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Recently, the Web has become the focus for many word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems. Due to the limited amount of sense tagged data available for supervised approaches, systems which are typically referred to as unsupervised, have turned to the use of unannotated corpora including the Web. The advantage of these sy... | 0 |
State-of-the-art abstractive summarization systems can generate fluent summaries with high automatic evaluation scores in terms of ROUGE (Lin, 2004) . However, recent studies have shown that these systems are prone to hallucinate content that is not supported by the source document (Maynez et al., 2020; Kang and Hashim... | 0 |
Many NLP tasks involve modeling relations between pairs of sentences or short texts in the same language. Examples include recognizing textual entailment, paraphrase identification, and question answering. Generic approaches are, of course, desirable; we believe such approaches are also feasible because these tasks exh... | 0 |
Regular languages, especially generated by deterministic finite state automata are widely used in Natural Language processing, for various different tasks (Mohri, 1997) . Efficient learning algorithms, that have some guarantees of correctness, would clearly be useful. Existing algorithms for learning deterministic auto... | 0 |
A key component of these models is a synthetic error generation step that applies various sentence * Work done while on leave from Ohio State University. transformations to some seed data. However, these simple transformations may not always be able to generate realistic error samples with respect to the NLG models. In... | 0 |
Researchers have developed applications of computational collocation reference tools, such as several commercial collocation dictionary CD-ROMs, Word Sketch (Kilgarriff & Tugwell, 2001 ), TANGO (Jian et al., 2004) , to answer queries (e.g., a search keyword "beach" for its adjective collocates) of collocation usage. Th... | 0 |
Contrastive learning is a family of methods to learn a discriminative model by comparing input pairs (Le-Khac et al., 2020) . The comparison is performed between positive pairs of "similar" inputs and negative pairs of "dissimilar" inputs. The positive pairs can be generated in an automatic way by transforming the orig... | 0 |
The purpose of this article is to describe the errorannotating methodology and the tool that is used to annotate The Corpus of the Latvian Language Learners (Latvian as L2 and foreign). As the Sylviane Granger admits, the learner corpora constitute a new resource for second language acquisition and foreign language tea... | 0 |
It is estimated that roughly a billion people are learning and using English around the world (Graddol, 2003) , most of which are second language (L2) learners. More specifically, further analysis reported that there are 375 million native speakers of English, and 750 million people use English as a second language (Cr... | 0 |
XML is widely used by NLP tools for annotating texts. Different NLP tools can produce overlapping annotations of text fragments. While a common way to cope with concurrent markup is using stand-off markup (Witt, 2004) with XPointer references to the annotated regions in the source document, another solution is to conso... | 0 |
The RWTH system for the evaluation campaign of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT) 2007 is a combination of different statistical machine translation systems: several phrase-based, an n-gram based and a hierarchical MT system. In this paper, we describe the individual systems and the algor... | 0 |
There are few online free resources regarding synonyms in most languages. That is certainly the case in Spanish, where the OpenThesaurus is the main free resource. However, OpenThesaurus does not have information of what synonyms are simpler or more complex, something crucial to perform lexical simplification. CASSAuru... | 0 |
Research in automatic summarization has made headway over the years with single document summarization as the front-runner due to the availability of large datasets (Sandhaus, 2008; Hermann et al., 2015; Narayan et al., 2018b) which has enabled the development of novel methods, many of them employing recent advances in... | 0 |
The DUC 2005 and 2006 summarization challenges were motivated by the desire to make summarization relevant to real users. The task was focussed by specifying an information need as a topic: one or a few statements or questions (Dang, 2005) . Systems usually employ such data as a source of key words or phrases which the... | 0 |
Tokenizing a given text into words is the first step in many natural language processing applications, including: search engines, translation services, spell checkers and all kinds of learning tasks performed on text. This tokenization is typically performed by the following simple method or a variant of it: define a s... | 0 |
The most common preprocessing technique for text mining is information extraction (IE). It is defined as the task of extracting knowledge out of textual documents. In general, IE is divided into two main types of extraction tasks -Entity tagging and Relation extraction.The main approaches used by most information extra... | 0 |
In communication with cognitive robots, one of the challenges is that robots do not have sufficient linguistic or world knowledge as humans do. For example, if a human asks a robot to boil the water but the robot has no knowledge what this verb phrase means and how this verb phrase relates to its own actuator, the robo... | 0 |
The popular "pre-training + fine-tuning" paradigm has revolutionized NLP (Devlin et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019b; Yang et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2020b) and CV (Chen et al., 2020a; He et al., 2020) over the last few years. Although models trained this way can achieve impressive performance, they still require task-spe... | 0 |
Transliteration is a crucial factor in Cross Lingual Information Retrieval (CLIR). It is also important for Machine Translation (MT), especially when the languages do not use the same scripts. It is the process of transforming a word written in a source language into a word in a target language without the aid of a res... | 0 |
There is no reason to believe that the ingredients of a meaning representation for one language should be different from that for another language. Hence, a meaning-preserving translation from a sentence to another language should, arguably, have equivalent meaning representations. Hence, given a parallel corpus with a... | 0 |
The digital transformation is well under way in the financial industry. Emerging business models, FinTechs, cryptocurrency, cyber threats, cyber security, data monetization, payments, greater collaboration and the shifting landscape of regulation and technology are all transforming this sector [Scardovi, 2017] . These ... | 0 |
When generating referring expressions (RE), it is generally considered necessary to provide sufficient information so that the reader/hearer is able to identify the intended referent. A number of broadly related referring expression algorithms have been developed over the past decade based on the natural metaphor of 'r... | 0 |
Microblogs have become a popular method for users to express their ideas and communicate with other users. Twitter 1 , a popular microblogging service, has recently been the attraction of many natural language processing (NLP) tasks ranging from flu epidemic detection (Aramaki et al., 2011) to gender inference for its ... | 0 |
Oscar Wilde memorably described sarcasm as "the lowest form of wit but the highest form of intelligence." Though sarcasm lacks the sophistication of irony, and does little to conceal the speaker's disdain for a target, it is a figurative device that requires as much intelligence from its consumers as its producers. The... | 0 |
By exploiting information encoded in human-produced syntactic trees (Marcus et al., 1993) , research on probabilistic models of syntax has driven the performance of syntactic parsers to about 90% accuracy (Charniak, 2000; Collins, 2000) . The absence of semantic and discourse annotated corpora prevented similar develop... | 0 |
Micro-blog (also known as tweets in English) is a new kind of broadcast medium in the form of blogging. A micro-blog differs from a traditional blog in that it is typically smaller in size. Furthermore, texts in micro-blogs tend to be informal and new words occur more frequently. These new features of micro-blogs make ... | 0 |
The current massive mobility of people has put increasing pressure on the language teaching sector, in terms of the availability of instructors and suitable teaching materials. The development of Intelligent Computer Aided Language Learning (ICALL) has helped both these needs, while the Internet has increasingly been u... | 0 |
This paper is about words. Since word is a rather fuzzy term we will first try to make clear what word means in the context of this paper. Following [di Sciullo and Williams, 1989] we discriminate two senses. One is the morphological word which is built from morphs according to the rules of morphology. The other is the... | 0 |
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is essential for a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications such as information extraction. There has been a fair amount of work on NER for a variety of languages including Arabic. To train an NER system, some of the following feature types are typically used Nadeau and S... | 0 |
Chinese is a language with less morphology and no case marker. In Chinese, a subordinate clause or coordinate clause is sometimes connected without any conjunctions in a sentence. Because of these characteristics, Chinese has a rather different set of salient ambiguities from the perspective of statistical parsing (Lev... | 0 |
In order to compress a sentence while retaining its original meaning, the subject-predicate relationship of the original sentence should be preserved after compression. In accordance with this idea, conventional sentence compression methods employ syntactic parsers. English sentences are usually analyzed by a full pars... | 0 |
Hyponymy relations can play a crucial role in various NLP systems, and there have been many attempts to develop automatic methods to acquire hyponymy relations from text corpora (Hearst, 1992; Caraballo, 1999; Imasumi, 2001; Fleischman et al., 2003; Morin and Jacquemin, 2003; Ando et al., 2003) . Most of these techniqu... | 0 |
It is a challenging task in artificial intelligence to perform reasoning with both textual and visual inputs. Visual reasoning task is designed for researches in this field. It is a special visual question answering (VQA) (Antol et al., 2015) problem, requiring a model to infer the relations between entities in both im... | 0 |
Statistical approaches to semantic parsing have recently received considerable attention. While some methods focus on predicting a complete formal representation of meaning (Zettlemoyer and Collins, 2005; Ge and Mooney, 2005; , others consider more shallow forms of representation (Carreras and Màrquez, 2005; Liang et a... | 0 |
Giving students formative feedback as they interact with educational applications, such as simulated training environments, problem-solving tutors, serious games, and exploratory learning environments, is known to be important for effective learning (Shute, 2008) . Suitable feedback can include context-appropriate conf... | 0 |
While traditional Information Extraction (IE) systems are tailored to the extraction of predefined set of target relations (Appelt, 1999) , an Open Information Extraction (OIE) system focuses on the extraction of non predefined, domain-independent relations from texts. The main drive behind the emergence of the OIE par... | 0 |
Bilingual dictionaries are an essential resource in many multilingual natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as machine translation (Och and Ney, 2003) and cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) (Ballesteros and Croft, 1997) . Hand-coded dictionaries are of high quality, but expensive to build and researcher... | 0 |
Les technologies de TAL actuelles sont prévues, soit pour des rédacteurs monolingues qui n'effectuent pas de traduction, soit pour des traducteurs qui ne rédigent pas le te xte devant être traduit. Nous pensons qu'il est temps de s'intéresser à une production bilingue. Nous justifions notre approche par une enquête de ... | 0 |
The increasing quantity, complexity and diversity of available linguistic resources has led, in recent times, to a growing interest in the sustainability and interoperability of (annotated) corpora, dictionaries, thesauri, lexica and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools (Ide and Pustejovsky, 2010) . This, initially,... | 0 |
MedSLT is a speech-to-speech translation system that enables a health care provider to communicate with a foreign patient, by translating diagnosis questions and answers. Due to the safety-critical nature of our domain, our main goal is to achieve precision, which explains why we chose a linguistic recognition and tran... | 0 |
Relation extraction is the task of detecting (often pre-defined) relations between entity pairs. It has been investigated in both natural language processing (Mintz et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2016; Peng et al., 2017; and network science (Zhang and Chen, 2018; Fout et al., 2017) . Relation extraction is a challenging tas... | 0 |
The application of statistical machine translation (SMT) to word lattice input was first introduced for the translation of speech recognition output. Rather than translating the single-best transcription, the speech recognition system encodes all possible transcriptions and their probabilities within a word lattice, wh... | 0 |
Morphological analysis and disambiguation play a vital role in handling the problems of i) reducing the complexity of the word structures and ii) alleviating the data sparsity issue. A morphological analyzer can decompose any raw word into a sequence of morphological tags and it produces more than one analysis per word... | 0 |
The past decade has seen an explosion of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) worldwide (Herring 2003) . CMC provides users with multiple options, both asynchronous and synchronous, like email, chat, and more recently, social media like Facebook and Twitter (Isharayanti et al 2009, Paolillo 2011) . This form of commun... | 0 |
Dialog systems can be open-ended, e.g. small talk systems (Weizenbaum, 1966) , or designed for a specific task, such as booking flights or finding restaurants (Bobrow et al., 1977; . In this paper, we focus on task-oriented dialog systems, although our framework allows easy integration of non-task dialog systems (Vinya... | 0 |
Automatic analysis of sentiment expressed in text is an active research area in natural language processing with obvious commercial interest. In the simplest formulation of the problem, sentiment analysis is framed as a categorization problem over documents, where the set of categories is typically a set of polarity va... | 0 |
Propaganda is a form of information promoting or publicizing a particular cause or point of view, especially one of a biased or misleading nature. Propaganda usually uses psychological and rhetorical techniques to meet its purpose. In today's information age, propaganda is widely used in politics, business, science and... | 0 |
The contents of a poem cover many different fields from a sensorial point of view to a mental and a auditory linguistic one. A poem may please our hearing for its rhythm and rhyme structure, or simply for the network of alliterations it evokes be they consonances or assonances; it may attract our attention for its stru... | 0 |
Top-down parsers can be built as a set of mutuallyrecursive processes. Such implementations are modular in the sense that parsers for terminals and simple non-terminals can be built and tested first. Subsequently, parsers for more complex non-terminals can be constructed and tested. Koskimies (1990) , and Nederhof and ... | 0 |
Many NLP applications, such as text summarization and discourse segmentation, require, or can be helped by, the identification of lexical semantic relations in text. However, the resources that are presently available, such as WordNet (Fellbaum, 1998) provide only "classical" relations: taxonomy or hyponymy (robin / bi... | 0 |
Automated story generation is one of the grand challenges of generative artificial intelligence. AI storytelling is a crucial component of the human experience. Humans have always used storytelling to entertain, share experiences, educate, and to facilitate social bonding. For an intelligent system to be unable to gene... | 0 |
Artificial neural networks (ANN) and especially Deep Neural Networks (DNN) give state-of-the art results for sentence classification tasks. Usually, sentences are treated as separate instances for the task. However, in many situations the sentence that is the focus of classification appears in a context that can provid... | 0 |
Semantic relations provide information about terms which have similar or related meanings. This kind of knowledge about language has proven to be valuable for various NLP applications, such as word sense disambiguation (Patwardhan et al., 2003) , query expansion (Hsu et al., 2006) , document categorization (Tikk et al.... | 0 |
Many of the world's languages, including languages native to the Americas, receive worryingly little attention from NLP researchers. According to Glottolog (Nordhoff and Hammarström, 2012) , 86 language families and 95 language isolates can be found in the Americas, and many of them are labeled as endangered. From an N... | 0 |
Sentential context, which involves deep syntactic and semantic structure of the source and target languages (Nida, 1969) , is crucial for machine translation. In statistical machine translation (SMT), the sentential context has proven beneficial for predicting local translations (Meng et al., 2015; . The exploitation o... | 0 |
Zero-shot learning (ZSL) relates information from different modalities (e.g., text or attributes with images), and the hope is that a sparsity of information or training data in one modality can be compensated by the other. This is important when the cost of creation or collection of training data greatly differs betwe... | 0 |
Early work in relation extraction from text used directly supervised methods, e.g., Bunescu and Mooney (2005) , which motivated the development of relatively small datasets with sentence-level annotations such as ACE 2004 /2005 , BioInfer and SemEval 2010 . Recognizing the difficulty of annotating text with relations, ... | 0 |
While cascaded speech-to-text translation (AST) systems (combining source language speech recognition (ASR) and source-to-target text translation (MT)) remain state-of-the-art, recent works have attempted to build end-to-end AST with very encouraging results (Bérard et al., 2016; Weiss et al., 2017; Bérard et al., 2018... | 0 |
Open domain Question Answering (QA) is the task of finding answers to questions posed in natural language, usually using text from a corpus Joshi et al., 2017; Dunn et al., 2017) , or triples from a knowledge base (KB) (Zelle and Mooney, 1996; Zettlemoyer and Collins, 2005; Yih et al., 2015) . Both of these approaches ... | 0 |
A long-standing goal of NLP is to imbue machines with the ability to comprehend text and answer natural language questions. The goal is still distant and yet generates tremendous amount of interest due to the large number of potential NLP applications that are currently stymied because of their inability to deal with u... | 0 |
When the IBM models (Brown et al., 1993) were designed, some way of accounting for words that likely have no translation was needed. The modellers back then decided to introduce a NULL word on the target (generating) side 1 . All words on the source side without a proper target translation would then be generated by th... | 0 |
The roles that subword units play in determining word semantics differ across languages. In typical alphabetic languages, such as English, the smallest grammatical subword unit is morpheme (Katamba, 2015) . A morpheme can be classified as either free or bound: the former stands by itself as a word (e.g., the root of En... | 0 |
Informally, a disposition is a proposition which is preponderantly, but not necessarily always, true. Simple examples of dispositions are: Smoking is addictive, exercise is good for your health, long sentences are more difficult to parse than short sentences, overeating causes obesity, Trudi is always right, etc. Dispo... | 0 |
Along with the efforts made to accumulate bilingual corpora for many language pairs, quite a few machine translation (MT) systems that automatically construct their knowledge from corpora have been proposed (Brown et al., 1993; Menezes and Richardson, 2001; Imamura, 2002) . However, if we use corpora without any restri... | 0 |
Measure expressions such as three days and about 123km are ubiquitous in language. Here is a short travel log which contains these measure expressions. 1 (1) Travel LogWe flew to Toronto by Air Canada and drove to Niagara Falls three days before Christmas Day. Niagara Falls is approximately 130 km (80 miles) southwest ... | 0 |
Similar to the IWSLT 2011 Evaluation Campaign [1] , IWSLT 2012 featured an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) track whose task it was to recognize the recordings made available by TED on their website 1 [2] . The TED talks collection is a web repository of recordings of public speeches/talks of about 5-25 minutes by pe... | 0 |
Most of today's machine learning success stories are built on top of huge labeled data sets. Creating and maintaining such data sources manually is a time-consuming, complicated and thus an expensive and error-prone process. Various research directions address the hunger for bigger and better datasets.One of the most p... | 0 |
Virtually all training pipelines of statistical machine translation systems expect training data to be in the form of a sequence of parallel sentence pairs. This means that a pair of parallel documents must first be segmented into a sequence of aligned sentence pairs, discarding or combining sentences when needed, and ... | 0 |
Word order differences between languages are problematic for statistical machine translation (SMT). If the word orders of two languages have large differences, the standard methods do not tend to work well, with difficulties in many steps such as word alignment and modelling of reordering in the decoder. This can be ad... | 0 |
This position paper is based on the results of a government issued investigation into potential spoken language resources that are already in existence in Swedish national archives. We focus on key priorities, perspectives, and strategies that may be of general, rather than specifically Swedish, interest. After a brief... | 0 |
We address the problem of clustering words, or that of constructing a thesaurus, based on co-occurrence data. We view this problem as that of estimating a joint probability distribution over word pairs, specifying the joint probabilities of word pairs, such as noun verb pairs. In this paper, we assume that the joint di... | 0 |
Reading Comprehension (RC), or the ability to read text and then answer questions about it, is a challenging task for machines, requiring both understanding of natural language and knowledge about the world. Consider the question "what causes precipitation to fall?" posed on the passage in Figure 1 .In order to answer ... | 0 |
Reordering is of crucial importance for machine translation. Already (Knight et al., 1998) use full unweighted permutations on the level of source words in their early weighted finite-state transducer approach which implemented single-word based translation using conditional probabilities. In a refinement with addition... | 0 |
We present in this paper the first results of the OTIM 1 project aiming at developing conventions and tools for multimodal annotation. We show here how such an approach can be applied in the annotation of a large conversational speech corpus.Before entering into more details, let us mention that our data, tools and con... | 0 |
Social media forums, such as social networks, blogs, newsgroups, and community question answering (QA), offer avenues for people to express their opinions as well collect other people's thoughts on topics as diverse as health, politics and software (Liu et al., 2008) . However, digesting the large amount of information... | 0 |
Rule-based information extraction (IE) has long enjoyed wide adoption throughout industry, though it has remained largely ignored in academia, in favor of machine learning (ML) methods (Chiticariu et al., 2013) . However, rule-based systems have several advantages over pure ML systems, including: (a) the rules are inte... | 0 |
With over 500K papers in the biomedical field published on average every year 2 , it is important to promote efficient information retrieval and knowledge processing from the literatures automatically. Named entity recognition (NER), which extracts meaningful real-world objects from free text, and entity normalization ... | 0 |
Twitter (http://twitter.com) is a microblogging service launched in 2006, where, a user can publish messages with up to 280 characters, called "tweets". Unlike many other social networking platforms, such as Facebook and LinkedIn, Twitter does not provide structured fields for users to fill in personal information. How... | 0 |
Certaines applications en Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles s'appuient sur des techniques d'analyse syntaxique superficielle (typiquement celles traitant des données volumineuses), d'autres comptent sur l'analyse profonde (par exemple pour la traduction automatique). Les techniques employées dans ces deux c... | 0 |
A data set is imbalanced when the distribution of classes in it is dominated by a single class. In Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), the classes are word senses. The problem of imbalanced data is painfully familiar to WSD researchers: word senses are particularly well known for their skewed distributions that are also h... | 0 |
Coreference resolution is the process of linking multiple mentions that refer to the same entity. Most of previous work adopts the mention-pair model, which recasts coreference resolution to a binary classification problem of determining whether or not two mentions in a document are co-referring (e.g. Aone and Bennett ... | 0 |
A Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is an artificial neural network that contains at least one layer whose activation at a time step t serves as input to itself at a time step t + 1. Theoretically, RNNs have been shown to be at least as powerful as a Turing Machine (Siegelmann and Sontag, 1995; Siegelmann, 2012) . Empiric... | 0 |
Query translation is an important step in the cross-language information retrieval (CLIR). Currently, most of the CLIR system relies on various kinds of dictionaries, for example Word-Nets (Luca and Nurnberger, 2006; Ranieri et al., 2004) , in query translation. Although dictionaries can provide effective translation o... | 0 |
In statistical language processing, n-grams are bar sic to many probabilistic models including Hidden Markov models that work on the limited dependency of linguistic events. In this regard, Bayesian models (Bayesian network, Belief network, Inference diagram to name a few) are not very different from ItMMs. Bayesian mo... | 0 |
The aim of this paper is to present our approach in the PharmacoNER 2019 task (Gonzalez et al., 2019) , on Medical Entity Recognition and Concept Indexing. The task consists of identifying different types of entities in the clinical domain in Spanish. The evaluation of the task is divided in two scenarios: the detectio... | 0 |
Recent pre-trained multilingual transformer models, such as XLM(-R) (Conneau and Lample, 2019; Conneau et al., 2020) , mT5 (Xue et al., 2020) and others have been shown to be successful in NLP tasks for several non-English languages (Khashabi et al., 2020; Choi et al., 2021) , as well as in multilingual benchmarks (Dev... | 0 |
Due to popularity of Twitter and its proactive content harvesting policy, automatic identification of latent user attributes has become a hot research topic in the past couple of years. Tasks range from discriminating between different types of users (Mislove et al., 2011) , behaviour (Pennacchiotti and Popescu, 2011; ... | 0 |
The task of named entity mining (NEM) aims to mine named entities (NE) of given categories from raw data. NEM is essential in many applications. For example, NEM can generate NE gazetteers necessary for the task of named entity recognition (NER) (Cohen and Sarawagi, 2004; Kazama and Torisawa, 2008; Talukdar et al., 200... | 0 |
In 1993, the Royal Thai Government instituted the National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine, under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Health. The goal of the institute is to systematize and standardize the body of Thai Traditional Medicine (TTM) knowledge. The main task is to gather, revise, verify, classi... | 0 |
Fine-grained contrastive studies traditionally belong to the field of applied linguistics, notably to translation and second language acquisition studies. Recently, however, interest for contrastive studies has been renewed due to developments in the general theory of language (the notion of micro-parameters (Kayne, 20... | 0 |
The very first question which arises in one's mind when one starts working in the area of computational sociolinguistics research related to the language usage in social media and networking sites is what is offensive language and its related terms such as hate speech, aggression and all? The second question arises is ... | 0 |
Human math/science tests have been considered more suitable for evaluating AI progress than the Turing test (Clark and Etzioni, 2016) . Among them, math word problems (MWPs) are frequently chosen to study natural language understanding and simulate human problem solving (Bakman, 2007; Mukherjee and Garain, 2008; Liang ... | 0 |
As natural language systems grow more sophisticated, they need larger and more d~led lexicons. Efforts to automate the process of generating lexicons have been going on for years, and have often been combined with the analysis of machine-readable dictionaries.Since 1979, a group at HT under the leadership of Manha Even... | 0 |
Dans un monde interconnecté confronté à l'augmentation exponentielle du volume de données, de nombreux internautes se réfèrent au bouche-à-oreille électronique (eWOM) d'inconnus à travers diverses plateformes (blogs, forums ou sites dédiés à la critique) (Wachsmuth et al., 2014) . Ainsi, les évaluations diffusées en li... | 0 |
This paper addresses the problem of automatically extracting English synonymous collocation pairs using translation information. A synonymous collocation pair includes two collocations which are similar in meaning, but not identical in wording. Throughout this paper, the term collocation refers to a lexically restricte... | 0 |
German particle verbs are complex verb structures such as anstrahlen 'to beam/smile at' that combine a prefix particle (an) with a base verb (strahlen 'to beam'). They are highly ambiguous, and they often trigger meaning shifts of the base verbs (Springorum et al., 2013; Köper and Schulte im Walde, 2016) . More specifi... | 0 |
Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) (Zhang et al., 2021) aims to seek answers to factoid questions from structured KBs such as Freebase, Wikidata, and DBPedia. KBQA has attracted a lot of attention, as the logically organized entities and their relations are beneficial for inferring the answer. Semantic parsing-ba... | 0 |
Undirected graphical models such as Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) (Lafferty et al., 2001) have shown great success for problems involving structured output variables (e.g. , Finkel et al. (2005) ). For many real-world NLP applications, however, the required graph structure can be very complex, and computing the glob... | 0 |
In recent years, neural machine translation (NMT) has become the state of the art in machine translation (MT). Using toolkits such as Marian NMT (Junczys-Dowmunt et al., 2018) , it is relatively straightforward to construct end-to-end NMT systems which need only little pre-processing of the training corpora and post-pr... | 0 |
Spoken dialogue has been studied from the perspectives of many different disciplines, with a primary focus on analyzing the turn-taking procedure of dialogue, the effects of social context, and the underlying structure of sequences of dialogue (Eggins and Slade, 1997) . Within this body of work, spoken dialogue is ofte... | 0 |
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