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- Roll back malaria was launched in year 1998 by WHO, UNICEF, UNDP and world bank. - with the publication in 2005, of the Roll back malaria global strategic plan for 2005-2015, WHO and RBM set targets to be achieved by the year 2010 and 2015. The goal is to reduce the number of malaria cases and death recorded in 2000 ...
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Sexually transmitted herpes simplex virus type II(HSV) infections cause most genital ulcer disease. Disease % Herpes 62 % Chanchroid 12 to 20 % Syphilis 13 % LGV and Granuloma Inguinale 5% Herpes ulcers are painful, vesicular, multiple and are associated with firm tender lymphadenopathy.
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Schuller's view : Similar to Law's view but cephalocaudal beam makes an angle of 30deg to the sagittal. Structures seen are: (a) External canal superimposed on internal canal. (b) Mastoid air cells. (c) Tegmen. (d) Lateral sinus plate. (e) Condyle of mandible. (f) Sinodural angle. (g) Antrum and upper pa of attic (i.e....
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Cycloplegics are used in any corneal disease as a symptomatic treatment. Atropine ointment or eye drop is the DOC.
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(Non steroidal antioestrogenic) (306-Shaw's 13th) (186-S14th)* Tamoxifen - non steroidal antioestrogenic drug* Clomiphene citrate - non steroidal anti oestrogens related to the diethylstilbestrol (DES)* Mifepristone - Synthetic antiprogesterone* Anti androgens - Cyproterone acetate, Spironolactone, Flutamide, FinastJer...
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Superficial inguinal nodes
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Except during a meningococcal epidemic, H. influenzae is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children. The organism is occasionally found to be associated with respiratory tract infections or otitis media. H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and Listeria account for 80 to 90% of all cases of bac...
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Radiotherapy is absolutely contraindicated in carcinoma mandible because it can lead to osteoradionecrosis of mandible.
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Propoion = a/b X 100. numerator (a) is pa of Denominator (b). always expressed in percentage. Examples:Prevalence of disease, Case fatality Rate are also propoion.
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Following hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan by liver tyrosine hydroxylase, subsequent decarboxylation forms serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulator of smooth muscle contraction. The amino acid tryptophan can be conveed to niacin with an efficiency of 60:1 by weight. Thu...
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Ans. (d) ASO titerRef: Harrison 19th ed. / 2151Major JONES criteria is remembered as CASESModified Jones CriteriaMajor criteriaMinor criteriaEssential criteriaCarditisFeverAso titer > 333 IU for children 5-15 yearsArthritisArthralgiaThroat swab positive for group A beta hemolytic streptococcusSyndenham choreaLaboratory...
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C i.e. Specifically recognizes the promoter site
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Ans. c. Parasitic burden can be estimated by peripheral parasitemia
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<p>PRIMARY SYPHILIS:- Primary chancre is a single,well circumscribed,painless ulcer with a clean floor and hard,indurated base on palpation. Hence it is called hard chancre. Occurs in genitals,perineal/perianal areas. Kissing ulcers can occur on the urethral meatus and coronal sulcus. An ulcer at the hilt of the shaft ...
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Robbins basic pathology 6th edition, page no.940. polycystuc kidney disease can be an adult type or childhood type. The childhood type or infantile type is an autosomal ressesive, while the other is autosomal dominant. With this autoaomal ressesive inheritance the infant may succumb rapidly into renal failure.
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One of the initial events is the relaxation of the muscles of the pelvic floor, and this may cause a sufficient downward tug on the detrusor muscle to initiate its contraction. Micturition Reflex Micturition is fundamentally a spinal reflex facilitated and inhibited by higher brain centers and is subject to voluntary f...
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Pyrogenic exotoxin ( erythrogenic, Dick, scarlatinal toxin): the toxin was named erythrogenic because it's intradermal injection into susceptible individuals produced an erythematous reaction. The primary effect of the toxin is induction of fever and so it was renamed streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin. 3 types of SPE ha...
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Ligament of berry connects thyroid lobe to cricoid cartilage.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Right gastroepiploic artery 'Right gastroepiploic artery is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery that lies close to the pancreaticoduodenal region. After giving off the Right gastroepiploic artery, it becomes the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplying the pancreas and duodenum.'
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Ans. B: Urine output Urine output is a good indication of severity of shock. Urine output is affectd quite early even in moderate shock. It is also a good index of adequacy of replacement therapy.
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Ans. is a i.e Sodium valproate causes open neural tube defect Sodium valproate "used during pregnancy. has produced neural tube defects in the offspring; therefore should be avoided". Therefore option "a" is correct "The risk of recurrence of anencephaly is 5% after one affected child and 13% after two affected childre...
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Pramilinide is amylin analogue, It should be avoided in patients with diabetic gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying) Given subcutaneously Causes hypoglycemia and indicated for both type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Colesevelam is bile acid sequestrant given in dyslipidemia. It is also approved in type 2 di...
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Factors inhibiting growth hormone secretion: Hyperglycemia Obesity Increased free fatty acid Insulin like growth factor-1 Beta adregrnic agonists REM sleep
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., In early morningSampling - Collect the whole of patient early morning urine on three consecutive days (Previously it was 24 hours urine collection but now it is not recommended).Culture of three morning urine samples yields a definitive diagnosis in 90% cases.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Loffelers serum slop Diphtheria bacilli grow on Loeffler's serum slope very rapidly and colonies can be seen in 6-8 hours, long before other bacteria grow.
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Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is relatively rare form of chronic pyelonephritis charecterized by accumulation of foamy macrophages intermingled with plasma cells ,lymphocytes,polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and occational giant cells.Often associated with Proteus infections and obstruction,the lesions sometimes prod...
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Lingual Thyroid It represents failure of median thyroid tissue to descend normally. Presentation * Asymptomatic * Choking, dysphagia * Airway obstruction, hemorrhage * Hypothyroidism (occasionally) Investigation. Thyroid scan- always performed before radioablative therapy or surgery as it may be the only thyroid tissue...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., It is a DNA retrovirus HIV is a RNA virus (not DNA) It contains reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is a characteristic feature of retroviruses. The receptor for the virus is the CD4 antigen on surface. The cells affected are : - CD4 T Cells (major target) - B lymphocytes - Monocytes and macrophages -...
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Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition. *Maternal deaths mostly occur from 3rd trimester to 1st week after bih.
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Ans. Stomach
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Are Bacteriostatic The aminoglycosides are bactericidal antibiotics They are more active at alkaline p11. They kill the bacteria by interfering with protein synthesis. They are used as sulfate salts which are highly water soluble solutions and are water soluble for months. They are highly ionized in solution. It is nei...
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Kuppuswamy's classification is an index for estimation of socio-economic status. The 3 variables used in this classification to assess socio economic status are education, occupation and income. House type is not considered in this classification. Ref: Parks Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 20th edition page ...
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All
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D. i.e. All
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Ans is 'c' ie Circular muscle fibres of GE I am not really sure of the answer. When this question was asked, 22/e, of Bailey was in circulation. According to it, among all the given options, circular muscle fibres of GE sphincter appears to be least contributory in preventing reflux. Read these lines of Bailey 22nd ed....
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Congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) is caused by mutations in NPHS1, encoding the slit-diaphragm and podocin-associated protein nephrin. Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th Edition, Pages 983-4; Genetic Diseases of The Kidney By Richard P. Lifton, Stefan Somlo, Gerhard H. Giebisch, 2008, P...
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Refer KDT 7/e p 254 Iodine iodides ate useful in Graves disease and make the gland shrink, firm and less vascular These can inhibit all facets of thyroid peroxidase as well as 5 deiodinase Later is involved in peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
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Answer- A. More common in endemic areaAn increased incidence of cancer (usually follicular) has been repoed from endemic areas. Dominant or rapidly growing nodules in longstanding goiters should always be subjected to aspiration cytology.
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Ans- (b) MyxomaRef: Robbin's pathology 9th ed. /575-76* MC tumor of heart: Secondaries* MC site of primary for cardiac secondaries: Lungs* Most common primary neoplasm of heart in adult: Myxoma* Most common primary neoplasm of heart in child: Rhabdomyoma* Most common malignant cancer of heart in adults= Angiosarcoma* M...
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NEWER FORMULATIONS OF AM-B : (Has Decreased systemic toxicity) AMPHOTERICIN B COLLOID DISPERSION (ABCD) - MAX INFUSION RELATED REACTION AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX (ABLC) LIPOSOMAL AMPHOTERICIN B (USED FOR T/T OF KALA AZAR) -MINIMUMINFUSION RELATED REACTION * Lesser uptake in the tissues like kidney * More expensive *...
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Ans. Tungsten
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Wegner's granulomatosis On first instance, presence of fleeting opacities and hempotysis makes it look like a case of allergic bmnchopulmona n, aspergillosis. But presence of oligoahritis and weight loss cannot be explained by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Presence of fever, hemoptysi.s and weight loss sugge...
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Terminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferase catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3' termini of DNA. ... By use of a tailing method, which adds homopolymerdeoxynucleotide tails to denatured DNA, any double-stranded DNA fragment can be joined to a cloning vehicle Ref biochemistry satyanarayana 4e p255
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Based on above clinical manifestations, CT scan revealing NO HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY and fundoscopic CHERRY RED SPOT, the child is suffering from Tay-sach's disease and it is due to the deficiency of the enzyme, Hexosaminidase A.
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Systemic retinoids are approved for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Off-label uses include ichthyosis, Darier's disease, pityriasis rubra pilaris, rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa, chemoprevention of malignancy, lichen sclerosus, subacute lupus erythematosus, and discoid lupus erythema...
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Nasociliary is a branch of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve. It passes through the superior orbital fissure within the annulus tendon between the the divisions of the third cranial nerve. Anterior ethmoidal nerve is a branch of nasociliary nerve. It enters the anterior cranial fossa and reaches the tip of the no...
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Answer is D (IgD) The M component in Multiple Myeloma can be made up of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE; light chains alone; or heavy chains alone. IgG Myeloma is the most common form of Multiple Myeloma while Ig D (2%) and IgE (Rare) are the least common.
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In radiological imaging it is usually believed that the adverse effects of contrast media are non-IgE mediated anaphylactoid reactions, as a result of released vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin, etc) which trigger the mast cells directly. Since anaphylactoid reaction is not given in the choice, anaphylactic react...
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Good faith has not been defined in the Indian penal code in positive terms. Section 52 of the code gives only a negative definition by saying that "nothing is said to be done or delivered in "good faith" which is done or delivered without due care and attention ref : narayana reddy forensic medicine and toxicology
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Ans. D. Erythrasmaa. Fluorescence under Wood light.b. Coral-red fluorescence with Wood's light is attributable to coproporphyrin III and strongly suggests erythrasma, although it does not necessarily indicate active infection.c. Pink fluorescence is also demonstrable ind. Some necrotic tumors and on the normal tongue.e...
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(Low pressure O2): Ref 45-Dutta 6th (394-Ghai 7th) Changes of the fetal circulation at birth 1. Closure of the umbilical arteries: Functional closure is almost instaneous preventing even slight amount of the fetal blood to drain out. Actual obliteration takes about 2-3 months. The distal parts from the lateral umbilica...
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Folic acid deficiency in Pregnancy In nonpregnant women, the folic acid requirement is 50 to 100 μg/day During pregnancy, requirements are increased and 400 μg/day is recommended  The earliest biochemical evidence is low plasma folic acid concentrations  Normal serum folate levels Non Pregnant women: 5.4-18ng/ml 1st...
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PCOD ( Stein leventhal syndrome) Basic pathology of PCOD is excessive androgen synthesis leads to Leads to hirsutism Peripheral aromatisation Alters lipid profile LDL /HDL Because of peripheral aromatisation causes conversation to oestrogen leading to Increased LH ( oestrogen has positive feedback on LH) LH is tonicall...
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caesarian is the best option in most cases of transverse lie.It is also indicated when external version fails or is contraindicated.If the membranes are intact a low transverse incision is usually possible.There may be difficulty in delivery of the baby at caesarian section in cases done late in labour after the liqour...
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Ans. D i.e. Kaposi sarcoma Human Herpes Virus type 8 is associated with 3 conditions, i.e. Kaposi's disease, B-cell lymphoma and Castleman's disease
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Squint surgery Convergent squint Angle of detion: Large and constant Amblyopia: Develops in 25-40% of cases Associations include Inferior oblique overaction Dissociated veical detion (70%) Latent horizontal nystagmus Treatment Surgery: Treatment of choice Amblyopia correction measures: Patching of normal eye Recession ...
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Cervical assessment by transvaginal ultrasound is gaining popularity.Abdominal ultrasound may give an enormous value due to the full bladder.Cervical length less than 25 mm at 24 weeks may be predictive of preterm delivery refer pgno:193 sheila textbook of obstetrics 2 nd edition
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*In Acute Aoic Dissection Stable Patient-CT-Angio (MDCT with contrast) Unstable Patient-TransEsophageal Echo(TEE)
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Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by renal inflammation and scarring induced by recurrent or persistent renal infection, vesicoureteral reflux, or other causes of urinary tract obstruction. VUR is a congenital condition that results from incompetence of the ureterovesical valve due to a sho intramural segment Ref...
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Ans. Digital imaging and communications in medicine
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Ans is 'a' i.e., Breast carcinoma Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy* For breast cancer sentinel lymph node is the largest lymph node in axilla and is the first to receive the lymph and potential metastases drained from the breast.* Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and biopsy of the sentinel lymph node initially in...
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Ans. D: True positive
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Method of detecting single gene deletion
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FSH receptor is a specific G-protein coupled receptor. It is present in granulosa cells (ovary) and Seoli cells (testis). cAMP is the second messenger; it stimulates production of CREB-P and CREM-P (transcription factors that initiate expression of target genes). FSH stimulation of granulosa cells produces estradiol; s...
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Ans. Frontal nerve
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Seizures are usually generalised.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Erythematous papular pustular lesions Common newborn rashes o Erythema toxicum ---> Most common o Acne neonatorum o Transient neonatal pustural melanosis.
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The accidental intra aerial injection of drug due to wrongly placed cannula M/N 1. Leave the cannula in situ 2. Intra aerial injection of heparin 3. Lidocaine, papaverine phenoxybenzamine injected 4. Stellate ganglion block
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(Ortolani's test) (201-M) (410-Apley 8th)ORTOLANI'S TESTBARLOW'S TESTThe baby's thighs are held with the thumbs medially and the fingers resting on the greater trochanter, the hips are flexed to 90deg and gently abducted, normally there is smooth abduction to almost 90deg. In CDH, the movement is usually impeded, but i...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Carcinoid tumor o The normal lung contains neuroendocrine cells within the epithelium as single cells or as clusters, the neuroepithelial bodies. o Neuroendocrine lesions of lung may be of following types ? Non-Neoplastic (i) Reactive neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in response to inflammation or scar...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lactuloseo Maltose is hydrolysed by maltase into two molecules of glucose.o Sucrose is hydrolysed into fructose and glucose by sucrase {an enzyme present in brush border of intestinal epithelium). Lactase is hydrolysed into galactose and glucose by lactase (b-glucosidase). Trehalase hydrolyzes trehelo...
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Neonatal reflexes A number of primitive neonatal reflexes can be elicited in a healthy term neonate. These disappear as the child grows → These reflexes are inhibited by frontal lobes as the child grows. The absence of reflex responses indicates dysfunction of central or peripheral motor function. Abnormal persistenc...
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A thin lead foil backing with an embossed pattern is between the wrappers in the film packet. The foil is positioned in the film packet behind the film, away from the tube. This lead foil serves several purposes. It shields the film from backscatter (secondary) radiation, which fogs the film and reduces subject contra...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Foreign body o Unilateral foul smelling discharge in a child is pathognomic of a foreign body.Foreign body in noseo A nasal foreign body is anything that gets stuck inside the nose. Inanimate foreign body (object) is more common than animate foreign body. Common objects found in noses include food mat...
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(c) Both PNS (postnasal space) mirror and tongue depressor(Ref. Scott Brown, Vol 3; 98)To examine nasopharynx or post nasal space in OPD, posterior rhinoscopy is done.Here the tongue is depressed using a tongue depressor and then the PNS mirror is passed behind the uvula. The glass surface of the PNS mirror is pre warm...
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Answer D. Herpes gestationisThe presence of multiple yellow plaques on erythematous bases sparing the orbital regions is consistent with a diagnosis of herpes gestationis, a rare autoimmune disorder of pregnancy that affects newborns in only 5 to 10 percent of cases. The more common dermatitis of pregnancy -- pruritic ...
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Signs and symptoms of shock vary depending on circumstances and may include: Cool, clammy skin Pale or ashen skin Bluish tinge to lips or fingernails (or gray in the case of dark complexions) Rapid pulse Rapid breathing Nausea or vomiting Enlarged pupils Weakness or fatigue Dizziness or fainting Hypotension Changes in ...
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<p>DERMATOPHYTOSIS Infection caused by dermatophytes.Superficial cutaneous infection.Affects stratum corneum layer of skin.Dermatophytes belonging to genera microsporum,Trichophyton and epidermophyton causes ringworm/tinea of skin ,hair and nails. Classified based on site of involvement.1. T.corporis- Glabrous skin.(sk...
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Type IV placental pre
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Ans. B. PotencyExplanationMAC is an indicator of gas potency. The blood:gas partition coefficient is an indicator of solubility, which affects the rate of induction and emergence; it is NOT related to MAC.MAC: Alveolar concentration of a gas at which 50% of subjects do not respond to surgical incision.MAC of Inhaled An...
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This patient is most likely suffering from ovarian endometrioma which occur secondary to endometriosis. Ultrasonography is the most commonly used diagnostic method for detecting ovarian endometrioma and laparoscopy is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. Endometriosis refers to aberrant growth of endometrium out...
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In placenta accreta, there is a failure of normal decidua to form which causes the placenta to be directly anchored to the myometrium either paially or completely without any intervening decidua. Placenta prae in the present pregnancy is a risk factor for placenta accreta but previous placenta prae is not a risk factor...
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B i.e. Renal vein thrombosis - Nonvisualization of kidney (or absence of nephrogram) occurs in complete renal ischemia secondary to occlusion of main renal aery, (global absence) or focal renal infarction/ischemia secondary to focal aerial occlusion or renal vein thrombosisQ or space occupying lesions (segmental absenc...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acute infective endocarditis Note : Amongst the given options infective endocarditis is most destructive.
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Anterior or posterior vitreous detachment can be seen in blunt trauma. Ref: AK Khurana 4thE pg 406
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., CMV retinitis
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The risk of congenital defects has been estimated at 90% for maternal infection before 11 wks of gestation,33% at 11-12 wks ,11% at 13-14 wks, and 24% at 15-16 wks Defects occuring after 16 wks of gestation are uncommon ,even if fetal infection occurs. The fetus is completely spared if infection occurs beyond 16 weeks....
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Ref: Park 'Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine', 22nd edition, Pg: 75Explanation:List of FormulaIncidence rate=Number of new cases of specific disease during a given time periodPopulation at risk during that periodx 1000Relative risk=Incidence among exposed Incidence among unexposedAttributable risk=incidence am...
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Ans. Osteomalacia Looser zones (also known as coical infractions, Milkman's lines or (Looser-Umbauzonen) They are wide transverse lucencies traversing pa way through a bone, usually at right angles to the involved coex and are associated most frequently with Click Here to See the Image of Looser Zone
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Pirenzipine is selective M1 receptor antagonist .so, it is used for peptic ulcer disease. * For Bronchial asthma M3 blocker such as Ipratropium is used. * For motion sickness Hyoscine is used which is M1 blocker
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Pharmacological stress : Dobutamine. Physiological stress : Ttreadmill or bicycle exercise.
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Preterm labor
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Lipoid nephrosis o Minimal change GN is also referred to as lipoid nephrosis. o Minimal change GN has an excellent response to steroids.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Vertebral artery o Lateral medullary syndrome is caused by infarction of a wedge of lateral medulla lying posterior to the inferior olivary' nucleus.o Although the lateral medullary syndrome was traditionally attributed to occlusion in the course of Posterior in ferior cerebellar artery (PICA), carefu...
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C i.e. Base of rim
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Pfannenstiel incision cannot be easily extended or made larger.
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Thudichum speculum or vienna type speculum is used to visualize anterior nasal cavity (examination is called anterior rhinoscopy). Posterior nares can be visualized during posterior rhinoscopy using posterior nasal mirror.
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Histologically, the main feature in membranous nephropathy is diffuse thickening of the capillary wall. Electron microscopy reveals that this thickening is caused in pa by subepithelial deposits, which nestle against the GBM and are separated from each other by small, spike-like protrusions of GBM matrix that form in r...
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Ethmoidal polyps Ethmoidal polyps are multiple bilateral polyps arise from the numerous ethmoidal sinuses. They tend to protrude forward (in contrast to antrochoanal polyp which tends to grow backward). Ethmoidal polyps mostly occur in adult age, However any age group can be affected. Epistaxis is not a clinical featur...
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Microtubules contains globular proteins - α and β tubulin which helps in cell motility and intracellular transport.
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