question
stringlengths
13
215
ground_truth
stringlengths
2
3.15k
context
stringlengths
0
157k
With which cancers has the loss of SMARCB1 been associated?
Genotyping cancer-associated genes in chordoma identifies mutations in oncogenes and areas of chromosomal loss involving CDKN2A, PTEN, and SMARCB1 Loss of SMARCB1/INI1 expression is considered to be a hallmark for childhood chordomas (CCs)
The molecular mechanisms underlying chordoma pathogenesis are unknown. We therefore sought to identify novel mutations to better understand chordoma biology and to potentially identify therapeutic targets. Given the relatively high costs of whole genome sequencing, we performed a focused genetic analysis using matr...
Where do centromeres locate according to the Rabl orientation of eukaryotic nuclei?
The Rabl orientation is an example of the non-random arrangement of chromosomes, centromeres are grouped in a limited area near the nuclear periphery and telomeres are located apart from centromeres.
Specific chromosome domains in interphase nuclei of neurons and glia were studied by three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of serial optical sections from in situ hybridized human CNS tissue. Overall patterns of centromere organization, delineated with alphoid repeats, were comparable to those seen in mouse, and a...
What is the function of STAR elements in yeast telomeres?
Subtelomeres also contain Sub-Telomeric Anti-silencing Regions (STARs). We also show that the deletion of Histone-Acetyltransferase genes reduce the silencing activity of an ACS proto-silencer, but also reduce the anti-silencing activity of a STAR. The telomere-proximal portion of either X or Y' dampened silencing whe...
In budding yeast, the telomeric DNA is flanked by a combination of two subtelomeric repetitive sequences, the X and Y' elements. We have investigated the influence of these sequences on telomeric silencing. The telomere-proximal portion of either X or Y' dampened silencing when located between the telomere and the ...
Name the phase 3 clinical trials for tofacitinib in colitis.
There are three phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of tofacitinib therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis: OCTAVE Induction 1, OCTAVE Induction 2, OCTAVE Sustain.
BACKGROUND: Tofacitinib, an oral, small-molecule Janus kinase inhibitor, was shown to have potential efficacy as induction therapy for ulcerative colitis in a phase 2 trial. We further evaluated the efficacy of tofacitinib as induction and maintece therapy. METHODS: We conducted three phase 3, randomized, double-bli...
What is the mode of action of the drug Prolia?
Prolia, also known as denosumab is an anti-RANKL agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. It works by preventing the development of osteoclasts which are cells that break down bone.
Since the introduction of bisphosphonates to treat diseases that affect remodelling of bone, increasing numbers of patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws have been reported; the number is currently unknown. Recently anti-RANKL agents (receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand) such ...
How does parathyroid hormone affect circulating levels of periostin?
Parathyroid hormone can upregulate periostin levels.
Periostin is a 90 kDa secreted protein, originally identified in murine osteoblast-like cells, with a distribution restricted to collagen-rich tissues and certain tumors. In this paper, we first analyzed the expression of periostin mRNA and protein in human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB) and human osteosarcoma (hOS) cell...
What is MINDY (motif interacting with Ub-containing novel DUB family)?
MINDY-1 is a member of an evolutionarily conserved and structurally distinct new family of deubiquitinating enzymes.
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) remove ubiquitin (Ub) from Ub-conjugated substrates to regulate the functional outcome of ubiquitylation. Here we report the discovery of a new family of DUBs, which we have named MINDY (motif interacting with Ub-containing novel DUB family). Found in all eukaryotes, MINDY-family DUB...
Has the proteome of mice hippocampus been analysed?
Yes, numerous proteomic studies of mice hippcampi has been performed.
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are major targets of both acute and chronic alcohol, as well as regulators of plasticity in a number of brain regions. Aberrant plasticity may contribute to the treatment resistance and high relapse rates observed in alcoholics. Recent work suggests that chronic alcohol treat...
Was saracatinib being considered as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease in November 2017?
Yes, saracatinib is being studied as a treatment against Alzheimer's Disease. A clinical Phase Ib study has been completed, and a clinical Phase IIa study is ongoing.
INTRODUCTION: Despite significant progress, a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been developed. Recent findings implicate soluble oligomeric amyloid beta as the most relevant protein conformation in AD pathogenesis. We recently described a signaling cascade whereby oligomeric amyloi...
Are mouse chromosomes acrocentric?
yes
The mouse genome contains a major and a minor satellite DNA family of repetitive DNA sequences. The use of 5-azacytidine has allowed us to demonstrate that these satellite DNAs are organized in two separate domains at the centromeres of mouse chromosomes. The minor satellite is closer to the short arms of the acroce...
Is overproduction of transthyretin is associated with amyloidosis associated neuropathy?
Yes, an overproduction of transthyretin is associated with amyloidosis associated neuropathy.
BACKGROUND: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is usually characterised by a progressive peripheral and autonomic neuropathy often with associated cardiac failure and is due to domitly inherited transthyretin mutations causing accelerated amyloid deposition. The UK population is unique in that the majority...
What is cebocephaly
Cebocephaly is a developmental anomaly of the head characterized by a small head, with a defective small, flattened nose with a single nostril or absent nose and closely set eyes.
Cebocephaly (hypotelorism, single-nostril nose) and ethmocephaly (hypotelorism, interorbital proboscis) lie in the middle of the spectrum of craniofacial changes associated with holoprosencephaly. Because these defects and thorough anatomic studies of them are rare, knowledge concerning morphologic as well as patho...
How can network assortativity be applied in the three-dimensional analysis of the genome?
Chromatin assortativity is a way to integrate the epigenomic landscape of a specific cell type with its chromatin interaction network and thus investigate which proteins or chromatin marks mediate genomic contacts.
Many developmental, physiological, and behavioral processes depend on the precise expression of genes in space and time. Such spatiotemporal gene expression phenotypes arise from the binding of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) to DNA, and from the regulation of nearby genes that such binding causes. Th...
Which phase III clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis involve baricitinib? (November 2017)
The phase 3 clinical trials of baricitinib in rheumatoid arthritis patients are: RA-BEACON, RA-BUILD, RA-BEAM.
BACKGROUND: Baricitinib is an oral, reversible, selective Janus kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor. METHODS: In this phase III, double-blind 24-week study, 684 biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)-naïve patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response or intolerance to ≥1 conventional synthetic DMA...
Which disease risk can be estimated with the Stop-Bang questionnaire?
Stop-Bang questionnaire is used to predict risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
BACKGROUND: As many as 80% of patients with asthma suffer from allergic rhinitis (AR), and rhinitis symptoms are associated with sleep complaints The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome risk in patients with asthma and to explore the association between ...
List indications for palivizumab for treatment of RSV-induced bronchiolitis.
According to guidelines palivizumab is available for treatment of RSV-induced bronchiolitis in high-risk infants: born before 29 weeks' gestation, infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity, and infants and children with hemodynamically significant heart disease. Palivizumab reduces the burden of bronchiolitis bu...
BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common pathogen that is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children. High-risk children are at risk of severe infection, which may require hospitalisation. RSV is also associated with a high risk for respiratory morbidity and mortality,...
List factors that promote lymphangiogenesis.
VEGF-C VEGF-D VEGF-R3
BACKGROUND: The anti-cancer mechanism of neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) is not well understood. Lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in cancer progression and is regulated by a complex mechanism that includes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. However, there is little information regardi...
Which siRNA based drug is in clinical trials for the treatment of pancreatic cancer?
siG12D-LODERTM has been tested in a phase 1/2a clinical trial of patients with pancreatic cancer.
PURPOSE: The miniature biodegradable implant siG12D-LODER™ was inserted into a tumor and released a siRNA drug against KRAS(G12D) along four months. This novel siRNA based drug was studied, in combination with chemotherapy, as targeted therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (LAPC). METHODS: An open-label Pha...
How is CTCF activated post-translationally?
The chromatin insulator protein CTCF carries a post-translational modification: poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
Chromatin insulators demarcate expression domains by blocking the cis effects of enhancers or silencers in a position-dependent manner. We show that the chromatin insulator protein CTCF carries a post-translational modification: poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that a poly(ADP-r...
What is the HPG pore?
The use of nanopore technologies is expected to spread in the future because they are portable and can sequence long fragments of DNA molecules without prior amplification. The first nanopore sequencer available, the MinION™ from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, is a USB-connected, portable device that allows real-time DN...
BACKGROUND: The use of opore technologies is expected to spread in the future because they are portable and can sequence long fragments of DNA molecules without prior amplification. The first opore sequencer available, the MinION™ from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, is a USB-connected, portable device that allows re...
SGOT is an abbreviation for an enzyme other wise known as alanine amino transferase, yes or no?
patients with aspartate amino transferase (SGOT), alanine amino transferase (SGPT),
The usefulness of blood enzyme determinations as markers of liver necrosis was tested in 100 alcoholics who underwent biopsy during clinical investigation. Mean values of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), serum aspartate and alanine transferase (SGOT and SGPT), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), and gamma-glutamylt...
Is patisiran currently (November 2017) in clinical phase II trials?
No, patisiran is in phase 3 clinical studies.
Ten years after Fire and Melo's Nobel Prize for discovery of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA, a remarkable progress was achieved in RNA interference (RNAi). Changes in the chemical structure of synthetic oligonucleotides make them more stable and specific, and new delivery strategies became progressively avai...
Which R/Bioconductor package has been developed for cancer subtype identification?
Identifying molecular cancer subtypes from multi-omics data is an important step in the personalized medicine. CancerSubtypes is an R/Bioconductor package for molecular cancer subtype identification, validation and visualization. CancerSubtypes integrates four main computational methods which are highly cited for cance...
SUMMARY: Identifying molecular cancer subtypes from multi-omics data is an important step in the personalized medicine. We introduce CancerSubtypes, an R package for identifying cancer subtypes using multi-omics data, including gene expression, miRNA expression and DNA methylation data. CancerSubtypes integrates fo...
Is Solanezumab effective for Alzheimer's Disease?
No. Solanezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds amyloid, failed to improve cognition or functional ability in patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, gliosis, and neuronal loss. Solanezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, preferentially binds soluble forms of amyloid and in preclinical studies promoted its clearance from the brain. METHODS: In two phase 3, double-...
Are organisms in the genus Morexella associated with sepsis?
Moraxella species may cause neonatal sepsis
BACKGROUND: Neonatal sepsis is characterised by bacteraemia and clinical symptoms caused by microorganisms and their toxic products. Gram negative bacteria are the commonest causes of neonatal Sepsis. The resistance to the commonly used antibiotics is alarmingly high. The major reason for emerging resistance agains...
Are there mammalian promoters with distal enhancer functions?
Yes. Several studies have suggested that some promoters might have enhancer functions. By exploiting a high-throughput enhancer reporter assay, scientists have unraveled a set of mammalian promoters displaying enhancer activity. These promoters have distinct genomic and epigenomic features and frequently interact with ...
Gene expression in mammals is precisely regulated by the combination of promoters and gene-distal regulatory regions, known as enhancers. Several studies have suggested that some promoters might have enhancer functions. However, the extent of this type of promoters and whether they actually function to regulate the...
What gene is mutated in Familial Mediterranean Fever?
The MEFV gene which encodes the pyrin protein is mutated in Familial Mediterranean Fever(FMF).
BACKGROUND: Familial Mediterranean fever is a recessively inherited disorder characterized by episodes of fever with abdominal pain, pleurisy, or arthritis. The familial Mediterranean fever gene, designated MEFV, was recently cloned, and at least three missense mutations (M6801, M694V, and V726A) that account for a ...
Which R/bioconductor package has been developed to aid in epigenomic analysis?
DeepBlueR is a package that allows for large-scale epigenomic analysis in R.
MOTIVATION: While large amounts of epigenomic data are publicly available, their retrieval in a form suitable for downstream analysis is a bottleneck in current research. The DeepBlue Epigenomic Data Server provides a powerful interface and API for filtering, transforming, aggregating and downloading data from sever...
Is autosomal dominant inheritanced form of Osteogenesis imperfecta caused by mutations in the genes associated with collagen production?
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones. The autosomal dominant form of the disease is cause by a mutation in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes which produce type I collagen.
Most individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are heterozygous for domit mutations in one of the genes that encode the chains of type I collagen. Each of the more than 30 mutations characterized to date has been unique to the affected member(s) of the family. We have determined that two individuals with a prog...
Is Apremilast effective for Behcet’s syndrome?
Yes. Apremilast was proven to be effective for treatment of Behcet’s syndrome.
Apremilast (Otezla(®)), an oral small molecule inhibitor of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4), is under development with Celgene Corporation for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's syndrome, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Apremilast is ind...
Are splicing speckles associated with transcription?
Speckles contain little detectable transcriptional activity.
The NHPX protein is a nucleolar factor that binds directly to a conserved RNA target sequence found in nucleolar box C/D snoRNAs and in U4 snRNA. Using enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)- and enhanced cyan fluorescent protein-NHPX fusions, we show here that NHPX is specifically accumulated in both nucleoli ...
What is miravirsen?
Miravirsen is the first miRNA-targeting drug for the treatment of hepatitis C.
BACKGROUND: MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is an important host factor for hepatitis C virus replication. Administration of miravirsen, an anti-miR-122 oligonucleotide, resulted in a dose dependent and prolonged decrease in HCV RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C patients. AIM: To assess the plasma level of various miRNAs in ...
Centor criteria are used for which disease?
Centor criteria were developed to diagnose streptococcal pharyngitis.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the test characteristics and test for spectrum bias of a rapid antigen test for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis among adults. METHODS: Medical record and laboratory results of consecutive adult patients receiving a rapid antigen test for GABHS in the emergency de...
Does Enzastaurin improve survival of glioblastoma patients?
No. Treatment with enzastaurin does not improve survival of glioblastoma patients.
PURPOSE: This phase III open-label study compared the efficacy and safety of enzastaurin versus lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (WHO grade 4). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive 6-week cycles of enzastaurin 500 mg/d (1,125-mg loading dose, day 1) or lomustine (100 ...
Is Tofacitinib effective for Ulcerative Colitis?
Yes. Tofacitinib, an oral small-molecule Janus kinase inhibitor, is effective in the treatment of moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. It is also effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon for which current treatments are not universally effective. One additional treatment may be tofacitinib (CP-690,550), an oral inhibitor of Janus kinases 1, 2, and 3 with in vitro functional specificity for kinases 1 and 3 over kinase 2, w...
Which are the main transcriptional activators of circadian oscillations?
Mammalian CLOCK and BMAL1 are two members of bHLH-PAS-containing family of transcription factors that represent the positive elements of circadian autoregulatory feedback loop.
Transcriptional regulation appears to be fundamental to circadian oscillations of clock gene expression. These oscillations are believed to control output rhythms. The transcriptional feedback loop and a model of interlocked loops have been proposed as the basis for these oscillations. We characterized the genomic ...
Is CREB a key memory protein?
The creb protein is associated with memory
One of the key issues pertaining to the control of memory is to respond to a consistently changing environment or microbial niche present in it. Human cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor which plays a crucial role in memory has a homolog in C. elegans, crh-1. crh-1 appears to inf...
Which clinical trials for psoriasis involved tofacitinib? (November 2017)
Four phase 3 clinical trials have been performed to assess tofacitinib in psoriasis patients: OPT Retreatment, OPT Pivotal 1, OPT Pivotal 2, OPT Compare
BACKGROUND: Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor that is being investigated for psoriasis. Psoriasis impacts on physical and psychological well-being; improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with etanercept in psoriasis are well documented. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HRQoL with tofacitinib, vs. p...
Which two interleukins are inhibited by Ustekinumab?
Ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the shared p40 subunit of interleukin-12 and interleukin-23, is approved in the USA and Europe for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.
BACKGROUND: Interleukins 12 and 23 have important roles in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. We assessed ustekinumab, a human monoclonal antibody directed against these cytokines, for the treatment of psoriasis. METHODS: In this phase III, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 766 patients with moderate-...
What is a potential side effect for Tymlos?
Possible bone cancer (osteosarcoma). During animal drug testing, TYMLOS caused some rats to develop a bone cancer called osteosarcoma.
Prolonged treatment with human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) in rats results in development of bone tumors, though this finding has not been supported by clinical experience. The PTH type 1 receptor agonist abaloparatide, selected for its bone anabolic activity, is under clinical development to treat postmenopausal wo...
Which disorder has been approved for treatment with Alk inhibitors?
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is detected in 3-7% of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Crizotinib is an ALK inhibitor, which was approved in 2011 for the treatment of ALK-positive lung cancer.
Alectinib, an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, is approved for treatment of patients with ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer who have progressed, on or are intolerant to, crizotinib. This study assessed the effect of a high-fat meal and the proton pump inhibitor, esomeprazole, on the pharmacokinetics (PK) o...
List proteins that are targeted by "immune checkpoints inhibitors".
The treatment landscape of advanced melanoma has changed significantly following the discovery and marketing authorisation of immune checkpoints inhibitors. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) was the first one to be approved, and it. demonstrated long-term survival in about 20% of patients. Subsequently, anti-programmed cell dea...
The infiltration of myeloid cells helps tumors to overcome immune surveillance and imparts resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Thus, strategies to modulate the effects of these immune cells may offer a potential therapeutic benefit. We report here that tasquinimod, a novel immunotherapy which targets S100A9 signali...
Which genes belong to the AUX/IAA family of transcription repressors in plants?
The Aux/IAA proteins are auxin-sensitive repressors that mediate diverse physiological and developmental processes in plants [1, 2]. There are 29 Aux/IAA genes in Arabidopsis that exhibit unique but partially overlapping patterns of expression Plant Stress Tolerance Requires Auxin-Sensitive Aux/IAA Transcriptional Repr...
Aux/IAA genes are early auxin response genes that encode short-lived nuclear proteins with four conserved domains, referred to as I, II, III, and IV. Arabidopsis Aux/IAA proteins repressed transcription on auxin-responsive reporter genes in protoplast transfection assays. Mutations in domain II resulted in increase...
What is GenomeVIP?
Here, we introduce the Genome Variant Investigation Platform (GenomeVIP), an open-source framework for performing genomics variant discovery and annotation using cloud- or local high-performance computing infrastructure.GenomeVIP orchestrates the analysis of whole-genome and exome sequence data using a set of robust an...
Identifying genomic variants is a fundamental first step toward the understanding of the role of inherited and acquired variation in disease. The accelerating growth in the corpus of sequencing data that underpins such analysis is making the data-download bottleneck more evident, placing substantial burdens on the ...
List the ten types of conjoined twins.
Thoraco-omphalopagus: Two bodies fused from the upper chest to the lower chest. These twins usually share a heart, and may also share the liver or part of the digestive system. Thoracopagus:Two bodies fused from the upper thorax to lower belly. The heart is always involved in these cases. Omphalopagus: Two bodies fused...
Magnetic resoce imaging (MRI) was used for the first time in the preoperative planning for separation of conjoined twins. In these omphalopagus infants, MRI showed normal biliary and cardiovascular structures and demonstrated, in detail, a relatively avascular plane through the liver bridge, which enabled safe sepa...
Which algorithm has been developed in order to improve multiple circular sequence alignment using refined sequences?
MARS improves multiple circular sequence alignment using refined sequences. MARS was implemented in the C++ programming language as a program to compute the rotations (cyclic shifts) required to best align a set of input sequences. Experimental results, using real and synthetic data, show that MARS improves the alignme...
BACKGROUND: A fundamental assumption of all widely-used multiple sequence alignment techniques is that the left- and right-most positions of the input sequences are relevant to the alignment. However, the position where a sequence starts or ends can be totally arbitrary due to a number of reasons: arbitrariness in ...
Which stapled peptide has been designed to target Ctf4?
The stapled Sld5 peptide was able to displace the Ctf4 partner DNA polymerase α from the replisome in yeast extracts.
Mutation of which gene causes arterial tortuosity syndrome?
Arterial tortuosity syndrome is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC2A10, which encodes facilitative glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10).
Author information: (1)Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy. marco.ritelli@unibs.it. (2)Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Me...
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici. is a plant pathogen in plants producing what common food?
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici.produces causes vascular wilt disease in tomatoes.
The antifungal glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine of the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum) is proposed to protect the plant against phytopathogenic fungi. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a vascular pathogen of tomato, produces a tomatinase enzyme which hydrolyses the glycoalkaloid into non-fungitoxic compound...
Is cilengitide effective for treatment of glioblastoma?
No, cilengitide does not improve survival of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Cilengitide is a cyclic pentapeptide that demonstrated efficacy for GBM treatment by targeting the integrins avβ3 and avβ5 over-expressed on GBM cells. However, randomized phase III CENTRIC and phase II CORE trials explored failed to meet their p...
The integrin antagonist cilengitide has been explored as an adjunct with anti-angiogenic properties to standard of care temozolomide chemoradiotherapy (TMZ/RT → TMZ) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Preclinical data as well as anecdotal clinical observations indicate that anti-angiogenic treatment may result in alt...
What is BBCAnalyzer?
BBCAnalyzer (Bases By CIGAR Analyzer) provides a novel visual approach to facilitate this step of time-consuming, manual inspection of common mutation sites. BBCAnalyzer is able to visualize base counts at predefined positions or regions in any sequence alignment data that are available as BAM files. Thereby, the tool ...
BACKGROUND: Deriving valid variant calling results from raw next-generation sequencing data is a particularly challenging task, especially with respect to clinical diagnostics and personalized medicine. However, when using classic variant calling software, the user usually obtains nothing more than a list of varian...
Can multiple myeloma patients develop hyperviscosity syndrome?
Yes, multiple myeloma patients can develop hyperviscosity syndrome. Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic plasma-cell disorder resulting from malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. It can cause a hyperviscosity syndrome secondary to the paraproteinaemia associated with the disease. The increased hyperviscosity can lead ...
A case of IgA (kappa type) myeloma complicated by fractures of the bones and hyperviscosity syndrome is presented. A 56-year-old woman who had been followed as an outpatient with diabetes mellitus for about 16 years, developed multiple myeloma. She also showed symptoms and signs of hyperviscosity syndrome; hemorrha...
What is the purpose of the FaceBase consortium?
The FaceBase Consortium, funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, is designed to accelerate understanding of craniofacial developmental biology by generating comprehensive data resources to empower the research community, exploring high-throughput technology, ...
We introduce the Ontology of Craniofacial Development and Malformation (OCDM) as a mechanism for representing knowledge about craniofacial development and malformation, and for using that knowledge to facilitate integrating craniofacial data obtained via multiple techniques from multiple labs and at multiple levels...
What is TCGA2BED?
Data extraction and integration methods are becoming essential to effectively access and take advantage of the huge amounts of heterogeneous genomics and clinical data increasingly available. TCGA2BED is a software tool to search and retrieve TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data, and convert them in the structured BED f...
BACKGROUND: Data extraction and integration methods are becoming essential to effectively access and take advantage of the huge amounts of heterogeneous genomics and clinical data increasingly available. In this work, we focus on The Cancer Genome Atlas, a comprehensive archive of tumoral data containing the result...
Does the human lncRNA LINC-PINT promote tumorigenesis?
No. LINC-PINT is downregulated in multiple types of cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor lncRNA by reducing the invasive phenotype of cancer cells.
Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, p53 induced transcript (Linc-pint) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that regulates tumor cell viability and proliferation. We used qRT-PCR and RNA FISH analysis to evaluate Linc-pint levels in the plasma and tumor tissues of pancreatic cancer (PCa) patients. Our data demonstr...
Is LDB1-mediated enhancer looping dependent on cohesin?
No. LDB1-mediated enhancer looping can be established independent of mediator and cohesin.
Mechanistic studies in erythroid cells indicate that LDB1, as part of a GATA1/TAL1/LMO2 complex, brings erythroid-expressed genes into proximity with enhancers for transcription activation. The role of co-activators in establishing this long-range interaction is poorly understood. Here we tested the contributions o...
Describe nursemaid's elbow injury.
Nursemaid's elbow is a radial head subluxation caused by axial traction on the extended arm while the forearm is pronated, allowing for slippage of the radial head. Nursemaid's elbow usually occurs in young children when longitudinal traction is placed on the arm.
Six instances of subluxation of the radial head ("nursemaid's elbow, pulled elbow") in babies in the first 6 months of life are presented. In four cases, the pulled elbow was produced in a previously unreported fashion. Acute annular ligament interposition into the radiocapitellar joint ("nursemaid's elbow") is a co...
What is trismus?
Trimus is defined as restricted mouth opening due to disorder of the temporomandibular joint.
Trismus is a restriction in the ability to open the mouth. Trismus can occur following trauma, surgery, radiation therapy, infection, inflammatory diseases, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) or less commonly as a result of maligcy. Following two cases of delayed diagnosis of carcinoma presenting with features of TM...
What is mechanism of action of Benralizumab?
Benralizumab is a humanised, anti-interleukin 5 receptor α monoclonal antibody that directly and rapidly depletes eosinophils, reduces asthma exacerbations, and improves lung function for patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.
BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with eosinophilic airway inflammation in 10-20% of patients. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor α monoclonal antibody, depletes blood and sputum eosinophils. We aimed to establish whether benralizumab reduces acute exacerbations of COP...
Is there any link between ERCC1-XPF and cohesin?
Yes. ERCC1-XPF cooperates with CTCF and cohesin to facilitate the developmental silencing of imprinted genes.
Inborn defects in DNA repair are associated with complex developmental disorders whose causal mechanisms are poorly understood. Using an in vivo biotinylation tagging approach in mice, we show that the nucleotide excision repair (NER) structure-specific endonuclease ERCC1-XPF complex interacts with the insulator bi...
Describe the Match BAM to VCF (MBV) method.
MBV (Match BAM to VCF) is a method to quickly solve sample mislabeling and detect cross-sample contamination and PCR amplification bias.
MOTIVATION: Large genomic datasets combining genotype and sequence data, such as for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) detection, require perfect matching between both data types. RESULTS: We described here MBV (Match BAM to VCF); a method to quickly solve sample mislabeling and detect cross-sample contamina...
Does Evolocumab improve cognitive function?
No, Evolocumab does not improve cognitive functioning.
Some observational studies raised concern that statins may cause memory impairment, leading to a US Food and Drug Administration warning. Similar questions were raised regarding proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) and neurocognitive function. No prospectively designed study has evaluat...
Can radius fracture cause carpal tunnel syndrome?
Yes, carpal tunnel syndrome is a common complication associated with distal radius fractures.
We report the incidence of late onset post-operative carpal tunnel syndrome (late carpal tunnel syndrome) and late median nerve neuropathy after volar plating of distal radius fracture by conducting a retrospective study on volar plating for distal radius fracture performed during 2002 to 2006. Two hundred eighty-t...
Can Logic Alignment Free (LAF) be used for bacterial genomes classification?
Yes. Logic Alignment Free (LAF), a method that combines alignment-free techniques and rule-based classification algorithms can be used in order to assign biological samples to their taxa.
Alignment-free algorithms can be used to estimate the similarity of biological sequences and hence are often applied to the phylogenetic reconstruction of genomes. Most of these algorithms rely on comparing the frequency of all the distinct substrings of fixed length (k-mers) that occur in the analyzed sequences. I...
Is Marfan syndrome associated with chordal rupture?
Yes, chordal rupture was described in patients with Marfan syndrome.
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) is usually a variant of normal occurring in about 4% of the population. Complications are relatively uncommon, but false associations due to ascertainment bias have had a potential for iatrogenic harm. Adverse outcomes which do occur in a subset of MVP subjects are considered here in rel...
What is the mechanism of action of Fremanezumab?
Fremanezumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP). It was shown to be effective for migraine preventive therapy. Other three monoclonal antibodies targeting the CGRP pathway are eptinezumab, erenumab and galcanezumab.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The results of phase 2 randomized controlled trials for the prevention of episodic and chronic migraine demonstrating the efficacy and safety of four mAbs targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway [ALD403 (eptinezumab), AMG334 (erenumab), LY2951742 (galcanezumab) and TEV48125 (...
Is trastuzumab associated cardiotoxicity reversible?
Cardiotoxicity is a potential adverse effect of trastuzumab, manifesting as either an asymptomatic decline in left-ventricular ejection fraction or infrequently as largely reversible symptomatic heart failure (HF). Reduction of cardiac function by trastuzumab is mostly reversible, however, some patients, especially tho...
PURPOSE: Trastuzumab is an important biologic agent with significant activity in breast cancers that overexpress the HER2/neu marker. However, trastuzumab is associated with cardiotoxicity that has not yet been fully explored. We present our experience with patients who developed trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity. ...
What is the role of nimotuzumab in treatment of pontine glioma?
Nimotuzumab (an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody) is being used for treatment of pontine gliomas. Nimotuzumab is a very well-tolerated drug with acceptable toxicity, and it may have promising value in the combination treatment. Clinical trials evaluating efficacy of nimotuzumab are ongoing.
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs)--including glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma--are difficult to treat and are associated with an extremely poor prognosis. There are no effective chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of pediatric HGG, but many new treatmen...
Describe annotatr
Analysis of next-generation sequencing data often results in a list of genomic regions. These may include differentially methylated CpGs/regions, transcription factor binding sites, interacting chromatin regions, or GWAS-associated SNPs, among others. A common analysis step is to annotate such genomic regions to genomi...
MOTIVATION: Analysis of next-generation sequencing data often results in a list of genomic regions. These may include differentially methylated CpGs/regions, transcription factor binding sites, interacting chromatin regions, or GWAS-associated SNPs, among others. A common analysis step is to annotate such genomic r...
What is Blount's disease?
Blount's disease (tibia vara) is a progressive form of genu varum due to asymmetrical inhibition of the postero medial portion of the proximal tibial epiphysis. It causes causes genu varum and internal tibial torsion. It is the most common cause of pathologic genu varum in children and adolescents
A review of the English literature on Blount disease (osteochondrosis deformans tibiae; tibia vara) revealed that two forms of the disease, infantile and adolescent, are recognized. The cause of Blount disease is probably multifactorial. Most recent evidence on the pathogenesis implicates mechanical factors. The di...
Describe mechanism of action of Nusinersen.
Nusinersen is a modified antisense oligonucleotide that binds to a specific sequence in the intron, downstream of exon 7 on the pre-messenger ribonucleic acid (pre-mRNA) of the SMN2 gene. This modulates the splicing of the SMN2 mRNA transcript to include exon 7, thereby increasing the production of full-length SMN prot...
BACKGROUND: Nusinersen is a 2'-O-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate-modified antisense drug being developed to treat spinal muscular atrophy. Nusinersen is specifically designed to alter splicing of SMN2 pre-mRNA and thus increase the amount of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein that is deficient in patients...
Describe King–Kopetzky syndrome.
The principal symptom of subjects suffering from King-Kopetzky syndrome (Obscure Auditory Dysfunction) is perceived difficulty in recognizing and understanding speech in noisy backgrounds. For some patients, minor disturbances in auditory function, e.g. a deteriorated signal-to-noise ratio for speech, can be demonstrat...
King-Kopetzky syndrome is characterized by auditory disability with a clinically normal hearing threshold. The main reported disability is hearing speech in the presence of background noise. The degrees of speech-hearing disability in patients with King-Kopetzky syndrome have been investigated with the use of the S...
What is the 959 Nematode Genomes initiative?
The phylum Nematoda is rich and diverse and of interest to a wide range of research fields from basic biology through ecology and parasitic disease. For all these communities, it is now clear that access to genome scale data will be key to advancing understanding, and in the case of parasites, developing new ways to co...
Genome sequencing has been democratized by second-generation technologies, and even small labs can sequence metazoan genomes now. In this article, we describe '959 Nematode Genomes'--a community-curated semantic wiki to coordinate the sequencing efforts of individual labs to collectively sequence 959 genomes spanni...
Which are the constitutive parts of a Genomic Regulatory Block (GRB)?
GRBs are spanned by highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs), their developmental regulatory target genes, and phylogenetically and functionally unrelated "bystander" genes.
We report evidence for a mechanism for the maintece of long-range conserved synteny across vertebrate genomes. We found the largest mammal-teleost conserved chromosomal segments to be spanned by highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs), their developmental regulatory target genes, and phylogenetically and functi...
Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir are used for tratment of which disease?
The combination of direct-acting antivirals glecaprevir and pibrentasvir is effective for treatment of Hepatitis C virus infection.
Although direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have demonstrated high rates of sustained virologic response, virologic failure may still occur, potentially leading to the emergence of viral resistance, which can decrease the effectiveness of subsequent treatment. Trea...
What is the drug target(s) for Belsomra?
Belsomra is a dual orexin receptor antagonist for both the Ox1 and Ox2 receptors
Suvorexant (Belsomra(®)), a first-in-class, orally active dual orexin-1 receptor and orexin-2 receptor antagonist, has been developed by Merck for the treatment of insomnia. Variations in the levels of the neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B have been linked to circadian rhythms and wakefulness. Orexin-producing neu...
Can canagliflozin cause euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis?
Yes, canagliflozin use can cause euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. In May 2015, the FDA issued a warning of ketoacidosis with use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) drug class.
The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) MedWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MedWatch, please cons...
What is CellMaps?
CellMaps is an HTML5 open-source web tool that allows displaying, editing, exploring and analyzing biological networks as well as integrating metadata into them.
Author information: (1)Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia 46012, Spain Bioinformatics of Rare Diseases (BIER), CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain. (2)Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valenci...
Is there an association between Klinefelter syndrome and breast cancer?
Yes, Klinefelter syndrome is associated with increased risk of male breast cancer. Other risk factors of male breast cancer are positive family history, and mutations in BRCA1 and specially BRCA2.
Breast cancer in a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome is reported. Possible correlation between testosterone and estradiol serum levels after testosterone-ethate substitution, estrogen receptors in tumor tissue and clinical symptomatology are discussed. The various theories of etiology concerning breast cancer in ...
Which R packages have been developed for the discovery of mutational signatures in cancer?
signeR: an empirical Bayesian approach to mutational signature discovery. Mutational signatures can be used to understand cancer origins and provide a unique opportunity to group tumor types that share the same origins and result from similar processes. These signatures have been identified from high throughput sequenc...
Mutational signatures are patterns in the occurrence of somatic single-nucleotide variants that can reflect underlying mutational processes. The SomaticSignatures package provides flexible, interoperable and easy-to-use tools that identify such signatures in cancer sequencing data. It facilitates large-scale, cross...
According to guidelines, insulin resistance is one risk factor in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, name 3 more risk factors.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is generally defined as a cluster of metabolically related cardiovascular risk factors which are often associated with the condition of insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and abdominal obesity.
Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), also termed syndrome X, is a distinctive constellation of risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The syndrome's hallmarks are glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, a characteristic dyslipidemia (high triglycerides; low high-densit...
Silent Allosteric Modulation of mGluR5 is a form of treatment for what disease?
silent allosteric modulation of mGluR5 has promise as a disease-modifying AD intervention with a broad therapeutic window.
What are check point inhibitors?
Immune checkpoint blocking monoclonal antibodies are heralded as a promising therapeutic approach in clinical oncology. These mAbs do not directly attack the malignant cells as most anticancer mAbs; rather, they enhance the anti-tumor response of the immune system by targeting immune regulatory pathways.
The immune system plays an active role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer (OC), as well as in the mechanisms of disease progression and overall survival (OS). Immunotherapy in gynecological cancers could help to revert immunosuppression and lymphocyte depletion due to prior treatments. Current immunotherapies fo...
Are the human bombesin receptors, GRPR and NMBR, frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by lung-cancers?
The human bombesin receptors, GRPR and NMBR, are two of the most frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by lung-cancers
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a member of the bombesin family of peptides, has been shown to have mitogenic activity in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and to be produced by SCLC in an autocrine fashion. In this report, we demonstrate that both GRP and another member of the bombesin family of peptides, neurome...
Which data simulator is available for CLIP-SEQ experiments?
CLIP-Seq protocols such as PAR-CLIP, HITS-CLIP or iCLIP allow a genome-wide analysis of protein-RNA interactions. For the processing of the resulting short read data, various tools are utilized. Some of these tools were specifically developed for CLIP-Seq data, whereas others were designed for the analysis of RNA-Seq d...
CLIP-Seq protocols such as PAR-CLIP, HITS-CLIP or iCLIP allow a genome-wide analysis of protein-RNA interactions. For the processing of the resulting short read data, various tools are utilized. Some of these tools were specifically developed for CLIP-Seq data, whereas others were designed for the analysis of RNA-S...
Falciform ligament sign is characteristic to which disease?
The falciform ligament sign (gas outlining the falciform ligament) is characteristic to pneumoperitoneum due to intestinal perforation.
A blinded, retrospective study was performed to determine the value of supine abdominal radiographs in diagnosing pneumoperitoneum. Supine films from 44 cases of pneumoperitoneum were randomly interspersed among supine films from 87 control subjects without free air, and the films were reviewed for the presence or ...
Is vorinostat effective for glioblastoma?
No. Although vorinostat is well tolerated it does not improve survival of glioblastoma patients.
A phase I study was conducted to determine the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for the combination of vorinostat with bevacizumab and CPT-11 in recurrent glioblastoma. Vorinostat was combined with bevacizumab and CPT-11 and was escalated using a standard 3 + 3 design. Vorinostat was ...
Is there any role of Dlx1 and Dlx2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons?
Yes. DLX2 directly drives Gad1, Gad2, and Vgat expression, and mutants have reduced mIPSC amplitude. In addition, the mutants formed fewer GABAergic synapses on excitatory neurons and have reduced mIPSC frequency. Furthermore, Dlx1/2 CKO have hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory inpu...
Author information: (1)Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. (2)Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. (3)Departments of...
Describe SNP2TFBS
SNP2TFBS is a computational resource intended to support researchers investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory variation in the human genome. The database essentially consists of a collection of text files providing specific annotations for human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely whether...
What is SMiLE-seq?
Selective microfluidics-based ligand enrichment followed by sequencing (SMiLE-seq) is a semiautomated protein-DNA interaction characterization technology. SMiLE-seq is neither limited by DNA bait length nor biased toward strong affinity binders; it probes the DNA-binding properties of TFs over a wide affinity range in ...
Resolving the DNA-binding specificities of transcription factors (TFs) is of critical value for understanding gene regulation. Here, we present a novel, semiautomated protein-DNA interaction characterization technology, selective microfluidics-based ligand enrichment followed by sequencing (SMiLE-seq). SMiLE-seq is...
What is libgapmis?
libgapmis is a library for extending pairwise short-read alignments. Apart from the standard CPU version, it includes ultrafast SSE- and GPU-based implementations. libgapmis is based on an algorithm computing a modified version of the traditional dynamic-programming matrix for sequence alignment. The open-source code o...
BACKGROUND: A wide variety of short-read alignment programmes have been published recently to tackle the problem of mapping millions of short reads to a reference genome, focusing on different aspects of the procedure such as time and memory efficiency, sensitivity, and accuracy. These tools allow for a small numbe...
Has ATF4 transcription factor been linked to cancer and neoplastic transformation?
Yes, ATF4 transcription factor has been linked to cancer and neoplastic transformation.
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) belongs to the ATF/CREB (activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP response element binding protein) family of basic region-leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factors, which have the consensus binding site cAMP responsive element (CRE). ATF4 has numerous dimerization partn...
Are patients with Sjogren syndrome at increased risk for lymphoma?
Yes, the heightened risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) development in primary Sjogren syndrome is well established. Five per cent of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome develop malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, usually of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and most frequently located in the major salivar...
A case of pulmonary pseudolymphoma and Sjogren syndrome is presented. Unusually, the lung involvement preceded the salivary disease by more than two years. The initial gammopathy and abnormal serologies are more consistent with uncomplicated Sjogren syndrome, but were present when the pseudolymphoma was solely appa...
Describe JACUSA
JACUSA detects single nucleotide variants by comparing data from next-generation sequencing experiments (RNA-DNA or RNA-RNA). In practice, JACUSA shows higher recall and comparable precision in detecting A→I sites from RNA-DNA comparisons, while showing higher precision and recall in RNA-RNA comparisons.
BACKGROUND: RNA editing is a co-transcriptional modification that increases the molecular diversity, alters secondary structure and protein coding sequences by changing the sequence of transcripts. The most common RNA editing modification is the single base substitution (A→I) that is catalyzed by the members of the ...
What is the mechanism of action of Tezepelumab?
Tezepelumab is human monoclonal antibody specific for the epithelial-cell-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP).
The pro-inflammatory cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is pivotal to the pathophysiology of widespread allergic diseases mediated by type 2 helper T cell (Th2) responses, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. The emergence of human TSLP as a clinical target against asthma calls for maximally harnessing ...
What is the association between kidney donation risk of gestational complications?
Kidney donation seems to elevate the risks of gestational complications. Postdonation pregnancies were associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, proteinuria and preeclampsia. However, others reported that donor nephrectomy is not detrimental to the prenatal course or outcome of fu...
Potential female donors frequently ask whether unilateral nephrectomy will impair future childbearing capabilities. To address this question, we surveyed 220 women who underwent donor nephrectomy between 1985 and 1992. Of the 144 women who responded, 33 became pregt after donation for a total of 45 pregcies. Sevent...
Does prolactinoma increase osteoporosis risk?
Yes, prolactinomas increase risk of osteoporosis. Prolactinomas also cause hypogonadism, infertility, and tumor mass effects.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the osteoporotic fracture risk in premenopausal women with hyperprolactinemia due to prolactinoma. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 20 white, premenopausal women with prolactinoma and in 60 healthy control white women, using quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the os calc...
In November 2017, in what phase was the clinical trial for the drug SYL040012?
SYL040012 is in phase 2 clinical trials
Ten years after Fire and Melo's Nobel Prize for discovery of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA, a remarkable progress was achieved in RNA interference (RNAi). Changes in the chemical structure of synthetic oligonucleotides make them more stable and specific, and new delivery strategies became progressively avai...
Describe the RNA Centric Annotation System (RCAS)
The RNA Centric Annotation System (RCAS) is an R package which is designed to ease the process of creating gene-centric annotations and analysis for the genomic regions of interest obtained from various RNA-based omics technologies. The design of RCAS is modular, which enables flexible usage and convenient integration ...
In the field of RNA, the technologies for studying the transcriptome have created a tremendous potential for deciphering the puzzles of the RNA biology. Along with the excitement, the unprecedented volume of RNA related omics data is creating great challenges in bioinformatics analyses. Here, we present the RNA Cen...
What is Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in deer?
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting members of the cervid species, and is one of the few TSEs with an expanding geographic range.
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has emerged as an important disease of wildlife in North America. The disease is a unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases, which naturally affect only a few species. Of the TSEs, CWD is the only one found in free-ranging species. However...