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The increasing popularity of social media has given birth to new genres of text that have been the focus of NLP research for applications such as event discovery (Benson et al., 2011) , election outcome prediction (Tumasjan et al., 2011; Bermingham and Smeaton, 2011) , user profile classification , conversation modelin... | 0 |
In the past several years, neural approaches have become increasingly central to the instruction following literature (e.g. Misra et al., 2018; Chaplot et al., 2018; Mei et al., 2016) . However, neural networks' powerful abilities to induce complex representations have come at the cost of data efficiency. Indeed, compa... | 0 |
This paper describes the experiments we did for the WAT 2016 (Nakazawa et al., 2016a ) shared translation task. We used two different machine translation (MT) approaches. On one hand, we used an incremental improvement to an example-based MT (EBMT) system: the KyotoEBMT system we used for WAT 2015. On the other hand, w... | 0 |
Phonological underlying representations (URs) introduce structural ambiguity. For example, a morpheme that alternates in voicing, like the one meaning 'cat' in Table 1 , could have as its underlying representation /bet/ or /bed/, amongst other possibilities. Underlying /bed/ for surface [bet] requires final devoicing, ... | 0 |
Like many other computing tasks, Natural Language Processing (NLP) can be divided to two phases: analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase involves Natural Language Understanding (NLU), whereas the synthesis phase may serve different kinds of tasks, such as Natural Language Generation (NLG), question answering, and co... | 0 |
Sentence modeling is a crucial problem in natural language processing (NLP). Recurrent neural networks with long short term memory (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997) or gated recurrent units (Cho et al., 2014) are commonly used sentence modeling approaches. These models embed sentences into a vector space and the resul... | 0 |
Developing computational resources for a language is a time and labor-intensive undertaking. Many languages in the world are becoming endangered and extinct before resources can be developed. However, several off-the-shelf tools exist that can be used to explore low resource languages that require no expert knowledge n... | 0 |
The mother tongue of 14.6 million (74% of the total Sri Lankan population of 19.7 million) Sri Lankans is Sinhala (U S Department Of State, 2007) . While computing has become almost ubiquitous in the US and Europe, Sinhala is inadequately supported on computers. Sinhala is a less privileged language that does not have ... | 0 |
It is widely known that translation is by no means word-to-word conversion. Not only because sometimes a word in some language translates as more than one word in another language, also every language has some 'spurious' words which do not have any counterpart in other languages. Consequently, an MT system should be ab... | 0 |
Knowledge graphs (KGs) are a general-purpose approach for storing information in a structured, machine-accessible way (Van Harmelen et al., 2008) . They are used in various fields and domains to model knowledge about topics as different as lexical semantics (Fellbaum, 2005; van Assem et al., 2006) , common sense (Speer... | 0 |
Language identification is an example of a general class of problems in which we want to assign an input data stream to one of several categories as quickly and accurately as possible. It can be solved using many techniques, including knowledge-poor statistical approaches. Typically, the distribution of n-grams of char... | 0 |
Ford Motor Company is a global corporation with facilities and people in all developed regions of the globe and a subsequent need to share and communicate with staff and plant employees in many languages. Efficient best practices can be facilitated in part by learning the successes and challenges of each region and the... | 0 |
Malware is a major problem in the digital world. Recently, Lim et al. (2017) addressed the malware threat by creating a new database of malware texts. In addition, they constructed different models for identifying and classifying malware sentences, and discussed the outstanding challenges. Sutskever et al. (2016) also ... | 0 |
Word embeddings are widely used nowadays in Distributional Semantics and for a variety of tasks in NLP. Embeddings can be evaluated using extrinsic evaluation methods, i.e. the trained embeddings are evaluated on a specific task such as part-of-speech tagging or named-entity recognition (Schnabel et al., 2015) . Becaus... | 0 |
Simultaneous machine translation (SIMT) is a setting where the translator needs to incrementally generate the translation while the source utterance is being received. This is a challenging translation scenario as the SIMT model needs to trade off delaying translation output and the quality of the generated translation... | 0 |
Transformer based architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) has become the de-facto approach for training NMT models.These models have achieved good performance for resource rich languages. NMT models are usually data hungry and require lot of parallel data to get trained. However, many low-resource languages have very littl... | 0 |
This paper aims to find a diversity range of adjectival meanings from a coordinate map in which "close-distant" relationships between adjectival classes is reflected. In related research over adjectives, Alonge et.al (2000) , Solar (2003) , Marrafa and Mendes (2006) suggested that WordNet and EuroWordNet lack sufficien... | 0 |
Much work on automatic identification of semantically similar terms exploits Distributional Similarity, assuming that such terms appear in similar contexts. This has been now an active research area for a couple of decades (Hindle, 1990; Lin, 1998; Weeds and Weir, 2003) .This paper is motivated by one of the prominent ... | 0 |
With the rise of digital channels that disseminate all kinds of information, misinformation has become a big challenge for a healthy society (Hermida, 2010) . Fake news has been defined as a news article or message published through media that carries false information (Kshetri and Voas, 2017) . Although this is not a ... | 0 |
Customer reviews of products and businesses provide insights for both consumers and companies. They help companies understand customer satisfaction or guide marketing campaigns, and aid consumers in their decision-making. Sentiment analysis plays a central role in the analysis of such material, by aiming to understand ... | 0 |
While there has been considerable research on both structural annotation (such as the Penn Treebank (Taylor et al., 2003) or the Kyoto Corpus (Kurohashi and Nagao, 2003) ) and semantic annotation (e.g.Senseval: Kilgariff and Rosenzweig, 2000; Shirai, 2002) , there are almost no corpora that combine both. This makes it ... | 0 |
Les avis en ligne aboutissent aujourd'hui à une production abondante de données véhiculant l'évaluation du consommateur vis-à-vis de son expérience. En TAL, c'est le domaine de la fouille d'opinions qui s'occupe de cette évaluation. Pour exprimer l'évaluation, plusieurs termes peuvent être utilisés : opinion, sentiment... | 0 |
The lexicon is a large and complex set of information about the words used in a grammar or natural language processing system. Its importance has become more central in the research of the past decade, which has seen the rise of radically lexicalized theories such as head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG), in whic... | 0 |
One of the fundamental goals of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been to create systems that interact with human users fluently and intelligently, by demonstrating inferencing and reasoning capabilities that would be expected of a human partner. This includes a growing interest in posing larger challenges to end-to-end... | 0 |
Extensive work in the field of Computational Linguistics has focused on the development of goldstandard metrics to automatically judge the accuracy of machine-generated translations. We are exploring whether these metrics, or a modified version thereof, may be applied to the translations generated by human novices.Whil... | 0 |
To summarize a text, one has to decide what content is important and what can be omitted. With a handful of exceptions (Svore et al., 2007; Berg-Kirkpatrick et al., 2011; Kulesza and Taskar, 2011; Cao et al., 2015; Cheng and Lapata, 2016) , modern summarization methods are unsupervised, relying on on-the-fly analysis o... | 0 |
Procedural reasoning by following several steps to achieve a goal is an essential part of our daily tasks. However, this is challenging for machines due to the complexity of instructions and commonsense reasoning required for understanding the procedure (Dalvi et al., 2018; Yagcioglu et al., 2018; Bosselut et al., 2017... | 0 |
In this paper, we present our strategies for data collection and annotation to support studies of online disinformation spread within and across information platforms, mainly using a use case of disinformation campaigns towards the Syrian Civil Defense Force (a.k.a., White Helmets) on Twitter and YouTube. The biggest c... | 0 |
In the past decades, multi-word units have been of great interest not only to corpus linguists but also to cognitive linguists and psycholinguists. It has been empirically demonstrated that multi-word units are pervasive in our languages (cf. Wray and Perkins, 2000) , and they are considered psychologically real when i... | 0 |
Text Analytics has been the focus of much research work in the last years. State of the art approaches typically represent documents as vectors (bag-of-words) and use a machine learning algorithm, such as k-NN or SVM, to create a model and to compare and classify new documents. However, and in spite of being able to ob... | 0 |
Understanding the range and limits of crosslinguistic variation is fundamental to the scientific study of language. In speech and particularly phonetic typology, this involves exploring potentially universal tendencies that shape sound systems and govern phonetic structure. Such investigation requires access to large a... | 0 |
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT), which requires only monolingual corpora to accomplish the translation task (Lample et al., 2018a,b; Artetxe et al., 2018b; Yang et al., 2018; Ren et al., 2019) . The key idea of UNMT is to use backtranslation (BT) (Sen... | 0 |
The 2018 WMT shared task on parallel corpus filtering (Koehn et al., 2018) required participants to select subcorpora of 10M and 100M words from an extremely noisy 1B word German-English parallel corpus from Paracrawl (Buck and Koehn, 2016) . These subcorpora were then used to train machine translation systems, and eva... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (Kalchbrenner and Blunsom, 2013; Sutskever et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2015) has become the de-facto standard in machine translation, outperforming earlier phrasebased approaches in many data settings and shared translation tasks (Luong and Manning, 2015; Sennrich et al., 2016; Cromieres e... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis in Twitter is the problem of identifying people's opinions expressed in tweets. It normally involves the classification of tweets into categories such as positive, negative and in some cases, neutral. The main challenges in designing a sentiment analysis system for Twitter are the following:• Twitter... | 0 |
Online conversational text, typified by microblogs, chat, and text messages, 1 is a challenge for natural language processing. Unlike the highly edited genres that conventional NLP tools have been developed for, conversational text contains many nonstandard lexical items and syntactic patterns. These are the result of ... | 0 |
For information retrieval and management, people usually annotate a collection of keyphrases to a document as its brief summary. Keyphrases can be found in most digital libraries and information retrieval systems (Turney, 2000; Nguyen and Kan, 2007) . Web information, most of which is in the form of text, is growing at... | 0 |
Writers are often given mixed messages with respect to word choice. On one hand they are encouraged to vary their use of words (in essay writing): "It is also important that the words you use are varied, so that you aren't using the same words again and again." 1 . On the other hand they are encouraged to use the same ... | 0 |
Story-telling has been used in evaluating the development of language skills (Sun and Nippold, 2012; McKeough and Malcolm, 2011; Botvin and Sutton-Smith, 1977) . It has also been incorporated into assessment of English language proficiency in tests such as ETS's TOEFL Junior Comprehensive Test 1 , where English languag... | 0 |
Aiming to identify entities in natural language, named entity recognition (NER) serves as one of the fundamental steps in various applications. In many languages, the performance of NER has been significantly improved because of recent advances in representation learning (Peters et al., 2018; Akbik et al., 2018) . To p... | 0 |
In our modern world Internet has become a very powerful tool to convey and spread our feelings, voices and intentions to a large section of people in a very short span of time. There has been a phenomenal growth in web contents due to the emergence of numerous social media networking platforms, blogs, review sites etc.... | 0 |
Notre laboratoire est impliqué dans deux projets internationaux importants : CSTAR, avec le projet européen associé NESPOLE! (http://nespole.itc.it) pour la traduction de parole et UNL, Universal Networking Language (http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu), pour la traduction de l'écrit. Ces deux projets se caractérisent notamment... | 0 |
Systems that automatically score constructed responses in an assessment -such as essays or spoken responses -are typically trained and evaluated on a corpus of such test taker responses with scores assigned by trained human raters, considered to be the "gold standard" for both training and evaluation of the automated s... | 0 |
Human one-to-one tutoring often yields significantly higher learning gains than classroom instruction (Bloom, 1984) . This difference motivates natural language tutoring research, which hopes to discover which aspects of tutorial dialogs correlate with learning. Much of this research focuses on various dialog character... | 0 |
Spell checkers identify misspellings, select appropriate words as suggested corrections, and rank the suggested corrections so that the likely intended word is high in the list. Since traditional spell checkers have been developed with competent native speakers as the target users, they do not appropriately address man... | 0 |
This paper presents our experience in developing an intelligent-Computer-Assisted Language Learning (iCALL) platform for the Irish language, An Scéalaí ('The Storyteller'). It promotes the study of Irish, an endangered language, in two distinct ways. Firstly, it deploys linguistic and computational resources to optimis... | 0 |
Many languages contain multiple inflected forms that correspond to the same dictionary word. Inflection is a grammatical procedure that has little impact on the meaning of the word. For example, the German words in Table 1 all refer to the action of giving. When working with these languages, it is often beneficial to e... | 0 |
The ability to communicate competently and effectively is key to personal contentment, academic achievement and professional career success. The ability to communicate competently is even found to enhance social relationships (Burleson, 2007; Morreale and Pearson, 2008) . In educational and vocational contexts, compete... | 0 |
An unwanted phenomenon that can be found across social media, is the publication of texts with hateful content. In SemEval-2019 Task 5 (Basile et al., 2019) , it is defined as any communication that disparages a person or group. We focused on immigrants and women, which are two of the most targeted groups of people who... | 0 |
To tackle natural language understanding (NLU) tasks via supervised learning, high-quality labeled examples are crucial. Recent advances on large pre-trained language models (Peters et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2018; Radford et al., 2019) • 8 NLU tasks with weak rules ○ Doc-level classification ○ Token-level classifica... | 0 |
People learn language through exposure to a rich perceptual context. Language is grounded by mapping words, phrases, and sentences to meaning representations referring to the world. Siskind (1996) has shown that even with referential uncertainty and noise, a system based on crosssituational learning can robustly acquir... | 0 |
The impressive success of machine learning models on large natural language datasets often does not carry over to moderate training data regimes, where models often struggle with infrequently observed patterns and simple adversarial variations. A prominent example of this phenomenon is textual entailment, the fundament... | 0 |
Given two snippets of text, Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) captures the notion that some texts are more similar than others, measuring the degree of semantic equivalence. Textual similarity can range from exact semantic equivalence to complete unrelatedness, corresponding to quantified values between 5 and 0. The gr... | 0 |
In this paper, we propose an unsupervised method of domain adaptation for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) using Stacked Denoising Autoencoder (SdA).WSD is the task of identifying the sense of a target word in a sentence. In general, supervised learning, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), can be used for this task be... | 0 |
This paper describes the algorithms designed and experiments finished in the participation of the CoNLL Task 2011. The goal of the Task is to design efficient algorithms for detecting entity candidates and identifying coreferences. Coreference identification is an important technical problem. Its importance in NLP appl... | 0 |
The Austrian Language Resource Portal (Sprachressourcenportal Österreichs, sprachressourcen.at) is Austria's central platform for language resources in the area of public administration. It focuses on language resources in the Austrian variety of the German language and provides language aids to enable communication ab... | 0 |
Frame Semantics (Fillmore, 1976) and the FrameNet (Fillmore, 2006) dictionary constitute a valuable resource and a very successful semantic representation scheme, widely adopted and adapted for many NLP applications. For many years a lot of works have studied the adaptability of FrameNet into other languages, showing t... | 0 |
In a prominent intellectual tradition, the infinitude of human expressivity (Humboldt, 1836) is rooted in a machinery that allows syntactic embedding at arbitrary depth (Chomsky, 1957 (Chomsky, , 1995 . Regardless of the controversy around this proposal in terms of computational theory (Pullum and Scholz, 2010; Watamul... | 0 |
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) orthography generally omits diacritical marks which encode lexical as well as syntactic (case) information. The task of Arabic automatic diacritization is about the automatic restoration of the missing diacritics. Diacritization improvement in Arabic has important implications for downstrea... | 0 |
We present an empirical evaluation of the LFG-DOP model introduced by Bod & Kaplan (1998) . LFG-DOP is a Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP) model (Bod 1993, 98) based on the syntactic representations of Lexical-Functional Grammar (Kaplan & Bresnan 1982) . A DOP model provides linguistic representations for an unlimited set of... | 0 |
An automated question answering (QA) system receives a user's natural-language question and returns exact answers by analyzing the question and consulting a large text collection [1, 2] . As Moldovan et al. [3] pointed out, over 60% of the QA errors can be attributed to ineffective question processing, including query ... | 0 |
Sequence-to-sequence neural solutions (Parnow et al., 2020) have been quite successful in comparison to their statistical counterparts (Sutskever et al., 2014) , but these approaches suffer from a couple key problems, which has given rise to sequence labeling approaches for GEC (Omelianchuk et al., 2020) . Such approac... | 0 |
Building web corpora for various NLP tasks has become quite a standard approach, especially if funding is limited and / or there is need for large amounts of textual data.Although off-the-shelf solutions for compiling web corpora have emerged recently, there are still specific challenges that have to be addressed in mo... | 0 |
With recent advances in speech recognition, parsing, and information extraction, some domain-specific interactive systems are now of practical use for tasks such as question-answering, flight booking, or restaurant reservation (Stallard, 2000) . One of the challenges ahead lies in moving from hand-crafted programs of l... | 0 |
Stance detection, automatically identifying positions on a specific topic in text (Mohammad et al., 2017) , is crucial for understanding how information is presented in everyday life. For example, a news article on crime may also implicitly take a position on immigration (see Table 1 ).There are two typical approaches ... | 0 |
In order to understand the language that we speak, we sometimes must refer to the language itself. Language users do this through an understanding of the use-mention distinction, as exhibited by the mechanism of metalanguage: that is, language that describes language. The use-mention distinction is illustrated simply i... | 0 |
Le travail décrit dans cet article se place dans le cadre plus général d'un projet européen 1 qui vise à développer un tuteur intelligent pour l'aquisition d'une deuxième langue (particulièrement pour le français et l'allemand). Dans le cadre de ce projet, un jeu sérieux, intégré dans Second Life, et qui exploite un en... | 0 |
This paper presents an analysis of Internally Headed Relative Clause (IHRC) construction in Japanese paying particular attention to the effect of quantification on its interpretation. (1) illustrates the basic form of the construction: 1Taroo-ga [Hanako-ga ringo-o muita] no-o tabeta.Taro-NOM Hanako-NOM apple-ACC peeled... | 0 |
In this paper, we propose a completely new analysis concerning nominative and genitive marking in Japanese stative clauses in the categorial framework. Its aim is twofold: to examine a wider range of data than has done in the past, and to provide a unified account of the phenomena called case alternations in Japanese. ... | 0 |
Web keyword extraction tools such as KEA (www.nzdl.org/Kea/) typically look at articles from authors' perspective to calculate the importance of a word in articles. However, keywords are not necessarily words that interest readers. We found that articles could be analyzed more towards reader interest if a system exploi... | 0 |
A Wordnet is a large digital lexical database of a language in which information is organised around cognitive synonym sets or synsets (Fellbaum, 1998) . The underlying basis of such organization are the word association studies in psycholinguistics, which proved that our mental lexicon is structured on associations, i... | 0 |
A common natural language processing system works as a component in a pipeline. For example, a syntactic parser typically requires that an input sentence is correctly tokenized or assigned partof-speech (POS) tags. The syntactic trees given by the parser may be required in further downstream tasks such as coreference r... | 0 |
Scientific discourse is a promising avenue for natural language processing (NLP). Scholarly works are rich in referential meaning due to their conceptual focus and structured expositions. They present a multitude of targets for the development of semantic enrichment and data mining techniques. We survey a prime example... | 0 |
Stochastic parsing models capturing contextual constraints beyond the dependencies of probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) are currently the subject of intensive research. An interesting feature common to most such models is the incorporation of contextual dependencies on individual head words into rulebased pro... | 0 |
In German, particle verbs (PVs), like anblicken in (1), are a highly productive class. PVs present challenges for a both theoretical analysis and their computational treatment. One of the central problems is the prediction of their meaning from their constituent parts: the base verb (BV, e.g. blicken in (1)) and the pa... | 0 |
One of the main criticisms of distributional models has been that they fail to distinguish between semantic relations: Typical nearest neighbors of dog are words like cat, animal, puppy, tail, or owner, all obviously related to dog, but through very different types of semantic relations. On these grounds, Murphy (2002)... | 0 |
One of the most salient features of New Zealand English (NZE) is the widespread use of Māori words (loanwords), such as aroha (love), kai (food) and Aotearoa (New Zealand). See ex. (1) specifically from Twitter (note the informal, conversational style and the Māori loanwords emphasised in bold).(1) Led the waiata for t... | 0 |
Language families are defined by the evolution of languages over the history, providing indications regarding the proximity between them. The tree model, which was first introduced by Augustus Schleicher (Schleicher, 1853) is considered as the consensual language-family model. For example, Figure 1 shows the Indo-Europ... | 0 |
We demonstrate a conversational interface that addresses the problems of pedestrian navigation and Question Answering (QA) in urban environments, which is an extended version of the system evaluated in (Janarthanam et al., 2013) . Our system brings together Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDS) and Question Answering (QA) with... | 0 |
The main motivation for our participation at SemEval-2018 (Gábor et al., 2018) was the ideal opportunity to test and improve our relation extraction system LIGHTREL. The system design and development was inspired by the work described in (Nguyen and Grishman, 2015) . Their goal was to depart from traditional relation e... | 0 |
Elites, political parties, and the media in the US are increasingly polarized (Layman et al., 2010; Prior, 2013; Gentzkow et al., forthcoming) , and the propagation of partisan frames can influence public opinion (Chong and Druckman, 2007) and party identification (Fiorina and Abrams, 2008) .Americans increasingly get ... | 0 |
Anaphoric shell nouns (ASNs) such as this fact, this possibility, and this issue are common in all kinds of text. They are called shell nouns because they provide nominal conceptual shells for complex chunks of information representing abstract concepts such as fact, proposition, and event (Schmid, 2000) . An example i... | 0 |
The key to reaching good ASR quality is having lots of data, i.e. thousands or at least hundreds of hours of text-aligned sound recordings. For most languages in the world, however, resources of that size are unavailable. With only a dozen hours of sound at hand, it is currently impossible to reach a WER low enough for... | 0 |
It is widely agreed that extraction of named entity (henceforth, denoted as NE) is an important subtask for various NLP applications, such as information retrieval, machine translation, information extraction and natural language understanding. Several conferences like Message Understanding Conference (Grishman and Sun... | 0 |
The main task of automatic text simplification (TS) is to convert texts into a more understandable form for readers with lower than average reading skills, without changing the original meaning of the text. These readers could include children and people with poor literacy (Aluisio et al., 2010) , learning disabilities... | 0 |
In the course of a discourse or a dialogue, referents introduced separately could be referenced with a single plural expression (pronoun, demonstratives, etc.) . The grouping of these referents may depend on many factors: it may be explicit if they were syntactically coordinated or juxtaposed or implicit if they just s... | 0 |
Adversarial examples have effectively highlighted the deficiencies of state-of-the-art models for many natural language processing tasks, e.g. question answering (Jia and Liang, 2017; Chen et al., 2018; Ribeiro et al., 2018) , textual entailment (Zhao et al., 2018; Glockner et al., 2018) , and text classification (Alza... | 0 |
Ontologies are now being recognised as important components of information systems and information processing. It is commonly accepted that an ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualisation (Gruber, 1995) . In the areas of knowledge representation and reasoning (KR) and of conceptual modelling, it has lon... | 0 |
Application of NLP techniques on the domain of information seeking queries is well worth exploring. The conversational setting between the query issuer who is seeking information and the dialogue management systems delivering it has a unique discourse structure. Deliverables of research on this specific discourse struc... | 0 |
Neural machine translation models are trained on vast amounts of data and consistently attain strong performance on standard benchmarks (Barrault et al., 2020) . Despite this impressive achievement, state-of-the-art MT models are often largely unable to make basic deductions regarding how to correctly inflect nouns wit... | 0 |
Web-scale knowledge extraction and alignment has been a vision held by different communities for decades. The Natural Language Processing (NLP) community has been focusing on knowledge extraction from texts. They apply either closed information extraction according to an ontology (Mintz et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2005)... | 0 |
Word embedding has been extensively studied in recent years (Bengio et al., 2003; Turian et al., 2010; Collobert et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2012) . Following the idea that the meaning of a word can be determined by 'the company it keeps' ( Baroni and Zamparelli, 2010) , i.e., the words that it co-occurs with, word emb... | 0 |
In natural language processing, one important but a highly challenging task is of identifying biological entities and their relations from biomedical text, as illustrated in Fig. 1 , relevant for real world problems, such as personalized cancer treatments (Rzhetsky, 2016; Hahn and Surdeanu, 2015; Cohen, 2015) . In the ... | 0 |
The Genic Regulation Network (GRN) task consists of (1) extracting information on molecular interactions between genes and proteins that are described in scientific literature, and (2) using this information to reconstruct a regulation network between molecular partners in a formal way. Several other types of biologica... | 0 |
Dialog policy optimization is key research to efficiently solving real-world tasks (Rastogi et al., 2020; Lewis et al., 2017) . In neural response generation, which has made remarkable progress in recent years (Vinyals and Le, 2015; Li et al., 2016a; Serban et al., 2017; Bao et al., 2019) , many methods that apply rein... | 0 |
Open Information Extraction (Open IE) (Banko et al., 2007; Wu and Weld, 2010; was introduced to extract information from the open domain Web where the relations of interest cannot be pre-defined in advance due to its heterogeneity in domain. Its purpose is to avoid specifying target relations and developing extraction ... | 0 |
The concept of causality can be informally introduced as a relationship between two events e 1 and e 2 such that occurrence of e 1 results in the occurrence of e 2 . Curating causal relations from text documents help in automatically building causal networks which can be used for predictive tasks. Expression of causali... | 0 |
The overarching goal of this subtask of the 2022 SIGMORPHON-UniMorph shared task on morphological inflection, in contrast with this year's and previous years' typologically informed subtasks, was to provide insight into how current stateof-the-art morphological inflection models relate to human language acquirers, to w... | 0 |
Clarification requests (CRs), i.e., utterances that request repair of understanding problems, are typically studied on corpora of transcribed conversations (see, inter alia, (Purver, 2004; Rodríguez and Schlangen, 2004) ). While much knowledge about the use of this utterance type has been gathered this way, there are p... | 0 |
Money laundering (ML) is the process of transferring criminal and illegal proceeds into ostensibly legitimate assets, and it has long been considered as the world's third largest "industry". ML is often associated with terrorism financing, drug and human trafficking, so that it is a severe threat to the stability and s... | 0 |
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