text stringlengths 4 222k | label int64 0 4 |
|---|---|
Question Answering (or QA) is one of the core problems for AI, and consists of several typical tasks, i.e. community-based QA (Qiu and Huang, 2015) , knowledge-based QA (Berant et al., 2013 ), text-based QA (Yu et al., 2014) , and reading comprehension (Rajpurkar et al., 2016) . Most of current QA systems, e.g. (Berant... | 0 |
L'extraction d'information vise à extraire automatiquement à partir de textes des informations structurées pertinentes pour une tâche particulière (Poibeau, 2003) . Il y a essentiellement deux types de méthodes utilisées en extraction d'information : les méthodes où une personne (un « expert ») fournit des connaissance... | 0 |
Electronic health records (EHR) are today produced in abundance and consist of information valuable to improve the medical care of future patients. They are, however, seldom reused for research as free text in patient records often contain possibly identifiable information about patients. To enable access to electronic... | 0 |
Besides the increased computing power, the recent surge of neural end-to-end approaches to natural language processing tasks has been stoked by the increased availability of data. For instance, when supported by sizeable training corpora, the robustness and the strong generalization capabilities of neural networks led ... | 0 |
An important and well-studied problem is the production of semantic lexicons for classes of interest; that is, the generation of all instances of a set (e.g., "apple", "orange", "banana") given a name of that set (e.g., "fruits"). This task is often addressed by linguistically analyzing very large collections of text (... | 0 |
Automatic transcription of multi-party conversations such as meetings is one of the most difficult tasks in automatic speech recognition. In (Morgan et al., 2003) it is described as an "ASR-complete" problem, one that presents unique challenges for every component of a speech recognition system.Though much of the liter... | 0 |
This paper describes the phrase-based baseline SMT system and the main innovative ideas of the Barcelona Media research center (BMRC) phrase-based system for the IWSLT 2009, which integrates source context information.Adding source context in an SMT system may be interesting to enhance the translation in order to deal ... | 0 |
An important part of any conversation is understanding the meaning your conversation partner is trying to convey. If we do not obscure our intent and phrase it as directly as possible, our conversation partner will have an easier time to recognise our goal and cooperate in achieving it. Thereby, we can enable a success... | 0 |
The propensity of words to appear together in texts, also known as their distributional similarity is an important part of Natural Language Processing (NLP):'The need to determine semantic related-ness… between two lexically expressed concepts is a problem that pervades much of [NLP] .' (Budanitsky and Hirst 2006) Such... | 0 |
With the aim of building a machine to converse with humans naturally, some work investigate neural generative models (Shang et al., 2015; Serban et al., 2017) . While these models can generate locally relevant dialogs, they struggle to organize individual utterances into globally coherent flow (Yu et al., 2016; Xu et a... | 0 |
Knowledge is transmitted orally, in writing and through media. As such, reading is one of the most useful tools in the learning process, since it is our reading capability the one that let us access all this information (PISA, 2009) . Three interrelated components assess the complexity in the reading comprehension proc... | 0 |
In recent years, Chinese Semantic Role Labeling has received much research effort (Sun and Jurafsky, 2004; Xue, 2008; Che et al., 2008; Ding and Chang, 2008; Sun et al., 2009; Li et al., 2009) . And Chinese SRL is also included in CoNLL-2009 shared task (Hajič et al., 2009) . On the data set used in (Xue, 2008) , the F... | 0 |
Over the past few years, there has been considerable progress in the ability of manually created large-scale grammars, such as the English Resource Grammar (ERG, Copestake and Flickinger (2000)) or the ParGram grammars (Butt et al., 2002) , to parse wide-coverage text and assign it deep semantic representations. While ... | 0 |
End-to-end neural machine translation (NMT) has recently been introduced as a promising paradigm with the potential to address many shortcomings of traditional statistical machine translation (SMT) systems, and has obtained state-of-the-art performance for several language pairs (Cho et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 201... | 0 |
The Genie system explores a way to rationalize multilingual production of technical documentation. The system is semi-automatic in that the user designs an interlingual text specification describing content and form for a document. Genie constructs the document in the desired languages as modelled by the specification,... | 0 |
Abbreviations increase the ambiguity in a text. Associating abbreviations with their fully expanded forms is important in various natural language processing applications (Pakhomov, 2002; Yu et al., 2006; HaCohen-Kerner et al., 2008) . Chinese abbreviations represent fully expanded forms (e.g., the left side of Figure ... | 0 |
Several domains (levels of phrase or utterance) have been credited to show initial domain-edge processes in various languages. These processes have mainly been referred to as either initial lengthening or shortening. Lengthening refers to cases in which speaking rate is briefly decelerated right as the speaker commence... | 0 |
Automatic essay scoring (AES) is the task of automatically predicting the scores of written essays. AES has primarily focused on high-stakes standardized tests and statewide evaluation exams. In this paper, we consider a classroom application of AES to evaluate a novel corpus of more than 3,000 essays written for a fir... | 0 |
Unlabeled data remains a tantalizing potential resource for NLP researchers. Some tasks can thrive on a nearly pure diet of unlabeled data (Yarowsky, 1995; Collins and Singer, 1999; Cucerzan and Yarowsky, 2003) . But for other tasks, such as machine translation (Brown et al., 1990) , the chief merit of unlabeled data i... | 0 |
The ability to draw on past experience is often useful in information-providing applications. For instance, users who interact with help-desk applications would benefit from the availability of relevant contextual information about their request, e.g., from previous, similar interactions between the system and other us... | 0 |
The task Evaluating Phrasal Semantics of the 2013 International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (Manandhar and Yuret, 2013) consists of two subtasks. For the first subtask a list of pairs consisting of a single word and a two word phrase are given. For the English task a labeled list of 11,722 pairs was provided for tr... | 0 |
Monolingual word embeddings have had widespread success in many NLP tasks including sentiment analysis , dependency parsing (Dyer et al., 2015) , machine translation (Bahdanau et al., 2014) . Crosslingual word embeddings are a natural extension facilitating various crosslingual tasks, e.g. through transfer learning. A ... | 0 |
Nowadays, the amount of online news content is immense and its sources are very diverse. For the readers and other consumers of online news who value balanced, diverse and reliable information, it is necessary to have access to methods of evaluating the news articles available to them. This is somewhat similar to food ... | 0 |
Word sense disambiguation (WSD) has been an active area of research over the last decade because many researches believe it will be important for applications which require, or would benefit from, some degree of semantic interpretation. There has been considerable skepticism over whether WSD will actually improve perfo... | 0 |
All content is not always appropriate for all ages and music is no exception. Content industries have been actively searching for means to help adults determine what is and is not appropriate for children. In USA, in 1985, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) introduced the Parental Advisory label (PAL)... | 0 |
As a part of a on-going project on multilingual named entity identification, we investigate unsupervised methods for transliteration across languages that use different scripts. Starting from paired comparable texts that are about the same topic, but are not in general translations of each other, we aim to find the tra... | 0 |
Computational research of non-literal phenomena, e.g., metonymy, idiom, and prominently metaphor detection (Veale et al., 2016) , has been plentiful. For metaphor detection, most works name the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) as their underlying framework, in which metaphors are modeled as cogniti... | 0 |
The inherent and omnipresent ambiguity of language at the lexical level results in ambiguity of words, named entities, and other lexical units. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) (Navigli, 2009 ) deals with individual ambiguous words such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The task of Entity Linking (EL) (Shen et al., 2015)... | 0 |
For information extraction, it is important to recognize named entities (NEs) in texts. NEs are typically recognized by such techniques as support vector machines (SVMs) (Isozaki and Kazawa, 2002) and conditional random fields (Suzuki et al., 2006) , using words surrounding a target entity as cues to determine if that ... | 0 |
Extractive summarization is a common and important task within the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) , which can be useful in a multitude of diverse real-life scenarios. Current extractive summarizers typically use exclusively neural approaches, in which the importance of extracted units (i.e., sentences or cla... | 0 |
Spoken Dialog Systems (SDSs) are now widely used, and are becoming more complex as a result of the increased solidity of advanced techniques, mainly in the realm of natural language understanding (Steimel et al. 2008) . At the same time, the evaluation of such systems increasingly demands for testing the entire system,... | 0 |
Code-mixing is a phenomenon in which two or more languages are used in a single utterance. It occurs at various levels of linguistic structure: across sentences (i.e., inter-sentential), within a sentence (i.e.,intrasentential), or at the word/morpheme level. In addition to spoken language, this phenomenon has become e... | 0 |
One of the fundamental problems of any Natural Language Processing (NLP) system is the often overwhelming number of interpretations a phrase or sentence can be assigned. For example, van Noord (1997) states that the Alvey Tools Grammar with 780 rules averages about 100 readings per sentence on sentences ranging in leng... | 0 |
Hypernymy relations represent the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). These relations play a key role for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, e.g. ontology learning, automatically building or extending knowledge bases, or word sense disambiguation and induct... | 0 |
According to data of smartinsights (https://www.smartinsights.com/social-mediamarketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-socialmedia-research/), the number of social media users in 2019 was above 3 billion. Due to this huge increase, different types of user generated contents can be seen on social media. Many social me... | 0 |
Supervised part-of-speech (POS) taggers are available for more than twenty languages and achieve accuracies of around 95% on in-domain data (Petrov et al., 2012) . Thanks to their efficiency and robustness, supervised taggers are routinely employed in many natural language processing applications, such as syntactic and... | 0 |
Because parsers for natural language have to cope with a high degree of ambiguity and nondeterminism, they are typically based on different techniques than the ones used for parsing well-defined formal languages-for example, in compilers for of elementary parsing actions; a feature model, which defines a feature vector... | 0 |
Wiktionary is a large, free multilingual dictionary with a wealth of information. Yawipa (Wu and Yarowsky, 2020) , henceforth W&Y, is a recent Wiktionary parser billed as "comprehensive and extensible." It has the ability to extract numerous types information from Wiktionary, including pronunciations, part of speech, t... | 0 |
Speech recognition technology has gained dramatic improvement recently and has shown promising results on many tasks (Graves et al., 2006; Hinton et al., 2012; Chiu et al., 2018) . However, data sparsity is still an issue for training more reliable acoustic and language models. Compared to resource-rich languages, low-... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis (SA) -a field of knowledge which deals with the analysis of people's opinions, sentiments, evaluations, appraisals, attitudes, and emotions towards particular entities mentioned in discourse (Liu, 2012) -is commonly considered to be one of the most challenging, competitive, but at 1 The source code o... | 0 |
Semantic role labeling (SRL) is the task of identifying the semantic arguments of a predicate and labeling them with their semantic roles. A key challenge in this task is sparsity of labeled data: a given predicate-role instance may only occur a handful of times in the training set. Most existing SRL systems model each... | 0 |
Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining (Liu, 2012; Pang et al., 2008) , is a vital task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It divides the text into two or more classes according to the affective states and the subjective information of the text, and has received plenty of attention from both industry and a... | 0 |
Interpretability of neural networks is an active research field in machine learning. Deep neural networks might have tens if not hundreds of millions of parameters (Devlin et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019a) organized into intricate architectures. The sheer amount of parameters and the complexity of the architectures larg... | 0 |
Fake news and misinformation are considered among the greatest threats to nations. The spread of fake news can cause manipulation in public opinion, which has adverse consequences to politics and journalism. Moreover, the recent COVID-19 pandemic revealed how medical misinformation could easily harm the health of peopl... | 0 |
It is almost impossible to classify languages according to a unique, universally valid, metric of complexity. However, scholars agree on a set of properties that, at different levels of linguistic description, can be viewed as "universal" parameters of complexity across languages (McWorther, 2001; Ferguson, 1982) . At ... | 0 |
Finetuning large pre-trained language models with a task-specific head has achieved remarkable performance on many natural language benchmarks (Wang et al., 2018 (Wang et al., , 2019 ). However, the task-specific head introduces a lot of random taskspecific parameters that require enormous finetuning data to attain opt... | 0 |
Event extraction is becoming more and more important as the number of online news increases. This task consists of extracting events from documents, especially news. An event is defined by a group of entities that give some information about the event. Therefore, the goal of this task is to extract, for each event, a g... | 0 |
HPB model (Chiang, 2007) is widely used and has consistently delivered state-of-the-art performance. This model extends the phrase-based model (Koehn et al., 2003) by using the formal synchronous grammar to well capture the recursiveness of language during translation. In a formal synchronous grammar, the syntactic uni... | 0 |
The COVID-19 pandemic and the reactions to it have led to growing social tensions. Guitérrez-Romero (2020) studied the effects of social distancing and lockdowns on riots, violence against civilians, and food-related conflicts in 24 African countries. The author found that the risk of riots and violence have increased ... | 0 |
The ability to determine semantic relatedness between terms is useful for a variety of nlp applications, including word sense disambiguation, information extraction and retrieval, and text summarisation (Budanitsky and Hirst, 2006) . However, there is an important distinction to be made between semantic relatedness and... | 0 |
The phenomenal advances in automatic speech recognition (ASR) technologies in the last decade led to the recent employment of the technologies in computer-aided language learning (CALL) 1 . One example is the LIS-TEN project (Mostow et al., 1994) . However, one has to bear in mind that the goal of ASR in most other com... | 0 |
Biomedical relation extraction is a widely studied field that is concerned with the detection of different kinds of relations between bio-entities mentioned in text. With the rapid growth of biomedical literature, it has attracted much research interest as it makes possible to automatically extract structured informati... | 0 |
Intent detection is a core module of task-oriented dialogue systems. Training a well-performing intent classifier with only a few annotations, i.e., few-shot intent detection, is of great practical value. Recently, this problem has attracted considerable attention (Vulić et al., 2021; Zhang et al., b; Dopierre et al., ... | 0 |
The pre-trained language model, BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) has led to a big breakthrough in various kinds of natural language understanding tasks. Ideally, people can start from a pre-trained BERT checkpoint and fine-tune it on a specific downstream task. However, the original BERT models are memoryexhaustive and laten... | 0 |
Avec les dernières innovations technologiques, les sites des chaînes TV proposent gratuitement à leurs téléspectateurs des services de TV de rattrapage (Replay/catch up TV) via Internet. Ce service donne à l'utilisateur la possibilité de voir les émissions des chaînes TV à travers les podcasts. Ces derniers intéressent... | 0 |
In recent times two developments have led to a new type of Machine Translation (MT) deployment, i.e. MT for personal use. Those two developments are: (1) freely available online MT systems and (2) increasing quality of MT output, for some language pairs at least. The 'average' internet user can now take advantage of MT... | 0 |
Probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) are commonly used in parsing and grammar induction systems (Johnson, 1998; Collins, 1999; Klein and Manning, 2003; Matsuzaki et al., 2005) . The traditional method for estimating the parameters of PCFGs from terminal strings is the inside-outside (IO) algorithm (Baker, 1979) ... | 0 |
Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms are gradually achieving remarkable milestones (Devlin et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2020; Brown et al., 2020) . However, such algorithms often rely on the seminal assumption that the training set and the test set come from the same underlying distribution. Unfortunately, this ... | 0 |
Traditionally, text generation systems are decomposed into three modules: the application module which manages the high-level task representation (state information, actions, goals, etc.), the text planning module which chooses messages based on the state of the application module, and the sentence generation module wh... | 0 |
There are a large number of semi-structured tables on the Internet. How to perform reasoning over semi-structured tables is crucial for people to understand different types of information in the real world. And this direction has spawned many tasks. Among these tasks, table-based fact verification task has recently rec... | 0 |
A video-grounded dialogue system (VGDS) generates appropriate conversational response to queries of humans, by not only keeping track of the relevant dialogue context, but also understanding the relevance of the query in the context of a given video (knowledge grounded in a video) ). An example dialogue exchange can be... | 0 |
Massive user-generated content on social media has drawn interests in predicting community reactions in the form of virality (Guerini et al., 2011) , popularity (Suh et al., 2010; Hong et al., 2011; Lakkaraju et al., 2013; Tan et al., 2014) , community endorsement (Jaech et al., 2015; , persuasive impact (Althoff et al... | 0 |
As participants of the First Workshop on Reordering for SMT, we were required to build a system to reorder words in a source English sentence in such way, that it would match the order of words in a translation of that sentence into the target language (which could be Farsi, Urdu or Italian in our case).After receiving... | 0 |
Idiomatic language identification is an important task for language understanding. Recent language models are surprisingly accurate at distinguishing literal and figurative use of language, but very little work has been done on measuring their ability to generalize across languages. Even for mainstream languages such a... | 0 |
Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion is an essential process for speech recognition and synthesis. It converts textual information called grapheme into phonetic information called phoneme. The graphemes, represented by symbols that let the language users pronounce, are not real audio data, nor do not have a necessary c... | 0 |
The Material Science literature contains millions of synthesis procedures: descriptions that outline the specific steps required to create a particular material, such as the text in Figure 1 . Large-scale analysis of these procedures could enable tasks such as automatic planning of new synthesis procedures (Kim et al.,... | 0 |
The computational linguistics community has a considerable interest in robust knowledge extraction, both as an end in itself and as an intermediate step in a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Semantic relations between pairs of words are an interesting case of such semantic knowledge. It can gu... | 0 |
Flashback is a popular creative writing technique that brings the readers from the present moment to the past via inserting earlier events in order to provide background or context of the current narrative (Pavis, 1998; Kenny, 2004; Gebeyehu, 2019) . For example, in Figure 1a , the "GHOST" in Shakespeare's play Hamlet ... | 0 |
The neural network has been a successful learning machine during the past decade due to its highly expressive modeling capability, which is a consequence of multiple layers of non-linear transformations of input features. Such transformations, however, make intermediate features "latent," in the sense that they do not ... | 0 |
The classic template-filling task in information extraction involves extracting event-based templates from documents (Grishman and Sundheim, 1996; Jurafsky and Martin, 2009; Grishman, 2019) . It is usually tackled by a pipeline of two separate systems, one for role-filler entity extraction -extracting event-relevant en... | 0 |
In normal human cognition, thinking and feeling are mutually present -our emotions are often the product of our thoughts as well as our reflections are frequently the product of our sentiments. Emotions, in fact, are intrinsically part of our mental activity and play a key role in decision-making processes. They are sp... | 0 |
Unification-based grammar formalisms can be viewed as generalizations of Context-Free Grammars (CFG) where the nonterminal symbols are replaced by an infinite domain of feature structures. Much of their popularity stems from the way in which syntactic generalization may be elegantly stated by means of constraints among... | 0 |
When attempting to solve a natural language processing (NLP) task, one can consider the fact that many such tasks are highly related to one another. A common way of taking advantage of this is to apply multitask learning (MTL, Caruana (1998) ). MTL has been successfully applied to many linguistic sequence-prediction ta... | 0 |
In a two-level phonological grammar the rules are parallel constraints whose joint effect determines the surface realizations for lexical analyses. A valid correspondence between a lexical string and its surface realization has to be accepted by all of the rules, otherwise it is filtered out (Koskenniemi, 1983) .Situat... | 0 |
Non-autoregressive Transformer (NAT, Gu et al., 2018) introduce a parallel decoding paradigm with higher decoding efficiency (> 10×) than autoregressive models (Bahdanau et al., 2015; Gehring et al., 2017; Vaswani et al., 2017) . Unlike autoregressive models, NAT models impose conditional independence assumptions in wo... | 0 |
Recently, neural machine translation (NMT) (Wu et al., 2016; Gehring et al., 2017; Vaswani et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018) has achieved significant progress. Some advanced models (Chatterjee et al., 2016; Niehues et al., 2016; Junczys-Dowmunt and Grundkiewicz, 2017; Geng et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019a) predict the u... | 0 |
Statistical machine translation (SMT) is currently the most promising approach to large vocabulary text translation. In the spirit of the Candide system developed in the early 90s at IBM (Brown et al., 1993) , a number of statistical machine translation systems have been presented in the last few years (Wang and Waibel... | 0 |
Totally correct anaphora resolution requires full natural language understanding, since anaphoric relations could be hidden in the context. At present, only partial natural language understanding is possible. This paper claims that one way to increase the reliability (or at least in assessing the reliability) of anapho... | 0 |
Most house cats face enemies. Russia has the opposite objectives of the US. There is much innovation in 3-d printing and it is sustainable.What do the three propositions have in common? They were never uttered but solely presupposed in arguments made by the participants of online discussions. Presuppositions are a fund... | 0 |
Two kinds of rule based taggers -Brill taggers (Brill 1995) and Constraint Grammar taggers (Karlsson et al. 1995) -have, in terms of accuracy, efficiency, compactness and intelligibility, quite successfully stood up to the competition from the statistical camp. How these rule-based taggers work, and how they differ in ... | 0 |
The solution adopted by the University of Wolverhampton to solve the GREC-NEG task relies on machine learning. To this end, we assumed that it is possible to learn which is the correct form for a referential expression given the context in which it appears. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2... | 0 |
Speech translation (ST) aims at translating from source language speech into target language text, which is widely helpful in various scenarios such as conference speeches, business meetings, crossborder customer service, and overseas travel. There are two kinds of application scenarios, including the non-streaming tra... | 0 |
A foundational task in legal document analysis is to determine a document's area of legal practice -for example, tax law. In a law firm or court administrative office, distinguishing tax-related matters from others is necessary for assigning work to lawyers or judges who have the right expertise. In the scope of income... | 0 |
In order to promote digital inclusion and accessibility for people with low levels of literacy, particularly access to documents available on the web, it is important to provide textual information in a simple and easy way. Indeed, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 1 establishes a set of guidelines th... | 0 |
Elsewhere [1] we describe a change in our approach to NL processing to allow for more robust methods of interpretation. One consequence of this change is that it requires a different type of parsing algorithm from the one we have been using. In our previous SLS work, we have used a shift-reduce left-corner parser incor... | 0 |
Robust parsing technology is one result of the recent fusion between symbolic and statistical approaches in natural language processing and has been applied to tasks such as information extraction, information retrieval and machine translation (Hockenmaier and Steedman, 2002; Miyao et al., 2005) . However, reflecting t... | 0 |
During the first phase of the The Penn Treebank project [10] , ending in December 1992, 4.5 million words of text were tagged for part-of-speech, with about two-thirds of this material also annotated with a skeletal syntactic bracketing. All of this material has been hand corrected after processing by automatic tools. ... | 0 |
Syntactic representations based on word-to-word dependencies have a long tradition in descriptive linguistics. Lately, they have also been used in many computational tasks, such as relation extraction (Culotta and Sorensen, 2004), parsing (McDonald et al., 2005) , and machine translation (Quirk et al., 2005) .Especiall... | 0 |
Recently, researchers have found that deep LSTMs (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997) trained on tasks like machine translation learn substantial syntactic and semantic information about their input sentences, including part-of-speech (Belinkov et al., 2017a,b; Blevins et al., 2018) . These findings begin to shed light o... | 0 |
Word segmentation is to identify lexical items, especially individual word forms, in a text. It involves two fundamental tasks, both aiming at minimizing segmentation errors: one is to infer out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, also known as unknown (or unseen) word detection, and the other to identify in-vocabulary (IV) wor... | 0 |
Pretrained language models (LMs) have had exceptional success when adapted to downstream tasks via finetuning (Peters et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019) . Although it is clear that pretraining improves accuracy, it is difficult to determine whether the knowledge that finetuned LMs contain is learned during the pretrain... | 0 |
Social media platforms have become an important site for political conversations throughout the world. In the year leading up to the November 2012 presidential election in the United States, we have developed a tool for real-time analysis of sentiment expressed through Twitter, a microblogging service, toward the incum... | 0 |
Due to the increasing process of globalization, professionals and specialized users need to communicate and use an appropriate terminology in each interlinguistic professional situation. Until now, the need to contrast terminological units adapted to each language pair and professional language required the simultaneou... | 0 |
Online reviews have become an important source of information for consumers. People tend to read reviews to help them compare products, and make informed decisions. As the volume of product reviews continues to grow, it is often impossible to read all of them, which calls for efficient methods for opinion mining. Nowad... | 0 |
Meaning, in everyday language, is created by the interaction of words in context, not simply by the words themselves. Word combinations are governed by grammatical rules and semantic constraints. However, some sequences show a distinctive idiomaticity: They either occur with an outstanding frequency, defy grammatical r... | 0 |
Despite the relatively early advent of emails compared to other forms of electronic communication, the continued proliferation of emails make them an ongoing focus of NLP research. With users experiencing an increasing flow of emails and decreasing screen sizes, there has been a growing interest in the email summarizat... | 0 |
Modern Arabic written texts are composed of scripts without short vowels and other diacritic marks. This often leads to considerable ambiguity since several words that have different diacritic patterns may appear identical in a diacritic-less setting. Educated modern Arabic speakers are able to accurately restore diacr... | 0 |
Current state-of-the-art neural approaches to sentiment analysis tend not to incorporate available sources of external knowledge, such as polarity lexicons (Hu and Liu, 2004; Taboada et al., 2006; Mohammad and Turney, 2013) , explicit negation annotated data (Morante and Daelemans, 2012; Konstantinova et al., 2012) , o... | 0 |
We present in this paper a graph-based representation of documents that models both the longrange scope "influence" of terms and the semantic relatedness of terms in a local context. In these graphs, each term is represented by a series of nodes. Each node in the series corresponds to a sentence within the span of that... | 0 |
By convention, grammatical error detection and correction (GEC) systems depend on the availability of labelled training data in which tokens have been annotated with an error code and a correction. In (1) for example, taken from the open FCE subset of the Cambridge Learner Corpus (CLC) (Nicholls, 2003; Yannakoudakis et... | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.