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Figure 1.3: Location of BNP sampling sites in Biscayne Bay 10 |
Figure 1.4: Summary of QA/QC procedures and summary statistics 11 |
Figure 2.1: Satellite image of Biscayne National Park 14 |
Figure 2.2: Sediment type map for Biscayne Bay bottom 17 |
Figure 2.3: Protected areas in the vicinity of the Biscayne National Park 19 |
Figure 2.4: Precipitation time-series and seasonality of precipitation 21 |
Figure 2.5: Zcusum charts for precipitation on BNP watershed 22 |
Figure 2.6: Zcusum of rain chemical composition 23 |
Figure 2.7: Average Flow contributions to Central and South Biscayne Bay 24 |
Figure 2.8: Box-plots of WQ biogeochemical composition 25 |
Figure 2.9: Low-productivity forest and Coastal Wetlands 27 |
Figure 3.1: Caccia and Boyer (2005) and Hunt and Todt (2006) subdivision 30 |
Figure 3.2: Cluster tree showing water classes for Biscayne Bay 32 |
Figure 3.3: Cluster evolution of Biscayne Bay 33 |
Figure 3.4: Final biogeochemical segmentation of Biscayne Bay waters 34 |
Figure 3.5: Correspondence of spatial classifications of Biscayne Bay 35 |
Figure 3.6: Net freshwater contribution to Biscayne Bay 37 |
Figure 3.7: Seasonal variability of salinity 38 |
Figure 3.8: Seasonal variability of Temperature in BB 39 |
Figure 3.9: Seasonal variability of Turbidity in th BB 40 |
Figure 3.10: Seasonal variability of NO2 in BB 41 |
Figure 3.11: Seasonal variability of NO3 in BB 42 |
Figure 3.12: Seasonal variability of NH4 in BB 43 |
Figure 3.13: Seasonal variability of TN in BB 44 |
Figure 3.14: Seasonal variability TON in BB 44 |
Figure 3.15: Seasonal variability of TP in BB 45 |
Figure 3.16: Seasonal variability of CHLa BB 47 |
Figure 3.17: Seasonal variability of TOC in BB 47 |
Figure 3.18: Seasonal variability of DO in BB 48 |
Figure 3.19: TN Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 52 |
Figure 3.20: TP Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 53 |
Figure 3.21: TOC Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 54 |
Figure 3.22: CHLa Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 55 |
Figure 3.23: Hurricane Irene track over Southeast Florida 55 |
Figure 3.24: DIN Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 56 |
Figure 3.25: Salinity Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 57 |
Figure 3.26: DO Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 58 |
Figure 3.27: Temperature Zcusum for trends in Biscayne Bay 58 |
Figure 4.1: Components of box-model used for mass-balance calculations 61 |
Figure 4.2: Spatial structure of the nutrient box-model 62 |
Figure 5.1: Biscayne National Park and canal network 69 |
Figure 5.2: Changes in land cover/land use in Miami’s Greater Metropolitan 70 |
xi |
Figure 6.1: Spatial coverage of FIU Water Quality Monitoring Network 83 |
Figure 6.2: Flow diagram for the derivation of Numeric Nutrient Criteria 85 |
Figure 6.3: Biogeochemical segmentation of South Florida’s waters 87 |
Figure 6.4: Driver:Response relationships 91 |
Figure 6.5: Chlorophyll-a Zcusum charts along TN and TP gradients 92 |
Figure 6.6: Total Nitrogen and Phosphorous thresholds for South Florida waters 93 |
LIST OF TABLES |
Table 1 Summarized Purposes, Tasks and Goals of the study 4 |
Table 2.1. Descriptive statistics of rainwater chemical composition 23 |
Table 3.1: Percent DO exceedances 48 |
Table 3.2: Results of Kruskal-Wallis test comparing TN, TP and CHLa 49 |
Table 3.3: Year of occurrence of major breaks along the POR 59 |
Table 5.1 Summary of Climate Change Impacts 81 |
Table 6.1: Aggregation of SoFlo basins into segments by PC/Cluster 85 |
Table 6.2: TP and TN thresholds, LT-L and UP-L for South Florida water classes 95 |
xii |
Acknowledgements |
A great number of people assisted in completing this project. In particular we wish to |
express our sincere thanks to Joffre Castro of the National Park Service, South Florida |
Ecosystem Office for his support and invaluable cooperation to complete this research. |
Thanks are given to David Rudnick and Chris Madden (South Florida Water |
Management District), Chris Kelble (NOAA), Susan Markley and Steve Blair (MiamiDade County Department of Environmental Research Management), Larry Brand |
(UM/RSMAS), Brian Lapointe (FAU) and Lynn Wingard (US Geological Survey), for |
their expertise, insights, and guidance. Their help and collaboration were highly |
appreciated. This project was funded by the National Park Service under Task |
Agreement # J5297-08-0085, Cooperative Agreement # H5000-06-0104. This report is |
Contribution # T-530 of the Southeast Environmental Research Center at Florida |
International University |
1 |
INTRODUCTION |
The history of Biscayne National Park begins with the authorization of the |
Biscayne National Monument by the Act of October 18, 1968 (82 Stat. 1188; 16 U.S.C. |
450qq). Later, in June 28, 1980, of all Biscayne National Monument lands, waters, and |
interests therein were finally incorporated within and made a part of Biscayne National |
Park (BNP). Finally, the U. S. Congress designated 69,606 hectares of central and |
southern Biscayne Bay (BB) as Biscayne National Park (BNP) in 1982. As such, BNP |
became the largest marine park in the national park system. BNP is bounded by |
protected areas, on the south and east by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary |
and on the north by the extension of the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, but its western |
boundary is with the city of Miami. Being adjacent to a major and fast-growing |
metropolis like Miami presents serious threats to the park integrity and to its resources, |
hence, besides monitoring and surveillance of those resources it is necessary to |
evaluate the potential impacts from land-use changes, such as those caused by |
industrial and urban development. |
There are two main objectives in this project. One is to develop an |
understanding of nutrient inflows into BB, their effects on the bay’s water quality, and to |
evaluate the ecological impacts on BNP’s resources associated with future population |
growth and land use changes as detailed on the Miami-Dade County Watershed Study |
and Plan (MDWSP), which is covered in Sections 1 through 5. The other objective is the |
derivation of numeric nutrient criteria for estuaries and coastal waters in South Florida, |
which is discussed in Section 6. |
The report provides a summary assessment of condition of the water resources |
of BNP aimed to identify and to evaluate threats and stressors that act on BNP natural |
resources posing risks to its biological integrity. The report is based exclusively on |
synthesis and exhaustive analysis of pre-existing data and covers resource groups |
located on terrestrial, freshwater and coastal-bay-marine areas within and adjacent to |
BNP. A regional scope is adopted, given the profound transformations experienced in |
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