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institutions dealing with diverse natural resources have been incorporated in our
database (Appendix 2 and 3).
The most important sources of WQ data for South Florida (SoFlo) are the
following:
i. NOAA/UM/RSMAS: Under the NOAA/AOML/South Florida
Program surveys are conducted to study the hydrography and
water quality of South Florida. These cruise surveys collect data for
temperature, salinity, percent light transmission at l=660nm,
chlorophyll a fluorescence, and CDOM fluorescence. In addition to
the underway measurements, there are discrete sampling
observations taken at stations which are used to calibrate the
underway instrumentation and calibrate supplementary data. The
result is a quickly produced, high spatial resolution ―snapshot‖ of
the temperature, salinity and water quality parameters for SoFlo
ecosystem. No detection limit data is provided.
(http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/sfp/data.shtml).
ii. DERM. The Biscayne Bay Surface Water Quality Monitoring
Program is an ongoing routine surface water quality sampling
program for BB and its watershed canals. The program began in
1979 and includes monthly surface water sampling for relevant WQ
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parameters to our research. DERM monitoring dataset included
chlorophyll a (CHLa), color, turbidity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)
and orthophosphate (TPO4) sampled bimonthly; and coliforms
(total and fecal), total ammonia (TNH3), nitrite+nitrate (NOx), and
total phosphorus (TP), which were sampled monthly. Additionally,
field measurements included, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity,
temperature, specific conductance, pH, photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR), turbidity and apparent water color. Analysis for
cadmium, copper, lead and zinc as well as total suspended solids
were performed quarterly at over 105 stations throughout MiamiDade County. Updated data was kindly supplied by Mr. Steve Blair.
(http://www.gcrc.uga.edu/wqmeta/app/organizations.asp)
iii. USGS. Hydrological and water quality data has been recorded by
many diverse research programs in the Everglades, Florida Bay
and BB as a part of the U.S. Geological Survey South Florida
Program, including satellite data for Florida Bay.
http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/index.php
iv. EPA. WQ data from a variety of research and monitoring programs
is available throughout the STORET Data Warehouse, which is a
repository for water quality, biological, and physical data.
(http://www.epa.gov/storet/).
v. FIU: a) SERC. Water quality data has been collected since 1989
and has been monitored under the South Florida Water
Management District and EPA funded Water Quality Monitoring
Network since 1991 for stations in Florida Bay, and 1993 in BB.
Measured parameters include dissolved and total nutrients (N, P,
C, SiO2), CHLa, salinity, pH, temperature, DO, alkaline
phosphatase activity, and Kd. (http://serc.fiu.edu/wqmnetwork/); b)
FCE-LTER. The FCE LTER Program was established in May of
2000 in SoFlo to study how hydrology, climate, and human
activities affect ecosystem and population dynamics in the ecotone
and, more broadly, in the Florida Coastal Everglades. WQ data is
available along transects from freshwater sites in the Everglades to
West Florida Bay. The FCE-LTER website is also an outlet for the
NPS data. (http://fcelter.fiu.edu/data/).
vi. NPS. Biscayne National Park, Miami-Dade County and United
States Army Corps of Engineers are involved in monitoring
hydrodynamics and salinity in Biscayne National Park, especially in
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the western portion of central and southern BB. The network
consists of 36 sampling locations (14 instrumented at surface and
sea floor, 22 with bottom units only) and records high frequency
data (every 15 min.), including temperature, salinity, and depth.
Sarah Bellmund from Biscayne National Park kindly supplied the
dataset
vii. NADP. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) is a
cooperative effort between federal, state, tribal and local
governmental agencies, educational institutions, private companies,
and non-governmental agencies to monitor precipitation chemistry.
It provides data on the amounts, trends, and geographic
distributions of acids, nutrients, and base cations in precipitation.
Data for station FL-11, located at Everglades National Park, was
downloaded from NADP website (http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/NADP/)
viii. DBHYDRO is the South Florida Water Management District's
corporate environmental database which stores historical and upto-date environmental data (hydrologic, meteorologic,
hydrogeologic and water quality data) for the District’s 16-county
region.
(http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xweb%20environmental%
20monitoring/dbhydro%20application)
We have selected FIU’s database as our WQ reference dataset for bay waters
given its spatial-temporal coverage at 39 fixed stations (Fig 1.1), completeness of
measured variables (over 96,000 WQ measurements) and its sustained field and
analytical protocols along the selected period of record (1991-2008). Other available
databases, especially DERM’s database (Fig 1.2) would be used for inland (freshwater)
and marine water quality assessment and for comparison and verification purposes in
bay waters. NOAA’s database (Appendix 3) would be used with the same purpose for
bay waters.
FIU unfiltered surface water samples were analyzed for total organic carbon
(TOC), total nitrogen (TN), TP and CHLa. Additionally, filtered surface water samples
were analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), NOx, nitrite (NO2
-
), Alkaline
Phosphatase Activity (APA), ammonium (NH4
+
) and silica (SiO2). Some parameters
were not measured directly, but were calculated by difference. Nitrate (NO3
-
) was
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calculated as NOX