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Ans. (b) Cryptococcus neoformans
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Paranoid personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder It is characterized by generalised mistrust and Suspiciousness about the motives and actions of others and a tendency to interpret them as malevolent. The patient believes that :- Others are exploiting or deceiving the person. Friends are unt...
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B i.e. Dendritic cells
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 1-2 years "Congental undescended testis should be treated surgically no later than 9-15 months. Surgical correction at 6 months is appropriate". - Nelson Crvptorchidism o An undescended testis (cryptorchid) is the most common disorder of sexual differentiation in boys. o At bih approximately 4-5% of b...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., John snow John snow, an English epidemiologist, studied the epidemiology of cholera and estabilished the role of drinking water in the spread of cholera.
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Verrucuous epidermal nevus Linear verrucuous lesions, with characteristic histopathological feature of granular degeneration of the epidermis ours the diagnosis of verrucous epidermal nevus. Epidermal nevus Epidermal nevi are hamaomas that are characterized by hyperplasia of the epidermis and adnexal structures. These ...
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Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 194 Only in living body the diatoms are found in bone marrow, brain, liver and skeletal muscle etc. its also found in bile and urine etc. bone marrow is highly suitable and reliable after cutting the bone the marrow is curetted from the gutter.The bo...
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Sputum AFB is a diagnostic test intended for the early diagnosis and adequate treatment. Secondary prevention: an action which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications. The interventions include early diagnosis and treatment. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medic...
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Anemia will be more severe in Addison's disease. Hyperparathyroidism may lead to mild anemia due to decreased EPO production. Patients who are hypothyroid or have deficits in pituitary hormones also develop mild anemia. Reference: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 850
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Ans. d. Efficacy of a disinfectants
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ACEIs slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy and are indicated for management of HTN in such patients. Nitroprusside is used IV in severe HTN or hypertensive crisis, not for management of mild-to-moderate HTN. Losartan, which blocks AT-1 receptors, is associated with teratogenic effects during fetal development, ...
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Ham's test is the best screening test for paroxysmal nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.
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Scabies: The human itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, is a common cause of itching dermatosis. Gravid female mites that measure 0.3 mm in length burrow superficially beneath the stratum corneum, depositing three or fewer eggs per day. Nymphs mature in 2 weeks and then emerge as adults to the surface of the skin. Immunity an...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rectal biopsy Hirschsprung disease (congenital aganglionic megacoion)o Abnormal innervation of bowel begins from internal anal sphincter and extending proximally to involve variable length of gut.o M.C. cause of lower intestinal obstruction in neonates,o Male > females.o Absence of ganglion cell in bo...
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Vasa pre: This finding is associated with velamentous inseion when some of the fetal vessels in the membranes cross the region of the cervical os below the presenting fetal pa. Marginal cord inseions and bilobed or succenturiate-lobed placentas are also associated with vasa pre. Color Doppler is the investigation of ch...
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Answer is A (Paroxsmal cold Haemoglobinuria) Chronic hemolysis due to paroxysmal cold Haemoglobinuria may be associated with iron deficiency 'In chronic extravascular hemolysis iron is tenaciously conserved. In chronic intravascular hemolysis large amounts of iron are lost in the urine as free haemoglobin, muthemoglobi...
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LGV infection:Primary stage:Small, painless, papulovesicular (Ext.genitalia)Usually unnoticedI/P: 3 days to 5 weeksSecondary stage:About 2 weeks later- lymphatic spread to draining lymph nodesMen -Inguinal L.N women -Intrapelvic & Para rectal nodesBubo(enlarge, suppurate, adherent to the skin)- break down- sinuses -dis...
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Entrapment of Sciatic nerve by inflamed pyriformis muscle is called as pyriformis syndrome.
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Mycelium-a tangled mass of hyphae. Fungi which form mycelia are called moulds.
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GISTs were previously called leiomyosarcomas. They are rare (4% of all gastrointestinal tumors). They can cause confusion because the overlying mucosa may remain intact. They grow slowly, invade locally, and are not responsive to radiation or chemotherapy. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an infiltrative lesion that usu...
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Eisenmenger syndrome is associated with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. The right ventricular size will certainly not return to normal once eisenminger syndrome develops. Chest X-ray in Eisenmenger syndrome Dilated and prominent central arteries. Rapid tapering (pruning) of th...
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.One of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness. A lack of vitamin A causes the cornea to become very dry, leading to clouding of the front of the eye,corneal ulcers and vision loss. Depending on the cause, treatment for corneal infections may include: Antibiotic, antibacterial, antifungal, or steroi...
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Infection is caused by Actinomyces israelii, a grampositive anaerobe. It may be associated in IUCD users more with noncopper devices.
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Cutaneous anthrax: lesion stas as a papule 1-3 days after infection and becomes vesicular, containing a fluid which may be clear or bloodstained. The whole area is congested and edematous and several satellite lesions filled with serum or yellow fluid are arranged around a central necrotic lesion which is covered by a ...
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‘Isovolumetric’ means the volume remains same. That occurs only when both the valves are closed.
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*Adverse effects of ropinirole and pramipexole include nausea, dizziness, hallucinations, postural hypotension and excessive day time sleepiness. *Their advantage over ergot derivatives like bromocriptine is lack of retroperitoneal fibrosis and gangrene and long duration of action. *Rapinirole has been approved by FDA ...
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In menopause estrogen levels decrease by 66%. Main source of estrogen production postmenopausaly is by peripheral aromatization of androstenedione. Main estrogen after menopause - oestrone.
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A i.e. Internal fixation
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Riociguat a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator. It is the only therapy approved by USFDA for inoperable CTEPH (Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypeension). Best treatment for operable cases is pulmonary thromboendaerectomy done in expe centres. Reference: Ghofrani HA, D'Armini AM, Grimminger F, Hoeper MM, Jansa P, K...
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Ans. (c) Ante-natal USG second trimester* The nuchal thickness is a parameter that is measured in a second trimester scan (18-22 weeks) and it is not to be mixed with nuchal translucency (which is measured in the first trimester at 11-14 weeks).* The nuchal thickness is measured in a second trimester scan .* Nuchal tra...
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It is imperative that some other contraception should be used for the next three months or 15 ejaculation. At the end of the period semen analysis should be done to confirm the absence of sperm in the ejaculate. TEXTBOOK OF GYNECOLOGY SHEILA BALAKRISHNAN SECOND EDITION PAGE NO 396
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The rima has an anterior intermembranous pa (three-fifth) and a posterior intercailaginous pa, The rima is the narrowest pa of the larynx. It is longer (23 mm) in males than in females (17 mm ). ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , sixth edition, volume 3 , pg. no. 256 ref : 16.15a , B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , si...
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o Features of fungal corneal ulcer are
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Protein quality is determined by amino acid score and net protein utilization. NPU gives a more complete expression of protein quality than the amino acid score. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 584
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., E. floccosum T. pedis is caused by E. floccosum and T. rubrum.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Non inflammatory parotid enlargement Sialosis refers to symmetrical, painless, recurrent enlargement of the salivary glands.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Aspaate transcarboxylase
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Medullary Ca of thyroid are neuroendocrine neoplasms derived from the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid which in turn are derived from the ultimobranchial bodies (These C cells are concentrated supernaturally in the thyroid lobes, which is where MTC usually develops) Most MTCs (75-80%) ...
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The patient mentioned above has Parkinson's disease. The pathological hallmarks are depletion of the pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of alpha synuclein and other protein inclusions in the nigral cells. Reference : Harrison20th edition pg 2456
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D i.e. All Both hepatic and renal failure can be caused by Paracetamol, Carbon tetrachloride, Arsenic, CuSO4, & Mushroom poisoningQ
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Meigs syndrome is the unusual combination of hydrothorax (often right sided), ascites, and an ovarian tumor (often a benign fibroma). Low back pain and a stretching or pulling sensation are characteristic of ascites in some patients (ascites can also be asymptomatic). The etiology of the fluid accumulation in Meigs syn...
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Ans: b (Famotidine) Ref: KDT, 6th ed,p. 629DRUGS USED IN PEPTIC ULCER1) H2 antagonists - Ranitidine, cimetidine. famotidine roxatidine and nizatidine.Nizatidine has little first-pass metabolism and a bioavailability of almost 100%. Famotidine is the most potent among them.2) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - Omeprazole, ...
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Episodes of rage in which the person runs about and injures others is suggestive of running amok, which is seen in Cannabis abuse.
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Heart failure cells, also called siderophages, are hemosiderin-containing macrophages in the alveoli of lung and these cell denote previous episodes of pulmonary edema due to left-sided heart failure. Hemosiderin is nothing else but stored iron granules. So, heart failure cells contain iron granules and thus will requi...
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This is a case of Branchial cyst. CT scan at the level of the hyoid bone reveals a large, well-defined, non-enhancing, water attenuation mass (m) on the anterior border of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle - suggestive of a branchial cyst. It arises from failure of obliteration of 2nd branchial cleft in embryonic dev...
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Ans: C (Fracture occur through growth plate, metaphysic & epiphysis) SALTER~HARRIS FRACTURES http://wwwlbpt.bridgeport.edu/-gwl/salter-barrisdassification.htmThere are nine types of Salter-Harris fractures; types 1 to V as described by Robert B Salter and W Robert Harris in 1963, and the rarer types V! to IX which have...
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Atopic dermatitis best diagnosed by Clinical evaluation. The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is rarely aided by investigations. Estimation of total serum IgE, specific radio- allergosorbent tests (RASTs) and prick tests usually serve only to confirm the atopic nature of the individual. Patch testing may also help to ide...
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ANSWER: (C) Cardiac myocytesREF: Ganong's 22nd ed p. 78"Cardiac muscle consists of single heart musde ceils (cardiomyocy tes) which have to be connected by intercalated discs to work as a functional organ"MUSCLE CELLS TYPES SkeletalCardiacSmoothNucleiMultinucleated, peripherally locatedSingle nuclei, Centrally locatedS...
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ANSWER: (D) Minocycline REF: LAL textbook of leprosy page 371 See PLATE - KEY BLISTER PACKS OF MDT OF LEPROSY The treatment of leprosy is in the form of Multi Drug Therapy (MDT), which is the combination of two or three of the following drugs: Cap. Rifampicin Tab. Dapsone Cap. Clofazimine Four types of standard regimen...
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Chronic, painful diabetic neuropathy is difficult to treat but may respond to duloxetine, amitriptyline, gabapentin, valproate, pre- gabalin, or opioids. Two agents, duloxetine and pregabalin, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, but no treatmen...
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Residual chloride levels in: (i.e. after the contact period of one hour) Drinking water- >/= 0.5 mg/L or ppm Swimming pools- >/= 1.0 mg/L To kill Cyclops in Drinking water - >/= 2.0 mg/L Residual chlorine level can be measured using chloroscope/ Ohotoluidine test.
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(A) Golgi tendon organ # Law of projection: No matter where a particular sensory pathway is stimulated along its course to the cortex, the conscious sensation produced is referred to the location of the receptor.> This principle is called the law of projection.> Cortical stimulation experiments during neurosurgical pro...
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Minute respiratory volume- The minute respiratory volume I the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passage each minute and is equal to tidal volume times the respiratory rate per minute. The normal tidal volume is about 500 milliliters, and the normal respiratory rate is about 12 breaths per minute. Ther...
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Ans. a (Digitalis) (Ref KDT 6th/499; H-17th/1435)PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR DIGITALIS USE# Acute myocarditis (diphtheria, acute rheumatic carditis, toxic carditis)# Renal or severe hepatic disease# Hypokalemia# Thyroxoicosis# Myxoedema# Myocardial infarction# WPW syndrome (digitalis decreases ERP of bypass t...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Femoral Hernia Femoral HerniaBelow And Lateral To Pubic TubercleInguinal HerniaAbove And Medial To Pubic Tubercle
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Ans. is a, i.e. Perform colposcopy.Management of ASCUSManagement of ASCUS|||Age of female <25 yearsAge of female >=25 years||Repeat pap smear in 1 yearsDo HPV DNA testing (Reflex HPV DNA testing)||If it is abnormalIf positive||Do colposcopyDo colposcopy
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Remnant skin appendagesSkin consists of two layers1. Epidermis Most superficial layer of the skin. It is constantly replaced from the basal layer.2. Dermis It is thicker than epidermis and supplies the strength and integrity to the skin It has rich blood supply It contains adnexal structures i.e. --> ...
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Newcastle conjunctivitis is a rare type of acute follicular conjunctivitis caused by Newcastle virus. The infection is derived from contact with diseased owls; and thus the condition mainly affects poultry workers. Clinically the condition is similar to pharyngoconjunctival fever. Ref: Comprehensive Ophthalmology by A ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Ace inhibitors
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Ans. A. Peak incidence is between 2- 4 years of ageIn minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) (approximately 80% of total cases of nephrotic syndrome in children), the glomeruli appear normal or show a minimal increase in mesangial cells and matrix.Findings on immunofluorescence microscopy are typically negative, and ...
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Veical transmission refers to viral transmission from the mother to the infant during pregnancy, at the time of delivery, or during the first 28 days after bih. In most infants, HCV RNA levels only become detectable several weeks after bih, suggesting perinatal infection Approximately 5% of pregnant women with chronic ...
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Herd immunity- Overall immunity of a community to a pathogen If Herd immunity is good- chance of epidemic is less Eradication of a communicable disease- depends on good Herd immunity Provided by mass vaccination by live vaccination to all individual at same time.
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Amiloride REF: Goodman & Gillman's 11th edition page 494, 505 "Lithium-induced polyuria is usually reversible. Amiloride is useful for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus because it blocks Li+ transpo into the cells of the collecting tubules" "Paradoxically, thiazide diuretics reduce the polyuria of patients...
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Rate of increase in height & weight Midarm circumference, Body weight and chest circumference are one time point estimates therefore they are not adequate to provide information about long term nutritional stats of the child. A measurement which shows the time trends like rate of increase in height or weight with passa...
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This patient most likely has seasonal allergic rhinitis. It has been shown quite convincingly that the diagnosis is based on the history and physical alone and that fuher work-up is not cost-effective and should be reserved for refractory cases. The blood radioallergosorbent test reliably detects allergen-specific IgE ...
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Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism.
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Robbery at knifepoint, a life-threatening event, is most likely to result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While life events such as divorce, bankruptcy, illness, and changing residence are stressful, they are rarely life-threatening. Psychological symptoms occurring after such less severe events may result in...
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Mutations in proteins of the plasma membrane, with one affecting lysosomal function (I-cell disease).I-cell disease - Mutations in the gene encoding GlcNAc phosphotransferase, resulting in absence of the Man 6-P signal for lysosomal localization of ceain hydrolases
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TATA memorial hospital conducted a cohort study on 7000 subjects who were smokers over a tenyear period & found 70 subjects developed lung cancer, Thus, Iexp = × 1000 = 10 per thousand Also, concurrent evaluation of general population in the catchment area of hospital, out of 7000 non-smoker subjects only 7 developed l...
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Traditionally, the terminal device of a lower limb prosthesis is a prosthetic foot, called SACH foot. It is a simple device that has a wooden core surrounded by a solid rubber foot. This permits a combination of stiffness with pliability. The cushioned heel absorbs the impact of heel strike.In India, at Jaipur, SACH fo...
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Ans. a (VDRL) (Ref. Ananthanarayan Microbiology 7th ed., Fig. 36.2, p. 381)Diagnosis of SYPHILIS# Detection of abs in CSF by FTA-Abs is most specific test for neurosyphilis.# Treponemal ab tests (FTA-Abs, MHATP) measures abs reactive with T. pallidum.Serological Tests for SxphilisThese tests form the mainstay of labora...
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The sella turcica is a saddle shaped depression of the sphenoid bone. It forms the caudal border of the pituitary gland. Sella turcica is an anatomically complex area with a number of different potential pathologies especially neoplastic process. Pathologies of sella turcica can lead to important clinical presentations...
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Refraction & prescription of glasses is done after 1-2 weeks in phacoemulsification and 6-8 weeks in extracapsular cataract extraction.
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1st reflex to recover form spinal shock is bulbocavernosus reflex(S2-S4) It refers to anal sphincter contraction in response to squeezing the glans penis or tugging on the Foley( see figure) During lumbar injury,- If all reflexes are gone, then its spinal shock- If there is symmetrical loss +/- bowel or bladder involve...
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Reference Robbins page no Pg 8th 1241
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A i.e. Ciliary body
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Muscle tremors Short acting beta 2 agonists in asthma* Beta agonists are by for the most effective bronchodilators, and are well tolerated when given by inhalation.* They work as functional antagonists on the airway smooth muscles and therefore prevent and reverse bronchoconstriction, irrespective of ...
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Titanium has a high melting point (1668 °C) and high rate of oxidation above 900 °C. It requires a special casting machine with arc-melting capability and an argon atmosphere along with a casting investment consisting of oxides, such as MgO, ZrO2, or Y2O3, which are more stable than titanium oxide, to ensure acceptable...
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Symptoms of Acute PID Abdominal pain Vomiting Dysuria Vaginal discharge Abnormal uterine bleeding Pain is the most common feature of symptomatic PID. Abnormal bleeding and vomiting may also occur.
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When there is cardiac involvement of the carcinoid syndrome it can lead to endocardial fibrosis (mainly right ventricle), pulmonic and tricuspid valve thickening. Ref: Robbin's Basic Pathology, 7th Edition, Page 587; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, Page 1413.
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All forms of scleroderma are thought to have a strong autoimmune component, and glucocoicoids and azathioprine are used to suppress the inflammatory complications of scleroderma. (Other drugs that can be used in therapy include penicillamine, which inhibits collagen cross-linking, NSAIDS for pain, and ACE inhibitors to...
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High voltage current may cause burns over a large area of skin (around entery wound) → Crocodile skin lesion.
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ANGELMAN SYNDROM/Happy puppet syndrome Bouts of laughter, intellectual disability, cerebella ataxia and severe developmental delay, Malformations of the skull and facial bones, seizures RUSSELL SILVER SYNDROME - Sho stature , Triangular facies PRADER WILLI SYNDROME - Obesity, Feeding difficulty, Intellectual disabiliti...
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Ans. is b, i.e. Seminal vesiclesMajor contribution to semen is by seminal vesicle, followed by prostatic fluid followed by secretion of bulbourethral glands.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 10% o The degree of ionization of a drug (an organ electrolyte) depends on its pKa value and pH of the environment. 1. For acidic drugs
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"The earliest histologic finding in both the major and the minor salivary glands is periductal and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration." (Ref: Robbins) Sjogren Syndrome It is an immune-mediated destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands characterized by dry eyes {keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth (xeros...
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demeclocycline inhibit vasopression action in renal distal tubule.severe hyponatremia require treatment with hypeonic saline and fludrocoisone ( Harrison 17 pg 620)
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Ans. (a) HydroceleRef: Bailey 26th Edition, Page 1378* Around 90 % of boys with an undescended testis have a patent processus vaginalis (Hernia)* Malignancy associated with undescended testis are Seminoma and Teratoma Seminoma is the most common cancer associated.
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Ans. Amphetamine
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Ans. Candida
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.CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE (CVP) It is a method to measure the right atrial pressure by placing a venous catheter (20 cm) into the SVC. Commonly for CVP monitoring, a venous catheter is passed through internal jugular vein or infraclavicular subclan vein to the SVC (used for TPN purpose).Normal value is 2-10 cm of saline...
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Ans. (b) HyperuricemiaRef.-.Harrison's 18/e, ch 333
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In glottic cancer. “Hoarseness of voice is an early sign because lesion of cord affects its vibratory capacity.”
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Placido disc Placido disc is a type of video-keratoscopy which helps understand details about the corneal surface and anterior curvature -In normal cornea , there is no distoion of reflected pattern - In keratoconus , there is distoion of reflected pattern
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Candida is a yeast-like fungus. Mucor and Rhizopus are moulds. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition
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BMR is defined as the minimal amount of energy required to sustain the body&;s vital functions in the waking state.The most commonly used formula for calculating BMR is that of Harris and Benedict:BMR, Male= 66 + (13.7 x Wt) + (5 x Ht) - (6.8 x age)BMR, Female: 655 + (9.6 x Wt) + (1.8 x Ht) - (4.7 x age)Ref: Ganong&;s ...
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In brain it will give rise to aneurysms due to hyertension.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa "The optimum temperature for growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa is 37 degree and is able to grow at temperature as high as 42deg C" - Essentials of Microbiology Pseudomonas aeruginosa Morphology Gram negative bacilli Motile by polar flagellum Non capsulated but many strains have m...
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Multi drug therapy (MDT) of Leprosy: Paucibacillary Leprosy (PBL) Multibacillary Leprosy (MBL) No. of skin lesions <= 5 >= 5 Nerve involvement 0-1 nerve >= 1 nerve Treatment Adults: Day 1: Supervised monthly Rifampicin 600 mg Dapsone 100 mg Day 1: Supervised monthly Rifampicin 600 mg Clofazimine 300 mg Dapsone 100 mg D...
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