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We examine the task of Natural Sentence Grounding in Video (NSGV). Given an untrimmed video and a natural sentence, the goal is to determine the start and end timestamps of the segment in the video which corresponds to the given sentence, as shown in Figure 1 (a) . Comparing with the other video researches, such as bid... | 0 |
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in developing sentiment analysis models that predict sentiment at a more fine-grained level than at the level of a complete document. A key task within fine-grained sentiment analysis consists in identifying so called opinion target expressions (OTE). These are the ... | 0 |
Chunking plays an important role in parsing, information extraction and information retrieval. Chunking is often a useful preprocessing step for many bilingual tasks, such as machine translation, cross language information retrieval, etc.We introduce an adaptable chunking approach guided by word alignments automaticall... | 0 |
The task of emotion classification from written text is to map textual units, like documents, paragraphs, or sentences, to a predefined set of emotions. Common class inventories rely on psychological theories such as those proposed by Ekman (1992) (anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise) or Plutchik (2001) . Ofte... | 0 |
Nowadays, construction and maintenance of lexical resources (ontologies, knowledge bases, thesauri) have become essential for the NLP community. In particular, enriching the most acknowledged lexical databases like WordNet (Miller, 1998) and its variants for almost 50 languages 1 or collaboratively created lexical reso... | 0 |
Multilingual translation between multiple language pairs with a single model (Firat et al., 2016a; Johnson et al., 2017; Aharoni et al., 2019) has some advantages compared to bilingual systems (Bahdanau et al., 2015; Gehring et al., 2017; Vaswani et al., 2017; Barrault et al., 2020) , e.g., easy deployment, enabling tr... | 0 |
Background knowledge plays an important role in many NLP tasks. However, computational argumentation is one area where little work has been done on developing specialized knowledge resources.In this work we introduce a novel knowledge resource that may support various tasks related to argumentation mining and debating ... | 0 |
The dependency grammar we propose is inspired by TAG (Joshi 1987) , MTT (Mel'čuk 1988) and Relational Grammar (Perlmutter 1980) . Like TAG, we combine elementary tree structures in order to generate the surface syntactic structures of sentences. Also like TAG, we want our derivation structures to be interpretable as se... | 0 |
In recent years, sequence labelers equipped with contextual embeddings have achieved significant accuracy improvement (Peters et al., 2018; Akbik et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019; Martin et al., 2019) over approaches that use static non-contextual word embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013) and character embeddings (Santos... | 0 |
The increasing amount of electronically available and searcheable texts poses an increasing need for privacy protection. Adversaries may extract previously unconnected information about a person by aggregating different data sources. IDs such as social security numbers in the United States are obvious means to aggregat... | 0 |
Translation Divergence (TD) occurs when the underlying concept of a sentence gets manifested differently in different languages. For instance, in Hindi causative verb is expressed morphologically whereas in English it is structurally expressed (raam ne kapaRe dhulavaayaa {Ram ERG clothes wash-CAU} => Ram got clothes wa... | 0 |
The shared task for the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-2015) is on Shallow Discourse Parsing (SDP). In the course of the sixteen CoNLL shared tasks organized over the past two decades, progressing gradually to tackle phenomena at the word and phrase level phenomena and then the ... | 0 |
Conversational content on the internet is quickly growing, and such content holds valuable knowledge about how information exchange takes place among speakers. A key step towards understanding such dialogues is gaining the ability to reason with the information shared in the dialogue. To this end, we curate a dataset o... | 0 |
Transition-based parsers with beam search are among the most widely used models for dependency parsing: they achieve state-of-the-art performance while their training and inference, which rely on approximate search, are very efficient. Training a beam parser faces two difficulties: error propagation and search errors (... | 0 |
A process is defined as a series of inter-related events that involve multiple entities and lead to an end result. Product manufacturing, economical developments, and various phenomena in life and social sciences can all be viewed as types of processes. Processes are complicated objects; consider for example the biolog... | 0 |
We describe the machine translation (MT) systems submitted to the WAT 2020 Document-level Business Scene Dialogue Translation sub-task developed by the team of The University of Tokyo. We chose the identifier of our team to be ut-mrt, which specifies our affiliation (The University of Tokyo) and first names (Matīss, Ry... | 0 |
Princeton WordNet (Fellbaum, 1998 ) is a manually created resource that has been used in many different tasks and applications across linguistics and natural language processing. WordNet's hierarchical structure makes it a useful tool for many semantic applications and it also plays a vital role in modern deep learning... | 0 |
In the clinical or biomedical domain, natural language processing (NLP) could significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processes. For example, the extraction of structured information from clinical narratives can help in decision making or drug repurposing . However, the automatic processing of documen... | 0 |
Word sense induction (WSI) is a challenging task of natural language processing whose goal is to categorize and identify multiple senses of polysemous words from raw text without the help of predefined sense inventory like WordNet (Miller, 1995) . The problem is sometimes also called unsupervised word sense disambiguat... | 0 |
Machine reading comprehension (MRC) primarily involves building automated models that are capable of answering arbitrary natural language questions on a given textual context such as a paragraph. Solving this problem should in principle require a fine-grained understanding of the question and comprehension of the textu... | 0 |
Acoustic confidence scores as computed by speech recognizers play an important role in the design of spoken dialog systems. Often, systems solely decide on the basis of an overall acoustic confidence score whether they should accept (consider correct), clarify (ask for confirmation), or reject (prompt for repeat/rephra... | 0 |
Language is highly diverse, and differs according to author, their background, and personal attributes such as gender, age, education and nationality. This variation can have a substantial effect on NLP models learned from text , leading to significant variation in inferences across different types of corpora, such as ... | 0 |
The recent introduction of popular software packages for training neural word embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013a,b; Levy and Goldberg, 2014) has led to an increase of the number of studies dedicated to lexical similarity and to remarkable performance improvements on related tasks (Baroni et al., 2014) .However, the vali... | 0 |
Morpheme segmentation is a task in which individual words are divided into meaningful sub-units called morphemes. It is a difficult task, particularly in synthetic languages which have more complex morphological systems, but morphological analysis is an important sub-component of various downstream NLP related tasks, s... | 0 |
Today, we can easily find a large amount of unlabeled data for many supervised learning applications in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Therefore, to improve performance, the development of an effective framework for semi-supervised learning (SSL) that uses both labeled and unlabeled data is attractive for both the ... | 0 |
Relation Extraction is the task of extracting semantic relations between a pair of entities from sentences containing them. It can potentially benefit many applications, such as knowledge base construction, question answering (Ravichandran and Hovy, 2002) , textual entailment (Szpektor et al., 2005) , etc. Traditional ... | 0 |
L'apprentissage automatique supervisé, surtout lorsqu'une grande quantité de données annotées est disponible, a largement prouvé son efficacité pour les tâches de fouille de textes classiques comme la classification ou l'annotation. Les bases théoriques des techniques d'apprentissage les plus performantes relèvent en g... | 0 |
Multiword expressions (MWEs) are known to be a "pain in the neck" for natural language processing (NLP) due to their idiosyncratic behaviour (Sag et al., 2002) . While some categories of MWEs have been addressed by a large number of NLP studies, verbal MWEs (VMWEs), such as to take a decision, to break one's heart or t... | 0 |
Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is an instance of a machine learning application and, in general, will work best if the data for training and testing are drawn from the same distribution (i.e. domain, genre, and style). In practice, however, it is often difficult to obtain sufficient amounts of in-domain data (in... | 0 |
Grounding natural language to other modalities has recently been gaining much attention as a promising approach to go beyond traditional NLP by incorporating information or knowledge not readily available in textual domain.Particularly, visual grounding has become a popular topic because of the richness and importance ... | 0 |
In many information processing tasks one is interested in measuring how much a text or passage is about a certain entity. This is called aboutness or topical relevance (Beghtol 1986; Soergel 1994) . Simple word counts of the entity term often give only a rough estimation of aboutness. The true frequency of the entity m... | 0 |
With the increasing number of people all over the world who study English as their second language 1 , grammatical errors in writing often occurs due to cultural diversity, language habits, education background, etc. Thus, there is a substantial and increasing need of using computer 1 A well-known fact is that the most... | 0 |
New words are constantly finding their way into daily language use. This is particularly prominent in rapidly developing domains such as biomedicine and technology. The new words are typically acronyms, technical terminology, loan words, names or compounds of such words. They are likely to be unknown by most handmade m... | 0 |
Knowledge graphs (KGs), consisting of (head entity, relationship, tail entity) triples, are popular data structures for representing factual knowledge to be queried and used in downstream applications such as word sense disambiguation, question answering, and information extraction. Real-world KGs such as Yago (Suchane... | 0 |
Offensive language is ubiquitous in social media, and individuals often uses the anonymity of computer communications for some anti-social network behaviors, including cyberbullying (Xu et al., 2012) , malicious provocation (Kwok and Wang, 2013) , and offensive language (Cheng et al., 2017) . The widespread disseminati... | 0 |
It is commonly agreed ihat natural language systems fox" semantically rich domains require a level of sema~tic representation in order to provide for a sufficiently deep processing of the natural language input. The level of semantic representation is sometimes called a representation of linguistic knowledge. In additi... | 0 |
What do "milk" and "udders" have to do with each other? Conceptually, they are closely related, since the former is the product and the content of the latter. Linguistically, they may even look the same, being referred to by identical word forms in many different languages, such as, e.g., by [nax] in Judeo-Tat (an Indo... | 0 |
Technology is ingrained in every aspect of our lives. We require it to communicate with others and thrive in the modern world. We increasingly rely on textbased mediums to interact with technology every day. Hence there is a need for machines to understand natural human languages. However, it is challenging for compute... | 0 |
Dialect identification (Zaidan and Callison-Burch, 2014) is a sub field of language identification which can be coarse-grained or fine-grained. Coarse-grained dialect identification or simply dialect identification (Meftouh et al., 2015) refers to the process of dividing a language into the main dialects that belong to... | 0 |
Over the past few years community-based question answering (CQA) portals like Naver, Yahoo! Answers, Baidu Zhidao and WikiAnswers have attracted great attention from both academia and industry (Adamic et al., 2008; Singh and Visweswariah, 2011) . These portals foster collaborative creation of content by allowing the us... | 0 |
Target-oriented opinion words extraction (TOWE) (Fan et al., 2019b ) is a fine-grained task of targetoriented sentiment analysis (Liu, 2012) aiming to extract opinion words with respect to an opinion target (or aspect) in text. Given the sentence "The food is good but the service is extremely slow", TOWE attempts to id... | 0 |
Two classifier-based deterministic dependency parsers for English have been proposed recently (Nivre and Scholz, 2004; Yamada and Matsumoto, 2003) . Although they use different parsing algorithms, and differ on whether or not dependencies are labeled, they share the idea of greedily pursuing a single path, following pa... | 0 |
The availability of many chat forums reflects the formation of globally dispersed virtual communities. From them we select the very active and growing movement of Open Source Software (OSS) development. Working together in a virtual community in non-collocated environments, OSS developers communicate and collaborate us... | 0 |
The task of language identification is the problem of detection what language a document is written in. The task seems to be relatively easy and many statistical methods achieve relatively high accuracy (more than 95%) for language detection. However, the good results obtained in the laboratory simplified conditions be... | 0 |
In all languages, the repetition of noun, pronoun, adjective and verb are broadly classified under two coarse-grained categories: repetition at the (a) expression level, and at the (b) contents or semantic level. The repetition at both the levels is mainly used for emphasis, generality, intensity or to show continuatio... | 0 |
Sociolinguists who focus on CS have been reluctant to adopt automatic annotation tools in large part because of the Principle of Accountability (Labov, 1972) , which demands an exhaustive and accurate report for every case in which a phenomenon (e.g., a switch) occurs or could have occurred. Thus, in order to encourage... | 0 |
A majority of human languages including Indian and other languages have relatively free word order. tn free word order languages, order of words contains only secondary information such as emphasis etc. Primary information relating to 'gross' meaning (e.g., one that includes semantic relationships) is contained elsewhe... | 0 |
The task of link prediction over knowledge graphs (KGs) has seen a wide variety of advances over the years (Ji et al., 2020) . The objective of this task is to predict new links between entities in the graph based on the existing ones. A majority of these approaches are designed to work over triplebased KGs, where fact... | 0 |
An important difference between a text and a random collection of sentences is the amount of coherence it exhibits. In a text, sentences, or propositions therein, are connected through particular relations that can be, for example, causal, temporal or contrastive. Such relations can be obvious from the semantics of the... | 0 |
Discovery learning describes a pedagogical framing where, instead of introducing students to a skill and then using assessments to explicitly practice that skill, students are given a broad objective and "discover" pertinent concepts and skills in pursuit of that objective. Though pedagogical research yields unimpressi... | 0 |
Linguists propose new models for languages in order to explain language acquisition and processing by humans. Irregularities and exceptions to the theories are often explained by evidence from diachronic linguistics and other social and external phenomena. Absence of diachronic analysis in computational modelling of la... | 0 |
Language change does not exclusively consist of drastic shifts in 'core' aspects of grammar, such as changes in word order. Variation in usage, which can occur in no more than a few decades, is much more common, and to many linguists constitutes linguistic change in the making. Among these aspects of language use that ... | 0 |
The "free" word-order of Ancient Greek (AG) is a notorious problem for philologists and linguists. In spite of several studies devoted to the subject, the tendencies that govern the disposition of words and constituents in the sentence still lack a comprehensive explanation. Strictly connected to the word-order issue i... | 0 |
Translation retrieval aims to search for the most probable translation candidate from a set of targetlanguage strings for a given source-language string. Early translation retrieval methods were widely used in example-based and memory-based translation systems (Sato and Nagao, 1990; Nirenburg et al., 1993; Baldwin and ... | 0 |
Online text is becoming an increasingly popular source for acquiring public opinions towards entities like persons, products, services, brands, events, etc. The area of opinion mining focuses on exploiting this abundance of opinions, by mainly performing sentiment based summarisation of text into positive, negative, an... | 0 |
In this paper, we propose a syllable-based Maximum Matching method for English-Chinese name transliteration generation. Compared to most other popular methods for the purpose, our approach is relatively simple and intuitively appealing, but at the same time it has strong linguistic and practical motivation.Our system i... | 0 |
There is a growing interest in developing algorithms for resolving locally unrealized semantic arguments, so-called null instantiations (NIs). Null instantiations are frequent in natural discourse; only a relatively small proportion of the theoretically possible semantic arguments tend to be locally instantiated in the... | 0 |
We present a new user simulation model for learning adaptive referring expression generation (REG) policies for spoken dialogue systems using reinforcement learning methods. An adaptive REG policy equips a dialogue system to dynamically modify its utterances in order to adapt to user's domain knowledge level. For insta... | 0 |
Multilingual modeling has been receiving increasing research attention over the past few years, arising from successful demonstrations of improved quality across a variety of tasks, languages and modalities (Lample and Conneau, 2019; Arivazhagan et al., 2019b; Conneau et al., 2021) . The success of these models is typi... | 0 |
Deep recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have effectively replaced explicit syntactic features (e.g. parts of speech, dependencies) in state-of-the-art NLP models Klein et al., 2017) . However, previous work has shown that syntactic information (in the form of either input features or supervision) is useful for a wide var... | 0 |
Recently, many speech recognition systems are designed for various tasks. However, most of them are restricted to certain tasks, for example, a tourist information and a hamburger shop. Speech recognition systems for the task which consists of various domains seems to be required for some tasks, e.g. a closed caption s... | 0 |
In this paper we present a novel approach to data-driven lexicography exploiting transcriptions of spontaneous speech as raw material. Our methods are being developed and tested in connection with our work on the Danish speech technological dictionary DanPO (Skadhauge and Henrichsen, 2005) .Formally speaking, DanPO (Da... | 0 |
The parallel corpus is no doubt an essential resource for almost all the current machine translation systems. There are many parallel corpora available online 1 for various language pairs and domains. However, there is no available parallel corpus which includes a variety of scientific paper domains so far. There are p... | 0 |
Syntactic analysis is an important part of many natural language processing systems, but generally requires large annotated data sets that are syntactically parsed and disambiguated in order to be effective. Abney (1992) proposed an alternative method for performing partial syntactic analysis in environments where full... | 0 |
The rapid development of internet technologies has given rise to a significant growth in generating and sharing of user-generated content (UGC). Internet users from all over the world stay connected via widely used social networking websites such as Twitter and Facebook by sharing information in different languages. On... | 0 |
In this work, we consider the problem of personalizing language models, that is, building language models that are tailored to the writing style of an individual. Language modelling requires a large amount of text to sufficiently train a language model. However, a large amount of text from any one user -for example soc... | 0 |
A wide range of subfields in natural language processing (NLP) nowadays see systems emerging that solve their respective tasks with sufficiently high-quality levels. Especially tools for automatic entity recognition, entity linking or coreference resolution have advanced rapidly in recent years. Those tasks are also co... | 0 |
Visual Reasoning (Antol et al., 2015; Andreas et al., 2016; Bisk et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2017) requires a sophisticated understanding of the compositional language instruction and its relationship with the corresponding image. Suhr et al. (2017) recently proposed a challenging new NLVR task and dataset in this di... | 0 |
Les ressources linguistiques multilingues sont généralement construites à partir de corpus parallèles. Cependant, l'absence de ces corpus a incité les chercheurs à exploiter d'autres ressources multilingues, telles que les corpus comparables : ensembles de textes dans différentes langues, qui ne sont pas des traduction... | 0 |
Studying early markers of well-being is a significant emerging frontier in child development research, examining the strengths, assets and abilities to establish positive developmental trajectory for children (Masten and Coatsworth, 1998) . Humans are affected by experiences early in their childhood in ways that shape ... | 0 |
This introductory section addresses the re-appraisal of the role of the particle lɛɛw45. It also raises two problematic issues involving the impact of numeral scalarity and the association of lɛɛw45 with focus.Lɛɛw45 has been regarded as a post-serial particle which acts either as a perfective aspect marker or a past t... | 0 |
Negation is a key element in tasks related to Natural Language Processing (NLP) that has generated special interest in the research community during the last years, such as Sentiment Analysis, Information Extraction and Question Answering. It is a complex linguistic phenomenon that requires a deep analysis. The availab... | 0 |
In recent work, we have provided preliminary data indicating that there is a significant difference in the motion signatures of lexical predicate signs that denote telic and atelic events (Wilbur and Malaia, 2008b,c,a; Malaia et al., 2008) . These results are empirical evidence for direct mapping between sign language ... | 0 |
Event extraction, the process of identifying events triggers and arguments and classifying them into a set of pre-defined types is an important part of natural language understanding, and a commonly studied NLP task (Grishman et al., 2005) . Consider the example shown in Figure 1 , where two events (i.e., "war" and "pr... | 0 |
Language processing pipelines are the standard means for preprocessing natural language text for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. A typical pipeline applies the following modules sequentially: a tokenizer, a part-of-speech (POS) tagger, a lemmatizer, and a parser. The main drawback of such an architectu... | 0 |
Reranking the output of a k-best parser has been shown to improve upon the best results of a stateof-the-art constituency parser (Charniak and Johnson, 2005) . This is primarily due to the ability to incorporate complex structural features that cannot be modeled under a CFG. Recent work shows that k-best maximum spanni... | 0 |
L'étude quantitative et typologique de la morphologie présuppose l'extraction des données morphophonologiques à partir de lexiques. Les travaux existant en morphologie quantitative reposent sur des grammaires élaborées manuellement (Ackerman & Malouf, 2013; Stump & Finkel, 2013) difficilement comparables d'une langue à... | 0 |
According to Mann and Thompson (1988) , all well-written text is supported by a hierarchically structured set of coherence relations which reflect the authors intent. The goal of discourse parsing is to extract this high-level, rhetorical structure.Dependency parsing and other forms of syntactic analysis provide inform... | 0 |
It is a sunny afternoon in the not too distant future, and Elroy wants to play ball in the garden with Rosie the robot. He finds her moving about in the dining room and asks "What are you doing?". "I am busy", Rosie answers, politely but suggesting she doesn't want to be interrupted right now. Disappointed, but not wan... | 0 |
This paper introduces a general use corpus for Choctaw, an American indigenous language. The Choctaw language is spoken by the Choctaw tribe, who originally inhabited the southeastern United States. The tribe is the fourth largest indigenous group by population in the United States with 220,000 enrolled members. 1 The ... | 0 |
Driven by the fast progress of natural language processing techniques, we are now witnessing a variety of task-orientated dialogue systems being used in daily life. These agents traditionally rely on pre-defined APIs to complete the tasks that users request (Williams et al., 2017; Eric et al., 2017) ; however, some use... | 0 |
Automatic essay scoring is the task of automatically rating free-form writings. The scores assigned are often holistic and are based both on content and form. Automatic essay scoring is nowadays successfully used to reduce human scoring workload (Dikli, 2006) , for example for the assessment of language proficiency (We... | 0 |
It has been explained elsewhere by the author (Shei, 2002) that translating into a second language (L2), although not a preferred direction of translation, is nevertheless necessary due to the lack of native speakers in local settings where the service is required.In this context learning an L2 is a subset of learning ... | 0 |
Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is an "intermediate" task that is necessary for accomplishing most natural language processing tasks, especially machine translation and information retrieval. A variety of WSD methods have been proposed over the last decade; however, such methods are still immature. In response to this ... | 0 |
In natural language there always exist many preferred relationships between words. Lexicographers always use the concepts of collocation, co-occurrence and lexis to describe them. Psychologists also have a similar concept: word association. Two highly associated word pairs are "not only/but also" and "doctor/nurse". Ps... | 0 |
Cet article présente la méthodologie et les résultats d'une analyse de positionnement multidimensionnel effectuée sur le corpus TALN. Ce corpus spécialisé de petite taille (environ 2 millions d'occurrences) relève du domaine du traitement automatique des langues naturelles et contient une sélection d'articles issus des... | 0 |
The field of quantitative syntax requires a way to link the discrete formal structures typically studied in syntax, such as dependency trees, with the probabilistic distributions over wordforms observable in corpora.Formal syntactic structures are usually taken to define the categorical well-formedness of sentences (Ch... | 0 |
Transfer based approaches to machine translation (MT) involve three main phases: analysis, transfer and generation. During analysis, the syntactic and semantic structure of a sentence is made explicit through a source language (SL) grammar and semantic processing modules. The result of analysis is one or more syntactic... | 0 |
Quality estimation task (QET) in WMT17 (Bojar et al., 2017) (QET17) is about prediction of the quality of machine translation output at the sentence-(Task 1), word-(Task 2), and phraselevel (Task 3) in IT and pharmaceutical domains without using reference translations. Prediction of translation performance can help in ... | 0 |
One of the major issues in statistical machine translation is reordering due to systematic wordordering differences between languages. Often reordering is best explained by linguistic categories, such as part-of-speech tags. In fact, prior work has examined the use of part-of-speech tags in pre-reordering schemes, Toma... | 0 |
Bridging (Clark, 1975) is an anaphoric phenomenon where the interpretation of a bridging anaphor, sometimes also called associative anaphor (Hawkins, 1978) , is based on the nonidentical associated antecedent.The related NLP task of bridging resolution is about linking these anaphoric noun phrases and their antecedents... | 0 |
Tweets, short messages of less than 140 characters shared through the Twitter service 1 , have become an important source of fresh information. As a result, the task of named entity recognition (NER) for tweets, which aims to identify mentions of rigid designators from tweets belonging to named-entity types such as per... | 0 |
In this work, we evaluate a morphological analyser of Inuktitut, whose polysynthetic morphosyntax can cause particular problems for natural language processing; but our observations are also relevant to other languages with rich morphological systems. The existing NLP task for Inuktitut is that of word alignment (Marti... | 0 |
Although most pronominal anaphora resolution algorithms only account for anaphors referring to individual entities, anaphors referring to abstract entities evoked by verbal phrases, clauses or discourse segments (henceforth APAs) are quite common in English see i.a. (Byron and Allen, 1998) and even more in Danish (Nava... | 0 |
Vedic Sanskrit (VS) is an ancient Indo-Aryan language, one of the oldest transmitted Indo-European languages and the precursor of Classical Sanskrit. 1 The large corpus of Vedic poetry and prose is important for reconstructing the early linguistic history of Indo-European and as a source for socio-cultural developments... | 0 |
Automatic text highlighting aims to identify key portions that are most important to a first-time reader. Our motivation for pursuing highlighting analysis stems from an apparent lack of current computational research and machine learning applications dedicated to this type of reading aid. For clarity, we define docume... | 0 |
Language models (LMs) learn to estimate the probability of a word given a context of preceding words. Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) language models recently outperformed traditional n-gram LMs across a range of tasks (Jozefowicz et al., 2016) . However, an important practical issue associated with such neural-network ... | 0 |
It has been widely assumed that gap position cannot occur inside the island structures due to island constraints. In terms of filler-gap dependencies, there exists a gap position, which is the argument of an embedded verb, and an antecedent (or filler), which indicates the sentenceinitial wh-phrase in (1).(1) *What do ... | 0 |
When a user is served with a ranked list of relevant documents by the standard document retrieval systems (i.e. search engines), his/her search task is usually not over (Chali et al., 2009b) . The next step for him/her is to look into the documents themselves and search for the precise piece of information he/she was l... | 0 |
Sentiment classification is the task of identifying the sentiment polarity of a given text, which is traditionally categorized as either positive or negative. In recent years, sentiment classification has drawn much attention in the natural language processing (NLP) field and it has many useful applications, such as op... | 0 |
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