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What are pQTLs? | The identification of protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) may be a powerful complementary method of improving our understanding of disease pathways. | Proteins are central to almost all cellular processes, and dysregulation of
expression and function is associated with a range of disorders. A number of
studies in human have recently shown that genetic factors significantly
contribute gene expression variation. In contrast, very little is known about
the genetic b... |
What is Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex? | Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is characterized by an abrupt dysphoria, or undesirable feeling that occurs with the MER and continues for no more than a few minutes. After milk ejection, the dysphoria vanishes. Symptoms may decrease by 3 months or they may continue throughout the breastfeeding period. | Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex (D-MER) is an abrupt emotional "drop" that occurs
in some women just before milk release and continues for not more than a few
minutes. The brief negative feelings range in severity from wistfulness to
self-loathing, and appear to have a physiological cause. The authors suggest
that a... |
Is Rucaparib effective for ovarian cancer? | Yes. Rucaparib is an oral, small molecule, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who have been treated with two or more chemotherapies and have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation identified by an approved companion diagnostic test. | Here, we investigate the potential role of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib (CO-338,
formerly known as AG014699 and PF-01367338) for the treatment of sporadic
ovarian cancer. We studied the growth inhibitory effects of rucaparib in a panel
of 39 ovarian cancer cell lines that were each characterized for mutation and
me... |
What is the "protein inference problem"? | A major challenge in shotgun proteomics has been the assignment of identified peptides to the proteins from which they originate, referred to as the protein inference problem. | A major challenge in shotgun proteomics has been the assignment of identified
peptides to the proteins from which they originate, referred to as the protein
inference problem. Redundant and homologous protein sequences present a
challenge in being correctly identified, as a set of peptides may in many cases
represe... |
What is the link between lithium use during pregnancy and Ebstein anomaly? | It is generally believed that lithium use is associated with increased risk of Ebstein anomaly. However, more recent studies challenge this association. | Lithium carbonate is an effective drug for prophylaxis and treatment of major
affective disorders. In-utero exposure to lithium during the first trimester of
pregcy might be associated with an increased risk of cardiac malformations,
especially the rare Ebstein's anomaly. We prospectively recruited and followed
148... |
Does verubecestat activate BACE? | No, verubecestat is a potent BACE inhibitor. | |
What does the Ribosome-bound Quality Control complex do? | Ribosome-bound Quality Control complex (RQC), which recognizes nascent peptides translated from aberrant mRNAs, polyubiquitylates these aberrant peptides, extracts them from the stalled 60S subunit and finally escorts them to the proteasome for degradation. | Proteostasis in eukaryotes is maintained by compartment-specific quality control
pathways, which enable the refolding or the degradation of defective
polypeptides to prevent the toxicity that may arise from their aggregation.
Among these processes, translational protein quality control is performed by the
Ribosome-... |
What is emicizumab? | ACE910 (emicizumab) is a humanized bispecific antibody recognizing factor IXa and X mimicking factor VIII function. | The development of inhibitors to factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX) remains
a major treatment complication encountered in the treatment of haemophilia. Not
all patients with even the same severity and genotype develop inhibitors
suggesting an underlying mechanism of tolerance against FVIII- or FIX-related
immun... |
What illness is transmitted by the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum? | Amblyomma americanum (Lone star tick) is an important disease vector in the United States. It transmits several human pathogens, including the agents of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, tularemia, and southern tick-associated rash illness [STARI] or Masters disease | Amblyomma americanum is an aggressive ixodid tick that has been implicated as a
vector for several bacterial agents. Among these is Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which
causes human monocytic (or monocytotropic) ehrlichiosis. In this study,
experimental tick transmission of E. chaffeensis from infected lone star ticks
to d... |
Which is the function of ubiquilins? | Ubiquilins, a family of ubiquitin-binding proteins, are involved in all protein degradation pathways. Ubiquilin (UBQLN) proteins are adaptors thought to link ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. | Ubiquilins (UBQLN), a family of adaptor proteins with partial homology with
ubiquitin, are proposed to facilitate proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated
substrates. We now demonstrate a novel role for UBQLN in promoting autophagosome
maturation during nutrient deprivation. Ectopic expression of UBQLN protects
cel... |
Which algorithm has been developed for prediction of protein subcellular localization using deep learning? | DeepLoc is an algorithm which has been developed for prediction of protein subcellular localization using deep learning. | MOTIVATION: The prediction of eukaryotic protein subcellular localization is a
well-studied topic in bioinformatics due to its relevance in proteomics
research. Many machine learning methods have been successfully applied in this
task, but in most of them, predictions rely on annotation of homologues from
knowledge... |
List the continent of origin for the brown marmorated stinkbug(Halyomorpha halys) | The brown marmorated stinkbug (Halyomorpha halys) is native to Asia | The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is native to Asia (China,
Taiwan, Japan, and the Korean peninsula). It was first found in Allentown, Pa,
in 1996 and has since spread across wide areas of the Eastern United States. As
of October 2010, at least 26 states have reported the presence of the brown
marm... |
Please list 6 symptoms of Scarlet fever. | Symptoms of scarlet fever include fever, rash, strawberry tongue and sore throat. In some cases other symptoms, angular stomatitis, tonsular exudate, and swollen lymph nodes are seen. | Group A streptococcal strains were isolated from the throats of 46 children
suffering from scarlet fever. For detection of erythrogenic toxins (ETs), the
culture supernatants were concentrated 100 times by ethanol precipitation and
solubilisation in acetate buffer. ELISA was used to identify ETA and double
immunodi... |
Gallbladder carriage is a well recognised means of spread of which bacteria? | Gallbladder carriage is associated with spread of Salmonella Typhi. | Although typhoid fever has been intensively studied, chronic typhoid carriage
still represents a problem for the transmission and persistence of the disease
in areas of endemicity. This chronic state is highly associated with the
presence of gallstones in the gallbladder of infected carriers upon which
Salmonella c... |
What is included in the Mentzer index? | Mentzer index (MCV/RBC) is mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell count (RBC) ratio. It is used for differentiation of thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia. | Several laboratory tests have been proposed for the differentiation of beta
thalassemia from iron deficiency, including decision functions based on red
blood cells indices generated by electronic cell counters. The accuracy of these
screening methods was assessed in 192 patients with microcytosis known to be
second... |
Which disease is treated with Fexinidazole? | Oral fexinidazole is effective for late-stage human african trypanosomiasis. | Fexinidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole drug currently in clinical development for
the treatment of human sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]),
caused by infection with species of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei.
The compound and its two principal metabolites, sulfoxide and sulfone, have been... |
Is Tocilizumab effective for Giant-Cell Arteritis? | Yes, Tocilizumab effective for Giant-Cell Arteritis. Its efficacy was proven in clinical trials. Tocilizumab may exert its therapeutic effects in Giant-Cell Arteritis by increasing the proliferation and activation of Tregs, and by reverting the pathogenic Treg phenotype seen during active disease. | INTRODUCTION: Treatment of giant cell arteritis is based on prolonged
corticosteroid therapy but adverse side effects are common especially in the
elderly.
CASE REPORTS: We report three patients with giant cell vasculitis treated by
tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antibody, owing to resistance or
intolerance... |
Is there a link between nuclear position and DNA repair pathway choice? | Yes. Nuclear position dictates DNA repair pathway choice, thus revealing a new level of regulation in DSB repair controlled by spatial organization of DNA within the nucleus. | Faithful DNA repair is essential to avoid chromosomal rearrangements and promote
genome integrity. Nuclear organization has emerged as a key parameter in the
formation of chromosomal translocations, yet little is known as to whether DNA
repair can efficiently occur throughout the nucleus and whether it is affected
... |
Can non ubiquitinated Tomm20 promote mitophagy? | The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (Tomm20), is a mitochondrial translocase that, when ubiquitinated, promotes mitophagy. | |
Does SARM1 deletion cause neurodegeneration? | Mouse strain with Sarm1 deletion (Sarm1-/-) is highly resistant to axon neurodegeneration. | Accruing evidence suggests that prion-like behavior of fibrillar forms of
α-synuclein, β-amyloid peptide and mutant huntingtin are responsible for the
spread of the lesions that characterize Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and
Huntington disease, respectively. It is unknown whether these distinct protein
assem... |
Is DNA polymerase θ involved in DNA repair? | Yes, DNA polymerase θ protects against genomic instability via an alternative end-joining repair pathway for DNA double-strand breaks. | DNA polymerase θ protects against genomic instability via an alternative
end-joining repair pathway for DNA double-strand breaks. Polymerase θ is
overexpressed in breast, lung and oral cancers, and reduction of its activity in
mammalian cells increases sensitivity to double-strand break-inducing agents,
including i... |
List drugs that are included in the Vosevi polypill. | Vosevi pill includes sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir. It is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A) who have: genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 infection and have previously... | |
What part of what body organ controls the circadian clock? | the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus acts as the central clock in mammals, the circadian expression of clock genes | The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls circadian rhythms in mammals. The SCN
may also participate in regulating body metabolism and energy. Similar to other
hypothalamic nuclei, the SCN have been reported to contain glucose-sensitive
neurons and receptors for the adipose tissue hormone, leptin. Here we
investig... |
Which algorithms are used for compression of SAM files? | The most popular format for genomic data is the SAM (Sequence Alignment/Map) format, which contains information such as alignment, quality values, etc. These files are large (on the order of terabytes), which necessitates compression. GeneComp, NGC, SAMZIP and QVZ are algorithms which perform compression of data stored... | Research in bioinformatics primarily involves collection and analysis of a large
volume of genomic data. Naturally, it demands efficient storage and transfer of
this huge amount of data. In recent years, some research has been done to find
efficient compression algorithms to reduce the size of various sequencing dat... |
What does MetaHIT stand for? | Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) project are focusing mainly on the human microbiome | |
List 4 drugs used to treat opioid addiction or overdose | Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone) and methadone are used to assist in opioid withdrawal and Naloxone is used to treat overdoses | The practice of prescribing opioid drugs for opioid dependent patients in the
U.S. has been subjected to special government scrutiny for almost 100 years.
From 1920 until 1964, doctors who used opioids to treat addicts risked federal
and/or state criminal prosecution. Although that period ended when oral
methadone ... |
Can nanoparticles be used for afterglow imaging? | Nanoparticles are used for afterglow imaging. | Afterglow or persistent luminescence eliminates the need for light excitation
and thus circumvents the issue of autofluorescence, holding promise for
molecular imaging. However, current persistent luminescence agents are rare and
limited to inorganic oparticles. This study reports the design principle,
synthesis, a... |
Describe mechanism of action of Romosozumab. | Romosozumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to sclerostin, prevents sclerostin from exerting this inhibitory effect. In the presence of romosozumab, the Wnt signaling pathway is activated leading to bone formation and bone mineral density gain. It is used for osteoporosis treatment. | INTRODUCTION: Disorders with inactivating mutations of the SOST gene result in
reduced or absent expression of sclerostin and are associated with high bone
mass. Sclerostin is an important regulator of bone formation due to its
inhibitory actions in the osteoanabolic Wnt signaling pathway. Advances in
understanding... |
Which proteins are regulated by Nrf2? | Keap1-Nrf2 system is known as a sensor of electrophilic compounds, and protects cells from oxidative stress through induction of various antioxidant enzymes. | Cellular stress leads to an upregulation of gene transcription. We asked if
there is a specificity in the activation of the stress-responsive transcription
factors Nrf2, ATF4, and AP-1/c-Jun, or if activation of these proteins is a
redundant cellular answer toward extracellular stressors. Here, we show that
oxidati... |
What drug cures hepatitis C? | Sofosbuvir-based therapy cures hepatitis C virus infection | BACKGROUND: The introduction of innovative specialty pharmaceuticals with high
prices has renewed efforts by public and private healthcare payers to constrain
their utilization, increase patient cost-sharing, and compel government
intervention on pricing. These efforts, although rational for individual payers,
have... |
Is there any role of interleukin-11 in cardiovascular fibrosis? | Yes. Interleukin 11 (IL11) upregulation is the dominant transcriptional response to TGFB1 exposure and required for its profibrotic effect. IL11 and its receptor (IL11RA) are expressed specifically in fibroblasts where they drive non-canonical, ERK-dependent autocrine signalling that is required for fibrogenic protein ... | Author information:
(1)National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.
(2)Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.
(3)Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
USA.
(4)Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular
Medicine in the Helmho... |
List major risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. | Apolipoprotein E4
type 2 diabetes
Clusterin
Hypertension
advancing age
obesity | The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing. Major risk factors for
AD are advancing age and diabetes. Lately, obesity has been associated with an
increased risk of dementia. Obese and diabetic individuals are prone to
decreased circulating levels of zinc, reducing the amount of zinc available for
cruci... |
What can be predicted with the Wells criteria? | Wells criteria are used to determine clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. | STUDY OBJECTIVE: The literature suggests that the d -dimer is useful in patients
suspected of having pulmonary embolism and who have a low pretest probability of
disease. A previously defined clinical decision rule, the Wells Criteria, may
provide a reliable and reproducible means of determining this pretest
probab... |
What is the purpose of the Tabix tool? | Tabix is the first generic tool that indexes position sorted files in TAB-delimited formats such as GFF, BED, PSL, SAM and SQL export, and quickly retrieves features overlapping specified regions. Tabix features include few seek function calls per query, data compression with gzip compatibility and direct FTP/HTTP acce... | |
What is MULTOVL? | MULTOVL is an application suite that detects and statistically analyses multiple overlaps of genomic regions in a fast and efficient manner. The package supports the detection of multiple region intersections, unions and 'solitary' genomic regions. The significance of actually observed overlaps is estimated by comparin... | We present the MULTOVL application suite that detects and statistically analyses
multiple overlaps of genomic regions in a fast and efficient manner. The package
supports the detection of multiple region intersections, unions and 'solitary'
genomic regions. The significance of actually observed overlaps is estimated... |
How is Hsd17b1 associated with endometriosis? | Evidence for association between the Ser312Gly polymorphism in HSD17B1 and endometriosis was found in a Japanese population. The A-allele of HSD17B1 appears to confer higher risk for endometriosis. Inhibition of the estradiol-synthesizing enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) has been propose... | BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent disease, is believed to be
influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Here, we evaluated
whether the risk and severity of endometriosis are associated with polymorphisms
in estradiol-synthesizing enzyme genes: the Ser312Gly polymorphism in
17-beta-hydr... |
What is the drug Tecfidera used against? | Tecifidera is approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. | OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical evidence supporting the safety, efficacy,
and clinical utility of oral dimethyl fumarate for the treatment of multiple
sclerosis (MS).
DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted in July 2013 using the
search terms dimethyl fumarate and Tecfidera. Reference lists of ... |
Is there a disease or condition called Exploding Head Syndrome? | Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is characterized by loud noises or a sense of explosion in the head during sleep transitions. | Attention has recently been drawn to a condition termed the exploding head
syndrome, which is characterized by unpleasant, even terrifying sensations of
flashing lights and/or sounds during reported sleep. Nine patients complaining
of sensations of explosions in the head during sleep or drowsiness were
investigated... |
What is INCB3619? | INCB3619, is avselective, potent, orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of a subset of ADAM proteases that prevents the processing and activation of multiple ErbB ligands, including heregulin. In addition, INCB3619 inhibits gefitinib-resistant HER3 signaling and enhances gefitinib inhibition of EGFR signaling in... | We describe here the existence of a heregulin-HER3 autocrine loop, and the
contribution of heregulin-dependent, HER2-mediated HER3 activation to gefitinib
insensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ADAM17 protein, a major
ErbB ligand sheddase, is upregulated in NSCLC and is required not only for
heregulin... |
What is crenezumab? | Crenezumab is a humanized antibody targeting Amyloid-β (Aβ) which is currently tested in multiple clinical trials for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. It strongly reacts with amyloid plaques and detects N-terminally modified Aβ peptides Aβ4-42 and pyroglutamate Aβ3-42. | |
Describe Vanishing lung syndrome. | Vanishing lung syndrome, also known as idiopathic giant bullous emphysema, is a rare disease characterized by giant emphysematous bullae. It is a rare radiological syndrome in which the lungs appear to be disappearing on X-ray. It typically occurs in young, thin male smokers with large bullae in one or more upper lobe... | PURPOSE: we reviewed the imaging findings in 7 patients with idiopathic giant
bullous emphysema. This is a chronic, progressive condition usually affecting
young male smokers and is characterized by giant emphysematous bullae, which
commonly develop in the upper lobes. Extensive paraseptal emphysema coalesces to
fo... |
What do the trispecific HIV antibodies target? | Trispecific HIV antibodies (Abs) allow a single molecule to interact with three independent HIV-1 envelope determinants: the CD4 binding site, the membrane-proximal external region (MPER), and the V1V2 glycan site. | |
What is calciphylaxis | Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy also known as calciphylaxis is an unusual and potentially fatal condition characterised by small-vessel calcification and ischaemic skin necrosis. | OBJECTIVE: Calciphylaxis, a rare disorder typically affecting renal failure
patients, results in vascular calcification with subsequent skin necrosis,
gangrene, and often death from sepsis. Parathyroid hormone is thought to act as
a tissue sensitizer leading to these soft tissue changes. As such,
parathyroidectomy ... |
What is the alternative lengthening of telomeres? | Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase independent telomere maintenance mechanism that occurs in ∼15% of cancers. It is proposed to occur preferentially at telomeric lagging strands leading to heterogeneous telomere lengths observed in most ALT cancers. | Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase independent telomere
maintece mechanism that occurs in ∼15% of cancers. The potential mechanism of
ALT is homology-directed telomere synthesis, but molecular mechanisms of how ALT
maintains telomere length in human cancer is poorly understood. Here, we
gene... |
Which organ express and secretes the hormone FGF21? | Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important endocrine metabolic regulator expressed in multiple tissues including liver and adipose tissue. Although highest levels of expression are in pancreas, little is known about the function of FGF21 in this tissue. | Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important endocrine metabolic
regulator expressed in multiple tissues including liver and adipose tissue.
Although highest levels of expression are in pancreas, little is known about the
function of FGF21 in this tissue. In order to understand the physiology of FGF21
in the... |
What is the biological role of Neddylation? | NEDDylation is a post-translational protein modification that is tightly linked to ubiquitination and thereby protein degradation. It however has its own enzyme machinery. It is coupled to ubiquitination and is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. | Genetic experiments have established an important role for the ubiquitin-like
molecule NEDD8 (neural-precursor-cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated
8) in the regulation of cell growth, viability and development. It is therefore
essential to identify the molecular targets for the pathway. Until recently, the... |
What is break induced replication? | Break-induced replication (BIR) is an important pathway specializing in repair of one-ended double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). This type of DSB break typically arises at collapsed replication forks or at eroded telomeres. BIR initiates by invasion of a broken DNA end into a homologous template followed by initiation of D... | |
What is a fibrocyte? | Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived progenitor cells that produce growth factors and contribute to fibrogenesis in the lungs. Fibrocytes are circulating mesenchymal precursors (CD45+, col 1+) recruited to fibrotic areas. | Fibrocytes are circulating mesenchymal precursors (CD45+, col 1+) recruited to
fibrotic areas. Fibrocytes secrete profibrotic mediators including periostin; a
matricellular protein that regulates cellular interactions with extracellular
matrix (ECM) components. In bleomycin-induced fibrosis, periostin deficiency in ... |
Which cellular functions are affected by lncRNA H19 in the heart? | H19 could inhibit autophagy in cardiomyocytes by epigenetically silencing of DIRAS3. Elevated H19 promotes apoptosis through PA2G4. Downregulation of H19 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. H19 induces mineralization of valve interstitial cells. H19 contributes to cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosi... | Down-regulation of DUSP5 has been shown to increase cell proliferation. DUSP5
expression is regulated through epigenetic events involving LncRNA H19 human
choriocarcinoma cell line. However, the molecular mechanisms of H19 modulating
the DUSP5 expression in cardiac fibrosis remain largely unknown. Here, we
identify... |
Dinutuximab is used for treatment of which disease? | Dinutuximab, a monoclonal antibody against disialoganglioside, is used for treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma. | PURPOSE: Dinutuximab (Unituxin™; ch14.18), a monoclonal antibody against
disialoganglioside, improved survival as part of post-consolidation therapy for
high-risk neuroblastoma. United Therapeutics Corporation (UTC) assumed ch14.18
production from the National Cancer Institute (NCI); this study evaluates
pharmacoki... |
What is the ChIP-exo method used for? | Precise Identification of DNA-Binding Proteins Genomic Location by Exonuclease Coupled Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP-exo). | This unit describes the ChIP-exo methodology, which combines chromatin
immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with lambda exonuclease digestion followed by
high-throughput sequencing. ChIP-exo allows identification of a nearly complete
set of the binding locations of DNA-binding proteins at near-single-nucleotide
resolution wi... |
Where do mitochondrial DNA deletion breakpoints tend to occur? | Circular dichroism and UV spectral analysis demonstrated that mitochondrial G-rich sequences near deletion breakpoints prevalent in human disease form G-quadruplex DNA structures. | The large majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions analyzed from
mitochondrial myopathies and aging humans have been found to be flanked by
direct repeats, a finding which has led to the slip-replication hypothesis of
deletion formation. In this study, we have characterized 13 mtDNA deletion
breakpoints from... |
Name 4 circular RNA molecules associated with carcinogenesis. | circ-ABCB10 knockdown suppressed the proliferation and increased apoptosis of breast cancer cells.
Hsa_circ_0058246 was elevated in tumor specimens of patients with poor clinical outcomes.
Circ-FBXW7 expression positively associated with glioblastoma patient overall survival.
ciRS-7 promotes the development of cancer b... | Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of newly-identified non-coding RNA
molecules. CircRNAs are conserved across different species and display specific
organization, sequence, and expression in disease. Moreover, circRNAs' closed
ring structure, insensitivity to RNase, and stability are advantages over linear
RNAs ... |
Which is the enzymatic activity of nardilysin? | Nardilysin (N-arginine dibasic convertase; Nrdc) is a metalloendopeptidase of the M16 family that promotes ectodomain shedding of the precursor forms of various growth factors and cytokines by enhancing the protease activities of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) proteins. | Chronic inflammation contributes to a wide variety of human disorders. In the
stomach, longstanding gastritis often results in structural alterations in the
gastric mucosa, including metaplastic changes and gastric cancers. Therefore, it
is important to elucidate factors that are involved in gastric inflammation.
N... |
The Mantoux test detects what latent infection/disease? | screened for TB infection with a Mantoux tuberculin skin testtuberculin skin test (TST) performed according to the Mantoux method. | Detection of latent tuberculosis infection is an important step in the control
of tuberculosis. The tuberculin skin test is the only proven method for
identifying tuberculosis infection in patients who do not have tuberculosis
disease. The prevalence of tuberculosis infection among hospitalized patients in
a pneumo... |
What is measured with the Proseek panels? | Differnet Proseek multiplex protein biomarker panels exists: CVD, inflammatory, neurology and oncology biomarker. | Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is used as a curative
treatment in severe hematological and immunological disorders. Despite clear
improvement of the aHSCT outcome, substantial proportion of patients still
suffers from severe complications, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).
The ... |
Is Enlimomab effective for stroke treatment? | No. Anti-ICAM therapy with enlimomab is not an effective treatment for ischemic stroke in and may significantly worsen stroke outcome. | A growing body of evidence, primarily from animal models of cerebral ischemia
and preliminary human studies, indicates that inflammatory mechanisms contribute
to secondary neuronal injury after acute cerebral ischemia. Ischemia followed by
reperfusion rapidly leads to the expression of inflammatory cytokines,
parti... |
Are AAV vectors considered for the treatment of retinal dystrophies? | Yes, AAV vectors are considered for the treatment of retinal dystrophies. | Clinical trials treating inherited retinal dystrophy caused by RPE65 mutations
had put retinal gene therapy at the forefront of gene therapy. Both successes
and limitations in these clinical trials have fueled developments in gene
vectors, which continue to further advance the field. These novel gene vectors
aim to... |
Does International Citicoline Trial on acUte Stroke trial supports efficacy of citicoline for stroke treatment? | No. The International Citicoline Trial on acUte Stroke (ICTUS) found that citocoline is not efficacious in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute ischaemic stroke. | BACKGROUND: Citicoline is approved in some countries for the treatment of acute
ischaemic stroke. The drug has shown some evidence of efficacy in a pooled
analysis. We sought to confirm the efficacy of citicoline in a larger trial.
METHODS: We undertook a randomised, placebo-controlled, sequential trial in
patients ... |
Is human lysyl oxidase-like 2 a glycoprotein? | Yes, human lysyl oxidase-like 2 is a glycoprotein. | Using recombit DNA technology for expression of protein therapeutics is a
maturing field of pharmaceutical research and development. As recombit
proteins are increasingly utilized as biotherapeutics, improved methodologies
ensuring the characterization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) are
needed. Typicall... |
Can GDF15 be a biomarker for metformin treatment? | Yes, GDF15 levels are a biomarker for the use of metformin in people with dysglycemia, and its concentration reflects the dose of metformin. | OBJECTIVE: Metformin is a commonly used glucose-lowering drug. However, apart
from glycemic measures, no biomarker for its presence or dose has been
identified.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 237 biomarkers were assayed in baseline
serum from 8,401 participants (2,317 receiving metformin) in the Outcome
Re... |
Has rituximab been considered as a treatment for chronic fatigues syndrome? (November 2017) | The use of rituximab may be of benefit for CFS/ME, but the evidence of its effectiveness is still limited. | This review explores the current evidence on benefits and harms of therapeutic
interventions in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and
makes recommendations. CFS/ME is a complex, multi-system, chronic medical
condition whose pathophysiology remains unknown. No established diagnostic tests
e... |
Does oncogene-induced DNA replication stress inhibit genomic instability? | No, oncogene-induced DNA replication stress is thought to drive genomic instability. | Oncogene-induced DNA replication stress is thought to drive genomic instability
in cancer. In particular, replication stress can explain the high prevalence of
focal genomic deletions mapping within very large genes in human tumors.
However, the origin of single-nucleotide substitutions (SNS) in nonfamilial
cancers... |
Is the petrous bone used in ancient DNA sampling? | Large-scale genomic analyses of ancient human populations have become feasible partly due to refined sampling methods. The inner part of petrous bones and the cementum layer in teeth roots are currently recognized as the best substrates for such research. | Large-scale genomic analyses of ancient human populations have become feasible
partly due to refined sampling methods. The inner part of petrous bones and the
cementum layer in teeth roots are currently recognized as the best substrates
for such research. We present a comparative analysis of DNA preservation in
the... |
Is recursive splicing more common in short introns? | Recent work in human and fruitfly tissues revealed that long introns are extensively processed cotranscriptionally and in a stepwise manner, before their two flanking exons are spliced together Recursive splicing is a process in which large introns are removed in multiple steps by re-splicing at ratchet points--5' spli... | RGS proteins are defined by the presence of a semiconserved RGS domain that
confers the GTPase-activating activity of these proteins toward certain G alpha
subunits. RGS6 is a member of a subfamily of RGS proteins distinguished by the
presence of DEP and GGL domains, the latter a G beta 5-interacting domain. Here
w... |
Is Lysyl oxidase crosslinking collagen? | Yes, lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like (LOXL) proteins play crucial roles in ECM remodeling due to their collagen crosslinking and intracellular functions. | Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, primarily due to
distant metastatic disease. Metastatic lung cancer cells can undergo an
epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulated by various transcription
factors, including a double-negative feedback loop between the microRNA-200
(miR-200) fami... |
Is sternotomy closure done using either a sternal ZipFix™ implant or conventional steel wire following cardiac surgery? | Yes, closure of the sternum following cardiac surgery can be done using a wire closure or sternal ZipFix™ a cable-tie-based system which is fast, easy to use, reliable and safe. | BACKGROUND: Sternal dehiscence occurs when steel wires pull through sternal
bone. This study tests the hypothesis that closure stability can be improved by
jacketing sternal wires with stainless steel coils, which distribute the force
exerted on the bone over a larger area.
METHODS: Midline sternotomies were perform... |
Is transcription of eRNA bidirectional? | In addition to widespread transcription of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammalian cells, bidirectional ncRNAs are transcribed on enhancers, and are thus referred to as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). Kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), which codes for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), is a well-known AR-regulated gene an... | We have integrated and analyzed a large number of data sets from a variety of
genomic assays using a novel computational pipeline to provide a global view of
estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1; a.k.a. ERα) enhancers in MCF-7 human breast cancer
cells. Using this approach, we have defined a class of primary transcripts
(eRNA... |
Is the protein pelota a ribosomal rescue factor? | Yes, in eukaryotes, Pelota (Dom34 in yeast) and Hbs1 are responsible for solving general problems of ribosomal stall in translation. | No-go decay and nonstop decay are mRNA surveillance pathways that detect
translational stalling and degrade the underlying mRNA, allowing the correct
translation of the genetic code. In eukaryotes, the protein complex of Pelota
(yeast Dom34) and Hbs1 translational GTPase recognizes the stalled ribosome
containing t... |
Is CXCL7 a chemokine? | Yes, CXCL7 is a chemokine highly expressed in platelets. | CXCL7, a chemokine highly expressed in platelets, orchestrates neutrophil
recruitment during thrombosis and related pathophysiological processes by
interacting with CXCR2 receptor and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG). CXCL7
exists as monomers and dimers, and dimerization (~50 μM) and CXCR2 binding (~10
nM) constan... |
The TRPM2 gene is associated with development of spontaneous thromboembolism? | TheTransientReceptorPotentialMelastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a member of G protein coupled receptor superfamily and a novel dual-function protein that possesses both ion channel andAdenosine 5'-DiphosPhataseRibose (ADPR) hydrolase function. TRPM2 is involved in Ca2+signaling in various cells as an endogenous redox sensor for o... | TRPM2 is a recently identified TRPM family cation channel which is unique among
known ion channels in that it contains a C-terminal domain which is homologous
to the NUDT9 ADP-ribose hydrolase and possesses intrinsic ADP-ribose hydrolase
activity. Here, available information on the TRPM2 gene, transcripts, predicted... |
Is a mutation of the ZIKV's membrane protein prM responsible for the microcephaly in new-born infants? | Yes, a single mutation in the prM protein of Zika virus contributes to fetal microcephaly. | Author information:
(1)State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence
Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, CAS, Beijing
100101, China.
(2)University of CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
(3)Department... |
What is the aim of the PhenCode database? | PhenCode (Phenotypes for ENCODE; http://www.bx.psu.edu/phencode) is a collaborative, exploratory project to help understand phenotypes of human mutations in the context of sequence and functional data from genome projects. | PhenCode (Phenotypes for ENCODE; http://www.bx.psu.edu/phencode) is a
collaborative, exploratory project to help understand phenotypes of human
mutations in the context of sequence and functional data from genome projects.
Currently, it connects human phenotype and clinical data in various
locus-specific databases ... |
What is the basis of the Sp3 procedure used in proteomics? | SP3, a novel technology for proteomic sample preparation using magnetic beads. SP3 provides a rapid and unbiased means of proteomic sample preparation in a single tube that facilitates ultrasensitive analysis by outperforming existing protocols in terms of efficiency, scalability, speed, throughput, and flexibility. | In order to obtain a systems-level understanding of a complex biological system,
detailed proteome information is essential. Despite great progress in proteomics
technologies, thorough interrogation of the proteome from quantity-limited
biological samples is hampered by inefficiencies during processing. To address
... |
What is "enhancer hijacking"? | Enhancer hijacking is the molecular process through which a structural variant removes or moves a TAD boundary to expose TSSs to regulatory enhancers from which they would normally be insulated. | B-cell lymphomas frequently contain genomic rearrangements that lead to oncogene
activation by heterologous distal regulatory elements. We used a novel approach
called "pinpointing enhancer-associated rearrangements by chromatin
immunoprecipitation," or PEAR-ChIP, to simultaneously map enhancer activity and
proxima... |
What disease is tinea ? | Tinea is a superficial fungal infections of the skin. | 4103 cases suspected of mycoses were analysed as to sex, age and site of disease
and 3891 were proved cases. This group formed 50% of total mycoses or 13-93% of
all dermatoses recorded in the Government General Hospital, Madras, during the
period of study. There were 66-26% adult female, 27-6% adult male and 6-14% w... |
How are deletion breakpoints defined? | Molecular mapping of deletion breakpoints on chromosome 4 of Drosophila melanogaster. We identified 18 deletion breakpoints at the DNA nucleotide sequence level. Commonly used methods for the detection of CNV breakpoints include long-range PCR and primer walking, their success being limited by the deletion size, GC co... | Previous studies have shown that approximately 80% of patients with X-linked
ichthyosis have a total deletion of the steroid sulphatase (STS) locus which
lies in Xp22.3-Xpter. We show by Southern analysis that a common core of
sequences are absent in 78.6% of our cases, suggesting that the deletion
breakpoints may ... |
How is the nuclear localization of lncRNA mediated? | The lncRNA localization to the nucleus can be mediated by the pentamer sequence AGCCC. | The ubiquitous presence of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in eukaryotes points to
the importance of understanding how their sequences impact function. As many
lncRNAs regulate nuclear events and thus must localize to nuclei, we analyzed
the sequence requirements for nuclear localization in an intergenic lncRNA named ... |
What is ATAC-seq? | The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) was recently established as a method to profile open chromatin, which overcomes the sample size limitations of the alternative methods DNase/MNase-seq. | Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing
(ATAC-seq) is a useful method to map genome-wide chromatin accessibility and
nucleosome positioning. Genome-wide sequencing is performed utilizing adapter
sequences inserted by a prokaryotic transposase, Tn5, into the accessible
regions of c... |
What is the TALE-iD method used for? | TALE-iD is a methylation-based method for the study of native chromatin structure. | Mammalian interphase chromosomes fold into a multitude of loops to fit the
confines of cell nuclei, and looping is tightly linked to regulated function.
Chromosome conformation capture (3C) technology has significantly advanced our
understanding of this structure-to-function relationship. However, all 3C-based
meth... |
What is Paget's Disease? | Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is a noninflammatory, metabolic, skeletal disorder characterized by localized excessive osteoclastic bone resorption that is followed by compensatory increased osteoblastic activity leading to unstructured, fibroblastic, and biomechanically unstable bone. | Paget's disease of bone is characterized by the progressive and extensive
replacement, in one or several bones, of normal bone tissue by a bone tissue of
rough and irregular structure, the excessive and disorderly renewal of which
gradually produces hyperdensity and hypertrophy of the bones involved. The
condition ... |
What is the function of penicillinase, also known as beta lactamase? | Beta-lactamases are a family of serine enzymes that hydrolyse beta-lactam antibiotics following an acylation-deacylation mechanism. | The therapeutic problems posed by class D beta-lactamases, a family of serine
enzymes that hydrolyse beta-lactam antibiotics following an
acylation-deacylation mechanism, are increased by the very low level of
sensitivity of these enzymes to beta-lactamase inhibitors. To gain structural
and mechanistic insights to ... |
The common house cat, Felis silvestris catus and the domestic dog, Canis familiaris both belong to what taxonomic order? | Domestic dogs and cats can be interpreted in terms of their descent from members of the order Carnivora. | |
What is caused by the ectopic expression of CTCF? | ectopic expression of CTCF in K562 cells led to growth retardation and promotion of differentiation into the erythroid lineage; | The cellular protooncogene MYC encodes a nuclear transcription factor that is
involved in regulating important cellular functions, including cell cycle
progression, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulated MYC expression appears
critical to the development of various types of maligcies, and thus factors
involve... |
What is the dardarin protein? | Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2 or Dardarin) are considered to be a common cause of autosomal dominant and sporadic Parkinson´s disease, | Missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)/Dardarin gene, the
product of which encodes a kinase with multiple domains, are known to cause
autosomal domit late onset Parkinson's disease (PD). In the current study, we
report that the gene product LRRK2 directly phosphorylates the forkhead box
transcri... |
In which syndrome is the RPS19 gene most frequently mutated? | Ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), currently the only gene associated with DBA, is mutated in 25% of DBA patients, but its role in erythropoiesis is unknown. | We report on maternal first cousins with bilateral microtia, micrognathia, cleft
palate and hematologic findings of Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA). The similarity
of findings shared between our cases and a female reported by Hasan and Inoue
[1993] suggests that this is a distinctive syndrome, rather than a chance
as... |
What type of sequences do enhancers evolve from? | Studies have identified enhancers that were pivotal for morphological divergence and highlighted how novel genetic networks shaping form emerged from pre-existing ones.Most of the recently evolved enhancers arise from ancestral dna exaptation , rather than lineage-specific expansions of repeat elements. | The sequences of some gene regulatory elements diverge considerably, even
between closely related species. A detailed analysis of the fast-evolving
sparkling enhancer in Drosophila now identifies key compensatory mechanisms and
'grammar' elements that are critical for maintaining functional integrity. Author inf... |
What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome? | Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a focal compressive neuropathy of the median nerve at the level of the wrist. | The carpal tunnel syndrome is a neuropathy due to trapping (focal lesion of the
peripheral nerve due to a local cause); in this case, the median nerve is the
most commonly involved. Its presentation is characteristic in females about 40
years of age. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical features and is
confirm... |
What is the function of LOX proteins in the ECM? | Lysyl oxidases (LOX) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidize primary amine substrates to reactive aldehydes. The best-studied role of LOX enzymes is the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals by cross-linking collagens and elastin | Lysyl oxidases (LOX) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidize primary amine
substrates to reactive aldehydes. The best-studied role of LOX enzymes is the
remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals by cross-linking
collagens and elastin, although intracellular functions have been reported as
well. Five... |
Please list 3 diseases treated with Valtrex(valacyclovir) | Valtrex (valacyclovir) is an antiviral medication used to treat infections with: herpes zoster (shingles), herpes simplex genitalis (genital herpes),
and herpes labialis (cold sores). | Valaciclovir (Valtrex), the L-valyl ester of acyclovir, is undergoing clinical
development for the treatment and suppression of herpesviral diseases. The
absolute bioavailability of acyclovir from valaciclovir and the metabolic
disposition of valaciclovir were investigated with healthy volunteers in two
separate st... |
Which olfactory gene senses androsterone? | A previously reported association between the olfactory receptor or7d4 and the androstenone was not detected until we specifically typed this gene p = 1.1 × 10 -4.Any mammals can decipher these scent codes to discern the gender , age , endocrine status , social status , and genotype of conspecifics using dedicated se... | Twin pairs and their siblings rated the intensity of the odorants amyl acetate,
androstenone, eugenol, Galaxolide, mercaptans, and rose (N = 1573). Heritability
was established for ratings of androstenone (h (2) = 0.30) and Galaxolide (h(2)
= 0.34) but not for the other odorants. Genome-wide association analysis usi... |
Where in the body would the navicular bone be found? | The navicular bone is located in the foot | A 16-year-old boy developed left foot pain of unknown cause that was
unresponsive to conservative treatment, associated with fever and difficulty
walking. He was admitted to our hospital with osteomyelitis of the accessory and
body of the navicular bone. Surgery could not be performed because the patient
had been d... |
Name an lncRNA associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. | The lncRNA H19 is significantly upregulated in the myocardial tissue in dilated cardiomyopathy. | |
Which gene is responsible for red hair? | Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. | Cutaneous pigmentation is a major determit of the cutaneous response to
ultraviolet radiation, and consequently of the risk of developing skin cancer.
Over the past 10 years, several genes involved in melanogenesis have been
identified, including the melanocortin 1 receptor gene. Recent work on the
melanocortin 1 r... |
Which bacteria was EcoRI, restriction endonuclease isolated from? | Among hundreds of restriction endonucleases, the Eco R1 enzyme is the most useful and widely investigated enzyme and was isolated from E. coli RY 13 | An endonuclease having EcoRI specificity is produced by bacteria containing the
ColE1 plasmid. Such bacterial cells fail to express restriction or modification
functions in vivo, and phage or plasmid DNA obtained from ColE1-containing cells
has unmodified EcoRI sites that are cleaved in vitro by purified EcoRI
endo... |
Which is the main reason for the increase in the incidence of cryptococcal disease? | It is an increasing cause of infection in immunosuppressed patients, most notably those with HIV infection. Currently, 4.0% patients with AIDS in the United Kingdom are known to have developed cryptococcosis. The incidence of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans has increased four-fold in the last decade. | Pulmonary cryptococcal infections occur in both immunocompetent and
immunocompromised individuals, with a reported increased incidence of diffuse
pulmonary disease in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The
authors observed no differences in the radiographic appearances of pulmonary
cryptococcal di... |
Which genes are responsible for the high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans? | Recent studies have identified genes involved in high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans. Genetic variants/haplotypes within regions containing three of these genes (EPAS1, EGLN1, and PPARA) are associated with relatively decreased hemoglobin levels observed in Tibetans at high altitude, providing corroborative evidence f... | Tibetans have lived at very high altitudes for thousands of years, and they have
a distinctive suite of physiological traits that enable them to tolerate
environmental hypoxia. These phenotypes are clearly the result of adaptation to
this environment, but their genetic basis remains unknown. We report genome-wide
s... |
Which is the main protein in brown adipose tissue (BAT) active in thermogenesis? | Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is the hallmark protein responsible for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). | Brown adipocytes (BAs) are specialized for adaptive thermogenesis and, upon
sympathetic stimulation, activate mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 and
oxidize fatty acids to generate heat. The capacity for brown adipose tissue
(BAT) to protect against obesity and metabolic disease is recognized, yet
information... |
Which method is Proseek based on? | proximity extension immunoassay | BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a remarkably heterogeneous
autoimmune disease. Despite tremendous efforts, our knowledge of serum protein
patterns in severe SLE phenotypes is still limited. We investigated the serum
protein pattern of SLE, with special emphasis on irreversible organ damage and
act... |
With which personality traits has the human monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene been associated? | Association studies suggest that the low activity variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)-uVNTR polymorphism confers risk for emotional disturbances associated with antisocial traits, particularly in males. These include antisocial and borderline personality disorders and antisocial aggression. | Heritable factors account for approximately 40-60% of the total variance of
liability to alcohol dependence. The present study tested whether a novel
functional polymorphism in the promotor region of the X-chromosomal monoamine
oxidase A gene (MAOA) was related to antisocial and anxious-depressive traits in
alcohol... |
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