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Which team did Jasmin Moranjkić play for in Feb, 2007?
|
February 10, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"NK Čelik Zenica"
]
}
|
L2_Q6161707_P54_0
|
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Sloboda Tuzla from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Čelik Zenica from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for OFK Gradina from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Zvijezda Gradačac from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2014.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Radnički Lukavac from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
|
Jasmin MoranjkićJasmin Moranjkić (born 11 October 1983) is a Bosnian football coach and retired professional footballer who currently works as an assistant coach at Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City.Moranjkić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an unofficial friendly match against Poland in December 2007. It remained his sole international appearance.
|
[
"NK Zvijezda Gradačac",
"FK Sloboda Tuzla",
"OFK Gradina",
"FK Radnički Lukavac",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jasmin Moranjkić play for in Jan, 2007?
|
January 01, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"NK Čelik Zenica"
]
}
|
L2_Q6161707_P54_1
|
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Radnički Lukavac from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Zvijezda Gradačac from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2014.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for OFK Gradina from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Čelik Zenica from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Sloboda Tuzla from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Jasmin MoranjkićJasmin Moranjkić (born 11 October 1983) is a Bosnian football coach and retired professional footballer who currently works as an assistant coach at Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City.Moranjkić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an unofficial friendly match against Poland in December 2007. It remained his sole international appearance.
|
[
"OFK Gradina",
"FK Radnički Lukavac",
"NK Zvijezda Gradačac",
"FK Sloboda Tuzla",
"OFK Gradina",
"FK Radnički Lukavac",
"NK Zvijezda Gradačac",
"FK Sloboda Tuzla"
] |
|
Which team did Jasmin Moranjkić play for in Jan, 2011?
|
January 14, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"NK Zvijezda Gradačac"
]
}
|
L2_Q6161707_P54_2
|
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Zvijezda Gradačac from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2014.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Sloboda Tuzla from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Radnički Lukavac from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Čelik Zenica from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for OFK Gradina from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
|
Jasmin MoranjkićJasmin Moranjkić (born 11 October 1983) is a Bosnian football coach and retired professional footballer who currently works as an assistant coach at Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City.Moranjkić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an unofficial friendly match against Poland in December 2007. It remained his sole international appearance.
|
[
"NK Čelik Zenica",
"FK Sloboda Tuzla",
"OFK Gradina",
"FK Radnički Lukavac",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jasmin Moranjkić play for in May, 2014?
|
May 03, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"OFK Gradina"
]
}
|
L2_Q6161707_P54_3
|
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Sloboda Tuzla from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for OFK Gradina from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Zvijezda Gradačac from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2014.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Radnički Lukavac from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Čelik Zenica from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Jasmin MoranjkićJasmin Moranjkić (born 11 October 1983) is a Bosnian football coach and retired professional footballer who currently works as an assistant coach at Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City.Moranjkić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an unofficial friendly match against Poland in December 2007. It remained his sole international appearance.
|
[
"NK Čelik Zenica",
"NK Zvijezda Gradačac",
"FK Sloboda Tuzla",
"FK Radnički Lukavac",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jasmin Moranjkić play for in Oct, 2015?
|
October 27, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"FK Sloboda Tuzla"
]
}
|
L2_Q6161707_P54_4
|
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Zvijezda Gradačac from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2014.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Sloboda Tuzla from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Radnički Lukavac from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for OFK Gradina from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Čelik Zenica from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Jasmin MoranjkićJasmin Moranjkić (born 11 October 1983) is a Bosnian football coach and retired professional footballer who currently works as an assistant coach at Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City.Moranjkić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an unofficial friendly match against Poland in December 2007. It remained his sole international appearance.
|
[
"NK Čelik Zenica",
"NK Zvijezda Gradačac",
"OFK Gradina",
"FK Radnički Lukavac",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jasmin Moranjkić play for in Mar, 2016?
|
March 04, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"FK Radnički Lukavac"
]
}
|
L2_Q6161707_P54_5
|
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Zvijezda Gradačac from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2014.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Radnički Lukavac from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for OFK Gradina from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for FK Sloboda Tuzla from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
Jasmin Moranjkić plays for NK Čelik Zenica from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Jasmin MoranjkićJasmin Moranjkić (born 11 October 1983) is a Bosnian football coach and retired professional footballer who currently works as an assistant coach at Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City.Moranjkić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an unofficial friendly match against Poland in December 2007. It remained his sole international appearance.
|
[
"NK Čelik Zenica",
"NK Zvijezda Gradačac",
"FK Sloboda Tuzla",
"OFK Gradina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which employer did Amos Yong work for in Apr, 1999?
|
April 08, 1999
|
{
"text": [
"Bethany University"
]
}
|
L2_Q3202615_P108_0
|
Amos Yong works for Regent University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2014.
Amos Yong works for Bethany University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Amos Yong works for Fuller Theological Seminary from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Amos YongAmos Yong (; born July 26, 1965) is a Malaysian-American Pentecostal theologian and Professor of Theology and Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary. He has been Dean of School of Theology and School of Intercultural Studies at Fuller Seminary, since July 1, 2019.A licensed minister in the Assemblies of God, Yong was born in Malaysia and immigrated to the United States. His Ph.D. from Boston University is in religion and theology, and he also has a B.A. from Bethany College, an M.A. from Western Evangelical Seminary, and an M.A. from Portland State University. He was the J. Rodman Williams Professor of Theology and Dean at Regent University School of Divinity (Virginia Beach, VA) until June 2014. Since July 1, 2014, Yong has been Professor of Theology & Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary and director of the Fuller Theological Seminary's Center for Missiological Research. He will be Dean of School of Theology and School of Intercultural Studies at Fuller Seminary, effective from July 1, 2019.He is a former president of the Society for Pentecostal Studies (2008–09) and co-edited its journal, "" from 2011-2014. He was the founding co-chair for the Pentecostal-Charismatic Movements Group for the American Academy of hope and Religion (2006–2011), and is co-editor of five monograph series: Pentecostal Manifestos (Eerdmans), Studies in Religion, Theology and Disability (Baylor), CHARIS: Christianity & Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies (Palgrave Macmillan), Missiological Engagements (IVP Academic), and Mission in Global Community (Baker Academic). In the last decade, he has become one of the most prolific writers among Pentecostal theologians in the academy. As of 2012, he has devoted scholarly monographs to interreligious dialogue and comparative theology, global Pentecostal theology, theology of disability, political theology, dialogue between science and religion, and theology of love. What may be his most important book ("Spirit-Word-Community") is an articulation of a trinitarian theological method and hermeneutic that provides the conceptual basis for all of his other work. In it he demonstrates his ability to bring a Pentecostal account of pneumatology to bear on a number of perennial theological and philosophical concerns, even as he shows that he is not interested only in parochial Pentecostal issues.
|
[
"Regent University",
"Fuller Theological Seminary"
] |
|
Which employer did Amos Yong work for in Apr, 2009?
|
April 11, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Regent University"
]
}
|
L2_Q3202615_P108_1
|
Amos Yong works for Bethany University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Amos Yong works for Regent University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2014.
Amos Yong works for Fuller Theological Seminary from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Amos YongAmos Yong (; born July 26, 1965) is a Malaysian-American Pentecostal theologian and Professor of Theology and Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary. He has been Dean of School of Theology and School of Intercultural Studies at Fuller Seminary, since July 1, 2019.A licensed minister in the Assemblies of God, Yong was born in Malaysia and immigrated to the United States. His Ph.D. from Boston University is in religion and theology, and he also has a B.A. from Bethany College, an M.A. from Western Evangelical Seminary, and an M.A. from Portland State University. He was the J. Rodman Williams Professor of Theology and Dean at Regent University School of Divinity (Virginia Beach, VA) until June 2014. Since July 1, 2014, Yong has been Professor of Theology & Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary and director of the Fuller Theological Seminary's Center for Missiological Research. He will be Dean of School of Theology and School of Intercultural Studies at Fuller Seminary, effective from July 1, 2019.He is a former president of the Society for Pentecostal Studies (2008–09) and co-edited its journal, "" from 2011-2014. He was the founding co-chair for the Pentecostal-Charismatic Movements Group for the American Academy of hope and Religion (2006–2011), and is co-editor of five monograph series: Pentecostal Manifestos (Eerdmans), Studies in Religion, Theology and Disability (Baylor), CHARIS: Christianity & Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies (Palgrave Macmillan), Missiological Engagements (IVP Academic), and Mission in Global Community (Baker Academic). In the last decade, he has become one of the most prolific writers among Pentecostal theologians in the academy. As of 2012, he has devoted scholarly monographs to interreligious dialogue and comparative theology, global Pentecostal theology, theology of disability, political theology, dialogue between science and religion, and theology of love. What may be his most important book ("Spirit-Word-Community") is an articulation of a trinitarian theological method and hermeneutic that provides the conceptual basis for all of his other work. In it he demonstrates his ability to bring a Pentecostal account of pneumatology to bear on a number of perennial theological and philosophical concerns, even as he shows that he is not interested only in parochial Pentecostal issues.
|
[
"Bethany University",
"Fuller Theological Seminary"
] |
|
Which employer did Amos Yong work for in May, 2016?
|
May 10, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Fuller Theological Seminary"
]
}
|
L2_Q3202615_P108_2
|
Amos Yong works for Regent University from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2014.
Amos Yong works for Bethany University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Amos Yong works for Fuller Theological Seminary from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Amos YongAmos Yong (; born July 26, 1965) is a Malaysian-American Pentecostal theologian and Professor of Theology and Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary. He has been Dean of School of Theology and School of Intercultural Studies at Fuller Seminary, since July 1, 2019.A licensed minister in the Assemblies of God, Yong was born in Malaysia and immigrated to the United States. His Ph.D. from Boston University is in religion and theology, and he also has a B.A. from Bethany College, an M.A. from Western Evangelical Seminary, and an M.A. from Portland State University. He was the J. Rodman Williams Professor of Theology and Dean at Regent University School of Divinity (Virginia Beach, VA) until June 2014. Since July 1, 2014, Yong has been Professor of Theology & Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary and director of the Fuller Theological Seminary's Center for Missiological Research. He will be Dean of School of Theology and School of Intercultural Studies at Fuller Seminary, effective from July 1, 2019.He is a former president of the Society for Pentecostal Studies (2008–09) and co-edited its journal, "" from 2011-2014. He was the founding co-chair for the Pentecostal-Charismatic Movements Group for the American Academy of hope and Religion (2006–2011), and is co-editor of five monograph series: Pentecostal Manifestos (Eerdmans), Studies in Religion, Theology and Disability (Baylor), CHARIS: Christianity & Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies (Palgrave Macmillan), Missiological Engagements (IVP Academic), and Mission in Global Community (Baker Academic). In the last decade, he has become one of the most prolific writers among Pentecostal theologians in the academy. As of 2012, he has devoted scholarly monographs to interreligious dialogue and comparative theology, global Pentecostal theology, theology of disability, political theology, dialogue between science and religion, and theology of love. What may be his most important book ("Spirit-Word-Community") is an articulation of a trinitarian theological method and hermeneutic that provides the conceptual basis for all of his other work. In it he demonstrates his ability to bring a Pentecostal account of pneumatology to bear on a number of perennial theological and philosophical concerns, even as he shows that he is not interested only in parochial Pentecostal issues.
|
[
"Regent University",
"Bethany University"
] |
|
Which position did Bethany Hall-Long hold in Nov, 2004?
|
November 18, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"representative of the Delaware House of Representatives"
]
}
|
L2_Q16105100_P39_0
|
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of representative of the Delaware House of Representatives from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of member of the Delaware State Senate from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2017.
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
|
Bethany Hall-LongBethany A. Hall-Long (born November 12, 1963) is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party. She currently serves as the 26th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware. Hall-Long previously served in the Delaware Senate from 2009 to 2017 and in the Delaware House of Representatives from 2003 to 2009. She was elected lieutenant governor in 2016, defeating Republican La Mar Gunn. She was reelected in 2020 over Republican Donyale Hall.Hall-Long was born in 1963 in Sussex County. She is a descendant of David Hall, the 15th Governor of Delaware. She was raised on a farm with her two older brothers and attended Indian River High School. She earned a BSN from Thomas Jefferson University, an MSN from the Medical University of South Carolina, and a PhD in health policy and nursing administration from George Mason University.Hall-Long met her husband Dana while in high school and they married in 1987. Dana served in the U.S. Navy from 1982 to 1991 as a data systems technician. On October 30, 2014, he was arrested after being caught on video taking down political signs erected by Republicans.
|
[
"Lieutenant Governor of Delaware",
"member of the Delaware State Senate"
] |
|
Which position did Bethany Hall-Long hold in Aug, 2011?
|
August 04, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Delaware State Senate"
]
}
|
L2_Q16105100_P39_1
|
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of member of the Delaware State Senate from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2017.
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of representative of the Delaware House of Representatives from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
|
Bethany Hall-LongBethany A. Hall-Long (born November 12, 1963) is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party. She currently serves as the 26th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware. Hall-Long previously served in the Delaware Senate from 2009 to 2017 and in the Delaware House of Representatives from 2003 to 2009. She was elected lieutenant governor in 2016, defeating Republican La Mar Gunn. She was reelected in 2020 over Republican Donyale Hall.Hall-Long was born in 1963 in Sussex County. She is a descendant of David Hall, the 15th Governor of Delaware. She was raised on a farm with her two older brothers and attended Indian River High School. She earned a BSN from Thomas Jefferson University, an MSN from the Medical University of South Carolina, and a PhD in health policy and nursing administration from George Mason University.Hall-Long met her husband Dana while in high school and they married in 1987. Dana served in the U.S. Navy from 1982 to 1991 as a data systems technician. On October 30, 2014, he was arrested after being caught on video taking down political signs erected by Republicans.
|
[
"Lieutenant Governor of Delaware",
"representative of the Delaware House of Representatives"
] |
|
Which position did Bethany Hall-Long hold in Feb, 2020?
|
February 25, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Lieutenant Governor of Delaware"
]
}
|
L2_Q16105100_P39_2
|
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of member of the Delaware State Senate from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2017.
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of representative of the Delaware House of Representatives from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2009.
Bethany Hall-Long holds the position of Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
|
Bethany Hall-LongBethany A. Hall-Long (born November 12, 1963) is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party. She currently serves as the 26th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware. Hall-Long previously served in the Delaware Senate from 2009 to 2017 and in the Delaware House of Representatives from 2003 to 2009. She was elected lieutenant governor in 2016, defeating Republican La Mar Gunn. She was reelected in 2020 over Republican Donyale Hall.Hall-Long was born in 1963 in Sussex County. She is a descendant of David Hall, the 15th Governor of Delaware. She was raised on a farm with her two older brothers and attended Indian River High School. She earned a BSN from Thomas Jefferson University, an MSN from the Medical University of South Carolina, and a PhD in health policy and nursing administration from George Mason University.Hall-Long met her husband Dana while in high school and they married in 1987. Dana served in the U.S. Navy from 1982 to 1991 as a data systems technician. On October 30, 2014, he was arrested after being caught on video taking down political signs erected by Republicans.
|
[
"representative of the Delaware House of Representatives",
"member of the Delaware State Senate"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Zbrojovka Brno in Aug, 2016?
|
August 27, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Svatopluk Habanec"
]
}
|
L2_Q724832_P286_0
|
Miloslav Machálek is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Oct, 2019 to Dec, 2020.
Svatopluk Habanec is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Jun, 2016 to Aug, 2017.
Richard Dostálek is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
FC Zbrojovka BrnoFC Zbrojovka Brno is a professional football club based in the city of Brno, South Moravia, Czech Republic and named after Zbrojovka Brno, a firearms manufacturer. Founded in 1913 as SK Židenice, the club later became known as Zbrojovka Brno. Brno won the Czechoslovak First League in the 1977–78 season and finished as runners-up in 1979–80.The club, initially known as SK Židenice, played in the top tier of Czechoslovak football from 1933 until suffering relegation in the 1946–47 Czechoslovak First League. During this period, the club entered the Mitropa Cup three times, reaching the quarter finals in 1935 as well as taking part in the competition in 1936 and 1938.Between 1950 and 1962 the club played outside the top tier, returning in the 1962–63 Czechoslovak First League. Five seasons elapsed before the club was again relegated, in 1967. They then spent four years in the second tier of Czechoslovak football before returning to the top flight. In the 1970s the club was a strong force in the country, winning the Czechoslovak First League in 1978, finishing third the following season and being runners up in 1980.The 1980s were less spectacular for Brno, as the club was relegated in 1983, playing until 1989 in the second tier. After just two seasons in the top tier, the club finished last in 1991 and was again relegated.Between 1992 and 2011, Brno played in the top tier of the Czech Republic for 19 consecutive seasons, the longest such spell in the club's history. In 2011, the club was relegated to the second division. In the 2011–12 Czech 2. Liga, the club only managed to finish fourth, missing out on the promotion places. However, due to the stadium requirements of the Czech First League, champions FK Ústí nad Labem as well as third-placed FK Baník Sokolov were ineligible for promotion. As a result, Brno won promotion immediately back to the top tier. In 2018, the club was relegated to the second division. In the 2018–19 Czech Second League, the club managed to finish third but lost the promotion play-off to Příbram.In 1962, there was an amalgamation between Rudá Hvězda Brno (1956–62) and "Spartak ZJŠ Brno".Brno have competed a number of times in European competitions, reaching the second round of the 1978–79 European Cup in their only appearance to date in the competition. The club played in the 1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup but lost in the first round.Brno took part in the UEFA Cup three times, reaching the quarter finals in 1979–80 and also playing in 1980–81 and 1997–98.Because Brno was a major fairs city of Czechoslovakia, teams from Brno played in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in the 1960s. It was Spartak KPS Brno who participated first, then Spartak ZJŠ Brno (Zbrojovka) played five times in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in a row, reaching the quarter finals in 1963–64.Brno (then SK Židenice) competed in the Mitropa Cup three times before World War II, reaching the quarter finals in 1935.Rudá Hvězda Brno played in the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup, reaching the quarter finals, after winning Czechoslovak Cup in 1960.Brno have played at Městský fotbalový stadion Srbská since 2001, when they moved from previous home Stadion Za Lužánkami. In the 1990s, Brno attracted record crowds to their football matches, with Za Lužánkami as the venue for all of the top ten most-attended Czech First League matches. The highest attendance for a Brno match is 44,120, set in a league match against Slavia Prague."To see Zbrojovka Brno's reserve squad, go to FC Zbrojovka Brno B"Some of the biggest Czech football legends played for Brno briefly:Czechoslovak First LeagueCzech First LeagueCzechoslovak Amateur LeagueCzechoslovak CupCzech Cup
|
[
"Miloslav Machálek",
"Richard Dostálek"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Zbrojovka Brno in Aug, 2020?
|
August 08, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Miloslav Machálek"
]
}
|
L2_Q724832_P286_1
|
Miloslav Machálek is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Oct, 2019 to Dec, 2020.
Richard Dostálek is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Svatopluk Habanec is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Jun, 2016 to Aug, 2017.
|
FC Zbrojovka BrnoFC Zbrojovka Brno is a professional football club based in the city of Brno, South Moravia, Czech Republic and named after Zbrojovka Brno, a firearms manufacturer. Founded in 1913 as SK Židenice, the club later became known as Zbrojovka Brno. Brno won the Czechoslovak First League in the 1977–78 season and finished as runners-up in 1979–80.The club, initially known as SK Židenice, played in the top tier of Czechoslovak football from 1933 until suffering relegation in the 1946–47 Czechoslovak First League. During this period, the club entered the Mitropa Cup three times, reaching the quarter finals in 1935 as well as taking part in the competition in 1936 and 1938.Between 1950 and 1962 the club played outside the top tier, returning in the 1962–63 Czechoslovak First League. Five seasons elapsed before the club was again relegated, in 1967. They then spent four years in the second tier of Czechoslovak football before returning to the top flight. In the 1970s the club was a strong force in the country, winning the Czechoslovak First League in 1978, finishing third the following season and being runners up in 1980.The 1980s were less spectacular for Brno, as the club was relegated in 1983, playing until 1989 in the second tier. After just two seasons in the top tier, the club finished last in 1991 and was again relegated.Between 1992 and 2011, Brno played in the top tier of the Czech Republic for 19 consecutive seasons, the longest such spell in the club's history. In 2011, the club was relegated to the second division. In the 2011–12 Czech 2. Liga, the club only managed to finish fourth, missing out on the promotion places. However, due to the stadium requirements of the Czech First League, champions FK Ústí nad Labem as well as third-placed FK Baník Sokolov were ineligible for promotion. As a result, Brno won promotion immediately back to the top tier. In 2018, the club was relegated to the second division. In the 2018–19 Czech Second League, the club managed to finish third but lost the promotion play-off to Příbram.In 1962, there was an amalgamation between Rudá Hvězda Brno (1956–62) and "Spartak ZJŠ Brno".Brno have competed a number of times in European competitions, reaching the second round of the 1978–79 European Cup in their only appearance to date in the competition. The club played in the 1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup but lost in the first round.Brno took part in the UEFA Cup three times, reaching the quarter finals in 1979–80 and also playing in 1980–81 and 1997–98.Because Brno was a major fairs city of Czechoslovakia, teams from Brno played in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in the 1960s. It was Spartak KPS Brno who participated first, then Spartak ZJŠ Brno (Zbrojovka) played five times in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in a row, reaching the quarter finals in 1963–64.Brno (then SK Židenice) competed in the Mitropa Cup three times before World War II, reaching the quarter finals in 1935.Rudá Hvězda Brno played in the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup, reaching the quarter finals, after winning Czechoslovak Cup in 1960.Brno have played at Městský fotbalový stadion Srbská since 2001, when they moved from previous home Stadion Za Lužánkami. In the 1990s, Brno attracted record crowds to their football matches, with Za Lužánkami as the venue for all of the top ten most-attended Czech First League matches. The highest attendance for a Brno match is 44,120, set in a league match against Slavia Prague."To see Zbrojovka Brno's reserve squad, go to FC Zbrojovka Brno B"Some of the biggest Czech football legends played for Brno briefly:Czechoslovak First LeagueCzech First LeagueCzechoslovak Amateur LeagueCzechoslovak CupCzech Cup
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[
"Richard Dostálek",
"Svatopluk Habanec"
] |
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Zbrojovka Brno in Oct, 2022?
|
October 25, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Richard Dostálek"
]
}
|
L2_Q724832_P286_2
|
Svatopluk Habanec is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Jun, 2016 to Aug, 2017.
Miloslav Machálek is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Oct, 2019 to Dec, 2020.
Richard Dostálek is the head coach of FC Zbrojovka Brno from Dec, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
FC Zbrojovka BrnoFC Zbrojovka Brno is a professional football club based in the city of Brno, South Moravia, Czech Republic and named after Zbrojovka Brno, a firearms manufacturer. Founded in 1913 as SK Židenice, the club later became known as Zbrojovka Brno. Brno won the Czechoslovak First League in the 1977–78 season and finished as runners-up in 1979–80.The club, initially known as SK Židenice, played in the top tier of Czechoslovak football from 1933 until suffering relegation in the 1946–47 Czechoslovak First League. During this period, the club entered the Mitropa Cup three times, reaching the quarter finals in 1935 as well as taking part in the competition in 1936 and 1938.Between 1950 and 1962 the club played outside the top tier, returning in the 1962–63 Czechoslovak First League. Five seasons elapsed before the club was again relegated, in 1967. They then spent four years in the second tier of Czechoslovak football before returning to the top flight. In the 1970s the club was a strong force in the country, winning the Czechoslovak First League in 1978, finishing third the following season and being runners up in 1980.The 1980s were less spectacular for Brno, as the club was relegated in 1983, playing until 1989 in the second tier. After just two seasons in the top tier, the club finished last in 1991 and was again relegated.Between 1992 and 2011, Brno played in the top tier of the Czech Republic for 19 consecutive seasons, the longest such spell in the club's history. In 2011, the club was relegated to the second division. In the 2011–12 Czech 2. Liga, the club only managed to finish fourth, missing out on the promotion places. However, due to the stadium requirements of the Czech First League, champions FK Ústí nad Labem as well as third-placed FK Baník Sokolov were ineligible for promotion. As a result, Brno won promotion immediately back to the top tier. In 2018, the club was relegated to the second division. In the 2018–19 Czech Second League, the club managed to finish third but lost the promotion play-off to Příbram.In 1962, there was an amalgamation between Rudá Hvězda Brno (1956–62) and "Spartak ZJŠ Brno".Brno have competed a number of times in European competitions, reaching the second round of the 1978–79 European Cup in their only appearance to date in the competition. The club played in the 1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup but lost in the first round.Brno took part in the UEFA Cup three times, reaching the quarter finals in 1979–80 and also playing in 1980–81 and 1997–98.Because Brno was a major fairs city of Czechoslovakia, teams from Brno played in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in the 1960s. It was Spartak KPS Brno who participated first, then Spartak ZJŠ Brno (Zbrojovka) played five times in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in a row, reaching the quarter finals in 1963–64.Brno (then SK Židenice) competed in the Mitropa Cup three times before World War II, reaching the quarter finals in 1935.Rudá Hvězda Brno played in the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup, reaching the quarter finals, after winning Czechoslovak Cup in 1960.Brno have played at Městský fotbalový stadion Srbská since 2001, when they moved from previous home Stadion Za Lužánkami. In the 1990s, Brno attracted record crowds to their football matches, with Za Lužánkami as the venue for all of the top ten most-attended Czech First League matches. The highest attendance for a Brno match is 44,120, set in a league match against Slavia Prague."To see Zbrojovka Brno's reserve squad, go to FC Zbrojovka Brno B"Some of the biggest Czech football legends played for Brno briefly:Czechoslovak First LeagueCzech First LeagueCzechoslovak Amateur LeagueCzechoslovak CupCzech Cup
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[
"Miloslav Machálek",
"Svatopluk Habanec"
] |
|
Who was the head of Brandenburg an der Havel in May, 1977?
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May 30, 1977
|
{
"text": [
"Elvira Lippitz"
]
}
|
L2_Q3931_P6_0
|
Dietlind Tiemann is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Dec, 2003 to Oct, 2017.
Elvira Lippitz is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1985.
Klaus Mühe is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1990.
Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Steffen Scheller is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Oct, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Helmut Schliesing is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2002.
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Brandenburg an der HavelBrandenburg an der Havel () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until replaced by Berlin in 1417. With a population of 71,778 (as of 2010), it is located on the banks of the River Havel. The town of Brandenburg provided the name for the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and the current state of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but it was the original nucleus of the former realms of Brandenburg and Prussia.The castle of Brenna, which had been a fortress of the Slavic tribe Stodoranie, was conquered in 929 after the Battle of Łączyn by the Saxon King Henry the Fowler. It was first mentioned as "Brendanburg" in 948. The name of the city is a combination of two words "braniti" - to protect/defend and "bor" - forest/wood is still used for the region. The town remained under Saxon control only until 983, when a Slavic rebellion was successful. During the next 170 years the area was ruled by Sarmato-Slavic Princes of the Hevelli tribe, relatives of the Sarmatian (Royal Scythians) Iaxamatae and Serboi. The last of them, Pribislav, died in 1150. From 1153/1154 to 1157 "Brenna" was part of the Slavonic Duchy of Kopanica, a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. After 1157 CE Albert I leading one of the Wendish Crusades settled here and became the first margrave of Brandenburg. The town was restricted to the western bank of the Havel until 1196, when it was extended to the eastern side. The parts on either side of the river were regarded as three towns (Old Town, New Town and Brandenburg cathedral district) for centuries.In 1314–1315 the Old and New Towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the towns suffered plundering and destruction which led to a loss of power; Potsdam became the new capital, and the court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 Old Town and New Town were merged to form a single town. In 1928 the Brandenburg cathedral district was added.In the late 19th century Brandenburg an der Havel became a very important industrial center in the German Empire. Steel industries settled there, and several world-famous bicycle brands such as "Brennabor", "Corona" and "Excelsior" were manufactured in the city. A world-famous toy industry was also established. With a giant industrial complex, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Imperial Railways) was located in Brandenburg-Kirchmöser during the time between the two world wars and the time of the former GDR. The city's excellent transport infrastructure was a big advantage.In 1933/34, a concentration camp, one of the first in Nazi Germany, was located on "Neuendorfer Straße" in Brandenburg Old Town. After closing this inner city concentration camp, the Nazis used the Brandenburg-Görden Prison, located in the suburb of Görden. Later the old gaol became the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre where the Nazis killed people with mental diseases, including children. They called this operation "Action T4" because of the Berlin address, Tiergartenstraße 4, the headquarters of this planned and well-organized forced euthanasia organisation. Brandenburg an der Havel was one of the first locations in the Third Reich where the Nazis experimented with killing their victims by gas. Here, they prepared the mass killings in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. After complaints by local inhabitants about the smoke, the mobile furnaces used to burn the corpses ceased operation. Shortly after this, the Nazis closed the old prison.In 1934, the Arado Aircraft Company (Arado Flugzeugwerke), which originated in Warnemünde, built a satellite factory in Brandenburg that began producing planes in 1935. The factory was expanded over the next five years, and produced trainers and other aircraft for the Luftwaffe during World War II. The existence of this factory was one of the reasons Brandenburg was heavily bombed in later stages of the war; by 1945, 70% of the city was destroyed.Friedrich Fromm, a German officer involved in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler, was executed here in March 1945 for his part in the plot, even though Fromm betrayed those conspirators he knew and ordered their execution.On July 25, 1952, Plaue and Kirchmöser were incorporated in the city of Brandenburg an der Havel.After German reunification the city's population declined from around 100,000 in 1989 to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration was mainly by young people.The city is located on the navigable River Havel, a European Waterway, and vessels travelling through the city have a choice of two routes. The original route used the Brandenburg City Canal, a route through the city centre that descends through the "Stadtschleuse Brandenburg", but this route is constrained in size and now limited to leisure craft. Commercial traffic instead uses the Silo Canal that passes through the eastern and northern fringes of the city.The city is located at the junction of Federal Highways 1 and 102 and the A2 autobahn is nearby. The Berlin and Magdeburg railway also runs through Brandenburg an der Havel.The centrepiece of the city's urban public transport system is the Brandenburg an der Havel tramway network.The "Dominsel" (Cathedral Island) is the historic heart of the town. Here stands its oldest edifice: the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Although construction began in the Romanesque style in 1165, it was completed as a Gothic cathedral during the 14th century. While the exterior is rather austere, the cathedral surprises the visitor with its sumptuous interior, especially the painted vault of the "Bunte Kapelle" (Coloured Chapel) and the Wagner organ (1725), one of the most famous Baroque organs in Germany.The "Katharinenkirche" (St. Catherine's Church) built in 1401 in the Neustadt is an impressive example of northern German brick Gothic architecture. The "Gotthardtkirche" (St. Gotthardt's Church) was built of the same material just a few years later.Another interesting building is the "Altstädtisches Rathaus" (Old Town Hall), a late Gothic brick building with stepped gables and an ornate portal. In front of it stands a 5.35m high statue of the knight Roland. Made of sandstone, the statue was erected in 1474 as a symbol of the town's independence.There is also a part of Brandenburg's medieval city wall, with four preserved watchtowers: "Steintorturm" and "Mühlentorturm" (in the New Town), and "Rathenower Torturm" and "Plauer Torturm" (in the Old Town).The "Brandenburg Industrial Museum" is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Brandenburg has its own theatre (Brandenburger Theater), a professional symphony orchestra (Brandenburger Symphoniker) and a wide range of local history and archaeology museums.Brandenburg an der Havel is twinned with:
|
[
"Klaus Mühe",
"Dietlind Tiemann",
"Steffen Scheller",
"Helmut Schliesing",
"Helmut Schmidt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Brandenburg an der Havel in Mar, 1988?
|
March 19, 1988
|
{
"text": [
"Klaus Mühe"
]
}
|
L2_Q3931_P6_1
|
Klaus Mühe is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1990.
Helmut Schliesing is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2002.
Dietlind Tiemann is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Dec, 2003 to Oct, 2017.
Elvira Lippitz is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1985.
Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Steffen Scheller is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Oct, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
|
Brandenburg an der HavelBrandenburg an der Havel () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until replaced by Berlin in 1417. With a population of 71,778 (as of 2010), it is located on the banks of the River Havel. The town of Brandenburg provided the name for the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and the current state of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but it was the original nucleus of the former realms of Brandenburg and Prussia.The castle of Brenna, which had been a fortress of the Slavic tribe Stodoranie, was conquered in 929 after the Battle of Łączyn by the Saxon King Henry the Fowler. It was first mentioned as "Brendanburg" in 948. The name of the city is a combination of two words "braniti" - to protect/defend and "bor" - forest/wood is still used for the region. The town remained under Saxon control only until 983, when a Slavic rebellion was successful. During the next 170 years the area was ruled by Sarmato-Slavic Princes of the Hevelli tribe, relatives of the Sarmatian (Royal Scythians) Iaxamatae and Serboi. The last of them, Pribislav, died in 1150. From 1153/1154 to 1157 "Brenna" was part of the Slavonic Duchy of Kopanica, a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. After 1157 CE Albert I leading one of the Wendish Crusades settled here and became the first margrave of Brandenburg. The town was restricted to the western bank of the Havel until 1196, when it was extended to the eastern side. The parts on either side of the river were regarded as three towns (Old Town, New Town and Brandenburg cathedral district) for centuries.In 1314–1315 the Old and New Towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the towns suffered plundering and destruction which led to a loss of power; Potsdam became the new capital, and the court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 Old Town and New Town were merged to form a single town. In 1928 the Brandenburg cathedral district was added.In the late 19th century Brandenburg an der Havel became a very important industrial center in the German Empire. Steel industries settled there, and several world-famous bicycle brands such as "Brennabor", "Corona" and "Excelsior" were manufactured in the city. A world-famous toy industry was also established. With a giant industrial complex, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Imperial Railways) was located in Brandenburg-Kirchmöser during the time between the two world wars and the time of the former GDR. The city's excellent transport infrastructure was a big advantage.In 1933/34, a concentration camp, one of the first in Nazi Germany, was located on "Neuendorfer Straße" in Brandenburg Old Town. After closing this inner city concentration camp, the Nazis used the Brandenburg-Görden Prison, located in the suburb of Görden. Later the old gaol became the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre where the Nazis killed people with mental diseases, including children. They called this operation "Action T4" because of the Berlin address, Tiergartenstraße 4, the headquarters of this planned and well-organized forced euthanasia organisation. Brandenburg an der Havel was one of the first locations in the Third Reich where the Nazis experimented with killing their victims by gas. Here, they prepared the mass killings in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. After complaints by local inhabitants about the smoke, the mobile furnaces used to burn the corpses ceased operation. Shortly after this, the Nazis closed the old prison.In 1934, the Arado Aircraft Company (Arado Flugzeugwerke), which originated in Warnemünde, built a satellite factory in Brandenburg that began producing planes in 1935. The factory was expanded over the next five years, and produced trainers and other aircraft for the Luftwaffe during World War II. The existence of this factory was one of the reasons Brandenburg was heavily bombed in later stages of the war; by 1945, 70% of the city was destroyed.Friedrich Fromm, a German officer involved in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler, was executed here in March 1945 for his part in the plot, even though Fromm betrayed those conspirators he knew and ordered their execution.On July 25, 1952, Plaue and Kirchmöser were incorporated in the city of Brandenburg an der Havel.After German reunification the city's population declined from around 100,000 in 1989 to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration was mainly by young people.The city is located on the navigable River Havel, a European Waterway, and vessels travelling through the city have a choice of two routes. The original route used the Brandenburg City Canal, a route through the city centre that descends through the "Stadtschleuse Brandenburg", but this route is constrained in size and now limited to leisure craft. Commercial traffic instead uses the Silo Canal that passes through the eastern and northern fringes of the city.The city is located at the junction of Federal Highways 1 and 102 and the A2 autobahn is nearby. The Berlin and Magdeburg railway also runs through Brandenburg an der Havel.The centrepiece of the city's urban public transport system is the Brandenburg an der Havel tramway network.The "Dominsel" (Cathedral Island) is the historic heart of the town. Here stands its oldest edifice: the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Although construction began in the Romanesque style in 1165, it was completed as a Gothic cathedral during the 14th century. While the exterior is rather austere, the cathedral surprises the visitor with its sumptuous interior, especially the painted vault of the "Bunte Kapelle" (Coloured Chapel) and the Wagner organ (1725), one of the most famous Baroque organs in Germany.The "Katharinenkirche" (St. Catherine's Church) built in 1401 in the Neustadt is an impressive example of northern German brick Gothic architecture. The "Gotthardtkirche" (St. Gotthardt's Church) was built of the same material just a few years later.Another interesting building is the "Altstädtisches Rathaus" (Old Town Hall), a late Gothic brick building with stepped gables and an ornate portal. In front of it stands a 5.35m high statue of the knight Roland. Made of sandstone, the statue was erected in 1474 as a symbol of the town's independence.There is also a part of Brandenburg's medieval city wall, with four preserved watchtowers: "Steintorturm" and "Mühlentorturm" (in the New Town), and "Rathenower Torturm" and "Plauer Torturm" (in the Old Town).The "Brandenburg Industrial Museum" is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Brandenburg has its own theatre (Brandenburger Theater), a professional symphony orchestra (Brandenburger Symphoniker) and a wide range of local history and archaeology museums.Brandenburg an der Havel is twinned with:
|
[
"Dietlind Tiemann",
"Elvira Lippitz",
"Steffen Scheller",
"Helmut Schliesing",
"Helmut Schmidt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Brandenburg an der Havel in Feb, 1990?
|
February 15, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Helmut Schliesing"
]
}
|
L2_Q3931_P6_2
|
Helmut Schliesing is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2002.
Elvira Lippitz is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1985.
Dietlind Tiemann is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Dec, 2003 to Oct, 2017.
Klaus Mühe is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1990.
Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Steffen Scheller is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Oct, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
|
Brandenburg an der HavelBrandenburg an der Havel () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until replaced by Berlin in 1417. With a population of 71,778 (as of 2010), it is located on the banks of the River Havel. The town of Brandenburg provided the name for the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and the current state of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but it was the original nucleus of the former realms of Brandenburg and Prussia.The castle of Brenna, which had been a fortress of the Slavic tribe Stodoranie, was conquered in 929 after the Battle of Łączyn by the Saxon King Henry the Fowler. It was first mentioned as "Brendanburg" in 948. The name of the city is a combination of two words "braniti" - to protect/defend and "bor" - forest/wood is still used for the region. The town remained under Saxon control only until 983, when a Slavic rebellion was successful. During the next 170 years the area was ruled by Sarmato-Slavic Princes of the Hevelli tribe, relatives of the Sarmatian (Royal Scythians) Iaxamatae and Serboi. The last of them, Pribislav, died in 1150. From 1153/1154 to 1157 "Brenna" was part of the Slavonic Duchy of Kopanica, a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. After 1157 CE Albert I leading one of the Wendish Crusades settled here and became the first margrave of Brandenburg. The town was restricted to the western bank of the Havel until 1196, when it was extended to the eastern side. The parts on either side of the river were regarded as three towns (Old Town, New Town and Brandenburg cathedral district) for centuries.In 1314–1315 the Old and New Towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the towns suffered plundering and destruction which led to a loss of power; Potsdam became the new capital, and the court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 Old Town and New Town were merged to form a single town. In 1928 the Brandenburg cathedral district was added.In the late 19th century Brandenburg an der Havel became a very important industrial center in the German Empire. Steel industries settled there, and several world-famous bicycle brands such as "Brennabor", "Corona" and "Excelsior" were manufactured in the city. A world-famous toy industry was also established. With a giant industrial complex, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Imperial Railways) was located in Brandenburg-Kirchmöser during the time between the two world wars and the time of the former GDR. The city's excellent transport infrastructure was a big advantage.In 1933/34, a concentration camp, one of the first in Nazi Germany, was located on "Neuendorfer Straße" in Brandenburg Old Town. After closing this inner city concentration camp, the Nazis used the Brandenburg-Görden Prison, located in the suburb of Görden. Later the old gaol became the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre where the Nazis killed people with mental diseases, including children. They called this operation "Action T4" because of the Berlin address, Tiergartenstraße 4, the headquarters of this planned and well-organized forced euthanasia organisation. Brandenburg an der Havel was one of the first locations in the Third Reich where the Nazis experimented with killing their victims by gas. Here, they prepared the mass killings in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. After complaints by local inhabitants about the smoke, the mobile furnaces used to burn the corpses ceased operation. Shortly after this, the Nazis closed the old prison.In 1934, the Arado Aircraft Company (Arado Flugzeugwerke), which originated in Warnemünde, built a satellite factory in Brandenburg that began producing planes in 1935. The factory was expanded over the next five years, and produced trainers and other aircraft for the Luftwaffe during World War II. The existence of this factory was one of the reasons Brandenburg was heavily bombed in later stages of the war; by 1945, 70% of the city was destroyed.Friedrich Fromm, a German officer involved in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler, was executed here in March 1945 for his part in the plot, even though Fromm betrayed those conspirators he knew and ordered their execution.On July 25, 1952, Plaue and Kirchmöser were incorporated in the city of Brandenburg an der Havel.After German reunification the city's population declined from around 100,000 in 1989 to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration was mainly by young people.The city is located on the navigable River Havel, a European Waterway, and vessels travelling through the city have a choice of two routes. The original route used the Brandenburg City Canal, a route through the city centre that descends through the "Stadtschleuse Brandenburg", but this route is constrained in size and now limited to leisure craft. Commercial traffic instead uses the Silo Canal that passes through the eastern and northern fringes of the city.The city is located at the junction of Federal Highways 1 and 102 and the A2 autobahn is nearby. The Berlin and Magdeburg railway also runs through Brandenburg an der Havel.The centrepiece of the city's urban public transport system is the Brandenburg an der Havel tramway network.The "Dominsel" (Cathedral Island) is the historic heart of the town. Here stands its oldest edifice: the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Although construction began in the Romanesque style in 1165, it was completed as a Gothic cathedral during the 14th century. While the exterior is rather austere, the cathedral surprises the visitor with its sumptuous interior, especially the painted vault of the "Bunte Kapelle" (Coloured Chapel) and the Wagner organ (1725), one of the most famous Baroque organs in Germany.The "Katharinenkirche" (St. Catherine's Church) built in 1401 in the Neustadt is an impressive example of northern German brick Gothic architecture. The "Gotthardtkirche" (St. Gotthardt's Church) was built of the same material just a few years later.Another interesting building is the "Altstädtisches Rathaus" (Old Town Hall), a late Gothic brick building with stepped gables and an ornate portal. In front of it stands a 5.35m high statue of the knight Roland. Made of sandstone, the statue was erected in 1474 as a symbol of the town's independence.There is also a part of Brandenburg's medieval city wall, with four preserved watchtowers: "Steintorturm" and "Mühlentorturm" (in the New Town), and "Rathenower Torturm" and "Plauer Torturm" (in the Old Town).The "Brandenburg Industrial Museum" is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Brandenburg has its own theatre (Brandenburger Theater), a professional symphony orchestra (Brandenburger Symphoniker) and a wide range of local history and archaeology museums.Brandenburg an der Havel is twinned with:
|
[
"Klaus Mühe",
"Dietlind Tiemann",
"Elvira Lippitz",
"Steffen Scheller",
"Helmut Schmidt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Brandenburg an der Havel in Nov, 2002?
|
November 19, 2002
|
{
"text": [
"Helmut Schmidt"
]
}
|
L2_Q3931_P6_3
|
Dietlind Tiemann is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Dec, 2003 to Oct, 2017.
Steffen Scheller is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Oct, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Elvira Lippitz is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1985.
Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Klaus Mühe is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1990.
Helmut Schliesing is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2002.
|
Brandenburg an der HavelBrandenburg an der Havel () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until replaced by Berlin in 1417. With a population of 71,778 (as of 2010), it is located on the banks of the River Havel. The town of Brandenburg provided the name for the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and the current state of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but it was the original nucleus of the former realms of Brandenburg and Prussia.The castle of Brenna, which had been a fortress of the Slavic tribe Stodoranie, was conquered in 929 after the Battle of Łączyn by the Saxon King Henry the Fowler. It was first mentioned as "Brendanburg" in 948. The name of the city is a combination of two words "braniti" - to protect/defend and "bor" - forest/wood is still used for the region. The town remained under Saxon control only until 983, when a Slavic rebellion was successful. During the next 170 years the area was ruled by Sarmato-Slavic Princes of the Hevelli tribe, relatives of the Sarmatian (Royal Scythians) Iaxamatae and Serboi. The last of them, Pribislav, died in 1150. From 1153/1154 to 1157 "Brenna" was part of the Slavonic Duchy of Kopanica, a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. After 1157 CE Albert I leading one of the Wendish Crusades settled here and became the first margrave of Brandenburg. The town was restricted to the western bank of the Havel until 1196, when it was extended to the eastern side. The parts on either side of the river were regarded as three towns (Old Town, New Town and Brandenburg cathedral district) for centuries.In 1314–1315 the Old and New Towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the towns suffered plundering and destruction which led to a loss of power; Potsdam became the new capital, and the court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 Old Town and New Town were merged to form a single town. In 1928 the Brandenburg cathedral district was added.In the late 19th century Brandenburg an der Havel became a very important industrial center in the German Empire. Steel industries settled there, and several world-famous bicycle brands such as "Brennabor", "Corona" and "Excelsior" were manufactured in the city. A world-famous toy industry was also established. With a giant industrial complex, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Imperial Railways) was located in Brandenburg-Kirchmöser during the time between the two world wars and the time of the former GDR. The city's excellent transport infrastructure was a big advantage.In 1933/34, a concentration camp, one of the first in Nazi Germany, was located on "Neuendorfer Straße" in Brandenburg Old Town. After closing this inner city concentration camp, the Nazis used the Brandenburg-Görden Prison, located in the suburb of Görden. Later the old gaol became the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre where the Nazis killed people with mental diseases, including children. They called this operation "Action T4" because of the Berlin address, Tiergartenstraße 4, the headquarters of this planned and well-organized forced euthanasia organisation. Brandenburg an der Havel was one of the first locations in the Third Reich where the Nazis experimented with killing their victims by gas. Here, they prepared the mass killings in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. After complaints by local inhabitants about the smoke, the mobile furnaces used to burn the corpses ceased operation. Shortly after this, the Nazis closed the old prison.In 1934, the Arado Aircraft Company (Arado Flugzeugwerke), which originated in Warnemünde, built a satellite factory in Brandenburg that began producing planes in 1935. The factory was expanded over the next five years, and produced trainers and other aircraft for the Luftwaffe during World War II. The existence of this factory was one of the reasons Brandenburg was heavily bombed in later stages of the war; by 1945, 70% of the city was destroyed.Friedrich Fromm, a German officer involved in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler, was executed here in March 1945 for his part in the plot, even though Fromm betrayed those conspirators he knew and ordered their execution.On July 25, 1952, Plaue and Kirchmöser were incorporated in the city of Brandenburg an der Havel.After German reunification the city's population declined from around 100,000 in 1989 to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration was mainly by young people.The city is located on the navigable River Havel, a European Waterway, and vessels travelling through the city have a choice of two routes. The original route used the Brandenburg City Canal, a route through the city centre that descends through the "Stadtschleuse Brandenburg", but this route is constrained in size and now limited to leisure craft. Commercial traffic instead uses the Silo Canal that passes through the eastern and northern fringes of the city.The city is located at the junction of Federal Highways 1 and 102 and the A2 autobahn is nearby. The Berlin and Magdeburg railway also runs through Brandenburg an der Havel.The centrepiece of the city's urban public transport system is the Brandenburg an der Havel tramway network.The "Dominsel" (Cathedral Island) is the historic heart of the town. Here stands its oldest edifice: the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Although construction began in the Romanesque style in 1165, it was completed as a Gothic cathedral during the 14th century. While the exterior is rather austere, the cathedral surprises the visitor with its sumptuous interior, especially the painted vault of the "Bunte Kapelle" (Coloured Chapel) and the Wagner organ (1725), one of the most famous Baroque organs in Germany.The "Katharinenkirche" (St. Catherine's Church) built in 1401 in the Neustadt is an impressive example of northern German brick Gothic architecture. The "Gotthardtkirche" (St. Gotthardt's Church) was built of the same material just a few years later.Another interesting building is the "Altstädtisches Rathaus" (Old Town Hall), a late Gothic brick building with stepped gables and an ornate portal. In front of it stands a 5.35m high statue of the knight Roland. Made of sandstone, the statue was erected in 1474 as a symbol of the town's independence.There is also a part of Brandenburg's medieval city wall, with four preserved watchtowers: "Steintorturm" and "Mühlentorturm" (in the New Town), and "Rathenower Torturm" and "Plauer Torturm" (in the Old Town).The "Brandenburg Industrial Museum" is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Brandenburg has its own theatre (Brandenburger Theater), a professional symphony orchestra (Brandenburger Symphoniker) and a wide range of local history and archaeology museums.Brandenburg an der Havel is twinned with:
|
[
"Klaus Mühe",
"Dietlind Tiemann",
"Elvira Lippitz",
"Steffen Scheller",
"Helmut Schliesing"
] |
|
Who was the head of Brandenburg an der Havel in Jun, 2013?
|
June 12, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Dietlind Tiemann"
]
}
|
L2_Q3931_P6_4
|
Dietlind Tiemann is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Dec, 2003 to Oct, 2017.
Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Helmut Schliesing is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2002.
Steffen Scheller is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Oct, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Elvira Lippitz is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1985.
Klaus Mühe is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1990.
|
Brandenburg an der HavelBrandenburg an der Havel () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until replaced by Berlin in 1417. With a population of 71,778 (as of 2010), it is located on the banks of the River Havel. The town of Brandenburg provided the name for the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and the current state of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but it was the original nucleus of the former realms of Brandenburg and Prussia.The castle of Brenna, which had been a fortress of the Slavic tribe Stodoranie, was conquered in 929 after the Battle of Łączyn by the Saxon King Henry the Fowler. It was first mentioned as "Brendanburg" in 948. The name of the city is a combination of two words "braniti" - to protect/defend and "bor" - forest/wood is still used for the region. The town remained under Saxon control only until 983, when a Slavic rebellion was successful. During the next 170 years the area was ruled by Sarmato-Slavic Princes of the Hevelli tribe, relatives of the Sarmatian (Royal Scythians) Iaxamatae and Serboi. The last of them, Pribislav, died in 1150. From 1153/1154 to 1157 "Brenna" was part of the Slavonic Duchy of Kopanica, a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. After 1157 CE Albert I leading one of the Wendish Crusades settled here and became the first margrave of Brandenburg. The town was restricted to the western bank of the Havel until 1196, when it was extended to the eastern side. The parts on either side of the river were regarded as three towns (Old Town, New Town and Brandenburg cathedral district) for centuries.In 1314–1315 the Old and New Towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the towns suffered plundering and destruction which led to a loss of power; Potsdam became the new capital, and the court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 Old Town and New Town were merged to form a single town. In 1928 the Brandenburg cathedral district was added.In the late 19th century Brandenburg an der Havel became a very important industrial center in the German Empire. Steel industries settled there, and several world-famous bicycle brands such as "Brennabor", "Corona" and "Excelsior" were manufactured in the city. A world-famous toy industry was also established. With a giant industrial complex, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Imperial Railways) was located in Brandenburg-Kirchmöser during the time between the two world wars and the time of the former GDR. The city's excellent transport infrastructure was a big advantage.In 1933/34, a concentration camp, one of the first in Nazi Germany, was located on "Neuendorfer Straße" in Brandenburg Old Town. After closing this inner city concentration camp, the Nazis used the Brandenburg-Görden Prison, located in the suburb of Görden. Later the old gaol became the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre where the Nazis killed people with mental diseases, including children. They called this operation "Action T4" because of the Berlin address, Tiergartenstraße 4, the headquarters of this planned and well-organized forced euthanasia organisation. Brandenburg an der Havel was one of the first locations in the Third Reich where the Nazis experimented with killing their victims by gas. Here, they prepared the mass killings in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. After complaints by local inhabitants about the smoke, the mobile furnaces used to burn the corpses ceased operation. Shortly after this, the Nazis closed the old prison.In 1934, the Arado Aircraft Company (Arado Flugzeugwerke), which originated in Warnemünde, built a satellite factory in Brandenburg that began producing planes in 1935. The factory was expanded over the next five years, and produced trainers and other aircraft for the Luftwaffe during World War II. The existence of this factory was one of the reasons Brandenburg was heavily bombed in later stages of the war; by 1945, 70% of the city was destroyed.Friedrich Fromm, a German officer involved in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler, was executed here in March 1945 for his part in the plot, even though Fromm betrayed those conspirators he knew and ordered their execution.On July 25, 1952, Plaue and Kirchmöser were incorporated in the city of Brandenburg an der Havel.After German reunification the city's population declined from around 100,000 in 1989 to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration was mainly by young people.The city is located on the navigable River Havel, a European Waterway, and vessels travelling through the city have a choice of two routes. The original route used the Brandenburg City Canal, a route through the city centre that descends through the "Stadtschleuse Brandenburg", but this route is constrained in size and now limited to leisure craft. Commercial traffic instead uses the Silo Canal that passes through the eastern and northern fringes of the city.The city is located at the junction of Federal Highways 1 and 102 and the A2 autobahn is nearby. The Berlin and Magdeburg railway also runs through Brandenburg an der Havel.The centrepiece of the city's urban public transport system is the Brandenburg an der Havel tramway network.The "Dominsel" (Cathedral Island) is the historic heart of the town. Here stands its oldest edifice: the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Although construction began in the Romanesque style in 1165, it was completed as a Gothic cathedral during the 14th century. While the exterior is rather austere, the cathedral surprises the visitor with its sumptuous interior, especially the painted vault of the "Bunte Kapelle" (Coloured Chapel) and the Wagner organ (1725), one of the most famous Baroque organs in Germany.The "Katharinenkirche" (St. Catherine's Church) built in 1401 in the Neustadt is an impressive example of northern German brick Gothic architecture. The "Gotthardtkirche" (St. Gotthardt's Church) was built of the same material just a few years later.Another interesting building is the "Altstädtisches Rathaus" (Old Town Hall), a late Gothic brick building with stepped gables and an ornate portal. In front of it stands a 5.35m high statue of the knight Roland. Made of sandstone, the statue was erected in 1474 as a symbol of the town's independence.There is also a part of Brandenburg's medieval city wall, with four preserved watchtowers: "Steintorturm" and "Mühlentorturm" (in the New Town), and "Rathenower Torturm" and "Plauer Torturm" (in the Old Town).The "Brandenburg Industrial Museum" is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Brandenburg has its own theatre (Brandenburger Theater), a professional symphony orchestra (Brandenburger Symphoniker) and a wide range of local history and archaeology museums.Brandenburg an der Havel is twinned with:
|
[
"Klaus Mühe",
"Elvira Lippitz",
"Steffen Scheller",
"Helmut Schliesing",
"Helmut Schmidt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Brandenburg an der Havel in Jun, 2019?
|
June 23, 2019
|
{
"text": [
"Steffen Scheller"
]
}
|
L2_Q3931_P6_5
|
Helmut Schliesing is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 2002.
Klaus Mühe is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1990.
Elvira Lippitz is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1985.
Steffen Scheller is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Oct, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Dietlind Tiemann is the head of the government of Brandenburg an der Havel from Dec, 2003 to Oct, 2017.
|
Brandenburg an der HavelBrandenburg an der Havel () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until replaced by Berlin in 1417. With a population of 71,778 (as of 2010), it is located on the banks of the River Havel. The town of Brandenburg provided the name for the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and the current state of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but it was the original nucleus of the former realms of Brandenburg and Prussia.The castle of Brenna, which had been a fortress of the Slavic tribe Stodoranie, was conquered in 929 after the Battle of Łączyn by the Saxon King Henry the Fowler. It was first mentioned as "Brendanburg" in 948. The name of the city is a combination of two words "braniti" - to protect/defend and "bor" - forest/wood is still used for the region. The town remained under Saxon control only until 983, when a Slavic rebellion was successful. During the next 170 years the area was ruled by Sarmato-Slavic Princes of the Hevelli tribe, relatives of the Sarmatian (Royal Scythians) Iaxamatae and Serboi. The last of them, Pribislav, died in 1150. From 1153/1154 to 1157 "Brenna" was part of the Slavonic Duchy of Kopanica, a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. After 1157 CE Albert I leading one of the Wendish Crusades settled here and became the first margrave of Brandenburg. The town was restricted to the western bank of the Havel until 1196, when it was extended to the eastern side. The parts on either side of the river were regarded as three towns (Old Town, New Town and Brandenburg cathedral district) for centuries.In 1314–1315 the Old and New Towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the towns suffered plundering and destruction which led to a loss of power; Potsdam became the new capital, and the court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 Old Town and New Town were merged to form a single town. In 1928 the Brandenburg cathedral district was added.In the late 19th century Brandenburg an der Havel became a very important industrial center in the German Empire. Steel industries settled there, and several world-famous bicycle brands such as "Brennabor", "Corona" and "Excelsior" were manufactured in the city. A world-famous toy industry was also established. With a giant industrial complex, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Imperial Railways) was located in Brandenburg-Kirchmöser during the time between the two world wars and the time of the former GDR. The city's excellent transport infrastructure was a big advantage.In 1933/34, a concentration camp, one of the first in Nazi Germany, was located on "Neuendorfer Straße" in Brandenburg Old Town. After closing this inner city concentration camp, the Nazis used the Brandenburg-Görden Prison, located in the suburb of Görden. Later the old gaol became the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre where the Nazis killed people with mental diseases, including children. They called this operation "Action T4" because of the Berlin address, Tiergartenstraße 4, the headquarters of this planned and well-organized forced euthanasia organisation. Brandenburg an der Havel was one of the first locations in the Third Reich where the Nazis experimented with killing their victims by gas. Here, they prepared the mass killings in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. After complaints by local inhabitants about the smoke, the mobile furnaces used to burn the corpses ceased operation. Shortly after this, the Nazis closed the old prison.In 1934, the Arado Aircraft Company (Arado Flugzeugwerke), which originated in Warnemünde, built a satellite factory in Brandenburg that began producing planes in 1935. The factory was expanded over the next five years, and produced trainers and other aircraft for the Luftwaffe during World War II. The existence of this factory was one of the reasons Brandenburg was heavily bombed in later stages of the war; by 1945, 70% of the city was destroyed.Friedrich Fromm, a German officer involved in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler, was executed here in March 1945 for his part in the plot, even though Fromm betrayed those conspirators he knew and ordered their execution.On July 25, 1952, Plaue and Kirchmöser were incorporated in the city of Brandenburg an der Havel.After German reunification the city's population declined from around 100,000 in 1989 to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration was mainly by young people.The city is located on the navigable River Havel, a European Waterway, and vessels travelling through the city have a choice of two routes. The original route used the Brandenburg City Canal, a route through the city centre that descends through the "Stadtschleuse Brandenburg", but this route is constrained in size and now limited to leisure craft. Commercial traffic instead uses the Silo Canal that passes through the eastern and northern fringes of the city.The city is located at the junction of Federal Highways 1 and 102 and the A2 autobahn is nearby. The Berlin and Magdeburg railway also runs through Brandenburg an der Havel.The centrepiece of the city's urban public transport system is the Brandenburg an der Havel tramway network.The "Dominsel" (Cathedral Island) is the historic heart of the town. Here stands its oldest edifice: the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Although construction began in the Romanesque style in 1165, it was completed as a Gothic cathedral during the 14th century. While the exterior is rather austere, the cathedral surprises the visitor with its sumptuous interior, especially the painted vault of the "Bunte Kapelle" (Coloured Chapel) and the Wagner organ (1725), one of the most famous Baroque organs in Germany.The "Katharinenkirche" (St. Catherine's Church) built in 1401 in the Neustadt is an impressive example of northern German brick Gothic architecture. The "Gotthardtkirche" (St. Gotthardt's Church) was built of the same material just a few years later.Another interesting building is the "Altstädtisches Rathaus" (Old Town Hall), a late Gothic brick building with stepped gables and an ornate portal. In front of it stands a 5.35m high statue of the knight Roland. Made of sandstone, the statue was erected in 1474 as a symbol of the town's independence.There is also a part of Brandenburg's medieval city wall, with four preserved watchtowers: "Steintorturm" and "Mühlentorturm" (in the New Town), and "Rathenower Torturm" and "Plauer Torturm" (in the Old Town).The "Brandenburg Industrial Museum" is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Brandenburg has its own theatre (Brandenburger Theater), a professional symphony orchestra (Brandenburger Symphoniker) and a wide range of local history and archaeology museums.Brandenburg an der Havel is twinned with:
|
[
"Klaus Mühe",
"Dietlind Tiemann",
"Elvira Lippitz",
"Helmut Schliesing",
"Helmut Schmidt"
] |
|
Which employer did Leslie Valiant work for in Jan, 1973?
|
January 13, 1973
|
{
"text": [
"Carnegie Mellon University"
]
}
|
L2_Q93154_P108_0
|
Leslie Valiant works for Harvard University from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
Leslie Valiant works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1974.
Leslie Valiant works for University of Edinburgh from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1982.
Leslie Valiant works for University of Leeds from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976.
|
Leslie ValiantLeslie Gabriel Valiant (born 28 March 1949) is a British American computer scientist and computational theorist. He is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. Valiant was awarded the Turing Award in 2010, having been described by the A.C.M. as a heroic figure in theoretical computer science and a role model for his courage and creativity in addressing some of the deepest unsolved problems in science; in particular for his "striking combination of depth and breadth".Valiant was educated at King's College, Cambridge, Imperial College London, and the University of Warwick where he received a PhD in computer science in 1974.Valiant is world-renowned for his work in theoretical computer science. Among his many contributions to complexity theory, he introduced the notion of #P-completeness ("sharp-P completeness") to explain why enumeration and reliability problems are intractable. He also introduced the "probably approximately correct" (PAC) model of machine learning that has helped the field of computational learning theory grow, and the concept of holographic algorithms. In computer systems, he is most well-known for introducing the bulk synchronous parallel processing model. His earlier work in automata theory includes an algorithm for context-free parsing, which is (as of 2010) still the asymptotically fastest known. He also works in computational neuroscience focusing on understanding memory and learning.Valiant's 2013 book is "Probably Approximately Correct: Nature's Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World". In it he argues, among other things, that evolutionary biology does not explain the rate at which evolution occurs, writing, for example, "The evidence for Darwin's general schema for evolution being essentially correct is convincing to the great majority of biologists. This author has been to enough natural history museums to be convinced himself. All this, however, does not mean the current theory of evolution is adequately explanatory. At present the theory of evolution can offer no account of the rate at which evolution progresses to develop complex mechanisms or to maintain them in changing environments."Valiant started teaching at Harvard University in 1982 and is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics in the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Prior to 1982 he taught at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Leeds, and the University of Edinburgh.Valiant received the Nevanlinna Prize in 1986, the Knuth Prize in 1997, the EATCS Award in 2008, and the Turing Award in 2010. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991, a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) in 1992, and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2001. Valiant's nomination for the Royal Society reads:The citation for his A.M. Turing Award reads:His two sons Gregory Valiant and Paul Valiant are both theoretical computer scientists, as faculty at Stanford University and Brown University respectively.
|
[
"University of Leeds",
"University of Edinburgh",
"Harvard University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leslie Valiant work for in Apr, 1975?
|
April 11, 1975
|
{
"text": [
"University of Leeds"
]
}
|
L2_Q93154_P108_1
|
Leslie Valiant works for University of Leeds from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976.
Leslie Valiant works for Harvard University from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
Leslie Valiant works for University of Edinburgh from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1982.
Leslie Valiant works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1974.
|
Leslie ValiantLeslie Gabriel Valiant (born 28 March 1949) is a British American computer scientist and computational theorist. He is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. Valiant was awarded the Turing Award in 2010, having been described by the A.C.M. as a heroic figure in theoretical computer science and a role model for his courage and creativity in addressing some of the deepest unsolved problems in science; in particular for his "striking combination of depth and breadth".Valiant was educated at King's College, Cambridge, Imperial College London, and the University of Warwick where he received a PhD in computer science in 1974.Valiant is world-renowned for his work in theoretical computer science. Among his many contributions to complexity theory, he introduced the notion of #P-completeness ("sharp-P completeness") to explain why enumeration and reliability problems are intractable. He also introduced the "probably approximately correct" (PAC) model of machine learning that has helped the field of computational learning theory grow, and the concept of holographic algorithms. In computer systems, he is most well-known for introducing the bulk synchronous parallel processing model. His earlier work in automata theory includes an algorithm for context-free parsing, which is (as of 2010) still the asymptotically fastest known. He also works in computational neuroscience focusing on understanding memory and learning.Valiant's 2013 book is "Probably Approximately Correct: Nature's Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World". In it he argues, among other things, that evolutionary biology does not explain the rate at which evolution occurs, writing, for example, "The evidence for Darwin's general schema for evolution being essentially correct is convincing to the great majority of biologists. This author has been to enough natural history museums to be convinced himself. All this, however, does not mean the current theory of evolution is adequately explanatory. At present the theory of evolution can offer no account of the rate at which evolution progresses to develop complex mechanisms or to maintain them in changing environments."Valiant started teaching at Harvard University in 1982 and is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics in the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Prior to 1982 he taught at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Leeds, and the University of Edinburgh.Valiant received the Nevanlinna Prize in 1986, the Knuth Prize in 1997, the EATCS Award in 2008, and the Turing Award in 2010. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991, a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) in 1992, and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2001. Valiant's nomination for the Royal Society reads:The citation for his A.M. Turing Award reads:His two sons Gregory Valiant and Paul Valiant are both theoretical computer scientists, as faculty at Stanford University and Brown University respectively.
|
[
"University of Edinburgh",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"Harvard University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leslie Valiant work for in Dec, 1979?
|
December 11, 1979
|
{
"text": [
"University of Edinburgh"
]
}
|
L2_Q93154_P108_2
|
Leslie Valiant works for University of Edinburgh from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1982.
Leslie Valiant works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1974.
Leslie Valiant works for University of Leeds from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976.
Leslie Valiant works for Harvard University from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
|
Leslie ValiantLeslie Gabriel Valiant (born 28 March 1949) is a British American computer scientist and computational theorist. He is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. Valiant was awarded the Turing Award in 2010, having been described by the A.C.M. as a heroic figure in theoretical computer science and a role model for his courage and creativity in addressing some of the deepest unsolved problems in science; in particular for his "striking combination of depth and breadth".Valiant was educated at King's College, Cambridge, Imperial College London, and the University of Warwick where he received a PhD in computer science in 1974.Valiant is world-renowned for his work in theoretical computer science. Among his many contributions to complexity theory, he introduced the notion of #P-completeness ("sharp-P completeness") to explain why enumeration and reliability problems are intractable. He also introduced the "probably approximately correct" (PAC) model of machine learning that has helped the field of computational learning theory grow, and the concept of holographic algorithms. In computer systems, he is most well-known for introducing the bulk synchronous parallel processing model. His earlier work in automata theory includes an algorithm for context-free parsing, which is (as of 2010) still the asymptotically fastest known. He also works in computational neuroscience focusing on understanding memory and learning.Valiant's 2013 book is "Probably Approximately Correct: Nature's Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World". In it he argues, among other things, that evolutionary biology does not explain the rate at which evolution occurs, writing, for example, "The evidence for Darwin's general schema for evolution being essentially correct is convincing to the great majority of biologists. This author has been to enough natural history museums to be convinced himself. All this, however, does not mean the current theory of evolution is adequately explanatory. At present the theory of evolution can offer no account of the rate at which evolution progresses to develop complex mechanisms or to maintain them in changing environments."Valiant started teaching at Harvard University in 1982 and is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics in the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Prior to 1982 he taught at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Leeds, and the University of Edinburgh.Valiant received the Nevanlinna Prize in 1986, the Knuth Prize in 1997, the EATCS Award in 2008, and the Turing Award in 2010. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991, a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) in 1992, and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2001. Valiant's nomination for the Royal Society reads:The citation for his A.M. Turing Award reads:His two sons Gregory Valiant and Paul Valiant are both theoretical computer scientists, as faculty at Stanford University and Brown University respectively.
|
[
"University of Leeds",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"Harvard University"
] |
|
Which employer did Leslie Valiant work for in Jan, 1982?
|
January 01, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"University of Edinburgh",
"Harvard University"
]
}
|
L2_Q93154_P108_3
|
Leslie Valiant works for University of Leeds from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1976.
Leslie Valiant works for Harvard University from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
Leslie Valiant works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1974.
Leslie Valiant works for University of Edinburgh from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1982.
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Leslie ValiantLeslie Gabriel Valiant (born 28 March 1949) is a British American computer scientist and computational theorist. He is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. Valiant was awarded the Turing Award in 2010, having been described by the A.C.M. as a heroic figure in theoretical computer science and a role model for his courage and creativity in addressing some of the deepest unsolved problems in science; in particular for his "striking combination of depth and breadth".Valiant was educated at King's College, Cambridge, Imperial College London, and the University of Warwick where he received a PhD in computer science in 1974.Valiant is world-renowned for his work in theoretical computer science. Among his many contributions to complexity theory, he introduced the notion of #P-completeness ("sharp-P completeness") to explain why enumeration and reliability problems are intractable. He also introduced the "probably approximately correct" (PAC) model of machine learning that has helped the field of computational learning theory grow, and the concept of holographic algorithms. In computer systems, he is most well-known for introducing the bulk synchronous parallel processing model. His earlier work in automata theory includes an algorithm for context-free parsing, which is (as of 2010) still the asymptotically fastest known. He also works in computational neuroscience focusing on understanding memory and learning.Valiant's 2013 book is "Probably Approximately Correct: Nature's Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World". In it he argues, among other things, that evolutionary biology does not explain the rate at which evolution occurs, writing, for example, "The evidence for Darwin's general schema for evolution being essentially correct is convincing to the great majority of biologists. This author has been to enough natural history museums to be convinced himself. All this, however, does not mean the current theory of evolution is adequately explanatory. At present the theory of evolution can offer no account of the rate at which evolution progresses to develop complex mechanisms or to maintain them in changing environments."Valiant started teaching at Harvard University in 1982 and is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics in the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Prior to 1982 he taught at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Leeds, and the University of Edinburgh.Valiant received the Nevanlinna Prize in 1986, the Knuth Prize in 1997, the EATCS Award in 2008, and the Turing Award in 2010. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991, a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) in 1992, and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2001. Valiant's nomination for the Royal Society reads:The citation for his A.M. Turing Award reads:His two sons Gregory Valiant and Paul Valiant are both theoretical computer scientists, as faculty at Stanford University and Brown University respectively.
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[
"University of Leeds",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"University of Leeds",
"Carnegie Mellon University"
] |
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Which position did Cyril Smith hold in Oct, 1972?
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October 29, 1972
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{
"text": [
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337548_P39_0
|
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1988 to Mar, 1992.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Liberal Democrats Chief Whip from Jul, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
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Cyril SmithSir Cyril Richard Smith (28 June 1928 – 3 September 2010) was a prominent British politician who after his death was revealed to have been a prolific serial sex offender against children. A member of the Liberal Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 1972 to 1992. After his death, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse by Smith, including many made during his lifetime, emerged, leading the police to believe he had been guilty of sex offences.Smith was first active in local politics as a Liberal in 1945 before switching to Labour in 1950; he served as a Labour councillor in Rochdale, Lancashire, from 1950 and became mayor in 1966. He subsequently switched parties again and entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1972, winning his Rochdale seat on five further occasions. Smith was appointed the Liberal Chief Whip in June 1975 but later resigned on health grounds. In his later years as an MP, Smith opposed an alliance with the Social Democratic Party and did not stand for re-election in 1992, but remained loyal to the Liberal Democrats upon the parties' merger. Throughout much of his career, he maintained a high profile in the media, and became a well-known public figure.In later years, Smith's public esteem was considerably marred by the allegation that he had been involved in a cover-up of a health risk at a local asbestos factory. In 2008, there were calls for Smith to be stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had asked the asbestos company Turner & Newall to prepare a speech for him in 1981, in which he declared: "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos". It was later revealed that Smith owned 1,300 shares in the company. In 2008, Smith said that 4,000 asbestos-related deaths a year in the UK was "relatively low".In 2012, following allegations of child sexual abuse, the Crown Prosecution Service formally admitted that Smith should have been charged with such abuse during his lifetime. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by Smith. In November 2012, GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said there was "overwhelming evidence" that young boys were sexually and physically abused by Smith. In April 2014, it was reported that there had been 144 complaints against Smith from victims as young as eight, but attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked. Public authorities, including Rochdale Borough Council, the police and intelligence services have been implicated in covering up Smith's crimes. In 2015, it emerged that he had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to these offences, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to his being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act.Cyril Smith was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and described himself as "illegitimate, deprived and poor." Though he never knew the name of his father, he commented, "I suspect I know who he was." Smith lived with his mother, two illegitimate half-siblings, Eunice and Norman, and his grandmother in a one-up one-down cottage (now demolished) on Falinge Road. His mother, Eva Smith, worked in service to a local cotton mill–owning family who lived at 8 Kilnerdyne Terrace.Smith was educated at Rochdale Grammar School for Boys and after leaving began work at Rochdale Inland Revenue Tax Office. In the 1945 general election, aged 16, he gave a public speech in support of Liberal candidate Charles Harvey. Smith said he was given an ultimatum by his manager in the tax office to either choose the civil service or politics. He left his job at the tax office and then worked as an office boy at Fothergill & Harvey's mill in Littleborough, northeast of Rochdale. The mill was owned by the Harveys, a notable Liberal family, but Smith claimed the director Charles Harvey knew nothing of the job application by the young man who had lost his job for his public speech in favour of Harvey's Liberal candidature.Smith was a lifelong member of the Rochdale Unitarian Church. Contemporaries remembered him expressing, as a teenager, the desire to be both mayor and Member of Parliament (MP). Smith served in many roles, including as Sunday School superintendent, trustee, and chair of the trustees. His Unitarian faith intersected with his Liberal politics. Smith credited the church with "helping develop his fiercely independent and anti-establishment streak".Smith joined the Liberal Party in 1945 and was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young Liberals in 1948 and 1949. From 1948 to 1950, he was Liberal agent in Stockport, but after the party suffered poor election results in 1950 and 1951, he was advised by the losing Liberal candidate for Stockport, Reg Hewitt, to join the Labour Party.In 1952, Smith was elected a Labour councillor for the Falinge ward of Rochdale. By 1954, he was chairman of Rochdale Council's Establishment Committee. In 1963 Smith switched committee roles to be responsible for Estates which included overseeing residential and town centre development. He was appointed the Labour Mayor of Rochdale in 1966, with his mother, Eva, acting as mayoress (she retained her job as a cleaner in Rochdale Town Hall whilst in the post). In her work as a cleaner at the town hall, Smith's mother was banned from entering the police station – likewise based in the building – for she would search through its bins for information to help her son.Smith's mayoral duties were filmed for the BBC's "Man Alive" documentary series, in an episode titled "Santa Claus for a Year". In 1966 he was appointed chairman of the Education Committee overseeing the introduction of comprehensive education in the district. In the same year he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours. According to his autobiography, Smith was found guilty of an offence relating to public lotteries and bound over to keep the peace for twelve months.In 1966, Smith resigned the Labour whip when the party refused to vote for an increase in council house rents and sat with four other councillors as independents until 1970. His subsequent return to the Liberal Party, and his election as a Liberal MP, caused surprise after his role in opposing Ludovic Kennedy, the Liberal candidate in the 1958 Rochdale by-election. Controversy was sparked by Rochdale Liberals when the parliamentary candidate, Garth Pratt, was deselected to make way for Smith's return to the party.During the 1960s Smith was active on many Rochdale Council committees regarding youth activities. These included: Rochdale Youth Orchestra, Rochdale Youth Theatre Workshop, governorship of 29 Rochdale schools and chairmanship of the Youth Committee, Youth Employment Committee and the Education Committee.Having been Liberal candidate in Rochdale at the 1970 general election when he took the party to second place, Smith won the seat at the 1972 by-election with a large swing from Labour to the Liberals, and a majority of 5,171.Smith was appointed as the party Chief Whip in June 1975, and faced pressure from the press in the wake of a scandal involving party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Smith was in hospital when Thorpe sacked him, just before he himself was forced to resign. Speaking to Granada Television in 2003, David Steel reflected on events in the 1970s with the conclusion: "Cyril was not an ideal Chief Whip because he did not handle a crisis well and had a tendency to say anything to a news camera." Smith was the only Liberal MP during his parliamentary career to oppose abortion and advocate the return of the death penalty. One of his constituents was jailed for sixteen years for the sexual murder of a child, in what turned out to be a miscarriage of justice. The man's mother repeatedly approached Smith for help, but he declined to take the case on.In 1978, Smith approached former Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath to discuss forming a new centrist party. In 1980, Smith described UK unemployment figures of two million jobless people as "a disgrace", stating: "They represent a sick society, and are not acceptable to live with." In 1981, he was involved in moves to create "a party with a new image" but, according to the "Rochdale Observer", at the foundation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 he warned Liberal colleagues to move with caution. Smith was quoted as being "opposed to an alliance at any price". He would later express the view that the Liberal Party would have been "better off" without being "shackled to the SDP". After David Alton's 1988 bill to reduce the time limit for abortions was talked out by MPs, he referred to other members as "murderers in the womb". The speaker of the House of Commons forced Smith to apologise for the comment.In 2008 the "New Statesman" accused Smith of improper conduct in his connection with the company Turner & Newall (T&N), which was based in his constituency, and was once the world's largest manufacturer of materials using asbestos. In the summer recess of 1981, Smith wrote to Sydney Marks, head of personnel at T&N, informing him that EEC regulations were coming up for debate in the next parliamentary session. A House of Commons speech Smith delivered was almost identical to one prepared for him by the company. He said "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos" in his speech of a substance then long known as lethal if inhaled. A year later he revealed he owned 1,300 shares in T&N. Interviewed in September 2008 by a local BBC news programme, Smith responded to the claims he had helped cover up the dangers of asbestos as "absolute rubbish". After his death, he was described by journalist Oliver Kamm in his blog in "The Times" as "a corrupt, mendacious mountain of flesh".The controversy led in November 2008 to a parliamentary early day motion calling for Smith to be stripped of the knighthood he had been granted in 1988. Kevin Maguire of the "Daily Mirror" supported the motion.After leaving Westminster and the death of his mother Eva in 1994, Smith was invited by a lifelong friend, a public relations manager at the Cunard Line, to become a guest lecturer on the cruise liner "Queen Elizabeth 2". Smith liked to spend his holidays at Lytham St Annes, a seaside resort near Blackpool.In February 2006, Smith was taken to hospital after collapsing at his Rochdale home. He had been weakened by dehydration and low potassium levels.Smith died of cancer in a Rochdale nursing home on 3 September 2010. He had made detailed plans for his own funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of Rochdale Town Hall and included David Alton, the MEP Chris Davies, and former MP Paul Rowen as speakers. Of all the many tributes, the then-current leader of Rochdale Council summed him up: "He simply was politics for Rochdale." The service was led by the minister of his local Unitarian church, of which he had been a lifelong member.Smith's younger brother Norman followed him into local politics, as councillor, mayor, and president of the local Liberal Democrat chapter.Smith's large size and capacity for blunt speaking and popular touch made him one of the most recognisable British politicians of the 1970s and 1980s. His nickname, "Big Cyril", was the title of his autobiography. Smith made many popular television appearances: he sang "She's a Lassie from Lancashire" on his friend Jimmy Savile's early-1970s TV show "Clunk Click", appeared in an advert for a "greatest hits" album by 1980s pop group Bananarama, and sang a duet with Don Estelle in a 1999 recording of the Laurel and Hardy song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Like several other prominent British MPs in the 1980s, he was regularly parodied in the satirical television show "Spitting Image".Smith is believed to have been the heaviest British MP ever: at 6'2" (188 cm) he was reported to weigh 29 stone 12 pounds, about 190 kilogrammes. A common joke on the size of the Parliamentary Liberal Party in the early 1970s was that only one taxi would be needed to transport the entire party; after Smith's election, the party could fill two taxis.A lifelong bachelor, Smith told "You" magazine: "I haven't had a lot of time for courting women ... I've tended to be married to politics". Smith was a friend of the mother of broadcasters Andy and Liz Kershaw; she described him as dependent on Valium, but he denied these allegations.In May 1979, a local underground magazine, the "Rochdale Alternative Press", alleged that in the 1960s Smith had spanked and sexually abused teenage boys in a hostel he co-founded. The matter was investigated by the police but Smith was not prosecuted. The story was repeated in the same month by the magazine "Private Eye". Smith never publicly denied the accusations of abuse, nor did he ever take legal action, but after his death the allegations were denied by his family. The Press Office of the leader of the Liberal Party, David Steel commented, "All he seems to have done is spanked a few bare bottoms".In November 2012, speaking in the House of Commons, Simon Danczuk, the Labour MP for Rochdale, Smith's former seat, called for an inquiry into the alleged abuse.Rossendale councillor Alan Neal alleged that at the age of eleven in 1964, during Smith's membership of the Labour Party, he was beaten by Smith at a hostel for boys. Neal said: "I'm speaking now because someone has taken a right decision to raise this issue with the authorities". He added that he told police about the incident in 1968 when he left the school but on raising it "everyone made the same comment that the person in question was a very important, powerful man". Neal said that he lost two front teeth and needed stitches to a head wound after Smith assaulted him for refusing to eat a potted meat sandwich.Another alleged victim of abuse by Smith waived his right to anonymity in November 2012 to claim that Smith smacked him and stroked his buttocks when he was a teenager at a Rochdale care home in the 1960s. Barry Fitton said he was spanked "very, very hard" by Smith and that he was left in tears by the alleged incident.On 21 November 2012, Greater Manchester Police (GMP) announced it would investigate allegations that Smith had sexually abused boys at a hostel in Rochdale after 1974, and Lancashire Police would investigate claims dating from before 1974. The police said it would look at whether investigations had taken place into Smith during the 1980s and 1990s.On 27 November 2012, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that Smith should have been charged with crimes of abuse more than 40 years earlier. In a statement, the GMP said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by the ex-Rochdale MP. Smith was never charged although investigations were undertaken in 1970, 1998, and 1999. The method of assessing the probability of a conviction has changed since 1970, and the decision not to charge Smith then necessitated the outcome of the 1998 investigation. Following the sexual abuse allegations, Rochdale Council removed a blue plaque to Smith from the town hall. GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said: "Although Smith cannot be charged or convicted posthumously, from the overwhelming evidence we have it is right and proper we should publicly recognise that young boys were sexually and physically abused".On 28 November 2012, an alleged victim waived his right to anonymity in a television interview with Sky News to say that he was sexually abused by Smith at a council-run residential special school. Chris Marshall broke down in tears during his interview when describing the sexual abuse he said took place at Knowl View school in Rochdale in the early 1980s. He said that as a nine-year-old boy he was taken to a room and made to perform oral sex on Smith and one other man. Smith was a governor at the school and allegedly had his own set of keys. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said: "I am deeply shocked and horrified by these terrible allegations and my thoughts are with the victims who had the courage to speak out".In November 2012, Tony Robinson, a former Special Branch officer with Lancashire Police in the 1970s, said that a dossier of sexual abuse allegations against Smith which police claimed was "lost" was actually seized by MI5. Robinson said that he was asked by MI5 to send to London a police dossier that had been kept in a safe in his office which he said was "thick" with allegations from boys claiming they had been abused by Smith.In December 2012, Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk alleged that Smith raped some of his victims. Danczuk said: "There is no doubt that Cyril Smith seriously sexually abused young boys: why the CPS didn't prosecute more recently is puzzling".Following claims by MP Tom Watson of "a powerful paedophile network linked to Parliament and No 10", it was reported that Scotland Yard detectives investigating allegations of child abuse at the Elm Guest House were looking into allegations that senior politicians abused children in the 1980s and escaped justice.In January 2013, "The Independent on Sunday" reported that police were investigating claims that Smith sexually abused boys at the London guest house. A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police later said: "We can confirm Cyril Smith visited the premises." A 16-year-old boy was allegedly sexually abused by Smith at Elm Guest House. MP Simon Danczuk said he was convinced that there was a "network of paedophiles" operating in the House of Commons who helped to protect Smith.In September 2013, a Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme "The Paedophile MP: How Cyril Smith Got Away With It" quoted the Crown Prosecution Service as claiming that they had not prosecuted Smith for crimes of abuse because he had been given an assurance in 1970 that he would not be prosecuted, and that prevented them from subsequently reopening the investigation under the law at the time. Political journalist Francis Wheen said that he found this explanation incomprehensible.Danczuk, with researcher and campaigner Matthew Baker, published "Smile for the Camera: The Double Life of Cyril Smith", an exposé of the child abuse committed by Smith. Danczuk alleged that Smith was part of a high-level paedophile ring and that Smith had used his influence to escape prosecution. Danczuk said: "Once you looked beyond the jolly clown playing for the camera, there was a sickening, dark heart. This wasn't just about abuse, it was about power – and a cover-up that reached from Rochdale all the way to the very top of the Establishment." Danczuk said that in the 1980s police discovered child pornography belonging to Smith, but he escaped justice. Danczuk described Smith as "a predatory paedophile and a prolific offender who would target the most vulnerable boys." He said: "A lot of manpower went into investigating Smith over the years, but the only thing he was ever convicted for was mis-selling a lottery ticket."In 2014, former Liberal leader Sir David Steel said he had confronted Smith about his "unusual" behaviour with boys at a hostel in Rochdale. Following allegations published in 1979, Steel said that Smith confessed to spanking boys and conducting intimate "medical examinations" on them but was allowed to remain as a Liberal MP. Steel said: "I asked Cyril Smith about it. I was half expecting him to say it was all wrong, and I would have been urging him to sue to save his reputation. To my surprise he said the report was correct." Steel said that Smith had a supervisory role in institutions in Rochdale where he was involved in corporal punishment. Steel said of the abuse allegations: "They had been investigated by the police, as "Private Eye" stated, and no action had been taken on them. So there was nothing more I could do."In April 2014, following reports that there had been 144 complaints against Smith and that attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked, the President of the Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron, said that his party needed to answer "serious questions" about who knew that Smith had faced allegations of sexual assault. However, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg refused to hold an inquiry into what he called the "repugnant" actions of Smith. Clegg said: "My party, the Liberal Democrats, did not know about these actions." Clegg stated that the child abuse allegations were a matter for the police.In May 2014, it was alleged that Smith had molested an 11-year-old boy at the National Liberal Club in London in 1978. Smith allegedly insisted that the boy remove his underpants before attempting to fondle him. A spokesman for the Liberal Democrats said: "Cyril Smith's acts were vile and repugnant and we have nothing but sympathy for those whose lives he ruined."In June 2014, Detective Chief Superintendent Russ Jackson of Greater Manchester Police admitted the force's previous investigations into abuse linked to Smith at Rochdale Knowl View residential school "fell well short" of what would be expected today. Allegations were made that a paedophile ring had been operating for decades in the town of Rochdale and that men from as far away as Sheffield were travelling to Rochdale to have sex with Knowl View boys aged between eight and thirteen. Greater Manchester Police said there were 21 suspects, 14 of whom it had identified, including Smith. In July 2014, Rochdale council's inquiry into child abuse linked to Smith at Knowl View residential school was halted at the request of police. Greater Manchester Police asked the authority to suspend their inquiry while detectives investigated claims of an institutional cover-up.In July 2014, it was reported that Smith had put pressure on the BBC in 1976, by asking the corporation not to investigate the "private lives of certain MPs". According to letters in the National Archives, Smith wrote to BBC Director-General Sir Charles Curran in September 1976 saying he was "deeply concerned about the investigative activities of the BBC", especially relating to "the private lives of certain MPs". Former children's minister Tim Loughton described Smith's letters as "bully-boy tactics". Loughton said: "It was an abuse of position that somebody as an MP was saying, 'You shouldn't look at us, we're above the law.'"A report released by the Crown Prosecution Service in July 2014 showed that in 1970 a police detective investigating Smith presented evidence to his superior of Smith's abuse of young boys at a care home in Rochdale, but no action was taken.In March 2015, Cabinet Office papers were released confirming that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was made aware of allegations against Smith before he was knighted in 1988. Shortly after, a BBC investigation on "Newsnight" revealed that Smith had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to his participation in a paedophile ring, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to him being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, called for immunity for whistle-blowers in the case. Reports also emerged of Smith's arrest by Northamptonshire Police, where he was again released in mysterious circumstances.In 2015, a retired police officer said that he was threatened with the Official Secrets Act after he found Smith in the home of a known sex offender, with two drunk teenage boys, and a police sergeant in civilian clothes. The retired officer said that he was summoned to a meeting with a senior officer at Stockport Police Station and told "in no uncertain terms" not to say anything about it. The alleged incident took place in 1988 at a house in Stockport after a complaint that the occupier had been committing a lewd act in his window in front of a newspaper boy.In October 2017 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) was told that MI5 had been made aware that prosecutors lied to the press over the existence of a child abuse file on Smith. Detectives had said the "sordid" claims about the late MP's alleged abuse of young boys in 1970 "stood up". The enquiry heard how the investigation into Smith had "illuminated" wider abuse suffered by the boys. In 1988, when Smith was made a knight, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had probably been informed of his chequered past. The hearings focused on alleged offences at Cambridge House hostel and the Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where Smith was a governor.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Liberal Democrats Chief Whip"
] |
|
Which position did Cyril Smith hold in Sep, 1974?
|
September 05, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337548_P39_1
|
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1988 to Mar, 1992.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Liberal Democrats Chief Whip from Jul, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
|
Cyril SmithSir Cyril Richard Smith (28 June 1928 – 3 September 2010) was a prominent British politician who after his death was revealed to have been a prolific serial sex offender against children. A member of the Liberal Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 1972 to 1992. After his death, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse by Smith, including many made during his lifetime, emerged, leading the police to believe he had been guilty of sex offences.Smith was first active in local politics as a Liberal in 1945 before switching to Labour in 1950; he served as a Labour councillor in Rochdale, Lancashire, from 1950 and became mayor in 1966. He subsequently switched parties again and entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1972, winning his Rochdale seat on five further occasions. Smith was appointed the Liberal Chief Whip in June 1975 but later resigned on health grounds. In his later years as an MP, Smith opposed an alliance with the Social Democratic Party and did not stand for re-election in 1992, but remained loyal to the Liberal Democrats upon the parties' merger. Throughout much of his career, he maintained a high profile in the media, and became a well-known public figure.In later years, Smith's public esteem was considerably marred by the allegation that he had been involved in a cover-up of a health risk at a local asbestos factory. In 2008, there were calls for Smith to be stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had asked the asbestos company Turner & Newall to prepare a speech for him in 1981, in which he declared: "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos". It was later revealed that Smith owned 1,300 shares in the company. In 2008, Smith said that 4,000 asbestos-related deaths a year in the UK was "relatively low".In 2012, following allegations of child sexual abuse, the Crown Prosecution Service formally admitted that Smith should have been charged with such abuse during his lifetime. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by Smith. In November 2012, GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said there was "overwhelming evidence" that young boys were sexually and physically abused by Smith. In April 2014, it was reported that there had been 144 complaints against Smith from victims as young as eight, but attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked. Public authorities, including Rochdale Borough Council, the police and intelligence services have been implicated in covering up Smith's crimes. In 2015, it emerged that he had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to these offences, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to his being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act.Cyril Smith was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and described himself as "illegitimate, deprived and poor." Though he never knew the name of his father, he commented, "I suspect I know who he was." Smith lived with his mother, two illegitimate half-siblings, Eunice and Norman, and his grandmother in a one-up one-down cottage (now demolished) on Falinge Road. His mother, Eva Smith, worked in service to a local cotton mill–owning family who lived at 8 Kilnerdyne Terrace.Smith was educated at Rochdale Grammar School for Boys and after leaving began work at Rochdale Inland Revenue Tax Office. In the 1945 general election, aged 16, he gave a public speech in support of Liberal candidate Charles Harvey. Smith said he was given an ultimatum by his manager in the tax office to either choose the civil service or politics. He left his job at the tax office and then worked as an office boy at Fothergill & Harvey's mill in Littleborough, northeast of Rochdale. The mill was owned by the Harveys, a notable Liberal family, but Smith claimed the director Charles Harvey knew nothing of the job application by the young man who had lost his job for his public speech in favour of Harvey's Liberal candidature.Smith was a lifelong member of the Rochdale Unitarian Church. Contemporaries remembered him expressing, as a teenager, the desire to be both mayor and Member of Parliament (MP). Smith served in many roles, including as Sunday School superintendent, trustee, and chair of the trustees. His Unitarian faith intersected with his Liberal politics. Smith credited the church with "helping develop his fiercely independent and anti-establishment streak".Smith joined the Liberal Party in 1945 and was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young Liberals in 1948 and 1949. From 1948 to 1950, he was Liberal agent in Stockport, but after the party suffered poor election results in 1950 and 1951, he was advised by the losing Liberal candidate for Stockport, Reg Hewitt, to join the Labour Party.In 1952, Smith was elected a Labour councillor for the Falinge ward of Rochdale. By 1954, he was chairman of Rochdale Council's Establishment Committee. In 1963 Smith switched committee roles to be responsible for Estates which included overseeing residential and town centre development. He was appointed the Labour Mayor of Rochdale in 1966, with his mother, Eva, acting as mayoress (she retained her job as a cleaner in Rochdale Town Hall whilst in the post). In her work as a cleaner at the town hall, Smith's mother was banned from entering the police station – likewise based in the building – for she would search through its bins for information to help her son.Smith's mayoral duties were filmed for the BBC's "Man Alive" documentary series, in an episode titled "Santa Claus for a Year". In 1966 he was appointed chairman of the Education Committee overseeing the introduction of comprehensive education in the district. In the same year he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours. According to his autobiography, Smith was found guilty of an offence relating to public lotteries and bound over to keep the peace for twelve months.In 1966, Smith resigned the Labour whip when the party refused to vote for an increase in council house rents and sat with four other councillors as independents until 1970. His subsequent return to the Liberal Party, and his election as a Liberal MP, caused surprise after his role in opposing Ludovic Kennedy, the Liberal candidate in the 1958 Rochdale by-election. Controversy was sparked by Rochdale Liberals when the parliamentary candidate, Garth Pratt, was deselected to make way for Smith's return to the party.During the 1960s Smith was active on many Rochdale Council committees regarding youth activities. These included: Rochdale Youth Orchestra, Rochdale Youth Theatre Workshop, governorship of 29 Rochdale schools and chairmanship of the Youth Committee, Youth Employment Committee and the Education Committee.Having been Liberal candidate in Rochdale at the 1970 general election when he took the party to second place, Smith won the seat at the 1972 by-election with a large swing from Labour to the Liberals, and a majority of 5,171.Smith was appointed as the party Chief Whip in June 1975, and faced pressure from the press in the wake of a scandal involving party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Smith was in hospital when Thorpe sacked him, just before he himself was forced to resign. Speaking to Granada Television in 2003, David Steel reflected on events in the 1970s with the conclusion: "Cyril was not an ideal Chief Whip because he did not handle a crisis well and had a tendency to say anything to a news camera." Smith was the only Liberal MP during his parliamentary career to oppose abortion and advocate the return of the death penalty. One of his constituents was jailed for sixteen years for the sexual murder of a child, in what turned out to be a miscarriage of justice. The man's mother repeatedly approached Smith for help, but he declined to take the case on.In 1978, Smith approached former Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath to discuss forming a new centrist party. In 1980, Smith described UK unemployment figures of two million jobless people as "a disgrace", stating: "They represent a sick society, and are not acceptable to live with." In 1981, he was involved in moves to create "a party with a new image" but, according to the "Rochdale Observer", at the foundation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 he warned Liberal colleagues to move with caution. Smith was quoted as being "opposed to an alliance at any price". He would later express the view that the Liberal Party would have been "better off" without being "shackled to the SDP". After David Alton's 1988 bill to reduce the time limit for abortions was talked out by MPs, he referred to other members as "murderers in the womb". The speaker of the House of Commons forced Smith to apologise for the comment.In 2008 the "New Statesman" accused Smith of improper conduct in his connection with the company Turner & Newall (T&N), which was based in his constituency, and was once the world's largest manufacturer of materials using asbestos. In the summer recess of 1981, Smith wrote to Sydney Marks, head of personnel at T&N, informing him that EEC regulations were coming up for debate in the next parliamentary session. A House of Commons speech Smith delivered was almost identical to one prepared for him by the company. He said "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos" in his speech of a substance then long known as lethal if inhaled. A year later he revealed he owned 1,300 shares in T&N. Interviewed in September 2008 by a local BBC news programme, Smith responded to the claims he had helped cover up the dangers of asbestos as "absolute rubbish". After his death, he was described by journalist Oliver Kamm in his blog in "The Times" as "a corrupt, mendacious mountain of flesh".The controversy led in November 2008 to a parliamentary early day motion calling for Smith to be stripped of the knighthood he had been granted in 1988. Kevin Maguire of the "Daily Mirror" supported the motion.After leaving Westminster and the death of his mother Eva in 1994, Smith was invited by a lifelong friend, a public relations manager at the Cunard Line, to become a guest lecturer on the cruise liner "Queen Elizabeth 2". Smith liked to spend his holidays at Lytham St Annes, a seaside resort near Blackpool.In February 2006, Smith was taken to hospital after collapsing at his Rochdale home. He had been weakened by dehydration and low potassium levels.Smith died of cancer in a Rochdale nursing home on 3 September 2010. He had made detailed plans for his own funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of Rochdale Town Hall and included David Alton, the MEP Chris Davies, and former MP Paul Rowen as speakers. Of all the many tributes, the then-current leader of Rochdale Council summed him up: "He simply was politics for Rochdale." The service was led by the minister of his local Unitarian church, of which he had been a lifelong member.Smith's younger brother Norman followed him into local politics, as councillor, mayor, and president of the local Liberal Democrat chapter.Smith's large size and capacity for blunt speaking and popular touch made him one of the most recognisable British politicians of the 1970s and 1980s. His nickname, "Big Cyril", was the title of his autobiography. Smith made many popular television appearances: he sang "She's a Lassie from Lancashire" on his friend Jimmy Savile's early-1970s TV show "Clunk Click", appeared in an advert for a "greatest hits" album by 1980s pop group Bananarama, and sang a duet with Don Estelle in a 1999 recording of the Laurel and Hardy song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Like several other prominent British MPs in the 1980s, he was regularly parodied in the satirical television show "Spitting Image".Smith is believed to have been the heaviest British MP ever: at 6'2" (188 cm) he was reported to weigh 29 stone 12 pounds, about 190 kilogrammes. A common joke on the size of the Parliamentary Liberal Party in the early 1970s was that only one taxi would be needed to transport the entire party; after Smith's election, the party could fill two taxis.A lifelong bachelor, Smith told "You" magazine: "I haven't had a lot of time for courting women ... I've tended to be married to politics". Smith was a friend of the mother of broadcasters Andy and Liz Kershaw; she described him as dependent on Valium, but he denied these allegations.In May 1979, a local underground magazine, the "Rochdale Alternative Press", alleged that in the 1960s Smith had spanked and sexually abused teenage boys in a hostel he co-founded. The matter was investigated by the police but Smith was not prosecuted. The story was repeated in the same month by the magazine "Private Eye". Smith never publicly denied the accusations of abuse, nor did he ever take legal action, but after his death the allegations were denied by his family. The Press Office of the leader of the Liberal Party, David Steel commented, "All he seems to have done is spanked a few bare bottoms".In November 2012, speaking in the House of Commons, Simon Danczuk, the Labour MP for Rochdale, Smith's former seat, called for an inquiry into the alleged abuse.Rossendale councillor Alan Neal alleged that at the age of eleven in 1964, during Smith's membership of the Labour Party, he was beaten by Smith at a hostel for boys. Neal said: "I'm speaking now because someone has taken a right decision to raise this issue with the authorities". He added that he told police about the incident in 1968 when he left the school but on raising it "everyone made the same comment that the person in question was a very important, powerful man". Neal said that he lost two front teeth and needed stitches to a head wound after Smith assaulted him for refusing to eat a potted meat sandwich.Another alleged victim of abuse by Smith waived his right to anonymity in November 2012 to claim that Smith smacked him and stroked his buttocks when he was a teenager at a Rochdale care home in the 1960s. Barry Fitton said he was spanked "very, very hard" by Smith and that he was left in tears by the alleged incident.On 21 November 2012, Greater Manchester Police (GMP) announced it would investigate allegations that Smith had sexually abused boys at a hostel in Rochdale after 1974, and Lancashire Police would investigate claims dating from before 1974. The police said it would look at whether investigations had taken place into Smith during the 1980s and 1990s.On 27 November 2012, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that Smith should have been charged with crimes of abuse more than 40 years earlier. In a statement, the GMP said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by the ex-Rochdale MP. Smith was never charged although investigations were undertaken in 1970, 1998, and 1999. The method of assessing the probability of a conviction has changed since 1970, and the decision not to charge Smith then necessitated the outcome of the 1998 investigation. Following the sexual abuse allegations, Rochdale Council removed a blue plaque to Smith from the town hall. GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said: "Although Smith cannot be charged or convicted posthumously, from the overwhelming evidence we have it is right and proper we should publicly recognise that young boys were sexually and physically abused".On 28 November 2012, an alleged victim waived his right to anonymity in a television interview with Sky News to say that he was sexually abused by Smith at a council-run residential special school. Chris Marshall broke down in tears during his interview when describing the sexual abuse he said took place at Knowl View school in Rochdale in the early 1980s. He said that as a nine-year-old boy he was taken to a room and made to perform oral sex on Smith and one other man. Smith was a governor at the school and allegedly had his own set of keys. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said: "I am deeply shocked and horrified by these terrible allegations and my thoughts are with the victims who had the courage to speak out".In November 2012, Tony Robinson, a former Special Branch officer with Lancashire Police in the 1970s, said that a dossier of sexual abuse allegations against Smith which police claimed was "lost" was actually seized by MI5. Robinson said that he was asked by MI5 to send to London a police dossier that had been kept in a safe in his office which he said was "thick" with allegations from boys claiming they had been abused by Smith.In December 2012, Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk alleged that Smith raped some of his victims. Danczuk said: "There is no doubt that Cyril Smith seriously sexually abused young boys: why the CPS didn't prosecute more recently is puzzling".Following claims by MP Tom Watson of "a powerful paedophile network linked to Parliament and No 10", it was reported that Scotland Yard detectives investigating allegations of child abuse at the Elm Guest House were looking into allegations that senior politicians abused children in the 1980s and escaped justice.In January 2013, "The Independent on Sunday" reported that police were investigating claims that Smith sexually abused boys at the London guest house. A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police later said: "We can confirm Cyril Smith visited the premises." A 16-year-old boy was allegedly sexually abused by Smith at Elm Guest House. MP Simon Danczuk said he was convinced that there was a "network of paedophiles" operating in the House of Commons who helped to protect Smith.In September 2013, a Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme "The Paedophile MP: How Cyril Smith Got Away With It" quoted the Crown Prosecution Service as claiming that they had not prosecuted Smith for crimes of abuse because he had been given an assurance in 1970 that he would not be prosecuted, and that prevented them from subsequently reopening the investigation under the law at the time. Political journalist Francis Wheen said that he found this explanation incomprehensible.Danczuk, with researcher and campaigner Matthew Baker, published "Smile for the Camera: The Double Life of Cyril Smith", an exposé of the child abuse committed by Smith. Danczuk alleged that Smith was part of a high-level paedophile ring and that Smith had used his influence to escape prosecution. Danczuk said: "Once you looked beyond the jolly clown playing for the camera, there was a sickening, dark heart. This wasn't just about abuse, it was about power – and a cover-up that reached from Rochdale all the way to the very top of the Establishment." Danczuk said that in the 1980s police discovered child pornography belonging to Smith, but he escaped justice. Danczuk described Smith as "a predatory paedophile and a prolific offender who would target the most vulnerable boys." He said: "A lot of manpower went into investigating Smith over the years, but the only thing he was ever convicted for was mis-selling a lottery ticket."In 2014, former Liberal leader Sir David Steel said he had confronted Smith about his "unusual" behaviour with boys at a hostel in Rochdale. Following allegations published in 1979, Steel said that Smith confessed to spanking boys and conducting intimate "medical examinations" on them but was allowed to remain as a Liberal MP. Steel said: "I asked Cyril Smith about it. I was half expecting him to say it was all wrong, and I would have been urging him to sue to save his reputation. To my surprise he said the report was correct." Steel said that Smith had a supervisory role in institutions in Rochdale where he was involved in corporal punishment. Steel said of the abuse allegations: "They had been investigated by the police, as "Private Eye" stated, and no action had been taken on them. So there was nothing more I could do."In April 2014, following reports that there had been 144 complaints against Smith and that attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked, the President of the Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron, said that his party needed to answer "serious questions" about who knew that Smith had faced allegations of sexual assault. However, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg refused to hold an inquiry into what he called the "repugnant" actions of Smith. Clegg said: "My party, the Liberal Democrats, did not know about these actions." Clegg stated that the child abuse allegations were a matter for the police.In May 2014, it was alleged that Smith had molested an 11-year-old boy at the National Liberal Club in London in 1978. Smith allegedly insisted that the boy remove his underpants before attempting to fondle him. A spokesman for the Liberal Democrats said: "Cyril Smith's acts were vile and repugnant and we have nothing but sympathy for those whose lives he ruined."In June 2014, Detective Chief Superintendent Russ Jackson of Greater Manchester Police admitted the force's previous investigations into abuse linked to Smith at Rochdale Knowl View residential school "fell well short" of what would be expected today. Allegations were made that a paedophile ring had been operating for decades in the town of Rochdale and that men from as far away as Sheffield were travelling to Rochdale to have sex with Knowl View boys aged between eight and thirteen. Greater Manchester Police said there were 21 suspects, 14 of whom it had identified, including Smith. In July 2014, Rochdale council's inquiry into child abuse linked to Smith at Knowl View residential school was halted at the request of police. Greater Manchester Police asked the authority to suspend their inquiry while detectives investigated claims of an institutional cover-up.In July 2014, it was reported that Smith had put pressure on the BBC in 1976, by asking the corporation not to investigate the "private lives of certain MPs". According to letters in the National Archives, Smith wrote to BBC Director-General Sir Charles Curran in September 1976 saying he was "deeply concerned about the investigative activities of the BBC", especially relating to "the private lives of certain MPs". Former children's minister Tim Loughton described Smith's letters as "bully-boy tactics". Loughton said: "It was an abuse of position that somebody as an MP was saying, 'You shouldn't look at us, we're above the law.'"A report released by the Crown Prosecution Service in July 2014 showed that in 1970 a police detective investigating Smith presented evidence to his superior of Smith's abuse of young boys at a care home in Rochdale, but no action was taken.In March 2015, Cabinet Office papers were released confirming that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was made aware of allegations against Smith before he was knighted in 1988. Shortly after, a BBC investigation on "Newsnight" revealed that Smith had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to his participation in a paedophile ring, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to him being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, called for immunity for whistle-blowers in the case. Reports also emerged of Smith's arrest by Northamptonshire Police, where he was again released in mysterious circumstances.In 2015, a retired police officer said that he was threatened with the Official Secrets Act after he found Smith in the home of a known sex offender, with two drunk teenage boys, and a police sergeant in civilian clothes. The retired officer said that he was summoned to a meeting with a senior officer at Stockport Police Station and told "in no uncertain terms" not to say anything about it. The alleged incident took place in 1988 at a house in Stockport after a complaint that the occupier had been committing a lewd act in his window in front of a newspaper boy.In October 2017 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) was told that MI5 had been made aware that prosecutors lied to the press over the existence of a child abuse file on Smith. Detectives had said the "sordid" claims about the late MP's alleged abuse of young boys in 1970 "stood up". The enquiry heard how the investigation into Smith had "illuminated" wider abuse suffered by the boys. In 1988, when Smith was made a knight, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had probably been informed of his chequered past. The hearings focused on alleged offences at Cambridge House hostel and the Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where Smith was a governor.
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[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Liberal Democrats Chief Whip"
] |
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Which position did Cyril Smith hold in Sep, 1978?
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September 11, 1978
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{
"text": [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
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L2_Q337548_P39_2
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Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1988 to Mar, 1992.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Liberal Democrats Chief Whip from Jul, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
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Cyril SmithSir Cyril Richard Smith (28 June 1928 – 3 September 2010) was a prominent British politician who after his death was revealed to have been a prolific serial sex offender against children. A member of the Liberal Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 1972 to 1992. After his death, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse by Smith, including many made during his lifetime, emerged, leading the police to believe he had been guilty of sex offences.Smith was first active in local politics as a Liberal in 1945 before switching to Labour in 1950; he served as a Labour councillor in Rochdale, Lancashire, from 1950 and became mayor in 1966. He subsequently switched parties again and entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1972, winning his Rochdale seat on five further occasions. Smith was appointed the Liberal Chief Whip in June 1975 but later resigned on health grounds. In his later years as an MP, Smith opposed an alliance with the Social Democratic Party and did not stand for re-election in 1992, but remained loyal to the Liberal Democrats upon the parties' merger. Throughout much of his career, he maintained a high profile in the media, and became a well-known public figure.In later years, Smith's public esteem was considerably marred by the allegation that he had been involved in a cover-up of a health risk at a local asbestos factory. In 2008, there were calls for Smith to be stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had asked the asbestos company Turner & Newall to prepare a speech for him in 1981, in which he declared: "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos". It was later revealed that Smith owned 1,300 shares in the company. In 2008, Smith said that 4,000 asbestos-related deaths a year in the UK was "relatively low".In 2012, following allegations of child sexual abuse, the Crown Prosecution Service formally admitted that Smith should have been charged with such abuse during his lifetime. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by Smith. In November 2012, GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said there was "overwhelming evidence" that young boys were sexually and physically abused by Smith. In April 2014, it was reported that there had been 144 complaints against Smith from victims as young as eight, but attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked. Public authorities, including Rochdale Borough Council, the police and intelligence services have been implicated in covering up Smith's crimes. In 2015, it emerged that he had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to these offences, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to his being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act.Cyril Smith was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and described himself as "illegitimate, deprived and poor." Though he never knew the name of his father, he commented, "I suspect I know who he was." Smith lived with his mother, two illegitimate half-siblings, Eunice and Norman, and his grandmother in a one-up one-down cottage (now demolished) on Falinge Road. His mother, Eva Smith, worked in service to a local cotton mill–owning family who lived at 8 Kilnerdyne Terrace.Smith was educated at Rochdale Grammar School for Boys and after leaving began work at Rochdale Inland Revenue Tax Office. In the 1945 general election, aged 16, he gave a public speech in support of Liberal candidate Charles Harvey. Smith said he was given an ultimatum by his manager in the tax office to either choose the civil service or politics. He left his job at the tax office and then worked as an office boy at Fothergill & Harvey's mill in Littleborough, northeast of Rochdale. The mill was owned by the Harveys, a notable Liberal family, but Smith claimed the director Charles Harvey knew nothing of the job application by the young man who had lost his job for his public speech in favour of Harvey's Liberal candidature.Smith was a lifelong member of the Rochdale Unitarian Church. Contemporaries remembered him expressing, as a teenager, the desire to be both mayor and Member of Parliament (MP). Smith served in many roles, including as Sunday School superintendent, trustee, and chair of the trustees. His Unitarian faith intersected with his Liberal politics. Smith credited the church with "helping develop his fiercely independent and anti-establishment streak".Smith joined the Liberal Party in 1945 and was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young Liberals in 1948 and 1949. From 1948 to 1950, he was Liberal agent in Stockport, but after the party suffered poor election results in 1950 and 1951, he was advised by the losing Liberal candidate for Stockport, Reg Hewitt, to join the Labour Party.In 1952, Smith was elected a Labour councillor for the Falinge ward of Rochdale. By 1954, he was chairman of Rochdale Council's Establishment Committee. In 1963 Smith switched committee roles to be responsible for Estates which included overseeing residential and town centre development. He was appointed the Labour Mayor of Rochdale in 1966, with his mother, Eva, acting as mayoress (she retained her job as a cleaner in Rochdale Town Hall whilst in the post). In her work as a cleaner at the town hall, Smith's mother was banned from entering the police station – likewise based in the building – for she would search through its bins for information to help her son.Smith's mayoral duties were filmed for the BBC's "Man Alive" documentary series, in an episode titled "Santa Claus for a Year". In 1966 he was appointed chairman of the Education Committee overseeing the introduction of comprehensive education in the district. In the same year he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours. According to his autobiography, Smith was found guilty of an offence relating to public lotteries and bound over to keep the peace for twelve months.In 1966, Smith resigned the Labour whip when the party refused to vote for an increase in council house rents and sat with four other councillors as independents until 1970. His subsequent return to the Liberal Party, and his election as a Liberal MP, caused surprise after his role in opposing Ludovic Kennedy, the Liberal candidate in the 1958 Rochdale by-election. Controversy was sparked by Rochdale Liberals when the parliamentary candidate, Garth Pratt, was deselected to make way for Smith's return to the party.During the 1960s Smith was active on many Rochdale Council committees regarding youth activities. These included: Rochdale Youth Orchestra, Rochdale Youth Theatre Workshop, governorship of 29 Rochdale schools and chairmanship of the Youth Committee, Youth Employment Committee and the Education Committee.Having been Liberal candidate in Rochdale at the 1970 general election when he took the party to second place, Smith won the seat at the 1972 by-election with a large swing from Labour to the Liberals, and a majority of 5,171.Smith was appointed as the party Chief Whip in June 1975, and faced pressure from the press in the wake of a scandal involving party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Smith was in hospital when Thorpe sacked him, just before he himself was forced to resign. Speaking to Granada Television in 2003, David Steel reflected on events in the 1970s with the conclusion: "Cyril was not an ideal Chief Whip because he did not handle a crisis well and had a tendency to say anything to a news camera." Smith was the only Liberal MP during his parliamentary career to oppose abortion and advocate the return of the death penalty. One of his constituents was jailed for sixteen years for the sexual murder of a child, in what turned out to be a miscarriage of justice. The man's mother repeatedly approached Smith for help, but he declined to take the case on.In 1978, Smith approached former Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath to discuss forming a new centrist party. In 1980, Smith described UK unemployment figures of two million jobless people as "a disgrace", stating: "They represent a sick society, and are not acceptable to live with." In 1981, he was involved in moves to create "a party with a new image" but, according to the "Rochdale Observer", at the foundation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 he warned Liberal colleagues to move with caution. Smith was quoted as being "opposed to an alliance at any price". He would later express the view that the Liberal Party would have been "better off" without being "shackled to the SDP". After David Alton's 1988 bill to reduce the time limit for abortions was talked out by MPs, he referred to other members as "murderers in the womb". The speaker of the House of Commons forced Smith to apologise for the comment.In 2008 the "New Statesman" accused Smith of improper conduct in his connection with the company Turner & Newall (T&N), which was based in his constituency, and was once the world's largest manufacturer of materials using asbestos. In the summer recess of 1981, Smith wrote to Sydney Marks, head of personnel at T&N, informing him that EEC regulations were coming up for debate in the next parliamentary session. A House of Commons speech Smith delivered was almost identical to one prepared for him by the company. He said "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos" in his speech of a substance then long known as lethal if inhaled. A year later he revealed he owned 1,300 shares in T&N. Interviewed in September 2008 by a local BBC news programme, Smith responded to the claims he had helped cover up the dangers of asbestos as "absolute rubbish". After his death, he was described by journalist Oliver Kamm in his blog in "The Times" as "a corrupt, mendacious mountain of flesh".The controversy led in November 2008 to a parliamentary early day motion calling for Smith to be stripped of the knighthood he had been granted in 1988. Kevin Maguire of the "Daily Mirror" supported the motion.After leaving Westminster and the death of his mother Eva in 1994, Smith was invited by a lifelong friend, a public relations manager at the Cunard Line, to become a guest lecturer on the cruise liner "Queen Elizabeth 2". Smith liked to spend his holidays at Lytham St Annes, a seaside resort near Blackpool.In February 2006, Smith was taken to hospital after collapsing at his Rochdale home. He had been weakened by dehydration and low potassium levels.Smith died of cancer in a Rochdale nursing home on 3 September 2010. He had made detailed plans for his own funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of Rochdale Town Hall and included David Alton, the MEP Chris Davies, and former MP Paul Rowen as speakers. Of all the many tributes, the then-current leader of Rochdale Council summed him up: "He simply was politics for Rochdale." The service was led by the minister of his local Unitarian church, of which he had been a lifelong member.Smith's younger brother Norman followed him into local politics, as councillor, mayor, and president of the local Liberal Democrat chapter.Smith's large size and capacity for blunt speaking and popular touch made him one of the most recognisable British politicians of the 1970s and 1980s. His nickname, "Big Cyril", was the title of his autobiography. Smith made many popular television appearances: he sang "She's a Lassie from Lancashire" on his friend Jimmy Savile's early-1970s TV show "Clunk Click", appeared in an advert for a "greatest hits" album by 1980s pop group Bananarama, and sang a duet with Don Estelle in a 1999 recording of the Laurel and Hardy song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Like several other prominent British MPs in the 1980s, he was regularly parodied in the satirical television show "Spitting Image".Smith is believed to have been the heaviest British MP ever: at 6'2" (188 cm) he was reported to weigh 29 stone 12 pounds, about 190 kilogrammes. A common joke on the size of the Parliamentary Liberal Party in the early 1970s was that only one taxi would be needed to transport the entire party; after Smith's election, the party could fill two taxis.A lifelong bachelor, Smith told "You" magazine: "I haven't had a lot of time for courting women ... I've tended to be married to politics". Smith was a friend of the mother of broadcasters Andy and Liz Kershaw; she described him as dependent on Valium, but he denied these allegations.In May 1979, a local underground magazine, the "Rochdale Alternative Press", alleged that in the 1960s Smith had spanked and sexually abused teenage boys in a hostel he co-founded. The matter was investigated by the police but Smith was not prosecuted. The story was repeated in the same month by the magazine "Private Eye". Smith never publicly denied the accusations of abuse, nor did he ever take legal action, but after his death the allegations were denied by his family. The Press Office of the leader of the Liberal Party, David Steel commented, "All he seems to have done is spanked a few bare bottoms".In November 2012, speaking in the House of Commons, Simon Danczuk, the Labour MP for Rochdale, Smith's former seat, called for an inquiry into the alleged abuse.Rossendale councillor Alan Neal alleged that at the age of eleven in 1964, during Smith's membership of the Labour Party, he was beaten by Smith at a hostel for boys. Neal said: "I'm speaking now because someone has taken a right decision to raise this issue with the authorities". He added that he told police about the incident in 1968 when he left the school but on raising it "everyone made the same comment that the person in question was a very important, powerful man". Neal said that he lost two front teeth and needed stitches to a head wound after Smith assaulted him for refusing to eat a potted meat sandwich.Another alleged victim of abuse by Smith waived his right to anonymity in November 2012 to claim that Smith smacked him and stroked his buttocks when he was a teenager at a Rochdale care home in the 1960s. Barry Fitton said he was spanked "very, very hard" by Smith and that he was left in tears by the alleged incident.On 21 November 2012, Greater Manchester Police (GMP) announced it would investigate allegations that Smith had sexually abused boys at a hostel in Rochdale after 1974, and Lancashire Police would investigate claims dating from before 1974. The police said it would look at whether investigations had taken place into Smith during the 1980s and 1990s.On 27 November 2012, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that Smith should have been charged with crimes of abuse more than 40 years earlier. In a statement, the GMP said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by the ex-Rochdale MP. Smith was never charged although investigations were undertaken in 1970, 1998, and 1999. The method of assessing the probability of a conviction has changed since 1970, and the decision not to charge Smith then necessitated the outcome of the 1998 investigation. Following the sexual abuse allegations, Rochdale Council removed a blue plaque to Smith from the town hall. GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said: "Although Smith cannot be charged or convicted posthumously, from the overwhelming evidence we have it is right and proper we should publicly recognise that young boys were sexually and physically abused".On 28 November 2012, an alleged victim waived his right to anonymity in a television interview with Sky News to say that he was sexually abused by Smith at a council-run residential special school. Chris Marshall broke down in tears during his interview when describing the sexual abuse he said took place at Knowl View school in Rochdale in the early 1980s. He said that as a nine-year-old boy he was taken to a room and made to perform oral sex on Smith and one other man. Smith was a governor at the school and allegedly had his own set of keys. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said: "I am deeply shocked and horrified by these terrible allegations and my thoughts are with the victims who had the courage to speak out".In November 2012, Tony Robinson, a former Special Branch officer with Lancashire Police in the 1970s, said that a dossier of sexual abuse allegations against Smith which police claimed was "lost" was actually seized by MI5. Robinson said that he was asked by MI5 to send to London a police dossier that had been kept in a safe in his office which he said was "thick" with allegations from boys claiming they had been abused by Smith.In December 2012, Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk alleged that Smith raped some of his victims. Danczuk said: "There is no doubt that Cyril Smith seriously sexually abused young boys: why the CPS didn't prosecute more recently is puzzling".Following claims by MP Tom Watson of "a powerful paedophile network linked to Parliament and No 10", it was reported that Scotland Yard detectives investigating allegations of child abuse at the Elm Guest House were looking into allegations that senior politicians abused children in the 1980s and escaped justice.In January 2013, "The Independent on Sunday" reported that police were investigating claims that Smith sexually abused boys at the London guest house. A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police later said: "We can confirm Cyril Smith visited the premises." A 16-year-old boy was allegedly sexually abused by Smith at Elm Guest House. MP Simon Danczuk said he was convinced that there was a "network of paedophiles" operating in the House of Commons who helped to protect Smith.In September 2013, a Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme "The Paedophile MP: How Cyril Smith Got Away With It" quoted the Crown Prosecution Service as claiming that they had not prosecuted Smith for crimes of abuse because he had been given an assurance in 1970 that he would not be prosecuted, and that prevented them from subsequently reopening the investigation under the law at the time. Political journalist Francis Wheen said that he found this explanation incomprehensible.Danczuk, with researcher and campaigner Matthew Baker, published "Smile for the Camera: The Double Life of Cyril Smith", an exposé of the child abuse committed by Smith. Danczuk alleged that Smith was part of a high-level paedophile ring and that Smith had used his influence to escape prosecution. Danczuk said: "Once you looked beyond the jolly clown playing for the camera, there was a sickening, dark heart. This wasn't just about abuse, it was about power – and a cover-up that reached from Rochdale all the way to the very top of the Establishment." Danczuk said that in the 1980s police discovered child pornography belonging to Smith, but he escaped justice. Danczuk described Smith as "a predatory paedophile and a prolific offender who would target the most vulnerable boys." He said: "A lot of manpower went into investigating Smith over the years, but the only thing he was ever convicted for was mis-selling a lottery ticket."In 2014, former Liberal leader Sir David Steel said he had confronted Smith about his "unusual" behaviour with boys at a hostel in Rochdale. Following allegations published in 1979, Steel said that Smith confessed to spanking boys and conducting intimate "medical examinations" on them but was allowed to remain as a Liberal MP. Steel said: "I asked Cyril Smith about it. I was half expecting him to say it was all wrong, and I would have been urging him to sue to save his reputation. To my surprise he said the report was correct." Steel said that Smith had a supervisory role in institutions in Rochdale where he was involved in corporal punishment. Steel said of the abuse allegations: "They had been investigated by the police, as "Private Eye" stated, and no action had been taken on them. So there was nothing more I could do."In April 2014, following reports that there had been 144 complaints against Smith and that attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked, the President of the Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron, said that his party needed to answer "serious questions" about who knew that Smith had faced allegations of sexual assault. However, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg refused to hold an inquiry into what he called the "repugnant" actions of Smith. Clegg said: "My party, the Liberal Democrats, did not know about these actions." Clegg stated that the child abuse allegations were a matter for the police.In May 2014, it was alleged that Smith had molested an 11-year-old boy at the National Liberal Club in London in 1978. Smith allegedly insisted that the boy remove his underpants before attempting to fondle him. A spokesman for the Liberal Democrats said: "Cyril Smith's acts were vile and repugnant and we have nothing but sympathy for those whose lives he ruined."In June 2014, Detective Chief Superintendent Russ Jackson of Greater Manchester Police admitted the force's previous investigations into abuse linked to Smith at Rochdale Knowl View residential school "fell well short" of what would be expected today. Allegations were made that a paedophile ring had been operating for decades in the town of Rochdale and that men from as far away as Sheffield were travelling to Rochdale to have sex with Knowl View boys aged between eight and thirteen. Greater Manchester Police said there were 21 suspects, 14 of whom it had identified, including Smith. In July 2014, Rochdale council's inquiry into child abuse linked to Smith at Knowl View residential school was halted at the request of police. Greater Manchester Police asked the authority to suspend their inquiry while detectives investigated claims of an institutional cover-up.In July 2014, it was reported that Smith had put pressure on the BBC in 1976, by asking the corporation not to investigate the "private lives of certain MPs". According to letters in the National Archives, Smith wrote to BBC Director-General Sir Charles Curran in September 1976 saying he was "deeply concerned about the investigative activities of the BBC", especially relating to "the private lives of certain MPs". Former children's minister Tim Loughton described Smith's letters as "bully-boy tactics". Loughton said: "It was an abuse of position that somebody as an MP was saying, 'You shouldn't look at us, we're above the law.'"A report released by the Crown Prosecution Service in July 2014 showed that in 1970 a police detective investigating Smith presented evidence to his superior of Smith's abuse of young boys at a care home in Rochdale, but no action was taken.In March 2015, Cabinet Office papers were released confirming that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was made aware of allegations against Smith before he was knighted in 1988. Shortly after, a BBC investigation on "Newsnight" revealed that Smith had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to his participation in a paedophile ring, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to him being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, called for immunity for whistle-blowers in the case. Reports also emerged of Smith's arrest by Northamptonshire Police, where he was again released in mysterious circumstances.In 2015, a retired police officer said that he was threatened with the Official Secrets Act after he found Smith in the home of a known sex offender, with two drunk teenage boys, and a police sergeant in civilian clothes. The retired officer said that he was summoned to a meeting with a senior officer at Stockport Police Station and told "in no uncertain terms" not to say anything about it. The alleged incident took place in 1988 at a house in Stockport after a complaint that the occupier had been committing a lewd act in his window in front of a newspaper boy.In October 2017 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) was told that MI5 had been made aware that prosecutors lied to the press over the existence of a child abuse file on Smith. Detectives had said the "sordid" claims about the late MP's alleged abuse of young boys in 1970 "stood up". The enquiry heard how the investigation into Smith had "illuminated" wider abuse suffered by the boys. In 1988, when Smith was made a knight, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had probably been informed of his chequered past. The hearings focused on alleged offences at Cambridge House hostel and the Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where Smith was a governor.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Liberal Democrats Chief Whip"
] |
|
Which position did Cyril Smith hold in Sep, 1976?
|
September 26, 1976
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Liberal Democrats Chief Whip"
]
}
|
L2_Q337548_P39_3
|
Cyril Smith holds the position of Liberal Democrats Chief Whip from Jul, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1988 to Mar, 1992.
|
Cyril SmithSir Cyril Richard Smith (28 June 1928 – 3 September 2010) was a prominent British politician who after his death was revealed to have been a prolific serial sex offender against children. A member of the Liberal Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 1972 to 1992. After his death, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse by Smith, including many made during his lifetime, emerged, leading the police to believe he had been guilty of sex offences.Smith was first active in local politics as a Liberal in 1945 before switching to Labour in 1950; he served as a Labour councillor in Rochdale, Lancashire, from 1950 and became mayor in 1966. He subsequently switched parties again and entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1972, winning his Rochdale seat on five further occasions. Smith was appointed the Liberal Chief Whip in June 1975 but later resigned on health grounds. In his later years as an MP, Smith opposed an alliance with the Social Democratic Party and did not stand for re-election in 1992, but remained loyal to the Liberal Democrats upon the parties' merger. Throughout much of his career, he maintained a high profile in the media, and became a well-known public figure.In later years, Smith's public esteem was considerably marred by the allegation that he had been involved in a cover-up of a health risk at a local asbestos factory. In 2008, there were calls for Smith to be stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had asked the asbestos company Turner & Newall to prepare a speech for him in 1981, in which he declared: "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos". It was later revealed that Smith owned 1,300 shares in the company. In 2008, Smith said that 4,000 asbestos-related deaths a year in the UK was "relatively low".In 2012, following allegations of child sexual abuse, the Crown Prosecution Service formally admitted that Smith should have been charged with such abuse during his lifetime. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by Smith. In November 2012, GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said there was "overwhelming evidence" that young boys were sexually and physically abused by Smith. In April 2014, it was reported that there had been 144 complaints against Smith from victims as young as eight, but attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked. Public authorities, including Rochdale Borough Council, the police and intelligence services have been implicated in covering up Smith's crimes. In 2015, it emerged that he had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to these offences, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to his being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act.Cyril Smith was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and described himself as "illegitimate, deprived and poor." Though he never knew the name of his father, he commented, "I suspect I know who he was." Smith lived with his mother, two illegitimate half-siblings, Eunice and Norman, and his grandmother in a one-up one-down cottage (now demolished) on Falinge Road. His mother, Eva Smith, worked in service to a local cotton mill–owning family who lived at 8 Kilnerdyne Terrace.Smith was educated at Rochdale Grammar School for Boys and after leaving began work at Rochdale Inland Revenue Tax Office. In the 1945 general election, aged 16, he gave a public speech in support of Liberal candidate Charles Harvey. Smith said he was given an ultimatum by his manager in the tax office to either choose the civil service or politics. He left his job at the tax office and then worked as an office boy at Fothergill & Harvey's mill in Littleborough, northeast of Rochdale. The mill was owned by the Harveys, a notable Liberal family, but Smith claimed the director Charles Harvey knew nothing of the job application by the young man who had lost his job for his public speech in favour of Harvey's Liberal candidature.Smith was a lifelong member of the Rochdale Unitarian Church. Contemporaries remembered him expressing, as a teenager, the desire to be both mayor and Member of Parliament (MP). Smith served in many roles, including as Sunday School superintendent, trustee, and chair of the trustees. His Unitarian faith intersected with his Liberal politics. Smith credited the church with "helping develop his fiercely independent and anti-establishment streak".Smith joined the Liberal Party in 1945 and was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young Liberals in 1948 and 1949. From 1948 to 1950, he was Liberal agent in Stockport, but after the party suffered poor election results in 1950 and 1951, he was advised by the losing Liberal candidate for Stockport, Reg Hewitt, to join the Labour Party.In 1952, Smith was elected a Labour councillor for the Falinge ward of Rochdale. By 1954, he was chairman of Rochdale Council's Establishment Committee. In 1963 Smith switched committee roles to be responsible for Estates which included overseeing residential and town centre development. He was appointed the Labour Mayor of Rochdale in 1966, with his mother, Eva, acting as mayoress (she retained her job as a cleaner in Rochdale Town Hall whilst in the post). In her work as a cleaner at the town hall, Smith's mother was banned from entering the police station – likewise based in the building – for she would search through its bins for information to help her son.Smith's mayoral duties were filmed for the BBC's "Man Alive" documentary series, in an episode titled "Santa Claus for a Year". In 1966 he was appointed chairman of the Education Committee overseeing the introduction of comprehensive education in the district. In the same year he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours. According to his autobiography, Smith was found guilty of an offence relating to public lotteries and bound over to keep the peace for twelve months.In 1966, Smith resigned the Labour whip when the party refused to vote for an increase in council house rents and sat with four other councillors as independents until 1970. His subsequent return to the Liberal Party, and his election as a Liberal MP, caused surprise after his role in opposing Ludovic Kennedy, the Liberal candidate in the 1958 Rochdale by-election. Controversy was sparked by Rochdale Liberals when the parliamentary candidate, Garth Pratt, was deselected to make way for Smith's return to the party.During the 1960s Smith was active on many Rochdale Council committees regarding youth activities. These included: Rochdale Youth Orchestra, Rochdale Youth Theatre Workshop, governorship of 29 Rochdale schools and chairmanship of the Youth Committee, Youth Employment Committee and the Education Committee.Having been Liberal candidate in Rochdale at the 1970 general election when he took the party to second place, Smith won the seat at the 1972 by-election with a large swing from Labour to the Liberals, and a majority of 5,171.Smith was appointed as the party Chief Whip in June 1975, and faced pressure from the press in the wake of a scandal involving party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Smith was in hospital when Thorpe sacked him, just before he himself was forced to resign. Speaking to Granada Television in 2003, David Steel reflected on events in the 1970s with the conclusion: "Cyril was not an ideal Chief Whip because he did not handle a crisis well and had a tendency to say anything to a news camera." Smith was the only Liberal MP during his parliamentary career to oppose abortion and advocate the return of the death penalty. One of his constituents was jailed for sixteen years for the sexual murder of a child, in what turned out to be a miscarriage of justice. The man's mother repeatedly approached Smith for help, but he declined to take the case on.In 1978, Smith approached former Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath to discuss forming a new centrist party. In 1980, Smith described UK unemployment figures of two million jobless people as "a disgrace", stating: "They represent a sick society, and are not acceptable to live with." In 1981, he was involved in moves to create "a party with a new image" but, according to the "Rochdale Observer", at the foundation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 he warned Liberal colleagues to move with caution. Smith was quoted as being "opposed to an alliance at any price". He would later express the view that the Liberal Party would have been "better off" without being "shackled to the SDP". After David Alton's 1988 bill to reduce the time limit for abortions was talked out by MPs, he referred to other members as "murderers in the womb". The speaker of the House of Commons forced Smith to apologise for the comment.In 2008 the "New Statesman" accused Smith of improper conduct in his connection with the company Turner & Newall (T&N), which was based in his constituency, and was once the world's largest manufacturer of materials using asbestos. In the summer recess of 1981, Smith wrote to Sydney Marks, head of personnel at T&N, informing him that EEC regulations were coming up for debate in the next parliamentary session. A House of Commons speech Smith delivered was almost identical to one prepared for him by the company. He said "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos" in his speech of a substance then long known as lethal if inhaled. A year later he revealed he owned 1,300 shares in T&N. Interviewed in September 2008 by a local BBC news programme, Smith responded to the claims he had helped cover up the dangers of asbestos as "absolute rubbish". After his death, he was described by journalist Oliver Kamm in his blog in "The Times" as "a corrupt, mendacious mountain of flesh".The controversy led in November 2008 to a parliamentary early day motion calling for Smith to be stripped of the knighthood he had been granted in 1988. Kevin Maguire of the "Daily Mirror" supported the motion.After leaving Westminster and the death of his mother Eva in 1994, Smith was invited by a lifelong friend, a public relations manager at the Cunard Line, to become a guest lecturer on the cruise liner "Queen Elizabeth 2". Smith liked to spend his holidays at Lytham St Annes, a seaside resort near Blackpool.In February 2006, Smith was taken to hospital after collapsing at his Rochdale home. He had been weakened by dehydration and low potassium levels.Smith died of cancer in a Rochdale nursing home on 3 September 2010. He had made detailed plans for his own funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of Rochdale Town Hall and included David Alton, the MEP Chris Davies, and former MP Paul Rowen as speakers. Of all the many tributes, the then-current leader of Rochdale Council summed him up: "He simply was politics for Rochdale." The service was led by the minister of his local Unitarian church, of which he had been a lifelong member.Smith's younger brother Norman followed him into local politics, as councillor, mayor, and president of the local Liberal Democrat chapter.Smith's large size and capacity for blunt speaking and popular touch made him one of the most recognisable British politicians of the 1970s and 1980s. His nickname, "Big Cyril", was the title of his autobiography. Smith made many popular television appearances: he sang "She's a Lassie from Lancashire" on his friend Jimmy Savile's early-1970s TV show "Clunk Click", appeared in an advert for a "greatest hits" album by 1980s pop group Bananarama, and sang a duet with Don Estelle in a 1999 recording of the Laurel and Hardy song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Like several other prominent British MPs in the 1980s, he was regularly parodied in the satirical television show "Spitting Image".Smith is believed to have been the heaviest British MP ever: at 6'2" (188 cm) he was reported to weigh 29 stone 12 pounds, about 190 kilogrammes. A common joke on the size of the Parliamentary Liberal Party in the early 1970s was that only one taxi would be needed to transport the entire party; after Smith's election, the party could fill two taxis.A lifelong bachelor, Smith told "You" magazine: "I haven't had a lot of time for courting women ... I've tended to be married to politics". Smith was a friend of the mother of broadcasters Andy and Liz Kershaw; she described him as dependent on Valium, but he denied these allegations.In May 1979, a local underground magazine, the "Rochdale Alternative Press", alleged that in the 1960s Smith had spanked and sexually abused teenage boys in a hostel he co-founded. The matter was investigated by the police but Smith was not prosecuted. The story was repeated in the same month by the magazine "Private Eye". Smith never publicly denied the accusations of abuse, nor did he ever take legal action, but after his death the allegations were denied by his family. The Press Office of the leader of the Liberal Party, David Steel commented, "All he seems to have done is spanked a few bare bottoms".In November 2012, speaking in the House of Commons, Simon Danczuk, the Labour MP for Rochdale, Smith's former seat, called for an inquiry into the alleged abuse.Rossendale councillor Alan Neal alleged that at the age of eleven in 1964, during Smith's membership of the Labour Party, he was beaten by Smith at a hostel for boys. Neal said: "I'm speaking now because someone has taken a right decision to raise this issue with the authorities". He added that he told police about the incident in 1968 when he left the school but on raising it "everyone made the same comment that the person in question was a very important, powerful man". Neal said that he lost two front teeth and needed stitches to a head wound after Smith assaulted him for refusing to eat a potted meat sandwich.Another alleged victim of abuse by Smith waived his right to anonymity in November 2012 to claim that Smith smacked him and stroked his buttocks when he was a teenager at a Rochdale care home in the 1960s. Barry Fitton said he was spanked "very, very hard" by Smith and that he was left in tears by the alleged incident.On 21 November 2012, Greater Manchester Police (GMP) announced it would investigate allegations that Smith had sexually abused boys at a hostel in Rochdale after 1974, and Lancashire Police would investigate claims dating from before 1974. The police said it would look at whether investigations had taken place into Smith during the 1980s and 1990s.On 27 November 2012, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that Smith should have been charged with crimes of abuse more than 40 years earlier. In a statement, the GMP said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by the ex-Rochdale MP. Smith was never charged although investigations were undertaken in 1970, 1998, and 1999. The method of assessing the probability of a conviction has changed since 1970, and the decision not to charge Smith then necessitated the outcome of the 1998 investigation. Following the sexual abuse allegations, Rochdale Council removed a blue plaque to Smith from the town hall. GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said: "Although Smith cannot be charged or convicted posthumously, from the overwhelming evidence we have it is right and proper we should publicly recognise that young boys were sexually and physically abused".On 28 November 2012, an alleged victim waived his right to anonymity in a television interview with Sky News to say that he was sexually abused by Smith at a council-run residential special school. Chris Marshall broke down in tears during his interview when describing the sexual abuse he said took place at Knowl View school in Rochdale in the early 1980s. He said that as a nine-year-old boy he was taken to a room and made to perform oral sex on Smith and one other man. Smith was a governor at the school and allegedly had his own set of keys. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said: "I am deeply shocked and horrified by these terrible allegations and my thoughts are with the victims who had the courage to speak out".In November 2012, Tony Robinson, a former Special Branch officer with Lancashire Police in the 1970s, said that a dossier of sexual abuse allegations against Smith which police claimed was "lost" was actually seized by MI5. Robinson said that he was asked by MI5 to send to London a police dossier that had been kept in a safe in his office which he said was "thick" with allegations from boys claiming they had been abused by Smith.In December 2012, Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk alleged that Smith raped some of his victims. Danczuk said: "There is no doubt that Cyril Smith seriously sexually abused young boys: why the CPS didn't prosecute more recently is puzzling".Following claims by MP Tom Watson of "a powerful paedophile network linked to Parliament and No 10", it was reported that Scotland Yard detectives investigating allegations of child abuse at the Elm Guest House were looking into allegations that senior politicians abused children in the 1980s and escaped justice.In January 2013, "The Independent on Sunday" reported that police were investigating claims that Smith sexually abused boys at the London guest house. A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police later said: "We can confirm Cyril Smith visited the premises." A 16-year-old boy was allegedly sexually abused by Smith at Elm Guest House. MP Simon Danczuk said he was convinced that there was a "network of paedophiles" operating in the House of Commons who helped to protect Smith.In September 2013, a Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme "The Paedophile MP: How Cyril Smith Got Away With It" quoted the Crown Prosecution Service as claiming that they had not prosecuted Smith for crimes of abuse because he had been given an assurance in 1970 that he would not be prosecuted, and that prevented them from subsequently reopening the investigation under the law at the time. Political journalist Francis Wheen said that he found this explanation incomprehensible.Danczuk, with researcher and campaigner Matthew Baker, published "Smile for the Camera: The Double Life of Cyril Smith", an exposé of the child abuse committed by Smith. Danczuk alleged that Smith was part of a high-level paedophile ring and that Smith had used his influence to escape prosecution. Danczuk said: "Once you looked beyond the jolly clown playing for the camera, there was a sickening, dark heart. This wasn't just about abuse, it was about power – and a cover-up that reached from Rochdale all the way to the very top of the Establishment." Danczuk said that in the 1980s police discovered child pornography belonging to Smith, but he escaped justice. Danczuk described Smith as "a predatory paedophile and a prolific offender who would target the most vulnerable boys." He said: "A lot of manpower went into investigating Smith over the years, but the only thing he was ever convicted for was mis-selling a lottery ticket."In 2014, former Liberal leader Sir David Steel said he had confronted Smith about his "unusual" behaviour with boys at a hostel in Rochdale. Following allegations published in 1979, Steel said that Smith confessed to spanking boys and conducting intimate "medical examinations" on them but was allowed to remain as a Liberal MP. Steel said: "I asked Cyril Smith about it. I was half expecting him to say it was all wrong, and I would have been urging him to sue to save his reputation. To my surprise he said the report was correct." Steel said that Smith had a supervisory role in institutions in Rochdale where he was involved in corporal punishment. Steel said of the abuse allegations: "They had been investigated by the police, as "Private Eye" stated, and no action had been taken on them. So there was nothing more I could do."In April 2014, following reports that there had been 144 complaints against Smith and that attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked, the President of the Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron, said that his party needed to answer "serious questions" about who knew that Smith had faced allegations of sexual assault. However, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg refused to hold an inquiry into what he called the "repugnant" actions of Smith. Clegg said: "My party, the Liberal Democrats, did not know about these actions." Clegg stated that the child abuse allegations were a matter for the police.In May 2014, it was alleged that Smith had molested an 11-year-old boy at the National Liberal Club in London in 1978. Smith allegedly insisted that the boy remove his underpants before attempting to fondle him. A spokesman for the Liberal Democrats said: "Cyril Smith's acts were vile and repugnant and we have nothing but sympathy for those whose lives he ruined."In June 2014, Detective Chief Superintendent Russ Jackson of Greater Manchester Police admitted the force's previous investigations into abuse linked to Smith at Rochdale Knowl View residential school "fell well short" of what would be expected today. Allegations were made that a paedophile ring had been operating for decades in the town of Rochdale and that men from as far away as Sheffield were travelling to Rochdale to have sex with Knowl View boys aged between eight and thirteen. Greater Manchester Police said there were 21 suspects, 14 of whom it had identified, including Smith. In July 2014, Rochdale council's inquiry into child abuse linked to Smith at Knowl View residential school was halted at the request of police. Greater Manchester Police asked the authority to suspend their inquiry while detectives investigated claims of an institutional cover-up.In July 2014, it was reported that Smith had put pressure on the BBC in 1976, by asking the corporation not to investigate the "private lives of certain MPs". According to letters in the National Archives, Smith wrote to BBC Director-General Sir Charles Curran in September 1976 saying he was "deeply concerned about the investigative activities of the BBC", especially relating to "the private lives of certain MPs". Former children's minister Tim Loughton described Smith's letters as "bully-boy tactics". Loughton said: "It was an abuse of position that somebody as an MP was saying, 'You shouldn't look at us, we're above the law.'"A report released by the Crown Prosecution Service in July 2014 showed that in 1970 a police detective investigating Smith presented evidence to his superior of Smith's abuse of young boys at a care home in Rochdale, but no action was taken.In March 2015, Cabinet Office papers were released confirming that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was made aware of allegations against Smith before he was knighted in 1988. Shortly after, a BBC investigation on "Newsnight" revealed that Smith had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to his participation in a paedophile ring, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to him being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, called for immunity for whistle-blowers in the case. Reports also emerged of Smith's arrest by Northamptonshire Police, where he was again released in mysterious circumstances.In 2015, a retired police officer said that he was threatened with the Official Secrets Act after he found Smith in the home of a known sex offender, with two drunk teenage boys, and a police sergeant in civilian clothes. The retired officer said that he was summoned to a meeting with a senior officer at Stockport Police Station and told "in no uncertain terms" not to say anything about it. The alleged incident took place in 1988 at a house in Stockport after a complaint that the occupier had been committing a lewd act in his window in front of a newspaper boy.In October 2017 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) was told that MI5 had been made aware that prosecutors lied to the press over the existence of a child abuse file on Smith. Detectives had said the "sordid" claims about the late MP's alleged abuse of young boys in 1970 "stood up". The enquiry heard how the investigation into Smith had "illuminated" wider abuse suffered by the boys. In 1988, when Smith was made a knight, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had probably been informed of his chequered past. The hearings focused on alleged offences at Cambridge House hostel and the Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where Smith was a governor.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Cyril Smith hold in May, 1981?
|
May 11, 1981
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337548_P39_4
|
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1988 to Mar, 1992.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Liberal Democrats Chief Whip from Jul, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
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Cyril SmithSir Cyril Richard Smith (28 June 1928 – 3 September 2010) was a prominent British politician who after his death was revealed to have been a prolific serial sex offender against children. A member of the Liberal Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 1972 to 1992. After his death, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse by Smith, including many made during his lifetime, emerged, leading the police to believe he had been guilty of sex offences.Smith was first active in local politics as a Liberal in 1945 before switching to Labour in 1950; he served as a Labour councillor in Rochdale, Lancashire, from 1950 and became mayor in 1966. He subsequently switched parties again and entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1972, winning his Rochdale seat on five further occasions. Smith was appointed the Liberal Chief Whip in June 1975 but later resigned on health grounds. In his later years as an MP, Smith opposed an alliance with the Social Democratic Party and did not stand for re-election in 1992, but remained loyal to the Liberal Democrats upon the parties' merger. Throughout much of his career, he maintained a high profile in the media, and became a well-known public figure.In later years, Smith's public esteem was considerably marred by the allegation that he had been involved in a cover-up of a health risk at a local asbestos factory. In 2008, there were calls for Smith to be stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had asked the asbestos company Turner & Newall to prepare a speech for him in 1981, in which he declared: "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos". It was later revealed that Smith owned 1,300 shares in the company. In 2008, Smith said that 4,000 asbestos-related deaths a year in the UK was "relatively low".In 2012, following allegations of child sexual abuse, the Crown Prosecution Service formally admitted that Smith should have been charged with such abuse during his lifetime. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by Smith. In November 2012, GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said there was "overwhelming evidence" that young boys were sexually and physically abused by Smith. In April 2014, it was reported that there had been 144 complaints against Smith from victims as young as eight, but attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked. Public authorities, including Rochdale Borough Council, the police and intelligence services have been implicated in covering up Smith's crimes. In 2015, it emerged that he had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to these offences, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to his being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act.Cyril Smith was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and described himself as "illegitimate, deprived and poor." Though he never knew the name of his father, he commented, "I suspect I know who he was." Smith lived with his mother, two illegitimate half-siblings, Eunice and Norman, and his grandmother in a one-up one-down cottage (now demolished) on Falinge Road. His mother, Eva Smith, worked in service to a local cotton mill–owning family who lived at 8 Kilnerdyne Terrace.Smith was educated at Rochdale Grammar School for Boys and after leaving began work at Rochdale Inland Revenue Tax Office. In the 1945 general election, aged 16, he gave a public speech in support of Liberal candidate Charles Harvey. Smith said he was given an ultimatum by his manager in the tax office to either choose the civil service or politics. He left his job at the tax office and then worked as an office boy at Fothergill & Harvey's mill in Littleborough, northeast of Rochdale. The mill was owned by the Harveys, a notable Liberal family, but Smith claimed the director Charles Harvey knew nothing of the job application by the young man who had lost his job for his public speech in favour of Harvey's Liberal candidature.Smith was a lifelong member of the Rochdale Unitarian Church. Contemporaries remembered him expressing, as a teenager, the desire to be both mayor and Member of Parliament (MP). Smith served in many roles, including as Sunday School superintendent, trustee, and chair of the trustees. His Unitarian faith intersected with his Liberal politics. Smith credited the church with "helping develop his fiercely independent and anti-establishment streak".Smith joined the Liberal Party in 1945 and was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young Liberals in 1948 and 1949. From 1948 to 1950, he was Liberal agent in Stockport, but after the party suffered poor election results in 1950 and 1951, he was advised by the losing Liberal candidate for Stockport, Reg Hewitt, to join the Labour Party.In 1952, Smith was elected a Labour councillor for the Falinge ward of Rochdale. By 1954, he was chairman of Rochdale Council's Establishment Committee. In 1963 Smith switched committee roles to be responsible for Estates which included overseeing residential and town centre development. He was appointed the Labour Mayor of Rochdale in 1966, with his mother, Eva, acting as mayoress (she retained her job as a cleaner in Rochdale Town Hall whilst in the post). In her work as a cleaner at the town hall, Smith's mother was banned from entering the police station – likewise based in the building – for she would search through its bins for information to help her son.Smith's mayoral duties were filmed for the BBC's "Man Alive" documentary series, in an episode titled "Santa Claus for a Year". In 1966 he was appointed chairman of the Education Committee overseeing the introduction of comprehensive education in the district. In the same year he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours. According to his autobiography, Smith was found guilty of an offence relating to public lotteries and bound over to keep the peace for twelve months.In 1966, Smith resigned the Labour whip when the party refused to vote for an increase in council house rents and sat with four other councillors as independents until 1970. His subsequent return to the Liberal Party, and his election as a Liberal MP, caused surprise after his role in opposing Ludovic Kennedy, the Liberal candidate in the 1958 Rochdale by-election. Controversy was sparked by Rochdale Liberals when the parliamentary candidate, Garth Pratt, was deselected to make way for Smith's return to the party.During the 1960s Smith was active on many Rochdale Council committees regarding youth activities. These included: Rochdale Youth Orchestra, Rochdale Youth Theatre Workshop, governorship of 29 Rochdale schools and chairmanship of the Youth Committee, Youth Employment Committee and the Education Committee.Having been Liberal candidate in Rochdale at the 1970 general election when he took the party to second place, Smith won the seat at the 1972 by-election with a large swing from Labour to the Liberals, and a majority of 5,171.Smith was appointed as the party Chief Whip in June 1975, and faced pressure from the press in the wake of a scandal involving party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Smith was in hospital when Thorpe sacked him, just before he himself was forced to resign. Speaking to Granada Television in 2003, David Steel reflected on events in the 1970s with the conclusion: "Cyril was not an ideal Chief Whip because he did not handle a crisis well and had a tendency to say anything to a news camera." Smith was the only Liberal MP during his parliamentary career to oppose abortion and advocate the return of the death penalty. One of his constituents was jailed for sixteen years for the sexual murder of a child, in what turned out to be a miscarriage of justice. The man's mother repeatedly approached Smith for help, but he declined to take the case on.In 1978, Smith approached former Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath to discuss forming a new centrist party. In 1980, Smith described UK unemployment figures of two million jobless people as "a disgrace", stating: "They represent a sick society, and are not acceptable to live with." In 1981, he was involved in moves to create "a party with a new image" but, according to the "Rochdale Observer", at the foundation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 he warned Liberal colleagues to move with caution. Smith was quoted as being "opposed to an alliance at any price". He would later express the view that the Liberal Party would have been "better off" without being "shackled to the SDP". After David Alton's 1988 bill to reduce the time limit for abortions was talked out by MPs, he referred to other members as "murderers in the womb". The speaker of the House of Commons forced Smith to apologise for the comment.In 2008 the "New Statesman" accused Smith of improper conduct in his connection with the company Turner & Newall (T&N), which was based in his constituency, and was once the world's largest manufacturer of materials using asbestos. In the summer recess of 1981, Smith wrote to Sydney Marks, head of personnel at T&N, informing him that EEC regulations were coming up for debate in the next parliamentary session. A House of Commons speech Smith delivered was almost identical to one prepared for him by the company. He said "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos" in his speech of a substance then long known as lethal if inhaled. A year later he revealed he owned 1,300 shares in T&N. Interviewed in September 2008 by a local BBC news programme, Smith responded to the claims he had helped cover up the dangers of asbestos as "absolute rubbish". After his death, he was described by journalist Oliver Kamm in his blog in "The Times" as "a corrupt, mendacious mountain of flesh".The controversy led in November 2008 to a parliamentary early day motion calling for Smith to be stripped of the knighthood he had been granted in 1988. Kevin Maguire of the "Daily Mirror" supported the motion.After leaving Westminster and the death of his mother Eva in 1994, Smith was invited by a lifelong friend, a public relations manager at the Cunard Line, to become a guest lecturer on the cruise liner "Queen Elizabeth 2". Smith liked to spend his holidays at Lytham St Annes, a seaside resort near Blackpool.In February 2006, Smith was taken to hospital after collapsing at his Rochdale home. He had been weakened by dehydration and low potassium levels.Smith died of cancer in a Rochdale nursing home on 3 September 2010. He had made detailed plans for his own funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of Rochdale Town Hall and included David Alton, the MEP Chris Davies, and former MP Paul Rowen as speakers. Of all the many tributes, the then-current leader of Rochdale Council summed him up: "He simply was politics for Rochdale." The service was led by the minister of his local Unitarian church, of which he had been a lifelong member.Smith's younger brother Norman followed him into local politics, as councillor, mayor, and president of the local Liberal Democrat chapter.Smith's large size and capacity for blunt speaking and popular touch made him one of the most recognisable British politicians of the 1970s and 1980s. His nickname, "Big Cyril", was the title of his autobiography. Smith made many popular television appearances: he sang "She's a Lassie from Lancashire" on his friend Jimmy Savile's early-1970s TV show "Clunk Click", appeared in an advert for a "greatest hits" album by 1980s pop group Bananarama, and sang a duet with Don Estelle in a 1999 recording of the Laurel and Hardy song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Like several other prominent British MPs in the 1980s, he was regularly parodied in the satirical television show "Spitting Image".Smith is believed to have been the heaviest British MP ever: at 6'2" (188 cm) he was reported to weigh 29 stone 12 pounds, about 190 kilogrammes. A common joke on the size of the Parliamentary Liberal Party in the early 1970s was that only one taxi would be needed to transport the entire party; after Smith's election, the party could fill two taxis.A lifelong bachelor, Smith told "You" magazine: "I haven't had a lot of time for courting women ... I've tended to be married to politics". Smith was a friend of the mother of broadcasters Andy and Liz Kershaw; she described him as dependent on Valium, but he denied these allegations.In May 1979, a local underground magazine, the "Rochdale Alternative Press", alleged that in the 1960s Smith had spanked and sexually abused teenage boys in a hostel he co-founded. The matter was investigated by the police but Smith was not prosecuted. The story was repeated in the same month by the magazine "Private Eye". Smith never publicly denied the accusations of abuse, nor did he ever take legal action, but after his death the allegations were denied by his family. The Press Office of the leader of the Liberal Party, David Steel commented, "All he seems to have done is spanked a few bare bottoms".In November 2012, speaking in the House of Commons, Simon Danczuk, the Labour MP for Rochdale, Smith's former seat, called for an inquiry into the alleged abuse.Rossendale councillor Alan Neal alleged that at the age of eleven in 1964, during Smith's membership of the Labour Party, he was beaten by Smith at a hostel for boys. Neal said: "I'm speaking now because someone has taken a right decision to raise this issue with the authorities". He added that he told police about the incident in 1968 when he left the school but on raising it "everyone made the same comment that the person in question was a very important, powerful man". Neal said that he lost two front teeth and needed stitches to a head wound after Smith assaulted him for refusing to eat a potted meat sandwich.Another alleged victim of abuse by Smith waived his right to anonymity in November 2012 to claim that Smith smacked him and stroked his buttocks when he was a teenager at a Rochdale care home in the 1960s. Barry Fitton said he was spanked "very, very hard" by Smith and that he was left in tears by the alleged incident.On 21 November 2012, Greater Manchester Police (GMP) announced it would investigate allegations that Smith had sexually abused boys at a hostel in Rochdale after 1974, and Lancashire Police would investigate claims dating from before 1974. The police said it would look at whether investigations had taken place into Smith during the 1980s and 1990s.On 27 November 2012, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that Smith should have been charged with crimes of abuse more than 40 years earlier. In a statement, the GMP said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by the ex-Rochdale MP. Smith was never charged although investigations were undertaken in 1970, 1998, and 1999. The method of assessing the probability of a conviction has changed since 1970, and the decision not to charge Smith then necessitated the outcome of the 1998 investigation. Following the sexual abuse allegations, Rochdale Council removed a blue plaque to Smith from the town hall. GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said: "Although Smith cannot be charged or convicted posthumously, from the overwhelming evidence we have it is right and proper we should publicly recognise that young boys were sexually and physically abused".On 28 November 2012, an alleged victim waived his right to anonymity in a television interview with Sky News to say that he was sexually abused by Smith at a council-run residential special school. Chris Marshall broke down in tears during his interview when describing the sexual abuse he said took place at Knowl View school in Rochdale in the early 1980s. He said that as a nine-year-old boy he was taken to a room and made to perform oral sex on Smith and one other man. Smith was a governor at the school and allegedly had his own set of keys. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said: "I am deeply shocked and horrified by these terrible allegations and my thoughts are with the victims who had the courage to speak out".In November 2012, Tony Robinson, a former Special Branch officer with Lancashire Police in the 1970s, said that a dossier of sexual abuse allegations against Smith which police claimed was "lost" was actually seized by MI5. Robinson said that he was asked by MI5 to send to London a police dossier that had been kept in a safe in his office which he said was "thick" with allegations from boys claiming they had been abused by Smith.In December 2012, Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk alleged that Smith raped some of his victims. Danczuk said: "There is no doubt that Cyril Smith seriously sexually abused young boys: why the CPS didn't prosecute more recently is puzzling".Following claims by MP Tom Watson of "a powerful paedophile network linked to Parliament and No 10", it was reported that Scotland Yard detectives investigating allegations of child abuse at the Elm Guest House were looking into allegations that senior politicians abused children in the 1980s and escaped justice.In January 2013, "The Independent on Sunday" reported that police were investigating claims that Smith sexually abused boys at the London guest house. A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police later said: "We can confirm Cyril Smith visited the premises." A 16-year-old boy was allegedly sexually abused by Smith at Elm Guest House. MP Simon Danczuk said he was convinced that there was a "network of paedophiles" operating in the House of Commons who helped to protect Smith.In September 2013, a Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme "The Paedophile MP: How Cyril Smith Got Away With It" quoted the Crown Prosecution Service as claiming that they had not prosecuted Smith for crimes of abuse because he had been given an assurance in 1970 that he would not be prosecuted, and that prevented them from subsequently reopening the investigation under the law at the time. Political journalist Francis Wheen said that he found this explanation incomprehensible.Danczuk, with researcher and campaigner Matthew Baker, published "Smile for the Camera: The Double Life of Cyril Smith", an exposé of the child abuse committed by Smith. Danczuk alleged that Smith was part of a high-level paedophile ring and that Smith had used his influence to escape prosecution. Danczuk said: "Once you looked beyond the jolly clown playing for the camera, there was a sickening, dark heart. This wasn't just about abuse, it was about power – and a cover-up that reached from Rochdale all the way to the very top of the Establishment." Danczuk said that in the 1980s police discovered child pornography belonging to Smith, but he escaped justice. Danczuk described Smith as "a predatory paedophile and a prolific offender who would target the most vulnerable boys." He said: "A lot of manpower went into investigating Smith over the years, but the only thing he was ever convicted for was mis-selling a lottery ticket."In 2014, former Liberal leader Sir David Steel said he had confronted Smith about his "unusual" behaviour with boys at a hostel in Rochdale. Following allegations published in 1979, Steel said that Smith confessed to spanking boys and conducting intimate "medical examinations" on them but was allowed to remain as a Liberal MP. Steel said: "I asked Cyril Smith about it. I was half expecting him to say it was all wrong, and I would have been urging him to sue to save his reputation. To my surprise he said the report was correct." Steel said that Smith had a supervisory role in institutions in Rochdale where he was involved in corporal punishment. Steel said of the abuse allegations: "They had been investigated by the police, as "Private Eye" stated, and no action had been taken on them. So there was nothing more I could do."In April 2014, following reports that there had been 144 complaints against Smith and that attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked, the President of the Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron, said that his party needed to answer "serious questions" about who knew that Smith had faced allegations of sexual assault. However, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg refused to hold an inquiry into what he called the "repugnant" actions of Smith. Clegg said: "My party, the Liberal Democrats, did not know about these actions." Clegg stated that the child abuse allegations were a matter for the police.In May 2014, it was alleged that Smith had molested an 11-year-old boy at the National Liberal Club in London in 1978. Smith allegedly insisted that the boy remove his underpants before attempting to fondle him. A spokesman for the Liberal Democrats said: "Cyril Smith's acts were vile and repugnant and we have nothing but sympathy for those whose lives he ruined."In June 2014, Detective Chief Superintendent Russ Jackson of Greater Manchester Police admitted the force's previous investigations into abuse linked to Smith at Rochdale Knowl View residential school "fell well short" of what would be expected today. Allegations were made that a paedophile ring had been operating for decades in the town of Rochdale and that men from as far away as Sheffield were travelling to Rochdale to have sex with Knowl View boys aged between eight and thirteen. Greater Manchester Police said there were 21 suspects, 14 of whom it had identified, including Smith. In July 2014, Rochdale council's inquiry into child abuse linked to Smith at Knowl View residential school was halted at the request of police. Greater Manchester Police asked the authority to suspend their inquiry while detectives investigated claims of an institutional cover-up.In July 2014, it was reported that Smith had put pressure on the BBC in 1976, by asking the corporation not to investigate the "private lives of certain MPs". According to letters in the National Archives, Smith wrote to BBC Director-General Sir Charles Curran in September 1976 saying he was "deeply concerned about the investigative activities of the BBC", especially relating to "the private lives of certain MPs". Former children's minister Tim Loughton described Smith's letters as "bully-boy tactics". Loughton said: "It was an abuse of position that somebody as an MP was saying, 'You shouldn't look at us, we're above the law.'"A report released by the Crown Prosecution Service in July 2014 showed that in 1970 a police detective investigating Smith presented evidence to his superior of Smith's abuse of young boys at a care home in Rochdale, but no action was taken.In March 2015, Cabinet Office papers were released confirming that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was made aware of allegations against Smith before he was knighted in 1988. Shortly after, a BBC investigation on "Newsnight" revealed that Smith had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to his participation in a paedophile ring, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to him being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, called for immunity for whistle-blowers in the case. Reports also emerged of Smith's arrest by Northamptonshire Police, where he was again released in mysterious circumstances.In 2015, a retired police officer said that he was threatened with the Official Secrets Act after he found Smith in the home of a known sex offender, with two drunk teenage boys, and a police sergeant in civilian clothes. The retired officer said that he was summoned to a meeting with a senior officer at Stockport Police Station and told "in no uncertain terms" not to say anything about it. The alleged incident took place in 1988 at a house in Stockport after a complaint that the occupier had been committing a lewd act in his window in front of a newspaper boy.In October 2017 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) was told that MI5 had been made aware that prosecutors lied to the press over the existence of a child abuse file on Smith. Detectives had said the "sordid" claims about the late MP's alleged abuse of young boys in 1970 "stood up". The enquiry heard how the investigation into Smith had "illuminated" wider abuse suffered by the boys. In 1988, when Smith was made a knight, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had probably been informed of his chequered past. The hearings focused on alleged offences at Cambridge House hostel and the Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where Smith was a governor.
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[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Liberal Democrats Chief Whip"
] |
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Which position did Cyril Smith hold in May, 1987?
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May 15, 1987
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{
"text": [
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
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L2_Q337548_P39_5
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Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1988 to Mar, 1992.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Liberal Democrats Chief Whip from Jul, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
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Cyril SmithSir Cyril Richard Smith (28 June 1928 – 3 September 2010) was a prominent British politician who after his death was revealed to have been a prolific serial sex offender against children. A member of the Liberal Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 1972 to 1992. After his death, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse by Smith, including many made during his lifetime, emerged, leading the police to believe he had been guilty of sex offences.Smith was first active in local politics as a Liberal in 1945 before switching to Labour in 1950; he served as a Labour councillor in Rochdale, Lancashire, from 1950 and became mayor in 1966. He subsequently switched parties again and entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1972, winning his Rochdale seat on five further occasions. Smith was appointed the Liberal Chief Whip in June 1975 but later resigned on health grounds. In his later years as an MP, Smith opposed an alliance with the Social Democratic Party and did not stand for re-election in 1992, but remained loyal to the Liberal Democrats upon the parties' merger. Throughout much of his career, he maintained a high profile in the media, and became a well-known public figure.In later years, Smith's public esteem was considerably marred by the allegation that he had been involved in a cover-up of a health risk at a local asbestos factory. In 2008, there were calls for Smith to be stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had asked the asbestos company Turner & Newall to prepare a speech for him in 1981, in which he declared: "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos". It was later revealed that Smith owned 1,300 shares in the company. In 2008, Smith said that 4,000 asbestos-related deaths a year in the UK was "relatively low".In 2012, following allegations of child sexual abuse, the Crown Prosecution Service formally admitted that Smith should have been charged with such abuse during his lifetime. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by Smith. In November 2012, GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said there was "overwhelming evidence" that young boys were sexually and physically abused by Smith. In April 2014, it was reported that there had been 144 complaints against Smith from victims as young as eight, but attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked. Public authorities, including Rochdale Borough Council, the police and intelligence services have been implicated in covering up Smith's crimes. In 2015, it emerged that he had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to these offences, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to his being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act.Cyril Smith was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and described himself as "illegitimate, deprived and poor." Though he never knew the name of his father, he commented, "I suspect I know who he was." Smith lived with his mother, two illegitimate half-siblings, Eunice and Norman, and his grandmother in a one-up one-down cottage (now demolished) on Falinge Road. His mother, Eva Smith, worked in service to a local cotton mill–owning family who lived at 8 Kilnerdyne Terrace.Smith was educated at Rochdale Grammar School for Boys and after leaving began work at Rochdale Inland Revenue Tax Office. In the 1945 general election, aged 16, he gave a public speech in support of Liberal candidate Charles Harvey. Smith said he was given an ultimatum by his manager in the tax office to either choose the civil service or politics. He left his job at the tax office and then worked as an office boy at Fothergill & Harvey's mill in Littleborough, northeast of Rochdale. The mill was owned by the Harveys, a notable Liberal family, but Smith claimed the director Charles Harvey knew nothing of the job application by the young man who had lost his job for his public speech in favour of Harvey's Liberal candidature.Smith was a lifelong member of the Rochdale Unitarian Church. Contemporaries remembered him expressing, as a teenager, the desire to be both mayor and Member of Parliament (MP). Smith served in many roles, including as Sunday School superintendent, trustee, and chair of the trustees. His Unitarian faith intersected with his Liberal politics. Smith credited the church with "helping develop his fiercely independent and anti-establishment streak".Smith joined the Liberal Party in 1945 and was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young Liberals in 1948 and 1949. From 1948 to 1950, he was Liberal agent in Stockport, but after the party suffered poor election results in 1950 and 1951, he was advised by the losing Liberal candidate for Stockport, Reg Hewitt, to join the Labour Party.In 1952, Smith was elected a Labour councillor for the Falinge ward of Rochdale. By 1954, he was chairman of Rochdale Council's Establishment Committee. In 1963 Smith switched committee roles to be responsible for Estates which included overseeing residential and town centre development. He was appointed the Labour Mayor of Rochdale in 1966, with his mother, Eva, acting as mayoress (she retained her job as a cleaner in Rochdale Town Hall whilst in the post). In her work as a cleaner at the town hall, Smith's mother was banned from entering the police station – likewise based in the building – for she would search through its bins for information to help her son.Smith's mayoral duties were filmed for the BBC's "Man Alive" documentary series, in an episode titled "Santa Claus for a Year". In 1966 he was appointed chairman of the Education Committee overseeing the introduction of comprehensive education in the district. In the same year he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours. According to his autobiography, Smith was found guilty of an offence relating to public lotteries and bound over to keep the peace for twelve months.In 1966, Smith resigned the Labour whip when the party refused to vote for an increase in council house rents and sat with four other councillors as independents until 1970. His subsequent return to the Liberal Party, and his election as a Liberal MP, caused surprise after his role in opposing Ludovic Kennedy, the Liberal candidate in the 1958 Rochdale by-election. Controversy was sparked by Rochdale Liberals when the parliamentary candidate, Garth Pratt, was deselected to make way for Smith's return to the party.During the 1960s Smith was active on many Rochdale Council committees regarding youth activities. These included: Rochdale Youth Orchestra, Rochdale Youth Theatre Workshop, governorship of 29 Rochdale schools and chairmanship of the Youth Committee, Youth Employment Committee and the Education Committee.Having been Liberal candidate in Rochdale at the 1970 general election when he took the party to second place, Smith won the seat at the 1972 by-election with a large swing from Labour to the Liberals, and a majority of 5,171.Smith was appointed as the party Chief Whip in June 1975, and faced pressure from the press in the wake of a scandal involving party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Smith was in hospital when Thorpe sacked him, just before he himself was forced to resign. Speaking to Granada Television in 2003, David Steel reflected on events in the 1970s with the conclusion: "Cyril was not an ideal Chief Whip because he did not handle a crisis well and had a tendency to say anything to a news camera." Smith was the only Liberal MP during his parliamentary career to oppose abortion and advocate the return of the death penalty. One of his constituents was jailed for sixteen years for the sexual murder of a child, in what turned out to be a miscarriage of justice. The man's mother repeatedly approached Smith for help, but he declined to take the case on.In 1978, Smith approached former Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath to discuss forming a new centrist party. In 1980, Smith described UK unemployment figures of two million jobless people as "a disgrace", stating: "They represent a sick society, and are not acceptable to live with." In 1981, he was involved in moves to create "a party with a new image" but, according to the "Rochdale Observer", at the foundation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 he warned Liberal colleagues to move with caution. Smith was quoted as being "opposed to an alliance at any price". He would later express the view that the Liberal Party would have been "better off" without being "shackled to the SDP". After David Alton's 1988 bill to reduce the time limit for abortions was talked out by MPs, he referred to other members as "murderers in the womb". The speaker of the House of Commons forced Smith to apologise for the comment.In 2008 the "New Statesman" accused Smith of improper conduct in his connection with the company Turner & Newall (T&N), which was based in his constituency, and was once the world's largest manufacturer of materials using asbestos. In the summer recess of 1981, Smith wrote to Sydney Marks, head of personnel at T&N, informing him that EEC regulations were coming up for debate in the next parliamentary session. A House of Commons speech Smith delivered was almost identical to one prepared for him by the company. He said "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos" in his speech of a substance then long known as lethal if inhaled. A year later he revealed he owned 1,300 shares in T&N. Interviewed in September 2008 by a local BBC news programme, Smith responded to the claims he had helped cover up the dangers of asbestos as "absolute rubbish". After his death, he was described by journalist Oliver Kamm in his blog in "The Times" as "a corrupt, mendacious mountain of flesh".The controversy led in November 2008 to a parliamentary early day motion calling for Smith to be stripped of the knighthood he had been granted in 1988. Kevin Maguire of the "Daily Mirror" supported the motion.After leaving Westminster and the death of his mother Eva in 1994, Smith was invited by a lifelong friend, a public relations manager at the Cunard Line, to become a guest lecturer on the cruise liner "Queen Elizabeth 2". Smith liked to spend his holidays at Lytham St Annes, a seaside resort near Blackpool.In February 2006, Smith was taken to hospital after collapsing at his Rochdale home. He had been weakened by dehydration and low potassium levels.Smith died of cancer in a Rochdale nursing home on 3 September 2010. He had made detailed plans for his own funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of Rochdale Town Hall and included David Alton, the MEP Chris Davies, and former MP Paul Rowen as speakers. Of all the many tributes, the then-current leader of Rochdale Council summed him up: "He simply was politics for Rochdale." The service was led by the minister of his local Unitarian church, of which he had been a lifelong member.Smith's younger brother Norman followed him into local politics, as councillor, mayor, and president of the local Liberal Democrat chapter.Smith's large size and capacity for blunt speaking and popular touch made him one of the most recognisable British politicians of the 1970s and 1980s. His nickname, "Big Cyril", was the title of his autobiography. Smith made many popular television appearances: he sang "She's a Lassie from Lancashire" on his friend Jimmy Savile's early-1970s TV show "Clunk Click", appeared in an advert for a "greatest hits" album by 1980s pop group Bananarama, and sang a duet with Don Estelle in a 1999 recording of the Laurel and Hardy song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Like several other prominent British MPs in the 1980s, he was regularly parodied in the satirical television show "Spitting Image".Smith is believed to have been the heaviest British MP ever: at 6'2" (188 cm) he was reported to weigh 29 stone 12 pounds, about 190 kilogrammes. A common joke on the size of the Parliamentary Liberal Party in the early 1970s was that only one taxi would be needed to transport the entire party; after Smith's election, the party could fill two taxis.A lifelong bachelor, Smith told "You" magazine: "I haven't had a lot of time for courting women ... I've tended to be married to politics". Smith was a friend of the mother of broadcasters Andy and Liz Kershaw; she described him as dependent on Valium, but he denied these allegations.In May 1979, a local underground magazine, the "Rochdale Alternative Press", alleged that in the 1960s Smith had spanked and sexually abused teenage boys in a hostel he co-founded. The matter was investigated by the police but Smith was not prosecuted. The story was repeated in the same month by the magazine "Private Eye". Smith never publicly denied the accusations of abuse, nor did he ever take legal action, but after his death the allegations were denied by his family. The Press Office of the leader of the Liberal Party, David Steel commented, "All he seems to have done is spanked a few bare bottoms".In November 2012, speaking in the House of Commons, Simon Danczuk, the Labour MP for Rochdale, Smith's former seat, called for an inquiry into the alleged abuse.Rossendale councillor Alan Neal alleged that at the age of eleven in 1964, during Smith's membership of the Labour Party, he was beaten by Smith at a hostel for boys. Neal said: "I'm speaking now because someone has taken a right decision to raise this issue with the authorities". He added that he told police about the incident in 1968 when he left the school but on raising it "everyone made the same comment that the person in question was a very important, powerful man". Neal said that he lost two front teeth and needed stitches to a head wound after Smith assaulted him for refusing to eat a potted meat sandwich.Another alleged victim of abuse by Smith waived his right to anonymity in November 2012 to claim that Smith smacked him and stroked his buttocks when he was a teenager at a Rochdale care home in the 1960s. Barry Fitton said he was spanked "very, very hard" by Smith and that he was left in tears by the alleged incident.On 21 November 2012, Greater Manchester Police (GMP) announced it would investigate allegations that Smith had sexually abused boys at a hostel in Rochdale after 1974, and Lancashire Police would investigate claims dating from before 1974. The police said it would look at whether investigations had taken place into Smith during the 1980s and 1990s.On 27 November 2012, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that Smith should have been charged with crimes of abuse more than 40 years earlier. In a statement, the GMP said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by the ex-Rochdale MP. Smith was never charged although investigations were undertaken in 1970, 1998, and 1999. The method of assessing the probability of a conviction has changed since 1970, and the decision not to charge Smith then necessitated the outcome of the 1998 investigation. Following the sexual abuse allegations, Rochdale Council removed a blue plaque to Smith from the town hall. GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said: "Although Smith cannot be charged or convicted posthumously, from the overwhelming evidence we have it is right and proper we should publicly recognise that young boys were sexually and physically abused".On 28 November 2012, an alleged victim waived his right to anonymity in a television interview with Sky News to say that he was sexually abused by Smith at a council-run residential special school. Chris Marshall broke down in tears during his interview when describing the sexual abuse he said took place at Knowl View school in Rochdale in the early 1980s. He said that as a nine-year-old boy he was taken to a room and made to perform oral sex on Smith and one other man. Smith was a governor at the school and allegedly had his own set of keys. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said: "I am deeply shocked and horrified by these terrible allegations and my thoughts are with the victims who had the courage to speak out".In November 2012, Tony Robinson, a former Special Branch officer with Lancashire Police in the 1970s, said that a dossier of sexual abuse allegations against Smith which police claimed was "lost" was actually seized by MI5. Robinson said that he was asked by MI5 to send to London a police dossier that had been kept in a safe in his office which he said was "thick" with allegations from boys claiming they had been abused by Smith.In December 2012, Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk alleged that Smith raped some of his victims. Danczuk said: "There is no doubt that Cyril Smith seriously sexually abused young boys: why the CPS didn't prosecute more recently is puzzling".Following claims by MP Tom Watson of "a powerful paedophile network linked to Parliament and No 10", it was reported that Scotland Yard detectives investigating allegations of child abuse at the Elm Guest House were looking into allegations that senior politicians abused children in the 1980s and escaped justice.In January 2013, "The Independent on Sunday" reported that police were investigating claims that Smith sexually abused boys at the London guest house. A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police later said: "We can confirm Cyril Smith visited the premises." A 16-year-old boy was allegedly sexually abused by Smith at Elm Guest House. MP Simon Danczuk said he was convinced that there was a "network of paedophiles" operating in the House of Commons who helped to protect Smith.In September 2013, a Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme "The Paedophile MP: How Cyril Smith Got Away With It" quoted the Crown Prosecution Service as claiming that they had not prosecuted Smith for crimes of abuse because he had been given an assurance in 1970 that he would not be prosecuted, and that prevented them from subsequently reopening the investigation under the law at the time. Political journalist Francis Wheen said that he found this explanation incomprehensible.Danczuk, with researcher and campaigner Matthew Baker, published "Smile for the Camera: The Double Life of Cyril Smith", an exposé of the child abuse committed by Smith. Danczuk alleged that Smith was part of a high-level paedophile ring and that Smith had used his influence to escape prosecution. Danczuk said: "Once you looked beyond the jolly clown playing for the camera, there was a sickening, dark heart. This wasn't just about abuse, it was about power – and a cover-up that reached from Rochdale all the way to the very top of the Establishment." Danczuk said that in the 1980s police discovered child pornography belonging to Smith, but he escaped justice. Danczuk described Smith as "a predatory paedophile and a prolific offender who would target the most vulnerable boys." He said: "A lot of manpower went into investigating Smith over the years, but the only thing he was ever convicted for was mis-selling a lottery ticket."In 2014, former Liberal leader Sir David Steel said he had confronted Smith about his "unusual" behaviour with boys at a hostel in Rochdale. Following allegations published in 1979, Steel said that Smith confessed to spanking boys and conducting intimate "medical examinations" on them but was allowed to remain as a Liberal MP. Steel said: "I asked Cyril Smith about it. I was half expecting him to say it was all wrong, and I would have been urging him to sue to save his reputation. To my surprise he said the report was correct." Steel said that Smith had a supervisory role in institutions in Rochdale where he was involved in corporal punishment. Steel said of the abuse allegations: "They had been investigated by the police, as "Private Eye" stated, and no action had been taken on them. So there was nothing more I could do."In April 2014, following reports that there had been 144 complaints against Smith and that attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked, the President of the Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron, said that his party needed to answer "serious questions" about who knew that Smith had faced allegations of sexual assault. However, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg refused to hold an inquiry into what he called the "repugnant" actions of Smith. Clegg said: "My party, the Liberal Democrats, did not know about these actions." Clegg stated that the child abuse allegations were a matter for the police.In May 2014, it was alleged that Smith had molested an 11-year-old boy at the National Liberal Club in London in 1978. Smith allegedly insisted that the boy remove his underpants before attempting to fondle him. A spokesman for the Liberal Democrats said: "Cyril Smith's acts were vile and repugnant and we have nothing but sympathy for those whose lives he ruined."In June 2014, Detective Chief Superintendent Russ Jackson of Greater Manchester Police admitted the force's previous investigations into abuse linked to Smith at Rochdale Knowl View residential school "fell well short" of what would be expected today. Allegations were made that a paedophile ring had been operating for decades in the town of Rochdale and that men from as far away as Sheffield were travelling to Rochdale to have sex with Knowl View boys aged between eight and thirteen. Greater Manchester Police said there were 21 suspects, 14 of whom it had identified, including Smith. In July 2014, Rochdale council's inquiry into child abuse linked to Smith at Knowl View residential school was halted at the request of police. Greater Manchester Police asked the authority to suspend their inquiry while detectives investigated claims of an institutional cover-up.In July 2014, it was reported that Smith had put pressure on the BBC in 1976, by asking the corporation not to investigate the "private lives of certain MPs". According to letters in the National Archives, Smith wrote to BBC Director-General Sir Charles Curran in September 1976 saying he was "deeply concerned about the investigative activities of the BBC", especially relating to "the private lives of certain MPs". Former children's minister Tim Loughton described Smith's letters as "bully-boy tactics". Loughton said: "It was an abuse of position that somebody as an MP was saying, 'You shouldn't look at us, we're above the law.'"A report released by the Crown Prosecution Service in July 2014 showed that in 1970 a police detective investigating Smith presented evidence to his superior of Smith's abuse of young boys at a care home in Rochdale, but no action was taken.In March 2015, Cabinet Office papers were released confirming that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was made aware of allegations against Smith before he was knighted in 1988. Shortly after, a BBC investigation on "Newsnight" revealed that Smith had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to his participation in a paedophile ring, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to him being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, called for immunity for whistle-blowers in the case. Reports also emerged of Smith's arrest by Northamptonshire Police, where he was again released in mysterious circumstances.In 2015, a retired police officer said that he was threatened with the Official Secrets Act after he found Smith in the home of a known sex offender, with two drunk teenage boys, and a police sergeant in civilian clothes. The retired officer said that he was summoned to a meeting with a senior officer at Stockport Police Station and told "in no uncertain terms" not to say anything about it. The alleged incident took place in 1988 at a house in Stockport after a complaint that the occupier had been committing a lewd act in his window in front of a newspaper boy.In October 2017 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) was told that MI5 had been made aware that prosecutors lied to the press over the existence of a child abuse file on Smith. Detectives had said the "sordid" claims about the late MP's alleged abuse of young boys in 1970 "stood up". The enquiry heard how the investigation into Smith had "illuminated" wider abuse suffered by the boys. In 1988, when Smith was made a knight, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had probably been informed of his chequered past. The hearings focused on alleged offences at Cambridge House hostel and the Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where Smith was a governor.
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[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Liberal Democrats Chief Whip"
] |
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Which position did Cyril Smith hold in Sep, 1991?
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September 09, 1991
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{
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
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L2_Q337548_P39_6
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Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1988 to Mar, 1992.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Liberal Democrats Chief Whip from Jul, 1976 to Jan, 1977.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1972 to Feb, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Cyril Smith holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
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Cyril SmithSir Cyril Richard Smith (28 June 1928 – 3 September 2010) was a prominent British politician who after his death was revealed to have been a prolific serial sex offender against children. A member of the Liberal Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 1972 to 1992. After his death, numerous allegations of child sexual abuse by Smith, including many made during his lifetime, emerged, leading the police to believe he had been guilty of sex offences.Smith was first active in local politics as a Liberal in 1945 before switching to Labour in 1950; he served as a Labour councillor in Rochdale, Lancashire, from 1950 and became mayor in 1966. He subsequently switched parties again and entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1972, winning his Rochdale seat on five further occasions. Smith was appointed the Liberal Chief Whip in June 1975 but later resigned on health grounds. In his later years as an MP, Smith opposed an alliance with the Social Democratic Party and did not stand for re-election in 1992, but remained loyal to the Liberal Democrats upon the parties' merger. Throughout much of his career, he maintained a high profile in the media, and became a well-known public figure.In later years, Smith's public esteem was considerably marred by the allegation that he had been involved in a cover-up of a health risk at a local asbestos factory. In 2008, there were calls for Smith to be stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had asked the asbestos company Turner & Newall to prepare a speech for him in 1981, in which he declared: "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos". It was later revealed that Smith owned 1,300 shares in the company. In 2008, Smith said that 4,000 asbestos-related deaths a year in the UK was "relatively low".In 2012, following allegations of child sexual abuse, the Crown Prosecution Service formally admitted that Smith should have been charged with such abuse during his lifetime. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by Smith. In November 2012, GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said there was "overwhelming evidence" that young boys were sexually and physically abused by Smith. In April 2014, it was reported that there had been 144 complaints against Smith from victims as young as eight, but attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked. Public authorities, including Rochdale Borough Council, the police and intelligence services have been implicated in covering up Smith's crimes. In 2015, it emerged that he had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to these offences, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to his being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act.Cyril Smith was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and described himself as "illegitimate, deprived and poor." Though he never knew the name of his father, he commented, "I suspect I know who he was." Smith lived with his mother, two illegitimate half-siblings, Eunice and Norman, and his grandmother in a one-up one-down cottage (now demolished) on Falinge Road. His mother, Eva Smith, worked in service to a local cotton mill–owning family who lived at 8 Kilnerdyne Terrace.Smith was educated at Rochdale Grammar School for Boys and after leaving began work at Rochdale Inland Revenue Tax Office. In the 1945 general election, aged 16, he gave a public speech in support of Liberal candidate Charles Harvey. Smith said he was given an ultimatum by his manager in the tax office to either choose the civil service or politics. He left his job at the tax office and then worked as an office boy at Fothergill & Harvey's mill in Littleborough, northeast of Rochdale. The mill was owned by the Harveys, a notable Liberal family, but Smith claimed the director Charles Harvey knew nothing of the job application by the young man who had lost his job for his public speech in favour of Harvey's Liberal candidature.Smith was a lifelong member of the Rochdale Unitarian Church. Contemporaries remembered him expressing, as a teenager, the desire to be both mayor and Member of Parliament (MP). Smith served in many roles, including as Sunday School superintendent, trustee, and chair of the trustees. His Unitarian faith intersected with his Liberal politics. Smith credited the church with "helping develop his fiercely independent and anti-establishment streak".Smith joined the Liberal Party in 1945 and was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young Liberals in 1948 and 1949. From 1948 to 1950, he was Liberal agent in Stockport, but after the party suffered poor election results in 1950 and 1951, he was advised by the losing Liberal candidate for Stockport, Reg Hewitt, to join the Labour Party.In 1952, Smith was elected a Labour councillor for the Falinge ward of Rochdale. By 1954, he was chairman of Rochdale Council's Establishment Committee. In 1963 Smith switched committee roles to be responsible for Estates which included overseeing residential and town centre development. He was appointed the Labour Mayor of Rochdale in 1966, with his mother, Eva, acting as mayoress (she retained her job as a cleaner in Rochdale Town Hall whilst in the post). In her work as a cleaner at the town hall, Smith's mother was banned from entering the police station – likewise based in the building – for she would search through its bins for information to help her son.Smith's mayoral duties were filmed for the BBC's "Man Alive" documentary series, in an episode titled "Santa Claus for a Year". In 1966 he was appointed chairman of the Education Committee overseeing the introduction of comprehensive education in the district. In the same year he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours. According to his autobiography, Smith was found guilty of an offence relating to public lotteries and bound over to keep the peace for twelve months.In 1966, Smith resigned the Labour whip when the party refused to vote for an increase in council house rents and sat with four other councillors as independents until 1970. His subsequent return to the Liberal Party, and his election as a Liberal MP, caused surprise after his role in opposing Ludovic Kennedy, the Liberal candidate in the 1958 Rochdale by-election. Controversy was sparked by Rochdale Liberals when the parliamentary candidate, Garth Pratt, was deselected to make way for Smith's return to the party.During the 1960s Smith was active on many Rochdale Council committees regarding youth activities. These included: Rochdale Youth Orchestra, Rochdale Youth Theatre Workshop, governorship of 29 Rochdale schools and chairmanship of the Youth Committee, Youth Employment Committee and the Education Committee.Having been Liberal candidate in Rochdale at the 1970 general election when he took the party to second place, Smith won the seat at the 1972 by-election with a large swing from Labour to the Liberals, and a majority of 5,171.Smith was appointed as the party Chief Whip in June 1975, and faced pressure from the press in the wake of a scandal involving party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Smith was in hospital when Thorpe sacked him, just before he himself was forced to resign. Speaking to Granada Television in 2003, David Steel reflected on events in the 1970s with the conclusion: "Cyril was not an ideal Chief Whip because he did not handle a crisis well and had a tendency to say anything to a news camera." Smith was the only Liberal MP during his parliamentary career to oppose abortion and advocate the return of the death penalty. One of his constituents was jailed for sixteen years for the sexual murder of a child, in what turned out to be a miscarriage of justice. The man's mother repeatedly approached Smith for help, but he declined to take the case on.In 1978, Smith approached former Conservative Prime Minister Ted Heath to discuss forming a new centrist party. In 1980, Smith described UK unemployment figures of two million jobless people as "a disgrace", stating: "They represent a sick society, and are not acceptable to live with." In 1981, he was involved in moves to create "a party with a new image" but, according to the "Rochdale Observer", at the foundation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 he warned Liberal colleagues to move with caution. Smith was quoted as being "opposed to an alliance at any price". He would later express the view that the Liberal Party would have been "better off" without being "shackled to the SDP". After David Alton's 1988 bill to reduce the time limit for abortions was talked out by MPs, he referred to other members as "murderers in the womb". The speaker of the House of Commons forced Smith to apologise for the comment.In 2008 the "New Statesman" accused Smith of improper conduct in his connection with the company Turner & Newall (T&N), which was based in his constituency, and was once the world's largest manufacturer of materials using asbestos. In the summer recess of 1981, Smith wrote to Sydney Marks, head of personnel at T&N, informing him that EEC regulations were coming up for debate in the next parliamentary session. A House of Commons speech Smith delivered was almost identical to one prepared for him by the company. He said "the public at large are not at risk from asbestos" in his speech of a substance then long known as lethal if inhaled. A year later he revealed he owned 1,300 shares in T&N. Interviewed in September 2008 by a local BBC news programme, Smith responded to the claims he had helped cover up the dangers of asbestos as "absolute rubbish". After his death, he was described by journalist Oliver Kamm in his blog in "The Times" as "a corrupt, mendacious mountain of flesh".The controversy led in November 2008 to a parliamentary early day motion calling for Smith to be stripped of the knighthood he had been granted in 1988. Kevin Maguire of the "Daily Mirror" supported the motion.After leaving Westminster and the death of his mother Eva in 1994, Smith was invited by a lifelong friend, a public relations manager at the Cunard Line, to become a guest lecturer on the cruise liner "Queen Elizabeth 2". Smith liked to spend his holidays at Lytham St Annes, a seaside resort near Blackpool.In February 2006, Smith was taken to hospital after collapsing at his Rochdale home. He had been weakened by dehydration and low potassium levels.Smith died of cancer in a Rochdale nursing home on 3 September 2010. He had made detailed plans for his own funeral, which was held in the Great Hall of Rochdale Town Hall and included David Alton, the MEP Chris Davies, and former MP Paul Rowen as speakers. Of all the many tributes, the then-current leader of Rochdale Council summed him up: "He simply was politics for Rochdale." The service was led by the minister of his local Unitarian church, of which he had been a lifelong member.Smith's younger brother Norman followed him into local politics, as councillor, mayor, and president of the local Liberal Democrat chapter.Smith's large size and capacity for blunt speaking and popular touch made him one of the most recognisable British politicians of the 1970s and 1980s. His nickname, "Big Cyril", was the title of his autobiography. Smith made many popular television appearances: he sang "She's a Lassie from Lancashire" on his friend Jimmy Savile's early-1970s TV show "Clunk Click", appeared in an advert for a "greatest hits" album by 1980s pop group Bananarama, and sang a duet with Don Estelle in a 1999 recording of the Laurel and Hardy song "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Like several other prominent British MPs in the 1980s, he was regularly parodied in the satirical television show "Spitting Image".Smith is believed to have been the heaviest British MP ever: at 6'2" (188 cm) he was reported to weigh 29 stone 12 pounds, about 190 kilogrammes. A common joke on the size of the Parliamentary Liberal Party in the early 1970s was that only one taxi would be needed to transport the entire party; after Smith's election, the party could fill two taxis.A lifelong bachelor, Smith told "You" magazine: "I haven't had a lot of time for courting women ... I've tended to be married to politics". Smith was a friend of the mother of broadcasters Andy and Liz Kershaw; she described him as dependent on Valium, but he denied these allegations.In May 1979, a local underground magazine, the "Rochdale Alternative Press", alleged that in the 1960s Smith had spanked and sexually abused teenage boys in a hostel he co-founded. The matter was investigated by the police but Smith was not prosecuted. The story was repeated in the same month by the magazine "Private Eye". Smith never publicly denied the accusations of abuse, nor did he ever take legal action, but after his death the allegations were denied by his family. The Press Office of the leader of the Liberal Party, David Steel commented, "All he seems to have done is spanked a few bare bottoms".In November 2012, speaking in the House of Commons, Simon Danczuk, the Labour MP for Rochdale, Smith's former seat, called for an inquiry into the alleged abuse.Rossendale councillor Alan Neal alleged that at the age of eleven in 1964, during Smith's membership of the Labour Party, he was beaten by Smith at a hostel for boys. Neal said: "I'm speaking now because someone has taken a right decision to raise this issue with the authorities". He added that he told police about the incident in 1968 when he left the school but on raising it "everyone made the same comment that the person in question was a very important, powerful man". Neal said that he lost two front teeth and needed stitches to a head wound after Smith assaulted him for refusing to eat a potted meat sandwich.Another alleged victim of abuse by Smith waived his right to anonymity in November 2012 to claim that Smith smacked him and stroked his buttocks when he was a teenager at a Rochdale care home in the 1960s. Barry Fitton said he was spanked "very, very hard" by Smith and that he was left in tears by the alleged incident.On 21 November 2012, Greater Manchester Police (GMP) announced it would investigate allegations that Smith had sexually abused boys at a hostel in Rochdale after 1974, and Lancashire Police would investigate claims dating from before 1974. The police said it would look at whether investigations had taken place into Smith during the 1980s and 1990s.On 27 November 2012, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that Smith should have been charged with crimes of abuse more than 40 years earlier. In a statement, the GMP said the boys "were victims of physical and sexual abuse" by the ex-Rochdale MP. Smith was never charged although investigations were undertaken in 1970, 1998, and 1999. The method of assessing the probability of a conviction has changed since 1970, and the decision not to charge Smith then necessitated the outcome of the 1998 investigation. Following the sexual abuse allegations, Rochdale Council removed a blue plaque to Smith from the town hall. GMP Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said: "Although Smith cannot be charged or convicted posthumously, from the overwhelming evidence we have it is right and proper we should publicly recognise that young boys were sexually and physically abused".On 28 November 2012, an alleged victim waived his right to anonymity in a television interview with Sky News to say that he was sexually abused by Smith at a council-run residential special school. Chris Marshall broke down in tears during his interview when describing the sexual abuse he said took place at Knowl View school in Rochdale in the early 1980s. He said that as a nine-year-old boy he was taken to a room and made to perform oral sex on Smith and one other man. Smith was a governor at the school and allegedly had his own set of keys. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said: "I am deeply shocked and horrified by these terrible allegations and my thoughts are with the victims who had the courage to speak out".In November 2012, Tony Robinson, a former Special Branch officer with Lancashire Police in the 1970s, said that a dossier of sexual abuse allegations against Smith which police claimed was "lost" was actually seized by MI5. Robinson said that he was asked by MI5 to send to London a police dossier that had been kept in a safe in his office which he said was "thick" with allegations from boys claiming they had been abused by Smith.In December 2012, Rochdale MP Simon Danczuk alleged that Smith raped some of his victims. Danczuk said: "There is no doubt that Cyril Smith seriously sexually abused young boys: why the CPS didn't prosecute more recently is puzzling".Following claims by MP Tom Watson of "a powerful paedophile network linked to Parliament and No 10", it was reported that Scotland Yard detectives investigating allegations of child abuse at the Elm Guest House were looking into allegations that senior politicians abused children in the 1980s and escaped justice.In January 2013, "The Independent on Sunday" reported that police were investigating claims that Smith sexually abused boys at the London guest house. A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police later said: "We can confirm Cyril Smith visited the premises." A 16-year-old boy was allegedly sexually abused by Smith at Elm Guest House. MP Simon Danczuk said he was convinced that there was a "network of paedophiles" operating in the House of Commons who helped to protect Smith.In September 2013, a Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme "The Paedophile MP: How Cyril Smith Got Away With It" quoted the Crown Prosecution Service as claiming that they had not prosecuted Smith for crimes of abuse because he had been given an assurance in 1970 that he would not be prosecuted, and that prevented them from subsequently reopening the investigation under the law at the time. Political journalist Francis Wheen said that he found this explanation incomprehensible.Danczuk, with researcher and campaigner Matthew Baker, published "Smile for the Camera: The Double Life of Cyril Smith", an exposé of the child abuse committed by Smith. Danczuk alleged that Smith was part of a high-level paedophile ring and that Smith had used his influence to escape prosecution. Danczuk said: "Once you looked beyond the jolly clown playing for the camera, there was a sickening, dark heart. This wasn't just about abuse, it was about power – and a cover-up that reached from Rochdale all the way to the very top of the Establishment." Danczuk said that in the 1980s police discovered child pornography belonging to Smith, but he escaped justice. Danczuk described Smith as "a predatory paedophile and a prolific offender who would target the most vulnerable boys." He said: "A lot of manpower went into investigating Smith over the years, but the only thing he was ever convicted for was mis-selling a lottery ticket."In 2014, former Liberal leader Sir David Steel said he had confronted Smith about his "unusual" behaviour with boys at a hostel in Rochdale. Following allegations published in 1979, Steel said that Smith confessed to spanking boys and conducting intimate "medical examinations" on them but was allowed to remain as a Liberal MP. Steel said: "I asked Cyril Smith about it. I was half expecting him to say it was all wrong, and I would have been urging him to sue to save his reputation. To my surprise he said the report was correct." Steel said that Smith had a supervisory role in institutions in Rochdale where he was involved in corporal punishment. Steel said of the abuse allegations: "They had been investigated by the police, as "Private Eye" stated, and no action had been taken on them. So there was nothing more I could do."In April 2014, following reports that there had been 144 complaints against Smith and that attempts to prosecute him had always been blocked, the President of the Liberal Democrats, Tim Farron, said that his party needed to answer "serious questions" about who knew that Smith had faced allegations of sexual assault. However, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg refused to hold an inquiry into what he called the "repugnant" actions of Smith. Clegg said: "My party, the Liberal Democrats, did not know about these actions." Clegg stated that the child abuse allegations were a matter for the police.In May 2014, it was alleged that Smith had molested an 11-year-old boy at the National Liberal Club in London in 1978. Smith allegedly insisted that the boy remove his underpants before attempting to fondle him. A spokesman for the Liberal Democrats said: "Cyril Smith's acts were vile and repugnant and we have nothing but sympathy for those whose lives he ruined."In June 2014, Detective Chief Superintendent Russ Jackson of Greater Manchester Police admitted the force's previous investigations into abuse linked to Smith at Rochdale Knowl View residential school "fell well short" of what would be expected today. Allegations were made that a paedophile ring had been operating for decades in the town of Rochdale and that men from as far away as Sheffield were travelling to Rochdale to have sex with Knowl View boys aged between eight and thirteen. Greater Manchester Police said there were 21 suspects, 14 of whom it had identified, including Smith. In July 2014, Rochdale council's inquiry into child abuse linked to Smith at Knowl View residential school was halted at the request of police. Greater Manchester Police asked the authority to suspend their inquiry while detectives investigated claims of an institutional cover-up.In July 2014, it was reported that Smith had put pressure on the BBC in 1976, by asking the corporation not to investigate the "private lives of certain MPs". According to letters in the National Archives, Smith wrote to BBC Director-General Sir Charles Curran in September 1976 saying he was "deeply concerned about the investigative activities of the BBC", especially relating to "the private lives of certain MPs". Former children's minister Tim Loughton described Smith's letters as "bully-boy tactics". Loughton said: "It was an abuse of position that somebody as an MP was saying, 'You shouldn't look at us, we're above the law.'"A report released by the Crown Prosecution Service in July 2014 showed that in 1970 a police detective investigating Smith presented evidence to his superior of Smith's abuse of young boys at a care home in Rochdale, but no action was taken.In March 2015, Cabinet Office papers were released confirming that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was made aware of allegations against Smith before he was knighted in 1988. Shortly after, a BBC investigation on "Newsnight" revealed that Smith had been arrested in the early 1980s in relation to his participation in a paedophile ring, but a high-level cover-up reportedly led to him being released within hours, the evidence destroyed and the investigating officers prevented from discussing the matter under the Official Secrets Act. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, called for immunity for whistle-blowers in the case. Reports also emerged of Smith's arrest by Northamptonshire Police, where he was again released in mysterious circumstances.In 2015, a retired police officer said that he was threatened with the Official Secrets Act after he found Smith in the home of a known sex offender, with two drunk teenage boys, and a police sergeant in civilian clothes. The retired officer said that he was summoned to a meeting with a senior officer at Stockport Police Station and told "in no uncertain terms" not to say anything about it. The alleged incident took place in 1988 at a house in Stockport after a complaint that the occupier had been committing a lewd act in his window in front of a newspaper boy.In October 2017 the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) was told that MI5 had been made aware that prosecutors lied to the press over the existence of a child abuse file on Smith. Detectives had said the "sordid" claims about the late MP's alleged abuse of young boys in 1970 "stood up". The enquiry heard how the investigation into Smith had "illuminated" wider abuse suffered by the boys. In 1988, when Smith was made a knight, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had probably been informed of his chequered past. The hearings focused on alleged offences at Cambridge House hostel and the Knowl View residential school in Rochdale, where Smith was a governor.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Liberal Democrats Chief Whip"
] |
|
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in Jul, 1967?
|
July 02, 1967
|
{
"text": [
"Christ's College"
]
}
|
L2_Q472272_P108_0
|
Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980.
Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.
Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993.
|
Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.
|
[
"Columbia University",
"University of Oxford",
"Harvard University"
] |
|
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in Nov, 1979?
|
November 13, 1979
|
{
"text": [
"University of Oxford"
]
}
|
L2_Q472272_P108_1
|
Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993.
Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.
Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980.
Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
|
Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.
|
[
"Columbia University",
"Christ's College",
"Harvard University"
] |
|
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in Jan, 1985?
|
January 01, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
}
|
L2_Q472272_P108_2
|
Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980.
Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993.
Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.
|
Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.
|
[
"Columbia University",
"Christ's College",
"University of Oxford"
] |
|
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in Jan, 1994?
|
January 01, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q472272_P108_3
|
Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.
Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993.
Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980.
Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
|
Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.
|
[
"Christ's College",
"University of Oxford",
"Harvard University"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Kourakis hold in Sep, 2006?
|
September 18, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Solicitor-General of South Australia"
]
}
|
L2_Q16888490_P39_0
|
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Chief Justice of South Australia from Jun, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Solicitor-General of South Australia from Jan, 2003 to Aug, 2008.
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Justice of the South Australian Supreme Court from Aug, 2008 to Jun, 2012.
|
Chris KourakisChristopher John Kourakis (born 17 June 1958) is a Greek Australian lawyer and judge. In 2008, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of South Australia and in 2012, he was elevated to the position of Chief Justice. Kourakis grew up in Port Lincoln as one of ten children of Greek migrants Evangelos and Roxani Kourakis. He was educated at the University of Adelaide. His parents originated from the Greek island of Ikaria. He practised at the Independent Bar in South Australia from 1989 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1997. Kourakis was President of the Law Society of South Australia from 2001. In 2003 he was appointed as the Solicitor-General of South Australia. When the South Australian government decided to cease appointing Queen's Counsel and the Chief Justice of South Australia began appointing Senior Counsel, Kourakis resigned his commission as Queen's Counsel to become Senior Counsel instead.
|
[
"Justice of the South Australian Supreme Court",
"Chief Justice of South Australia"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Kourakis hold in Sep, 2010?
|
September 20, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Justice of the South Australian Supreme Court"
]
}
|
L2_Q16888490_P39_1
|
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Chief Justice of South Australia from Jun, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Solicitor-General of South Australia from Jan, 2003 to Aug, 2008.
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Justice of the South Australian Supreme Court from Aug, 2008 to Jun, 2012.
|
Chris KourakisChristopher John Kourakis (born 17 June 1958) is a Greek Australian lawyer and judge. In 2008, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of South Australia and in 2012, he was elevated to the position of Chief Justice. Kourakis grew up in Port Lincoln as one of ten children of Greek migrants Evangelos and Roxani Kourakis. He was educated at the University of Adelaide. His parents originated from the Greek island of Ikaria. He practised at the Independent Bar in South Australia from 1989 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1997. Kourakis was President of the Law Society of South Australia from 2001. In 2003 he was appointed as the Solicitor-General of South Australia. When the South Australian government decided to cease appointing Queen's Counsel and the Chief Justice of South Australia began appointing Senior Counsel, Kourakis resigned his commission as Queen's Counsel to become Senior Counsel instead.
|
[
"Chief Justice of South Australia",
"Solicitor-General of South Australia"
] |
|
Which position did Chris Kourakis hold in Jul, 2013?
|
July 07, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Chief Justice of South Australia"
]
}
|
L2_Q16888490_P39_2
|
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Chief Justice of South Australia from Jun, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Justice of the South Australian Supreme Court from Aug, 2008 to Jun, 2012.
Chris Kourakis holds the position of Solicitor-General of South Australia from Jan, 2003 to Aug, 2008.
|
Chris KourakisChristopher John Kourakis (born 17 June 1958) is a Greek Australian lawyer and judge. In 2008, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of South Australia and in 2012, he was elevated to the position of Chief Justice. Kourakis grew up in Port Lincoln as one of ten children of Greek migrants Evangelos and Roxani Kourakis. He was educated at the University of Adelaide. His parents originated from the Greek island of Ikaria. He practised at the Independent Bar in South Australia from 1989 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1997. Kourakis was President of the Law Society of South Australia from 2001. In 2003 he was appointed as the Solicitor-General of South Australia. When the South Australian government decided to cease appointing Queen's Counsel and the Chief Justice of South Australia began appointing Senior Counsel, Kourakis resigned his commission as Queen's Counsel to become Senior Counsel instead.
|
[
"Justice of the South Australian Supreme Court",
"Solicitor-General of South Australia"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Gravesend town pier in Jan, 1889?
|
January 24, 1889
|
{
"text": [
"London, Tilbury and Southend Railway"
]
}
|
L2_Q5597925_P127_0
|
Gravesend town pier is owned by London, Tilbury and Southend Railway from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1912.
Gravesend town pier is owned by Thames Clippers from Nov, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Gravesend town pier is owned by Gravesham Borough Council from Jan, 2000 to Nov, 2022.
|
Town Pier, GravesendThe Gravesend Town Pier is located in Gravesend, Kent. It was designed by William Tierney Clark and built in 1834 on the site of the earlier Town Quay. Over 3 million passengers were served between 1835 and 1842, but around 1900, this pier fell into disuse due to the arrival of the railways.In 2000, this site was restored by the Gravesham Borough Council, partly funded by the organisations English Heritage, English Partnerships, Heritage Lottery Fund, Kent County Council, and Manifold Trust. In 2002, this renovation project was finished. They had also added a restaurant and a bar to the pier. When reopened, the Gravesend Town Pier was initially successful, but it later became a fiscal failure.Gravesend town pier is the oldest surviving cast iron pier in the world and is a Grade II* listed building.Since 2012 the Gravesend–Tilbury Ferry has run from the Town Pier.It is the setting of the 2017 song "Gravesend Pier" by Gone Molly, which describes a scene of poverty and wealth in nineteenth century England.
|
[
"Gravesham Borough Council",
"Thames Clippers"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Gravesend town pier in Dec, 2010?
|
December 21, 2010
|
{
"text": [
"Gravesham Borough Council"
]
}
|
L2_Q5597925_P127_1
|
Gravesend town pier is owned by London, Tilbury and Southend Railway from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1912.
Gravesend town pier is owned by Gravesham Borough Council from Jan, 2000 to Nov, 2022.
Gravesend town pier is owned by Thames Clippers from Nov, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Town Pier, GravesendThe Gravesend Town Pier is located in Gravesend, Kent. It was designed by William Tierney Clark and built in 1834 on the site of the earlier Town Quay. Over 3 million passengers were served between 1835 and 1842, but around 1900, this pier fell into disuse due to the arrival of the railways.In 2000, this site was restored by the Gravesham Borough Council, partly funded by the organisations English Heritage, English Partnerships, Heritage Lottery Fund, Kent County Council, and Manifold Trust. In 2002, this renovation project was finished. They had also added a restaurant and a bar to the pier. When reopened, the Gravesend Town Pier was initially successful, but it later became a fiscal failure.Gravesend town pier is the oldest surviving cast iron pier in the world and is a Grade II* listed building.Since 2012 the Gravesend–Tilbury Ferry has run from the Town Pier.It is the setting of the 2017 song "Gravesend Pier" by Gone Molly, which describes a scene of poverty and wealth in nineteenth century England.
|
[
"Thames Clippers",
"London, Tilbury and Southend Railway"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Gravesend town pier in Dec, 2022?
|
December 27, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Thames Clippers"
]
}
|
L2_Q5597925_P127_2
|
Gravesend town pier is owned by Thames Clippers from Nov, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
Gravesend town pier is owned by Gravesham Borough Council from Jan, 2000 to Nov, 2022.
Gravesend town pier is owned by London, Tilbury and Southend Railway from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1912.
|
Town Pier, GravesendThe Gravesend Town Pier is located in Gravesend, Kent. It was designed by William Tierney Clark and built in 1834 on the site of the earlier Town Quay. Over 3 million passengers were served between 1835 and 1842, but around 1900, this pier fell into disuse due to the arrival of the railways.In 2000, this site was restored by the Gravesham Borough Council, partly funded by the organisations English Heritage, English Partnerships, Heritage Lottery Fund, Kent County Council, and Manifold Trust. In 2002, this renovation project was finished. They had also added a restaurant and a bar to the pier. When reopened, the Gravesend Town Pier was initially successful, but it later became a fiscal failure.Gravesend town pier is the oldest surviving cast iron pier in the world and is a Grade II* listed building.Since 2012 the Gravesend–Tilbury Ferry has run from the Town Pier.It is the setting of the 2017 song "Gravesend Pier" by Gone Molly, which describes a scene of poverty and wealth in nineteenth century England.
|
[
"Gravesham Borough Council",
"London, Tilbury and Southend Railway"
] |
|
Which team did Hiroaki Tajima play for in Apr, 1993?
|
April 11, 1993
|
{
"text": [
"Shimizu S-Pulse"
]
}
|
L2_Q3309574_P54_0
|
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Shimizu S-Pulse from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1996.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Sagawa Shiga FC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2003.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Yokohama FC from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Honda FC from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
|
Hiroaki TajimaTajima was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on June 27, 1974. After graduating from Shimizu Higashi High School, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1993. He played forward and offensive midfielder. However he could not play many matches at the club. In 1997, he moved to Japan Football League club Honda. He played many matches in 3 season. In 2000, he moved to Japan Football League (JFL) club Yokohama FC. He played as regular player and the club won the champions in 2000 and was promoted to J2 League. In 2003, he moved to JFL club Sagawa Express Tokyo. However he could not play at all in the match and retired end of 2003 season.
|
[
"Honda FC",
"Sagawa Shiga FC",
"Yokohama FC"
] |
|
Which team did Hiroaki Tajima play for in Jan, 1998?
|
January 27, 1998
|
{
"text": [
"Honda FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q3309574_P54_1
|
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Sagawa Shiga FC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2003.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Shimizu S-Pulse from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1996.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Honda FC from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Yokohama FC from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
|
Hiroaki TajimaTajima was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on June 27, 1974. After graduating from Shimizu Higashi High School, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1993. He played forward and offensive midfielder. However he could not play many matches at the club. In 1997, he moved to Japan Football League club Honda. He played many matches in 3 season. In 2000, he moved to Japan Football League (JFL) club Yokohama FC. He played as regular player and the club won the champions in 2000 and was promoted to J2 League. In 2003, he moved to JFL club Sagawa Express Tokyo. However he could not play at all in the match and retired end of 2003 season.
|
[
"Shimizu S-Pulse",
"Sagawa Shiga FC",
"Yokohama FC"
] |
|
Which team did Hiroaki Tajima play for in Nov, 2001?
|
November 02, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Yokohama FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q3309574_P54_2
|
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Yokohama FC from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Honda FC from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Shimizu S-Pulse from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1996.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Sagawa Shiga FC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2003.
|
Hiroaki TajimaTajima was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on June 27, 1974. After graduating from Shimizu Higashi High School, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1993. He played forward and offensive midfielder. However he could not play many matches at the club. In 1997, he moved to Japan Football League club Honda. He played many matches in 3 season. In 2000, he moved to Japan Football League (JFL) club Yokohama FC. He played as regular player and the club won the champions in 2000 and was promoted to J2 League. In 2003, he moved to JFL club Sagawa Express Tokyo. However he could not play at all in the match and retired end of 2003 season.
|
[
"Honda FC",
"Shimizu S-Pulse",
"Sagawa Shiga FC"
] |
|
Which team did Hiroaki Tajima play for in Jan, 2003?
|
January 01, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Sagawa Shiga FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q3309574_P54_3
|
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Yokohama FC from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Honda FC from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Sagawa Shiga FC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2003.
Hiroaki Tajima plays for Shimizu S-Pulse from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1996.
|
Hiroaki TajimaTajima was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on June 27, 1974. After graduating from Shimizu Higashi High School, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1993. He played forward and offensive midfielder. However he could not play many matches at the club. In 1997, he moved to Japan Football League club Honda. He played many matches in 3 season. In 2000, he moved to Japan Football League (JFL) club Yokohama FC. He played as regular player and the club won the champions in 2000 and was promoted to J2 League. In 2003, he moved to JFL club Sagawa Express Tokyo. However he could not play at all in the match and retired end of 2003 season.
|
[
"Honda FC",
"Shimizu S-Pulse",
"Yokohama FC"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Jan, 1991?
|
January 01, 1991
|
{
"text": [
"Congo national football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_0
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Jan, 1992?
|
January 08, 1992
|
{
"text": [
"Diables Noirs"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_1
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"Congo national football team",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Nov, 1995?
|
November 11, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Borussia Mönchengladbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_2
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"Congo national football team",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Sep, 1996?
|
September 22, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_3
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Congo national football team",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Dec, 1996?
|
December 02, 1996
|
{
"text": [
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_4
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Congo national football team",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Oct, 2001?
|
October 19, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"SV Wacker Burghausen"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_5
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"Congo national football team",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Dec, 2005?
|
December 25, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Rot-Weiss Essen"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_6
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"Congo national football team",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Nov, 2009?
|
November 03, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"1. FC Union Berlin"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_7
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"Congo national football team",
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach",
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
] |
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for in Aug, 2011?
|
August 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Wegberg-Beeck"
]
}
|
L2_Q320053_P54_8
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Rot-Weiss Essen from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Congo national football team from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Fortuna Düsseldorf from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Diables Noirs from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SC Fortuna Köln from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for SV Wacker Burghausen from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for FC Wegberg-Beeck from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani plays for 1. FC Union Berlin from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
|
Macchambes Younga-MouhaniMacchambes "Mac" Younga-Mouhani (born 1 August 1974) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.Younga in the former People's Republic of the Congo, where he started playing football in the streets. He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17. His national coach at the time, the German Armin Fickert, was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren. The Younga family still lives in Düren today.Younga's career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach. However, he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf, where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season. It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter.In early–2001, Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years. During this time, he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch. With Wacker, he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2. Bundesliga. He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years, who also won promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again. Nevertheless, he impressed with Essen, and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show. The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC, when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick, then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal. The goal was named "Goal of the Week" by "ARD" and thus made it into the selection for "Goal of the Month". After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen, Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1. FC Union Berlin. There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team. In the following season, Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Union's return to the 2. Bundesliga. With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row. However, he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season. His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir, as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula. Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages, but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012. At the end of the season, his contract with Union was not extended. He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga.Since February 2014, Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1. FC Düren.
|
[
"Diables Noirs",
"Rot-Weiss Essen",
"Fortuna Düsseldorf",
"Congo national football team",
"1. FC Union Berlin",
"SC Fortuna Köln",
"SV Wacker Burghausen",
"Borussia Mönchengladbach"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in Dec, 2013?
|
December 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Alternative for Germany"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_0
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Liberal Conservative Reformers",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in Feb, 2016?
|
February 22, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"Liberal Conservative Reformers"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_1
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Alternative for Germany",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in Mar, 2022?
|
March 29, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"independent politician"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_2
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Alternative for Germany",
"Liberal Conservative Reformers"
] |
|
Who was the head of Jönköping County in Jun, 2017?
|
June 06, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Håkan Sörman"
]
}
|
L2_Q103672_P6_0
|
Helena Jonsson is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Håkan Sörman is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Oct, 2016 to Sep, 2017.
Anneli Wirtén is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2018.
|
Jönköping CountyJönköping County () is a county or "län" in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Halland, Västra Götaland, Östergötland, Kalmar and Kronoberg. The total county population was 356,291 inhabitants in September 2017. The capital and largest city is Jönköping. About one quarter of the total county population lives in the combined Jönköping-Huskvarna urban area around the southern point of Lake Vättern.Despite being commonly used to indicate the geographical, cultural and historical region, the larger historical province "(landskap)" of Småland, which most of Jönköping County is part of, has no administrative or political significance today. Jönköping County has existed as an administrative division since the 17th century, and constitutes the north-western part of Småland, the other parts being Kronoberg County in the south-west and Kalmar County in the east. Jönköping County was periodically united with neighbouring Kronoberg County in the single Jönköping and Kronoberg County until 1687. Until the 18th century the administration was housed in the Renaissance fortress at Jönköping Castle, which was demolished in the 19th century; the former site of the castle is still the site of the County Administrative Board building and the Governor's residence.Habo Municipality and Mullsjö Municipality, from the south-eastern part of the historical province of Västergötland, are since the dissolution of Skaraborg County in 1998 also part of Jönköping County; both municipalities joined Jönköping County as the results of local referendums in 1997.The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfill the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests and promote the development of the county, to establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor. The seat of residence for the Governor or "Landshövding" is the city of Jönköping. See the list of Jönköping Governors.The main responsibilities of the County Council of Jönköping, or "Landstinget i Jönköpings län", are the regional public healthcare system and public transport. The County Council Assembly "(landstingsfullmäktige)", which is the elected body for regional municipal issues, is elected every four years concurrently with the Riksdag elections.The county's best-known parliamentary representative was the late Olof Palme, leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1969 to 1986, and twice Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969 to 1976 and from 1982 to 1986.Jönköping County is the strongest electoral region of the Christian Democrats, who traditionally have a large following among members of evangelical churches in the region. The County Council Assembly and most of the municipalities in the county are governed by liberal-conservative, center-right coalitions. The Social Democrats have historically been strong in mill towns and industrial districts of Jönköping County.The present "acting" Governor "(landshövding)" of Jönköping County is Anneli Wirtén.The ten most populous localities of Jönköping County in 2010:SCB have collected statistics on backgrounds of residents since 2002. These tables consist of all who have two foreign-born parents or are born abroad themselves. The chart lists election years and the last year on record alone.Jönköping County was formally granted its arms in 1942. By custom it used a combination of the lesser state arms of Sweden and the arms for the town of Jönköping. Blazon for the town of Jönköping: "Gules, a Castle with three towers Argent massoned windowed and gated Sable issuant from a Base wavy Azure".
|
[
"Helena Jonsson",
"Anneli Wirtén"
] |
|
Who was the head of Jönköping County in Dec, 2017?
|
December 07, 2017
|
{
"text": [
"Anneli Wirtén"
]
}
|
L2_Q103672_P6_1
|
Anneli Wirtén is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2018.
Håkan Sörman is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Oct, 2016 to Sep, 2017.
Helena Jonsson is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Jönköping CountyJönköping County () is a county or "län" in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Halland, Västra Götaland, Östergötland, Kalmar and Kronoberg. The total county population was 356,291 inhabitants in September 2017. The capital and largest city is Jönköping. About one quarter of the total county population lives in the combined Jönköping-Huskvarna urban area around the southern point of Lake Vättern.Despite being commonly used to indicate the geographical, cultural and historical region, the larger historical province "(landskap)" of Småland, which most of Jönköping County is part of, has no administrative or political significance today. Jönköping County has existed as an administrative division since the 17th century, and constitutes the north-western part of Småland, the other parts being Kronoberg County in the south-west and Kalmar County in the east. Jönköping County was periodically united with neighbouring Kronoberg County in the single Jönköping and Kronoberg County until 1687. Until the 18th century the administration was housed in the Renaissance fortress at Jönköping Castle, which was demolished in the 19th century; the former site of the castle is still the site of the County Administrative Board building and the Governor's residence.Habo Municipality and Mullsjö Municipality, from the south-eastern part of the historical province of Västergötland, are since the dissolution of Skaraborg County in 1998 also part of Jönköping County; both municipalities joined Jönköping County as the results of local referendums in 1997.The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfill the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests and promote the development of the county, to establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor. The seat of residence for the Governor or "Landshövding" is the city of Jönköping. See the list of Jönköping Governors.The main responsibilities of the County Council of Jönköping, or "Landstinget i Jönköpings län", are the regional public healthcare system and public transport. The County Council Assembly "(landstingsfullmäktige)", which is the elected body for regional municipal issues, is elected every four years concurrently with the Riksdag elections.The county's best-known parliamentary representative was the late Olof Palme, leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1969 to 1986, and twice Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969 to 1976 and from 1982 to 1986.Jönköping County is the strongest electoral region of the Christian Democrats, who traditionally have a large following among members of evangelical churches in the region. The County Council Assembly and most of the municipalities in the county are governed by liberal-conservative, center-right coalitions. The Social Democrats have historically been strong in mill towns and industrial districts of Jönköping County.The present "acting" Governor "(landshövding)" of Jönköping County is Anneli Wirtén.The ten most populous localities of Jönköping County in 2010:SCB have collected statistics on backgrounds of residents since 2002. These tables consist of all who have two foreign-born parents or are born abroad themselves. The chart lists election years and the last year on record alone.Jönköping County was formally granted its arms in 1942. By custom it used a combination of the lesser state arms of Sweden and the arms for the town of Jönköping. Blazon for the town of Jönköping: "Gules, a Castle with three towers Argent massoned windowed and gated Sable issuant from a Base wavy Azure".
|
[
"Håkan Sörman",
"Helena Jonsson"
] |
|
Who was the head of Jönköping County in Jul, 2020?
|
July 23, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Helena Jonsson"
]
}
|
L2_Q103672_P6_2
|
Anneli Wirtén is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Oct, 2017 to Jan, 2018.
Håkan Sörman is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Oct, 2016 to Sep, 2017.
Helena Jonsson is the head of the government of Jönköping County from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Jönköping CountyJönköping County () is a county or "län" in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Halland, Västra Götaland, Östergötland, Kalmar and Kronoberg. The total county population was 356,291 inhabitants in September 2017. The capital and largest city is Jönköping. About one quarter of the total county population lives in the combined Jönköping-Huskvarna urban area around the southern point of Lake Vättern.Despite being commonly used to indicate the geographical, cultural and historical region, the larger historical province "(landskap)" of Småland, which most of Jönköping County is part of, has no administrative or political significance today. Jönköping County has existed as an administrative division since the 17th century, and constitutes the north-western part of Småland, the other parts being Kronoberg County in the south-west and Kalmar County in the east. Jönköping County was periodically united with neighbouring Kronoberg County in the single Jönköping and Kronoberg County until 1687. Until the 18th century the administration was housed in the Renaissance fortress at Jönköping Castle, which was demolished in the 19th century; the former site of the castle is still the site of the County Administrative Board building and the Governor's residence.Habo Municipality and Mullsjö Municipality, from the south-eastern part of the historical province of Västergötland, are since the dissolution of Skaraborg County in 1998 also part of Jönköping County; both municipalities joined Jönköping County as the results of local referendums in 1997.The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfill the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests and promote the development of the county, to establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor. The seat of residence for the Governor or "Landshövding" is the city of Jönköping. See the list of Jönköping Governors.The main responsibilities of the County Council of Jönköping, or "Landstinget i Jönköpings län", are the regional public healthcare system and public transport. The County Council Assembly "(landstingsfullmäktige)", which is the elected body for regional municipal issues, is elected every four years concurrently with the Riksdag elections.The county's best-known parliamentary representative was the late Olof Palme, leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1969 to 1986, and twice Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969 to 1976 and from 1982 to 1986.Jönköping County is the strongest electoral region of the Christian Democrats, who traditionally have a large following among members of evangelical churches in the region. The County Council Assembly and most of the municipalities in the county are governed by liberal-conservative, center-right coalitions. The Social Democrats have historically been strong in mill towns and industrial districts of Jönköping County.The present "acting" Governor "(landshövding)" of Jönköping County is Anneli Wirtén.The ten most populous localities of Jönköping County in 2010:SCB have collected statistics on backgrounds of residents since 2002. These tables consist of all who have two foreign-born parents or are born abroad themselves. The chart lists election years and the last year on record alone.Jönköping County was formally granted its arms in 1942. By custom it used a combination of the lesser state arms of Sweden and the arms for the town of Jönköping. Blazon for the town of Jönköping: "Gules, a Castle with three towers Argent massoned windowed and gated Sable issuant from a Base wavy Azure".
|
[
"Håkan Sörman",
"Anneli Wirtén"
] |
|
Which position did Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury hold in Oct, 1879?
|
October 17, 1879
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q334020_P39_0
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1877 to Mar, 1880.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Jun, 1885.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1885 to Dec, 1921.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Lord Chancellor from Jun, 1895 to Dec, 1905.
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of HalsburyHardinge Stanley Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury, PC QC later KC (3 September 1823 – 11 December 1921) was a British lawyer and Conservative politician. He served three times as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, for a total of seventeen years.Born in Pentonville, London, Giffard was the third son of Stanley Lees Giffard, editor of the "Standard", by his wife Susanna, daughter of Francis Moran, Downhill, Ballina, County Mayo. His mother died when he was five, and his father married his cousin, Mary Anne Giffard. He was educated by his father at home, before entering Merton College, Oxford, where he obtained a fourth-class degree in "literae humaniores" in 1845. Between 1845 and 1848, he helped his father edit the "Standard".Having entered the Inner Temple as a student in 1848, he was called to the bar there in 1850. Giffard joined the Western, then the South Wales circuits. Afterwards he had a large practice at the Central Criminal Court and the Middlesex sessions, and he was for several years junior prosecuting counsel to the Treasury. He was engaged in most of the celebrated trials of his time, including the Overend and Gurney and the Tichborne cases. He became Queen's Counsel in 1865, and a bencher of the Inner Temple.Giffard twice contested Cardiff for the Conservatives in 1868 and 1874, but he was still without a seat in the House of Commons when he was appointed Solicitor General by Disraeli in 1875 and received the customary knighthood. He also failed to gain a seat in a by-election in Horsham in 1876. In 1877 he succeeded in obtaining a seat, when he was returned for Launceston, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the peerage.In 1885, Giffard was appointed Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain in Lord Salisbury's first administration, and was created Baron Halsbury, of Halsbury in the County of Devon, thus forming a remarkable exception to the rule that no criminal lawyer could ever reach the woolsack. He resumed the position in 1886 and held it until 1892 and again from 1895 to 1905, his tenure of the office, broken only by the brief Liberal ministries of 1886 and 1892–1895, being longer than that of any Lord Chancellor since Lord Eldon. In 1898 he was created Earl of Halsbury and Viscount Tiverton, of Tiverton in the County of Devon.During the crisis over the Parliament Act 1911, Halsbury was one of the principal leaders of the rebel faction of Tory peers—labelled the "Ditchers"—that resolved on all out opposition to the government's bill whatever happened. At a meeting of Conservative peers on 21 July of that year, Halsbury shouted out "I will divide even if I am alone". As Halsbury left the meeting a reporter asked him what was going to happen. Halsbury immediately replied: "Government by a Cabinet controlled by rank socialists". Halsbury was also President of the Royal Society of Literature, Grand Warden of English Freemasons, and High Steward of the University of Oxford.Halsbury's lasting legacy was the compilation of a complete digest of "Halsbury's Laws of England" (1907-1917), a major reference work published in many volumes and often called simply "Halsbury's". "Halsbury's Laws" was followed by a second multiple-volume reference work in 1929, "Halsbury's Statutes", and later by "Halsbury's Statutory Instruments".Halsbury married firstly Caroline, daughter of William Corne Humphreys, in 1852. There were no children from this marriage. Caroline died in September 1873. Halsbury married secondly Wilhelmina, daughter of Henry Woodfall, in 1874. He died in December 1921, aged 98, and was succeeded by his only son from his second marriage, Hardinge. The Countess of Halsbury died in December 1927.Among cases in which Halsbury delivered judgment are:
|
[
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord Chancellor"
] |
|
Which position did Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury hold in Sep, 1880?
|
September 13, 1880
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q334020_P39_1
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1885 to Dec, 1921.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Lord Chancellor from Jun, 1895 to Dec, 1905.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Jun, 1885.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1877 to Mar, 1880.
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of HalsburyHardinge Stanley Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury, PC QC later KC (3 September 1823 – 11 December 1921) was a British lawyer and Conservative politician. He served three times as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, for a total of seventeen years.Born in Pentonville, London, Giffard was the third son of Stanley Lees Giffard, editor of the "Standard", by his wife Susanna, daughter of Francis Moran, Downhill, Ballina, County Mayo. His mother died when he was five, and his father married his cousin, Mary Anne Giffard. He was educated by his father at home, before entering Merton College, Oxford, where he obtained a fourth-class degree in "literae humaniores" in 1845. Between 1845 and 1848, he helped his father edit the "Standard".Having entered the Inner Temple as a student in 1848, he was called to the bar there in 1850. Giffard joined the Western, then the South Wales circuits. Afterwards he had a large practice at the Central Criminal Court and the Middlesex sessions, and he was for several years junior prosecuting counsel to the Treasury. He was engaged in most of the celebrated trials of his time, including the Overend and Gurney and the Tichborne cases. He became Queen's Counsel in 1865, and a bencher of the Inner Temple.Giffard twice contested Cardiff for the Conservatives in 1868 and 1874, but he was still without a seat in the House of Commons when he was appointed Solicitor General by Disraeli in 1875 and received the customary knighthood. He also failed to gain a seat in a by-election in Horsham in 1876. In 1877 he succeeded in obtaining a seat, when he was returned for Launceston, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the peerage.In 1885, Giffard was appointed Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain in Lord Salisbury's first administration, and was created Baron Halsbury, of Halsbury in the County of Devon, thus forming a remarkable exception to the rule that no criminal lawyer could ever reach the woolsack. He resumed the position in 1886 and held it until 1892 and again from 1895 to 1905, his tenure of the office, broken only by the brief Liberal ministries of 1886 and 1892–1895, being longer than that of any Lord Chancellor since Lord Eldon. In 1898 he was created Earl of Halsbury and Viscount Tiverton, of Tiverton in the County of Devon.During the crisis over the Parliament Act 1911, Halsbury was one of the principal leaders of the rebel faction of Tory peers—labelled the "Ditchers"—that resolved on all out opposition to the government's bill whatever happened. At a meeting of Conservative peers on 21 July of that year, Halsbury shouted out "I will divide even if I am alone". As Halsbury left the meeting a reporter asked him what was going to happen. Halsbury immediately replied: "Government by a Cabinet controlled by rank socialists". Halsbury was also President of the Royal Society of Literature, Grand Warden of English Freemasons, and High Steward of the University of Oxford.Halsbury's lasting legacy was the compilation of a complete digest of "Halsbury's Laws of England" (1907-1917), a major reference work published in many volumes and often called simply "Halsbury's". "Halsbury's Laws" was followed by a second multiple-volume reference work in 1929, "Halsbury's Statutes", and later by "Halsbury's Statutory Instruments".Halsbury married firstly Caroline, daughter of William Corne Humphreys, in 1852. There were no children from this marriage. Caroline died in September 1873. Halsbury married secondly Wilhelmina, daughter of Henry Woodfall, in 1874. He died in December 1921, aged 98, and was succeeded by his only son from his second marriage, Hardinge. The Countess of Halsbury died in December 1927.Among cases in which Halsbury delivered judgment are:
|
[
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord Chancellor"
] |
|
Which position did Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury hold in Jan, 1906?
|
January 04, 1906
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the House of Lords"
]
}
|
L2_Q334020_P39_2
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1877 to Mar, 1880.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1885 to Dec, 1921.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Jun, 1885.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Lord Chancellor from Jun, 1895 to Dec, 1905.
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of HalsburyHardinge Stanley Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury, PC QC later KC (3 September 1823 – 11 December 1921) was a British lawyer and Conservative politician. He served three times as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, for a total of seventeen years.Born in Pentonville, London, Giffard was the third son of Stanley Lees Giffard, editor of the "Standard", by his wife Susanna, daughter of Francis Moran, Downhill, Ballina, County Mayo. His mother died when he was five, and his father married his cousin, Mary Anne Giffard. He was educated by his father at home, before entering Merton College, Oxford, where he obtained a fourth-class degree in "literae humaniores" in 1845. Between 1845 and 1848, he helped his father edit the "Standard".Having entered the Inner Temple as a student in 1848, he was called to the bar there in 1850. Giffard joined the Western, then the South Wales circuits. Afterwards he had a large practice at the Central Criminal Court and the Middlesex sessions, and he was for several years junior prosecuting counsel to the Treasury. He was engaged in most of the celebrated trials of his time, including the Overend and Gurney and the Tichborne cases. He became Queen's Counsel in 1865, and a bencher of the Inner Temple.Giffard twice contested Cardiff for the Conservatives in 1868 and 1874, but he was still without a seat in the House of Commons when he was appointed Solicitor General by Disraeli in 1875 and received the customary knighthood. He also failed to gain a seat in a by-election in Horsham in 1876. In 1877 he succeeded in obtaining a seat, when he was returned for Launceston, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the peerage.In 1885, Giffard was appointed Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain in Lord Salisbury's first administration, and was created Baron Halsbury, of Halsbury in the County of Devon, thus forming a remarkable exception to the rule that no criminal lawyer could ever reach the woolsack. He resumed the position in 1886 and held it until 1892 and again from 1895 to 1905, his tenure of the office, broken only by the brief Liberal ministries of 1886 and 1892–1895, being longer than that of any Lord Chancellor since Lord Eldon. In 1898 he was created Earl of Halsbury and Viscount Tiverton, of Tiverton in the County of Devon.During the crisis over the Parliament Act 1911, Halsbury was one of the principal leaders of the rebel faction of Tory peers—labelled the "Ditchers"—that resolved on all out opposition to the government's bill whatever happened. At a meeting of Conservative peers on 21 July of that year, Halsbury shouted out "I will divide even if I am alone". As Halsbury left the meeting a reporter asked him what was going to happen. Halsbury immediately replied: "Government by a Cabinet controlled by rank socialists". Halsbury was also President of the Royal Society of Literature, Grand Warden of English Freemasons, and High Steward of the University of Oxford.Halsbury's lasting legacy was the compilation of a complete digest of "Halsbury's Laws of England" (1907-1917), a major reference work published in many volumes and often called simply "Halsbury's". "Halsbury's Laws" was followed by a second multiple-volume reference work in 1929, "Halsbury's Statutes", and later by "Halsbury's Statutory Instruments".Halsbury married firstly Caroline, daughter of William Corne Humphreys, in 1852. There were no children from this marriage. Caroline died in September 1873. Halsbury married secondly Wilhelmina, daughter of Henry Woodfall, in 1874. He died in December 1921, aged 98, and was succeeded by his only son from his second marriage, Hardinge. The Countess of Halsbury died in December 1927.Among cases in which Halsbury delivered judgment are:
|
[
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Lord Chancellor"
] |
|
Which position did Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury hold in Nov, 1903?
|
November 21, 1903
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Lord Chancellor"
]
}
|
L2_Q334020_P39_3
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Lord Chancellor from Jun, 1895 to Dec, 1905.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1877 to Mar, 1880.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Jun, 1885.
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1885 to Dec, 1921.
|
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of HalsburyHardinge Stanley Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury, PC QC later KC (3 September 1823 – 11 December 1921) was a British lawyer and Conservative politician. He served three times as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, for a total of seventeen years.Born in Pentonville, London, Giffard was the third son of Stanley Lees Giffard, editor of the "Standard", by his wife Susanna, daughter of Francis Moran, Downhill, Ballina, County Mayo. His mother died when he was five, and his father married his cousin, Mary Anne Giffard. He was educated by his father at home, before entering Merton College, Oxford, where he obtained a fourth-class degree in "literae humaniores" in 1845. Between 1845 and 1848, he helped his father edit the "Standard".Having entered the Inner Temple as a student in 1848, he was called to the bar there in 1850. Giffard joined the Western, then the South Wales circuits. Afterwards he had a large practice at the Central Criminal Court and the Middlesex sessions, and he was for several years junior prosecuting counsel to the Treasury. He was engaged in most of the celebrated trials of his time, including the Overend and Gurney and the Tichborne cases. He became Queen's Counsel in 1865, and a bencher of the Inner Temple.Giffard twice contested Cardiff for the Conservatives in 1868 and 1874, but he was still without a seat in the House of Commons when he was appointed Solicitor General by Disraeli in 1875 and received the customary knighthood. He also failed to gain a seat in a by-election in Horsham in 1876. In 1877 he succeeded in obtaining a seat, when he was returned for Launceston, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the peerage.In 1885, Giffard was appointed Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain in Lord Salisbury's first administration, and was created Baron Halsbury, of Halsbury in the County of Devon, thus forming a remarkable exception to the rule that no criminal lawyer could ever reach the woolsack. He resumed the position in 1886 and held it until 1892 and again from 1895 to 1905, his tenure of the office, broken only by the brief Liberal ministries of 1886 and 1892–1895, being longer than that of any Lord Chancellor since Lord Eldon. In 1898 he was created Earl of Halsbury and Viscount Tiverton, of Tiverton in the County of Devon.During the crisis over the Parliament Act 1911, Halsbury was one of the principal leaders of the rebel faction of Tory peers—labelled the "Ditchers"—that resolved on all out opposition to the government's bill whatever happened. At a meeting of Conservative peers on 21 July of that year, Halsbury shouted out "I will divide even if I am alone". As Halsbury left the meeting a reporter asked him what was going to happen. Halsbury immediately replied: "Government by a Cabinet controlled by rank socialists". Halsbury was also President of the Royal Society of Literature, Grand Warden of English Freemasons, and High Steward of the University of Oxford.Halsbury's lasting legacy was the compilation of a complete digest of "Halsbury's Laws of England" (1907-1917), a major reference work published in many volumes and often called simply "Halsbury's". "Halsbury's Laws" was followed by a second multiple-volume reference work in 1929, "Halsbury's Statutes", and later by "Halsbury's Statutory Instruments".Halsbury married firstly Caroline, daughter of William Corne Humphreys, in 1852. There were no children from this marriage. Caroline died in September 1873. Halsbury married secondly Wilhelmina, daughter of Henry Woodfall, in 1874. He died in December 1921, aged 98, and was succeeded by his only son from his second marriage, Hardinge. The Countess of Halsbury died in December 1927.Among cases in which Halsbury delivered judgment are:
|
[
"Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which employer did Harold Hotelling work for in Jul, 1915?
|
July 31, 1915
|
{
"text": [
"Puyallup Herald"
]
}
|
L2_Q711742_P108_0
|
Harold Hotelling works for The Washington Standard from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Harold Hotelling works for Puyallup Herald from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916.
Harold Hotelling works for Columbia University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1946.
Harold Hotelling works for Stanford University from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Hotelling works for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1966.
|
Harold HotellingHarold Hotelling (; September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was an American mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics. He also developed and named the principal component analysis method widely used in finance, statistics and computer science.He was Associate Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University from 1927 until 1931, a member of the faculty of Columbia University from 1931 until 1946, and a Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1946 until his death. A street in Chapel Hill bears his name. In 1972, he received the North Carolina Award for contributions to science.Hotelling is known to statisticians because of Hotelling's T-squared distribution which is a generalization of the Student's t-distribution in multivariate setting, and its use in statistical hypothesis testing and confidence regions. He also introduced canonical correlation analysis.At the beginning of his statistical career Hotelling came under the influence of R.A. Fisher, whose "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" had "revolutionary importance", according to Hotelling's review. Hotelling was able to maintain professional relations with Fisher, despite the latter's temper tantrums and polemics. Hotelling suggested that Fisher use the English word "cumulants" for Thiele's Danish "semi-invariants". Fisher's emphasis on the sampling distribution of a statistic was extended by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson with greater precision and wider applications, which Hotelling recognized. Hotelling sponsored refugees from European anti-semitism and Nazism, welcoming Henry Mann and Abraham Wald to his research group at Columbia. While at Hotelling's group, Wald developed sequential analysis and statistical decision theory, which Hotelling described as "pragmatism in action".In the United States, Hotelling is known for his leadership of the statistics profession, in particular for his vision of a statistics department at a university, which convinced many universities to start statistics departments. Hotelling was known for his leadership of departments at Columbia University and the University of North Carolina.Hotelling has a crucial place in the growth of mathematical economics; several areas of active research were influenced by his economics papers. While at the University of Washington, he was encouraged to switch from pure mathematics toward mathematical economics by the famous mathematician Eric Temple Bell. Later, at Columbia University (where during 1933-34 he taught Milton Friedman statistics) in the '40s, Hotelling in turn encouraged young Kenneth Arrow to switch from mathematics and statistics applied to actuarial studies towards more general applications of mathematics in general economic theory. Hotelling is the eponym of Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics.Hotelling was influenced by the writing of Henry George and was an editorial adviser for the Georgist journal AJES Mason Gaffney claims that Hotelling kept his lifelong beliefs about land and tax reform secret because he feared ridicule.One of Hotelling's most important contributions to economics was his conception of “spatial economics” in his 1929 article. Space was not just a barrier to moving goods around, but rather a field upon which competitors jostled to be nearest to their customers.Hotelling considers a situation in which there are two sellers at point A and B in a line segment of size l. The buyers are distributed uniformly in this line segment and carry the merchandise to their home at cost c. Let p and p be the prices charged by A and B, and let the line segment be divided in 3 parts of size a, x+y and b, where x+y is the size of the segment between A and B, "a" the portion of segment to the left of A and "b" the portion of segment to the right of B. Therefore, a+x+y+b=l. Since the product being sold is a commodity, the point of indifference to buying is given by p+cx=p+cy. Solving for x and y yields:Let q and q indicate the quantities sold by A and B. The sellers profit are:By imposing profit maximization:Hotelling obtains the economic equilibrium. Hotelling argues this equilibrium is stable even though the sellers may try to establish a price cartel.As an extension of his research in spatial economics, Hotelling realized that it would be possible and socially optimal to finance investment in public goods through a Georgist land value tax and then provide such goods and services to the public at marginal cost (in many cases for free). This is an early expression of the Henry George theorem that Joseph Stiglitz and others expanded upon. Hotelling pointed out that when local public goods like roads and trains become congested, users create an additional marginal cost of excluding others. Hotelling became an early advocate of Georgist congestion pricing and stated that the purpose of this unique type of toll fee was in no way to recoup investment costs, but was instead a way of changing behavior and compensating those who are excluded. Hotelling describes how human attention is also in limited supply at any given time and place, which produces a rental value; he concludes that billboards could be regulated or taxed on similar grounds as other scarcity rents. Hotelling reasoned that rent and taxation were analogous, the public and private versions of a similar thing. Therefore, the social optimum would be to put taxes directly on rent. Kenneth Arrow described this as market socialism, but Mason Gaffney points out that it is actually Georgism. Hotelling added the following comment about the ethics of Georgist value capture: "The proposition that there is no ethical objection to the confiscation of the site value of land by taxation, if and when the nonlandowning classes can get the power to do so, has been ably defended by [the Georgist] H. G. Brown."Hotelling made pioneering studies of non-convexity in economics. In economics, "non-convexity" refers to violations of the convexity assumptions of elementary economics. Basic economics textbooks concentrate on consumers with convex preferences and convex budget sets and on producers with convex production sets; for convex models, the predicted economic behavior is well understood. When convexity assumptions are violated, then many of the good properties of competitive markets need not hold: Thus, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where supply and demand differ or where market equilibria can be inefficient.In "oligopolies" (markets dominated by a few producers), especially in "monopolies" (markets dominated by one producer), non-convexities remain important. Concerns with large producers exploiting market power initiated the literature on non-convex sets, when Piero Sraffa wrote about firms with increasing returns to scale in 1926, after which Hotelling wrote about marginal cost pricing in 1938. Both Sraffa and Hotelling illuminated the market power of producers without competitors, clearly stimulating a literature on the supply-side of the economy.When the consumer's preference set is non-convex, then (for some prices) the consumer's demand is not connected. A disconnected demand implies some discontinuous behavior by the consumer as discussed by Hotelling:If indifference curves for purchases be thought of as possessing a wavy character, convex to the origin in some regions and concave in others, we are forced to the conclusion that it is only the portions convex to the origin that can be regarded as possessing any importance, since the others are essentially unobservable. They can be detected only by the discontinuities that may occur in demand with variation in price-ratios, leading to an abrupt jumping of a point of tangency across a chasm when the straight line is rotated. But, while such discontinuities may reveal the existence of chasms, they can never measure their depth. The concave portions of the indifference curves and their many-dimensional generalizations, if they exist, must forever remain in unmeasurable obscurity.Following Hotelling's pioneering research on non-convexities in economics, research in economics has recognized non-convexity in new areas of economics. In these areas, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where any equilibrium need not be efficient or where no equilibrium exists because supply and demand differ. Non-convex sets arise also with environmental goods and other externalities, and with market failures, and public economics.Non-convexities occur also with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets). Such applications continued to motivate economists to study non-convex sets.The following have photographs:
|
[
"The Washington Standard",
"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill",
"Columbia University",
"Stanford University"
] |
|
Which employer did Harold Hotelling work for in Nov, 1919?
|
November 03, 1919
|
{
"text": [
"The Washington Standard"
]
}
|
L2_Q711742_P108_1
|
Harold Hotelling works for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1966.
Harold Hotelling works for Stanford University from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Hotelling works for Columbia University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1946.
Harold Hotelling works for The Washington Standard from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Harold Hotelling works for Puyallup Herald from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916.
|
Harold HotellingHarold Hotelling (; September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was an American mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics. He also developed and named the principal component analysis method widely used in finance, statistics and computer science.He was Associate Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University from 1927 until 1931, a member of the faculty of Columbia University from 1931 until 1946, and a Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1946 until his death. A street in Chapel Hill bears his name. In 1972, he received the North Carolina Award for contributions to science.Hotelling is known to statisticians because of Hotelling's T-squared distribution which is a generalization of the Student's t-distribution in multivariate setting, and its use in statistical hypothesis testing and confidence regions. He also introduced canonical correlation analysis.At the beginning of his statistical career Hotelling came under the influence of R.A. Fisher, whose "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" had "revolutionary importance", according to Hotelling's review. Hotelling was able to maintain professional relations with Fisher, despite the latter's temper tantrums and polemics. Hotelling suggested that Fisher use the English word "cumulants" for Thiele's Danish "semi-invariants". Fisher's emphasis on the sampling distribution of a statistic was extended by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson with greater precision and wider applications, which Hotelling recognized. Hotelling sponsored refugees from European anti-semitism and Nazism, welcoming Henry Mann and Abraham Wald to his research group at Columbia. While at Hotelling's group, Wald developed sequential analysis and statistical decision theory, which Hotelling described as "pragmatism in action".In the United States, Hotelling is known for his leadership of the statistics profession, in particular for his vision of a statistics department at a university, which convinced many universities to start statistics departments. Hotelling was known for his leadership of departments at Columbia University and the University of North Carolina.Hotelling has a crucial place in the growth of mathematical economics; several areas of active research were influenced by his economics papers. While at the University of Washington, he was encouraged to switch from pure mathematics toward mathematical economics by the famous mathematician Eric Temple Bell. Later, at Columbia University (where during 1933-34 he taught Milton Friedman statistics) in the '40s, Hotelling in turn encouraged young Kenneth Arrow to switch from mathematics and statistics applied to actuarial studies towards more general applications of mathematics in general economic theory. Hotelling is the eponym of Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics.Hotelling was influenced by the writing of Henry George and was an editorial adviser for the Georgist journal AJES Mason Gaffney claims that Hotelling kept his lifelong beliefs about land and tax reform secret because he feared ridicule.One of Hotelling's most important contributions to economics was his conception of “spatial economics” in his 1929 article. Space was not just a barrier to moving goods around, but rather a field upon which competitors jostled to be nearest to their customers.Hotelling considers a situation in which there are two sellers at point A and B in a line segment of size l. The buyers are distributed uniformly in this line segment and carry the merchandise to their home at cost c. Let p and p be the prices charged by A and B, and let the line segment be divided in 3 parts of size a, x+y and b, where x+y is the size of the segment between A and B, "a" the portion of segment to the left of A and "b" the portion of segment to the right of B. Therefore, a+x+y+b=l. Since the product being sold is a commodity, the point of indifference to buying is given by p+cx=p+cy. Solving for x and y yields:Let q and q indicate the quantities sold by A and B. The sellers profit are:By imposing profit maximization:Hotelling obtains the economic equilibrium. Hotelling argues this equilibrium is stable even though the sellers may try to establish a price cartel.As an extension of his research in spatial economics, Hotelling realized that it would be possible and socially optimal to finance investment in public goods through a Georgist land value tax and then provide such goods and services to the public at marginal cost (in many cases for free). This is an early expression of the Henry George theorem that Joseph Stiglitz and others expanded upon. Hotelling pointed out that when local public goods like roads and trains become congested, users create an additional marginal cost of excluding others. Hotelling became an early advocate of Georgist congestion pricing and stated that the purpose of this unique type of toll fee was in no way to recoup investment costs, but was instead a way of changing behavior and compensating those who are excluded. Hotelling describes how human attention is also in limited supply at any given time and place, which produces a rental value; he concludes that billboards could be regulated or taxed on similar grounds as other scarcity rents. Hotelling reasoned that rent and taxation were analogous, the public and private versions of a similar thing. Therefore, the social optimum would be to put taxes directly on rent. Kenneth Arrow described this as market socialism, but Mason Gaffney points out that it is actually Georgism. Hotelling added the following comment about the ethics of Georgist value capture: "The proposition that there is no ethical objection to the confiscation of the site value of land by taxation, if and when the nonlandowning classes can get the power to do so, has been ably defended by [the Georgist] H. G. Brown."Hotelling made pioneering studies of non-convexity in economics. In economics, "non-convexity" refers to violations of the convexity assumptions of elementary economics. Basic economics textbooks concentrate on consumers with convex preferences and convex budget sets and on producers with convex production sets; for convex models, the predicted economic behavior is well understood. When convexity assumptions are violated, then many of the good properties of competitive markets need not hold: Thus, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where supply and demand differ or where market equilibria can be inefficient.In "oligopolies" (markets dominated by a few producers), especially in "monopolies" (markets dominated by one producer), non-convexities remain important. Concerns with large producers exploiting market power initiated the literature on non-convex sets, when Piero Sraffa wrote about firms with increasing returns to scale in 1926, after which Hotelling wrote about marginal cost pricing in 1938. Both Sraffa and Hotelling illuminated the market power of producers without competitors, clearly stimulating a literature on the supply-side of the economy.When the consumer's preference set is non-convex, then (for some prices) the consumer's demand is not connected. A disconnected demand implies some discontinuous behavior by the consumer as discussed by Hotelling:If indifference curves for purchases be thought of as possessing a wavy character, convex to the origin in some regions and concave in others, we are forced to the conclusion that it is only the portions convex to the origin that can be regarded as possessing any importance, since the others are essentially unobservable. They can be detected only by the discontinuities that may occur in demand with variation in price-ratios, leading to an abrupt jumping of a point of tangency across a chasm when the straight line is rotated. But, while such discontinuities may reveal the existence of chasms, they can never measure their depth. The concave portions of the indifference curves and their many-dimensional generalizations, if they exist, must forever remain in unmeasurable obscurity.Following Hotelling's pioneering research on non-convexities in economics, research in economics has recognized non-convexity in new areas of economics. In these areas, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where any equilibrium need not be efficient or where no equilibrium exists because supply and demand differ. Non-convex sets arise also with environmental goods and other externalities, and with market failures, and public economics.Non-convexities occur also with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets). Such applications continued to motivate economists to study non-convex sets.The following have photographs:
|
[
"Columbia University",
"Puyallup Herald",
"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill",
"Stanford University"
] |
|
Which employer did Harold Hotelling work for in Apr, 1925?
|
April 20, 1925
|
{
"text": [
"Stanford University"
]
}
|
L2_Q711742_P108_2
|
Harold Hotelling works for Columbia University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1946.
Harold Hotelling works for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1966.
Harold Hotelling works for Stanford University from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Hotelling works for Puyallup Herald from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916.
Harold Hotelling works for The Washington Standard from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
|
Harold HotellingHarold Hotelling (; September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was an American mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics. He also developed and named the principal component analysis method widely used in finance, statistics and computer science.He was Associate Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University from 1927 until 1931, a member of the faculty of Columbia University from 1931 until 1946, and a Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1946 until his death. A street in Chapel Hill bears his name. In 1972, he received the North Carolina Award for contributions to science.Hotelling is known to statisticians because of Hotelling's T-squared distribution which is a generalization of the Student's t-distribution in multivariate setting, and its use in statistical hypothesis testing and confidence regions. He also introduced canonical correlation analysis.At the beginning of his statistical career Hotelling came under the influence of R.A. Fisher, whose "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" had "revolutionary importance", according to Hotelling's review. Hotelling was able to maintain professional relations with Fisher, despite the latter's temper tantrums and polemics. Hotelling suggested that Fisher use the English word "cumulants" for Thiele's Danish "semi-invariants". Fisher's emphasis on the sampling distribution of a statistic was extended by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson with greater precision and wider applications, which Hotelling recognized. Hotelling sponsored refugees from European anti-semitism and Nazism, welcoming Henry Mann and Abraham Wald to his research group at Columbia. While at Hotelling's group, Wald developed sequential analysis and statistical decision theory, which Hotelling described as "pragmatism in action".In the United States, Hotelling is known for his leadership of the statistics profession, in particular for his vision of a statistics department at a university, which convinced many universities to start statistics departments. Hotelling was known for his leadership of departments at Columbia University and the University of North Carolina.Hotelling has a crucial place in the growth of mathematical economics; several areas of active research were influenced by his economics papers. While at the University of Washington, he was encouraged to switch from pure mathematics toward mathematical economics by the famous mathematician Eric Temple Bell. Later, at Columbia University (where during 1933-34 he taught Milton Friedman statistics) in the '40s, Hotelling in turn encouraged young Kenneth Arrow to switch from mathematics and statistics applied to actuarial studies towards more general applications of mathematics in general economic theory. Hotelling is the eponym of Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics.Hotelling was influenced by the writing of Henry George and was an editorial adviser for the Georgist journal AJES Mason Gaffney claims that Hotelling kept his lifelong beliefs about land and tax reform secret because he feared ridicule.One of Hotelling's most important contributions to economics was his conception of “spatial economics” in his 1929 article. Space was not just a barrier to moving goods around, but rather a field upon which competitors jostled to be nearest to their customers.Hotelling considers a situation in which there are two sellers at point A and B in a line segment of size l. The buyers are distributed uniformly in this line segment and carry the merchandise to their home at cost c. Let p and p be the prices charged by A and B, and let the line segment be divided in 3 parts of size a, x+y and b, where x+y is the size of the segment between A and B, "a" the portion of segment to the left of A and "b" the portion of segment to the right of B. Therefore, a+x+y+b=l. Since the product being sold is a commodity, the point of indifference to buying is given by p+cx=p+cy. Solving for x and y yields:Let q and q indicate the quantities sold by A and B. The sellers profit are:By imposing profit maximization:Hotelling obtains the economic equilibrium. Hotelling argues this equilibrium is stable even though the sellers may try to establish a price cartel.As an extension of his research in spatial economics, Hotelling realized that it would be possible and socially optimal to finance investment in public goods through a Georgist land value tax and then provide such goods and services to the public at marginal cost (in many cases for free). This is an early expression of the Henry George theorem that Joseph Stiglitz and others expanded upon. Hotelling pointed out that when local public goods like roads and trains become congested, users create an additional marginal cost of excluding others. Hotelling became an early advocate of Georgist congestion pricing and stated that the purpose of this unique type of toll fee was in no way to recoup investment costs, but was instead a way of changing behavior and compensating those who are excluded. Hotelling describes how human attention is also in limited supply at any given time and place, which produces a rental value; he concludes that billboards could be regulated or taxed on similar grounds as other scarcity rents. Hotelling reasoned that rent and taxation were analogous, the public and private versions of a similar thing. Therefore, the social optimum would be to put taxes directly on rent. Kenneth Arrow described this as market socialism, but Mason Gaffney points out that it is actually Georgism. Hotelling added the following comment about the ethics of Georgist value capture: "The proposition that there is no ethical objection to the confiscation of the site value of land by taxation, if and when the nonlandowning classes can get the power to do so, has been ably defended by [the Georgist] H. G. Brown."Hotelling made pioneering studies of non-convexity in economics. In economics, "non-convexity" refers to violations of the convexity assumptions of elementary economics. Basic economics textbooks concentrate on consumers with convex preferences and convex budget sets and on producers with convex production sets; for convex models, the predicted economic behavior is well understood. When convexity assumptions are violated, then many of the good properties of competitive markets need not hold: Thus, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where supply and demand differ or where market equilibria can be inefficient.In "oligopolies" (markets dominated by a few producers), especially in "monopolies" (markets dominated by one producer), non-convexities remain important. Concerns with large producers exploiting market power initiated the literature on non-convex sets, when Piero Sraffa wrote about firms with increasing returns to scale in 1926, after which Hotelling wrote about marginal cost pricing in 1938. Both Sraffa and Hotelling illuminated the market power of producers without competitors, clearly stimulating a literature on the supply-side of the economy.When the consumer's preference set is non-convex, then (for some prices) the consumer's demand is not connected. A disconnected demand implies some discontinuous behavior by the consumer as discussed by Hotelling:If indifference curves for purchases be thought of as possessing a wavy character, convex to the origin in some regions and concave in others, we are forced to the conclusion that it is only the portions convex to the origin that can be regarded as possessing any importance, since the others are essentially unobservable. They can be detected only by the discontinuities that may occur in demand with variation in price-ratios, leading to an abrupt jumping of a point of tangency across a chasm when the straight line is rotated. But, while such discontinuities may reveal the existence of chasms, they can never measure their depth. The concave portions of the indifference curves and their many-dimensional generalizations, if they exist, must forever remain in unmeasurable obscurity.Following Hotelling's pioneering research on non-convexities in economics, research in economics has recognized non-convexity in new areas of economics. In these areas, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where any equilibrium need not be efficient or where no equilibrium exists because supply and demand differ. Non-convex sets arise also with environmental goods and other externalities, and with market failures, and public economics.Non-convexities occur also with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets). Such applications continued to motivate economists to study non-convex sets.The following have photographs:
|
[
"The Washington Standard",
"Puyallup Herald",
"Columbia University",
"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"
] |
|
Which employer did Harold Hotelling work for in Aug, 1936?
|
August 26, 1936
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q711742_P108_3
|
Harold Hotelling works for Columbia University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1946.
Harold Hotelling works for Puyallup Herald from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916.
Harold Hotelling works for Stanford University from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Hotelling works for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1966.
Harold Hotelling works for The Washington Standard from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
|
Harold HotellingHarold Hotelling (; September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was an American mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics. He also developed and named the principal component analysis method widely used in finance, statistics and computer science.He was Associate Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University from 1927 until 1931, a member of the faculty of Columbia University from 1931 until 1946, and a Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1946 until his death. A street in Chapel Hill bears his name. In 1972, he received the North Carolina Award for contributions to science.Hotelling is known to statisticians because of Hotelling's T-squared distribution which is a generalization of the Student's t-distribution in multivariate setting, and its use in statistical hypothesis testing and confidence regions. He also introduced canonical correlation analysis.At the beginning of his statistical career Hotelling came under the influence of R.A. Fisher, whose "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" had "revolutionary importance", according to Hotelling's review. Hotelling was able to maintain professional relations with Fisher, despite the latter's temper tantrums and polemics. Hotelling suggested that Fisher use the English word "cumulants" for Thiele's Danish "semi-invariants". Fisher's emphasis on the sampling distribution of a statistic was extended by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson with greater precision and wider applications, which Hotelling recognized. Hotelling sponsored refugees from European anti-semitism and Nazism, welcoming Henry Mann and Abraham Wald to his research group at Columbia. While at Hotelling's group, Wald developed sequential analysis and statistical decision theory, which Hotelling described as "pragmatism in action".In the United States, Hotelling is known for his leadership of the statistics profession, in particular for his vision of a statistics department at a university, which convinced many universities to start statistics departments. Hotelling was known for his leadership of departments at Columbia University and the University of North Carolina.Hotelling has a crucial place in the growth of mathematical economics; several areas of active research were influenced by his economics papers. While at the University of Washington, he was encouraged to switch from pure mathematics toward mathematical economics by the famous mathematician Eric Temple Bell. Later, at Columbia University (where during 1933-34 he taught Milton Friedman statistics) in the '40s, Hotelling in turn encouraged young Kenneth Arrow to switch from mathematics and statistics applied to actuarial studies towards more general applications of mathematics in general economic theory. Hotelling is the eponym of Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics.Hotelling was influenced by the writing of Henry George and was an editorial adviser for the Georgist journal AJES Mason Gaffney claims that Hotelling kept his lifelong beliefs about land and tax reform secret because he feared ridicule.One of Hotelling's most important contributions to economics was his conception of “spatial economics” in his 1929 article. Space was not just a barrier to moving goods around, but rather a field upon which competitors jostled to be nearest to their customers.Hotelling considers a situation in which there are two sellers at point A and B in a line segment of size l. The buyers are distributed uniformly in this line segment and carry the merchandise to their home at cost c. Let p and p be the prices charged by A and B, and let the line segment be divided in 3 parts of size a, x+y and b, where x+y is the size of the segment between A and B, "a" the portion of segment to the left of A and "b" the portion of segment to the right of B. Therefore, a+x+y+b=l. Since the product being sold is a commodity, the point of indifference to buying is given by p+cx=p+cy. Solving for x and y yields:Let q and q indicate the quantities sold by A and B. The sellers profit are:By imposing profit maximization:Hotelling obtains the economic equilibrium. Hotelling argues this equilibrium is stable even though the sellers may try to establish a price cartel.As an extension of his research in spatial economics, Hotelling realized that it would be possible and socially optimal to finance investment in public goods through a Georgist land value tax and then provide such goods and services to the public at marginal cost (in many cases for free). This is an early expression of the Henry George theorem that Joseph Stiglitz and others expanded upon. Hotelling pointed out that when local public goods like roads and trains become congested, users create an additional marginal cost of excluding others. Hotelling became an early advocate of Georgist congestion pricing and stated that the purpose of this unique type of toll fee was in no way to recoup investment costs, but was instead a way of changing behavior and compensating those who are excluded. Hotelling describes how human attention is also in limited supply at any given time and place, which produces a rental value; he concludes that billboards could be regulated or taxed on similar grounds as other scarcity rents. Hotelling reasoned that rent and taxation were analogous, the public and private versions of a similar thing. Therefore, the social optimum would be to put taxes directly on rent. Kenneth Arrow described this as market socialism, but Mason Gaffney points out that it is actually Georgism. Hotelling added the following comment about the ethics of Georgist value capture: "The proposition that there is no ethical objection to the confiscation of the site value of land by taxation, if and when the nonlandowning classes can get the power to do so, has been ably defended by [the Georgist] H. G. Brown."Hotelling made pioneering studies of non-convexity in economics. In economics, "non-convexity" refers to violations of the convexity assumptions of elementary economics. Basic economics textbooks concentrate on consumers with convex preferences and convex budget sets and on producers with convex production sets; for convex models, the predicted economic behavior is well understood. When convexity assumptions are violated, then many of the good properties of competitive markets need not hold: Thus, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where supply and demand differ or where market equilibria can be inefficient.In "oligopolies" (markets dominated by a few producers), especially in "monopolies" (markets dominated by one producer), non-convexities remain important. Concerns with large producers exploiting market power initiated the literature on non-convex sets, when Piero Sraffa wrote about firms with increasing returns to scale in 1926, after which Hotelling wrote about marginal cost pricing in 1938. Both Sraffa and Hotelling illuminated the market power of producers without competitors, clearly stimulating a literature on the supply-side of the economy.When the consumer's preference set is non-convex, then (for some prices) the consumer's demand is not connected. A disconnected demand implies some discontinuous behavior by the consumer as discussed by Hotelling:If indifference curves for purchases be thought of as possessing a wavy character, convex to the origin in some regions and concave in others, we are forced to the conclusion that it is only the portions convex to the origin that can be regarded as possessing any importance, since the others are essentially unobservable. They can be detected only by the discontinuities that may occur in demand with variation in price-ratios, leading to an abrupt jumping of a point of tangency across a chasm when the straight line is rotated. But, while such discontinuities may reveal the existence of chasms, they can never measure their depth. The concave portions of the indifference curves and their many-dimensional generalizations, if they exist, must forever remain in unmeasurable obscurity.Following Hotelling's pioneering research on non-convexities in economics, research in economics has recognized non-convexity in new areas of economics. In these areas, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where any equilibrium need not be efficient or where no equilibrium exists because supply and demand differ. Non-convex sets arise also with environmental goods and other externalities, and with market failures, and public economics.Non-convexities occur also with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets). Such applications continued to motivate economists to study non-convex sets.The following have photographs:
|
[
"The Washington Standard",
"Puyallup Herald",
"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill",
"Stanford University"
] |
|
Which employer did Harold Hotelling work for in Jan, 1961?
|
January 21, 1961
|
{
"text": [
"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"
]
}
|
L2_Q711742_P108_4
|
Harold Hotelling works for Columbia University from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1946.
Harold Hotelling works for The Washington Standard from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Harold Hotelling works for Stanford University from Jan, 1924 to Jan, 1931.
Harold Hotelling works for Puyallup Herald from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1916.
Harold Hotelling works for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1966.
|
Harold HotellingHarold Hotelling (; September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was an American mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics. He also developed and named the principal component analysis method widely used in finance, statistics and computer science.He was Associate Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University from 1927 until 1931, a member of the faculty of Columbia University from 1931 until 1946, and a Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1946 until his death. A street in Chapel Hill bears his name. In 1972, he received the North Carolina Award for contributions to science.Hotelling is known to statisticians because of Hotelling's T-squared distribution which is a generalization of the Student's t-distribution in multivariate setting, and its use in statistical hypothesis testing and confidence regions. He also introduced canonical correlation analysis.At the beginning of his statistical career Hotelling came under the influence of R.A. Fisher, whose "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" had "revolutionary importance", according to Hotelling's review. Hotelling was able to maintain professional relations with Fisher, despite the latter's temper tantrums and polemics. Hotelling suggested that Fisher use the English word "cumulants" for Thiele's Danish "semi-invariants". Fisher's emphasis on the sampling distribution of a statistic was extended by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson with greater precision and wider applications, which Hotelling recognized. Hotelling sponsored refugees from European anti-semitism and Nazism, welcoming Henry Mann and Abraham Wald to his research group at Columbia. While at Hotelling's group, Wald developed sequential analysis and statistical decision theory, which Hotelling described as "pragmatism in action".In the United States, Hotelling is known for his leadership of the statistics profession, in particular for his vision of a statistics department at a university, which convinced many universities to start statistics departments. Hotelling was known for his leadership of departments at Columbia University and the University of North Carolina.Hotelling has a crucial place in the growth of mathematical economics; several areas of active research were influenced by his economics papers. While at the University of Washington, he was encouraged to switch from pure mathematics toward mathematical economics by the famous mathematician Eric Temple Bell. Later, at Columbia University (where during 1933-34 he taught Milton Friedman statistics) in the '40s, Hotelling in turn encouraged young Kenneth Arrow to switch from mathematics and statistics applied to actuarial studies towards more general applications of mathematics in general economic theory. Hotelling is the eponym of Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics.Hotelling was influenced by the writing of Henry George and was an editorial adviser for the Georgist journal AJES Mason Gaffney claims that Hotelling kept his lifelong beliefs about land and tax reform secret because he feared ridicule.One of Hotelling's most important contributions to economics was his conception of “spatial economics” in his 1929 article. Space was not just a barrier to moving goods around, but rather a field upon which competitors jostled to be nearest to their customers.Hotelling considers a situation in which there are two sellers at point A and B in a line segment of size l. The buyers are distributed uniformly in this line segment and carry the merchandise to their home at cost c. Let p and p be the prices charged by A and B, and let the line segment be divided in 3 parts of size a, x+y and b, where x+y is the size of the segment between A and B, "a" the portion of segment to the left of A and "b" the portion of segment to the right of B. Therefore, a+x+y+b=l. Since the product being sold is a commodity, the point of indifference to buying is given by p+cx=p+cy. Solving for x and y yields:Let q and q indicate the quantities sold by A and B. The sellers profit are:By imposing profit maximization:Hotelling obtains the economic equilibrium. Hotelling argues this equilibrium is stable even though the sellers may try to establish a price cartel.As an extension of his research in spatial economics, Hotelling realized that it would be possible and socially optimal to finance investment in public goods through a Georgist land value tax and then provide such goods and services to the public at marginal cost (in many cases for free). This is an early expression of the Henry George theorem that Joseph Stiglitz and others expanded upon. Hotelling pointed out that when local public goods like roads and trains become congested, users create an additional marginal cost of excluding others. Hotelling became an early advocate of Georgist congestion pricing and stated that the purpose of this unique type of toll fee was in no way to recoup investment costs, but was instead a way of changing behavior and compensating those who are excluded. Hotelling describes how human attention is also in limited supply at any given time and place, which produces a rental value; he concludes that billboards could be regulated or taxed on similar grounds as other scarcity rents. Hotelling reasoned that rent and taxation were analogous, the public and private versions of a similar thing. Therefore, the social optimum would be to put taxes directly on rent. Kenneth Arrow described this as market socialism, but Mason Gaffney points out that it is actually Georgism. Hotelling added the following comment about the ethics of Georgist value capture: "The proposition that there is no ethical objection to the confiscation of the site value of land by taxation, if and when the nonlandowning classes can get the power to do so, has been ably defended by [the Georgist] H. G. Brown."Hotelling made pioneering studies of non-convexity in economics. In economics, "non-convexity" refers to violations of the convexity assumptions of elementary economics. Basic economics textbooks concentrate on consumers with convex preferences and convex budget sets and on producers with convex production sets; for convex models, the predicted economic behavior is well understood. When convexity assumptions are violated, then many of the good properties of competitive markets need not hold: Thus, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where supply and demand differ or where market equilibria can be inefficient.In "oligopolies" (markets dominated by a few producers), especially in "monopolies" (markets dominated by one producer), non-convexities remain important. Concerns with large producers exploiting market power initiated the literature on non-convex sets, when Piero Sraffa wrote about firms with increasing returns to scale in 1926, after which Hotelling wrote about marginal cost pricing in 1938. Both Sraffa and Hotelling illuminated the market power of producers without competitors, clearly stimulating a literature on the supply-side of the economy.When the consumer's preference set is non-convex, then (for some prices) the consumer's demand is not connected. A disconnected demand implies some discontinuous behavior by the consumer as discussed by Hotelling:If indifference curves for purchases be thought of as possessing a wavy character, convex to the origin in some regions and concave in others, we are forced to the conclusion that it is only the portions convex to the origin that can be regarded as possessing any importance, since the others are essentially unobservable. They can be detected only by the discontinuities that may occur in demand with variation in price-ratios, leading to an abrupt jumping of a point of tangency across a chasm when the straight line is rotated. But, while such discontinuities may reveal the existence of chasms, they can never measure their depth. The concave portions of the indifference curves and their many-dimensional generalizations, if they exist, must forever remain in unmeasurable obscurity.Following Hotelling's pioneering research on non-convexities in economics, research in economics has recognized non-convexity in new areas of economics. In these areas, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where any equilibrium need not be efficient or where no equilibrium exists because supply and demand differ. Non-convex sets arise also with environmental goods and other externalities, and with market failures, and public economics.Non-convexities occur also with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets). Such applications continued to motivate economists to study non-convex sets.The following have photographs:
|
[
"The Washington Standard",
"Puyallup Herald",
"Columbia University",
"Stanford University"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in Mar, 1701?
|
March 07, 1701
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_0
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in Feb, 1706?
|
February 08, 1706
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_1
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in Apr, 1710?
|
April 08, 1710
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_2
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
] |
|
Which position did John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland hold in Jan, 1719?
|
January 08, 1719
|
{
"text": [
"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire"
]
}
|
L2_Q337638_P39_3
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from Dec, 1714 to Feb, 1721.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain from Jan, 1710 to Jan, 1711.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1701-02 Parliament from Jan, 1701 to Jan, 1702.
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland holds the position of Member of the 1705-07 Parliament from Jan, 1705 to Jan, 1707.
|
John Manners, 2nd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland KG (18 September 1676 – 22 February 1721), styled Lord Roos from 1679 to 1703 and Marquess of Granby from 1703 to 1711, was a British Whig politician sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1701 until 1711, when he succeeded to the peerage as Duke of Rutland.Manners was the son of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and his third wife Catherine Wriothesley Noel, daughter of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden.Manners was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Derbyshire at the first general election of 1701. He was returned as MP for Leicestershire at the second general election of 1701. At the 1705 English general election he was returned as MP for Grantham. He was a Commissioner for the Union with Scotland in 1706. He was returned again as MP for Grantham at the 1708 British general election. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned as MP for both Leicestershire and Grantham. He succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711 and vacated his seats in the house of Commons, having not chosen which he would choose. He was Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1712 to 1715 and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire from 1714 to 1721. In 1714, he was made a Knight of the Garter.Manners married, firstly, Catherine Russell, daughter of William Russell, Lord Russell and Lady Rachel Wriothesley, on 23 August 1693. They had nine children:Manners succeeded his father as Duke of Rutland on 10 January 1711. A few months later, his wife Catherine died.He married, secondly, Lucy Sherard, daughter of Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard, on 1 January 1713. Their children included:
|
[
"Member of the 1701-02 Parliament",
"Member of the 1705-07 Parliament",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain"
] |
|
Which team did Theo Bücker play for in Jul, 1972?
|
July 10, 1972
|
{
"text": [
"Borussia Dortmund"
]
}
|
L2_Q475635_P54_0
|
Theo Bücker plays for MSV Duisburg from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978.
Theo Bücker plays for Al Ittihad FC from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Theo Bücker plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1973.
Theo Bücker plays for FC Schalke 04 from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984.
|
Theo BückerJohannes Theodor "Theo" Bücker (born 10 July 1948) is a German football manager and a former player, who is the current coach of the under-15 team of Lebanese club Athletico SC.On 8 August 2011, Bücker was announced as Lebanon's head coach, with the former national team manager taking over the reins ten years after leaving the position. He is the first ever coach to bring Lebanon to the fourth and final qualifying round of the FIFA World Cup. During this period, the Lebanese national team made impressive results. They defeated the United Arab Emirates 3–1 in Beirut, South Korea 2–1 in Beirut, and Kuwait 1–0 in Kuwait in the third round. For the first time in their history, Lebanon defeated Iran by a single goal on matchday 4 of the final round. Bücker announced his retirement in May 2013, effective from 11 June 2013, after a match that saw his side defeated by Iran 4–0.On 18 December 2017, Bücker was re-appointed head coach of Lebanese Premier League club Nejmeh, following his spell during the 2013–14 season where he won a league title. Nejmeh finished the 2017–18 season as runners-up.In 2018 Bücker became the coach of Lebanese Second Division club Ahli Sarba, staying at the club during their relegation to the Third Division.On 6 July 2020, Bücker was appointed coach of the under-15 team of Athletico SC.Bücker considers himself as "half-Lebanese" and is married to a Lebanese woman. He has been a resident of Beirut for many years, expressing his love for his adopted nation.In 2012, former Lebanon national team member Buddy Farah stated that the credit for Lebanon's success and improvement should go to Bücker and that he was the best thing ever to happen to Lebanese football.Awards
|
[
"FC Schalke 04",
"Al Ittihad FC",
"MSV Duisburg"
] |
|
Which team did Theo Bücker play for in Apr, 1974?
|
April 23, 1974
|
{
"text": [
"MSV Duisburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q475635_P54_1
|
Theo Bücker plays for MSV Duisburg from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978.
Theo Bücker plays for Al Ittihad FC from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Theo Bücker plays for FC Schalke 04 from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984.
Theo Bücker plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1973.
|
Theo BückerJohannes Theodor "Theo" Bücker (born 10 July 1948) is a German football manager and a former player, who is the current coach of the under-15 team of Lebanese club Athletico SC.On 8 August 2011, Bücker was announced as Lebanon's head coach, with the former national team manager taking over the reins ten years after leaving the position. He is the first ever coach to bring Lebanon to the fourth and final qualifying round of the FIFA World Cup. During this period, the Lebanese national team made impressive results. They defeated the United Arab Emirates 3–1 in Beirut, South Korea 2–1 in Beirut, and Kuwait 1–0 in Kuwait in the third round. For the first time in their history, Lebanon defeated Iran by a single goal on matchday 4 of the final round. Bücker announced his retirement in May 2013, effective from 11 June 2013, after a match that saw his side defeated by Iran 4–0.On 18 December 2017, Bücker was re-appointed head coach of Lebanese Premier League club Nejmeh, following his spell during the 2013–14 season where he won a league title. Nejmeh finished the 2017–18 season as runners-up.In 2018 Bücker became the coach of Lebanese Second Division club Ahli Sarba, staying at the club during their relegation to the Third Division.On 6 July 2020, Bücker was appointed coach of the under-15 team of Athletico SC.Bücker considers himself as "half-Lebanese" and is married to a Lebanese woman. He has been a resident of Beirut for many years, expressing his love for his adopted nation.In 2012, former Lebanon national team member Buddy Farah stated that the credit for Lebanon's success and improvement should go to Bücker and that he was the best thing ever to happen to Lebanese football.Awards
|
[
"FC Schalke 04",
"Al Ittihad FC",
"Borussia Dortmund"
] |
|
Which team did Theo Bücker play for in Oct, 1978?
|
October 24, 1978
|
{
"text": [
"Al Ittihad FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q475635_P54_2
|
Theo Bücker plays for Al Ittihad FC from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Theo Bücker plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1973.
Theo Bücker plays for FC Schalke 04 from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984.
Theo Bücker plays for MSV Duisburg from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978.
|
Theo BückerJohannes Theodor "Theo" Bücker (born 10 July 1948) is a German football manager and a former player, who is the current coach of the under-15 team of Lebanese club Athletico SC.On 8 August 2011, Bücker was announced as Lebanon's head coach, with the former national team manager taking over the reins ten years after leaving the position. He is the first ever coach to bring Lebanon to the fourth and final qualifying round of the FIFA World Cup. During this period, the Lebanese national team made impressive results. They defeated the United Arab Emirates 3–1 in Beirut, South Korea 2–1 in Beirut, and Kuwait 1–0 in Kuwait in the third round. For the first time in their history, Lebanon defeated Iran by a single goal on matchday 4 of the final round. Bücker announced his retirement in May 2013, effective from 11 June 2013, after a match that saw his side defeated by Iran 4–0.On 18 December 2017, Bücker was re-appointed head coach of Lebanese Premier League club Nejmeh, following his spell during the 2013–14 season where he won a league title. Nejmeh finished the 2017–18 season as runners-up.In 2018 Bücker became the coach of Lebanese Second Division club Ahli Sarba, staying at the club during their relegation to the Third Division.On 6 July 2020, Bücker was appointed coach of the under-15 team of Athletico SC.Bücker considers himself as "half-Lebanese" and is married to a Lebanese woman. He has been a resident of Beirut for many years, expressing his love for his adopted nation.In 2012, former Lebanon national team member Buddy Farah stated that the credit for Lebanon's success and improvement should go to Bücker and that he was the best thing ever to happen to Lebanese football.Awards
|
[
"FC Schalke 04",
"MSV Duisburg",
"Borussia Dortmund"
] |
|
Which team did Theo Bücker play for in Apr, 1982?
|
April 30, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"FC Schalke 04"
]
}
|
L2_Q475635_P54_3
|
Theo Bücker plays for Al Ittihad FC from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Theo Bücker plays for MSV Duisburg from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978.
Theo Bücker plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 1969 to Jan, 1973.
Theo Bücker plays for FC Schalke 04 from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1984.
|
Theo BückerJohannes Theodor "Theo" Bücker (born 10 July 1948) is a German football manager and a former player, who is the current coach of the under-15 team of Lebanese club Athletico SC.On 8 August 2011, Bücker was announced as Lebanon's head coach, with the former national team manager taking over the reins ten years after leaving the position. He is the first ever coach to bring Lebanon to the fourth and final qualifying round of the FIFA World Cup. During this period, the Lebanese national team made impressive results. They defeated the United Arab Emirates 3–1 in Beirut, South Korea 2–1 in Beirut, and Kuwait 1–0 in Kuwait in the third round. For the first time in their history, Lebanon defeated Iran by a single goal on matchday 4 of the final round. Bücker announced his retirement in May 2013, effective from 11 June 2013, after a match that saw his side defeated by Iran 4–0.On 18 December 2017, Bücker was re-appointed head coach of Lebanese Premier League club Nejmeh, following his spell during the 2013–14 season where he won a league title. Nejmeh finished the 2017–18 season as runners-up.In 2018 Bücker became the coach of Lebanese Second Division club Ahli Sarba, staying at the club during their relegation to the Third Division.On 6 July 2020, Bücker was appointed coach of the under-15 team of Athletico SC.Bücker considers himself as "half-Lebanese" and is married to a Lebanese woman. He has been a resident of Beirut for many years, expressing his love for his adopted nation.In 2012, former Lebanon national team member Buddy Farah stated that the credit for Lebanon's success and improvement should go to Bücker and that he was the best thing ever to happen to Lebanese football.Awards
|
[
"Al Ittihad FC",
"MSV Duisburg",
"Borussia Dortmund"
] |
|
Where was Oliver Dimon Kellogg educated in Aug, 1897?
|
August 10, 1897
|
{
"text": [
"Princeton University"
]
}
|
L2_Q2020344_P69_0
|
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1901 to Jan, 1902.
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1901.
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended Princeton University from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1900.
|
Oliver Dimon KelloggOliver Dimon Kellogg (10 July 1878 – 27 August 1932) was an American mathematician.His father, Day Otis Kellogg, was a professor of literature at the University of Kansas and editor of the American edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". In 1895 Oliver Kellogg began his undergraduate study at Princeton University, where he earned his master's degree in 1900. With a John S. Kennedy stipend he first studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin and then in 1901/1902 at Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. At Göttingen in 1902 he earned his PhD with a thesis "Zur Theorie der Integralgleichungen und des Dirichlet'schen Prinzips" under the direction of David Hilbert. After completing his thesis, Kellogg became an instructor at Princeton and from 1905 at the University of Missouri, where he became a professor in 1910. In World War I he was a scientific advisor at the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, where he worked on submarine detection. Kellogg became a lecturer at Harvard University in 1919, an associate professor in 1920, and a professor in 1927. He died of a heart attack while climbing Doubletop Mountain near Greenville, Maine. Kellogg was married and had a daughter.Kellogg is known for his work on potential theory, which was the subject of his dissertation and also his famous 1929 textbook "Foundations of Potential Theory". In 1922 with George David Birkhoff he generalized the Brouwer fixed point theorem to the theorem of Birkhoff–Kellogg.Among his doctoral students was Arthur Copeland.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Where was Oliver Dimon Kellogg educated in Feb, 1900?
|
February 28, 1900
|
{
"text": [
"Frederick William University"
]
}
|
L2_Q2020344_P69_1
|
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1901.
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1901 to Jan, 1902.
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended Princeton University from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1900.
|
Oliver Dimon KelloggOliver Dimon Kellogg (10 July 1878 – 27 August 1932) was an American mathematician.His father, Day Otis Kellogg, was a professor of literature at the University of Kansas and editor of the American edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". In 1895 Oliver Kellogg began his undergraduate study at Princeton University, where he earned his master's degree in 1900. With a John S. Kennedy stipend he first studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin and then in 1901/1902 at Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. At Göttingen in 1902 he earned his PhD with a thesis "Zur Theorie der Integralgleichungen und des Dirichlet'schen Prinzips" under the direction of David Hilbert. After completing his thesis, Kellogg became an instructor at Princeton and from 1905 at the University of Missouri, where he became a professor in 1910. In World War I he was a scientific advisor at the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, where he worked on submarine detection. Kellogg became a lecturer at Harvard University in 1919, an associate professor in 1920, and a professor in 1927. He died of a heart attack while climbing Doubletop Mountain near Greenville, Maine. Kellogg was married and had a daughter.Kellogg is known for his work on potential theory, which was the subject of his dissertation and also his famous 1929 textbook "Foundations of Potential Theory". In 1922 with George David Birkhoff he generalized the Brouwer fixed point theorem to the theorem of Birkhoff–Kellogg.Among his doctoral students was Arthur Copeland.
|
[
"Princeton University",
"University of Göttingen"
] |
|
Where was Oliver Dimon Kellogg educated in Mar, 1901?
|
March 29, 1901
|
{
"text": [
"University of Göttingen"
]
}
|
L2_Q2020344_P69_2
|
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended Frederick William University from Jan, 1900 to Jan, 1901.
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended Princeton University from Jan, 1895 to Jan, 1900.
Oliver Dimon Kellogg attended University of Göttingen from Jan, 1901 to Jan, 1902.
|
Oliver Dimon KelloggOliver Dimon Kellogg (10 July 1878 – 27 August 1932) was an American mathematician.His father, Day Otis Kellogg, was a professor of literature at the University of Kansas and editor of the American edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". In 1895 Oliver Kellogg began his undergraduate study at Princeton University, where he earned his master's degree in 1900. With a John S. Kennedy stipend he first studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin and then in 1901/1902 at Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. At Göttingen in 1902 he earned his PhD with a thesis "Zur Theorie der Integralgleichungen und des Dirichlet'schen Prinzips" under the direction of David Hilbert. After completing his thesis, Kellogg became an instructor at Princeton and from 1905 at the University of Missouri, where he became a professor in 1910. In World War I he was a scientific advisor at the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, where he worked on submarine detection. Kellogg became a lecturer at Harvard University in 1919, an associate professor in 1920, and a professor in 1927. He died of a heart attack while climbing Doubletop Mountain near Greenville, Maine. Kellogg was married and had a daughter.Kellogg is known for his work on potential theory, which was the subject of his dissertation and also his famous 1929 textbook "Foundations of Potential Theory". In 1922 with George David Birkhoff he generalized the Brouwer fixed point theorem to the theorem of Birkhoff–Kellogg.Among his doctoral students was Arthur Copeland.
|
[
"Frederick William University",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts in Oct, 1890?
|
October 11, 1890
|
{
"text": [
"Mikoláš Aleš"
]
}
|
L2_Q2364172_P488_0
|
Ivan Exner is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jiří T. Kotalík is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Adam Hoffmeister is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Mikoláš Aleš is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1896.
|
Mánes Union of Fine ArtsThe Mánes Association of Fine Artists ( or S.V.U.; commonly abbreviated as "Manes") was an artists' association and exhibition society founded in 1887 in Prague and named after painter Josef Mánes.The Manes was significant for its international exhibitions before and after World War I that encouraged interaction between Czech artists and the foreign avant-garde. It played an important role in the development of Czech Cubism and Rondocubism. Between 1928 and 1930, Manes built a complex with a restaurant, club, showroom and offices at the site of the Štítkovský Mill and water tower on the Vltava. The architect of the 1928 Manes pavilion was member .The union was liquidated under the Communists and was revived after the Velvet Revolution in 1990. Its headquarters became the Diamond House in Prague, itself a landmark of cubist architecture."Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" ("Association of Fine Artists Mánes") was established in 1887 as a group of Bohemian artists in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Its forerunner was Škréta, spolek mladých českých výtvarníků v Mnichově ("Škréta, a Fellowship of Young Czech Artist in Munich"), an organization of Czech art students in Munich, an art center largely visited by Central and Eastern European art students. The name of this society came from seventeenth century Bohemian painter Karel Škréta. Formed in 1885 it became one of the largest communities of Czech students abroad. It had its own infrastructure and annual show. It had regular contact with the homeland and published a journal in two parts: "Paleta" & "Špachtle" ("Palette" and "Spatula"). This journal was circulated within the association only and all members had to contribute to it on weekly bases. Their focus was mainly on the German art scene. The group accepted other Slavic students as members.The Škréta Fellowship renamed itself to "Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" (abb. SVU Mánes), after painter J. Mánes, who lived and worked in the first half of the nineteenth century in Czech Lands and Germany, and who attended the Munich Art Academy. Many founding members of the "Škréta" moved to Prague in 1887 – probably due to reforms at the Prague Art Academy – and finished their studies there. The Škréta Fellowship continued until its members Alfons Mucha and Luděk Marold left Munich for Paris.Between 1885 and 1899 the focus was mainly on "Palette" and "Spatula." "Palette" was a journal of art and literature and "Spatula" was a satirical magazine. These first fourteen years were the most important for the future development of modern Czech art scene. SVU Mánes took under its wings painting, sculpture and architecture. This notion was reflected in their emblem of three shields representing each the three art forms. The goals of SVU Mánes were mainly based on an old idea of patriotism with allegorical paintings from the Czech history, but they soon moved to modern art and its influx in Bohemia. One of the main differences from neighboring groups such as Munich and Viennese Secession was in their constant fight against pan-Germanism. One difference from Polish group "Sztuka" was in SVU Mánes’ openness to the international art scene.SVU Mánes averaged some 300 members between 1887 and 1899. It was a large organization for the Prague environment and for a secessionist group. Its first elected president was painter and illustrator Mikoláš Aleš, a (Aleš illustrated Old Czech manuscripts and was proclaimed by the critics as naïve, but SVU Mánes supported him and presented him with a diploma). Aleš, twenty years older than the rest of the members, had strong leadership and organization skills. Along with a sculptor, principal patron and chief organizer of SVU Mánes, Stanislav Sucharda, they formed a strong lead. The editorial board was elected annually. The first most influential editors were painter Karel Vítězslav and painter and draughtsman Jan Preisler. Probably the most important role in SVU Mánes had , a journalist and an art critic.SVU Mánes rebelled against the old and rigid system of art exhibitions, art politics and pan-Germanism of art in Czech. Multiple events helped the patriotic SVU Mánes to achieve its success before their first exhibition in 1898.In 1897, SVU Mánes opened its first preliminary exhibition of competing posters. These were designed for its first exhibition the following year.SVU Mánes' first exhibition was 5 February to 5 March in 1898 in Topič salon (a commercial gallery in the center) in Prague. With this exhibition, SVU Mánes proclaimed its secession. Thirty participants among the eighty members with landscapes dominating the show. The installation was similar to that in Rudolfínum, but many fewer works were selected.On 3 November another exhibition was held in the same location, exhibiting fifty works from artists Joža Uprka, František Bílek, Zdenka Braunerová, Antonín Hudeček and Antonín Slavíček. With this exhibition, the members refused Rudolfínum as an exhibiting society, and stepped toward their own exhibiting building. This exhibition went up during the same time of preparation of the first exhibition of the Viennese Secession with which they had a competitive relationship. SVU Mánes show attracted members of Viennese society, who offered participation to Czech painters to exhibit in Vienna. František Bílek agreed, while Stanislav Sucharda refused absent an autonomous Czech show in Vienna.In 1899, SVU Mánes began organizing traveling exhibitions in other towns of Bohemia and Moravia to increase public awareness.In 1900 SVU Mánes exhibited in Viennese Künstlerhaus.Also in 1900, SVU Mánes opened its third exhibition, showing sixty works in the Topič salon. KU Ministerium supported this show. It toured Brno and Vienna, getting more credit on its home soil as a competitor to Rudolfínum, but it brought new audiences and recognition in the international press. Among the exhibiting artists was Jan Preisler with his "The Wind and Breeze", František Bílek, who caused surprise and František Kupka. After this exhibition, Antonín Slavíček and Maxmilián Švabinský ("The Poor Country") were invited to Miethke gallery in Vienna and Švabinský became the most exportable Bohemian artist. For the first time, SVU Mánes’ exhibition had a designer in architect Jan Kotěra who focused on simplicity and purity with respect to painting, sculpture and prints. This differed from the over-crowdedness of Rudolfínum and the over-ornamentation of the Viennese Secession. Sculptures were not for decoration but they were installed as autonomous art works.In 1902, SVU Mánes exhibited in Hagenbund, which became its frequent host.After a visit to Paris Exposition of 1900, Alfons Mucha and Josef Mařatka invited sculptor Auguste Rodin to exhibit his works in Prague. This event took place in Manes’ new exhibiting building, the Mánes Pavilion in 1902, designed by Jan Kotěra. Kotěra took on an idea of Paradise with each sculpture displayed in its own space, not competing with the others, with floors covered with gravel and shrubs expanding the garden theme. This show utterly overshadowed Rudolfínum, making SVU Mánes the main exhibiting body in Bohemia. The exhibition also increased public interest in foreign art. Rodin influenced artists such as Sucharda, Ladislav Šaloun and Bohumil Kafka. This show had a political background of Czech intellectuals looking toward France, appealing to French republican artistic freedom. Rodin showed eighty sculptures and seventy drawings. His sculptures revealing intimate bodily details, sexuality and psychological expression, was new to Prague. He was taken as a genius by artists and critics, who appealed for Czech artists to follow his path by looking to themselves. This exhibition had a further impact on Austria and Germany. After Prague, Rodin took some of his pieces to Vienna. This show made Prague an international exhibiting city.Following Rodin’s exhibition, SVU Mánes presented a retrospective of contemporary French painting the Nabis who Czech artists knew since the 1890s from their Parisian visits for their freedom of form and deliberate experiments.Another exhibit presented works of Mikolaš Aleš, Hudeček and French graphic arts.The year's last exhibition was a visiting show in Kraków hosted by Sztuka. Among the 132 Czech artists who exhibited there, belonged František Bílek, Sucharda, Kafka, Šaloun, Joža Úprka, Maxmilián Švabinský, Alois Kalvoda, Antonín Slavíček, František Kupka and others.A similar exhibition opened in 1903 in the Mánes Pavilion, surveying Czech art production, followed by a retrospective of Josef Mánes. He was the only non-contemporary artist exhibited in SVU Mánes.An exhibition of Worpswede continued SVU Mánes’ interest in international art scene along with another show of Croatian contemporary art of Družstvo umjetnosti [Association of Art].Returning to the domestic art scene, SVU Mánes hosted a retrospective of Joža Úprka.SVU Mánes members had their first group show in their new building, followed by a group show of Antonín Slavíček, Bohumil Kafka, Josef Mařatka, Stanislav Sucharda and Ladislav Šaloun.SVU Mánes presented an exhibition of Edvard Munch.Following Munch show was another group exhibition and after that an exhibition of T. F. Simon.In the winter of 1905-06, SVU Mánes hosted Danish artists.1906 brought an exhibition of N. K. Roerich along with Francisco Goya and another member show.The following year Henri le Sidaner together with Louis Dejean exhibited. After that, French Impressionism occupied the Mánes Pavilion.Members and architects established Sdružení architektů Mánese [Association of Mánes’ Architects] that, a year later, began publishing its journal "Styl" [Style] concentrating on contemporary art and design.At the turn of 1907 and 1908, English etchings arrived to Prague under the SVU Mánes’ umbrella.Auguste Rodin together with Ludwig v. Hofmann exhibited in 1908, followed by SVU Mánes’ group show.Émile Bernard; E. A. Bourdelle; SVU Mánes’ group show came in 1909.In 1910 SVU Mánes’ presented a group show of sketches: Les Independents; Slavíček; Axel Gellen-Kellela; Munch; and Swedish Art.When SVU Mánes presented Edvard Munch, the audience was shocked. This artist had an immense impact on the future development of modern art in Bohemia. No other show divided Czech artists as much. The artist community fell into two hostile camps. In 1907, eight art students formed "Osma" [The Eight], finding SVU Mánes too provincial.F. X. Šalda was the only critic who agreed with the new group. The main two members of Osma were Bohumil Kubišta and Emil Filla. Kubišta responded with "Night of Love" in 1908 and Filla with "Reader of Dostoevsky" in 1907. Jan Preisler was the only SVU Mánes member who responded to Munch with his painting "Woman by a Lake", however after harsh criticism he abandoned this style. Criticism of Preisler’s work angered Osma even more.In 1912, SVU Mánes split, following the Cubist art scene in Paris: the Montmartre Cubism of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, and Section d'Or Cubism led by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger. Prague's key followers of Montmartre Cubism in Prague were artists Emil Filla and Otto Gutfreund, while the nucleus of the opposing camp was created around the Čapek brothers. Bohemian Cubists combined Cubism with Expressionism, some with Futurism, Orphism and Rayonism, while others concentrated on national or existential subject matters. The artists influenced by Montmartre Cubism established Skupina výtvarných umelců [Group of Artists]."Volné Směry" ("Free Currents") was a journal of SVU Mánes first published in 1896. At first the association oriented its journal mainly toward literature, another driving force behind the Czech secessionist movement. Association members competed in its pages. The journal worked as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" [total work of art]. The editors also included information about international and domestic art scene and art criticism.In 1902, installation designs began to appear. The journal competed mainly with Ver Sacrum of the Viennese Secession in content and form. At this point, its primary goal was promotion of Czech art along with introduction and commentary on the international art scene. Its funding came at first from members. The main editors were Vojtěch Preisler and Arnošt Hofbauer. "Volné směry" reached a wide public, with coverage better than its main competitor journal "Moderní revue" [Modern Review]. Other competing journals in Czech at the time were: "L’Art", "L'Art et industrie", "Gazette des Beaux-Arts", "Revue des Arts Decoratifs", "La Plume", "L’ Art et les artistes", "The Art Amateur", "Art Journal", "Art Pictorial & Industrial", "The Studio", "Formenschatz", "Dekorative Kunst", "Die Kunst", "Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration", "Kunst und Handwerk", "Skulpturenschatz", "Zeitschrift für Bildende Kunst" and "Die Graphischen Kunste". In 1897, in its second volume, a special issue was dedicated to regionalist painter Úprka.A year later, Kotěra published an essay to appeal to Czech citizens to think for themselves when looking at art and architecture. He stated that Czech art and architecture should be Czech, with Czech form, using local materials and technologies. Form should reflect modern times and should not mimic foreign art and architecture. Kotěra used a universal and pragmatic tone in his essay, without providing a definition of the Czech form. Open debates in "Volné směry" and other journals considered the planned destruction of Prague’s historical center.In 1899, a special issue was dedicated to symbolist sculptor František Bílek. In the same year, Kotěra became one of the main editors and a professor of University of Architecture and Applied Arts in Prague. He studied directly under Otto Wagner in Vienna. At the turn of the century, a special issue devoted to the Third SVU Mánes exhibition was produced for the first time for Viennese audiences. The Rodin show was accompanied by a special double-issue dedicated to the sculptor in 1901, a year before its opening. By 1903, the journal established a comfortable position financially with approximately 1800 subscribing readers.In 1902 Kotěra designed the Mánes Pavilion for the Rodin exhibition. It was supposed to be only a temporary building, erected in four weeks. The pavilion was functional and flexible. Lit from the top, it had movable walls and Karel Špillar adorned it with a patriotic Slavic wooden lintel and allegorical mosaic. Manes used it until 1914. Its location was near the city center, close to a space where Prague officials wanted to build a modern gallery.
|
[
"Adam Hoffmeister",
"Ivan Exner",
"Jiří T. Kotalík"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts in Feb, 2008?
|
February 25, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Jiří T. Kotalík"
]
}
|
L2_Q2364172_P488_1
|
Mikoláš Aleš is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1896.
Adam Hoffmeister is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Jiří T. Kotalík is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ivan Exner is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Mánes Union of Fine ArtsThe Mánes Association of Fine Artists ( or S.V.U.; commonly abbreviated as "Manes") was an artists' association and exhibition society founded in 1887 in Prague and named after painter Josef Mánes.The Manes was significant for its international exhibitions before and after World War I that encouraged interaction between Czech artists and the foreign avant-garde. It played an important role in the development of Czech Cubism and Rondocubism. Between 1928 and 1930, Manes built a complex with a restaurant, club, showroom and offices at the site of the Štítkovský Mill and water tower on the Vltava. The architect of the 1928 Manes pavilion was member .The union was liquidated under the Communists and was revived after the Velvet Revolution in 1990. Its headquarters became the Diamond House in Prague, itself a landmark of cubist architecture."Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" ("Association of Fine Artists Mánes") was established in 1887 as a group of Bohemian artists in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Its forerunner was Škréta, spolek mladých českých výtvarníků v Mnichově ("Škréta, a Fellowship of Young Czech Artist in Munich"), an organization of Czech art students in Munich, an art center largely visited by Central and Eastern European art students. The name of this society came from seventeenth century Bohemian painter Karel Škréta. Formed in 1885 it became one of the largest communities of Czech students abroad. It had its own infrastructure and annual show. It had regular contact with the homeland and published a journal in two parts: "Paleta" & "Špachtle" ("Palette" and "Spatula"). This journal was circulated within the association only and all members had to contribute to it on weekly bases. Their focus was mainly on the German art scene. The group accepted other Slavic students as members.The Škréta Fellowship renamed itself to "Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" (abb. SVU Mánes), after painter J. Mánes, who lived and worked in the first half of the nineteenth century in Czech Lands and Germany, and who attended the Munich Art Academy. Many founding members of the "Škréta" moved to Prague in 1887 – probably due to reforms at the Prague Art Academy – and finished their studies there. The Škréta Fellowship continued until its members Alfons Mucha and Luděk Marold left Munich for Paris.Between 1885 and 1899 the focus was mainly on "Palette" and "Spatula." "Palette" was a journal of art and literature and "Spatula" was a satirical magazine. These first fourteen years were the most important for the future development of modern Czech art scene. SVU Mánes took under its wings painting, sculpture and architecture. This notion was reflected in their emblem of three shields representing each the three art forms. The goals of SVU Mánes were mainly based on an old idea of patriotism with allegorical paintings from the Czech history, but they soon moved to modern art and its influx in Bohemia. One of the main differences from neighboring groups such as Munich and Viennese Secession was in their constant fight against pan-Germanism. One difference from Polish group "Sztuka" was in SVU Mánes’ openness to the international art scene.SVU Mánes averaged some 300 members between 1887 and 1899. It was a large organization for the Prague environment and for a secessionist group. Its first elected president was painter and illustrator Mikoláš Aleš, a (Aleš illustrated Old Czech manuscripts and was proclaimed by the critics as naïve, but SVU Mánes supported him and presented him with a diploma). Aleš, twenty years older than the rest of the members, had strong leadership and organization skills. Along with a sculptor, principal patron and chief organizer of SVU Mánes, Stanislav Sucharda, they formed a strong lead. The editorial board was elected annually. The first most influential editors were painter Karel Vítězslav and painter and draughtsman Jan Preisler. Probably the most important role in SVU Mánes had , a journalist and an art critic.SVU Mánes rebelled against the old and rigid system of art exhibitions, art politics and pan-Germanism of art in Czech. Multiple events helped the patriotic SVU Mánes to achieve its success before their first exhibition in 1898.In 1897, SVU Mánes opened its first preliminary exhibition of competing posters. These were designed for its first exhibition the following year.SVU Mánes' first exhibition was 5 February to 5 March in 1898 in Topič salon (a commercial gallery in the center) in Prague. With this exhibition, SVU Mánes proclaimed its secession. Thirty participants among the eighty members with landscapes dominating the show. The installation was similar to that in Rudolfínum, but many fewer works were selected.On 3 November another exhibition was held in the same location, exhibiting fifty works from artists Joža Uprka, František Bílek, Zdenka Braunerová, Antonín Hudeček and Antonín Slavíček. With this exhibition, the members refused Rudolfínum as an exhibiting society, and stepped toward their own exhibiting building. This exhibition went up during the same time of preparation of the first exhibition of the Viennese Secession with which they had a competitive relationship. SVU Mánes show attracted members of Viennese society, who offered participation to Czech painters to exhibit in Vienna. František Bílek agreed, while Stanislav Sucharda refused absent an autonomous Czech show in Vienna.In 1899, SVU Mánes began organizing traveling exhibitions in other towns of Bohemia and Moravia to increase public awareness.In 1900 SVU Mánes exhibited in Viennese Künstlerhaus.Also in 1900, SVU Mánes opened its third exhibition, showing sixty works in the Topič salon. KU Ministerium supported this show. It toured Brno and Vienna, getting more credit on its home soil as a competitor to Rudolfínum, but it brought new audiences and recognition in the international press. Among the exhibiting artists was Jan Preisler with his "The Wind and Breeze", František Bílek, who caused surprise and František Kupka. After this exhibition, Antonín Slavíček and Maxmilián Švabinský ("The Poor Country") were invited to Miethke gallery in Vienna and Švabinský became the most exportable Bohemian artist. For the first time, SVU Mánes’ exhibition had a designer in architect Jan Kotěra who focused on simplicity and purity with respect to painting, sculpture and prints. This differed from the over-crowdedness of Rudolfínum and the over-ornamentation of the Viennese Secession. Sculptures were not for decoration but they were installed as autonomous art works.In 1902, SVU Mánes exhibited in Hagenbund, which became its frequent host.After a visit to Paris Exposition of 1900, Alfons Mucha and Josef Mařatka invited sculptor Auguste Rodin to exhibit his works in Prague. This event took place in Manes’ new exhibiting building, the Mánes Pavilion in 1902, designed by Jan Kotěra. Kotěra took on an idea of Paradise with each sculpture displayed in its own space, not competing with the others, with floors covered with gravel and shrubs expanding the garden theme. This show utterly overshadowed Rudolfínum, making SVU Mánes the main exhibiting body in Bohemia. The exhibition also increased public interest in foreign art. Rodin influenced artists such as Sucharda, Ladislav Šaloun and Bohumil Kafka. This show had a political background of Czech intellectuals looking toward France, appealing to French republican artistic freedom. Rodin showed eighty sculptures and seventy drawings. His sculptures revealing intimate bodily details, sexuality and psychological expression, was new to Prague. He was taken as a genius by artists and critics, who appealed for Czech artists to follow his path by looking to themselves. This exhibition had a further impact on Austria and Germany. After Prague, Rodin took some of his pieces to Vienna. This show made Prague an international exhibiting city.Following Rodin’s exhibition, SVU Mánes presented a retrospective of contemporary French painting the Nabis who Czech artists knew since the 1890s from their Parisian visits for their freedom of form and deliberate experiments.Another exhibit presented works of Mikolaš Aleš, Hudeček and French graphic arts.The year's last exhibition was a visiting show in Kraków hosted by Sztuka. Among the 132 Czech artists who exhibited there, belonged František Bílek, Sucharda, Kafka, Šaloun, Joža Úprka, Maxmilián Švabinský, Alois Kalvoda, Antonín Slavíček, František Kupka and others.A similar exhibition opened in 1903 in the Mánes Pavilion, surveying Czech art production, followed by a retrospective of Josef Mánes. He was the only non-contemporary artist exhibited in SVU Mánes.An exhibition of Worpswede continued SVU Mánes’ interest in international art scene along with another show of Croatian contemporary art of Družstvo umjetnosti [Association of Art].Returning to the domestic art scene, SVU Mánes hosted a retrospective of Joža Úprka.SVU Mánes members had their first group show in their new building, followed by a group show of Antonín Slavíček, Bohumil Kafka, Josef Mařatka, Stanislav Sucharda and Ladislav Šaloun.SVU Mánes presented an exhibition of Edvard Munch.Following Munch show was another group exhibition and after that an exhibition of T. F. Simon.In the winter of 1905-06, SVU Mánes hosted Danish artists.1906 brought an exhibition of N. K. Roerich along with Francisco Goya and another member show.The following year Henri le Sidaner together with Louis Dejean exhibited. After that, French Impressionism occupied the Mánes Pavilion.Members and architects established Sdružení architektů Mánese [Association of Mánes’ Architects] that, a year later, began publishing its journal "Styl" [Style] concentrating on contemporary art and design.At the turn of 1907 and 1908, English etchings arrived to Prague under the SVU Mánes’ umbrella.Auguste Rodin together with Ludwig v. Hofmann exhibited in 1908, followed by SVU Mánes’ group show.Émile Bernard; E. A. Bourdelle; SVU Mánes’ group show came in 1909.In 1910 SVU Mánes’ presented a group show of sketches: Les Independents; Slavíček; Axel Gellen-Kellela; Munch; and Swedish Art.When SVU Mánes presented Edvard Munch, the audience was shocked. This artist had an immense impact on the future development of modern art in Bohemia. No other show divided Czech artists as much. The artist community fell into two hostile camps. In 1907, eight art students formed "Osma" [The Eight], finding SVU Mánes too provincial.F. X. Šalda was the only critic who agreed with the new group. The main two members of Osma were Bohumil Kubišta and Emil Filla. Kubišta responded with "Night of Love" in 1908 and Filla with "Reader of Dostoevsky" in 1907. Jan Preisler was the only SVU Mánes member who responded to Munch with his painting "Woman by a Lake", however after harsh criticism he abandoned this style. Criticism of Preisler’s work angered Osma even more.In 1912, SVU Mánes split, following the Cubist art scene in Paris: the Montmartre Cubism of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, and Section d'Or Cubism led by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger. Prague's key followers of Montmartre Cubism in Prague were artists Emil Filla and Otto Gutfreund, while the nucleus of the opposing camp was created around the Čapek brothers. Bohemian Cubists combined Cubism with Expressionism, some with Futurism, Orphism and Rayonism, while others concentrated on national or existential subject matters. The artists influenced by Montmartre Cubism established Skupina výtvarných umelců [Group of Artists]."Volné Směry" ("Free Currents") was a journal of SVU Mánes first published in 1896. At first the association oriented its journal mainly toward literature, another driving force behind the Czech secessionist movement. Association members competed in its pages. The journal worked as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" [total work of art]. The editors also included information about international and domestic art scene and art criticism.In 1902, installation designs began to appear. The journal competed mainly with Ver Sacrum of the Viennese Secession in content and form. At this point, its primary goal was promotion of Czech art along with introduction and commentary on the international art scene. Its funding came at first from members. The main editors were Vojtěch Preisler and Arnošt Hofbauer. "Volné směry" reached a wide public, with coverage better than its main competitor journal "Moderní revue" [Modern Review]. Other competing journals in Czech at the time were: "L’Art", "L'Art et industrie", "Gazette des Beaux-Arts", "Revue des Arts Decoratifs", "La Plume", "L’ Art et les artistes", "The Art Amateur", "Art Journal", "Art Pictorial & Industrial", "The Studio", "Formenschatz", "Dekorative Kunst", "Die Kunst", "Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration", "Kunst und Handwerk", "Skulpturenschatz", "Zeitschrift für Bildende Kunst" and "Die Graphischen Kunste". In 1897, in its second volume, a special issue was dedicated to regionalist painter Úprka.A year later, Kotěra published an essay to appeal to Czech citizens to think for themselves when looking at art and architecture. He stated that Czech art and architecture should be Czech, with Czech form, using local materials and technologies. Form should reflect modern times and should not mimic foreign art and architecture. Kotěra used a universal and pragmatic tone in his essay, without providing a definition of the Czech form. Open debates in "Volné směry" and other journals considered the planned destruction of Prague’s historical center.In 1899, a special issue was dedicated to symbolist sculptor František Bílek. In the same year, Kotěra became one of the main editors and a professor of University of Architecture and Applied Arts in Prague. He studied directly under Otto Wagner in Vienna. At the turn of the century, a special issue devoted to the Third SVU Mánes exhibition was produced for the first time for Viennese audiences. The Rodin show was accompanied by a special double-issue dedicated to the sculptor in 1901, a year before its opening. By 1903, the journal established a comfortable position financially with approximately 1800 subscribing readers.In 1902 Kotěra designed the Mánes Pavilion for the Rodin exhibition. It was supposed to be only a temporary building, erected in four weeks. The pavilion was functional and flexible. Lit from the top, it had movable walls and Karel Špillar adorned it with a patriotic Slavic wooden lintel and allegorical mosaic. Manes used it until 1914. Its location was near the city center, close to a space where Prague officials wanted to build a modern gallery.
|
[
"Adam Hoffmeister",
"Ivan Exner",
"Mikoláš Aleš"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts in Jun, 2014?
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June 22, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Adam Hoffmeister"
]
}
|
L2_Q2364172_P488_2
|
Mikoláš Aleš is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1896.
Adam Hoffmeister is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Ivan Exner is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jiří T. Kotalík is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
|
Mánes Union of Fine ArtsThe Mánes Association of Fine Artists ( or S.V.U.; commonly abbreviated as "Manes") was an artists' association and exhibition society founded in 1887 in Prague and named after painter Josef Mánes.The Manes was significant for its international exhibitions before and after World War I that encouraged interaction between Czech artists and the foreign avant-garde. It played an important role in the development of Czech Cubism and Rondocubism. Between 1928 and 1930, Manes built a complex with a restaurant, club, showroom and offices at the site of the Štítkovský Mill and water tower on the Vltava. The architect of the 1928 Manes pavilion was member .The union was liquidated under the Communists and was revived after the Velvet Revolution in 1990. Its headquarters became the Diamond House in Prague, itself a landmark of cubist architecture."Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" ("Association of Fine Artists Mánes") was established in 1887 as a group of Bohemian artists in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Its forerunner was Škréta, spolek mladých českých výtvarníků v Mnichově ("Škréta, a Fellowship of Young Czech Artist in Munich"), an organization of Czech art students in Munich, an art center largely visited by Central and Eastern European art students. The name of this society came from seventeenth century Bohemian painter Karel Škréta. Formed in 1885 it became one of the largest communities of Czech students abroad. It had its own infrastructure and annual show. It had regular contact with the homeland and published a journal in two parts: "Paleta" & "Špachtle" ("Palette" and "Spatula"). This journal was circulated within the association only and all members had to contribute to it on weekly bases. Their focus was mainly on the German art scene. The group accepted other Slavic students as members.The Škréta Fellowship renamed itself to "Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" (abb. SVU Mánes), after painter J. Mánes, who lived and worked in the first half of the nineteenth century in Czech Lands and Germany, and who attended the Munich Art Academy. Many founding members of the "Škréta" moved to Prague in 1887 – probably due to reforms at the Prague Art Academy – and finished their studies there. The Škréta Fellowship continued until its members Alfons Mucha and Luděk Marold left Munich for Paris.Between 1885 and 1899 the focus was mainly on "Palette" and "Spatula." "Palette" was a journal of art and literature and "Spatula" was a satirical magazine. These first fourteen years were the most important for the future development of modern Czech art scene. SVU Mánes took under its wings painting, sculpture and architecture. This notion was reflected in their emblem of three shields representing each the three art forms. The goals of SVU Mánes were mainly based on an old idea of patriotism with allegorical paintings from the Czech history, but they soon moved to modern art and its influx in Bohemia. One of the main differences from neighboring groups such as Munich and Viennese Secession was in their constant fight against pan-Germanism. One difference from Polish group "Sztuka" was in SVU Mánes’ openness to the international art scene.SVU Mánes averaged some 300 members between 1887 and 1899. It was a large organization for the Prague environment and for a secessionist group. Its first elected president was painter and illustrator Mikoláš Aleš, a (Aleš illustrated Old Czech manuscripts and was proclaimed by the critics as naïve, but SVU Mánes supported him and presented him with a diploma). Aleš, twenty years older than the rest of the members, had strong leadership and organization skills. Along with a sculptor, principal patron and chief organizer of SVU Mánes, Stanislav Sucharda, they formed a strong lead. The editorial board was elected annually. The first most influential editors were painter Karel Vítězslav and painter and draughtsman Jan Preisler. Probably the most important role in SVU Mánes had , a journalist and an art critic.SVU Mánes rebelled against the old and rigid system of art exhibitions, art politics and pan-Germanism of art in Czech. Multiple events helped the patriotic SVU Mánes to achieve its success before their first exhibition in 1898.In 1897, SVU Mánes opened its first preliminary exhibition of competing posters. These were designed for its first exhibition the following year.SVU Mánes' first exhibition was 5 February to 5 March in 1898 in Topič salon (a commercial gallery in the center) in Prague. With this exhibition, SVU Mánes proclaimed its secession. Thirty participants among the eighty members with landscapes dominating the show. The installation was similar to that in Rudolfínum, but many fewer works were selected.On 3 November another exhibition was held in the same location, exhibiting fifty works from artists Joža Uprka, František Bílek, Zdenka Braunerová, Antonín Hudeček and Antonín Slavíček. With this exhibition, the members refused Rudolfínum as an exhibiting society, and stepped toward their own exhibiting building. This exhibition went up during the same time of preparation of the first exhibition of the Viennese Secession with which they had a competitive relationship. SVU Mánes show attracted members of Viennese society, who offered participation to Czech painters to exhibit in Vienna. František Bílek agreed, while Stanislav Sucharda refused absent an autonomous Czech show in Vienna.In 1899, SVU Mánes began organizing traveling exhibitions in other towns of Bohemia and Moravia to increase public awareness.In 1900 SVU Mánes exhibited in Viennese Künstlerhaus.Also in 1900, SVU Mánes opened its third exhibition, showing sixty works in the Topič salon. KU Ministerium supported this show. It toured Brno and Vienna, getting more credit on its home soil as a competitor to Rudolfínum, but it brought new audiences and recognition in the international press. Among the exhibiting artists was Jan Preisler with his "The Wind and Breeze", František Bílek, who caused surprise and František Kupka. After this exhibition, Antonín Slavíček and Maxmilián Švabinský ("The Poor Country") were invited to Miethke gallery in Vienna and Švabinský became the most exportable Bohemian artist. For the first time, SVU Mánes’ exhibition had a designer in architect Jan Kotěra who focused on simplicity and purity with respect to painting, sculpture and prints. This differed from the over-crowdedness of Rudolfínum and the over-ornamentation of the Viennese Secession. Sculptures were not for decoration but they were installed as autonomous art works.In 1902, SVU Mánes exhibited in Hagenbund, which became its frequent host.After a visit to Paris Exposition of 1900, Alfons Mucha and Josef Mařatka invited sculptor Auguste Rodin to exhibit his works in Prague. This event took place in Manes’ new exhibiting building, the Mánes Pavilion in 1902, designed by Jan Kotěra. Kotěra took on an idea of Paradise with each sculpture displayed in its own space, not competing with the others, with floors covered with gravel and shrubs expanding the garden theme. This show utterly overshadowed Rudolfínum, making SVU Mánes the main exhibiting body in Bohemia. The exhibition also increased public interest in foreign art. Rodin influenced artists such as Sucharda, Ladislav Šaloun and Bohumil Kafka. This show had a political background of Czech intellectuals looking toward France, appealing to French republican artistic freedom. Rodin showed eighty sculptures and seventy drawings. His sculptures revealing intimate bodily details, sexuality and psychological expression, was new to Prague. He was taken as a genius by artists and critics, who appealed for Czech artists to follow his path by looking to themselves. This exhibition had a further impact on Austria and Germany. After Prague, Rodin took some of his pieces to Vienna. This show made Prague an international exhibiting city.Following Rodin’s exhibition, SVU Mánes presented a retrospective of contemporary French painting the Nabis who Czech artists knew since the 1890s from their Parisian visits for their freedom of form and deliberate experiments.Another exhibit presented works of Mikolaš Aleš, Hudeček and French graphic arts.The year's last exhibition was a visiting show in Kraków hosted by Sztuka. Among the 132 Czech artists who exhibited there, belonged František Bílek, Sucharda, Kafka, Šaloun, Joža Úprka, Maxmilián Švabinský, Alois Kalvoda, Antonín Slavíček, František Kupka and others.A similar exhibition opened in 1903 in the Mánes Pavilion, surveying Czech art production, followed by a retrospective of Josef Mánes. He was the only non-contemporary artist exhibited in SVU Mánes.An exhibition of Worpswede continued SVU Mánes’ interest in international art scene along with another show of Croatian contemporary art of Družstvo umjetnosti [Association of Art].Returning to the domestic art scene, SVU Mánes hosted a retrospective of Joža Úprka.SVU Mánes members had their first group show in their new building, followed by a group show of Antonín Slavíček, Bohumil Kafka, Josef Mařatka, Stanislav Sucharda and Ladislav Šaloun.SVU Mánes presented an exhibition of Edvard Munch.Following Munch show was another group exhibition and after that an exhibition of T. F. Simon.In the winter of 1905-06, SVU Mánes hosted Danish artists.1906 brought an exhibition of N. K. Roerich along with Francisco Goya and another member show.The following year Henri le Sidaner together with Louis Dejean exhibited. After that, French Impressionism occupied the Mánes Pavilion.Members and architects established Sdružení architektů Mánese [Association of Mánes’ Architects] that, a year later, began publishing its journal "Styl" [Style] concentrating on contemporary art and design.At the turn of 1907 and 1908, English etchings arrived to Prague under the SVU Mánes’ umbrella.Auguste Rodin together with Ludwig v. Hofmann exhibited in 1908, followed by SVU Mánes’ group show.Émile Bernard; E. A. Bourdelle; SVU Mánes’ group show came in 1909.In 1910 SVU Mánes’ presented a group show of sketches: Les Independents; Slavíček; Axel Gellen-Kellela; Munch; and Swedish Art.When SVU Mánes presented Edvard Munch, the audience was shocked. This artist had an immense impact on the future development of modern art in Bohemia. No other show divided Czech artists as much. The artist community fell into two hostile camps. In 1907, eight art students formed "Osma" [The Eight], finding SVU Mánes too provincial.F. X. Šalda was the only critic who agreed with the new group. The main two members of Osma were Bohumil Kubišta and Emil Filla. Kubišta responded with "Night of Love" in 1908 and Filla with "Reader of Dostoevsky" in 1907. Jan Preisler was the only SVU Mánes member who responded to Munch with his painting "Woman by a Lake", however after harsh criticism he abandoned this style. Criticism of Preisler’s work angered Osma even more.In 1912, SVU Mánes split, following the Cubist art scene in Paris: the Montmartre Cubism of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, and Section d'Or Cubism led by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger. Prague's key followers of Montmartre Cubism in Prague were artists Emil Filla and Otto Gutfreund, while the nucleus of the opposing camp was created around the Čapek brothers. Bohemian Cubists combined Cubism with Expressionism, some with Futurism, Orphism and Rayonism, while others concentrated on national or existential subject matters. The artists influenced by Montmartre Cubism established Skupina výtvarných umelců [Group of Artists]."Volné Směry" ("Free Currents") was a journal of SVU Mánes first published in 1896. At first the association oriented its journal mainly toward literature, another driving force behind the Czech secessionist movement. Association members competed in its pages. The journal worked as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" [total work of art]. The editors also included information about international and domestic art scene and art criticism.In 1902, installation designs began to appear. The journal competed mainly with Ver Sacrum of the Viennese Secession in content and form. At this point, its primary goal was promotion of Czech art along with introduction and commentary on the international art scene. Its funding came at first from members. The main editors were Vojtěch Preisler and Arnošt Hofbauer. "Volné směry" reached a wide public, with coverage better than its main competitor journal "Moderní revue" [Modern Review]. Other competing journals in Czech at the time were: "L’Art", "L'Art et industrie", "Gazette des Beaux-Arts", "Revue des Arts Decoratifs", "La Plume", "L’ Art et les artistes", "The Art Amateur", "Art Journal", "Art Pictorial & Industrial", "The Studio", "Formenschatz", "Dekorative Kunst", "Die Kunst", "Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration", "Kunst und Handwerk", "Skulpturenschatz", "Zeitschrift für Bildende Kunst" and "Die Graphischen Kunste". In 1897, in its second volume, a special issue was dedicated to regionalist painter Úprka.A year later, Kotěra published an essay to appeal to Czech citizens to think for themselves when looking at art and architecture. He stated that Czech art and architecture should be Czech, with Czech form, using local materials and technologies. Form should reflect modern times and should not mimic foreign art and architecture. Kotěra used a universal and pragmatic tone in his essay, without providing a definition of the Czech form. Open debates in "Volné směry" and other journals considered the planned destruction of Prague’s historical center.In 1899, a special issue was dedicated to symbolist sculptor František Bílek. In the same year, Kotěra became one of the main editors and a professor of University of Architecture and Applied Arts in Prague. He studied directly under Otto Wagner in Vienna. At the turn of the century, a special issue devoted to the Third SVU Mánes exhibition was produced for the first time for Viennese audiences. The Rodin show was accompanied by a special double-issue dedicated to the sculptor in 1901, a year before its opening. By 1903, the journal established a comfortable position financially with approximately 1800 subscribing readers.In 1902 Kotěra designed the Mánes Pavilion for the Rodin exhibition. It was supposed to be only a temporary building, erected in four weeks. The pavilion was functional and flexible. Lit from the top, it had movable walls and Karel Špillar adorned it with a patriotic Slavic wooden lintel and allegorical mosaic. Manes used it until 1914. Its location was near the city center, close to a space where Prague officials wanted to build a modern gallery.
|
[
"Ivan Exner",
"Mikoláš Aleš",
"Jiří T. Kotalík"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts in Feb, 2015?
|
February 22, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Ivan Exner"
]
}
|
L2_Q2364172_P488_3
|
Mikoláš Aleš is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1896.
Adam Hoffmeister is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Jiří T. Kotalík is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Ivan Exner is the chair of Mánes Union of Fine Arts from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Mánes Union of Fine ArtsThe Mánes Association of Fine Artists ( or S.V.U.; commonly abbreviated as "Manes") was an artists' association and exhibition society founded in 1887 in Prague and named after painter Josef Mánes.The Manes was significant for its international exhibitions before and after World War I that encouraged interaction between Czech artists and the foreign avant-garde. It played an important role in the development of Czech Cubism and Rondocubism. Between 1928 and 1930, Manes built a complex with a restaurant, club, showroom and offices at the site of the Štítkovský Mill and water tower on the Vltava. The architect of the 1928 Manes pavilion was member .The union was liquidated under the Communists and was revived after the Velvet Revolution in 1990. Its headquarters became the Diamond House in Prague, itself a landmark of cubist architecture."Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" ("Association of Fine Artists Mánes") was established in 1887 as a group of Bohemian artists in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Its forerunner was Škréta, spolek mladých českých výtvarníků v Mnichově ("Škréta, a Fellowship of Young Czech Artist in Munich"), an organization of Czech art students in Munich, an art center largely visited by Central and Eastern European art students. The name of this society came from seventeenth century Bohemian painter Karel Škréta. Formed in 1885 it became one of the largest communities of Czech students abroad. It had its own infrastructure and annual show. It had regular contact with the homeland and published a journal in two parts: "Paleta" & "Špachtle" ("Palette" and "Spatula"). This journal was circulated within the association only and all members had to contribute to it on weekly bases. Their focus was mainly on the German art scene. The group accepted other Slavic students as members.The Škréta Fellowship renamed itself to "Svaz výtvarných umělců Mánes" (abb. SVU Mánes), after painter J. Mánes, who lived and worked in the first half of the nineteenth century in Czech Lands and Germany, and who attended the Munich Art Academy. Many founding members of the "Škréta" moved to Prague in 1887 – probably due to reforms at the Prague Art Academy – and finished their studies there. The Škréta Fellowship continued until its members Alfons Mucha and Luděk Marold left Munich for Paris.Between 1885 and 1899 the focus was mainly on "Palette" and "Spatula." "Palette" was a journal of art and literature and "Spatula" was a satirical magazine. These first fourteen years were the most important for the future development of modern Czech art scene. SVU Mánes took under its wings painting, sculpture and architecture. This notion was reflected in their emblem of three shields representing each the three art forms. The goals of SVU Mánes were mainly based on an old idea of patriotism with allegorical paintings from the Czech history, but they soon moved to modern art and its influx in Bohemia. One of the main differences from neighboring groups such as Munich and Viennese Secession was in their constant fight against pan-Germanism. One difference from Polish group "Sztuka" was in SVU Mánes’ openness to the international art scene.SVU Mánes averaged some 300 members between 1887 and 1899. It was a large organization for the Prague environment and for a secessionist group. Its first elected president was painter and illustrator Mikoláš Aleš, a (Aleš illustrated Old Czech manuscripts and was proclaimed by the critics as naïve, but SVU Mánes supported him and presented him with a diploma). Aleš, twenty years older than the rest of the members, had strong leadership and organization skills. Along with a sculptor, principal patron and chief organizer of SVU Mánes, Stanislav Sucharda, they formed a strong lead. The editorial board was elected annually. The first most influential editors were painter Karel Vítězslav and painter and draughtsman Jan Preisler. Probably the most important role in SVU Mánes had , a journalist and an art critic.SVU Mánes rebelled against the old and rigid system of art exhibitions, art politics and pan-Germanism of art in Czech. Multiple events helped the patriotic SVU Mánes to achieve its success before their first exhibition in 1898.In 1897, SVU Mánes opened its first preliminary exhibition of competing posters. These were designed for its first exhibition the following year.SVU Mánes' first exhibition was 5 February to 5 March in 1898 in Topič salon (a commercial gallery in the center) in Prague. With this exhibition, SVU Mánes proclaimed its secession. Thirty participants among the eighty members with landscapes dominating the show. The installation was similar to that in Rudolfínum, but many fewer works were selected.On 3 November another exhibition was held in the same location, exhibiting fifty works from artists Joža Uprka, František Bílek, Zdenka Braunerová, Antonín Hudeček and Antonín Slavíček. With this exhibition, the members refused Rudolfínum as an exhibiting society, and stepped toward their own exhibiting building. This exhibition went up during the same time of preparation of the first exhibition of the Viennese Secession with which they had a competitive relationship. SVU Mánes show attracted members of Viennese society, who offered participation to Czech painters to exhibit in Vienna. František Bílek agreed, while Stanislav Sucharda refused absent an autonomous Czech show in Vienna.In 1899, SVU Mánes began organizing traveling exhibitions in other towns of Bohemia and Moravia to increase public awareness.In 1900 SVU Mánes exhibited in Viennese Künstlerhaus.Also in 1900, SVU Mánes opened its third exhibition, showing sixty works in the Topič salon. KU Ministerium supported this show. It toured Brno and Vienna, getting more credit on its home soil as a competitor to Rudolfínum, but it brought new audiences and recognition in the international press. Among the exhibiting artists was Jan Preisler with his "The Wind and Breeze", František Bílek, who caused surprise and František Kupka. After this exhibition, Antonín Slavíček and Maxmilián Švabinský ("The Poor Country") were invited to Miethke gallery in Vienna and Švabinský became the most exportable Bohemian artist. For the first time, SVU Mánes’ exhibition had a designer in architect Jan Kotěra who focused on simplicity and purity with respect to painting, sculpture and prints. This differed from the over-crowdedness of Rudolfínum and the over-ornamentation of the Viennese Secession. Sculptures were not for decoration but they were installed as autonomous art works.In 1902, SVU Mánes exhibited in Hagenbund, which became its frequent host.After a visit to Paris Exposition of 1900, Alfons Mucha and Josef Mařatka invited sculptor Auguste Rodin to exhibit his works in Prague. This event took place in Manes’ new exhibiting building, the Mánes Pavilion in 1902, designed by Jan Kotěra. Kotěra took on an idea of Paradise with each sculpture displayed in its own space, not competing with the others, with floors covered with gravel and shrubs expanding the garden theme. This show utterly overshadowed Rudolfínum, making SVU Mánes the main exhibiting body in Bohemia. The exhibition also increased public interest in foreign art. Rodin influenced artists such as Sucharda, Ladislav Šaloun and Bohumil Kafka. This show had a political background of Czech intellectuals looking toward France, appealing to French republican artistic freedom. Rodin showed eighty sculptures and seventy drawings. His sculptures revealing intimate bodily details, sexuality and psychological expression, was new to Prague. He was taken as a genius by artists and critics, who appealed for Czech artists to follow his path by looking to themselves. This exhibition had a further impact on Austria and Germany. After Prague, Rodin took some of his pieces to Vienna. This show made Prague an international exhibiting city.Following Rodin’s exhibition, SVU Mánes presented a retrospective of contemporary French painting the Nabis who Czech artists knew since the 1890s from their Parisian visits for their freedom of form and deliberate experiments.Another exhibit presented works of Mikolaš Aleš, Hudeček and French graphic arts.The year's last exhibition was a visiting show in Kraków hosted by Sztuka. Among the 132 Czech artists who exhibited there, belonged František Bílek, Sucharda, Kafka, Šaloun, Joža Úprka, Maxmilián Švabinský, Alois Kalvoda, Antonín Slavíček, František Kupka and others.A similar exhibition opened in 1903 in the Mánes Pavilion, surveying Czech art production, followed by a retrospective of Josef Mánes. He was the only non-contemporary artist exhibited in SVU Mánes.An exhibition of Worpswede continued SVU Mánes’ interest in international art scene along with another show of Croatian contemporary art of Družstvo umjetnosti [Association of Art].Returning to the domestic art scene, SVU Mánes hosted a retrospective of Joža Úprka.SVU Mánes members had their first group show in their new building, followed by a group show of Antonín Slavíček, Bohumil Kafka, Josef Mařatka, Stanislav Sucharda and Ladislav Šaloun.SVU Mánes presented an exhibition of Edvard Munch.Following Munch show was another group exhibition and after that an exhibition of T. F. Simon.In the winter of 1905-06, SVU Mánes hosted Danish artists.1906 brought an exhibition of N. K. Roerich along with Francisco Goya and another member show.The following year Henri le Sidaner together with Louis Dejean exhibited. After that, French Impressionism occupied the Mánes Pavilion.Members and architects established Sdružení architektů Mánese [Association of Mánes’ Architects] that, a year later, began publishing its journal "Styl" [Style] concentrating on contemporary art and design.At the turn of 1907 and 1908, English etchings arrived to Prague under the SVU Mánes’ umbrella.Auguste Rodin together with Ludwig v. Hofmann exhibited in 1908, followed by SVU Mánes’ group show.Émile Bernard; E. A. Bourdelle; SVU Mánes’ group show came in 1909.In 1910 SVU Mánes’ presented a group show of sketches: Les Independents; Slavíček; Axel Gellen-Kellela; Munch; and Swedish Art.When SVU Mánes presented Edvard Munch, the audience was shocked. This artist had an immense impact on the future development of modern art in Bohemia. No other show divided Czech artists as much. The artist community fell into two hostile camps. In 1907, eight art students formed "Osma" [The Eight], finding SVU Mánes too provincial.F. X. Šalda was the only critic who agreed with the new group. The main two members of Osma were Bohumil Kubišta and Emil Filla. Kubišta responded with "Night of Love" in 1908 and Filla with "Reader of Dostoevsky" in 1907. Jan Preisler was the only SVU Mánes member who responded to Munch with his painting "Woman by a Lake", however after harsh criticism he abandoned this style. Criticism of Preisler’s work angered Osma even more.In 1912, SVU Mánes split, following the Cubist art scene in Paris: the Montmartre Cubism of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, and Section d'Or Cubism led by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger. Prague's key followers of Montmartre Cubism in Prague were artists Emil Filla and Otto Gutfreund, while the nucleus of the opposing camp was created around the Čapek brothers. Bohemian Cubists combined Cubism with Expressionism, some with Futurism, Orphism and Rayonism, while others concentrated on national or existential subject matters. The artists influenced by Montmartre Cubism established Skupina výtvarných umelců [Group of Artists]."Volné Směry" ("Free Currents") was a journal of SVU Mánes first published in 1896. At first the association oriented its journal mainly toward literature, another driving force behind the Czech secessionist movement. Association members competed in its pages. The journal worked as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" [total work of art]. The editors also included information about international and domestic art scene and art criticism.In 1902, installation designs began to appear. The journal competed mainly with Ver Sacrum of the Viennese Secession in content and form. At this point, its primary goal was promotion of Czech art along with introduction and commentary on the international art scene. Its funding came at first from members. The main editors were Vojtěch Preisler and Arnošt Hofbauer. "Volné směry" reached a wide public, with coverage better than its main competitor journal "Moderní revue" [Modern Review]. Other competing journals in Czech at the time were: "L’Art", "L'Art et industrie", "Gazette des Beaux-Arts", "Revue des Arts Decoratifs", "La Plume", "L’ Art et les artistes", "The Art Amateur", "Art Journal", "Art Pictorial & Industrial", "The Studio", "Formenschatz", "Dekorative Kunst", "Die Kunst", "Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration", "Kunst und Handwerk", "Skulpturenschatz", "Zeitschrift für Bildende Kunst" and "Die Graphischen Kunste". In 1897, in its second volume, a special issue was dedicated to regionalist painter Úprka.A year later, Kotěra published an essay to appeal to Czech citizens to think for themselves when looking at art and architecture. He stated that Czech art and architecture should be Czech, with Czech form, using local materials and technologies. Form should reflect modern times and should not mimic foreign art and architecture. Kotěra used a universal and pragmatic tone in his essay, without providing a definition of the Czech form. Open debates in "Volné směry" and other journals considered the planned destruction of Prague’s historical center.In 1899, a special issue was dedicated to symbolist sculptor František Bílek. In the same year, Kotěra became one of the main editors and a professor of University of Architecture and Applied Arts in Prague. He studied directly under Otto Wagner in Vienna. At the turn of the century, a special issue devoted to the Third SVU Mánes exhibition was produced for the first time for Viennese audiences. The Rodin show was accompanied by a special double-issue dedicated to the sculptor in 1901, a year before its opening. By 1903, the journal established a comfortable position financially with approximately 1800 subscribing readers.In 1902 Kotěra designed the Mánes Pavilion for the Rodin exhibition. It was supposed to be only a temporary building, erected in four weeks. The pavilion was functional and flexible. Lit from the top, it had movable walls and Karel Špillar adorned it with a patriotic Slavic wooden lintel and allegorical mosaic. Manes used it until 1914. Its location was near the city center, close to a space where Prague officials wanted to build a modern gallery.
|
[
"Adam Hoffmeister",
"Mikoláš Aleš",
"Jiří T. Kotalík"
] |
|
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Nov, 1945?
|
November 07, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_0
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
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Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Apr, 1950?
|
April 09, 1950
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_1
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
|
[
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Dec, 1954?
|
December 22, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_2
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Aug, 1954?
|
August 11, 1954
|
{
"text": [
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_3
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Apr, 1956?
|
April 10, 1956
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_4
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Sep, 1956?
|
September 09, 1956
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_5
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Jun, 1960?
|
June 19, 1960
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_6
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
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[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
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Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Apr, 1995?
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April 18, 1995
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the House of Lords"
]
}
|
L2_Q333916_P39_7
|
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
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Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.
|
[
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Shadow Foreign Secretary"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Oct, 1971?
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October 03, 1971
|
{
"text": [
"Josef Rust"
]
}
|
L2_Q156578_P488_0
|
Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
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[
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
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Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Sep, 1974?
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September 14, 1974
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{
"text": [
"Hans Birnbaum"
]
}
|
L2_Q156578_P488_1
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Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
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Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
|
[
"Josef Rust",
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Apr, 1985?
|
April 01, 1985
|
{
"text": [
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen"
]
}
|
L2_Q156578_P488_2
|
Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
|
Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
|
[
"Josef Rust",
"Berthold Huber",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Apr, 1987?
|
April 18, 1987
|
{
"text": [
"Klaus Liesen"
]
}
|
L2_Q156578_P488_3
|
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
|
Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
|
[
"Josef Rust",
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Jun, 2004?
|
June 26, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Ferdinand Piëch"
]
}
|
L2_Q156578_P488_4
|
Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
|
Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
|
[
"Josef Rust",
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Jan, 2015?
|
January 01, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Hans Dieter Pötsch",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Berthold Huber"
]
}
|
L2_Q156578_P488_5
|
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
|
Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
|
[
"Josef Rust",
"Klaus Liesen",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Josef Rust",
"Klaus Liesen",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Josef Rust",
"Klaus Liesen",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Hans Birnbaum"
] |
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Who was the chair of Volkswagen Group in Dec, 2018?
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December 28, 2018
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{
"text": [
"Hans Dieter Pötsch"
]
}
|
L2_Q156578_P488_6
|
Ferdinand Piëch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2015.
Karl Gustaf Ratjen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1987.
Josef Rust is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1974.
Klaus Liesen is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 2002.
Berthold Huber is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Hans Birnbaum is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1979.
Hans Dieter Pötsch is the chair of Volkswagen Group from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
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Volkswagen GroupVolkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and owned by Porsche SE, part of the Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019, selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.The Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; light commercial vehicles under the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles brand; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and heavy commercial vehicles via the marques of listed subsidiary Traton: MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus. It is divided into two primary divisions—the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division—and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the last became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and first acquired control of Škoda in 1994, then of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, then of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012 and finally of Traton in 2013. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. Since 1 January 2021, the Lower Saxony state owns a 20% share of Volkswagen.Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The government of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it, by law, 20% of the voting rights.Volkswagen ("People's car" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the "Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH" ("Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car", abbreviated to "Gezuvor") by the National Socialist "Deutsche Arbeitsfront "(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle. This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed "Volkswagenwerk GmbH" ("Volkswagen Factory limited liability company").Shortly after the factory near Fallersleben was completed, World War II started and the plant primarily manufactured the military Kübelwagen (Porsche Type 82) and the related amphibious Schwimmwagen (Type 166), both of which were derived from the Volkswagen. Only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces.After the war in Europe, in June 1945, Major Ivan Hirst of the British Army Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) took control of the bomb-shattered factory, and restarted production, pending the expected disposal of the plant as war reparations. However, no British car manufacturer was interested; "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quite unattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise". In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, a Ford executive vice president said he didn't think either the plant or the car was "worth a damn". Breech later said that he would have considered merging Ford of Germany and Volkswagen, but after the war, ownership of the company was in such dispute that nobody could possibly hope to be able to take it over. As part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers. The company survived by producing cars for the British Army, and in 1948 the British Government handed the company back over to the German state, and it was managed by former Opel chief Heinrich Nordhoff.Production of the Type 60 Volkswagen (re-designated Type 1) started slowly after the war due to the need to rebuild the plant and because of the lack of raw materials, but production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. The company began introducing new models based on the Type 1, all with the same basic air-cooled, rear-engine, rear-drive platform. These included the Volkswagen Type 2 in 1950, the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in 1955, the Volkswagen Type 3 in 1961, the Volkswagen Type 4 in 1968, and the Volkswagen Type 181 in 1969.In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became "Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft" (usually abbreviated to "Volkswagenwerk AG").On 1 January 1965, Volkswagenwerk acquired Auto Union GmbH from its parent company Daimler-Benz. The new subsidiary went on to produce the first post-war Audi models, the Audi F103 series, shortly afterwards.Another German manufacturer, NSU Motorenwerke AG, was merged into Auto Union on 26 August 1969, creating a new company, Audi NSU Auto Union AG (later renamed AUDI AG in 1985).From the late 1970s to 1992, the acronym V.A.G was used by Volkswagen AG as a brand for group-wide activities, such as distribution and leasing. Contrary to popular belief, "V.A.G" had no official meaning, and was never the formal name of the Volkswagen Group.On 30 September 1982, Volkswagenwerk made its first step expanding outside Germany by signing a co-operation agreement with the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, S.A.In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the "Volkswagenwerk" in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to "Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft" ("Volkswagen AG").On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer, raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.On 30 May 2000, after having gradually raised its equity share, Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of Škoda Auto, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary.From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed, the "Audi Brand Group" focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the "Volkswagen Brand Group" on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.Volkswagen Group revealed on 24 October 2009 that it had made an offer to acquire long-time partner and German niche automotive manufacturer Wilhelm Karmann GmbH out of bankruptcy protection. In November 2009, the Supervisory Board of Volkswagen AG approved the acquisition of assets of Karmann, and planned to restart vehicle production at their Osnabrück plant in 2012.In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche. The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger "cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement". As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties "remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place". On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014. Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.Volkswagen AG completed the purchase of 19.9% of Suzuki Motor Corporation's issued shares on 15 January 2010. Suzuki invested part of the amount received from Volkswagen into 1.49% percent of Volkswagen. In 2011, Suzuki filed a lawsuit at an arbitration court in London requesting that Volkswagen return the 19.9% stake.On 25 May 2010, it was announced that Volkswagen Group, through it subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., had acquired a 90.1% stake in the Italian automotive design house Italdesign Giugiaro.In less than three months, the transaction had been completed making the Italian firm a member of the Volkswagen Group. Since 2013 the Volkswagen Group has held a 89.7% stake in Traton.In 2015 research showed a security flaw in the keyless ignition of Volkswagen and other carmakers' vehicles. Volkswagen spent two years trying to keep the research from the public domain.On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG, and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion. This was seen as an indication that the automakers were interested in automated cars.Volkswagen held a 19.9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the stake back to Suzuki. On 17 September 2015, Suzuki paid $3.8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a major scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Suzuki had wished to buy Fiat diesel engines.On 18 September 2015, The US EPA announced that Volkswagen had installed a "defeat device" software code in the diesel models sold in the US from 2009-15. The code was intended to detect when an emissions test was being conducted, and altered emissions controls for better compliance. Off the test stand, the controls were relaxed, and emissions jumped 35 to 40 times regulatory levels according to investigators at West Virginia University and the California Air Resources Board. 482,000 vehicles are under the recall order, a potential $18 billion ($37,500 per violation) in fines are pending, and news accounts speculate a criminal indictment for the deception is certain. The VW Group CEO, Martin Winterkorn, said he was "deeply sorry" and ordered an external investigation. The software code was only revealed when the EPA refused to certify VW's 2016 models for sale in the US unless the corporation provided full disclosure. On Sunday, 20 September 2015, VW Group announced it was halting the sale of its four-cylinder diesel models in the US. The US EPA press release on its Notice of Violation, and the California Air Resources Board letter dated 18 September 2015 contain significant chronological detail of the agencies interaction with VW on the issue.On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud. On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board. On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO. Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.On 21 April 2017, a U.S. federal judge ordered Volkswagen "to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for rigging diesel-powered vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal formalized a punishment that Volkswagen AG agreed to earlier in 2017. In addition, the plea deal includes a $1.5 billion settlement for various environmental, customs and financial violations.Overall, Volkswagen will pay more than $30 billion in penalties and lawsuit settlements related to the scandal.In 2016, Volkswagen Group announced a corporate "Strategy 2025" that focuses on electrification of its portfolio. The VW Group developed the Volkswagen Group MEB platform chassis that will be utilized in a range of various cars and light utility vehicles across several VW Group marques due to its flexibility and floor-mounted battery.As of May 2018, the VW Group has committed $48 billion in car battery supplies and plans to outfit 16 factories to build electric cars by the end of 2022. According to VW Group CEO Dr. Herbert Diess, the company will offer 25 electric models and 20 plug-in hybrids by 2020.Volkswagen Group came under pressure for cooperating with the Chinese government in the region of Xinjiang. In that same region, the Chinese government has been accused of having committed human rights abuses against the Uighur minority group, which included mass surveillance, incarceration and forced labor. After these accusations emerged, Volkswagen responded, "We do not assume any of our employees are forced laborers." According to the "Süddeutsche Zeitung", Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abuses. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.For the fiscal year 2018, Volkswagen reported earnings of EUR€13.920 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€235.849 billion, an increase of 2.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Volkswagen's shares traded at over €148 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$73.8 billion in November 2018.Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries. Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.The Volkswagen Group comprises the following vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding brands:The Group also owns five defunct marques which are managed through the companies Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH, both of which are 100% owned by AUDI AG:Other subsidiaries and shareholdings:Under the Volkswagen Law, no shareholder in Volkswagen AG could exercise more than 20 percent of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding. This law was supposed to protect Volkswagen Group from takeovers. In October 2005, Porsche acquired an 18.53 percent stake in the business, and in July 2006, Porsche increased that ownership to more than 25 percent. Analysts disagreed as to whether the investment was a good fit for Porsche's strategy.On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent. By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent. thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options. Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions. The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009. Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen. In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE was left with 31 percent of the subscribed capital of Volkswagen AG, and 50.7 percent of the voting rights in the company., share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:Volkswagen AG shares are primarily traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and are listed under the 'VOW' and 'VOW3' stock ticker symbols. First listed in August 1961, the shares were issued at a price of DM 350 per DM 100 share, Volkswagen AG shares are now separated into two different types or classes: 'ordinary shares' and 'preference shares'. The ordinary shares are now traded under the WKN 766400 and ISIN DE0007664005 listings, and the preference shares under the WKN 766403 and ISIN DE0007664039 listings.Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).Since the start of trading in 1961, Volkswagen AG shares have been subjected to two stock splits – the first was on 17 March 1969 when they were split at a ratio of 2:1, from a DM 100 share to a DM 50 share. The second split occurred on 6 July 1998, the DM 50 share being converted into a share of no overall nominal value, at a ratio of 1:10.From 23 December 2009, Volkswagen AG preferred shares replaced its ordinary shares in the DAX index.In 2018, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 4.20 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.12 million units. Divided by regions, Asia-Pacific was the second-largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 4.50 million units in 2013, followed by Western Europe with 4.14 million, and North America with 943,000 units delivered in 2018.The European ranking of automakers is compiled monthly by the European Auto Manufacturers' Association ACEA. Volkswagen has held the top spot in Europe uninterrupted for more than two decades.The company was again the top global automaker in 2018, for the fifth consecutive year, selling 10.083 million vehicles in the year 2018, just 7,000 more than the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance.Volkswagen is heavily involved in sports sponsorship, with investments having included the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics, as well as the David Beckham Academy. Volkswagen AG wholly owns the Bundesliga football side VfL Wolfsburg; the company is also the shirt sponsor of Major League Soccer club D.C. United, League of Ireland Premier Division Sligo Rovers and top level of the Mexican football league system Liga MX team Puebla F.C.
|
[
"Josef Rust",
"Berthold Huber",
"Karl Gustaf Ratjen",
"Ferdinand Piëch",
"Hans Birnbaum",
"Klaus Liesen"
] |
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