 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_8 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain"
] | |
Which position did Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet hold in Oct, 1826? | October 21, 1826 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7529551_P39_9 | Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Dec, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1801 to Jun, 1802.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain from Jun, 1790 to May, 1796.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain from May, 1796 to Jan, 1801.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1802 to Oct, 1806.
Sir William Curtis, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818. | Sir William Curtis, 1st BaronetSir William Curtis (25 January 1752 – 18 January 1829) was an English businessman, banker and politician. Although he had a long political and business career (the two significantly intertwined), he was probably best known for the banquets he hosted.Born in Wapping, London, Curtis was the son of a sea biscuit manufacturer, Joseph Curtis, and his wife Mary Tennant.The family business was making ship's biscuit and other dry provisions for the Royal Navy. They were also shipowners whose vessels carried convicts to Australia and engaged in South Sea whaling.A lifelong Tory, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the City of London at the 1790 general election. He held the seat continuously for 28 years until his defeat at the 1818 general election. He was returned to the Commons in February 1819 at a by-election for Bletchingley, and at the 1820 general election he was returned again for the City of London. He did not contest London again at the 1826 election, when he was returned for Hastings. He resigned that seat later the same year.Curtis was also Alderman of the city, becoming Sheriff of London in 1788 and Lord Mayor in 1795–96. He was known for the lavish banquets he gave at his estate, Cullands Grove. He was created a Baronet of Cullonds Grove in 1802.Curtis died in 1829. His estate sale ran for a week, and included 370 dozen bottles of wine, port, claret, East India Madeira, sherry (Wild's), Malaga, Hock, and beer. | [
"Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 1st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] | |
Which employer did Rudolf Haag work for in Aug, 1953? | August 23, 1953 | {
"text": [
"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich",
"CERN"
]
} | L2_Q91636_P108_0 | Rudolf Haag works for CERN from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1954.
Rudolf Haag works for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957.
Rudolf Haag works for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1956.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1966.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1987.
Rudolf Haag works for Aix-Marseille University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Rudolf Haag works for Princeton University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1959. | Rudolf HaagRudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.Rudolf Haag was born on August 17, 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labor to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal "Communications in Mathematical Physics". Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of quantum physical event.Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on January 5, 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marius Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known contribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | [
"University of Hamburg",
"Aix-Marseille University",
"Princeton University",
"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",
"Max Planck Institute for Physics"
] | |
Which employer did Rudolf Haag work for in Aug, 1953? | August 16, 1953 | {
"text": [
"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich",
"CERN"
]
} | L2_Q91636_P108_1 | Rudolf Haag works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1987.
Rudolf Haag works for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1956.
Rudolf Haag works for Princeton University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1959.
Rudolf Haag works for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957.
Rudolf Haag works for Aix-Marseille University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Rudolf Haag works for CERN from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1954.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1966. | Rudolf HaagRudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.Rudolf Haag was born on August 17, 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labor to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal "Communications in Mathematical Physics". Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of quantum physical event.Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on January 5, 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marius Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known contribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | [
"University of Hamburg",
"Aix-Marseille University",
"Princeton University",
"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",
"Max Planck Institute for Physics"
] | |
Which employer did Rudolf Haag work for in Oct, 1956? | October 24, 1956 | {
"text": [
"Max Planck Institute for Physics"
]
} | L2_Q91636_P108_2 | Rudolf Haag works for Aix-Marseille University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Rudolf Haag works for CERN from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1954.
Rudolf Haag works for Princeton University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1959.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1987.
Rudolf Haag works for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957.
Rudolf Haag works for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1956.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1966. | Rudolf HaagRudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.Rudolf Haag was born on August 17, 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labor to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal "Communications in Mathematical Physics". Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of quantum physical event.Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on January 5, 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marius Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known contribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | [
"CERN",
"University of Hamburg",
"Aix-Marseille University",
"Princeton University",
"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",
"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"
] | |
Which employer did Rudolf Haag work for in Jun, 1958? | June 20, 1958 | {
"text": [
"Princeton University"
]
} | L2_Q91636_P108_3 | Rudolf Haag works for Princeton University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1959.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1987.
Rudolf Haag works for CERN from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1954.
Rudolf Haag works for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957.
Rudolf Haag works for Aix-Marseille University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1966.
Rudolf Haag works for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1956. | Rudolf HaagRudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.Rudolf Haag was born on August 17, 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labor to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal "Communications in Mathematical Physics". Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of quantum physical event.Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on January 5, 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marius Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known contribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | [
"CERN",
"University of Hamburg",
"Aix-Marseille University",
"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",
"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich",
"Max Planck Institute for Physics"
] | |
Which employer did Rudolf Haag work for in Feb, 1959? | February 24, 1959 | {
"text": [
"Aix-Marseille University"
]
} | L2_Q91636_P108_4 | Rudolf Haag works for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957.
Rudolf Haag works for Aix-Marseille University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Rudolf Haag works for CERN from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1954.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1966.
Rudolf Haag works for Princeton University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1959.
Rudolf Haag works for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1956.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1987. | Rudolf HaagRudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.Rudolf Haag was born on August 17, 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labor to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal "Communications in Mathematical Physics". Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of quantum physical event.Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on January 5, 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marius Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known contribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | [
"CERN",
"University of Hamburg",
"Princeton University",
"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",
"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich",
"Max Planck Institute for Physics"
] | |
Which employer did Rudolf Haag work for in Apr, 1962? | April 22, 1962 | {
"text": [
"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign"
]
} | L2_Q91636_P108_5 | Rudolf Haag works for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957.
Rudolf Haag works for Aix-Marseille University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Rudolf Haag works for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1956.
Rudolf Haag works for CERN from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1954.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1966.
Rudolf Haag works for Princeton University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1959.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1987. | Rudolf HaagRudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.Rudolf Haag was born on August 17, 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labor to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal "Communications in Mathematical Physics". Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of quantum physical event.Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on January 5, 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marius Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known contribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | [
"CERN",
"University of Hamburg",
"Aix-Marseille University",
"Princeton University",
"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich",
"Max Planck Institute for Physics"
] | |
Which employer did Rudolf Haag work for in Jan, 1976? | January 22, 1976 | {
"text": [
"University of Hamburg"
]
} | L2_Q91636_P108_6 | Rudolf Haag works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1987.
Rudolf Haag works for CERN from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1954.
Rudolf Haag works for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1956.
Rudolf Haag works for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1957.
Rudolf Haag works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1966.
Rudolf Haag works for Aix-Marseille University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1960.
Rudolf Haag works for Princeton University from Jan, 1957 to Jan, 1959. | Rudolf HaagRudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.Rudolf Haag was born on August 17, 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labor to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal "Communications in Mathematical Physics". Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of quantum physical event.Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on January 5, 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marius Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known contribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | [
"CERN",
"Aix-Marseille University",
"Princeton University",
"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",
"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich",
"Max Planck Institute for Physics"
] | |
Which employer did Andrey V Chubukov work for in Feb, 1985? | February 05, 1985 | {
"text": [
"Institute for Physical Problems"
]
} | L2_Q19364886_P108_0 | Andrey V Chubukov works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Institute for Physical Problems from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Yale University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2000. | Andrey V. ChubukovAndrey V. Chubukov is a theoretical physicist, at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, specializing in condensed matter. His speciality is physics of strongly correlated electron systems.Chubukov earned his M.Sci. degree in theoretical physics in 1982 and a Ph.D. in 1985 from Moscow State University.Andrey V. Chubukov was elected an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow in 1995; a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2003; received the Humboldt Award for Senior U.S. scientists in 2009; The Leverhulme Award in 2012; the Ulam Scholarship from Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2012, the William I. and Bianca M. Fine Chair in Theoretical Physics, 2013 and the John Bardeen Prize in 2018.Andrey V. Chubukov has written over 300 journal articles and has been cited nearly 19,000 times. His current h-index is 74. | [
"Moscow State University",
"University of Wisconsin–Madison",
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University"
] | |
Which employer did Andrey V Chubukov work for in Feb, 1987? | February 19, 1987 | {
"text": [
"Moscow State University",
"Institute for Physical Problems"
]
} | L2_Q19364886_P108_1 | Andrey V Chubukov works for Institute for Physical Problems from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Yale University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2000. | Andrey V. ChubukovAndrey V. Chubukov is a theoretical physicist, at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, specializing in condensed matter. His speciality is physics of strongly correlated electron systems.Chubukov earned his M.Sci. degree in theoretical physics in 1982 and a Ph.D. in 1985 from Moscow State University.Andrey V. Chubukov was elected an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow in 1995; a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2003; received the Humboldt Award for Senior U.S. scientists in 2009; The Leverhulme Award in 2012; the Ulam Scholarship from Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2012, the William I. and Bianca M. Fine Chair in Theoretical Physics, 2013 and the John Bardeen Prize in 2018.Andrey V. Chubukov has written over 300 journal articles and has been cited nearly 19,000 times. His current h-index is 74. | [
"University of Wisconsin–Madison",
"University of Illinois system",
"Yale University"
] | |
Which employer did Andrey V Chubukov work for in Mar, 1991? | March 05, 1991 | {
"text": [
"University of Illinois system"
]
} | L2_Q19364886_P108_2 | Andrey V Chubukov works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Yale University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2000.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Institute for Physical Problems from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989. | Andrey V. ChubukovAndrey V. Chubukov is a theoretical physicist, at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, specializing in condensed matter. His speciality is physics of strongly correlated electron systems.Chubukov earned his M.Sci. degree in theoretical physics in 1982 and a Ph.D. in 1985 from Moscow State University.Andrey V. Chubukov was elected an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow in 1995; a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2003; received the Humboldt Award for Senior U.S. scientists in 2009; The Leverhulme Award in 2012; the Ulam Scholarship from Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2012, the William I. and Bianca M. Fine Chair in Theoretical Physics, 2013 and the John Bardeen Prize in 2018.Andrey V. Chubukov has written over 300 journal articles and has been cited nearly 19,000 times. His current h-index is 74. | [
"Institute for Physical Problems",
"Moscow State University",
"University of Wisconsin–Madison",
"Yale University"
] | |
Which employer did Andrey V Chubukov work for in Jan, 1999? | January 18, 1999 | {
"text": [
"Yale University"
]
} | L2_Q19364886_P108_3 | Andrey V Chubukov works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Institute for Physical Problems from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Yale University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2000. | Andrey V. ChubukovAndrey V. Chubukov is a theoretical physicist, at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, specializing in condensed matter. His speciality is physics of strongly correlated electron systems.Chubukov earned his M.Sci. degree in theoretical physics in 1982 and a Ph.D. in 1985 from Moscow State University.Andrey V. Chubukov was elected an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow in 1995; a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2003; received the Humboldt Award for Senior U.S. scientists in 2009; The Leverhulme Award in 2012; the Ulam Scholarship from Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2012, the William I. and Bianca M. Fine Chair in Theoretical Physics, 2013 and the John Bardeen Prize in 2018.Andrey V. Chubukov has written over 300 journal articles and has been cited nearly 19,000 times. His current h-index is 74. | [
"Moscow State University",
"University of Wisconsin–Madison",
"University of Illinois system",
"Institute for Physical Problems"
] | |
Which employer did Andrey V Chubukov work for in Jan, 2000? | January 01, 2000 | {
"text": [
"University of Wisconsin–Madison",
"Yale University"
]
} | L2_Q19364886_P108_4 | Andrey V Chubukov works for Moscow State University from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Illinois system from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1992.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Institute for Physical Problems from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Andrey V Chubukov works for University of Wisconsin–Madison from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Andrey V Chubukov works for Yale University from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2000. | Andrey V. ChubukovAndrey V. Chubukov is a theoretical physicist, at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, specializing in condensed matter. His speciality is physics of strongly correlated electron systems.Chubukov earned his M.Sci. degree in theoretical physics in 1982 and a Ph.D. in 1985 from Moscow State University.Andrey V. Chubukov was elected an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow in 1995; a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2003; received the Humboldt Award for Senior U.S. scientists in 2009; The Leverhulme Award in 2012; the Ulam Scholarship from Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2012, the William I. and Bianca M. Fine Chair in Theoretical Physics, 2013 and the John Bardeen Prize in 2018.Andrey V. Chubukov has written over 300 journal articles and has been cited nearly 19,000 times. His current h-index is 74. | [
"Moscow State University",
"University of Illinois system",
"Institute for Physical Problems",
"Moscow State University",
"University of Illinois system",
"Institute for Physical Problems"
] | |
Who was the head of Nomain in Jan, 1903? | January 14, 1903 | {
"text": [
"Louis Guislain"
]
} | L2_Q752405_P6_0 | Pascal Delplanque is the head of the government of Nomain from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Louis Guislain is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1920.
Léon Delzenne is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 1989 to Mar, 2008.
Louis Duvinage is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Léon Delsart is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1944.
Yannick Lassalle is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 2014 to May, 2020. | NomainNomain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. | [
"Léon Delzenne",
"Léon Delsart",
"Louis Duvinage",
"Pascal Delplanque",
"Yannick Lassalle"
] | |
Who was the head of Nomain in Nov, 1920? | November 29, 1920 | {
"text": [
"Louis Duvinage"
]
} | L2_Q752405_P6_1 | Louis Duvinage is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Yannick Lassalle is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 2014 to May, 2020.
Léon Delzenne is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 1989 to Mar, 2008.
Léon Delsart is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1944.
Pascal Delplanque is the head of the government of Nomain from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Louis Guislain is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1920. | NomainNomain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. | [
"Léon Delzenne",
"Léon Delsart",
"Louis Guislain",
"Pascal Delplanque",
"Yannick Lassalle"
] | |
Who was the head of Nomain in Jan, 1941? | January 30, 1941 | {
"text": [
"Léon Delsart"
]
} | L2_Q752405_P6_2 | Léon Delzenne is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 1989 to Mar, 2008.
Pascal Delplanque is the head of the government of Nomain from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Louis Guislain is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1920.
Léon Delsart is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1944.
Yannick Lassalle is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 2014 to May, 2020.
Louis Duvinage is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922. | NomainNomain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. | [
"Pascal Delplanque",
"Louis Guislain",
"Louis Duvinage",
"Léon Delzenne",
"Yannick Lassalle"
] | |
Who was the head of Nomain in Apr, 1990? | April 23, 1990 | {
"text": [
"Léon Delzenne"
]
} | L2_Q752405_P6_3 | Louis Duvinage is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Pascal Delplanque is the head of the government of Nomain from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Louis Guislain is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1920.
Léon Delzenne is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 1989 to Mar, 2008.
Léon Delsart is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1944.
Yannick Lassalle is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 2014 to May, 2020. | NomainNomain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. | [
"Louis Guislain",
"Léon Delsart",
"Louis Duvinage",
"Pascal Delplanque",
"Yannick Lassalle"
] | |
Who was the head of Nomain in Oct, 2018? | October 04, 2018 | {
"text": [
"Yannick Lassalle"
]
} | L2_Q752405_P6_4 | Louis Guislain is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1920.
Léon Delsart is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1944.
Yannick Lassalle is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 2014 to May, 2020.
Louis Duvinage is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Pascal Delplanque is the head of the government of Nomain from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Léon Delzenne is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 1989 to Mar, 2008. | NomainNomain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. | [
"Pascal Delplanque",
"Louis Guislain",
"Léon Delsart",
"Louis Duvinage",
"Léon Delzenne"
] | |
Who was the head of Nomain in Mar, 2022? | March 27, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Pascal Delplanque"
]
} | L2_Q752405_P6_5 | Louis Duvinage is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1922.
Pascal Delplanque is the head of the government of Nomain from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Louis Guislain is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1920.
Yannick Lassalle is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 2014 to May, 2020.
Léon Delsart is the head of the government of Nomain from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1944.
Léon Delzenne is the head of the government of Nomain from Mar, 1989 to Mar, 2008. | NomainNomain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. | [
"Louis Guislain",
"Léon Delsart",
"Louis Duvinage",
"Léon Delzenne",
"Yannick Lassalle"
] | |
Who was the head of Ziduri in Sep, 2015? | September 02, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Nicolae Nedelcu"
]
} | L2_Q653176_P6_0 | Nicolae Nedelcu is the head of the government of Ziduri from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016.
Nicolaie Nedelcu is the head of the government of Ziduri from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Viorel Buzea is the head of the government of Ziduri from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022. | ZiduriZiduri is a commune in Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Costieni, Cuculeasa, Heliade Rădulescu, Lanurile, Ziduri and Zoița. | [
"Nicolaie Nedelcu",
"Viorel Buzea"
] | |
Who was the head of Ziduri in Jun, 2020? | June 15, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Nicolaie Nedelcu"
]
} | L2_Q653176_P6_1 | Nicolaie Nedelcu is the head of the government of Ziduri from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Viorel Buzea is the head of the government of Ziduri from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Nicolae Nedelcu is the head of the government of Ziduri from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016. | ZiduriZiduri is a commune in Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Costieni, Cuculeasa, Heliade Rădulescu, Lanurile, Ziduri and Zoița. | [
"Nicolae Nedelcu",
"Viorel Buzea"
] | |
Who was the head of Ziduri in Sep, 2022? | September 14, 2022 | {
"text": [
"Viorel Buzea"
]
} | L2_Q653176_P6_2 | Viorel Buzea is the head of the government of Ziduri from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Nicolaie Nedelcu is the head of the government of Ziduri from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Nicolae Nedelcu is the head of the government of Ziduri from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2016. | ZiduriZiduri is a commune in Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Costieni, Cuculeasa, Heliade Rădulescu, Lanurile, Ziduri and Zoița. | [
"Nicolaie Nedelcu",
"Nicolae Nedelcu"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Aug, 1993? | August 23, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Dmitry Bednyakov"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_0 | Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Oleg Kondrashov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Dec, 1994? | December 06, 1994 | {
"text": [
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_1 | Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020.
Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Oleg Kondrashov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in May, 2009? | May 26, 2009 | {
"text": [
"Vadim Bulavinov"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_2 | Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Oleg Kondrashov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Nov, 2013? | November 05, 2013 | {
"text": [
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Oleg Kondrashov"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_3 | Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020.
Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Dec, 2010? | December 24, 2010 | {
"text": [
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Oleg Kondrashov"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_4 | Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Jan, 2016? | January 26, 2016 | {
"text": [
"Ivan Karnilin"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_5 | Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Oleg Kondrashov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Oct, 2017? | October 14, 2017 | {
"text": [
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_6 | Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Oleg Kondrashov"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Dec, 2019? | December 22, 2019 | {
"text": [
"Vladimir Panov"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_7 | Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Yury Shalabayev",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Oleg Kondrashov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Who was the head of Nizhny Novgorod in Dec, 2020? | December 02, 2020 | {
"text": [
"Yury Shalabayev"
]
} | L2_Q891_P6_8 | Dmitry Bednyakov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994.
Oleg Sorokin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2010 to Oct, 2015.
Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1997.
Oleg Kondrashov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Dec, 2010 to Jul, 2015.
Ivan Karnilin is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Oct, 2015 to May, 2017.
Elizaveta Solonchenko is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jun, 2017 to Dec, 2017.
Vadim Bulavinov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Sep, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Vladimir Panov is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from Jan, 2018 to May, 2020.
Yury Shalabayev is the head of the government of Nizhny Novgorod from May, 2020 to Dec, 2022. | Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky () (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname “Russian Detroit”. During World War II, Gorky became the biggest provider of military equipment to the Eastern Front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air. The majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the production sites of the plant were completely destroyed, the citizens of Gorky reconstructed the factory after 100 days. After the war, Gorky became a closed city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. At that time, the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.The Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ("nizhegorodets") for male or “нижегородка( "nizhegorodka") for female, rendered in English as "Nizhegorodian". "Novgorodian" is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod, in northwestern Russia. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown”), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands”, or “Lower Newtown”. This land was named "lower” ("nizhniy" (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the "Laurentian Codex", was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.In 1612, the so-called “national militia”, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “Time of Troubles” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. November 20, 1985 in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod is planned to be celebrated in 2021.Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (, "Nagornaya chast", "Mountainous part") is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:The Lower City (, "Zarechnaya chast", "Over river part") occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental ("Dfb"), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from in July to in January. Average annual temperature is , wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%.Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), the minimum - in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('cumulus cloud'), and disappear towards the evening.In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from to . A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from to . A maximum temperature of was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below in mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, the sky is overcast.Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).Some of the largest plants include:Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, "marshrutkas" (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: "Sormovskaya" and "Priokskaya". It was founded on June 24, 2013 on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.The first high-speed rail "Sapsan" train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010. The route has been run using "Strizh" trains since 2015.Suburban commuter trains ("elektrichka") connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod - Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod - Makaryevo.The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched. The length of the cableway is . It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is . The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery. from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of "Pax Romana", which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport, which has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was north from where the "Moscow" movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.In June 2014, the construction of new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015 as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. Airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called "Russia is My History" was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finno-Ugric peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.Other notable churches include:There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.The Chkalov Staircase connecting Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George's Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps, if you count it both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat "Hero", which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.A singular monument of industrial architecture is a open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.Several sports clubs are active in the city:Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.The stadium hosted 6 matches of the FIFA World Cup:During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the television and radio broadcasting on the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet and print media.In city, there are some popular urban newspapers. "Nizhegorodskaya Pravda", "Stolitsa Nizhny" and "Nizhegorodsky rabochiy" are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. "Nizhegorodskaya pravda" is the oldest newspaper of the city.One of the first TV channel in the city is "NNTV". It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also there is the TV channel "Volga". The earlier existing most popular TV channel - "Seti-NN", but he stopped broadcasting in December 2015.Nizhny Novgorod television networks:Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with: | [
"Vadim Bulavinov",
"Dmitry Bednyakov",
"Ivan Karnilin",
"Oleg Sorokin",
"Ivan Petrovich Sklyarov",
"Vladimir Panov",
"Oleg Kondrashov",
"Elizaveta Solonchenko"
] | |
Which position did Hamilton C. Jones hold in Dec, 1917? | December 21, 1917 | {
"text": [
"judge"
]
} | L2_Q1573464_P39_0 | Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of Member of the North Carolina Senate from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1927.
Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of judge from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1919.
Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of deputy from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1921. | Hamilton C. JonesHamilton Chamberlain Jones (September 26, 1884 – August 10, 1957) was a United States Representative from North Carolina. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, and attended the schools of Charlotte, Central High School in Washington, D.C., and Horners Military School in Oxford, North Carolina. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1906 and Columbia Law School in 1907, having studied law at both institutions. At UNC he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.Jones was admitted to the bar in 1906 and commenced practice in Charlotte in 1910, and also engaged in various agricultural pursuits. He was Judge of City Recorder's Court and Juvenile Court of Charlotte from 1913–1919, assistant United States district attorney for the western district of North Carolina from 1919–1921, and served in the State senate from 1925-1927. He was a trustee of the University of North Carolina, was elected as a Democrat to the Eightieth, Eighty-first, and Eighty-second Congresses (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953), but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress. He resumed the practice of law, dying in Charlotte, North Carolina August 10, 1957. Jones was interred in Evergreen Cemetery. His home at Charlotte, the Hamilton C. Jones III House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. | [
"deputy",
"Member of the North Carolina Senate"
] | |
Which position did Hamilton C. Jones hold in Apr, 1919? | April 13, 1919 | {
"text": [
"deputy"
]
} | L2_Q1573464_P39_1 | Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of Member of the North Carolina Senate from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1927.
Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of judge from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1919.
Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of deputy from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1921. | Hamilton C. JonesHamilton Chamberlain Jones (September 26, 1884 – August 10, 1957) was a United States Representative from North Carolina. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, and attended the schools of Charlotte, Central High School in Washington, D.C., and Horners Military School in Oxford, North Carolina. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1906 and Columbia Law School in 1907, having studied law at both institutions. At UNC he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.Jones was admitted to the bar in 1906 and commenced practice in Charlotte in 1910, and also engaged in various agricultural pursuits. He was Judge of City Recorder's Court and Juvenile Court of Charlotte from 1913–1919, assistant United States district attorney for the western district of North Carolina from 1919–1921, and served in the State senate from 1925-1927. He was a trustee of the University of North Carolina, was elected as a Democrat to the Eightieth, Eighty-first, and Eighty-second Congresses (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953), but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress. He resumed the practice of law, dying in Charlotte, North Carolina August 10, 1957. Jones was interred in Evergreen Cemetery. His home at Charlotte, the Hamilton C. Jones III House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. | [
"Member of the North Carolina Senate",
"judge"
] | |
Which position did Hamilton C. Jones hold in Jun, 1925? | June 21, 1925 | {
"text": [
"Member of the North Carolina Senate"
]
} | L2_Q1573464_P39_2 | Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of deputy from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1921.
Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of judge from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1919.
Hamilton C. Jones holds the position of Member of the North Carolina Senate from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1927. | Hamilton C. JonesHamilton Chamberlain Jones (September 26, 1884 – August 10, 1957) was a United States Representative from North Carolina. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, and attended the schools of Charlotte, Central High School in Washington, D.C., and Horners Military School in Oxford, North Carolina. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1906 and Columbia Law School in 1907, having studied law at both institutions. At UNC he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.Jones was admitted to the bar in 1906 and commenced practice in Charlotte in 1910, and also engaged in various agricultural pursuits. He was Judge of City Recorder's Court and Juvenile Court of Charlotte from 1913–1919, assistant United States district attorney for the western district of North Carolina from 1919–1921, and served in the State senate from 1925-1927. He was a trustee of the University of North Carolina, was elected as a Democrat to the Eightieth, Eighty-first, and Eighty-second Congresses (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953), but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress. He resumed the practice of law, dying in Charlotte, North Carolina August 10, 1957. Jones was interred in Evergreen Cemetery. His home at Charlotte, the Hamilton C. Jones III House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. | [
"deputy",
"judge"
] | |
Who was the head of KwaZulu-Natal in Nov, 1995? | November 18, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Frank Mdlalose"
]
} | L2_Q81725_P6_0 | Frank Mdlalose is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 1994 to Mar, 1997.
Ben Ngubane is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Mar, 1997 to Feb, 1999.
Lionel Mtshali is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Feb, 1999 to Apr, 2004.
Zweli Mkhize is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2009 to Sep, 2013.
Senzo Mchunu is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Aug, 2013 to May, 2016.
Nomusa Dube-Mncube is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Aug, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Sihle Zikalala is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2019 to Aug, 2022.
Willies Mchunu is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2016 to May, 2019.
S'bu Ndebele is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Apr, 2004 to May, 2009. | KwaZulu-NatalKwaZulu-Natal (, also referred to as KZN and known as "the garden province"; ; ; ) is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu) and Natal Province were merged. It is located in the southeast of the country, enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces, and the countries of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg, and its largest city is Durban. It is the second-most populous province in South Africa, with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng.Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park. These areas are extremely scenic as well as important to the surrounding ecosystems.During the 1830s and early 1840s, the northern part of what is now KwaZulu-Natal was established as the Zulu Kingdom while the southern part was, briefly, the Boer Natalia Republic before becoming the British Colony of Natal in 1843. The Zulu Kingdom remained independent until 1879.KwaZulu-Natal is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa's history, such as Albert Luthuli, the first non-white and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1960); Pixley ka Isaka Seme, the founder of the African National Congress (ANC) and South Africa's first black lawyer; John Langalibalele Dube, the ANC's founding president; Harry Gwala, ANC member and anti-apartheid activist; Mac Maharaj, ANC member, anti-apartheid activist and little Rivonia Trialist; Mangosuthu Buthelezi, the founder of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP); Anton Lembede, the founding president of the ANC Youth League; Jacob Zuma, the former President of South Africa; Bhambatha, a 19th-century Zulu chief who became an anti-apartheid icon; and Shaka Zulu.At around in area, KwaZulu-Natal is roughly the size of Portugal. It has three different geographic areas. The lowland region along the Indian Ocean coast is extremely narrow in the south, widening in the northern part of the province, while the central Natal Midlands consists of an undulating hilly plateau rising toward the west. Two mountainous areas, the western Drakensberg Mountains and northern Lebombo Mountains form, respectively, a solid basalt wall rising over beside Lesotho border and low parallel ranges of ancient granite running southward from Eswatini. The area's largest river, the Tugela, flows west to east across the center of the province.The coastal regions typically have subtropical thickets and deeper ravines; steep slopes host some Afromontane Forest. The midlands have moist grasslands and isolated pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north has a primarily moist savanna habitat, whilst the Drakensberg region hosts mostly alpine grassland.The province contains rich areas of biodiversity of a range of flora and fauna. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, along with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ndumo, are wetlands of international importance for migratory species, and are designated as Ramsar sites. South Africa signed the 1971 Ramsar Convention to try to conserve and protect important wetlands because of their importance to habitats and numerous species.The former Eastern Cape enclave of the town of Umzimkulu and its hinterland have been incorporated into KwaZulu-Natal following the 12th amendment of the Constitution of South Africa. The amendment also made other changes to the southern border of the province.The northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude traverses the province from the coast at Hibberdene () to northeast Lesotho.The province became the first to include a portion of road that is made of partial plastic, the equivalent of nearly 40,000 recycled milk cartons.KwaZulu-Natal has a varied yet verdant climate thanks to diverse, complex topography. Generally, the coast is subtropical with inland regions becoming progressively colder. Durban on the south coast has an annual rainfall of 1009 mm, with daytime maxima peaking from January to March at with a minimum of , dropping to daytime highs from June to August of with a minimum of . Temperature drops towards the hinterland, with Pietermaritzburg being similar in the summer, but much cooler in the winter. Ladysmith in the Tugela River Valley reaches in the summer, but may drop below freezing point on winter evenings. The Drakensberg can experience heavy winter snow, with light snow occasionally experienced on the highest peaks in summer. The Zululand north coast has the warmest climate and highest humidity, supporting many sugar cane farms around Pongola.KwaZulu-Natal borders the following areas of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho:Domestically, it borders the following provinces:The KwaZulu-Natal Province is divided into one metropolitan municipality and ten district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 44 local municipalities. The local seat of each district municipality is given in parentheses:In 2012, the Ingonyama Trust owns 32% of the land in KwaZulu-Natal, in many municipalities. This amounts to about three million hectares, occupied by over 4 million people. The Zulu king is the chairman of the Trust.The coastline is dotted with small towns, many of which serve as seasonal recreational hubs. The climate of the coastal areas is humid and subtropical, comparable to southern Florida in the United States, but not quite as hot and rainy in the summer. As one moves further north up the coast towards the border of Mozambique, the climate becomes almost purely tropical. North of Durban is locally referred to as "The North Coast", while south is "The South Coast". The Kwazulu-Natal Tourist board includes towns such as Margate, Port Shepstone, Scottburgh and Port Edward in its definition of the South Coast, while Ballito, Umhlanga and Salt Rock are North Coast resort towns.Beaches of world-class quality are to be found along virtually every part of South Africa's eastern seaboard, with some of the least-developed gems found in the far southern and far northern ends of the province. Marina Beach (and its adjoining resort San Lameer) was recognised in 2002 as a Blue Flag beach.Some visitors come for the annual late autumn or early winter phenomenon on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of the "sardine run". Referred to as "the greatest shoal on earth", the sardine run occurs when millions of sardines migrate from their spawning grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the Eastern Cape coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including game fish, sharks, dolphins and seabirds. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.The interior of the province consists largely of rolling hills from the Valley of a Thousand Hills to the Midlands. Their beauty has inspired literature. Alan Paton, in the novel "Cry, the Beloved Country", wrote:On Christmas Day 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama saw the coast of Natal and named the site after the Portuguese word for Christmas, "Natal". The Nguni branch of the Bantu occupied this area later on.The first European settlers, mostly British, established Port Natal, a trading post. They made almost no attempt to develop the interior, whose inhabitants had been decimated by the Zulu king, Shaka. The Afrikaner Voortrekkers entered the area via the Drakensberg passes in 1837. These Afrikaners defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838 and thereafter established the Republic of Natal. Thus, the territory was once part of a short-lived Boer republic between 1839 and 1843 until its annexation by Britain. Many Afrikaner inhabitants left for the interior after the annexation and were replaced by immigrants, mainly from Britain.From 1860 onwards, increasing numbers of Indians, mainly Tamils, were brought in by the British mainly to work in the sugar plantations on the coast. The colony acquired Zululand (the area north of the Tugela River) after the Zulu War of 1879. The lands north of the Buffalo River were added in 1902. Boer forces entered the area during the South African War (1899 to 1902)also known as the second Boer Warand laid siege to Ladysmith. They failed to build on their initial advantage and for three months the line between the opposing forces followed the course of the Tugela River. In 1910, the colony became a province of the Union of South Africa and in 1961 of the Republic of South Africa.When the homeland of KwaZulu, which means "Place of the Zulu" was re-incorporated into the Natal province after the end of apartheid in 1994, the province of Natal, which had existed between 1910 and 1994, was renamed KwaZulu-Natal. The province is home to the Zulu monarchy; the majority population and language of the province is Zulu. It is the only province in South Africa that has the name of its dominant ethnic group as part of its name.The lion and wildebeest supporters are symbols of, respectively, KwaZulu and Natal, the regions joined to create KwaZulu-Natal. The zig-zag stripe represents the Drakensberg and the star the Zulu myth that the Zulu people are "star people" ("people of heaven"). The strelitzia flower on the shield symbolizes the province's beauty, while the assegai and knobkierrie behind the shield represent protection and peace. The base of the crown element is a type of headdress traditionally worn by Zulu elders that represents wisdom and maturity; the element itself is a Zulu-style grass hut. The motto is "Masisukume Sakhe", Zulu for "Let us stand up and build".KwaZulu-Natal's provincial government sits in Pietermaritzburg. The foundation stone of the new legislative building was laid on 21 June 1887, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. The building was completed two years later. On 25 April 1889, the Governor of Natal, Sir Arthur Havelock, opened the first Legislative Council session in the new building.This was the former site of St Mary's Church, built in the 1860s. The congregation built a new church in 1884 at the corner of Burger Street and Commercial Road. The old building was demolished in 1887 to provide space for the legislative complex.When governance was granted to Natal in 1893, the new Legislative Assembly took over the chamber used by the Legislative Council since 1889. Further extensions to the parliamentary building were made. The building was unoccupied until 1902, when it was used without being officially opened, due to the country's being engulfed in the Anglo-Boer war. The war forced the Legislative Assembly to move the venue of its sittings, as its chamber was used as a military hospital.The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council buildings have both been protected as provincial landmarks. They formed a colonial Parliament of two houses: a Council of 11 nominated members and an Assembly of 37 elected members. The Natal Parliament was disbanded in 1910 when the Union of South Africa was formed, and the Assembly became the meeting place of the Natal Provincial Council. The council was disbanded in 1986.The Provincial Legislature consists of 80 members.The African National Congress (ANC) holds power in the provincial legislature, winning the province with a convincing overall majority in South Africa's 2019 elections. After the election, the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) regained the title of the official opposition in the province.KwaZulu-Natal was the home to the Zulu monarch, King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu. Although not holding any direct political power, he held considerable influence among the more traditionalist Zulu people in the province. , kaBhekuzulu is provided a stipend of 54 million South African rands by the provincial government. He is also chairman of the Ingonyama Trust, which controls 32% of the area of the province., the Zulu king had six wives; traditionally, each year a ceremony is performed in which the king receives another wife. This was formerly a way of creating connections among the various peoples. The late King practiced the ceremony, called the "Reed Dance", but had not chosen new wives recently. Instead, he used the occasion to promote abstinence until marriage as a way of preserving Zulu culture and preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS.King Goodwill Zwelethini died in March 2021, his wife, Queen Mantfombi who served as Queen Regent after his death died a month later.Durban is a rapidly growing urban area and is by most measures the busiest port in Africa. A good railway network links the city to other areas of Southern Africa. Sugar refining is Durban's main industry. Sheep, cattle, dairy, citrus fruits, corn, sorghum, cotton, bananas, and pineapples are also raised. There is an embryonic KwaZulu-Natal wine industry. Other industries (located mainly in and around Durban) include textile, clothing, chemicals, rubber, fertiliser, paper, vehicle assembly and food-processing plants, tanneries, and oil refineries. There are large aluminium-smelting plants at Richards Bay, on the north coast.To the north, Newcastle is the province's industrial powerhouse, with Mittal Steel South Africa (previously ISPAT/ISCOR) and the Karbochem synthetic rubber plant dominating the economy. In 2002, Newcastle became the largest producer of chrome chemicals in Africa with the completion of a chrome-chemical plant, a joint-venture project between Karbochem and German manufacturing giant Bayer. Other large operations include a diamond-cutting works, various heavy engineering concerns, the Natal Portland Cement (NPC) slagment cement factory, and the Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (old Ingagane Power Station). This was recommissioned as Africa's first gas-fired power station by Independent Power Southern Africa (IPSA), and it supplies the Karbochem Plant with electricity. The textile industry is a major employer in the Newcastle area, with over 100 factories belonging to ethnic Taiwanese and Chinese industrialists. Maize, livestock and dairy farmers operate on the outskirts of the city. Coal is also mined in the Newcastle area. The province as a whole produces considerable amounts of coal (especially coke) and timber. Offshore mining of heavy mineral sands including minerals with a concentration of significant economic importance at several locations, such as rutile, ilmenite and zircon are threatening the marine ecology of KwaZulu-Natal's coast, including the Tugela Banks; the fishing economy of the prawn and nurse fisheries are also threatened.About 86% of the population is Black African. During apartheid, a large percentage of native blacks was forced to live in Bantu homelands (Bantustans), which had a subsistence economy based on cattle raising and corn growing.Ecology tourism is increasingly important to the economy of KwaZulu-Natal. The area's rich biodiversity and efforts at conservation have been recognised. Tourists have come to see the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These two major parks and that of Ndumo have wetlands of international importance listed as Ramsar sites for conservation. Tourists pay up to $10,000 for safaris on which they might see lions, elephants and giraffes. Others come to hike in the mountains or explore the wetlands with guides.Prominent civil society organisations based in the province of KwaZulu-Natal include: Abahlali baseMjondolo (shackdwellers') movement, the Diakonia Council of Churches, the Right2Know campaign, and the Unemployed People's Movement.The government in KwaZulu Natal has been under sustained controversy for their eviction of shackdwellers and mistreatment by provincial police structures that has resulted in more than 200 arrests of Abahlali members in the first last three years of its existence and repeated police brutality in people's homes, in the streets and in detention.The attack on Kennedy Road informal settlement by an armed mob in 2009 in [Durban] put local and provincial government under sustained scrutiny. It was reported by members of the Abahlali baseMjondolo movement that the attackers were affiliated with the local branch of the African National Congress and it was claimed that the attack was carefully planned and sanctioned by the provincial police department. Academic research seems to confirm that the attackers self-identified as ANC members and that ANC leaders at Municipal and Provincial level later provided public sanction for the attack.Despite a court interdict, the eThekwini municipality, with the support of the provincial SAPS, repeatedly evicted shackdwellers in Durban's Cato Crest. The General Council of the Bar has also expressed concern over the evictions.There are various game reserves found in the province; one notable example is Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, where the southern white rhinoceros was saved from extinction.In many of these larger reserves, large animals ranging from several antelope species to elephant, Cape buffalo and hippopotamus can be found. Predators include lions, leopards, and Cape wild dogs.The scaly yellowfish ("Labeobarbus natalensis") is a fish found in the Tugela River system as well as in the Umzimkulu, Umfolozi and the Mgeni. It is a common endemic species in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it lives in different habitats between the Drakensberg foothills and the coastal lowlands."Carissa macrocarpa" (Natal plum) is a shrub native to South Africa, where it is commonly called the "large num-num". In the Zulu language or isiZulu, as well as in the Bantu tribes of Uganda, it is known as the "Amathungulu or umThungulu oBomvu". In Afrikaans, the fruit is called "noem-noem".The University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) has five campuses in the province. It was formed on 1 January 2004 after the merger between the University of Natal and the University of Durban-Westville. Other universities are : | [
"S'bu Ndebele",
"Senzo Mchunu",
"Willies Mchunu",
"Sihle Zikalala",
"Nomusa Dube-Mncube",
"Zweli Mkhize",
"Ben Ngubane",
"Lionel Mtshali"
] | |
Who was the head of KwaZulu-Natal in Aug, 1998? | August 14, 1998 | {
"text": [
"Ben Ngubane"
]
} | L2_Q81725_P6_1 | Ben Ngubane is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Mar, 1997 to Feb, 1999.
Nomusa Dube-Mncube is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Aug, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
S'bu Ndebele is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Apr, 2004 to May, 2009.
Willies Mchunu is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2016 to May, 2019.
Lionel Mtshali is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Feb, 1999 to Apr, 2004.
Zweli Mkhize is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2009 to Sep, 2013.
Frank Mdlalose is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 1994 to Mar, 1997.
Senzo Mchunu is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Aug, 2013 to May, 2016.
Sihle Zikalala is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2019 to Aug, 2022. | KwaZulu-NatalKwaZulu-Natal (, also referred to as KZN and known as "the garden province"; ; ; ) is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu) and Natal Province were merged. It is located in the southeast of the country, enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces, and the countries of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg, and its largest city is Durban. It is the second-most populous province in South Africa, with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng.Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park. These areas are extremely scenic as well as important to the surrounding ecosystems.During the 1830s and early 1840s, the northern part of what is now KwaZulu-Natal was established as the Zulu Kingdom while the southern part was, briefly, the Boer Natalia Republic before becoming the British Colony of Natal in 1843. The Zulu Kingdom remained independent until 1879.KwaZulu-Natal is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa's history, such as Albert Luthuli, the first non-white and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1960); Pixley ka Isaka Seme, the founder of the African National Congress (ANC) and South Africa's first black lawyer; John Langalibalele Dube, the ANC's founding president; Harry Gwala, ANC member and anti-apartheid activist; Mac Maharaj, ANC member, anti-apartheid activist and little Rivonia Trialist; Mangosuthu Buthelezi, the founder of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP); Anton Lembede, the founding president of the ANC Youth League; Jacob Zuma, the former President of South Africa; Bhambatha, a 19th-century Zulu chief who became an anti-apartheid icon; and Shaka Zulu.At around in area, KwaZulu-Natal is roughly the size of Portugal. It has three different geographic areas. The lowland region along the Indian Ocean coast is extremely narrow in the south, widening in the northern part of the province, while the central Natal Midlands consists of an undulating hilly plateau rising toward the west. Two mountainous areas, the western Drakensberg Mountains and northern Lebombo Mountains form, respectively, a solid basalt wall rising over beside Lesotho border and low parallel ranges of ancient granite running southward from Eswatini. The area's largest river, the Tugela, flows west to east across the center of the province.The coastal regions typically have subtropical thickets and deeper ravines; steep slopes host some Afromontane Forest. The midlands have moist grasslands and isolated pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north has a primarily moist savanna habitat, whilst the Drakensberg region hosts mostly alpine grassland.The province contains rich areas of biodiversity of a range of flora and fauna. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, along with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ndumo, are wetlands of international importance for migratory species, and are designated as Ramsar sites. South Africa signed the 1971 Ramsar Convention to try to conserve and protect important wetlands because of their importance to habitats and numerous species.The former Eastern Cape enclave of the town of Umzimkulu and its hinterland have been incorporated into KwaZulu-Natal following the 12th amendment of the Constitution of South Africa. The amendment also made other changes to the southern border of the province.The northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude traverses the province from the coast at Hibberdene () to northeast Lesotho.The province became the first to include a portion of road that is made of partial plastic, the equivalent of nearly 40,000 recycled milk cartons.KwaZulu-Natal has a varied yet verdant climate thanks to diverse, complex topography. Generally, the coast is subtropical with inland regions becoming progressively colder. Durban on the south coast has an annual rainfall of 1009 mm, with daytime maxima peaking from January to March at with a minimum of , dropping to daytime highs from June to August of with a minimum of . Temperature drops towards the hinterland, with Pietermaritzburg being similar in the summer, but much cooler in the winter. Ladysmith in the Tugela River Valley reaches in the summer, but may drop below freezing point on winter evenings. The Drakensberg can experience heavy winter snow, with light snow occasionally experienced on the highest peaks in summer. The Zululand north coast has the warmest climate and highest humidity, supporting many sugar cane farms around Pongola.KwaZulu-Natal borders the following areas of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho:Domestically, it borders the following provinces:The KwaZulu-Natal Province is divided into one metropolitan municipality and ten district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 44 local municipalities. The local seat of each district municipality is given in parentheses:In 2012, the Ingonyama Trust owns 32% of the land in KwaZulu-Natal, in many municipalities. This amounts to about three million hectares, occupied by over 4 million people. The Zulu king is the chairman of the Trust.The coastline is dotted with small towns, many of which serve as seasonal recreational hubs. The climate of the coastal areas is humid and subtropical, comparable to southern Florida in the United States, but not quite as hot and rainy in the summer. As one moves further north up the coast towards the border of Mozambique, the climate becomes almost purely tropical. North of Durban is locally referred to as "The North Coast", while south is "The South Coast". The Kwazulu-Natal Tourist board includes towns such as Margate, Port Shepstone, Scottburgh and Port Edward in its definition of the South Coast, while Ballito, Umhlanga and Salt Rock are North Coast resort towns.Beaches of world-class quality are to be found along virtually every part of South Africa's eastern seaboard, with some of the least-developed gems found in the far southern and far northern ends of the province. Marina Beach (and its adjoining resort San Lameer) was recognised in 2002 as a Blue Flag beach.Some visitors come for the annual late autumn or early winter phenomenon on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of the "sardine run". Referred to as "the greatest shoal on earth", the sardine run occurs when millions of sardines migrate from their spawning grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the Eastern Cape coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including game fish, sharks, dolphins and seabirds. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.The interior of the province consists largely of rolling hills from the Valley of a Thousand Hills to the Midlands. Their beauty has inspired literature. Alan Paton, in the novel "Cry, the Beloved Country", wrote:On Christmas Day 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama saw the coast of Natal and named the site after the Portuguese word for Christmas, "Natal". The Nguni branch of the Bantu occupied this area later on.The first European settlers, mostly British, established Port Natal, a trading post. They made almost no attempt to develop the interior, whose inhabitants had been decimated by the Zulu king, Shaka. The Afrikaner Voortrekkers entered the area via the Drakensberg passes in 1837. These Afrikaners defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838 and thereafter established the Republic of Natal. Thus, the territory was once part of a short-lived Boer republic between 1839 and 1843 until its annexation by Britain. Many Afrikaner inhabitants left for the interior after the annexation and were replaced by immigrants, mainly from Britain.From 1860 onwards, increasing numbers of Indians, mainly Tamils, were brought in by the British mainly to work in the sugar plantations on the coast. The colony acquired Zululand (the area north of the Tugela River) after the Zulu War of 1879. The lands north of the Buffalo River were added in 1902. Boer forces entered the area during the South African War (1899 to 1902)also known as the second Boer Warand laid siege to Ladysmith. They failed to build on their initial advantage and for three months the line between the opposing forces followed the course of the Tugela River. In 1910, the colony became a province of the Union of South Africa and in 1961 of the Republic of South Africa.When the homeland of KwaZulu, which means "Place of the Zulu" was re-incorporated into the Natal province after the end of apartheid in 1994, the province of Natal, which had existed between 1910 and 1994, was renamed KwaZulu-Natal. The province is home to the Zulu monarchy; the majority population and language of the province is Zulu. It is the only province in South Africa that has the name of its dominant ethnic group as part of its name.The lion and wildebeest supporters are symbols of, respectively, KwaZulu and Natal, the regions joined to create KwaZulu-Natal. The zig-zag stripe represents the Drakensberg and the star the Zulu myth that the Zulu people are "star people" ("people of heaven"). The strelitzia flower on the shield symbolizes the province's beauty, while the assegai and knobkierrie behind the shield represent protection and peace. The base of the crown element is a type of headdress traditionally worn by Zulu elders that represents wisdom and maturity; the element itself is a Zulu-style grass hut. The motto is "Masisukume Sakhe", Zulu for "Let us stand up and build".KwaZulu-Natal's provincial government sits in Pietermaritzburg. The foundation stone of the new legislative building was laid on 21 June 1887, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. The building was completed two years later. On 25 April 1889, the Governor of Natal, Sir Arthur Havelock, opened the first Legislative Council session in the new building.This was the former site of St Mary's Church, built in the 1860s. The congregation built a new church in 1884 at the corner of Burger Street and Commercial Road. The old building was demolished in 1887 to provide space for the legislative complex.When governance was granted to Natal in 1893, the new Legislative Assembly took over the chamber used by the Legislative Council since 1889. Further extensions to the parliamentary building were made. The building was unoccupied until 1902, when it was used without being officially opened, due to the country's being engulfed in the Anglo-Boer war. The war forced the Legislative Assembly to move the venue of its sittings, as its chamber was used as a military hospital.The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council buildings have both been protected as provincial landmarks. They formed a colonial Parliament of two houses: a Council of 11 nominated members and an Assembly of 37 elected members. The Natal Parliament was disbanded in 1910 when the Union of South Africa was formed, and the Assembly became the meeting place of the Natal Provincial Council. The council was disbanded in 1986.The Provincial Legislature consists of 80 members.The African National Congress (ANC) holds power in the provincial legislature, winning the province with a convincing overall majority in South Africa's 2019 elections. After the election, the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) regained the title of the official opposition in the province.KwaZulu-Natal was the home to the Zulu monarch, King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu. Although not holding any direct political power, he held considerable influence among the more traditionalist Zulu people in the province. , kaBhekuzulu is provided a stipend of 54 million South African rands by the provincial government. He is also chairman of the Ingonyama Trust, which controls 32% of the area of the province., the Zulu king had six wives; traditionally, each year a ceremony is performed in which the king receives another wife. This was formerly a way of creating connections among the various peoples. The late King practiced the ceremony, called the "Reed Dance", but had not chosen new wives recently. Instead, he used the occasion to promote abstinence until marriage as a way of preserving Zulu culture and preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS.King Goodwill Zwelethini died in March 2021, his wife, Queen Mantfombi who served as Queen Regent after his death died a month later.Durban is a rapidly growing urban area and is by most measures the busiest port in Africa. A good railway network links the city to other areas of Southern Africa. Sugar refining is Durban's main industry. Sheep, cattle, dairy, citrus fruits, corn, sorghum, cotton, bananas, and pineapples are also raised. There is an embryonic KwaZulu-Natal wine industry. Other industries (located mainly in and around Durban) include textile, clothing, chemicals, rubber, fertiliser, paper, vehicle assembly and food-processing plants, tanneries, and oil refineries. There are large aluminium-smelting plants at Richards Bay, on the north coast.To the north, Newcastle is the province's industrial powerhouse, with Mittal Steel South Africa (previously ISPAT/ISCOR) and the Karbochem synthetic rubber plant dominating the economy. In 2002, Newcastle became the largest producer of chrome chemicals in Africa with the completion of a chrome-chemical plant, a joint-venture project between Karbochem and German manufacturing giant Bayer. Other large operations include a diamond-cutting works, various heavy engineering concerns, the Natal Portland Cement (NPC) slagment cement factory, and the Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (old Ingagane Power Station). This was recommissioned as Africa's first gas-fired power station by Independent Power Southern Africa (IPSA), and it supplies the Karbochem Plant with electricity. The textile industry is a major employer in the Newcastle area, with over 100 factories belonging to ethnic Taiwanese and Chinese industrialists. Maize, livestock and dairy farmers operate on the outskirts of the city. Coal is also mined in the Newcastle area. The province as a whole produces considerable amounts of coal (especially coke) and timber. Offshore mining of heavy mineral sands including minerals with a concentration of significant economic importance at several locations, such as rutile, ilmenite and zircon are threatening the marine ecology of KwaZulu-Natal's coast, including the Tugela Banks; the fishing economy of the prawn and nurse fisheries are also threatened.About 86% of the population is Black African. During apartheid, a large percentage of native blacks was forced to live in Bantu homelands (Bantustans), which had a subsistence economy based on cattle raising and corn growing.Ecology tourism is increasingly important to the economy of KwaZulu-Natal. The area's rich biodiversity and efforts at conservation have been recognised. Tourists have come to see the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These two major parks and that of Ndumo have wetlands of international importance listed as Ramsar sites for conservation. Tourists pay up to $10,000 for safaris on which they might see lions, elephants and giraffes. Others come to hike in the mountains or explore the wetlands with guides.Prominent civil society organisations based in the province of KwaZulu-Natal include: Abahlali baseMjondolo (shackdwellers') movement, the Diakonia Council of Churches, the Right2Know campaign, and the Unemployed People's Movement.The government in KwaZulu Natal has been under sustained controversy for their eviction of shackdwellers and mistreatment by provincial police structures that has resulted in more than 200 arrests of Abahlali members in the first last three years of its existence and repeated police brutality in people's homes, in the streets and in detention.The attack on Kennedy Road informal settlement by an armed mob in 2009 in [Durban] put local and provincial government under sustained scrutiny. It was reported by members of the Abahlali baseMjondolo movement that the attackers were affiliated with the local branch of the African National Congress and it was claimed that the attack was carefully planned and sanctioned by the provincial police department. Academic research seems to confirm that the attackers self-identified as ANC members and that ANC leaders at Municipal and Provincial level later provided public sanction for the attack.Despite a court interdict, the eThekwini municipality, with the support of the provincial SAPS, repeatedly evicted shackdwellers in Durban's Cato Crest. The General Council of the Bar has also expressed concern over the evictions.There are various game reserves found in the province; one notable example is Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, where the southern white rhinoceros was saved from extinction.In many of these larger reserves, large animals ranging from several antelope species to elephant, Cape buffalo and hippopotamus can be found. Predators include lions, leopards, and Cape wild dogs.The scaly yellowfish ("Labeobarbus natalensis") is a fish found in the Tugela River system as well as in the Umzimkulu, Umfolozi and the Mgeni. It is a common endemic species in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it lives in different habitats between the Drakensberg foothills and the coastal lowlands."Carissa macrocarpa" (Natal plum) is a shrub native to South Africa, where it is commonly called the "large num-num". In the Zulu language or isiZulu, as well as in the Bantu tribes of Uganda, it is known as the "Amathungulu or umThungulu oBomvu". In Afrikaans, the fruit is called "noem-noem".The University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) has five campuses in the province. It was formed on 1 January 2004 after the merger between the University of Natal and the University of Durban-Westville. Other universities are : | [
"S'bu Ndebele",
"Senzo Mchunu",
"Willies Mchunu",
"Sihle Zikalala",
"Nomusa Dube-Mncube",
"Zweli Mkhize",
"Lionel Mtshali",
"Frank Mdlalose"
] | |
Who was the head of KwaZulu-Natal in Jul, 2002? | July 28, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Lionel Mtshali"
]
} | L2_Q81725_P6_2 | Lionel Mtshali is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Feb, 1999 to Apr, 2004.
S'bu Ndebele is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Apr, 2004 to May, 2009.
Willies Mchunu is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2016 to May, 2019.
Nomusa Dube-Mncube is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Aug, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Zweli Mkhize is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2009 to Sep, 2013.
Ben Ngubane is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Mar, 1997 to Feb, 1999.
Frank Mdlalose is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 1994 to Mar, 1997.
Sihle Zikalala is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from May, 2019 to Aug, 2022.
Senzo Mchunu is the head of the government of KwaZulu-Natal from Aug, 2013 to May, 2016. | KwaZulu-NatalKwaZulu-Natal (, also referred to as KZN and known as "the garden province"; ; ; ) is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu) and Natal Province were merged. It is located in the southeast of the country, enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces, and the countries of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg, and its largest city is Durban. It is the second-most populous province in South Africa, with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng.Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park. These areas are extremely scenic as well as important to the surrounding ecosystems.During the 1830s and early 1840s, the northern part of what is now KwaZulu-Natal was established as the Zulu Kingdom while the southern part was, briefly, the Boer Natalia Republic before becoming the British Colony of Natal in 1843. The Zulu Kingdom remained independent until 1879.KwaZulu-Natal is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa's history, such as Albert Luthuli, the first non-white and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1960); Pixley ka Isaka Seme, the founder of the African National Congress (ANC) and South Africa's first black lawyer; John Langalibalele Dube, the ANC's founding president; Harry Gwala, ANC member and anti-apartheid activist; Mac Maharaj, ANC member, anti-apartheid activist and little Rivonia Trialist; Mangosuthu Buthelezi, the founder of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP); Anton Lembede, the founding president of the ANC Youth League; Jacob Zuma, the former President of South Africa; Bhambatha, a 19th-century Zulu chief who became an anti-apartheid icon; and Shaka Zulu.At around in area, KwaZulu-Natal is roughly the size of Portugal. It has three different geographic areas. The lowland region along the Indian Ocean coast is extremely narrow in the south, widening in the northern part of the province, while the central Natal Midlands consists of an undulating hilly plateau rising toward the west. Two mountainous areas, the western Drakensberg Mountains and northern Lebombo Mountains form, respectively, a solid basalt wall rising over beside Lesotho border and low parallel ranges of ancient granite running southward from Eswatini. The area's largest river, the Tugela, flows west to east across the center of the province.The coastal regions typically have subtropical thickets and deeper ravines; steep slopes host some Afromontane Forest. The midlands have moist grasslands and isolated pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north has a primarily moist savanna habitat, whilst the Drakensberg region hosts mostly alpine grassland.The province contains rich areas of biodiversity of a range of flora and fauna. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, along with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ndumo, are wetlands of international importance for migratory species, and are designated as Ramsar sites. South Africa signed the 1971 Ramsar Convention to try to conserve and protect important wetlands because of their importance to habitats and numerous species.The former Eastern Cape enclave of the town of Umzimkulu and its hinterland have been incorporated into KwaZulu-Natal following the 12th amendment of the Constitution of South Africa. The amendment also made other changes to the southern border of the province.The northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude traverses the province from the coast at Hibberdene () to northeast Lesotho.The province became the first to include a portion of road that is made of partial plastic, the equivalent of nearly 40,000 recycled milk cartons.KwaZulu-Natal has a varied yet verdant climate thanks to diverse, complex topography. Generally, the coast is subtropical with inland regions becoming progressively colder. Durban on the south coast has an annual rainfall of 1009 mm, with daytime maxima peaking from January to March at with a minimum of , dropping to daytime highs from June to August of with a minimum of . Temperature drops towards the hinterland, with Pietermaritzburg being similar in the summer, but much cooler in the winter. Ladysmith in the Tugela River Valley reaches in the summer, but may drop below freezing point on winter evenings. The Drakensberg can experience heavy winter snow, with light snow occasionally experienced on the highest peaks in summer. The Zululand north coast has the warmest climate and highest humidity, supporting many sugar cane farms around Pongola.KwaZulu-Natal borders the following areas of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho:Domestically, it borders the following provinces:The KwaZulu-Natal Province is divided into one metropolitan municipality and ten district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 44 local municipalities. The local seat of each district municipality is given in parentheses:In 2012, the Ingonyama Trust owns 32% of the land in KwaZulu-Natal, in many municipalities. This amounts to about three million hectares, occupied by over 4 million people. The Zulu king is the chairman of the Trust.The coastline is dotted with small towns, many of which serve as seasonal recreational hubs. The climate of the coastal areas is humid and subtropical, comparable to southern Florida in the United States, but not quite as hot and rainy in the summer. As one moves further north up the coast towards the border of Mozambique, the climate becomes almost purely tropical. North of Durban is locally referred to as "The North Coast", while south is "The South Coast". The Kwazulu-Natal Tourist board includes towns such as Margate, Port Shepstone, Scottburgh and Port Edward in its definition of the South Coast, while Ballito, Umhlanga and Salt Rock are North Coast resort towns.Beaches of world-class quality are to be found along virtually every part of South Africa's eastern seaboard, with some of the least-developed gems found in the far southern and far northern ends of the province. Marina Beach (and its adjoining resort San Lameer) was recognised in 2002 as a Blue Flag beach.Some visitors come for the annual late autumn or early winter phenomenon on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of the "sardine run". Referred to as "the greatest shoal on earth", the sardine run occurs when millions of sardines migrate from their spawning grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the Eastern Cape coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including game fish, sharks, dolphins and seabirds. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.The interior of the province consists largely of rolling hills from the Valley of a Thousand Hills to the Midlands. Their beauty has inspired literature. Alan Paton, in the novel "Cry, the Beloved Country", wrote:On Christmas Day 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama saw the coast of Natal and named the site after the Portuguese word for Christmas, "Natal". The Nguni branch of the Bantu occupied this area later on.The first European settlers, mostly British, established Port Natal, a trading post. They made almost no attempt to develop the interior, whose inhabitants had been decimated by the Zulu king, Shaka. The Afrikaner Voortrekkers entered the area via the Drakensberg passes in 1837. These Afrikaners defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838 and thereafter established the Republic of Natal. Thus, the territory was once part of a short-lived Boer republic between 1839 and 1843 until its annexation by Britain. Many Afrikaner inhabitants left for the interior after the annexation and were replaced by immigrants, mainly from Britain.From 1860 onwards, increasing numbers of Indians, mainly Tamils, were brought in by the British mainly to work in the sugar plantations on the coast. The colony acquired Zululand (the area north of the Tugela River) after the Zulu War of 1879. The lands north of the Buffalo River were added in 1902. Boer forces entered the area during the South African War (1899 to 1902)also known as the second Boer Warand laid siege to Ladysmith. They failed to build on their initial advantage and for three months the line between the opposing forces followed the course of the Tugela River. In 1910, the colony became a province of the Union of South Africa and in 1961 of the Republic of South Africa.When the homeland of KwaZulu, which means "Place of the Zulu" was re-incorporated into the Natal province after the end of apartheid in 1994, the province of Natal, which had existed between 1910 and 1994, was renamed KwaZulu-Natal. The province is home to the Zulu monarchy; the majority population and language of the province is Zulu. It is the only province in South Africa that has the name of its dominant ethnic group as part of its name.The lion and wildebeest supporters are symbols of, respectively, KwaZulu and Natal, the regions joined to create KwaZulu-Natal. The zig-zag stripe represents the Drakensberg and the star the Zulu myth that the Zulu people are "star people" ("people of heaven"). The strelitzia flower on the shield symbolizes the province's beauty, while the assegai and knobkierrie behind the shield represent protection and peace. The base of the crown element is a type of headdress traditionally worn by Zulu elders that represents wisdom and maturity; the element itself is a Zulu-style grass hut. The motto is "Masisukume Sakhe", Zulu for "Let us stand up and build".KwaZulu-Natal's provincial government sits in Pietermaritzburg. The foundation stone of the new legislative building was laid on 21 June 1887, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. The building was completed two years later. On 25 April 1889, the Governor of Natal, Sir Arthur Havelock, opened the first Legislative Council session in the new building.This was the former site of St Mary's Church, built in the 1860s. The congregation built a new church in 1884 at the corner of Burger Street and Commercial Road. The old building was demolished in 1887 to provide space for the legislative complex.When governance was granted to Natal in 1893, the new Legislative Assembly took over the chamber used by the Legislative Council since 1889. Further extensions to the parliamentary building were made. The building was unoccupied until 1902, when it was used without being officially opened, due to the country's being engulfed in the Anglo-Boer war. The war forced the Legislative Assembly to move the venue of its sittings, as its chamber was used as a military hospital.The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council buildings have both been protected as provincial landmarks. They formed a colonial Parliament of two houses: a Council of 11 nominated members and an Assembly of 37 elected members. The Natal Parliament was disbanded in 1910 when the Union of South Africa was formed, and the Assembly became the meeting place of the Natal Provincial Council. The council was disbanded in 1986.The Provincial Legislature consists of 80 members.The African National Congress (ANC) holds power in the provincial legislature, winning the province with a convincing overall majority in South Africa's 2019 elections. After the election, the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) regained the title of the official opposition in the province.KwaZulu-Natal was the home to the Zulu monarch, King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu. Although not holding any direct political power, he held considerable influence among the more traditionalist Zulu people in the province. , kaBhekuzulu is provided a stipend of 54 million South African rands by the provincial government. He is also chairman of the Ingonyama Trust, which controls 32% of the area of the province., the Zulu king had six wives; traditionally, each year a ceremony is performed in which the king receives another wife. This was formerly a way of creating connections among the various peoples. The late King practiced the ceremony, called the "Reed Dance", but had not chosen new wives recently. Instead, he used the occasion to promote abstinence until marriage as a way of preserving Zulu culture and preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS.King Goodwill Zwelethini died in March 2021, his wife, Queen Mantfombi who served as Queen Regent after his death died a month later.Durban is a rapidly growing urban area and is by most measures the busiest port in Africa. A good railway network links the city to other areas of Southern Africa. Sugar refining is Durban's main industry. Sheep, cattle, dairy, citrus fruits, corn, sorghum, cotton, bananas, and pineapples are also raised. There is an embryonic KwaZulu-Natal wine industry. Other industries (located mainly in and around Durban) include textile, clothing, chemicals, rubber, fertiliser, paper, vehicle assembly and food-processing plants, tanneries, and oil refineries. There are large aluminium-smelting plants at Richards Bay, on the north coast.To the north, Newcastle is the province's industrial powerhouse, with Mittal Steel South Africa (previously ISPAT/ISCOR) and the Karbochem synthetic rubber plant dominating the economy. In 2002, Newcastle became the largest producer of chrome chemicals in Africa with the completion of a chrome-chemical plant, a joint-venture project between Karbochem and German manufacturing giant Bayer. Other large operations include a diamond-cutting works, various heavy engineering concerns, the Natal Portland Cement (NPC) slagment cement factory, and the Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (old Ingagane Power Station). This was recommissioned as Africa's first gas-fired power station by Independent Power Southern Africa (IPSA), and it supplies the Karbochem Plant with electricity. The textile industry is a major employer in the Newcastle area, with over 100 factories belonging to ethnic Taiwanese and Chinese industrialists. Maize, livestock and dairy farmers operate on the outskirts of the city. Coal is also mined in the Newcastle area. The province as a whole produces considerable amounts of coal (especially coke) and timber. Offshore mining of heavy mineral sands including minerals with a concentration of significant economic importance at several locations, such as rutile, ilmenite and zircon are threatening the marine ecology of KwaZulu-Natal's coast, including the Tugela Banks; the fishing economy of the prawn and nurse fisheries are also threatened.About 86% of the population is Black African. During apartheid, a large percentage of native blacks was forced to live in Bantu homelands (Bantustans), which had a subsistence economy based on cattle raising and corn growing.Ecology tourism is increasingly important to the economy of KwaZulu-Natal. The area's rich biodiversity and efforts at conservation have been recognised. Tourists have come to see the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These two major parks and that of Ndumo have wetlands of international importance listed as Ramsar sites for conservation. Tourists pay up to $10,000 for safaris on which they might see lions, elephants and giraffes. Others come to hike in the mountains or explore the wetlands with guides.Prominent civil society organisations based in the province of KwaZulu-Natal include: Abahlali baseMjondolo (shackdwellers') movement, the Diakonia Council of Churches, the Right2Know campaign, and the Unemployed People's Movement.The government in KwaZulu Natal has been under sustained controversy for their eviction of shackdwellers and mistreatment by provincial police structures that has resulted in more than 200 arrests of Abahlali members in the first last three years of its existence and repeated police brutality in people's homes, in the streets and in detention.The attack on Kennedy Road informal settlement by an armed mob in 2009 in [Durban] put local and provincial government under sustained scrutiny. It was reported by members of the Abahlali baseMjondolo movement that the attackers were affiliated with the local branch of the African National Congress and it was claimed that the attack was carefully planned and sanctioned by the provincial police department. Academic research seems to confirm that the attackers self-identified as ANC members and that ANC leaders at Municipal and Provincial level later provided public sanction for the attack.Despite a court interdict, the eThekwini municipality, with the support of the provincial SAPS, repeatedly evicted shackdwellers in Durban's Cato Crest. The General Council of the Bar has also expressed concern over the evictions.There are various game reserves found in the province; one notable example is Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, where the southern white rhinoceros was saved from extinction.In many of these larger reserves, large animals ranging from several antelope species to elephant, Cape buffalo and hippopotamus can be found. Predators include lions, leopards, and Cape wild dogs.The scaly yellowfish ("Labeobarbus natalensis") is a fish found in the Tugela River system as well as in the Umzimkulu, Umfolozi and the Mgeni. It is a common endemic species in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it lives in different habitats between the Drakensberg foothills and the coastal lowlands."Carissa macrocarpa" (Natal plum) is a shrub native to South Africa, where it is commonly called the "large num-num". In the Zulu language or isiZulu, as well as in the Bantu tribes of Uganda, it is known as the "Amathungulu or umThungulu oBomvu". In Afrikaans, the fruit is called "noem-noem".The University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) has five campuses in the province. It was formed on 1 January 2004 after the merger between the University of Natal and the University of Durban-Westville. Other universities are : | [
"S'bu Ndebele",
"Senzo Mchunu",
"Willies Mchunu",
"Sihle Zikalala",
"Nomusa Dube-Mncube",
"Zweli Mkhize",
"Ben Ngubane",
"Frank Mdlalose"
] |
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