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One of the most important improvements to statistical machine translation to date was the move from token-based model to segmental models (also called phrasal). This move accomplishes two things: it allows a flat surface-based model to memorize some relationships between word realizations, but more importantly, it allo... | 0 |
This paper describes the Dragon continuous speech recognition system that runs in real time on the PC with a 1000-word vocabulary. To achieve the goal of real-time recognition on a personal computer is a process that requires analysis of the computational requirements of the recognition algorithm along several dimensio... | 0 |
In the biomedical area, the number of papers is very large and increases, as it is difficult to search the information. Although keyword-based retrieval systems can be applied to a database of papers, users may not get the information they want since the relations between these keywords are not specified. If the docume... | 0 |
Traditional models of cognition, and language in particular, have relied heavily on symbol structures and symbol manipulation. However, in the current era, deep learning research has shown that Neural Networks (NNs) can display remarkable degrees of generalization on tasks traditionally viewed as depending on symbolic ... | 0 |
Machine comprehension has recently become one of the main targeted challenges in natural language processing (Richardson et al., 2013; Hermann et al., 2015; Hixon et al., 2015) . The latest approaches to machine comprehension show lots of promises; however, most of these approaches face difficulties in understanding in... | 0 |
Meaning is not uniform, neither across space, nor across time. Across space, different languages tend to exhibit different polysemous associations for corresponding terms (Eger et al., 2015; Kulkarni et al., 2015b) . Across time, several wellknown examples of meaning change in English have been documented. For example,... | 0 |
Gender has been an important research topic in the social sciences, with studies conducted on the effect of gender on various aspects of human perception and expression (Benshoff and Griffin, 2011) as well as investigations of the societal (Behm-Morawitz and Mastro, 2008) and career implications of gender and possible ... | 0 |
Unlike most language systems, which are composed of their written and spoken forms, sign languages (e.g., American Sign Language (ASL) and the Australian Auslan language) used by the Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) community are represented by the rich inputs including facial and gesture movements. As of the year 2020, 4... | 0 |
The goal of this SemEval task is to identify finegrained levels of sentiment polarity in financial news headlines and microblog posts. Specifically, the task aims at identifying bullish (optimistic) sentiment, expressing the belief that the stock price will increase, and bearish (pessimistic) sentiment, expressing the ... | 0 |
Because of their efficiency and ease of implementation, transition-based parsers are the most common systems for dependency parsing. However, efficiency comes at a price, namely a loss in expressivity: while graph-based parsers are able to produce any tree spanning the input sentence, many transition-based systems are ... | 0 |
The development of methods that contribute to bypass the manual checking of candidate documents, is playing an important role in the closed domain information access and will be the next step in information retrieval systems (Zadeh, 2006) . The number of published documents grows continuously and pertain to a large var... | 0 |
The aims of automatic Machine Translation (MT) evaluation metrics, which measure the quality of translations against human references, are twofold. Firstly, they enable rapid comparisons between different statistical machine translation (SMT) systems. Secondly, they are necessary to the tuning of parameter values durin... | 0 |
L'usage des mots varie selon deux axes : diachronique (dimension temporelle) (Aitchison, 2001) et synchronique (en fonction de l'auteur, la communauté, la zone géographique... ). Ces variations peuvent être d'envergure et d'ordre générationnel et culturel ; ou d'ampleur plus réduite, pour des variations à court terme e... | 0 |
As the number of research publications increases, there is a growing need for digital libraries to equip researchers with alternative knowledge representations. In addition, because scientific literature is growing at a rapid rate and researchers today are faced with a publication deluge, it is difficult to keep up wit... | 0 |
A central subtask for complex information retrieval and natural language understanding problems lies in the determination of what are the real-world entities that the proper names in a text refer to. While for some proper names (e.g., Henry VIII of England), the correct referent can be uniquely determined, the great ma... | 0 |
Twitter is a widely used microblogging platform, where users post and interact with messages, "tweets". Understanding the semantic representation of tweets can benefit a plethora of applications such as sentiment analysis (Ren et al., 2016; Giachanou and Crestani, 2016) , hashtag prediction (Dhingra et al., 2016) , par... | 0 |
This paper contrasts two frameworks for computational semantics, the proposal for semantics in LTAG described in (Kallmeyer and Romero, 2005) and LRS (Richter and Sailer, 2004) , a computational semantics framework formulated in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG).There are significant differences between LTAG ... | 0 |
The 3rd edition of the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task, , was divided into two sub-tasks: "Similar Languages and Language Varieties" and "Arabic dialects". Furthermore, the first sub-task was divided into three test sets: A, B1 and B2. Each of the test sets for both tasks had a closed and an ... | 0 |
Hand and head movements are important in human communication as they not only accompany speech to emphasize the message, but also coordinate and control the interaction. However, video analysis of human behaviour is a slow and resource-consuming procedure even by trained annotators using tools such as Anvil (Kipp 2001)... | 0 |
Structural syntactic information is an important ingredient for many NLP applications. In recent years, the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework (Nivre et al., 2016) has become increasingly popular as a source for syntactically annotated training data, mainly for two reasons. First, the UD project provides a unified f... | 0 |
Natural Language Generation systems require content planning and format for the selected subject domain as input and specifics about the natural language in order to generate text (Staykova, 2014) , of which the latter tend to be bootstrappable for related languages (de Oliveira and Sripada, 2014 ). Our NLG system uses... | 0 |
Dialogue systems, sometimes referred to as conversational systems or conversational agents, are useful in a wide array of applications. They are used to assist users in accomplishing well-defined tasks such as finding and/or booking flights and restaurants (Hemphill et al., 1990; Williams, 2012; El Asri et al., 2017) ,... | 0 |
The recent popularity of employing distributional approaches to semantic interpretation has also lead to interesting questions about the relationship between classic formal semantics (including its computational adaptations) and statistical semantics. A promising way to provide insight into these questions was brought ... | 0 |
NLP for social media messages is challenging, requiring domain adaptation and annotated datasets (e.g., treebanks) for training and evaluation. Pioneering work by Foster et al. (2011) annotated 7,630 tokens' worth of tweets according to the phrase-structure conventions of the Penn Treebank (PTB; Marcus et al., 1993) , ... | 0 |
Inflection is the part of morphology concerned with systematic variation of word forms in different syntactic contexts. Because this variation is expressed with patterns that appear over many words, it can be discovered using as little data as a plain wordlist. In the following sections, I will present a general, langu... | 0 |
Many dialogs and indeed parts of dialogs can be described as task-based or instrumental, with clear goals, as in the case of a service encounter or business meeting. Others, such as friendly chats or longer casual conversations, are more interactional in nature. Acknowledging that modelling casual conversation would pr... | 0 |
Statistical machine translation (SMT) is a pattern recognition approach to machine translation which was defined by Brown et al. (1993) as follows: given a sentence s from a certain source language, a corresponding sentencet in a given target language that maximises the posterior probability Pr(t|s) is to be found. Sta... | 0 |
Language models, including dialog models, greatly benefit from training on large amounts of data with the objective of mimicking human generated sentences Brown et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2019a; Adiwardana et al., 2020; Roller et al., 2021) . However, even with carefully preprocessed training data from online sources,... | 0 |
The system described in this paper has been designed for the CogALex-V Shared Task, focusing on the corpus-based identification of semantic relations. Since Distributional Semantic Models (henceforth DSMs) were proposed as a special topic of interest for the current edition of the CogALex workshop, we decided to base o... | 0 |
Open-domain Question Answering (QA) was first evaluated extensively at TREC-8 (Voorhees and Tice, 1999) . The goal in the factoid QA task is to extract words or phrases as the answer to a question from an unorganized document collection, rather than the document lists obtained by traditional information retrieval (IR) ... | 0 |
(Online) debate has long been studied and modelled by computational linguistics with argument mining tasks such as stance detection. Stance detection is the task of automatically identifying the stance (agreeing, disagreeing, and/or neutral) of a text towards a debated topic or issue (Küçük and Can, 2020; Schiller et a... | 0 |
Since plWordNet (Maziarz et al., 2016) achieved good coverage with the version 2.0 the number of its users and applications has been quickly growing. Many users declared sentiment analysis, as their intended use of plWordNet, contrary to the lack of sentiment information in it. In response, a pilot project on emotive a... | 0 |
Keyphrase extraction concerns the task of selecting a set of phrases from a document that can indicate the main ideas expressed in the input (Turney, 2000; Hasan and Ng, 2014) . It is an essential task for document understanding because accurate identification of keyphrases can be beneficial for a wide range of downstr... | 0 |
Text corpora are commonly collected from several different sources in different languages, raising the problem of learning a NLP system from the heterogeneous corpora, such as multilingual models (Wu and Dredze, 2019; Arivazhagan et al., 2019; Aharoni et al., 2019; Freitag and Firat, 2020; Arthur et al., 2021) and mult... | 0 |
In Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) , a common preprocessing step is the removal of stopwords, or common, contentless words in a corpus. The use of stoplists comes with several costs in both effort and persuasiveness. Constructing a good stoplist is difficult and time consuming, and often cannot be... | 0 |
We address the problem of event detection (ED): identifying instances of specified types of events in text. Associated with each event mention is a phrase, the event trigger (most often a single verb or nominalization), which evokes that event. Our task, more precisely stated, involves identifying event triggers and cl... | 0 |
Cognitive neuroscience, from a perspective of language processing, studies the biological and cognitive processes and aspects that underlie the mental language processing procedures in human brains while natural language processing (NLP) teaches machines to read, analyze, translate and generate human language sequences... | 0 |
We developed a system for SemEval-2016 Task 2: "Interpretable Semantic Textual Similarity" (Agirre et al., 2016) , which requires the development of a system that labels aligned chunks of a sentence pair, in terms of their similarity or relatedness. Our approach is based on a detailed analysis of the provided annotatio... | 0 |
Thai stock news are daily issued from many stock brokers. Thai stock news is an important source of information for stock traders to make a decision on stock trading. However, a usual Thai stock news has a long message and sometimes not easily to interpret or conclude. One stock broker makes it easier by labeling each ... | 0 |
Information extraction (IE) involves the process of automatically identifying instances of certain relations of interest, e.g., produce(<company>, <product>, <lo-cation>), in some document collection and the construction of a database with information about each individual instance (e.g., the participants of a meeting,... | 0 |
The distributional hypothesis, articulated by Firth (1957) in the popular dictum "You shall know the word by the company it keeps", has established itself as one of the most popular models of modern computational semantics. With the rise of massive and easily-accessible digital corpora, computation of co-occurrence sta... | 0 |
Social media is literally shaping decision making processes in many aspects of our daily lives. Exploring online opinions is therefore becoming the focus of many analytical studies. Twitter is one of the most popular microblogging systems that enables a real-time tracking of opinions towards ongoing events (Saif et al.... | 0 |
Generic word embeddings such as Glove and word2vec (Pennington et al., 2014; Mikolov et al., 2013) which are pre-trained on large sets of raw text, have demonstrated remarkable success when used as features to a supervised learner in various applications such as the sentiment classification of text documents. There are... | 0 |
The Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) (Banarescu et al., 2013 ) is a rich, graph-based language for expressing semantics over a broad domain. The formalism is backed by a large datalabeling effort, and it holds promise for enabling a new breed of natural language applications ranging from semantically aware MT to r... | 0 |
Grammar checking is one of the most widely used tools within natural language engineering applications. Most of the word processing systems available in the market incorporate spelling, grammar, and style-checking systems for English and other foreign languages, one such rule-based grammar checking system for English i... | 0 |
Data visualization refers to the graphical representation of information, data, results or findings. Graphical representations like charts, graphs, and maps, help the human brain understand and interpret trends and patterns in data. Effective data visualizations place meaning into complex information because they help ... | 0 |
Natural language processing for regional languages faces a certain number of challenges. First, the amount of electronically available written texts is small. Second, these data are most often not annotated, and spelling may not be standardized. One possible solution to these limitations lies in the use of an etymologi... | 0 |
As is common for many natural language processing problems, the state-of-the-art in noun phrase (NP) coreference resolution is typically quantified based on system performance on manually annotated text corpora. In spite of the availability of several benchmark data sets (e.g. MUC-6 (1995) , ACE NIST (2004) ) and their... | 0 |
People are always willing to be impressed, and the things that most impress them are liable to be things they need to live, such as food. On the other hand, the wisdom of human beings is recorded in writing, saved in the form of sentences, and inherited by future generations. In this study, we therefore focused on "imp... | 0 |
Non-standard domains, dialectal variation, and unstandardized spelling make segmentation challenging, though morphologically rich languages require good segmentation to enable downstream applications from syntactic parsing to machine translation (MT). For domains lacking sufficient annotated data to train segmenters, o... | 0 |
In spite of the increased performance of speech recognition systems, the output still contains many errors. For language processing such as a machine translation, it is extremely difficult to deal with such errors.In integrating recognition and translation into a speech translation system, the development of the follow... | 0 |
Entity Recognition frequently finds use as a first step in numerous downstream NLP tasks (Wang and Xue, 2017; Liang et al., 2018) . Traditionally, it has been posed as a sequence labeling task (Lample et al., 2016; Ma and Hovy, 2016) , which in turn requires corpora with token-based annotations. A key drawback of this ... | 0 |
In this work, we make use of several free and cheap resources to create high quality lexicons for less commonly used languages. First, we take advantage of small existing dictionaries and freely available Wikipedia monolingual data to induce additional lexical translation pairs. Then, we pay Mechanical Turk workers a s... | 0 |
The Data-Oriented Parsing model has been presented as a promising paradigm for natural language processing (Scha, 1990; Bod, 1995; Bod, 1998) . It has been shown that DOP has the ability to locate syntactic and semantic dependencies, both of which are quite important for machine translation. We hope that, by basing our... | 0 |
(Re-)Using cost-intensively generated language resources is a question of sustainability as well as economic efficiency. By exploiting the advantages of enriched language resources created in linguistic research projects while working with standard formats, a more wide-spread use of the language resources can be achiev... | 0 |
With advances in medicine, life expectancy has increased. However, this phenomenon coupled with a low birthrate has led to an ageing population in industrialised countries. To help elderly people to live as long as possible in their home, solutions have been developed based on robotics, automation, cognitive science, a... | 0 |
The N400 component of the event-related brain potential is generally understood to be a neural signal of processing difficulty (Kutas and Federmeier, 2011) . After over 1,000 articles published on the topic, we know that all else being equal, an upcoming word that is supported by the semantics of the context will elici... | 0 |
Deterministic finite state automata and transducers are widely used in natural language processing and computational linguistics. The most frequent uses include dictionaries (Daciuk et al., 2010) , acoustic and language models (the latter indirectly, using perfect hashing to number words), as well as hidden Markov mode... | 0 |
Writing the research papers or thesis in English is a very challenging task for those researcher and scientist whose first language or mother tongue is not English. Express their research works properly in English is a hard job for them. Generally their paper, which is submitted to a conference and may be rejected not ... | 0 |
Unsupervised parsing (UP) models learn to parse sentences into unlabeled constituency trees without the need for annotated treebanks. Self-training (Yarowsky, 1995; Riloff et al., 2003) consists of training a model, using it to label new examples and, based on a confidence metric, adding a subset to the training set, b... | 0 |
Automatic question generation is useful for a wide range of applications, including those providing educational and cognitive exercise support. Most question generation work to date has focused on generating factoid questions-that is, questions regarding factual content that is readily available in the source text. Fac... | 0 |
Deep learning techniques (Goodfellow et al., 2016) have achieved enormous success in many fields, such as computer vision and NLP. However, complex deep learning models are often sensitive and vulnerable to a tiny modification. In other words, malicious attackers can destroy the models by adding a few inconspicuous per... | 0 |
Topic Maps is an ISO standard 1 for knowledge representation and information integration. It provides the ability to store complex meta-data together with the data itself.This work addresses domain portable Question Answering (QA) over Topic Maps. That is, a QA system capable of retrieving answers to a question asked a... | 0 |
Essay grading is a laborious task that can consume much teacher time and effort, especially for classes with a large number of students. While human essay grading has high reliability and validity, human grading can also be biased and inconsistent over time. Under such conditions, Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) has been... | 0 |
Probably one of the most persistent characteristics of social media texts is that they are full of non-standard words (Eisenstein, 2013) . Several sources of noise can influence the way people write. For example, the different kind of social media platforms available nowadays provide a di-verse range of ways to communi... | 0 |
Offensive language is pervasive in social media in this day and age. Offensive language is so common and it is often used as emphasis instead of its semantic meaning, because of this, it can be hard to identify truly offensive content. Individuals frequently take advantage of the perceived anonymity of computer-mediate... | 0 |
In constructing a named-entity recognition system for Sorani Kurdish (Gautier, 1998; Thackston, 2006; Walther and Sagot, 2010; , a low-resource Western Iranian language written in a Perso-Arabic script, we were faced with a dilemma: one of the most useful orthographic features in named-entity recognitioncapitalization-... | 0 |
It is well known that Arabic morphology is complex: the language uses a combination of concatenative and discontinuous processes, and the effects of these are obscured by the fact that many phonologically significant items (short vowels, geminations) are not written in modern Arabic.We present a treatment of Arabic mor... | 0 |
This paper presents techniques that can be used to analyze the formulation of a probabilistic classifter. As part of this presentation, we apply these techniques to the results of a large number of classifiers, developed using the methodology presented in (2), (3), (4), (5) , (12) and (16) , which tag words according t... | 0 |
Over the past decade, advances in technology have progressed at an extraordinary rate, which in turn has rapidly transformed our methods of communication, expedited by the need for all institutions and establishments to 'go digital'. People have adapted to online modes of communication such as social networking sites a... | 0 |
Can we use literary text as a (valid) source for historical research? Evidence shows that the answer is probably yes and in this paper we investigate how literature can be used as a means to expand our understanding of history; (Rutner & Schonfeld, 2012) . This paper presents a system for the automatic annotation of vo... | 0 |
Question answering systems are a core component of many commercial applications, ranging from task-based dialog systems to general purpose virtual assistants, e.g., Google Home, Amazon Alexa, and Siri. Among the many approaches for QA, AS2 has attracted significant attention in the last few years (Tymoshenko and Moschi... | 0 |
Lexical semantics studies the semantic properties of lexical units, and is often defined as the study of word meaning. Given its importance, the computational representation of lexical meaning is a core challenge in natural language processing (NLP).Since the meaning of a word is strongly related to the meaning of othe... | 0 |
Arabic is characterized by a rich morphology. Due to the fact that the Arabic script usually does not encode short vowels, the degree of morphological ambiguity is very high. In addition to being inflected for gender, number, words can be attached to various clitics for conjunction "و" (and), the definite article "ا... | 0 |
Semantic role labeling systems traditionally process text in a sentence-by-sentence fashion, constructing local structures of semantic meaning . Information relevant to these structures, however, can be non-local in natural language texts (Palmer et al., 1986; Fillmore, 1986, inter alia) . In this paper, we view instan... | 0 |
Input method engine (IME) is the encoding method to input a variety of characters into computer or other information processing and communication devices, such as mobile phone. People working with computer cannot live without IMEs. With the development and improvement of IMEs, people are paying more and more attention ... | 0 |
Cognitive impairment is a decline in mental abilities that is severe enough to interfere with daily life (Nussbaum and Ellis, 2003) . Such conditions are particularly debilitating, with costs of up to $200 billion in the USA alone (Prince et al., 2011; Leifer, 2003; Alzheimers, 2015) , and come second only to spinal-co... | 0 |
Up to this point, statistical Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools have generally been trained on corpora that are representative of written rather than spoken language. A major factor behind this decision to use written data is that it is far easier to collect than spoken data. Newswire, for instance, may be harves... | 0 |
The rise of social media has led to a democratization of news, but it has also amplified issues related to fake news and misinformation. To that effect, many fact checking organizations (e.g., Politifact, Snopes, AFP Fact Check, Alt News, FactCheck.org, Africa Check, etc.) have emerged around the globe. They investigat... | 0 |
Hierarchical phrase-based translation (Hiero) as described in (Chiang, 2005; Chiang, 2007) uses a synchronous context-free grammar (SCFG) derived from heuristically extracted phrase pairs obtained by symmetrizing bidirectional many-tomany word alignments (Och and Ney, 2004) . The phrase-pairs are constrained by the sou... | 0 |
Textual style transfer (ST) is defined as a generation task where a text sequence is paraphrased while controlling one aspect of its style (Jin et al., 2020) . For instance, the informal sentence in Italian "in bocca al lupo!" (i.e., "good luck") is rewritten to the formal version "Ti rivolgo un sincero augurio!" (i.e.... | 0 |
Language models (LMs) are fundamental building blocks in state-of-the-art natural language processing. These models are trained to predict words in context, and as a side product, they learn to compress higher-order co-occurrence statistics to represent the distributional properties of words and phrases.It is well-docu... | 0 |
In this paper we describe our participation in the MTPIL Hindi Parsing Shared Task-2012. We have participated in both auto and gold tracks and achieved the following results: 82.44% LAS/90.91% UAS (auto) and 85.31% LAS/92.88% UAS (gold). In the gold track, the input contains tokens with gold standard morphological anal... | 0 |
Inflection is the word-formation mechanism to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, gender, number and case. Inflectional morphology is often realized by the concatenation of bound morphemes (prefixes and suffixes) to a root form or stem, but nonconcatenative processes suc... | 0 |
In the past decade, more and more work in the language technologies community has shifted from work on formal, rule-based methods to work involving some form of text categorization or text mining technology. At the same time, use of this technology has expanded; where it was once accessible only to those within studyin... | 0 |
Given the potential ethical and security risks associated with deceitful interactions, it is important to build computational tools able not only to detect deceivers but also to provide insights into the nature of deceptive behaviors. In particular, information related to the demographics of the deceivers could be pote... | 0 |
Automatic scoring of language proficiency is becoming a point of growing interest and importance in the field of second language (L2) assessment because the number of English-as-a-second-language (ESL) learners has been steadily increasing worldwide (Howson, 2013) .A common issue in this field is the lack of publicly a... | 0 |
Dravidian languages are an important family of languages spoken by about 250 million of people primarily located in Southern India and Sri Lanka (Steever, 2019) . Kannada (KN), Malayalam (MA), Tamil (TA) and Telugu (TE) are the four most spoken Dravidian languages with approximately 47, 34, 71 and 79 million native spe... | 0 |
Emotion recognition in textual conversations (ERTC), which aims to identify the emotion of each utterance from the transcript of a conversation, has become a popular research topic in recent years. ERTC can be widely used in various scenarios, such as opinion mining of comments in social media (Chatterjee et al., 2019)... | 0 |
In Mandarin Chinese (henceforth, Chinese), intensification and modal necessity can be expressed by the same lexical item. Adverbial yídìng is one of such lexical items. 1 Please refer to the following examples.( 1) Zhangsan YÍDÌNG like Xiaomei Zhè shì zhòngsuǒzhōzhīde shìshí. This be widely-known fact 'Zhangsan definit... | 0 |
Euphemisms are expressions used to soften references to topics that are sensitive, disagreeable, or taboo with respect to societal norms. Whether as a lubricant for polite discourse, a means to hide disagreeable truths, or a repository for cultural anxieties, veiled by idioms so familiar we no longer think about what t... | 0 |
With the rapid development of e-commerce and the increasing popularity of various product review websites, people are more and more used to making purchase decisions based on the reported experience of other customers. A product rated positively by its previous users is able to attract potential new customers, while a ... | 0 |
Word alignments are essential for statistical machine translation and useful in NMT, e.g., for imposing priors on attention matrices (Liu et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2016; Alkhouli and Ney, 2017; Alkhouli et al., 2018) or for decoding (Alkhouli et al., 2016; Press and Smith, 2018) . Further, word alignments have been su... | 0 |
The lack of sufficient data to train algorithms capable of detecting, labeling and correcting grammatical errors calls for the need to generate synthetic (i.e. machine-made, not human-produced) error datasets to enrich the existing resources. As mentioned by , the need for synthetic datasets (aka corrupt or artificial ... | 0 |
Dependency parsing can generate computational structures for a wide range of typologically different languages, which provides structural relations that have been found to be useful for various NLP applications. However, these applications often require richer dependency relations carrying on deep semantics, which are ... | 0 |
There are three types of sense boundary confusion for the homonyms in the existing dictionaries. One is sense boundaries' overlapping: two senses are overlapped from some semantic features. Second, some senses in the dictionary are null (or non-existing) in the used corpora. Conversely, we have to generate more senses ... | 0 |
The huge amount of social media text available online is becoming increasingly popular thereby providing an additional opportunity of mining useful information from it. Therefore, most of the research on social media text has concentrated on English chat data or on multilingual data where each message as a component is... | 0 |
Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is an NLP task designed to evaluate a machine's ability to understand human language. This direction has recently drawn much attention due to the fast development of deep learning techniques and large-scale datasets. As a basic form of MRC, the comprehension of narrative has attracte... | 0 |
Opinion mining mainly deals with the summarisation of opinions on the basis of their sentiment polarities (Liu, 2012) . However, on a closer observation of such opinionated text, we can discover other facets of opinions. For example, a hotel review sentence like, Make sure you bring plenty of sun tan lotion-very expens... | 0 |
There is considerable demand within both academia and industry for immediately available natural language processing (NLP) capabilities that can analyze and mine the vast amounts of textual data thar have become available in recent years. To answer this need, "NLP-as-a-service" (NLPaaS) web services are beginning to be... | 0 |
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