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Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion is a central task in any text-to-speech (reading aloud) system. Given an alphabet of spelling symbols (graphemes) and an alphabet of phonetic symbols, a mapping should be achieved transliterating strings of graphemes into strings of phonetic symbols. It is well known that this mapping is ... | 0 |
Processing user-generated text data is getting more popular recently as a way to gather information, such as collecting facts about certain events (Ritter et al., 2015) , gathering and identifying user profiles (Layton et al., 2010; Li et al., 2014; Spitters et al., 2015) , or extracting information in open domain (Rit... | 0 |
As the global population ages, the prevalence of dementia is increasing (Prince et al., 2013) . The term "dementia" refers to an atypical and pathological decline in cognitive abilites, encompassing a range of possible underlying causes. Detecting the onset of dementia as early as possible is important for a number of ... | 0 |
Self-supervised pre-training has become an indispensable step for almost all natural language processing (NLP) tasks (Devlin et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019) . Pre-trained language models, thanks to the usage of massive text corpora, are effective in handling data scarcity and generalizing to unseen examples (Brown et ... | 0 |
In order to tackle the algorithmic difficulties of parsers when applied to real-life corpora, it is nowadays usual to apply robust and efficient methods such as Markovian techniques or finite automata. These methods are perfectly suited for a large number of applications that do not rely on a complex representation of ... | 0 |
Our research is concerned with explanation in its broad sense, as "the act or process of making plain or comprehensible; elucidation; clarification" (American Heritage Dicgionary). In many physical science domains, an explanation can be based on a variety of models of the phenomenon being explained. These models differ... | 0 |
A math word problem is a narrative which describes a story under a specific topic. Moreover, it provides clues to the correct equation interpreting mathematical relations of numerical quantities and variables. The two example problems in Table 1 belong to two different topics (ticket selling, land purchase) respectivel... | 0 |
Event detection (ED) is an important task of information extraction, which aims to identify event triggers and classify them into specific types (Ahn, 2006; Chen et al., 2015) . For instance, in the sentence "A man died when a tank fired on the hotel", an ED model should be able to recognize two events: a Die event tri... | 0 |
The explosion in the number of documents on the Web necessitates automated approaches that organize and summarize large document collections on a complex topic. Existing methods for multi-document summarization (MDS) are designed to produce short summaries of 10-15 documents. 1 MDS systems do not scale to data sets ten... | 0 |
Knowledge of semantic relationships can help numerous NLP tasks that need to infer meaning from text, such as text classification, content analysis and query answering. We apply the "games with a purpose" methodology (von Ahn and Dabbish, 2004) to the task of discovering semantic relationships between words. Our aim is... | 0 |
Temporal information extraction has become a popular and interesting research area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) since the last few years. Generally, events are described in different newspaper texts, stories and other important documents where events happen in time. Many text processing applications require ide... | 0 |
Spoken dialogue systems and voice assistants have been developed to facilitate natural conversation between machines and humans. They provide services through devices such as Amazon Echo Show and smartphones to help the user do tasks (McTear, 2004) and, more recently, for open domain chitchat (Serban et al., 2016) , al... | 0 |
Noun phrase coreference resolution refers to the problem of determining which noun phrases (NPs) refer to each real-world entity mentioned in a document. Machine learning approaches to this problem have been reasonably successful, operating primarily by recasting the problem as a classification task (e.g. Aone and Benn... | 0 |
In semantic role labeling (SRL) the goal is to group sequences of words together and classify them by using semantic labels. For semantic representation we select the predicate-argument structure that exists in most languages. In this structure a word is specified as a predicate and a number of word groups are consider... | 0 |
Event detection is a crucial subtask of event extraction, which aims to extract event triggers (most often a single verb or noun) and classify them into specific types in text. For instance, according to the ACE 2005 annotation guideline 1 , in the sentence "central command says troops were involved in a gun battle yes... | 0 |
Chinese word segmentation is the initial step of many NLP tasks, includes information retrieve, dependency parsing and semantic role labeling. Previous studies focus on word segmentation problem on standard data set, of which the training and testing data are drawn from same domain. However it's not always true when it... | 0 |
Presence of complex words can lead to poor comprehension of a text. Identification of such complex words in a given text is a core component in the task of Automatic Simplification and Evaluation (Shardlow, 2013) . The Lexical Complexity Prediction Task of SemEval 2021 (Shardlow et al., 2021) aims at development of sys... | 0 |
Text simplification (Shardlow, 2014) is the task of rewriting a complex text into a simpler form while preserving its meaning. Its applications include reading comprehension assistance and language education support. Because each target user has different reading abilities and/or knowledge, we need a text simplificatio... | 0 |
In various assessment fields, essay-writing tests have attracted much attention as a way to measure practical higher-order abilities such as logical thinking, critical reasoning, and creative-thinking skills (Hussein et al., 2019; Uto, 2019) . In essay-writing tests, test-takers are required to write essays about a giv... | 0 |
Paraphrases are important linguistic resources which are widely used in many NLP tasks, including text-to-text generation (Ganitkevitch et al., 2011) , recognizing textual entailment (Dagan et al., 2005) , and machine translation (Marton et al., 2009) . Today, mining paraphrases still remains an active research area (F... | 0 |
Automatic prediction of the quality of scientific and other texts is a new topic within the field of deep learning. Deep learning has been successfully applied to many natural language processing (NLP) problems including text classification, as well as many computer vision applications including document structure anal... | 0 |
Traditional techniques in text correction is the generation of a large set of candidates for an incorrect word using different approaches like enumerating all possible candidates in edit distance of one. Then, all the candidates are ranked such that the best candidates are ranked on the top of the list. Finally, the be... | 0 |
Models for natural language understanding (NLU) have exhibited remarkable generalization abilities on many tasks, when the training and test data are sampled from the same distribution. But such models still lag far behind humans when asked to generalize to an unseen combination of known concepts, and struggle to learn... | 0 |
The goal of Task 2 of SemEval-2017 is to provide a reliable benchmark for the evaluation of monolingual and multilingual semantic representations (Camacho-Collados et al., 2017) . The proposed evaluation benchmark goes beyond classic semantic relatedness tests by providing both monolingual and cross-lingual data sets t... | 0 |
A question-answering system is an application designed to produce the correct answer to a question given as input. For example, when "What is the capital of Japan?" is given as input, a questionanswering system may retrieve text containing sentences like "Tokyo is Japan's capital and the country's largest and most impo... | 0 |
Document classification is to assign documents to predefined categories based on their text contents (Sebastiani 2002) . It is a useful tool for managing the organization of a large set of documents. In the document classification, a bag-of-words vector is usually used for presenting a document (Yang et al. 2012) , (Jo... | 0 |
In recent works, attention-based neural networks has been considered the state-of-the-art approach for machine translation. More importantly, this framework can be efficiently adapted or customized to fit in a multilingual setting, so that one model can be trained to translate from and to multiple languages. In this ev... | 0 |
Traditional formal descriptions of individual human languages typically divide labor between a repository of words and their properties, called a lexicon, and a description of how such words combine to form larger units, called a grammar. 1 These two elements provide a systematic but finite basis for computing the prop... | 0 |
Text generation is the process of producing comprehensible texts in natural languages from non-linguistic representation of information. To generate a coherent text, we must pay attention to each stage of generation, such as content determination, text structuring, aggregation, and generation of anaphoric expression (p... | 0 |
Vision and language datasets typically consist of highquality born-digital photographs paired with crowdsourced descriptions (Rashtchian et al., 2010; Hodosh et al., 2013a; Young et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015b) . Descriptions obtained through crowdsourcing have several advantages: they usually describe what can be se... | 0 |
Word vector representations, in particular dense representations or word embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013a; Pennington et al., 2014; Bojanowski et al., 2017) , play a key role in a wide range of tasks, including Text Similarity (Kenter and de Rijke, 2015; Nguyen et al., 2019) , Word Sense Disambiguation (Iacobacci et a... | 0 |
Annotated data is a crucial resource for developments in computational linguistics and natural language processing. Syntactically annotated corpora, treebanks, are needed for developing and evaluating natural language processing applications, as well as for research in empirical linguistics. The choice of annotation ty... | 0 |
A "pain in the neck" (Sag et al., 2002) for NLP in languages of the Indo-Aryan family (e.g. Hindi-Urdu, Bangla and Kashmiri) is the fact that most verbs (nearly half of all instances in Hindi) occur as complex predicates -multi-word complexes which function as a single verbal unit in terms of argument and event structu... | 0 |
In the past decade, there has been an explosion of user-generated subjective texts on the Internet in forms of online reviews, blogs and microblogs. With the need of automatically identifying sentiments and opinions from those online texts, sentiment classification has attracted much attention in the field of natural l... | 0 |
On-line videos have become indispensable to people's daily lives, as traffic statistics showed that by 2010 it accounted for 56.6% of the total global consumer traffic (Siersdorfer et al., 2010) . Studies support the notion that on-line reviews can have a strong influence in the decision-making of potential Internet bu... | 0 |
Since the Message Understanding Conferences in the 1990s (Grishman and Sundheim, 1996; Chinchor and Robinson, 1997) , Information Extraction (IE) and Named Entity Recognition (NER) approaches have been applied and evaluated on a variety of domains and textual genres. The majority of the work, however, focuses on the jo... | 0 |
Two problems in natural language generation are deciding what to say and how to say it. This paper addresses issues in the second of these tasks, that of surface generation. Given a semantic representation of what to say, a surface generator must construct an appropriate surface structure taking into consideration a wi... | 0 |
The quantity of information on Internet has reached a critical point. Simple keyword indexing cannot satisfy any more the need for fast and accurate access to this information ocean. In this light, the development of effective methods for information extraction are of particular importance. In this paper we will discus... | 0 |
Query expansion following relevance feedback is a well established technique in information retrieval, which aims at improving user search performance. It combines user and system effort towards selecting and adding extra terms to the original query. The traditional model of query expansion following relevance feedback... | 0 |
When writing an article, one does not normally go straight to presenting the innovative scientific claim. Insteacl, one establishes other, wellknown scientific facts first, which are contributed by other researchers. Attribution of ownership often happens explicitly, by phrases such as " Chomsky (1965) claims that". Th... | 0 |
Recommender systems are a core component of many online environments. Such systems can be used to recommend movies or music to users where there is a large pool of potential recommendations. Their main task, as Karimi et al. (2018) put it, is "to filter incoming streams of information according to the users' preference... | 0 |
The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, often referred to in Japan as the Great East Japan Earthquake, was a magnitude 9.0 under sea megathrust earthquake that occurred at 14:46JST (05:46 UTC) on March 11, 2011. The focal region of this earthquake was widespread, spanning approximately 500 km north to sout... | 0 |
South Asia is extremely linguistically diverse. There is a common saying illustrating this diversity, present in several languages of the region; it is given in Hindi below.kos kos par pānī badle, cār kos par bānī. 'The taste of water changes every mile, and the language every four.' One issue with this vast scale of d... | 0 |
radosław moszczyńskiIt is generally acknowledged that multiword expressions constitute a serious difficulty in all kinds of natural language processing applications (Sag et al., 2002) . It has also been shown that proper handling of such expressions can result in significantly better results in parsing (Zhang et al., 2... | 0 |
Hallå Norden (Hello Scandinavia) is a web site with information regarding mobility between the Nordic countries and is maintained by the Nordic Council. Mobility information concerns issues such as how employment services, social services, educational systems etc. work in the different countries. The web site has infor... | 0 |
We often see English expressions inserted in Japanese sentences, such as "コンサート in 東 京" ("コンサート"=concert, "東京"=Tokyo). We extracted such expressions that were written in kanji, katakana, hiragana, and Roman alphabet characters or combinations of these characters from articles in the Mainichi Shinbun (a major daily Japa... | 0 |
Crossword Puzzles (CPs) are the most famous language games played around the world. The automatic resolution of CPs is an open challenge for the artificial intelligence (AI) community, which mainly employs AI techniques for filling the puzzle grid with candidate answers. Basic approaches try to optimize the overall pro... | 0 |
The Romanian wordnet (RoWN) is a rich lexical and semantic resource. Its development followed the expand method (Vossen, 2002) and started within the BalkaNet project (Tufis , et al., 2004) . Alignment with Princeton WordNet (PWN) (Miller, 1995; Fellbaum, 1998 ) was a consequence of this working method and has always b... | 0 |
Dataset development for automatic summarisation systems is notoriously English-oriented. This is surprising. On the system user-side, a more feasible access (for example, summaries) to the increasing amounts of digital information informing daily life is of inherent interest to potential users across the globe. At the ... | 0 |
Distributional semantic models (DSMs) ( Baroni and Lenci, 2010 ) constitute a widely-used paradigm for extracting, representing and learning semantics from linguistic data. DSMs are based on the distributional hypothesis of meaning (Harris, 1954) assuming that semantic similarity between words is a function of the over... | 0 |
One of the fundamental tasks in automatic dialogue processing is dialogue act tagging: labelling each utterance with a tag relating to its function in the dialogue and effect on the emerging context: greeting, query, statement etc (see e.g. (Core, 1998) ). Although factors such as intonation also play a role (see e.g. ... | 0 |
Dependency structures of natural language sentences exhibit a significant amount of non-local phenomena. Historically, there have been two main approaches to model non-locality: (1) increasing the order of the factors of a dependency model (e.g. with sibling and grandparent relations (Eisner, 2000; McDonald and Pereira... | 0 |
Plusieurs méthodes d'analyse de documents parlés projettent leurs transcriptions automatiques dans un espace de thèmes 1 obtenu par le biais d'un apprentissage non-supervisé sur des corpus de documents de grande taille. L'objectif de cette projection est d'abstraire la représentation de surface des termes composant le ... | 0 |
Discourse relations are semantic and pragmatic relations between clauses or sentences. The relations can be explicitly expressed by surface words known as explicit 'discourse connectives' (DCs) or implicitly inferred. The markedness of discourse relations varies across languages. For example, Chinese discourse units ar... | 0 |
Abusive or offensive language is commonly defined as hurtful, derogatory or obscene utterances made by one person to another person. 1 Examples are (1)-(3).(1) stop editing this, you dumbass.(2) Just want to slap the stupid out of these bimbos!!! (3) Go lick a pig you arab muslim piece of scum.In the literature, closel... | 0 |
Research efforts to increase search efficiency for phrase-based MT (Koehn et al., 2003) have explored several directions, ranging from generalizing the stack decoding algorithm (Ortiz et al., 2006) to additional early pruning techniques (Delaney et al., 2006) , (Moore and Quirk, 2007) and more efficient language model ... | 0 |
With the establishment of corpus linguistic methodology in all areas of linguistics and the associated increased demands on methodological validity and sophistication, research institutions that wish to offer corpora for use by third parties are faced with the question of how they can 1.) satisfy the broad spectrum of ... | 0 |
Given a document, automatic summarization is the task of generating a coherent shorter version of the document that conveys its main points. Depending on the use case, the target length of a summary may be chosen relative to that of the input document, or it may be limited. Either way, a summary must be considered "acc... | 0 |
As a general trend, most current Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems function at the word level, i.e. individual words constitute the most fine-grained meaning-bearing elements of their input. The word level functionality can affect the performance of these systems in two ways: (1) it can hamper their efficiency ... | 0 |
Dysarthria is a speech disorder caused by disturbances in the muscular control of the speech production mechanism [1] . Stroke, Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and others nervous system-related diseases may cause dysarthria. Dysarthria affects millions of adults around the world, espe... | 0 |
One of the fundamental tasks in Natural Language Processing is related to long text classification. Given a document, the goal is to assign one or more categories of interest to the text. This task is of high importance as it has wide applications in spam detection (Jindal and Liu, 2007) , product categorization (Kozar... | 0 |
Le raisonnement par analogie est un principe bien connu en sciences cognitives et en intelligence artificielle (Gentner et al., 2001 ). L'aptitude à raisonner par analogie a longtemps fait l'objet de questions dans les tests SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) aux États-Unis 1 . Turney et Littman (2005) décrivent une appr... | 0 |
Deep neural networks have made significant progress on visual question answering (VQA), the challenging AI problem of answering naturallanguage questions about an image (Antol et al., 2015) . However successful systems (Fukui et al., 2016; Anderson et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2018a; Jiang et al., 2018) based on deep neura... | 0 |
Automatic question answering (QA) is an alternative to traditional word-based search engines. Instead of returning a long list of documents more or less related to the query parameters, the aim of a QA system is to isolate the exact answer as accurately as possible, and to provide the user only a short text clip contai... | 0 |
One of the main goal of 'Developing International Standards of Language Resources for Semantic Web Applications' [16] , an international project sponsored by Japan's NEDO foundation, is to implement standards of language resources that can be very robust when applied to different languages of the world. In addition, th... | 0 |
The task of Dimensional Sentiment Analysis for Chinese Phrases (DSAP), a shared task held in IJCNLP 2017, focuses on predicting valence and arousal scores of Chinese words and phrases. It is the second evaluation project of sentiment score prediction in word level (Yu et al., 2016b ), but the first task in phrase level... | 0 |
Visual storytelling (VIST) is an interdisciplinary task that takes a sequence of photos as input and produces a corresponding short story as output (Huang et al., 2016) . Prior work explores either end-to-end or hierarchical methods for visual storytelling, but machine-generated stories still fall far short of human-ge... | 0 |
Semantic Role Labeling (SRL), independently of the approach adopted, comprehends two steps before the assignment of role labels: (a) the delimitation of argument takers and (b) the delimitation of arguments. If the argument taker is not correctly identified, the argument identification will propagate the error and SRL ... | 0 |
Semantic annotation of text corpora is needed to support tasks such as information extraction and question-answering (e.g., Riloff and Schmelzenbach, 1998; Niu and Hirst, 2004) . In particular, labelling the semantic roles of the arguments of a verb (or any predicate), as in (1) and (2), provides crucial information ab... | 0 |
This paper describes the University of Sheffield's submission to SemEval-2012 Task 6: Semantic Text Similarity (Agirre et al., 2012) . The task is concerned with determining the degree of semantic equivalence between a pair of sentences.Measuring the similarity between sentences is an important problem that is relevant... | 0 |
Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications for many human languages is becoming a required factor for the fulfillment of equity in the information access because one should not be discriminated from the use of the communication technologies just because of not speaking the technologically favored languages. NLP app... | 0 |
In conversation, dialogue partners often become more similar to each other. This phenomenon, known in the literature as entrainment, alignment, accommodation, or adaptation has been found to occur along many acoustic, prosodic, syntactic and lexical dimensions in both human-human interactions (Brennan and Clark, 1996; ... | 0 |
In this paper we investigate an automated method of inferring the stage of a patient's breast cancer from discourse in an online forum. Such information can prove invaluable both for forum members, by enriching their use of this rapidly developing and increasingly popular medium, and for health researchers, by providin... | 0 |
The AlphaGO [1] system defeated the human champion player in Go. However, AI game player is still far from being successful in the Werewolf game that requires complex communications, in addition to the nature of an imperfect information game, while Go is a perfect information game. Playing the Werewolf game would be th... | 0 |
A script is a sequence of stereotypical events related to a protagonist. A restaurant script about "Jack" can consist of "Jack walked to a restaurant", "Jack read the menu", "Jack ordered food" and "Jack ate food". Script learning aims to predict the subsequent event given the event chain. According to the script above... | 0 |
In automated text understanding, there is a tradeoff between the degree of abstraction provided by the semantic representations used and the complexity of the logical or probabilistic reasoning involved. Thus, a system that normalises syntactic passives as actives avoids having to reason about equivalences between gram... | 0 |
Word reordering model is one of the most crucial sub-components in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) (Brown et al., 1993; Koehn et al., 2003; Chiang, 2005) which provides word reordering knowledge to ensure reasonable translation order of source words. It is separately trained and then incorporated into the SMT fra... | 0 |
This paper presents the design and development of a proto-type speech-driven control for a personal in-car navigation system. The navigation system is currently on the market, it is an as automatic navigation software application integrated into a Pocket PC operating environment. Like most software applications on a Pe... | 0 |
Action verb interpretation is a basic issue for humanmachine interaction systems that aim to process natural language instructions. The difficulty behind automatic action verb understanding comes out from the evidence that no one-to-one correspondence can be established between action predicates (lexical items in each ... | 0 |
Over the last decades, more and more information has become available in digital form; a major part of this information is textual. While some textual information is stored in raw or typeset form (i.e., as more or less flat text), a lot is semistructured in databases. A popular example of a textual database is Amazon's... | 0 |
Coreference resolution is the task of identifying all expressions in text that refer to the same entity. In this paper we set out to provide an in-depth analysis of the task specifically for named entities: finding all references-either by name, pronoun or nominal-to a named entity in the text.Many language technology ... | 0 |
This paper describes a tool that helps users semantically bundle linguistic trees such as a constituency tree and a dependency tree. We refer to the tool as StruAP (Structure-based Absract Pattern). By using the proposed tool, the user can easily define relations that are specific to a given business use case and creat... | 0 |
Semantic role labeling (SRL) aims to disclose the predicate-argument structure of a given sentence. Such shallow semantic structures have been shown highly useful for a wide range of downstream tasks in natural language processing (NLP), such as information extraction (Fader et al., 2011; Bastianelli et al., 2013) , ma... | 0 |
Spoken language understanding promises to transform our interactions with technology by allowing people to control electronic devices through voice commands. However, mapping speech to meaning is far from trivial. The traditional approach, which has proven its effectiveness, relies on text as an intermediate representa... | 0 |
The process of language change should be thought of as a two-step cycle in which 1) individuals acquire their native languages from their predecessors then 2) pass them on to their successors. Small changes accrue over time this way and create both small-scale interpersonal variation and large-scale typological differe... | 0 |
Automatic Post-Editing (APE) aims to improve the quality of an existing Machine Translation (MT) system by learning from human-edited samples (Chatterjee et al., 2019 (Chatterjee et al., , 2020 . With the continuous performance improvements of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems along with deep learning advancemen... | 0 |
Bookmarking systems allow us to store URLs that we tend to visit often and URLs that had information which were hard to find. As far as we know, there aren't systems which not only store URLs but also store the part of the web page that the user found relevant. For this reason, we need systems which can store this alon... | 0 |
Hope is vital for human health, recovery, and restoration, according to health professionals. One of the goals of Hope Speech is to express the belief that someone can get motivated to move on in life to achieve the desired goals (Chakravarthi, 2020a) . Positive vibes and hope content push human beings to take steps to... | 0 |
Multilingual training regimens (Dong et al., 2015; Firat et al., 2016; Ha et al., 2016) are now a key element of natural language processing, especially for low-resource languages (LRLs) (Neubig and Hu, 2018; Aharoni et al., 2019) . These algorithms are presumed to be helpful because they leverage syntactic or semantic... | 0 |
For years, the research community has been trying to model quality of Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDS) with statistical approaches. Most vividly discussed has been the PARADISE approach which tries to map objective performance metrics of an SDS to subjective user ratings (Walker et al., 2000) . The paradigm assumes that t... | 0 |
Feature-specific opinion mining has been well defined by Ding and Liu(2008) . Example 1 is a cell phone review in which two features are mentioned.Example 1 This cell phone is fashion in appearance, and it is also very cheap.If a feature appears in a review directly, it is called an explicit feature. If a feature is on... | 0 |
Support verb constructions (SVC) [Gross 1981 ] pose a challenge to Natural Language Processing (NLP) because they are superficially alike verbal predicates (cp. John gave a kiss to Mary vs. John gave a book to Mary), but semantically they present a special configuration since the predicate is actually expressed by the ... | 0 |
When analyzing text corpora, such as newspaper articles, research papers, or historical archives, users need an intuitive way to understand and summarize numerous documents. Exploratory search (Marchionini, 2006) is critical for large corpora that can easily overwhelm users. Corpus visualization tools can provide a hig... | 0 |
Coreference resolution is the task of finding different expressions that refer to the same real-world entity. Each referring expression is called a mention. The common approach to annotate coreferring mentions is to specify the largest span of each mention. The problem with using maximum spans in coreference evaluation... | 0 |
Ce papier s'inscrit dans le domaine de recherche d'information d'images médicales. Nous nous sommes intéressés particulièrement à l'annotation automatique d'images médicales par des concepts médicaux. Les concepts médicaux utilisés (meta thesaurus UMLS 1 ) sont des termes issus du domaine de la biomédecine. Ils ont été... | 0 |
In this paper, we study Chinese idiom prediction, a language understanding problem that has not been extensively explored before in computational linguistics. Chinese idioms, mainly Chengyu (成语) (set phrases) (Wang and Yu, 2010; Wang, 2019) , have fixed forms in structure; the component characters (mostly four) cannot ... | 0 |
A number of grammar formalisms such as HPSG [Pollard and Sag, 1987] , CCG [Steedman, 1987] , Lexicon Grammars [Gross, 1984] , LTAG [Schabes et al. , 1988] , Link Grammars [Sleator and Temperley, 1991] fall into the class of lexicalized grammar formalisms. Lexicalized grammar formalisms associate increasingly rich and c... | 0 |
IBM models and the hidden Markov model (HMM) for word alignment are the most influential statistical word alignment models (Brown et al., 1993; Vogel et al., 1996; Och and Ney, 2003) . There are three kinds of important information for word alignment models: lexicality, locality and fertility. IBM Model 1 uses only lex... | 0 |
People have access to large libraries of digital content both in their living rooms and on their mobile devices. Digital video recorders (DVRs) allow people to record TV programs from hundreds of channels for subsequent viewing at home-or, increasingly, on their mobile devices. Similarly, having accumulated vast librar... | 0 |
The objective of visual text recognition is to transform an arbitrary image of text into its symbolic equivalent correctly. Recent technical advances in the area of document recognition have made automatic text recognition a viable alternative to manual key entry. Given a high quality text page, a commercial document r... | 0 |
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