question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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Which web-based pedigree editors are available? | Pedigreejs and Madeline 2.0 Pedigree Drawing Engine (PDE) | The Madeline 2.0 Pedigree Drawing Engine (PDE) is a pedigree drawing program for
use in linkage and family-based association studies. The program is designed to
handle large and complex pedigrees with an emphasis on readability and
aesthetics. For complex pedigrees, we use a hybrid algorithm in which
consanguinous ... |
What is the mechanism of action of Solriamfetol? | Solriamfetol is a selective norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It is used to treat excessive sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy patients. | Excessive sleepiness (ES) is associated with several sleep disorders, including
narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A role for monoaminergic systems
in treating these conditions is highlighted by the clinical use of US Food and
Drug Administration-approved drugs that act on these systems, such as
dextroam... |
What is the difference between the nuclease Cas13a and C2c2 | Cas13a was previously called C2c2. | Application of the bacterial CRISPR/Cas systems to eukaryotes is revolutionizing
biology. Cas9 and Cas12 (previously called Cpf1) are widely used as DNA
nucleases for inducing site-specific DNA breaks for different kinds of genome
engineering applications, and in their mutated forms as DNA-binding proteins to
modif... |
Phlorotannin is extracted from what plant? | Phlorotannin is extracted from Brown Seaweed or brown Algae | A process for the effective extraction and fractionation of phlorotannins from
Fucus vesiculosus with high antioxidant potentials was investigated. The
antioxidant activity of F. vesiculosus extract/fractions was assessed by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power, and
ferrous ion-ch... |
Where are pannexins localized? | Pannexins (Panxs) are a multifaceted family of ion and metabolite channels that play key roles in a number of physiological and pathophysiological settings. These single membrane large-pore channels exhibit a variety of tissue, cell type, and subcellular distributions. | Pannexins (Panxs) are a multifaceted family of ion and metabolite channels that
play key roles in a number of physiological and pathophysiological settings.
These single membrane large-pore channels exhibit a variety of tissue, cell
type, and subcellular distributions. The lifecycles of Panxs are complex, yet
must ... |
What is the mechanism of action of cariprazine? | Cariprazine is a dopamine D3/D2 partial agonist atypical antipsychotic with preferential binding to D3 receptors. Cariprazine shows also has affinity for 5-HT2B, and 5-HT1A receptors. It also shows moderate affinity toward σ1, 5-HT2A, and histamine H1 receptors. It is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and man... | RATIONALE: Cariprazine (RGH-188) is a D₃-preferring dopamine D₃/D₂ receptor
partial agonist antipsychotic candidate for the treatment of schizophrenia and
bipolar mania. Substance abuse is a frequent comorbidity of both disorders and
is associated with serious health issues. Based on preclinical efficacy,
dopamine ... |
Which tool is used to visualise the junction sites of chloroplast genomes? | IRscope is an online program to visualize the junction sites of chloroplast genomes. It allows the users to depict the genetic architecture of up to ten chloroplast genomes in the vicinity of the sites connecting the inverted repeats to the short and long single copy regions. The software and its dependent libraries ar... | MOTIVATION: Genome plotting is performed using a wide range of visualizations
tools each with emphasis on a different informative dimension of the genome.
These tools can provide a deeper insight into the genomic structure of the
organism.
RESULTS: Here, we announce a new visualization tool that is specifically
des... |
Which curated databases exist for spider-venom toxins? | ArachnoServer and its updated version ArachnoServer 2.0 are manually curated databases providing information on the sequence, structure and biological activity of protein toxins from spider venoms. | BACKGROUND: Venomous animals incapacitate their prey using complex venoms that
can contain hundreds of unique protein toxins. The realisation that many of
these toxins may have pharmaceutical and insecticidal potential due to their
remarkable potency and selectivity against target receptors has led to an
explosion ... |
What is the difference between CRISPR-Cas12a and CRISPR-Cpf1? | CRISPR-Cas12a and CRISPR-Cpf1 refer to the same thing. | |
Please list 2 antitoxin antibodies approved by the FDA for reducing the recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection | The antitoxin antibodies actoxumab and bezlotoxumab bind to and neutralize TcdA and TcdB, respectively. Bezlotoxumab was recently approved by the FDA for reducing the recurrence of CDI. | Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) represents the most prevalent cause of
antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal infections in health care facilities in
the developed world. Disease symptoms are caused by the two homologous
exotoxins, TcdA and TcdB. Standard therapy for CDI involves administration of
antibiotics... |
List the functions of the protein lactotransferrin. | Lactotransferrin has numerous biological roles, including the regulation of iron absorption and modulation of immune responses, and has anti-microbial, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. | Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality
worldwide. In advanced and metastatic GC, conventional chemotherapy results in
limited efficacy and the average survival rate is currently approximately 10
months. Dysregulated activation of numerous genes, including zinc finger,
DHHC-ty... |
Does Axitinib prolong survival of Pancreatic Cancer patients? | No. The addition of axitinib to gemcitabine does not improve overall survival in advanced pancreatic cancer. | BACKGROUND: Axitinib is a potent, selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) receptors 1, 2, and 3. A randomised phase 2 trial of
gemcitabine with or without axitinib in advanced pancreatic cancer suggested
increased overall survival in axitinib-treated patients. On the basis of these
results,... |
Which Python tool has been developed for network-based stratification of tumor mutations? | PyNBS is a modularized Python 2.7 implementation of the network-based stratification (NBS) algorithm for stratifying tumor somatic mutation profiles into molecularly and clinically relevant subtypes. | |
Through which protein interaction does MLP regulate F-actin dynamics? | The interaction of MLP with CFL2 has direct implications in actin cytoskeleton dynamics in regulating CFL2-dependent F-actin depolymerization, with maximal depolymerization enhancement at an MLP/CFL2 molecular ratio of 2:1. Deregulation of this interaction by intracellular pH variations, CFL2 phosphorylation, MLP or CF... | The muscle LIM protein (MLP) and cofilin 2 (CFL2) are important regulators of
striated myocyte function. Mutations in the corresponding genes have been
directly associated with severe human cardiac and skeletal myopathies, and
aberrant expression patterns have often been observed in affected muscles.
Herein, we hav... |
Is there any association between suicide and autism in adolescents, yes or no? | Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk of suicide compared to the general population. | The present exploratory study examined the level of peer victimization,
depressive symptomatology, anxiety symptomatology, and level of suicidal
ideation among adolescents and young adults diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome
(AS). This cross-sectional study used a self-administrated mail questionnaire
and a Web-base... |
Is lactotransferrin a tumour suppressor? | Lactotransferrin (LTF) has been confirmed to act as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. | Lactotransferrin (LTF) has been shown to regulate tumorogenesis. However, little
is known about the role of LTF in regulating the development of human
nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The aim of our study was to investigate whether
LTF could regulate the development of NPC by characterizing the pattern of LTF
expres... |
What is CVT-301? | CVT-301 is inhaled levodopa (LD) formulation for development as a self-administered treatment for relief of OFF periods in Parkinson's disease. CVT-301 provided rapid improvement of motor function, and daily OFF time was significantly reduced at the higher dose. | BACKGROUND: Although levodopa is the most effective oral PD therapy, many
patients experience motor fluctuations, including sudden loss of dose effect and
delayed benefit. CVT-301 is a levodopa inhalation powder with the potential for
rapid onset of action. The objective of this study was to evaluate CVT-301
self-a... |
Are there tools for visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data? | Yes. Tools such as NanoPack for instance have been developed for visualization and processing of long-read sequencing data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Pacific Biosciences. | SUMMARY: Here we describe NanoPack, a set of tools developed for visualization
and processing of long-read sequencing data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies
and Pacific Biosciences.
AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The NanoPack tools are written in Python3 and
released under the GNU GPL3.0 License. The source code c... |
Name siRNA drugs that have entered phase 2-3 clinical trials (by 2019). | siRNAs that have entered phase 2-3 clinical trials by 2019 include PF-04523655, TKM-080301, Atu027, SYL040012, SYL1001, siG12D-LODER (phase 2), QPI-1002, QPI-1007, and patisiran (phase 3). | Ten years after Fire and Melo's Nobel Prize for discovery of gene silencing by
double-stranded RNA, a remarkable progress was achieved in RNA interference
(RNAi). Changes in the chemical structure of synthetic oligonucleotides make
them more stable and specific, and new delivery strategies became progressively
avai... |
Where is fatty acid binding protein 2 expressed? | fatty acid binding protein 2 is expressed by intestinal epithelial cells | The human intestinal fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) mediates fat
absorption by binding and intracellular trafficking of long-chain free fatty
acids. Studies with knockout mice and association analysis of polymorphisms
revealed that FABP2 is a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes (noninsulin
dependent diabe... |
Which gene mutation is associated with Woodhouse Sakati syndrome? | DCAF17 mutations are associated with Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by alopecia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, sensorineural hearing loss, diabetes mellitus, and extrapyramidal movements. | First described in 1983, Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome (WSS) is a rare autosomal
recessive genetic disorder that leads to a spectrum of hypogonadal symptoms in
adolescence. The responsible gene, DCAF17 located on chromosome 2q31.1, was
discovered in 2008 and to date nine mutations have been reported in the
literature. ... |
Mention computational tools that have been developed for alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites analysis | TAPAS, PlantAPA and IntMAP | Polyadenylation [poly(A)] is an essential process during the maturation of most
mRNAs in eukaryotes. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) as an important layer of
gene expression regulation has been increasingly recognized in various species.
Here, a web platform for visualization and analysis of alternative
polyadeny... |
What is patisiran? | Patisiran (ONPATTRO™) is a double-stranded small interfering RNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle for delivery to hepatocytes. By specifically binding to a genetically conserved sequence in the 3' untranslated region of mutant and wild-type transthyretin (TTR) messenger RNA, patisiran causes its degradation (via RN... | |
Losigamone can be used for treatment of which disease? | Losigamone is sometimes used as an add-on therapy for epilepsy. | Patients with drug resistant epilepsy represent about 40% of the whole
population of epileptic patients. These patients require more than one
antiepileptic drug. In animal models of epilepsy, it is possible to determine
which combinations produce supra-additive anticonvulsive effects with minimal or
even no adverse... |
Which curated data resources for ChIP-seq data are available? | The MGA repository, Cistrome Data Browser, CR Cistrome and GeneProf data. | GeneProf Data (http://www.geneprof.org) is an open web resource for analysed
functional genomics experiments. We have built up a large collection of
completely processed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq studies by carefully and transparently
reanalysing and annotating high-profile public data sets. GeneProf makes these
data in... |
How many pseudokinases are there in the human kinome? | There are approximately 50 pseudokinases in the human kinome. | The human protein kinome comprises 535 proteins that, with the exception of
approximately 50 pseudokinases, control intracellular signaling networks by
catalyzing the phosphorylation of multiple protein substrates. While a major
research focus of the last 30 years has been cancer-associated Tyr and Ser/Thr
kinases,... |
What is the mechanism of action of Inclisiran? | Inclisiran, a novel, synthetic, siRNA molecule, inhibits PCSK9 synthesis in hepatocytes. Inclisiran targets intracellular PCSK9 synthesis specifically, resulting in a dose-dependent, long-term, significant reduction in LDL-C. | BACKGROUND: Inclisiran (ALN-PCSsc) is a long-acting RNA interference (RNAi)
therapeutic agent that inhibits the synthesis of proprotein convertase
subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a target for the lowering of low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
METHODS: In this phase 1 trial, we randomly assigned healthy volu... |
Which tool has been developed for visualization of non-covalent contacts? | Visualizations of biomolecular structures empower us to gain insights into biological functions, generate testable hypotheses, and communicate biological concepts. Typical visualizations (such as ball and stick) primarily depict covalent bonds. In contrast, non-covalent contacts between atoms, which govern normal physi... | |
What is opdivo? | Opdivo or nivolumab is a treatment for patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor. | On December 22, 2014, the FDA granted accelerated approval to nivolumab (OPDIVO;
Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or
metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF
V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor. Approval was based on a clinically
meaning... |
Has Hesperidin any role as a Neuroprotective Agent? | Neuroprotective effect of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin on recognition memory impairment and the elevated oxygen stress in rat model of Alzheimer's disease | The present study evaluated antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of
hesperidin, a flavanone mainly isolated from citrus fruits, and its aglycone
hesperetin using cell-free bioassay system and primary cultured rat cortical
cells. Both hesperidin and hesperetin exhibited similar patterns of
1,1-diphenyl-2-picry... |
Are apoE mimetics being considered as a treatment against Alzheimer's disease? | Yes, apoE mimetics are being considered as a treatment against Alzheimer's disease, and they have been shown to protect AD mouse models against these AD-like features. | BACKGROUND: Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides derive from the amyloid precursor protein
(APP) and play a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Our
previous work showed that the APP intracellular domain (AICD), which is produced
simultaneously with Aβ, also contributes to the development of AD-like features.
... |
Which diseases are treated with netarsudil? | In 2 large, randomized, double-masked trials, once-daily dosing of netarsudil 0.02% was found to be effective and well tolerated for the treatment of patients with ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. | Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) to improve fluid outflow through the trabecular
meshwork and lower intraocular pressure is a strategy for the development of new
anti-glaucoma agents. Alpha-aryl-beta-amino isoquinoline analogs were identified
as potent ROCK inhibitors. Compounds that provided a longer duration of
in... |
Can you computationally predict Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs) regions in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs)? | Yes. There are various tools available in the literature that enable computational identification of Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs) regions in intrinsically disordered protein sequences. | MOTIVATION: Intrinsically disordered regions of proteins play an essential role
in the regulation of various biological processes. Key to their regulatory
function is the binding of molecular recognition features (MoRFs) to globular
protein domains in a process known as a disorder-to-order transition. Predicting
th... |
Which malignancies is Keytruda approved for before 2017? | Before 2017 Keytruda was approved for the treatment of several types of malignancies, such as metastatic melanoma, metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer, refractory Hodgkin lymphoma, and urothelial carcinoma. | |
Which was the first approved tumor treatment using a common biomarker rather than specified tumor locations in the body? | The first approved tumor treatment using a common biomarker rather than specified tumor locations in the body was Keytruda, which is a treatment for cancer patients with positive microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) markers or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) markers. | |
What does Prevnar 13 consist of? | Prevnar 13 consists of 13 serotype-specific polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), each covalently conjugated to a non-toxic immunogenic carrier protein. | The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar 13(®), Prevnar 13(®))
[PCV13] consists of 13 serotype-specific polysaccharides of Streptococcus
pneumoniae (pneumococcus), each covalently conjugated to a non-toxic immunogenic
carrier protein. PCV13 has a well established immunogenicity and tolerability
profil... |
What is the route of administration of apixaban? | Apixaban is administered orally. | |
What is the cause of a STAG3 truncating variant? | Linkage analysis identified a locus on chromosome 7 where exome sequencing successfully identified a homozygous two base pair duplication (c.1947_48dupCT), leading to a truncated protein p.(Y650Sfs*22) in the STAG3 gene, confirming it as the cause of POI in this family | STUDY QUESTION: Does a novel homozygous NOBOX truncating variant, identified in
whole exome sequencing (WES) of patients with primary ovarian insufficiency
(POI), cause defective transcriptional activation of multiple oocyte-related
genes?
SUMMARY ANSWER: A novel homozygous truncating mutation of NOBOX was confirmed... |
Which tools have been developed for computing split-networks? | Split-networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that have proven to be a powerful tool in phylogenetics. Tools for computing such networks include SPECTRE, FlatNJ and QNet. | We present QNet, a method for constructing split networks from weighted quartet
trees. QNet can be viewed as a quartet analogue of the distance-based
Neighbor-Net (NNet) method for network construction. Just as NNet, QNet works by
agglomeratively computing a collection of circular weighted splits of the taxa
set wh... |
List 3 apoE mimetics. | COG133, COG112 and Ac-hE18A-NH(2) are apoE mimetics. | |
What are there sex differences in SAMHD1 activity? | The host restriction factor SAMHD1 exists in a hyperphosphorylated, less active state in male-derived macrophages. SAMHD1 is an essential modulator of infectivity in a sex-dependent manner in macrophages, constituting a novel component of sex differences in innate immune control of HIV-1. | BACKGROUND: Macrophages are major targets for HIV-1, contribute to viral
propagation in vivo, and are instrumental in the pathogenesis of HAND. While it
is known that host sex affects HIV-1 viremia and influences the severity of
HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disease, a cellular or molecular basis for these
findin... |
Which enhancers are characterized as latent? | Here, we describe latent enhancers, defined as regions of the genome that in terminally differentiated cells are unbound by TFs and lack the histone marks characteristic of enhancers but acquire these features in response to stimulation. | According to current models, once the cell has reached terminal differentiation,
the enhancer repertoire is completely established and maintained by
cooperatively acting lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs). TFs activated
by extracellular stimuli operate within this predetermined repertoire, landing
close t... |
What is the difference between COG133 and COG112? | COG112 results from the fusion of COG133 to a protein transduction domain. | |
Velocardial facial syndrome, otherwise known as Di George syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome 21, yes or no? | Velocardial facial syndrome, otherwise known as Di George syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome 22. | Most of the children with Di George syndrome and 60% of patients with
velocardiofacial syndrome exhibit a microdeletion within chromosome 22q11. The
phenotypic expression of this chromosomal abnormality is highly variable.
PATIENTS: Forty-nine children, 0 to 15 years of age, were demonstrated as
carriers of a 22q11 ... |
Is the protein Asporin related to disease? | Yes,
Accumulating evidence demonstrates the involvement of asporin in OA pathogenesis. Asporin has been reported as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, while asporin-activated invasion has been described in gastric cancer. | Author information:
(1)Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and
Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University,
Olomouc, Czech Republic.
(2)Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational
Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and ... |
Can TAD disruption lead to disease? | TAD boundaries are insulators of genomic neighborhoods. Τhe disruption of these structures by genomic rearrangements can result in gene misexpression and disease. | In eukaryotes transcriptional regulation often involves multiple long-range
elements and is influenced by the genomic environment. A prime example of this
concerns the mouse X-inactivation centre (Xic), which orchestrates the
initiation of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) by controlling the expression of
the non-pro... |
Is L-4F an apoE mimetic peptide? | No, L-4F is an apoA-I mimetic peptide. | Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive maligcy that is unresponsive to
conventional radiation and chemotherapy. Therefore, development of novel immune
therapeutic strategies is urgently needed. L-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I)
mimetic peptide, is engineered to mimic the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative
function... |
Which cells secrete lactotransferrin? | We conclude that lactotransferrin represents a late stage differentiation marker of neutrophils, macrophages and distinct subtypes of dendritic cells. | Considerable effort has been expended to identify genes that account for myeloid
lineage commitment and development. However, currently available non-invasive
mouse models utilize myeloid-specific reporters that are significantly expressed
in hematopoietic stem cells as well as lymphoid compartments. Here, we descri... |
Which plant does oleuropein originate from? | Oleuropein originates from olive trees, and is specifically found in olive leaf extracts. | Olive leaves are rich in polyphenolic compounds that are known to have
antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, olive
leaf extract (OLE) is considered as a natural supplement. In this study we
evaluated the antibacterial and the anti-inflammatory effect of OLE and its
individual phen... |
Reslizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody to treat what specific type of asthma? | Reslizumab in the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma: an update. | Within the context of the heterogeneous phenotypic stratification of asthmatic
population, many patients are characterized by moderate-to-severe eosinophilic
asthma, not adequately controlled by relatively high dosages of inhaled and even
oral corticosteroids. Therefore, these subjects can obtain significant
therap... |
What is the function of the protein Magt1? | The magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) is a critical regulator of basal intracellular free magnesium ([Mg2+]i) levels. | The magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) is a critical regulator of basal
intracellular free magnesium ([Mg2+]i) levels. It has been shown that MAGT1 was
involved in the disorder in Mg2+ homeostasis after Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
infection. Here, we identified the effects of MAGT1-mediated disturbance of Mg2+
homeostasi... |
Can oleuropein aglycone interfere with amyloid aggregation? | Yes, oleuropein aglycone interferes in vitro and in vivo with amyloid aggregates. | Author information:
(1)Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences 'Mario Serio',
University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50 50134 Florence, Italy; Department of
Neuroscience, Psychology, Area of Medicine and Health of the Child of the
University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Ita... |
What is the function of the transcriptional co-activator p300? | The transcriptional co-activator p300 is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that is typically recruited to transcriptional enhancers and regulates gene expression by acetylating chromatin. | p300, a transcriptional co-activator with histone acetyl transferase (HAT)
activity, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiomyocyte
hypertrophy in response to multiple pro-hypertrophic stimuli including
hyperglycemia. However, the precise mechanisms by which p300 expression is
regulated remain unclear... |
What is another name for the plant Sideritis scardica? | Sideritis scardica is also known as ironwort or mountain tea. | |
How are gas vesicle proteins used in imaging? | Gas vesicles (GVs)-a unique class of gas-filled protein nanostructures-have recently been introduced as a promising new class of ultrasound contrast agents that can potentially access the extravascular space and be modified for molecular targeting. | Ultrasound is among the most widely used biomedical imaging modalities, but has
limited ability to image specific molecular targets due to the lack of suitable
oscale contrast agents. Gas vesicles-genetically encoded protein
ostructures isolated from buoyant photosynthetic microbes-have recently been
identified as ... |
From where is gamabufotalin (GBT) isolated? | gamabufotalin (GBT) was isolated from toad venom. | BACKGROUND: Gamabufotalin (CS-6), a major bufadienolide of Chansu, has been used
for cancer therapy due to its desirable metabolic stability and less adverse
effect. However, the underlying mechanism of CS-6 involved in anti-tumor
activity remains poorly understood.
METHODS: The biological functions of gamabufotalin... |
What are super-enhancers | Super-enhancers are large clusters of enhancers covering the long region of regulatory DNA and are densely occupied by transcription factors, active histone marks, and co-activators. Accumulating evidence points to the critical role that super-enhancers play in cell type-specific development and differentiation, as wel... | The transcriptional regulation of genes determines the fate of animal cell
differentiation and subsequent organ development. With the recent progress in
genome-wide technologies, the genomic landscapes of enhancers have been broadly
explored in mammalian genomes, which led to the discovery of novel specific
subsets... |
Is Apelin usually decreased in diabetes? | Different studies in both animals and humans have shown that plasma apelin concentrations are usually increased during obesity and type 2 diabetes. | BACKGROUND: Apelin regulates insulin sensitivity and secretion in animals.
However, whether plasma apelin predicts incident diabetes in humans remains
unknown.
METHODS: We studied a cohort including 447 subjects (148 men, 299 women) without
diabetes and followed for an average of 3y. Diabetes was diagnosed by an ora... |
What is a mitosome? | Mitosomes are the simplest and the least well-studied type of anaerobic mitochondria. The mitosomes have abandoned typical mitochondrial traits such as the mitochondrial genome and aerobic respiration and their single role known to date is the formation of iron-sulfur clusters | Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (PNT) catalyzes the direct transfer of a
hydride-ion equivalent between NAD(H) and NADP(H) in bacteria and the
mitochondria of eukaryotes. PNT was previously postulated to be localized to the
highly divergent mitochondrion-related organelle, the mitosome, in the
anaerobic/microa... |
What is the price of KYMRIAH treatment in 2019? | Kymriah, produced by Novartis has a price tag of US$475,000. | Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells represent a medical and scientific
breakthrough that may represent a paradigm for the future of personalized
medicine in the age of cancer immunotherapy. As with many new cancer agents,
such novel and incredible results come with a high price. At the time of the
writing of th... |
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is a drug target and is involved in what biosynthetic pathway | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) mediates the fourth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis | Dihydroorotase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, two enzymes of the pyrimidine
biosynthetic pathway, were purified from Plasmodium berghei to apparent
homogeneity. Orotate and a series of 5-substituted derivatives were found to
inhibit competitively the purified enzymes from the malaria parasite. The order
of effec... |
List targets of classical analgesics. | Patient phenotypes in pharmacological pain treatment varies between individuals, which could be partly assigned to their genotypes regarding the targets of classical analgesics (OPRM1, PTGS2) | Opioid receptors are currently classified as mu (mu: mOP), delta (delta: dOP),
kappa (kappa: kOP) with a fourth related non-classical opioid receptor for
nociceptin/orphainin FQ, NOP. Morphine is the current gold standard analgesic
acting at MOP receptors but produces a range of variably troublesome
side-effects, i... |
Is actin present in the nucleus? | Yes,
The revitalization of research into nuclear actin occurred after it was found that cellular stresses induce the nuclear localization and alter the structure of actin. | We provide evidence for a mechanism of DNA repair that requires nuclear
myosin/actin-dependent contact between homologous chromosomes to prevent
formation of chromosomal rearrangement in human cells. We recently showed that
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) induced by γ-rays or endonucleases cause
ATM-dependent conta... |
What is the indication for KYMRIAH? | Kymriah™ has been approved for the treatment of pediatric patients and young adults with refractory or relapse (R/R) B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | Two autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies (Kymriah™ and
Yescarta™) were recently approved by the FDA. Kymriah™ is for the treatment of
pediatric patients and young adults with refractory or relapse (R/R) B cell
precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Yescarta™ is for the treatment of
adult ... |
What is the effect of NFIA on astrocyte differentiation? | NFIA promotes astrocyte differentiation from neural precursor cells. | Author information:
(1)Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes
Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
(2)Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.
(3)Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany; Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,... |
What is the mode of action for Tocilizumab? | Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against the IL-6 receptor and has been approved in many countries, including the United States, for the treatment of moderate to severe RA in patients who have not adequately responded to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs | Tocilizumab is a recombit humanized antihuman interleukin-6 receptor
monoclonal antibody, which inhibits binding of IL-6 to its soluble (sIL-6R) and
membrane-expressed (mIL-6R) receptors. The work investigated whether the
observed decline in peripheral neutrophil and platelet counts after tocilizumab
administration... |
Where is the protein protamine 2 expressed? | Human sperm express two types of protamine: protamine 1 (P1) and the family of protamine 2 (P2) proteins. | Ectopic autografting of testis tissue is a promising approach for studying
testicular development, male germline preservation and restoration of male
fertility. In this study, we examined the fate of various testicular cells in
adult mouse testes following ectopic autografting at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks post
grafting. ... |
Can miR-122 target RUNX2? | Yes, miR-122 directly targets RUNX2. | OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence has suggested that microRNAs play critical
roles in the development and progression of human glioma. The role of miR-122 in
glioma tumorigenesis has been poorly defined. The current study is designed to
investigate whether and how miR-122 affects proliferation and apoptosis of human ... |
Tocilizumab is an anti-TNF antibody, yes or no? | Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptor licensed in 2009 | (1) First-line disease-modifying treatment for rheumatoid arthritis is based on
"slow-acting" antirheumatic agents, generally methotrexate. Subsequent options
include a TNF-alpha antagonist, followed by rituximab or possibly abatacept; (2)
Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody, inhibits interleukin-6 receptors. It is
... |
Is it possible to analyze exosomes with FACS? | Yes,
a novel strategy for generating metabolically-labeled fluorescent exosomes that can be counted by flow cytometry assay (FACS) and characterized. | Plasma-derived vesicles hold a promising potential for use in biomedical
applications. Two major challenges, however, hinder their implementation into
translational tools: (a) the incomplete characterization of the protein
composition of plasma-derived vesicles, in the size range of exosomes, as mass
spectrometric ... |
Which company developed opdivo? | Opdivo or nivolumab was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. | As part of its single technology appraisal (STA) process, the National Institute
for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) invited the manufacturer (Bristol-Myers
Squibb) of nivolumab (Opdivo®) to submit evidence of its clinical and cost
effectiveness for metastatic or unresectable urothelial cancer. Kleijnen
Systemati... |
What are DMARDs? | To determine the utility of ultrasonography in guiding modification of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) and steroid therapy for inflammatory arthritis (IA) | Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy is now clearly accepted as
the primary treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, with an increasing emphasis on
use of combination therapy. Data on combination therapy have highlighted the
difficulties in performing these studies and the large number of patients
requir... |
What is the aim of the MitoCeption protocol? | The MitoCeption protocol directly and quantitatively transfer mitochondria, isolated from cell type A, to recipient cell type B. | Author information:
(1)1] IRMB CHU Saint Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5,
University of Montpellier, France [2] Inserm U1183,CNRS UMR 5535/IFR122, 1919
route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, University of Montpellier, France.
(2)Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 55... |
Can prevnar 13 be used in children? | Yes, PCV13 is approved for routine vaccination of all infants as a 4-dose series at age 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months for children who previously received 1 or more doses of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), and for children with underlying medical conditions that increase their risk for pneumococcal dise... | OBJECTIVE: To review the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of the 13-valent
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for use in pediatric patients.
DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (2000-September 2011) was conducted using the key
words Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for clinical
trials, ... |
Was stelara developed by Amgen? | Stelara was developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, USA. | BACKGROUND: Several biologic therapies are approved by the National Institute
for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients who
have had an inadequate response to two or more synthetic disease-modifying
antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). NICE does not specifically recommend switching
from ... |
List off label uses for Rituximab. | Off label uses for rituximab are for poly- and dermatomyositis, multiple sclerosis, immune thrombocytopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis (LN), and other immune diseases. | Rituximab is increasingly used off label for difficult-to-treat auto-immune
diseases. We reviewed the main case series or clinical studies to identify the
best indications of rituximab and the situations at substantial risks for
adverse events. Refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura was the main
indication. How... |
Can mitochondria pass through membrane nanotubes? | Yes,
Membrane nanotubes (MNTs) act as "highways" between cells to facilitate the transfer of multiple signals and play an important role in many diseases. Our previous work reported on the transfer of mitochondria via MNTs between cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac myofibroblasts (MFs). | Membrane otubes (MNTs) act as "highways" between cells to facilitate the
transfer of multiple signals and play an important role in many diseases. Our
previous work reported on the transfer of mitochondria via MNTs between
cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac myofibroblasts (MFs); however, the elucidation
of the underl... |
What is Quorum Sensing in bacteria? | In many pathogenic microorganisms, communication systems, collectively termed quorum sensing (QS), | Quorum sensing is a signaling mechanism through which bacteria modulate a number
of cellular functions (genes), including sporulation, biofilm formation,
bacteriocin production, virulence responses, as well as others. Quorum sensing
is a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication and is mediated by extracellular
chemi... |
What is the cause of Krabbe disease? | Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe disease, is an inherited, neurologic disorder that results from deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, galactosylceramidase. | Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare disease caused by the deficiency of
β-galactocerebrosidase. This study investigated 22 unrelated Chinese patients,
including their clinical presentations, plasma psychosine levels and
β-galactocerebrosidase gene mutations. We found the late-onset form of KD
present in 82% of the patien... |
Name a CFL2 mutation which is associated with nemaline myopathy? | A mutation in CFL2 was identified in a family with nemaline myopathy, namely a homozygous missense mutation in exon 2 (c.19G>A, p.Val7Met). | Nemaline myopathy and myofibrillar myopathy are heterogeneous myopathies that
both comprise early-onset forms. We present two sisters from a consanguineous
Iraqi Kurdish family with predomit axial and limb girdle weakness. Muscle
biopsies showed features of both nemaline myopathy and myofibrillar myopathy. We
perfo... |
What cellular process is the gene product of NANOG involved in? | NANOG is a transcription factor and a biomarker of cancer and pluripotent stem cells. | OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the prognostic value of
cancer stem cell markers, namely CD133, NANOG, and NOTCH1, in early stage oral
squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred forty-four patients with early stage
(cT1T2N0) OSCC were identified from a pre-existing datab... |
Name the uses of Sideritis scardica in traditional medicine. | Sideritis scardica is used in traditional medicine as a loosening agent in bronchitis and bronchial asthma; against the common cold and lung emphysema; in the treatment of inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders and coughs; and as an active constituent of dietary supplements for the prevention of anemia. Sideritis sca... | |
What are the phenotypic features of the autosomal dominant, development disease, Noonans syndrome | Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with vast heterogeneity in clinical and genetic features. Various symptoms have been reported for this abnormality such as short stature, unusual facial characteristics, congenital heart abnormalities, developmental complications, and an elevated tumor incidence ra... | Noo syndrome is an autosomal domit disease characterized by dysmorphic
features, webbed neck, cardiac anomalies, short stature and cryptorchidism. It
shows phenotypic overlap with Costello syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC)
syndrome. Noo syndrome and related disorders are caused by germline mutations
in gene... |
Are protamines ubiquitously expressed? | No,
Protamines are nuclear proteins which are specifically expressed in haploid male germ cells. | Protamines are nuclear proteins which are specifically expressed in haploid male
germ cells. Their replacement of histones and binding to DNA is followed by
chromatin hypercondensation that protects DNA from negative influences by
environmental factors. Mammalian sperm contain two types of protamines: PRM1 and
PRM2... |
Are Crocus sativus compounds being considered against Alzheimer's disease? | Yes, it has been observed that Crocus sativus extracts and compounds have a positive effect against Alzheimer's disease. | Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron or Kesar, is used in Ayurveda and
other folk medicines for various purposes as an aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, and
expectorant. Previous evidence suggested that Crocus sativus is linked to
improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The aim of
this stu... |
Rickettsia felis was described as a human pathogen almost two decades ago, what is it's main arthropod vector? | Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) carry Rickettsia felis | Rickettsia felis was first recognised two decades ago and has now been described
as endemic to all continents except Antarctica. The rickettsiosis caused by R.
felis is known as flea-borne spotted fever or cat-flea typhus. The large number
of arthropod species found to harbour R. felis and that may act as potential ... |
Are there any anti-amyloid antibody approved as drug for Alzheimer's disease treatment? | No new drugs have been approved during the past 15 years; and the available medications are not cost-effective. | Deficiency of protein phosphatase-2A is a key event in Alzheimer's disease. An
endogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase-2A, inhibitor-1, I1PP2A, which
inhibits the phosphatase activity by interacting with its catalytic subunit
protein phosphatase-2Ac, is known to be upregulated in Alzheimer's disease
brain. In t... |
Do Crocus sativus extracts loosen the blood-brain barrier? | No, in vitro and in vivo experiments show that the Crocus sativus extract increases the tightness of a cell-based blood-brain barrier (BBB). | Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron or Kesar, is used in Ayurveda and
other folk medicines for various purposes as an aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, and
expectorant. Previous evidence suggested that Crocus sativus is linked to
improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The aim of
this stu... |
Are artificial blood cells available? | No,
The critical point for the break through for artificial blood products did not come yet but could be ahead- | Formerly developed resuscitation fluids solely imitated the main function of the
blood -oxygen transport. A research driven by the army requested an oxygen
carrier that does not need cross typing and cooled storage. Artificial oxygen
carriers (AOC) use either the molecular oxygen bondage to hemoglobin: HBOC-
"hemog... |
Have apolipoprotein mimetics been used in clinical trials? | Yes, apolipoprotein mimetics have entered clinical trials. | |
What are 2 organisms that can cause Human toxocariasis? | Human toxocariasis , a worldwide parasitic disease , is caused by the larval stage of intestinal nematodes of dogs and cats , namely Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati | Toxocariasis is a preventable parasitic disease that is caused by the dog and
cat roundworms Toxocara cani and T. cati, respectively. Humans become infected
when they accidently ingest infectious Toxocara eggs commonly found in
contaminated soil; children are most often affected. Clinical manifestations of
Toxocara... |
What is the dbSUPER database? | dbSUPER is the first integrated and interactive database of super-enhancers, with the primary goal of providing a resource for assistance in further studies related to transcriptional control of cell identity and disease. dbSUPER provides a responsive and user-friendly web interface to facilitate efficient and comprehe... | |
List places in the body where somatostatin is produced. | Somatostatin is a cyclic peptide well known for its strong regulatory effects throughout the body. Also known by the name of growth hormone inhibiting hormone, it is produced in many locations, which include the olfactory bulb, hair follicles, pancreas, retina, and central nervous system (CNS). | The kinetics of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin release was studied in human
pancreatic islets. Batches of 10-15 islets were perifused and the hormones
measured with RIA in 30-sec fractions. Increase of glucose from 3 to 20 mm
resulted in a brief pulse of glucagon coinciding with suppression of basal
insulin and... |
Is the Philadelphia chromosome a fusion between parts of chromosomes 1 and 9? | No,
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a stem cell disease with the presence of Philadelphia chromosome generated through reciprocal translocation of chromosome 9 and 22. | Chronic myeloid leukemia is a stem cell disease with the presence of
Philadelphia chromosome generated through reciprocal translocation of chromosome
9 and 22. The use of first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors has
been successful to an extent. However, resistance against such drugs is an
emerging p... |
What is YESCARTA? | Yescarta is an autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy approved by the FDA. Yescarta™ is approved for the treatment of adult patients with R/R large B cell lymphoma. It is a CD19-specific CAR T cell therapy lysing CD19-positive targets. | Two autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies (Kymriah™ and
Yescarta™) were recently approved by the FDA. Kymriah™ is for the treatment of
pediatric patients and young adults with refractory or relapse (R/R) B cell
precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Yescarta™ is for the treatment of
adult ... |
What are the 3 types of immunoglobulin heavy chain containing antibodies found in human breast milk? | IgA, IgG, AND IgM can be found in human milk. | BACKGROUND: When feeding preterm infants, donor milk is preferred if the
mother's own milk is unavailable. Pasteurization may have detrimental effects on
bioactivity, but more information is needed about its effects on the
immunological compounds. Research aim: This work has two main aims: evaluate the
antibody pro... |
What is a exposome? | The exposome is a novel conceptual framework that allows for concurrent examination of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including environmental exposures, as well as changes in exposures over time, to elucidate the complex environmental factors that affect health outcomes. | SIGNIFICANCE: The environment can elicit biological responses such as oxidative
stress (OS) and inflammation as a consequence of chemical, physical, or
psychological changes. As population studies are essential for establishing
these environment-organism interactions, biomarkers of OS or inflammation are
critical i... |
What does the strimvelis treatment consist of? | Strimvelis consists of autologous CD34+ cells transduced to express adenosine deaminase [ADA]. | BACKGROUND: Strimvelis (autologous CD34+ cells transduced to express adenosine
deaminase [ADA]) is the first ex vivo stem cell gene therapy approved by the
European Medicines Agency (EMA), indicated as a single treatment for patients
with ADA-severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID) who lack a suitable matched
r... |
Can therapeutic levels of Vedolizumab be found in the breast milk of nursing mothers following treatment for Inflammatory bowel disease? | vedolizumab can be detected in the breast milk of nursing mothers. although more data are imperative, the concentrations of vedolizumab in breast milk are minute and are therefore unlikely to result in systemic or gastro-intestinal immune-suppression of the infant. | |
What is predicted using SURFY? | surfaceome predictor SURFY, based on machine learning. |
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