question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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Which was the first adeno-associated virus vector gene therapy product approved in the United States? | The first adeno-associated virus vector gene therapy product in the United States was Luxturna. | Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the potential of adeno-associated virus
(AAV)-based vectors for treating rare diseases. However, significant barriers
remain for the translation of these vectors into widely available therapies. In
particular, exposure to the AAV capsid can generate an immune response of
neu... |
What is known about the gene MIR140? | Chondrocyte-specific microRNA-140 regulates endochondral bone development and targets Dnpep to modulate bone morphogenetic protein signaling.
Our findings showed the novel transcriptional role of miR140-5p in the expression of Nrf2 and miR-140-5p protected against Cisplatin induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2-d... | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in a variety of biological processes in
diverse organisms, including mammals. In the mouse skeletal system, a global
reduction of miRNAs in chondrocytes causes a lethal skeletal dysplasia. However,
little is known about the physiological roles of individual miRNAs in
chondrocy... |
Which gene therapy treatment is FDA approved for retinal dystrophy? | Luxturna is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of inherited retinal dystrophy. | Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the potential of adeno-associated virus
(AAV)-based vectors for treating rare diseases. However, significant barriers
remain for the translation of these vectors into widely available therapies. In
particular, exposure to the AAV capsid can generate an immune response of
neu... |
Salivary Cortisol is a biomarker for what disease/syndrome/condition? | Salivary cortisone , as a biomarker for psychosocial stress , is associated with state anxiety and heart rate .
ortisol as a stress biomarker | Salivary cortisol is frequently used as a biomarker of psychological stress.
However, psychobiological mechanisms, which trigger the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) can only indirectly be assessed by
salivary cortisol measures. The different instances that control HPAA reactivity
(hippocampus, hypothalam... |
What is the function of the cGAS pathway? | The cGAS-STING pathway not only mediates protective immune defense against infection by a large variety of DNA-containing pathogens but also detects tumor-derived DNA and generates intrinsic antitumor immunity. | Author information:
(1)Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity
Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40,
Ireland.
(2)Centre for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, 47 New
Scotland Avenue, MC 151, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
(3)Statens ... |
Does RUNX2 inhibit astrocyte differentiation? | No, RUNX2 promostes astrocyte differentiation. | Identification of cell-fate determits for directing stem cell differentiation
remains a challenge. Moreover, little is known about how cell-fate determits
are regulated in functionally important subnetworks in large gene-regulatory
networks (i.e., GRN motifs). Here we propose a model of stem cell
differentiation in... |
What are 5 key questions in human performance modeling? | There are five key questions of human performance modeling: 1) Why we build models of human performance; 2) What the expectations of a good human performance model are; 3) What the procedures and requirements in building and verifying a human performance model are; 4) How we integrate a human performance model with sys... | Via building computational (typically mathematical and computer simulation)
models, human performance modeling (HPM) quantifies, predicts, and maximizes
human performance, human-machine system productivity and safety. This paper
describes and summarizes the five key questions of human performance modeling:
1) Why w... |
What is the mode of action of the Tc toxins? | The toxin complex (tc) genes of bacteria comprise a large and growing family whose mode of action remains obscure. Tc toxins are widely distributed among different gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, where they act as pathogenicity factors. Tripartite Tc toxin complexes of bacterial pathogens perforate the host m... | The toxin complex (tc) genes of Photorhabdus encode insecticidal, high molecular
weight Tc toxins. These toxins have been suggested as useful alternatives to
those derived from Bacillus thuringiensis for expression in insect-resistant
transgenic plants. Although Photorhabdus luminescens is symbiotic with nematodes
... |
What does RUNX2 stand for? | Runt related factor-2 | |
Where, in the body, would the Cobb-Stainsby excision arthroplasty be performed? | The Cobb-Stainsby forefoot arthroplasty combines partial phalangectomy ( Stainsby ) with extensor tendon transfer to the metatarsal head ( Cobb ) . | BACKGROUND: Dislocated metatarsophalangeal joints from clawed or hammer toes can
be a disabling consequence of several conditions. The Cobb-Stainsby forefoot
arthroplasty combines partial phalangectomy (Stainsby) with extensor tendon
transfer to the metatarsal head (Cobb). We present a retrospective, three
surgeon ... |
Are cardenolides inhibitors of Na+/K+ ATPase? | Yes,
Cardenolides have shown significant antitumor activity due to their ability to inhibit the Na+K+ATPase enzyme, and the expression of this enzyme is increased in tumor cells. | PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pachypodium (Apocynaceae) is a genus of iconic
stem-succulent and poisonous plants endemic to Madagascar and southern Africa.
We tested hypotheses about the mode of action and macroevolution of toxicity in
this group. We further hypothesized that while monarch butterflies are highly
resistant ... |
Can antisense threapy be used for Huntington's disease? | Yes, antisense oligonucleotide therapy has been shown to lower Huntingtin mRNA levels and be beneficial against Huntington's disease. | Lowering mutant Huntingtin is a consensus therapeutic strategy for Huntington's
disease. In this issue of Neuron, Kordasiewicz et al. (2012) show the benefit of
transient antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy to degrade Huntingtin mRNA and
elicit sustained therapeutic benefit in HD mice. |
What are acoustic reported genes used to detect? | Acoustic reporter genes are genetic constructs that allow bacterial gene expression to be visualized in vivo using ultrasound. | The mammalian microbiome has many important roles in health and disease, and
genetic engineering is enabling the development of microbial therapeutics and
diagnostics. A key determit of the activity of both natural and engineered
microorganisms in vivo is their location within the host organism. However,
existing m... |
What is a lipin 1 protein doing? | As a lipin family founding member, lipin1 exerts dual functions as a phosphatidate phosphatase enzyme and/or a co-transcriptional regulator in lipid metabolism. In fact, it is also involved in many other cell processes. | Conflict of interest statement: The authors thank Dr. Alan Pestronk and Dr.
Abhinav Diwan for technical assistance in interpreting histology, and Dennis J.
Dietzen for determining plasma creatine kinase (all from Washington University).
This work was supported by U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) National
In... |
Which company produces patisiran? | Patisiran has been developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. | |
What protein is recruited by Crumbs to regulate tracheal development? | In Drosophila, stellate-shaped tracheal terminal cells make seamless tubes, Early endocytosis maintains normal steady-state levels of Crumbs, which recruits apical phosphorylated (active) Moesin (Moe), which in turn regulates seamless tube shape in the development of the trachea. | Many epithelial tissues undergo extensive remodelling during morphogenesis. How
their epithelial features, such as apicobasal polarity or adhesion, are
maintained and remodelled and how adhesion and polarity proteins contribute to
morphogenesis are two important questions in development. Here, we approach
these iss... |
Is collagen matrix of human articular cartilage changing with disease? | No,
The collagen matrix of human articular cartilage is an essentially permanent structure that has no significant turnover in adults, even with the occurrence of disease. | Type II collagen is a major component of articular cartilage and its breakdown
is a key feature of osteoarthritis. Products of cartilage collagen metabolism
can be detected in the blood, synovial fluid and urine. Several biomarker assays
have been developed which can be used to measure the synthesis and degradation ... |
Is ustekinumab a polyclonal antibody? | Ustekinumab is a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody targeting the p40-subunit shared by interleukin (IL)12 and IL-23. | AIM: Ustekinumab, a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody targeting the p40-subunit
shared by interleukin (IL)12 and IL-23, represents a potential treatment for
atopic dermatitis (AD). We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in
the treatment of AD.
METHODS: We reviewed the published literature by searching from... |
Where in the body, is ghrelin secreted? | Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, is secreted from endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa. | BACKGROUND: Ghrelin is secreted by the stomach, the hypothalamus, and the
placenta in humans and has growth hormone-secreting and orexigenic properties.
Leptin is secreted mainly by the adipocyte, plays a major role in energy
balance, and reflects fat mass in infants as well as adults. Leptin and ghrelin
central ef... |
List the ERM proteins. | ezrin
radixin
moesin | This review deals with recent advances in studies on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and
its expression regulators, focusing especially on our own research. Firstly, we
describe findings demonstrating that the distribution of P-gp along the small
intestine is heterogeneous, which explains why orally administered P-gp
substra... |
What is epitranscriptomics? | Epitranscriptomics is the fast expanding area of RNA modifications. | Author information:
(1)a Medical University of Vienna , Department of Cell- and Developmental
Biology , Vienna , Austria.
(2)b UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TRENTO , Italy.
(3)c CEITEC, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic.
(4)d Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz , Mainz , Germany.
(5)e University of Cambridge , C... |
What is resistin? | The adipocyte-secreting adipokine, resistin, may play a critical role in the modulation of inflammatory diseases. | Resistin is a recently discovered hormone that is exclusively expressed in
adipose tissue. Its expression in rodents was reported to be elevated or
suppressed in genetic and diet-induced obesity, respectively. Resistin treatment
impaired glucose tolerance and insulin action. Immunoneutralization of resistin
improve... |
Is Pim-1 a protein phosphatase? | No,
Pim-1 is a kinase and not a phosphatase. | Pim-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (PIM-1) phosphorylates a series of
substrates to exert its oncogenic function in numerous maligcies. The present
study investigated the clinical significance of the PIM-1 protein, apoptosis
status and apoptosis-associated proteins, including forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), B ... |
Name three binding partners of cofilin 2. | Cofilin 2 can bind miR-201a, the protein 14-3-3, and ATP/ADP-Pi-actin filaments. | The muscle LIM protein (MLP) and cofilin 2 (CFL2) are important regulators of
striated myocyte function. Mutations in the corresponding genes have been
directly associated with severe human cardiac and skeletal myopathies, and
aberrant expression patterns have often been observed in affected muscles.
Herein, we hav... |
What is the function of GvpA? | The gas vesicle wall is solely formed of proteins with the two major components, GvpA and GvpC, and | Gas vesicle synthesis in Haloferax mediterranei involves several gene products
encoded by a 9.4-kilobase pair DNA region (mc-vac region) that contains 13 genes
in addition to gvpA encoding the major structural gas vesicle protein. The
expression of part of this region, encompassing the genes gvpA, gvpC, gvpN, and
g... |
What is a SMR based BCI? | Many Brain Computer Interface (BCI) and neurofeedback studies have investigated the impact of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) | All brain-computer interface (BCI) groups that have published results of studies
involving a large number of users performing BCI control based on the voluntary
modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) report that BCI control could not be
achieved by a non-negligible number of subjects (estimated 20% to 25%). This
... |
Is myc a tumour suppressor gene? | No,
Myc is a proto-oncogene. | RhoA regulates actin cytoskeleton but recent evidence suggest a role for this
conserved Rho GTPase also in other cellular processes, including transcriptional
control of cell proliferation and survival. Interestingy, loss of RhoA is
synthetic lethal with oncogenic Myc, a master transcription factor that turns on
an... |
Which syndrome is associated to SAMHD1 gene mutations? | Mutations in the SAMHD1 gene that cause the severe autoimmune disease, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS). | |
List proteins with RING domain. | RING1
TRIM proteins
TRAF6
UHRF1
MARCH7
SINA
BRCA1 | Autophagy is the process of degradation of intracellular proteins through the
lysosome. Members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have shown to directly
recognize autophagic cargo and also to act as a hub for the phagophore
nucleation complex. The TRIM proteins are classically characterized by the
presence of... |
What conditions are associated with mutations in the gene FAAH? | Human FAAH gene mutations are associated with increased body weight and obesity. Results suggest that genetic mutations in FAAH may constitute important risk factors for problem drug use and support a potential link between functional abnormalities in the endogenous cannabinoid system and drug abuse and dependence.
res... | Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a mammalian integral membrane enzyme
responsible for the hydrolysis of a number of neuromodulatory fatty acid amides,
including the endogenous cannabinoid adamide and the sleep-inducing lipid
oleamide. FAAH belongs to a large class of hydrolytic enzymes termed the
"amidase signa... |
What is the results of mutations in the gene autoimmune regulator? | Autoimmune-polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) | Protection against mucocutaneous candidiasis depends on the T helper (Th)17
pathway, as gene defects affecting its integrity result in inability to clear
Candida albicans infection on body surfaces. Moreover, autoantibodies
neutralizing Th17 cytokines have been related to chronic candidiasis in a rare
inherited dis... |
Is CD63 an exosomal marker? | Yes,
CD63 is a exosomal marker | Exosomes is a key component of cell paracrine secretion and can exert important
effects in various disease models. However, the role of exosomes in neuron
repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) has rarely been reported. In this study,
Exosomes were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of SCI and normal, and incubated
neur... |
Is subdural empyema a complication of sinusitis? | Yes, subdural empyema can be a complication of sinusitis | Despite the availability of new broad-spectrum antibiotics, sinusitis
occasionally causes significant morbidity and mortality. One serious
complication of paranasal sinusitis is subdural empyema, a fulminating
intracranial disease that is invariably fatal if not treated. The symptoms of
subdural empyema may be mild... |
What is aphasia? | Aphasia is an inability to comprehend or formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. | |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate gram-negative, intracellular bacterium, yes or no | Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate gram-negative, intracellular bacterium and causes anaplasmosis | The genus Anaplasma belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family (order
Rickettsiales) comprises obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria of
veterinary and public health importance. Six species and five types of strains
genetically related are currently assigned to the genus Anaplasma including
Anaplasma marginale,... |
What is the role of Acyl-Homoserine Lactone in bacteria? | A number of bacteria use a class of chemical compounds called acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) as quorum sensing (QS) signals to coordinate their behavior at the population level, including pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | Diverse Gram-negative bacteria communicate with each other by using diffusible
N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules to coordinate gene
expression with cell population density. This mechanism termed 'quorum sensing'
is involved in the regulation of physiological functions as well as multiple
virulence... |
List 3 indications for rituximab. | Rituximab is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis as well as poly- and dermatomyositis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and Pemphigus foliaceus (PF). | BACKGROUND: Rituximab is a chimeric, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody registered
for the treatment of B-cell maligcies and refractory rheumatoid arthritis in
Australia. In addition to these approved indications, there has been growing
interest in the use of off-label rituximab in the management of a variety of
disease... |
Is the crystal structure of Pim-1 available? | Yes,
The crystal structures of Pim1 in apo form and bound with AMPPNP have been solved | Pim1, a serine/threonine kinase, is involved in several biological functions
including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. While pim1 has been
shown to be involved in several hematopoietic cancers, it was also recently
identified as a target of aberrant somatic hypermutation in diffuse large cell
lym... |
Do tumour-associated macrophages have a prognostic role in gliomas? | M2-like TAMs hold an unfavourable prognostic value in high-grade gliomas and may contribute to a pro-tumourigenic microenvironment. | AIMS: Glioblastomas are highly aggressive and treatment resistant. Increasing
evidence suggests that tumour-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) facilitate
tumour progression by acquiring a M2-like phenotype. Our objective was to
investigate the prognostic value of TAMs in gliomas using automated quantitative
do... |
Is TNF-α an activator of pancreatic stellate cells? | Yes,
TNF-α is the prime factor responsible for the activation of pancreatic stellate cells. | |
Can mitochondria transfer from cell to cell? | Yes,
the recently discovered phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer between mammalian cells has gained momentum since it was first described in cell culture systems more than a decade ago. | Interest in the recently discovered phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer between
mammalian cells has gained momentum since it was first described in cell culture
systems more than a decade ago. Mitochondria-targeting fluorescent dyes have
been repurposed and are now widely used in these studies and in acute disease ... |
Can Enlimomab improve stroke outcomes? | No. Anti-ICAM therapy with enlimomab is not an effective treatment for ischemic stroke and, indeed, may significantly worsen stroke outcome. | A growing body of evidence, primarily from animal models of cerebral ischemia
and preliminary human studies, indicates that inflammatory mechanisms contribute
to secondary neuronal injury after acute cerebral ischemia. Ischemia followed by
reperfusion rapidly leads to the expression of inflammatory cytokines,
parti... |
What is the Triad of Alport Syndrome? | Alport syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the clinical triad of nephritic syndrome, sensorineural deafness, and ophthalmological alterations. | BACKGROUND: Alport syndrome refers to the clinical triad of hereditary
nephritis, sensorineural deafness, and ocular abnormalities. Ultrastructural
findings in the lens capsule and in the renal glomeruli have provided evidence
that abnormal basement membranes are elaborated in affected tissues of patients
with this... |
Does GRHL2 over-expression lead to EMT? | Grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2), a transcription factor, has been reported to be associated with several tumor processes including EMT. Grhl2 antagonizes transforming growth factor-b (TGFb)-induced EMT | Until now the essential transcription factor that determines the epithelial
phenotype of breast cancer has not been identified and its role in
epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor progression remain unclear.
Here, by analyzing large expression profiles of human breast cancer cells, we
found an extra... |
What is Intanza? | Intanza(r) 9 ug (sanofi pasteur) is a microneedle-delivered intradermal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine approved in 2009 for the prevention of seasonal influenza in adults 18 to 59 years of age. The microneedle system reliably and reproducibly delivers the vaccine to the dermis. Clinical studies show that Intan... | |
Is the Fluzone intradermal and the Fluzone intradermal quadrivalent vaccine produced by different companies? | No, the Fluzone Intradermal vaccine and the Fluzone Intradermal Quadrivalent vaccine are produced by Sanofi Pasteur. | INTRODUCTION: An intradermal version of Fluzone® split-virion inactivated
trivalent influenza vaccine, containing 9 µg hemagglutinin per strain of A/H1N1,
A/H3N2, and one B lineage virus (Fluzone Intradermal, Sanofi Pasteur), became
available in the US during the 2011-2012 influenza season for adults 18-64 years
of... |
What is the purpose of the Barricaid annular closure device? | Barricaid annular closure device can improve outcome after lumbar discectomy by reducing the risk of recurrent disc herniation of the same level. | Lumbar discectomy is an effective treatment for lumbar disc herniation (LDH).
Although the majority of patients experience successful outcomes, a significant
fraction will experience a recurrence of their back pain due to facet joint
degeneration. Facet joint degeneration after discectomy may be the result of
exces... |
What disease is associated with mutations in the MECP2 transcription factor? | mutations in the methyl-cpg-binding protein-2 gene (mecp2) are commonly associated with rett syndrome | Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with features of
autism that results from mutation of the gene encoding the transcriptional
repressor methyl-CpG binding protein (MECP2). The consequences of loss of a
transcription factor may be complex, affecting the expression of many proteins,
thus lim... |
Is endotrophin derived from collagen? | Yes,
Endotrophin is released from COL VI. | Adipocytes account for the largest proportion among the cells that comprise
breast tissue; therefore, they are considered to be a critical cell type in the
tumor microenvironment of breast cancer. In breast cancer, adipocytes are not
only found adjacent to cancer cells, but they also play an active role in the
enti... |
Which receptor is inhibited by bimagrumab? | Bimagrumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks the activin type II receptors, preventing the activity of myostatin and other negative skeletal muscle regulators. | The myostatin/activin type II receptor (ActRII) pathway has been identified to
be critical in regulating skeletal muscle size. Several other ligands, including
GDF11 and the activins, signal through this pathway, suggesting that the ActRII
receptors are major regulatory nodes in the regulation of muscle mass. We hav... |
Where is the yeast transpozable element Ty3 preferentially inserted? | Ty3 is preferentially inserted in genes encoding transfer RNA genes. | The function of a TATA element in RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) III transcription
of a naturally TATA-containing U6 snRNA gene and a naturally TATA-less tRNA gene
was probed by transcription and Ty3 transposition analyses. Deletion of the TATA
box from a U6 minigene did not abolish transcription and Ty3 integration bu... |
List features of the Currarino triad. | Currarino syndrome is a congenital malformation syndrome typically characterized by sacral agenesis, anorectal malformation, and presence of a pre-sacral mass. | The Currarino triad is a unique complex of congenital caudal anomalies including
anorectal malformation, sacral bony abnormality, and presacral mass. The usual
symptomatology is constipation due to anorectal stenosis. Contrast enema and
computed tomographic myelography are the imaging modalities of choice for
diagn... |
When was Afrezza approved by the FDA? | Afrezza was approved by the FDA in June 2014. | The current review was designed to compare between the insulin inhalation
systems Exubera and Afrezza and to investigate the reasons why Exubera was
unsuccessful, when Afrezza maker is expecting their product to be felicitous. In
January 2006, Pfizer secured FDA and EC approval for the first of its kind,
regular in... |
What are invasomes | Ultra-flexible vesicles, e.g. invasomes and core-multishell (CMS) nanotransporters are efficient drug delivery systems | The present study compares three vesicular systems, cationic LeciPlex,
invasomes, and conventional liposomes for their ability to deliver drugs deep
into the skin. Skin penetration ability of the three vesicular systems was
studied for two drugs namely idebenone (antioxidant/anticancer) and azelaic acid
(antiacne).... |
Which T-UCRs have been implicated in lung cancer? | Transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) classified as long non-coding RNAs (Lnc-RNAs) are transcripts longer than 200-nt RNA with no protein-coding capacity. The clinicopathologic significance and regulatory mechanism of T-UCRs in lung cancer (LC) remain largely unknown. Uc.454 is downregulated in both non-small-ce... | Author information:
(1)Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST)
S.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, 47014, Meldola (FC), Italy.
(2)Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern
Calif... |
Can Daptacel be used instead of IPOL? | No, Daptacel is a diphtheria, tetanus, 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine, while IPOL is an inactivated poliovirus vaccine. | |
Is ACE2 expressed on cell surfaces? | Yes,
ACE2 is a type 1 integral membrane protein and contains a catalytically active ectodomain that can be shed from the cell surface into the extracellular space. | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a recently described member of the
renin-angiotensin system that hydrolyzes angiotensin (Ang) II to Ang-(1-7), and
may thereby protect against cardiovascular and renal diseases. ACE2 is a type 1
integral membrane protein and contains a catalytically active ectodomain that
c... |
List symptoms of the One-and-a-half syndrome. | One-and-a-half syndrome is defined by conjugated horizontal gaze palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. | The one-and-a-half syndrome is characterised by a lateral gaze palsy in one
direction and internuclear ophthalmoplegia in the other. It is due to a
unilateral lesion of the dorsal pontine tegmentum, involving the ipsilateral
paramedian pontine reticular formation, internuclear fibres of the ipsilateral
medical long... |
When was Fluzone Intradermal replaced with Fluzone Intradermal Quadrivalent? | Fluzone Intradermal was replaced with Fluzone Intradermal Quadrivalent vaccine in advance of the 2015-2016 season. | INTRODUCTION: An intradermal version of Fluzone® split-virion inactivated
trivalent influenza vaccine, containing 9 µg hemagglutinin per strain of A/H1N1,
A/H3N2, and one B lineage virus (Fluzone Intradermal, Sanofi Pasteur), became
available in the US during the 2011-2012 influenza season for adults 18-64 years
of... |
List the cancers that are associated with SBLA syndrome. | Li-Fraumeni syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder also known as the SBLA cancer syndrome (sarcoma, breast, leukemia, and adrenal). Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is characterized by a pleth | Choroid plexus neoplasms are rare epithelial tumors of the central nervous
system. A carcinoma of the choroid plexus occurred in a child from a family with
the breast cancer-sarcoma syndrome (Li-Fraumeni or SBLA syndrome), an inherited
condition characterized by the development of diverse neoplasms (sarcoma, breast ... |
Can leuprorelin acetate be used as androgen deprivation therapy? | Yes, leuprorelin acetate is being used as androgen deprivation therapy. | INTRODUCTION: We investigated the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of
long-term prostate cancer patients who received leuprorelin acetate in
microcapsules (LAM) for androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT).
METHODS: The observational study was carried out by 30 office-based German
urologists in 536 prostate cancer (... |
Which factors are included in the the APPEND score? | APPEND score components are anorexia, migratory Pain, local Peritonism, Elevated C-reactive protein, Neutrophilia and male gender (Dude). It is an acute appendicitis clinical prediction rule. | BACKGROUND: Although many clinical prediction rules (CPRs) for appendicitis
exist, none have been developed for a New Zealand population presenting with
right iliac fossa (RIF) pain. The aim of this study was to derive and validate
an appendicitis CPR for our population.
METHOD: This is a retrospective review of all... |
What is the function of the SSX proteins? | The SYT protein appears to act as a transcriptional co-activator and the SSX proteins as co-repressors | Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) represent an expanding class of tumor-associated
proteins defined on the basis of their tissue-restricted expression to testis or
ovary germline cells and frequent ectopic expression in tumor tissue. The
expression of CTA in MHC class I-deficient germline cells makes these proteins
par... |
Are astrocytes part of the blood brain barrier? | Yes
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a tight boundary formed between endothelial cells and astrocytes, which separates and protects brain from most pathogens as well as neural toxins in circulation. | The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of endothelial cells, astrocytes, and
pericytes embedded in basal lamina (BL). Most in vitro models use nonhuman,
monolayer cultures for therapeutic-delivery studies, relying on transendothelial
electrical resistance (TEER) measurements without other tight-junction (TJ)
format... |
What is Invaplex 50? | The Shigella flexneri Invaplex 50 is a macromolecular complex containing IpaB, IpaC, and LPS, formulated from an aqueous extract of virulent Shigella delivered via nasal administration. It is used against shigellosis, a leading cause of diarrhea worldwide. The Invaplex 50 nasal vaccine was safe with encouraging mucosal... | Shigellosis is a leading cause of diarrhea worldwide prompting vaccine
development. The Shigella flexneri Invaplex 50 is a macromolecular complex
containing IpaB, IpaC, and LPS, formulated from an aqueous extract of virulent
Shigella delivered via nasal administration. Preclinical vaccine testing
demonstrated safet... |
Which X chromosome abnormalities present lupus-like symptoms? | Lupus-like symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are caused by X-linked mutations in the genes Tlr7 and Y. | |
Which lncRNAS are regulated by SAM68? | Hotair, Mir155hg, as well as SR-lncRNA-1 and SR-lncRNA-2 are regulated by Sam68, and contained consensus Sam68 binding sites. | The KH-type RNA binding protein Sam68 is required for adipogenesis. We have
previously shown that Sam68-deficient mice have a lean phenotype and are
protected against dietary-induced obesity due to defects in mTOR and S6K1
alternative splicing. Herein we profiled the transcriptome of Sam68 wild type
and deficient 3... |
How many proteins have been queried for protein partners by the Drosophila protein interaction map (DPiM)? | Over 5,000 proteins have been queried for protein partners by the Drosophila protein interaction map (DPiM). | Proteins perform essential cellular functions as part of protein complexes,
often in conjunction with RNA, DNA, metabolites and other small molecules. The
genome encodes thousands of proteins but not all of them are expressed in every
cell type; and expressed proteins are not active at all times. Such diversity of
... |
What is known about the orphan receptor GPR151? | Gpr151 is an orphan GPCR whose function is unknown. The restricted pattern of neuronal expression in the habenula, dorsal horn of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion plus homology with the galanin family of receptors imply a role in nociception.
Our data demonstrate that GPR151 is highly conserved, specific for a... | The habenula is a phylogenetically conserved brain structure in the epithalamus.
It is a major node in the information flow between fronto-limbic brain regions
and monoaminergic brainstem nuclei, and is thus anatomically and functionally
ideally positioned to regulate emotional, motivational, and cognitive behaviors... |
Is Li–Fraumeni syndrome a rare, autosomal recessive, hereditary disorder that predisposes carriers to cancer development? | Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare, autosomal DOMINANT, hereditary disorder that predisposes carriers to cancer development. | Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare autosomal domit cancer predisposition
syndrome. The majority of families fulfilling definition of Li-Fraumeni syndrome
demonstrate inherited abnormalities involving the p53 gene. Cells with
dysfunctional p53 are predisposed to the development of cancer phenotype.
Advexin (Introgen The... |
Which is the target of belimumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus treatment? | Belimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against BAFF. Belimumab, a human monoclonal antibody specific for soluble BLyS, was ultimately approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2011 for active autoantibody patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) despite standard... | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is
driven by autoantibodies that target multiple organ systems. B-lymphocyte
stimulator (BLyS) and its receptors on B-cell subsets play an important role in
autoimmune B-cell development and SLE pathogenesis. Targeted therapy with
belimumab,... |
Salzburg EEG criteria are used to diagnose which disorder? | Salzburg EEG criteria are used to diagnose Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. | BACKGROUND: Salzburg Consensus Criteria for diagnosis of Non-Convulsive Status
Epilepticus (SCNC) were proposed at the 4th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on
status epilepticus in Salzburg (2013).
METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the EEGs of 50 consecutive nonhypoxic
patients with diagnoses of nonconvulsive status e... |
List the components of the COMPASS complex | MLL4
MLL3
WDR5
RBBP5
ASH2
SET1 | Chronic inflammation underscores the pathogenesis of a range of human diseases.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits strong pro-inflammatory responses in
macrophages through the transcription factor NF-κB. The epigenetic mechanism
underlying LPS-induced pro-inflammatory transcription is not fully understood.
Herein, we... |
Has the drug Afrezza been approved by the FDA? | Yes, Afrezza has been approved by the FDA. | The current review was designed to compare between the insulin inhalation
systems Exubera and Afrezza and to investigate the reasons why Exubera was
unsuccessful, when Afrezza maker is expecting their product to be felicitous. In
January 2006, Pfizer secured FDA and EC approval for the first of its kind,
regular in... |
Central Vein Sign is characteristic to which disease? | Central vein sign on FLAIR* magnetic resonance imaging is highly specific and sensitive for multiple sclerosis. | BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous T2*-weighted magnetic resoce imaging (MRI)
studies have used white matter lesion (WML) central veins to distinguish
multiple sclerosis (MS) from its mimics. To be clinically applicable, the
"central vein sign" needs to be detectable across different T2* sequences. Our
objective was ... |
Which is the catalytic activity of the protein encoded by the gene KMT2C? | The lysine methyltransferase KMT2C (also known as MLL3), a subunit of the COMPASS complex, implements monomethylation of Lys4 on histone H3 (H3K4) at gene enhancers. | Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are maligt cells released into the bloodstream
with the potential to form metastases in secondary sites. These cells, acquired
non-invasively, represent a sample of highly relevant tumor tissue that is an
alternative to difficult and low-yield tumor biopsies. In recent years, there
ha... |
Which is the most mutated gene in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)? | The LMNA gene is the most mutated gene in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and affects approximately 25% of the patients. | A major advance in the study of the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DC)
has been the identification of a familial trait in a relevant proportion of
cases (more than 25%), which indicates that, at least in these cases, a mutated
gene is the cause of the disease. Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is a
genetical... |
List psychiatric diseases that are associated with Synaptosome Associated Protein 25 (snap25). | attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
bipolar
schizophrenia | SNAP-25 is a key component of the synaptic-vesicle fusion machinery, involved in
several psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia and ADHD. SNAP-25 protein
expression is lower in different brain areas of schizophrenic patients and in
ADHD mouse models. How the reduced expression of SNAP-25 alters the properties ... |
Which type of cells protect Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from ultraviolet-light-induced DNA damage in aquatic vertebrates? | Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) require a specific microenvironment to grow and are protected from ultraviolet-light-induced DNA damages by melanocytes. Mutations that lack melanocytes have normal steady-state haem atopoiesis under standard laboratory conditions while melanocytes above the stem cell ni... | Author information:
(1)Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell
Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
(2)Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's
Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Harvard Stem Cell In... |
Which is the primary interacting protein of BLK? | The B cell adaptor protein with ankyrin repeats (BANK1) and the B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) have been genetically associated with autoimmunity. The proteins of these genes interact physically and work in concert during B-cell signaling. | OBJECTIVES: Altered signalling in B cells is a predomit feature of systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE). The genes BANK1 and BLK were recently described as
associated with SLE. BANK1 codes for a B-cell-specific cytoplasmic protein
involved in B-cell receptor signalling and BLK codes for an Src tyrosine kinase
with im... |
Is Protoporphyrinogen oxidase localized to the mitochondrium? | Yes,
Mitochondrial targeting of human protoporphyrinogen oxidase. | Earlier studies in this laboratory had shown that the malarial parasite can
synthesize heme de novo and inhibition of the pathway leads to death of the
parasite. It has been proposed that the pathway for the biosynthesis of heme in
Plasmodium falciparum is unique involving three different cellular compartments,
nam... |
How many doses of vaxchora are required? | Vaxchora is a single-dose vaccine. | OBJECTIVE: To review trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of Vaxchora, a
reformulated, single-dose, oral, lyophilized Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR vaccine
for the prevention of travel-related cholera caused by V cholerae serogroup O1.
DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1946 to January ... |
What is the SLC25A20 protein transporting? | The carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT; SLC25A20) mediates an antiport reaction allowing entry of acyl moieties in the form of acylcarnitines into the mitochondrial matrix and exit of free carnitine. | The carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT; SLC25A20) mediates an antiport
reaction allowing entry of acyl moieties in the form of acylcarnitines into the
mitochondrial matrix and exit of free carnitine. The transport function of CACT
is crucial for the β-oxidation pathway. In this work, it has been found that
C... |
List the vaccine strains contained in Fluvirin. | Fluvirin contains 18 mg of haemagglutinin per H1N1 vaccine strain, 17 mg of haemagglutinin per H3N2 vaccine strain, and 15 mg of haemagglutinin per B vaccine strain. | |
Do de novo truncating mutations in WASF1 cause cancer? | No, de novo heterozygous mutations in WASF1 cause a rare form of intellectual disability. | Collaborators: Aitman T, Bennett D, Caulfield M, Chinnery P, Gale D, Koziell A,
Kuijpers TW, Laffan MA, Maher E, Markus HS, Morrell NW, Ouwehand WH, Perry DJ,
Raymond FL, Roberts I, Smith KGC, Thrasher A, Watkins H, Williamson C, Woods G,
Ashford S, Bradley JR, Fletcher D, Hammerton T, James R, Kingston N, Penkett C... |
List the attenuated live viruses contained in the Fluzone intradermal quadrivalent vaccine. | The Fluzone Intradermal Quadrivalent vaccine contains 9 ug hemagglutinin per strain of the two A-strain viruses and both B-strain lineage viruses (Victoria and Yamagata). | INTRODUCTION: An intradermal version of Fluzone® split-virion inactivated
trivalent influenza vaccine, containing 9 µg hemagglutinin per strain of A/H1N1,
A/H3N2, and one B lineage virus (Fluzone Intradermal, Sanofi Pasteur), became
available in the US during the 2011-2012 influenza season for adults 18-64 years
of... |
Which kinases are inhibited by Pyrotinib? | Pyrotinib is a novel irreversible EGFR/HER2 dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. | Pyrotinib is a novel irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed for the
treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast
cancer. The results of phase I clinical trial demonstrated that pyrotinib was
well tolerated and exhibited potent antitumor activity. As a promising
therapeutic ... |
Which bacteria causes rat bite fever? | Rat bite fever is caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis. Infection induces typical but not pathognomonic clinical signs, such as local purulent wound infection followed by maculopapular exanthema, myalgia as well as purulent joint infections. | A 23-year-old black woman was admitted to the hospital in premature labor with
intact amniotic membranes. The patient was afebrile and did not have any obvious
signs of infection. Gram stain of the amniotic fluid, obtained via
transabdominal amniocentesis, revealed the presence of gram-negative rods. The
bacterium ... |
What is the role of Gata3 in Th2 cells? | RHS6 coordinately regulates the Th2 cytokine genes by recruiting GATA3, SATB1, and IRF4. RHS6 recruited transcription factors GATA3, SATB1, and IRF4, which play important roles in expression of all three Th2 cytokine genes IL-4-mediated STAT6 activation induces high levels of transcription of GATA3, a master regulator... | Age-related changes in lymphocytes are most prominent in the T cell compartment.
There have been substantial numbers of reports on T cell function in aged mice
and humans, such as on the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, but the results
show considerable variation and contradictions. In the present study, we used... |
Describe the Disambiguate algorithm and its application in next generation sequencing data | Grafting of cell lines and primary tumours is a crucial step in the drug development process between cell line studies and clinical trials. Disambiguate is a program for computationally separating the sequencing reads of two species derived from grafted samples. Disambiguate operates on DNA or RNA-seq alignments to the... | Grafting of cell lines and primary tumours is a crucial step in the drug
development process between cell line studies and clinical trials. Disambiguate
is a program for computationally separating the sequencing reads of two species
derived from grafted samples. Disambiguate operates on DNA or RNA-seq alignments
to... |
Are ICAMS, Intracellular Adhesion Molecules, part of the immunoglobulin superfamily? | Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3, also known as CD50), a human leukocyte-restricted immunoglobulin super-family (IgSF) member, has previously been implicated in apoptotic cell clearance, | Intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3, CD50), a member of the immunoglobulin
gene superfamily, is a major ligand for the lymphocyte function-associated
antigen 1 (LFA-1, CD18/CD11a) in the resting immune system and plays a role as a
signaling and costimulatory molecule on T lymphocytes. In this study we have
ge... |
Is traditional Chinese medicine associated with a decreased risk of heart failure in breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin treatment? | Traditional Chinese medicine is associated with a decreased risk of heart failure in breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin treatmen | |
What receptor is associated with the protein encoded by the Spätzle gene? | Currently, as a ligand for the Toll-1 receptor, only Spatzle (Spz) has been identified and characterized. | The Drosophila gene Spätzle encodes the activating ligand for the Toll receptor.
This signaling pathway is required for dorso-ventral patterning in the early
embryo and an antifungal immune response in larvae and adults. The genome
sequence of Drosophila shows that there are a total of eight Toll-like receptors
and... |
List targeted genome editing methodologies | Genome editors such as CRISPR/Cas9 and TALENs are at the forefront of research into methodologies for targeted modification of the mammalian genome. | |
Is PTEN a tumour suppressor? | Yes | |
Which is the function of the PRDM9 protein in mammals? | PRDM9 is a major determinant of meiotic recombination hotspots in humans and mice. | During mammalian meiosis, double-strand breaks are deliberately made throughout
the genome and then repaired, leading to the exchange of genetic material
between copies of chromosomes. How the locations of breaks are specified was
largely unknown until a fortuitous confluence of statistical genetics and
molecular b... |
Which graph database is used by the Reactome graph database? | Reactome is a free, open-source, open-data, curated and peer-reviewed knowledgebase of biomolecular pathways. The Neo4j graph database and its query language, Cypher, provide efficient access to the complex Reactome data model, facilitating easy traversal and knowledge discovery. | Reactome is a free, open-source, open-data, curated and peer-reviewed
knowledgebase of biomolecular pathways. One of its main priorities is to provide
easy and efficient access to its high quality curated data. At present,
biological pathway databases typically store their contents in relational
databases. This lim... |
What is the route of administration of vaxchora? | Vaxchora is an oral vaccine. | OBJECTIVE: To review trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of Vaxchora, a
reformulated, single-dose, oral, lyophilized Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR vaccine
for the prevention of travel-related cholera caused by V cholerae serogroup O1.
DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1946 to January ... |
What is the target of the drug remdesivir? | remdesivir is a polymerase inhibitor | Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) cause severe disease in humans, but no approved
therapeutics are available. The CoV nsp14 exoribonuclease (ExoN) has complicated
development of antiviral nucleosides due to its proofreading activity. We
recently reported that the nucleoside analogue GS-5734 (remdesivir) potently
inhibi... |
What is known about EphA2 in drug resistance? | ligand- and tyrosine kinase-independent EphA2 signaling (the noncanonical pathway) promotes tumor survival and metastasis and controls acquired drug resistance and maintenance of cancer stem cell-like properties.
Findings confirm EPHA2 as an actionable drug target, provide a rational basis for drug combination approach... | Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become an important therapeutic option
for treating several forms of cancer. Gefitinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal
growth factor receptor (EGFR), is in clinical use for treating non-small cell
lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring activating EGFR mutations. However, despite high
in... |
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