question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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How is Slc22a3 imprinted? | Two novel imprinted genes, Slc22a2 and Slc22a3 are described here that lie 110 and 155 kb 3' to Igf2r and that are not overlapped by the Air transcript but are regulated by the Igf2r-ICE, as previously shown for Igf2r. A bidirectional silencer for a 400-kilobase region that contains three imprinted, maternally expresse... | Imprinting of the maternally-expressed Igf2r gene is controlled by an intronic
imprint control element (ICE) known as Region2 that contains the promoter of the
noncoding Air RNA, whose transcript overlaps the silenced paternal Igf2r
promoter in an antisense orientation. Two novel imprinted genes, Slc22a2 and
Slc22a... |
What are the effects of 14-3-3 dimers on Tau phosphorylation? | 14-3-3 dimers regulate steady-state phosphorylation of both wild-type and the R406W mutant Tau, but they are not essential for toxicity of either variant. Furthermore, recruitment of dimers on accumulating wild- type Tau increases its steady- state levels ostensibly by occluding access to proteases in a phosphorylated-... | Neurodegenerative dementias collectively known as Tauopathies involve aberrant
phosphorylation and aggregation of the neuronal protein Tau. The largely
neuronal 14-3-3 proteins are also elevated in the central nervous system (CNS)
and cerebrospinal fluid of Tauopathy patients, suggesting functional linkage. We
use ... |
Is the tyrosine kinase BTK implicated in autoimmunity? | Autoimmunity, hypersensitivity to B cell receptor (BCR) cross-linking, and splenomegaly caused by myeloerythroid hyperplasia were alleviated by Btk deficiency in lyn-/- mice. Augmented TLR9-induced Btk activation in PIR-B-deficient B-1 cells provokes excessive autoantibody production and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity was ... | Transphosphorylation by Src family kinases is required for the activation of
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Differences in the phenotypes of Btk-/- and
lyn-/- mice suggest that these kinases may also have independent or opposing
functions. B cell development and function were examined in Btk-/-lyn-/- mice to
bette... |
What is the BioPlex network? | Protein interactions form a network whose structure drives cellular function and whose organization informs biological inquiry. BioPlex contains 23,744 interactions among 7,668 proteins with 86% previously undocumented. BioPlex accurately depicts known complexes, attaining 80%-100% coverage for most CORUM complexes. Th... | Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks are emerging as valuable prototypes
to study important problems in molecular cellular biology and systems
biomedicine. An analysis of the topological properties of a PPI network is very
helpful for understanding the function and structure of networks. In this study,
we ana... |
Which algorithm has been developed for detecting expansions of tandem repeats? | Identifying large expansions of short tandem repeats (STRs), such as those that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fragile X syndrome, is challenging for short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. A solution to this problem is an important step toward integrating WGS into precision medicine. For that pur... | Identifying large expansions of short tandem repeats (STRs), such as those that
cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fragile X syndrome, is challenging
for short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. A solution to this problem is
an important step toward integrating WGS into precision medicine. We develo... |
Which clotting factor is in the Andexxa? | Andexxa(r) is a first-in-class recombinant modified factor Xa protein. It is available to reverse life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding with the factor Xa inhibitors apixaban and rivaroxaban. | Intravenous andexanet alfa [coagulation factor Xa (recombit),
inactivated-zhzo; Andexxa®] is a first-in-class recombit modified factor Xa
protein that has been developed by Portola Pharmaceuticals as a universal
antidote to reverse anticoagulant effects of direct or indirect factor Xa
inhibitors. In May 2018, andex... |
How are nucleosome posisitions correlated with sites of 5'-methyl-cytosine (5mC) or 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine (5hmC)? | We find that Mbd3 and Brg1 antagonistically regulate a common set of genes by regulating promoter nucleosome occupancy. outside of CpG islands most CpGs are methylated, and the average methylation density oscillates so that it is highest in the linker region between nucleosomes we have investigated nucleosome organiz... | Numerous chromatin regulators are required for embryonic stem (ES) cell
self-renewal and pluripotency, but few have been studied in detail. Here, we
examine the roles of several chromatin regulators whose loss affects the
pluripotent state of ES cells. We find that Mbd3 and Brg1 antagonistically
regulate a common s... |
Which drugs are included in the drug LONSURF? | Lonsurf includes trifluridine and tipiracil. It is a novel oral anti-tumor agent combining an anti-neoplastic thymidine-based nucleoside analogue (trifluridine) with a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (tipiracil hydrochloride) presents a new treatment option for metastatic colorectal cancer patients refractory or into... | Evolocumab (Repatha) for patients with hypercholesterolemia whose condition has
not been controlled by statins and other therapies; trifluridine/tipiracil
(Lonsurf) for metastatic colorectal cancer; and blood coagulation factor VIII
(Nuwiq) for adults and children with hemophilia A. Within the past several years, no... |
What is 23andMe? | We first take a look at how personal genomics services, exemplified by the company 23andMe, | As part of personalised medicine emerging from the human genomics revolution,
many websites now offer direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Here, we examine
three personal genomics companies--Navigenics, deCODEme and 23andMe--each of
which represents contrasting registers of 'personalisation'. We identify three
disti... |
Is induction of interferon by TLR7 higher in males? | Yes. TLR7 activation correlates with induction of interferon more strongly in males. | An efficient immune response against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is necessary to
clear infection. As HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus, a role for TLR7 in the
immune response against HCV is possible, and early clinical studies have
demonstrated an antiviral effect of TLR7 stimulation. We tested the hypothesis
that gen... |
Cushing's disease is associated with a tumor in what part of the body? | Cushing's disease is associated with a tumor in the pituitary gland | BACKGROUND: Cushing's syndrome due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor is
associated with serious morbidity and mortality. As there is no definitive
medical treatment, surgical removal of the tumor via the transsphenoidal route
remains the first choice. Postoperative hypocortisolemia is recognized as the
best indi... |
Which was the first genetically modified organism (GMO) to be used as vaccine? | The first genetically modified organism to be used as vaccine was the live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR or vaxchora. | Effective and easy to administer cholera vaccines are in need more than ever,
for at risk populations and travellers alike. In many parts of the world cholera
is still endemic, causing outbreaks and constituting repeatedly serious public
health problems. The oral live cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR (Orochol, Mutachol),... |
How does PRDM9 recognize the specific DNA motifs for meiotic recombination? | The PRDM9 gene encodes a protein with a highly variable tandem-repeat zinc finger (ZF) DNA-binding domain that plays a key role in determining sequence-specific hotspots of meiotic recombination genome wide. The long zinc finger domain of PRDM9 forms a highly stable and long-lived complex with its DNA recognition seque... | Meiotic recombination generates reciprocal exchanges between homologous
chromosomes (also called crossovers, COs) that are essential for proper
chromosome segregation during meiosis and are a major source of genome diversity
by generating new allele combinations. COs have two striking properties: they
occur at spec... |
Which micro-RNAs (miR) are associated with the human cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene promoter? | MicroRNA-16, miRNA-128, miR-26b, icroRNA-26a, MicroRNA-146b-3p, microRNA-137, mi R-146a, mir-143-5p,microRNA-101, microRNAs-142-3 p, mi r-146p, mir-128 and miR -128 were found to be associated with the human cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene promoter. | Commonly observed in colorectal cancer is the elevated expression of the
prostaglandin (PG) synthase COX-2. In normal intestinal epithelium, the COX-2
mRNA is targeted for rapid decay through the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR)
adenylate- and uridylate (AU)-rich element (ARE), whereas in tumors ARE-mediated
decay i... |
What percentage of patients of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) develop recurrent disease? | 1.04% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma develop recurrent disease. The overall recurrence rate is 75%. | An important challenge in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) research is to develop
effective predictors of tumor recurrence following treatment to determine
whether immediate adjuvant therapy is necessary. We retrospectively analyzed
archived specimens collected from 45 patients with paired samples of primary NPC
(pNP... |
What classes of drugs does Retapamulin belong to? | Retapamulin is a member of the pleuromutilin family of antibiotics. | Retapamulin is a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative being developed as a
topical antibiotic for treating bacterial infections of the skin. It is potent
in vitro against susceptible and multidrug-resistant organisms commonly
associated with bacterial skin infections. We report detailed mode of action
studies dem... |
What is the mechanism of action of ozanimod? | Ozanimod is a specific and potent small molecule modulator of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) and receptor 5 (S1PR5), which has shown therapeutic benefit in clinical trials of relapsing multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators possess a unique mechanism of
action as disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Subtype 1 S1P
receptors are expressed on the surfaces of lymphocytes and are important in
regulating egression from lymph nodes. The S1P receptor modulators indirectly
ant... |
What are Syndecans? | Syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans with heparan and chondroitin sulfate chains attached to their extracellular domain. Like many proteoglycans, they interact with a large number of ligands, such as growth factors, adhesion receptors, soluble small molecules, proteinases, and other extracellular matrix proteins t... | Syndecans are cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans that serve as
co-receptors and modulate the actions of a number of extracellular ligands.
Syndecans thereby regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Studies in cancer cells suggest that syndecans may also modulate cell viability.
We previou... |
What is chemokinesis? | Chemokinesis is chemically prompted kinesis, a motile response of unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms to chemicals that cause the cell to make some kind of change in their migratory/swimming behaviour. | Eosinophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such
as allergic asthma. Eosinophil migration in vitro can be divided into directed
migration, or chemotaxis, and random migration, or chemokinesis. Here, we
studied intracellular signals involved in eosinophil migration in vitro induced
by... |
What cellular process is JAK/STAT involved in? | The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines and interferons, and is essential for the development and function of both innate and adaptive immunity. | The JAK/STAT pathway was originally identified in mammals. Studies of this
pathway in the mouse have revealed that JAK/STAT signaling plays a central role
during hematopoeisis and other developmental processes. The role of JAK/STAT
signaling in blood appears to be conserved throughout evolution, as it is also
requi... |
What is the link between dental x-ray and brain tumor risk? | There is data to suggest that dental x-ray can be associated with significantly increased risk of meningiomas and gliomas. However, some studies failed to demonstrate an association between dental x-rays and brain tumor risk. | This investigation of a brain cancer cluster in Missouri used two approaches to
investigate associations with potential risk factors. In a case-control study in
a rural town, we interviewed surrogates of cases and controls about potential
risk factors. We found a statistically significant positive association of bra... |
Is there a vaccine for rotavirus? | yes, rotavirus pentavalent vaccine (RotaTeq(r)) as a sole vaccine | In a four cell trial, a single 10(4) plaque-forming unit dose of rhesus
rotavirus (RRV) vaccine (serotype G3), a human rotavirus-rhesus rotavirus
reassortant vaccine with serotype G1 specificity, a similar vaccine with
serotype G2 specificity, or a placebo was administered with buffer orally at 2
months of age to 8... |
Which T-UCR has been implicated in prostate cancer? | Transcribed ultraconserved region Uc.63+ promotes resistance to docetaxel through regulation of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Docetaxel is the standard chemotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer ( CRPC). However, nearly all patients ultimately become refractory due to the develop... | |
Is BNN20 involved in Parkinson's disease? | Yes. Neurotrophic factors are among the most promising treatments aiming at slowing or stopping and even reversing Parkinson's disease (PD). BNN-20 has been suggested as an important neuroprotective agent acting through the TrkB neurotrophin receptor pathway, mimicking the action of the endogenous neurotrophin BDNF. Th... | Neurotrophic factors are among the most promising treatments aiming at slowing
or stopping and even reversing Parkinson's disease (PD). However, in most cases,
they cannot readily cross the human blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Herein, we
propose as a therapeutic for PD the small molecule
17-beta-spiro-[5-androsten-17,2... |
Which domain of the MOZ/MYST3 protein complex associates with histone H3? | The double PHD finger domain of MOZ/MYST3 induces a-helical structure of the histone H3 tail | Histone tail modifications control many nuclear processes by dictating the
dynamic exchange of regulatory proteins on chromatin. Here we report novel
insights into histone H3 tail structure in complex with the double PHD finger
(DPF) of the lysine acetyltransferase MOZ/MYST3/KAT6A. In addition to sampling
H3 and H4... |
Which company sells the drug Afrezza since 2015? | Afrezza has been marketed by Sanofi since February 2015. | The current review was designed to compare between the insulin inhalation
systems Exubera and Afrezza and to investigate the reasons why Exubera was
unsuccessful, when Afrezza maker is expecting their product to be felicitous. In
January 2006, Pfizer secured FDA and EC approval for the first of its kind,
regular in... |
Is there a role for MRPL53 in cancer? | No. MRPL53 is a new candidate gene for orofacial clefting identified using an eQTL approach. | A valuable approach to understand how individual and population genetic
differences can predispose to disease is to assess the impact of genetic
variants on cellular functions (e.g., gene expression) of cell and tissue types
related to pathological states. To understand the genetic basis of nonsyndromic
cleft lip w... |
Does Uc.63+ promote sensitivity to treatment in prostate cancer? | No. Overexpression of Uc.63+ increases the expression of AR and its downstream molecule PSA and promotes resistance to docetaxel through AR regulation. In patients treated with docetaxel, the expression of serum Uc.63+ in the docetaxel-resistant patients is higher than that in the docetaxel-sensitive patients (P = 0.01... | |
What is the gene PTENP? | PTEN pseudogene (PTENp) acts as an endogenous RNA, which regulates its parental gene by competitively binding to the 3' UTR of PTEN gene in the human. | Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor-suppressor gene. PTEN
pseudogene (PTENp) acts as an endogenous RNA, which regulates its parental gene
by competitively binding to the 3' UTR of PTEN gene in the human. Despite the
importance of this pseudogene, little is known about the molecular evolution of
PTENp i... |
Rachmilewitz Index is used for which diseases? | Rachmilewitz Index is used for assessment of endoscopic disease activity of patients with ulcerative colitis. | 82 consecutive outpatients with Crohn's disease (n = 52) and ulcerative colitis
(n = 30) were examined ambulatory. Rheumatic complaints, objective results and
diagnosis were correlated to the activity of the underlying illness and the
extent of the bowel affected. 61% of the examined patients complaint about
rheuma... |
List angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. | captopril
enalapril
lisinopril
ramipril | AIMS: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are recommended as
first-line therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
(HFrEF). The comparative effectiveness of different ACEIs is not known.
METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 4723 outpatients with stable HFrEF prescribed
enalapril, l... |
How does androgen deprivation therapy affect pain perception? | There were no significant changes in pain thresholds, ratings, or other response to quantitative sensory tests over the 6-month course of the study. Clinical pain did not differ between test and control groups, and no changes from baseline were observed in their group. | |
What is OAC CHV? | The Open Access and Collaborative Consumer Health Vocabulary (OAC CHV), which contains health-related terms used by lay consumers, | The widely known vocabulary gap between health consumers and healthcare
professionals hinders information seeking and health dialogue of consumers on
end-user health applications. The Open Access and Collaborative Consumer Health
Vocabulary (OAC CHV), which contains health-related terms used by lay consumers,
has b... |
What is known about autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease? | The first autosomal dominant mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene was described in 1991. Later, AD was also associated with mutated early-onset (presenilin 1/2, PSEN1/2 and APP) and late-onset (apolipoprotein E, ApoE) genes. Genome-wide association and linkage analysis studies with identified multiple g... | Many medical diagnostic studies involve three ordinal diagnostic populations in
which the diagnostic accuracy can be summarized by the volume or partial volume
under the receiver operating characteristic surface for a diagnostic marker.
When the diagnostic populations are clustered, e.g. by families, we propose to
... |
List characteristic features of the Revesz syndrome. | Revesz syndrome is characterized by retinopathy, aplastic anemia, nail dystrophy, and cerebellar hypoplasia. | Revesz syndrome is a variant of dyskeratosis congenita characterized by aplastic
anemia, retinopathy, and central nervous system abnormalities. We describe a
3-year-old boy in whom the spectrum of neuroimaging findings, including
intracranial calcifications, cerebellar hypoplasia and unusual brain lesions
were foun... |
Does BNN27 promote memory loss? | No. The novel dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) derivative BNN27 counteracts delay-dependent and scopolamine-induced recognition memory deficits in rats. | |
Are genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs) any different than TADs? | No, clusters of CNEs (GRBs) strongly coincide with topological organisation, predicting the boundaries of hundreds of topologically associating domains (TADs) in human and Drosophila. The set of TADs that are associated with high levels of noncoding conservation exhibit distinct properties compared to TADs devoid of ex... | Developmental genes in metazoan genomes are surrounded by dense clusters of
conserved noncoding elements (CNEs). CNEs exhibit unexplained extreme levels of
sequence conservation, with many acting as developmental long-range enhancers.
Clusters of CNEs define the span of regulatory inputs for many important
developm... |
Are Spinal Intradural Primary Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors(MPNST) rare in neurofibromatosis patients? | Spinal intradural primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are rare in patients without neurofibromatosis. | Primary maligt peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are extremely rare in
patients without a history of neurofibromatosis; only 18 cases have been
reported in the English-language literature to this point. The authors report
their experience with 1 new case of a primary MPNST. A 33-year-old woman
presented with ... |
What does MVA85A stand for? | MVA85A is the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara expressing Antigen 85A. | |
Can MVA85A confer immunity against smallpox? | No MVA85A is a candidate tuberculosis vaccine. | BACKGROUND: HIV-1 infection is associated with increased risk of tuberculosis
and a safe and effective vaccine would assist control measures. We assessed the
safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a candidate tuberculosis vaccine,
modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A (MVA85A), in adults
infected w... |
Is MLL3 part of the ASCOM complex? | Yes | |
What are the effects of CAMK4 inhibition? | Here, we present evidence that the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMK4) is increased and required during Th17 cell differentiation. Inhibition of CaMK4 reduced Il17 transcription through decreased activation of the cAMP response element modulator a (CREM-a) and reduced activation of the AKT/mTOR path... | Tissue inflammation in several autoimmune diseases, including SLE and MS, has
been linked to an imbalance of IL-17-producing Th (Th17) cells and Tregs;
however, the factors that promote Th17-driven autoimmunity are unclear. Here, we
present evidence that the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMK4)
is... |
List cohesinopathies | Roberts syndrome (RBS), Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS) and Chronic Atrial and Intestinal Dysrhythmia (CAID) syndrome. | A new study identifies homozygous missense mutations in SGOL1, which encodes a
component of the cohesin complex, in a newly described disorder termed Chronic
Atrial and Intestinal Dysrhythmia (CAID) syndrome. These findings implicate
cohesin in the regulation of intrinsic cardiac and intestinal rhythm and further
e... |
Which protein is mutated in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria? | Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare inherited disorder of the heme biosynthesis pathway resulting in the accumulation of protoporphyrins in the blood, erythrocytes, and other tissues. Because of a gene mutation in the FECH gene, ferrochelatase, the enzyme involved in the final step of heme synthesis, is defic... | Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare inherited disorder of the heme
biosynthesis pathway resulting in the accumulation of protoporphyrins in the
blood, erythrocytes, and other tissues. Because of a gene mutation in the FECH
gene, ferrochelatase, the enzyme involved in the final step of heme synthesis,
is d... |
Is marimastat effective for small-cell lung cancer? | No. Marimastat is not effective for small-cell lung cancer. | Marimastat [BB 2516, TA 2516] is a second-generation anticancer drug originally
developed with British Biotech in Europe and North America. It is an orally
active metalloprotease inhibitor of the same class as batimastat, and is the
first compound in this class to have completed a pivotal clinical trial.
Marimastat... |
Which part of the TNFR2 gene is genetically associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? | There is a TNFR2 3' flanking region polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus. | Multiple genetic as well as environmental factors are considered to be involved
in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A number of previous
studies have suggested a possible role for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the
pathogenesis of SLE. In addition, one of the candidate loci suggested by the
ge... |
What is VISMapper? | VISMapper is a vector integration site analysis web server to analyze next-generation sequencing data for retroviral vector integration sites. VISMapper can be found at: http://vismapper.babelomics.org. | |
What is Taupathy? | Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders with accumulation of three-repeat (3R) or four-repeat (4R) Tau protein. | BACKGROUND: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is the term coined for the
neurodegenerative disease often suspected in athletes with histories of repeated
concussion and progressive dementia. Histologically, CTE is defined as a
tauopathy with a distribution of tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)
that is... |
Is Figitumumab effective for non-small cell lung cancer? | No. Phase III trials of the anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) antibody figitumumab in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have been discontinued owing to lack of survival benefit. Adding figitumumab to standard chemotherapy also failed to increase overall survival in patients with advanced non... | Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-directed therapy is currently at a
crossroads. After decades of research, several agents targeting the IGF pathway
are now in clinical trials. One recent phase III trial of the IGF-1R inhibitor
figitumumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer was discontinued after
an int... |
The LINCS L1000 data set contains gene expression data for drug treated human cells, yes or no? | The Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) L1000 dataset measures changes in GE before and after treatment of human cells with over 20 000 small-molecule compounds including most of the FDA-approved drugs. | The Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) L1000 big
data provide gene expression profiles induced by over 10 000 compounds, shRNAs,
and kinase inhibitors using the L1000 platform. We developed csNMF, a systematic
compound signature discovery pipeline covering from raw L1000 data processing ... |
What is a cytokine storm? | A cytokine storm is an undesirable elevation of cytokine levels, as may occur in response to a drug or a device, may lead to severe side effects such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome. | Cytokine storm is an immune reaction to an acute or chronic injury and may be
caused by a disease itself or by treatment directed at an underlying disease.
The result is an overwhelming release of cytokines which can cause a sepsis-like
response and may lead to multi-system organ failure and even death. Because it
... |
Which database exists that contains regulatory SNPs which affect predicted transcription factor binding site affinity? | SNP2TFBS is a computational resource intended to support researchers investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory variation in the human genome. The database essentially consists of a collection of text files providing specific annotations for human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely whether... | |
Which R package has been developed for MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics? | Phosphonormalizer is an R package for normalization of MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics. | MOTIVATION: Global centering-based normalization is a commonly used
normalization approach in mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. It
scales the peptide abundances to have the same median intensities, based on an
assumption that the majority of abundances remain the same across the samples.
However, espec... |
Is there a vaccine for peanut allergy? | Yes, there is a vaccine for peanut allergy. | This article presents an overview of potential treatments of food allergy, with
an emphasis on various forms of immunotherapy (including oral immunotherapy,
sublingual immunotherapy, epicutaneous immunotherapy, immunotherapy with
modified food antigens, and immunotherapy with a recombit peanut vaccine).
Allergen no... |
The virus that causes FIP, Feline Infectious Peritonitis belongs to what family? | The virus that causes FIP, Feline Infectious Peritonitis belongs to the family coronavirus. | The feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a member of the feline
coronavirus family that causes FIP, which is incurable and fatal in cats.
Cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive agent that targets the nuclear factor
pathway of activated T-cells (NF-AT) to bind cellular cyclophilins (CyP),
dose-dependentl... |
What is a "cytokine storm"? | During infectious processes, the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), gamma interferon (IFNg) and chemokines orchestrates the anti-infectious innate immune response. However, an overzealous production, leading up to a cytokine storm, can be deleterious and ... | INTRODUCTION: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening
hyperinflammatory state mediated by uncontrolled cytokine storm and
haemophagocytosis. Although rarely reported, MAS might occur in systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), notably as an inaugural manifestation. Glucocorticoids
(GCs) are the corner... |
Is golimumab effective for sarcoidosis? | No, golimumab is not effective for treatment of sarcoidosis. | |
Is SARS virus interacting with ACE2 encoded protein? | Yes,
The infection of target cells by the SARS CoV is mediated through the interaction of the viral Spike (S) protein (1255 amino acids) and its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). | The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) identified in
2003 has infected ∼8000 people worldwide, killing nearly 10% of them. The
infection of target cells by the SARS CoV is mediated through the interaction of
the viral Spike (S) protein (1255 amino acids) and its cellular receptor,
angiotensi... |
What is Soluvia? | Soluvia(tm) by Becton Dickinson is a microinjection system for intradermal delivery of vaccines. | |
Is the FIP virus thought to be a mutated strain for the Feline enteric Coronavirus? | yes, Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) results from mutations in the viral genome during a common feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infection. | Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a severe fatal immune-augmented disease
in cat population. It is caused by FIP virus (FIPV), a virulent mutant strain of
Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV). Current treatments and prophylactics are not
effective. The in vitro antiviral properties of five circular Triple-Helix
F... |
Does SATB1 regulate the RAG1 and RAG2 genes? | SATB1 binds to the ASE and Rag promoters, facilitating inclusion of Rag2 in the chromatin hub and the loading of RNA polymerase II to both the Rag1 and Rag2 promoters. | The X-linked lymphocyte-regulated (Xlr) protein is a 30,000 Mr nuclear protein
bearing homology with meiosis-specific proteins and expressed in late stage B
lymphoid cell lines. In the present study we investigated its expression in the
T lymphoid lineage. In adults, a high level of expression was detected in
CD4-C... |
What is the main difference between nascent and mature chromatin? | Nascent chromatin is created after transcription and is mostly lacking histone modifications and H1, which makes it more prone to digestion by DNaseI. | During chromatin replication and nucleosome assembly, newly synthesized histone
H4 is acetylated before it is deposited onto DNA, then deacetylated as assembly
proceeds. In a previous study (Perry and Annunziato, Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 4275
[1989]) it was shown that when replication occurs in the presence of sodium ... |
Is CTCF bound at nucleosome free regions? | yes, robust inter-nucleosomal interactions exist around transcription start site (TSS), transcription termination sites (TTS) or around CTCF binding sites | The application of deep sequencing to map 5' capped transcripts has confirmed
the existence of at least two distinct promoter classes in metazoans: "focused"
promoters with transcription start sites (TSSs) that occur in a narrowly defined
genomic span and "dispersed" promoters with TSSs that are spread over a larger... |
Is bortezomib a Proteasome inhibitor? | The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is effective for a variety of tumors, but not for GBM. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib | The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is emerging as a potent anti-cancer agent.
Still, recent clinical trials have revealed a significant secondary toxicity of
bortezomib. Consequently, there is much interest in dissecting the mechanism of
action of this compound to rationally improve its therapeutic index. The
cyto... |
Is PRDM9 essential for meiosis? | PRDM9 is essential for the progression through early meiotic prophase, including double strand break repair, homologous chromosome pairing, and sex body formation during spermatogenesis. | The onset of prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to gene flow between
populations is a hallmark of speciation. One of the earliest postzygotic
isolating barriers to arise between incipient species is the sterility of the
heterogametic sex in interspecies' hybrids. Four genes that underlie hybrid
sterility have been... |
What is particular about the mouse Fxy gene's chromosomal position? | We have previously described a gene, Fxy , that spans the pseudoautosomal boundary in mice such that the first three exons of the gene are located on the X chromosome, but the remainder of the gene is located on both X and Y chromosomes. The Fxy gene in mice is also located on the X chromosome but spans the pseudoautos... | Genes evolve at different rates depending on the strength of selective pressure
to maintain their function. Chromosomal position can also have an influence [1]
[2]. The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of mammalian sex chromosomes is a small
region of sequence identity that is the site of an obligatory pairing and
reco... |
Should Pentoxifylline be used for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? | No. Pentoxifylline is not beneficial in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and should be avoided in patients treated with riluzole. | OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline, a US Food and
Drug Administration-approved drug, in patients with ALS treated with riluzole.
METHODS: The authors conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled,
multicenter trial. Four hundred patients with probable or definite ALS and vital
... |
What does a PET (Positron Excitation Tomography) measure? | Positron Excitation Tomography (PET) is a simple, reliable, and valid method of assessing brain activity in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). | We used positron emission tomography to measure hippocampal and medial temporal
lobe metabolism in brains of patients intoxicated by domoic acid from Prince
Edward Island mussels. This analog of kainic acid specifically excites certain
neurons in the hippocampus, and the study revealed a severe reduction of glucose ... |
Is the CADM2 gene associated with differences in information processing speed? | Yes, genetic variation in the CADM2 gene is associated with individual differences in information processing speed. | Author information:
(1)Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
(2)Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands.
(3)Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence, Italy.
(4)Human Genetics... |
What is GeneCodeq? | The exponential reduction in cost of genome sequencing has resulted in a rapid growth of genomic data. Most of the entropy of short read data lies not in the sequence of read bases themselves but in their Quality Scores-the confidence measurement that each base has been sequenced correctly. Lossless compression methods... | |
Is Nivolumab (Opdivo) a PD-L1 inhibitor? | No, Nivolumab (Opdivo) is a PD-1 inhibitor. | Nivolumab (Opdivo(®); Nivolumab BMS™) was the first programmed death (PD)-1
immune checkpoint inhibitor to be approved for use in advanced, squamous
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following prior chemotherapy. In the pivotal
CheckMate 017 trial, intravenous nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks was associated
with si... |
Does clinical trial data support the use of minocycline for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? | No. Available clinical trial data suggest that minocycline does not improve prognosis and functional status, and has a harmful effect on patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | Two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled feasibility trials of
minocycline in ALS were conducted. In Trial 1, 19 subjects received 200 mg/day
or placebo for 6 months; there were no significant differences in adverse events
(AE). In Trial 2, 23 subjects received up to 400 mg/day in an 8-month crossover
trial... |
What are apoptotic bodies? | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released into the extracellular space by almost all types of cells. EVs can cross the physiological barriers, and a variety of biological fluids are enriched in them. EVs are a heterogeneous population of vesicles, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic... | A novel guaiane sesquiterpene derivative, guai-2-en-10α-ol, from Ulva fasciata
Delile exhibits antimicrobial property. U. fasciata extract was reported to
exhibit cytotoxicity against cancer. In the present study, we have studied the
anticancer potential of the compound, guai-2-en-10α-ol, from U. fasciata. The
comp... |
Is the drug Exubera currently (March 2020) available? | No, Exubera has been discontinued due to suboptimal market acceptance. | INTRODUCTION: Delivery of therapeutic insulin via the pulmonary route has been
the most investigated non-invasive alternative to the commonly used subcutaneous
(SC) route for diabetes management. Despite discontinuation of the first
inhalable insulin, Exubera®, due to suboptimal market acceptance, development of
or... |
What is the function of the ISW1 and CHD1 remodellers in yeast chromatin? | eviction of h1 | |
Are breaks in double stranded DNA associated with ionizing radiation? | Yes, double-strand breaks in double stranded DNA may be associated with ionizing radiation risk. | Gamma-ray irradiation introduces single and/or double strand breaks into the DNA
molecule of the cells. In the case of mammalian cells, these breaks are being
repaired in general during the first hr following exposure to ionizing
radiation. The article reports on the results obtained from testing the ability
of cul... |
As of 2019, what type of cancer is commonly associated with ionizing radiation | Ionizing radiation is commonly associated with lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. | Marked dissimilarities in the epidemiology of osteosarcoma, Ewing's tumor, and
rhabdomyosarcoma indicate differences in their origins. A major clue to the
genesis of Ewing's tumor comes not from defining persons at high risk but from
the observation that blacks are at unusually low risk. The neoplasm does not
aggre... |
Is KAT2A involved in Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)? | Yes. The KAT2A gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is frequently mutated in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Activating mutations in Kat2A in response to aberrations in TRAIL can lead to TRAIL-1 activation, resulting in the up-regulation of key AML genes, such as TGFb1, NF-kB, Akt, IKK-1, FOXO1, ERK1/2 and ... | |
What is Idiopathic toe walking? | Idiopathic toe walking is a pathological gait pattern in which children older than 3 years walk on their tip toes with no contact between the heels and the ground. | Idiopathic toe-walking is defined as persistent toe-walking in a normal child in
the absence of developmental, neurological or neuromuscular conditions. True
idiopathic toe-walking is a rare referral, representing approximately 1:100 new
patients seen in the Paediatric Orthopaedic Clinic. A prospective study of
idi... |
Is NicVAX vaccine effective for smoking cessation? | No. NicVAX vaccine failed to meet the primary endpoint in two large phase III studies, although the correlation of higher abstinence rates in subjects with higher immunity to nicotine was observed. The nicotine vaccine, NicVAX, does not appear to improve the chances of stopping smoking when given in addition to varenic... | NicVAX, a nicotine vaccine (3'AmNic-rEPA), has been clinically evaluated to
determine whether higher antibody (Ab) concentrations are associated with higher
smoking abstinence rates and whether dosages and frequency of administration are
associated with increased Ab response. This randomized, double-blinded,
placeb... |
Does natalizumab improve disease course of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis? | No. Atalizumab treatment for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis did not reduce progression on the primary multicomponent disability endpoint in part 1, but it did reduce progression on its upper-limb component. | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and chronic central nervous system (CNS)
demyelinating disease and a leading cause of permanent disability. Patients most
often present with a relapsing-remitting disease course, typically progressing
over time to a phase of relentless advancement in secondary progressive MS
(SPM... |
Before 2019, what neurologic diseases are associated with the tau protein? | Tau proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | The amyloid-forming proteins tau, αB crystallin, and amyloid P protein are all
found in lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous work established that
amyloidogenic peptides from the small heat shock protein αB crystallin (HspB5)
and from amyloid β fibrils, characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, were
therap... |
What is the difference between Daptacel and Pentacel? | Pentacel is a combination vaccine equivalent to the combination of Daptacel, IPOL and ActHIB vaccines. | |
AhR ligands are attractive drug targets for pharmaceutical development due to their induction of Cyp1a1, yes or no? | Yes, there is little evidence to support the indiscriminate exclusion of AhR activators/Cyp1a1 inducers from early drug developmental pipelines. | Expression of Cyp1a1 and its related enzyme activity have long been used as a
biomarker for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and a warning of
dioxin-like toxicity. As a result, induction of Cyp1a1 by pharmaceutical drug
candidates or environmental contamits raises significant concern in risk
assessment. T... |
Does the chromatin remodeling complex, RSC target H2A.Z nucleosomes? | H2A.Z probably helps RSC in keeping the gene nucleosome-free. | The genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) generally have intragenic
promoter elements. One of them, the yeast U6 snRNA (SNR6) gene is activated in
vitro by a positioned nucleosome between its intragenic box A and extragenic,
downstream box B separated by approximately 200 bp. We demonstrate here that the... |
List radioprotection agents. | Amifostine
CAPE
Melanin
Melatonin
Metformin
Tea polyphenols
alpha-2-macroglobulin | Amifostine is the first FDA approved cytoprotective and chemoprotective agent in
the treatment of cancer. However, it is not used widely because of its
ineffectiveness when administered orally. The objective of this study was to
prepare and evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of orally active amifostine
enteric m... |
What is the effect of Satb1 knock-out in mice? | inhibited cell viability and migration | The genome organizer special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1)
regulates specific functions through chromatin remodeling in T helper cells. It
was recently reported by our team that T cells from SATB1 conditional knockout
(SATB1cKO) mice, in which the Satb1 gene is deleted from hematopoietic cells,
impair ... |
Has ZP-PTH been tested in a phase II clinical trial? | Yes, ZP-PTH was successfully tested in a phase II clinical trial for the treatment of post-menopausal women with osteoporosis. | |
PH motifs in which genes endow breast cancer growth? | Although emerging roles of protease-activated receptor1&2 (PAR1&2) in cancer are recognized, their underlying signalling events are poorly understood. Signal-binding motifs in PAR1&2 are critical for breast cancer growth. This occurs via the association of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain with Akt/PKB as a key signa... | Despite the fact that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate numerous
physiological processes and represent targets for therapeutics for a vast array
of diseases, their role in tumor biology is under appreciated.
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) form a family which belongs to GPCR class A.
PAR1&2 emerge wit... |
What is herd immunity? | Vaccines are very effective in providing individual and community (herd) immunity against a range of diseases.
We argue that individuals who have access to vaccines and for whom vaccination is not medically contraindicated have a moral obligation to contribute to the realisation of herd immunity by being vaccinated. | Vaccines are very effective in providing individual and community (herd)
immunity against a range of diseases. In addition to protection against a range
of diseases, vaccines also have social and economic benefits. However, for
vaccines to be effective, routine immunization programmes must be undertaken
regularly t... |
Are multipotent adult progenitor cells effective for treatment of stroke? | No. There was no difference between the multipotent adult progenitor cell group and placebo groups in global stroke recovery at day 90. Further clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of the intervention in an earlier time window after stroke (<36 h) are planned. | BACKGROUND: Multipotent adult progenitor cells are a bone marrow-derived,
allogeneic, cell therapy product that modulates the immune system, and
represents a promising therapy for acute stroke. We aimed to identify the
highest, well-tolerated, and safest single dose of multipotent adult progenitor
cells, and if the... |
List the stages/types of Multiple Sclerosis. | Multiple sclerosis presents with different phenotypes, most commonly a relapsing-remitting course and, less frequently, a progressive accumulation of disability from disease onset (primary progressive multiple sclerosis). The majority of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, after a variable time, switch ... | OBJECTIVE: To perform systematic transcriptomic analysis of multiple sclerosis
(MS) risk genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of subjects with
distinct MS stages and describe the pathways characterized by dysregulated gene
expressions.
METHODS: We monitored gene expression levels in PBMCs from 3 indep... |
What is known about Opicinumab for multiple sclerosis? | Opicinumab is a new Anti lingo 1 monoclonal antibody that is tested in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. The anti-LINGO-1 trial showed that the drug is safe and tolerable. A future phase II trial will provide more insights regarding the compound. | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system (CNS). The modern treatment era for MS witnessed a growing pool
of drugs now available for use in clinical practice. These therapies work at
different levels, however there is a lack of treatments acting on the
neurodegenerativ... |
What is the target of Inebilizumab? | Inebilizumab is an anti-CD19 antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against B cells, is currently being evaluated in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. | Monoclonal antibody therapy is a new treatment strategy for many types of
diseases including cancers and autoimmune diseases, realizing a high efficacy
and tolerability. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
spectrum disorders, several monoclonal antibodies have been suggested to
decrease the in... |
Is eculizumab effective for Guillain-Barré syndrome? | In a clinical trial eculizumab did not achieve primary outcome for Guillain-Barre syndrome. However, because this was a small study without statistical comparison with the placebo group, the efficacy and safety of eculizumab could be investigated in larger, randomised controlled trials. | The outcome of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) remains unchanged since plasma
exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) were introduced over 20 years
ago. Pathogenesis studies on GBS have identified the terminal component of
complement cascade as a key disease mediator and therapeutic target. We report
the first... |
List Mcl-1 inhibitors. | A-1210477
S63845 | OBJECTIVE: There are number of studies which report that BCL-2 anti-apoptotic
proteins (e.g. BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1) are highly expressed in cervical cancer
tissues compared to the normal cervical epithelia. Despite these reports,
targeting these proteins for cervical cancer treatment has not been explored
extens... |
Autophagy is the process where a virus obtains nutrients from it's host, yes or no? | No, autophagy is important in cellular homeostasis for the cell survival mechanism and is involved apoptosis. | Autophagy is a homeostatic process involved in the turnover or elimination of
cytoplasmic components, damaged organelles, and protein aggregates via a
lysosomal degradation mechanism. Autophagy also provides a mechanism of innate
immunity, known as xenophagy, designed to protect cells from intracellular
pathogens, ... |
What is the basis of the methidiumpropyl-EDTA sequencing (MPE-seq) method? | MPE-seq (methidiumpropyl-EDTA sequencing) is a new method for the genome-wide characterization of chromatin that involves the digestion of nuclei with MPE-Fe(II) followed by massively parallel sequencing of the whole genome. Like micrococcal nuclease (MNase), MNase preferentially cleaves the linker DNA between nucleoso... | |
Name two rotavirus vaccines. | Two rotavirus vaccines licensed for global use are RotaTeq and Rotarix. | Two rotavirus vaccines, RotaTeq and Rotarix, are licensed for global use;
however, the protection they confer to unvaccinated individuals through indirect
effects remains unknown. We systematically reviewed the literature and
quantified indirect rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE) for preventing
rotavirus hospital... |
Does CXorf21 escape X chromosome inactivation? | CXORF21 belongs to a set of X-linked differentially expressed genes that show verbal cognition-gene expression correlations may establish a causal link between these genes, neurodevelopment, and language function. | Klinefelter's Syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal karyotype with one or more extra X
chromosomes. KS individuals often show language impairment and the phenotype
might be due to overexpression of genes on the extra X chromosome(s). We
profiled mRNA derived from lymphoblastoid cell lines from males with documented
KS and... |
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