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Question answering(QA) system aims at finding exact answers to a natural language question. In order to correctly answer a question, several components are implemented including question classification, passage retrieval, answer candidates generation, answer validation etc. Answer Validation is to decide whether the ca... | 0 |
Suggestion mining can be viewed as a task of extracting suggestions from unstructured text samples (Ramanand et al., 2010; Negi and Buitelaar, 2015) . The task goes beyond the sentiment polarity detection and is useful for a variety of purposes, e.g., organizations can improve their products basing on the suggestions f... | 0 |
Current NLP models work well when the training and test distributions are the same (e.g. from the same benchmark dataset). However, it is common to encounter out-of-distribution (OOD) examples that diverge from the training data once the model is deployed to real settings. When training and test distributions differ, c... | 0 |
Working with unstructured narrative texts is very demanding on automatic methods to access, formalize and organize the information contained in these documents. The first step is the indexing of the documents in order to detect basic facts which will allow more sophisticated treatments (e.g., information extraction, qu... | 0 |
Identifying spatial information in cultural and historical corpora is a crucial step in putting these texts on the map. Geotagging describes the task of establishing the connection between textual mentions of geographic locations, also known as toponyms, with geographic information systems (Amitay et al., 2004; Lieberm... | 0 |
On a Reichenbachian analysis tenses are interpreted as relating three kinds of temporal entities: the time Of the event talked about, the speech time (time of utterance) and the refer-*The research was done in the context of ACORD (ES-PRIT P393) and LILOG, and was also supported by the German Science Foundation (Ro245/... | 0 |
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a healthcare classification system launched by the World Health Organization. It contains a unique code for each disease, symptom, sign and so on. Analyzing clinical data and monitoring health issues would become more convenient with the promotion of ICD codes (Shul... | 0 |
Children love listening to stories. Listening to stories -read or narrated -has been shown to be positively correlated with children's linguistic and intellectual development (Natsiopoulou et al., 2006) . Shared story reading with parents or teachers helps children to learn about vocabulary, syntax and phonology, and t... | 0 |
Offensive and impolite language are widespread in social media posts motivating a number of studies on automatically detecting the various types of offensive content (e.g. aggression (Kumar et al., 2018 (Kumar et al., , 2020 , cyber-bullying (Rosa et al., 2019) , hate speech , etc.). Most previous work has focused on c... | 0 |
Clinical narratives consisting of free-text documents are an important part of the electronic medical record (EMR). Medical professionals often need to search the EMR for notes corresponding to specific medical events for a particular patient. Recruitment of subjects in research studies such as clinical trials involves... | 0 |
Multiword expressions (MWEs) are lexical items that consist of multiple orthographic words (ad hoc, New York, look up). MWEs constitute a significant portion of the lexicon of any natural language (Jackendoff 1997; Erman and Warren 2000; Sag et al. 2002) . They are a heterogeneous class of constructions with diverse se... | 0 |
In recent years, an increasing amount of recipe data has become available on the web. For example, as of September 2016, more than 2.45 million recipes are available on cookpad, 1 million on Yummly, and 0.3 million on Allrecipes, to name a few. These recipes are from all over the world, and are written in various langu... | 0 |
Automatically learning dialogue structure from corpora is an active area of research driven by a recognition of the value offered by data-driven approaches (e.g., Bangalore et al., 2006) . Dialogue structure information is of particular importance when the interaction is centered around a learning task, such as in natu... | 0 |
Word embeddings are usually trained on an objective that ensures that words occurring in similar contexts have similar embeddings. This makes them useful for many tasks, but has drawbacks for others; e.g., antonyms are often interchangeable in context and thus have similar word embeddings even though they denote opposi... | 0 |
The Winograd Schema (WS) (Levesque et al., 2012) was proposed as an alternative to the Turing test, by virtue of evaluating progress on commonsense reasoning. The task is a multi-choice question akin to coreference resolution. Given a text snippet with two entities and a pronoun that refers to one of the entities, sele... | 0 |
Idioms pose a problem to most NLP applications (Sag et al., 2002) , including sentiment analysis, question answering, machine translation, parsing and so on. One of the most negatively affected subtasks among these is Machine Translation (MT) (Salton et al., 2014a) . While parallel corpora can be used by MT systems to ... | 0 |
Cross-lingual Textual Entailment (CLTE) has been recently proposed by (Mehdad et al., 2010; as an extension of the Textual Entailment task (Dagan and Glickman, 2004) . Given a text (T ) and an hypothesis (H) in different languages, the CLTE task consists of determining if the meaning of H can be inferred from the meani... | 0 |
Motivation: Modern media (e.g., news feeds, microblogs, etc.) exhibit an increasing fraction of misleading and manipulative content, from questionable claims and "alternative facts" to completely faked news. The media landscape is becoming a twilight zone and battleground. This societal challenge has led to the rise of... | 0 |
This work is concerned with the development of instruments for GB parsing (see Barton, (1984) ; Berwick (1987) ; Kolb & Tiersch, (1990) ); in particular, our attention will be focused on the Binding Theory (henceforth, BT) a module of the theory of Government and Binding (henceforth, GB; see Chomsky (1981; 1986) ). It ... | 0 |
Understanding natural language utterances inherently involves resolving ambiguity associated with the meaning of linguistic expressions. Resolving linguistic ambiguity involves choosing one amongst many possible meanings, at the word level, at the sentence level, and at the discourse level. Word and sentence embeddings... | 0 |
Syntactic lexical resources such as POS tagged corpus and treebank play one of the important roles in NLP tools for instance machine translation (MT), automatic POS tagger, and statistical parser. Because of a load burden and lacking linguistic expertise to manually assign syntactic annotation to sentence, we are curre... | 0 |
Generating summaries with coherent discourse structure and domain knowledge awareness poses a challenge for current methods in summarization. Generative models can commonly produce high quality text (Figure 1 ), but fail to understand finergrained details of coherence such as the structure and flow of a narrative. In a... | 0 |
There are several other studies about language acquisition systems. Rogers et al. (1997) proposed "Babbette", which learns language rules from provided examples. Levinson et al. (2005) describe their research with a robot which acquires language from interaction with the real world. Kobayashi et al. (2002) proposed a m... | 0 |
Typical event sequences are an important class of commonsense knowledge that enables deep text understanding (Schank and Abelson, 1975; LoBue and Yates, 2011) . Following previous work (Nguyen et al., 2017) , we work on the task of generating a next event conditioned on a current event, which we call event prediction. ... | 0 |
Recent question answering (QA) systems (Ferrucci et al., 2010; Berant et al., 2013; Bordes et al., 2014) have focused on open-domain factoid questions, relying on knowledge bases like Freebase (Bollacker et al., 2008) or large corpora of unstructured text. While clearly useful, this type of QA may not be the best way t... | 0 |
Many Asian languages do not delimit words by spaces. Word segmentation is therefore a key step for language processing tasks in these languages. Chinese word segmentation (CWS) systems can be built by supervised learning from a labeled data set. However, labeled data sets are expensive to prepare as it involves manual ... | 0 |
The need for summarizing views, arguments and opinions on a given topic is common to many text analytics applications, across a variety of domains. Some prominent examples for this type of data are responses to open-ended questions in surveys, user reviews on products and services, and posts in online discussion forums... | 0 |
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the most rigorous method to assess the effectiveness of treatments, such as surgical procedures and drugs, in clinical medicine (Sibbald and Roland, 1998) . A typical RCT often constitutes of two randomized groups of patients receiving either the "intervention" (new treatment) or... | 0 |
The Phrasal Semantics task consists of two related subtasks. Task 5A requires systems to evaluate the semantic similarity of words and compositional phrases. Task 5B requires systems to evaluate the compositionality of phrases in context. We participated in Task 5B and submitted three runs for evaluation, two runs usin... | 0 |
In Neural Machine Translation (NMT), lexical constraining (Song et al., 2019; Hokamp and Liu, 2017; Post and Vilar, 2018) involves changing the translation process in a way that desired terms appear in the model's output. Translation constraints are useful in domain adaptation, interactive machine translation or named ... | 0 |
Topic modeling algorithms, such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) and related methods (Blei, 2012) , are often used to learn a set of latent topics for a corpus of documents and to infer document-to-topic and topicto-word distributions from the co-occurrence of words within the documents (Wallach... | 0 |
Relation extraction (RE) has been defined as the task of identifying a given set of semantic binary relations in text. For instance, given the span of text ". . . the Seattle zoo . . . ", one would like to extract the relation that "the Seattle zoo" is located-at "Seattle". RE has been frequently studied over the last ... | 0 |
It is relatively easy to teach natural language processing (NLP) in a single-disciplinary mode to a uniform cohort of students. Linguists can be taught to program, leading to projects where students manipulate their own linguistic data. Computer scientists can be taught methods for automatic text processing, leading to... | 0 |
Probabilistic Finite-State Automata (PFA) and hidden Markov models (HMM) are well-known formalisms that have been widely used in automatic speech recognition (Ortmanns and Ney 1997) , machine translation (Ueffing, Och, and Ney 2002) , natural language processing (Mohri, Pereira, and Riley 2002) , and, more recently, in... | 0 |
News, carrying a large amount of information, can often guide public opinions, affect people's behavior and drive the evolution of social events. In the era of information, news text is considered to be a part of big data that is continuously updated. In order to facilitate the performance of downstream NLP tasks, it i... | 0 |
The traditional task in information retrieval is to find documents from a large corpus that are relevant to a query. In this paper we address a related task: answering statistical questions about a corpus. Instead of finding the documents that match a query, we quantify the percentage of documents that match it.The met... | 0 |
Research on speech translation that began in the mid-1980s has been challenging. Such research has resulted in several prototype systems (Morimoto et al., 1993; Kitano, 1991; Waibel et al., 1991) . Speech translation consists of a sequence of processes, i.e., speech recognition, spoken language translation and speech s... | 0 |
With the advent of Web 2.0, there has been an explosion of web authorship from individuals of all walks of life. Notably, social networks, blogs and web user forums have entered the mainstream of modern-day society, creating both new opportunities and challenges for organisations seeking to engage with clients or users... | 0 |
Human level natural language understanding involves reading between the lines and relying on implicit background knowledge. Consider the sentence: Alice let Bob stand in front of her at the concert. Using physical and social commonsense -(i) Bob and Alice want to see the stage, and (ii) If Bob is taller, they would blo... | 0 |
Learner corpora (or L2 corpora) are collections of texts written by non-native learners of the languages of the texts. They are generally marked by a high error rate, i.e., orthographic, lexical, and grammatical errors (Granger, 2003; Hammarberg and Grigonyté, 2014) . Learners of Arabic as second language often struggl... | 0 |
Creating and releasing open-source software is a great way to share knowledge by making highlyspecialized methods and techniques accessible to a wider community. Yet many NLP (or machine learning) tools are not designed with a usercentered focus, hindering their wider adoption. Almost a decade ago, Chapman et al. (2011... | 0 |
In this paper, we explore the task of machine reading comprehension (MRC) based QA. This task tests a model's natural language understanding capabilities by asking it to answer a question * Equal contribution (published at EMNLP 2018).We publicly release all our code, models, and data at:https://github.com/yicheng-w/Co... | 0 |
Addressing is an aspect of every form of communication. It represents a form of orientation and directionality of the act the current actor performs toward the particular other(s) who are involved in an interaction. In conversational communication involving two participants, the hearer is always the addressee of the sp... | 0 |
Selecting the correct translation of polysemous words remains an important challenge for machine translation (MT). While some translation options may be interchangeable, substantially different senses of source words must generally be rendered by different words in the target language. In this case, an MT system should... | 0 |
Morphological segmentation is useful for NLP applications, such as, automatic speech recognition (Afify et al., 2006) , keyword spotting (Narasimhan et al., 2014) , machine translation (Clifton and Sarkar, 2011) and parsing (Seeker and Ç etinoglu, 2015) . Prior work cast the problem as surface segmentation: a word form... | 0 |
Reverse dictionary Task is defined as word generation based on user descriptions (Hill et al., 2016) . Following competition rules, pre-trained models and external information should be avoided, and large-scale language models are unsuitable for the task. Our paper is devoted to the performance comparison of different ... | 0 |
Named Entities (NEs) play a critical role in many Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. In Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) systems, they play an even more important role as the accuracy of their transliterations is shown to correlate highly with the performance of the CLIR system... | 0 |
Linguistically interpreted corpora are instrumental in supervised machine learning paradigms of natural language processing. The information encoded in the corpora to a large extent determines what can be learned by supervised machine learning systems. Therefore, it is crucial to encode the desired level of information... | 0 |
Statistical parsing is the process of discovering the syntactic relations in a sentence, according to the rules of a formal grammar. There exist a body of parsers based on various linguistic formalisms, such as LFG, HPSG, TAG and CCG. (Riezler et al., 2002; Sarkar and Joshi, 2003; Cahill et al., 2004; Miyao and Tsujii,... | 0 |
The performance of contemporary syntactic parsers for natural language depends crucially on the availability of training data that matches the sentences on which the parser will be tested. In the realm of constituency parsing, by far the most common corpus used for training is the Penn Treebank (PTB) (Marcus et al., 19... | 0 |
Code-mixing or code-switching refers to the use of two or more languages or speech variants together (Contini-Morava, 1995) . This is commonly observed in informal conversations, especially those on social media, e.g. Twitter (Rudra et al., 2016) (Rijhwani et al., 2017) . While a small body of work does exist on code-m... | 0 |
Representation learning has gained significant interest of research and experimentation in many machine learning applications because of its remarkable performance. When it comes to the field of natural language processing (NLP), word embedding methods can be viewed as pioneering studies (Bengio et al., 2003; Mikolov e... | 0 |
Recently, event-centered commonsense knowledge has attracted much attention (Chambers and Jurafsky, 2008; Segers et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018) , because of understanding events is an important component of NLP. Given a daily-life event, human can easily understand it and reason about its causes, eff... | 0 |
While there is a vast theoretical and computational literature on the interpretation of elliptical forms, there has been little study of the generation of ellipsis. 1 In this paper, we focus on Verb Phase Ellipsis (VPE), in which a verb phrase is elided, with an auxiliary verb left in its place. Here is an example:(1) ... | 0 |
According to (Koncel-Kedziorski et al., 2015; Hosseini et al., 2014) , a word problem narrates a partial world state consisting of entities, entity holders, quantities and other participants. It either changes the state of entities or expounds the relationships between them. At the end, the problem queries about a quan... | 0 |
Recently, there has been an increased interest in evaluating and comparing natural language generation (NLG) systems on shared tasks (Belz, 2009; Dale and White, 2007; . However, this is a notoriously hard problem (Scott and Moore, 2007) : Task-based evaluations with human experimental subjects are time-consuming and e... | 0 |
Reading Comprehension datasets (Richardson et al., 2013; Rajpurkar et al., 2016; Joshi et al., 2017) have gained interest as benchmarks to evaluate a system's ability to understand a document via question answering (QA). Since many of these early datasets only required a system to understand a single sentence, new data... | 0 |
Large scale annotated corpora, e.g., the Penn TreeBank (PTB) project (Marcus et al. 1993) , have played an important role in text-mining. The Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) (http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~pdtb) (Prasad et al. 2008a) annotates the argument structure, semantics, and attribution of discourse connectives and t... | 0 |
Memes are from people's culture or some social activities in daily life, usually composed of one or two forms of image, video, gif, and text (Park, 2020) . Memes are active in people's social media, but with the number of memes increasing, offensive memes are also increasing (Williams et al., 2016) . So for many social... | 0 |
In the fourteenth century the words boy and girl referred respectively to a male servant and a young person of either sex (Oxford English Dictionary). By the fifteenth century a narrower usage had emerged for girl, designating exclusively female individuals, whereas by the sixteenth century boy had lost its servile con... | 0 |
Longer queries are not necessarily better than shorter queries in view of retrieval effectiveness, since longer queries may contain so-called noisy terms that hurt the performance. Given relevance judgements, we can say which terms are noisy and which are not with regard to a certain topic description and a test collec... | 0 |
The present paper aims at describing in detail the teaching materials developed and used for a series of interactive dissemination workshops on NLP and computational linguistics 1 . These workshops were designed and delivered by the authors on behalf of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC, www.a... | 0 |
Dynamic programming algorithms have been remarkably useful for inference in many NLP problems. Unfortunately, as models become more complex, for example through the addition of new features or components, dynamic programming algorithms can quickly explode in terms of computational or implementational complexity. 1 As a... | 0 |
The Multilingual Chinese-English lexical sample task is designed following the leading ideas of the Senseval-3 Multilingual English-Hindi lexical sample task . The "sense tags" for the ambiguous Chinese target words are given in the form of their English translations.The data preparation is introduced in the second sec... | 0 |
Deep learning has achieved a great success in many fields such as computer vision, speech recognition and natural language processing (Kuang et al., 2018) . However, supervised deep learning is notoriously greedy for large labeled datasets, which limits the generalizability of deep models to new classes due to annotati... | 0 |
Automatic text summarization aims to distill the most salient content of a given text in a compact form. Recent advances in summarization have been driven by the availability of large-scale datasets such as the CNN-DailyMail (CNNDM) corpus (Nallapati et al., 2016) and the New York Times corpus (Sandhaus, 2008) as well ... | 0 |
Quality evaluation is an essential task when training a machine translation (MT) system. While automatic evaluation methods like BLEU (Papineni et al., 2002) can be useful for estimating translation quality, a higher score is no guarantee of quality improvement (Callison-Burch et al., 2006) . Previous studies (e.g. Cou... | 0 |
To unlock the potential of data in documents we must first interpret, extract and structure their content. For bills and invoices, data extraction enables a wide variety of downstream applications. Extraction of fields such as the amount due and biller information enable the automation of invoice payment for businesses... | 0 |
Les indices prosodiques, tels que les proéminences et les frontières, vont segmenter le flux de parole en groupes de mots pour ainsi faciliter la compréhension du message ; c'est ce qu'on appelle le phrasé prosodique. Là intervient alors le lien entre la prosodie et d'autres niveaux linguistiques, Actes de la conférenc... | 0 |
Un résumé est un texte reformulé dans un espace plus réduit. Il doit exprimer avec un minimum de mots le contenu essentiel d'un document. Son but est d'aider le lecteur à repérer les informations qui peuvent l'intéresser sans pour autant devoir lire le document en entier. Mais pourquoi avons-nous tant besoin de résumés... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) is nowadays widely used in industry for dissemination purposes by means of post-editing (PE, also referred to as PEMT in the literature), a machine-assisted approach to translation that results in notable increases in translation productivity compared to unaided human translation (HT), as shown... | 0 |
Text summarization aims at compressing long textual documents into a short, human readable form that contains the most important information from the source. Two strategies of generating summaries are extractive (Dorr et al., 2003; Nallapati et al., 2017) , where salient fragments of the source document are identified ... | 0 |
Priming is a well studied human cognitive phenomenon, founded on the establishment of associations between a stimulus and a response (Tulving et al., 1982) . Multiple studies have shown how external stimuli (cues) may have a profound effect on perception. In the case of language translation, external stimuli having suc... | 0 |
Elementary grade science tests are challenging as they test a wide variety of commonsense knowledge that human beings largely take for granted, yet are very difficult for machines (Clark, 2015) . For example, consider a question from a NY Regents 4th Grade science test:Question 1 "When a baby shakes a rattle, it makes ... | 0 |
Finite-state machines have been used in many areas of computational linguistics. Their use can be justified by both linguistic and computational arguments. Linguistically, finite automata are convenient since they allow one to describe easily most of the relevant local phenomena encountered in the empirical study of la... | 0 |
Context plays an important role in many natural language tasks. For example, the accuracy of part of speech taggers or word sense disambiguation systems depends on the quality and quantity of contextual information these systems can extract from the training data. When predicting the sense of a word, for instance, the ... | 0 |
Sentiment lexicon is a set of words (or phrases) each of which is assigned with a sentiment polarity score. Sentiment lexicon plays an important role in many practical sentiment analysis and opinion mining tasks. There were some manually annotated universal sentiment lexicons such as General Inquireer (GI) and HowNet. ... | 0 |
Over the last decade a lot of research has been carried out to mimic the human post-editing process in the field of Automatic Post-Editing (APE). The objective of APE is to learn how to correct machine translation (MT) errors leveraging the human post-editing feedback. The variety of data generated by human feedback, i... | 0 |
Parallel corpora are currently considered among the crucial resources both for a variety of NLP tasks, e.g. machine translation and cross-lingual information extraction, and for research in the field of translation studies and contrastive linguistics with respect to terminology and syntax in particular. Since the utili... | 0 |
Language technology has progressed rapidly in many applications (speech recognition and synthesis, parsing, translation, sentiment analysis, etc.), but efforts have been focused mainly on large, highresource languages and on monolingual data. Many tools have not been developed for low-resource languages nor can they be... | 0 |
Review summarization aims to generate a condensed summary for a review or multiple reviews 1 . Dominating studies can be divided into two groups: extractive and abstractive approaches. Extractive approaches (Hu and Liu, 2004; Ganesan, 2010 ) extract sentences or phrases from a review, while abstractive methods (Gerani ... | 0 |
In recent years, neural network approaches have led to improvements in constituency parsing (Dyer et al., 2016; Cross and Huang, 2016; Choe and Charniak, 2016; Stern et al., 2017a; Fried et al., 2017) . Many of these parsers can broadly be characterized as following an encoder-decoder design: an encoder reads the input... | 0 |
During the last decade the amount of scientific information available on-line increased at an unprecedented rate. Recent estimates reported that a new paper is published every 20 seconds (Munroe, 2013) . PubMed includes more than 26M papers with a growth rate of about 1,370 new articles per day. Elsevier Scopus and Tho... | 0 |
Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) (Banarescu et al., 2013 ) is a semantic formalism that encodes the meaning of a sentence as a rooted labeled directed graph. As illustrated by an example in Figure 1 , AMR abstracts away from the surface forms in text, where the root serves as a rudimentary representation of the ov... | 0 |
Query-focused multi-document summarization is to create a summary from a set of documents that answers the information requirements expressed in the query. Compared to generic summarization, queryfocused summarization requires the summary biased to a specific query besides the general requirement for a summary. In cont... | 0 |
Document Similarity Search (DSS) is to find similar documents to a query doc in a text corpus or on the web. It is an important component in modern information retrieval since DSS can improve the traditional search engines and user experience (Wan et al., 2008; Dean et al., 1999) . Traditional search engines accept sev... | 0 |
Unknown words constitute a major source of difficulty for Chinese part-of-speech (POS) tagging, yet relatively little work has been done on POS guessing of Chinese unknown words. The few existing studies all attempted to develop a unified statistical model to compute the probability of a word having a particular POS ca... | 0 |
Structured perceptrons are a relatively recent (Collins, 2002) update of the classic perceptron algorithm which permit the prediction of vectors of values. Initially developed for part of speech taggers, they have been applied to tuning the weights of the features in the log-linear models used by statistical machine tr... | 0 |
NLTK, the Natural Language Toolkit, is a suite of Python modules providing many NLP data types, processing tasks, corpus samples and readers, together with animated algorithms, tutorials, and problem sets (Loper and Bird, 2002) . Data types include tokens, tags, chunks, trees, and feature structures. Interface definiti... | 0 |
Tweets are text messages up to 140 characters. Every day, more than 50 million tweets are generated by millions of Twitter users. According to the investigation by Pear Analytics (2009) , about 4% tweets are related to news 1 .We divide news related tweets into two categories: those excerpted from news articles and tho... | 0 |
Type-level word embeddings map a word type (i.e., a surface form) to a dense vector of real numbers such that similar word types have similar embeddings. When pre-trained on a large corpus of unlabeled text, they provide an effective mechanism for generalizing statistical models to words which do not appear in the labe... | 0 |
Text simplification (hereafter TS) has received increasing interest by the scientific community in recent years. It aims at producing a simpler version of a source text that is both easier to read and to understand, thus improving the accessibility of text for people suffering from a range of disabilities such as aphas... | 0 |
When a coherence relation ties two adjacent portions of text together, it is often lexically signalled on the linguistic surface with a suitable word--most Often a conjunction, but also a preposition, a prepositional phrase or an adverb [Quirk et al. 1972] . The set of words from these grammatically heterogeneous class... | 0 |
Condescending language use can derail conversations and, over time, disrupt healthy communities. The caustic nature of this language traces in part to the ways that it keys into differing social roles and levels of power (Fournier et al., 2002) . It is common for people to be condescending without realizing it (Wong et... | 0 |
Neural networks (NNs) play a key role in most modern natural language processing (NLP) systems, obtaining state-of-the-art (SOA) performance (Devlin et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2018; Bohnet et al., 2018 ) in many complex tasks, e.g., recognizing textual entailment (Kim et al., 2018) , fake news detection (Baird et al., 2... | 0 |
Many modern linguistic theories are using feature structures (FS) to describe linguistic objects representing phonological, syntactic, and semantic properties. These feature structures are specified in terms of constraints which they must satisfy. It seems to be useful to maintain the distinction between the constraint... | 0 |
Still in the current age of Semantic Web, structured repositories, ontologies and huge databases, scientific knowledge is preserved and transported in rather unstructured pieces of information, vulgo scientific papers or other similar, textual representations. Except bibliographical metadata, (manually) assigned keywor... | 0 |
Driven by several international evaluations and workshops such as the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) 1 and the Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF), 2 the task of question answering (QA) has received considerable attention. However, most of this effort has focused on factoid questions rather than more complex non-f... | 0 |
End-to-end neural networks significantly simplified the development of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems (Graves and Jaitly, 2014) . Traditionally, ASR systems are based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) or Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for acoustic state representations followed by the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) f... | 0 |
Multi-word expressions (MWEs), whose structure and meaning cannot be derived from their component words as they occur independently, account for a large portion of the language used in day-to-day interactions. Indeed, the relatively low frequency of comparable single-word paraphrases for elementary spatial relations li... | 0 |
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