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INDERBIR SINGH&;S TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN HISTOLOGY-PAGE NO:318
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Population of 1000 is covered by : Anganwadi worker Trained Dai Village health guide About option 'b' A Health assistant → Per 30000 population in plains, and per 20000 population in hilly, tribal and backward areas.
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For practical purpose, lung compliance is measured by different methods. Based on the method of measurement, lung compliance can be described as static or dynamic Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 318,319,320
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Answer: c) Surface ectoderm (PARSON 22nd ED, P-5)NEURAL ECTODERMSURFACE ECTODERMMESODERM# Epithelium of iris# Epithelium of ciliary body# Constrictor and dilator pupillae# Retinal pigment epithelium and its 9 sensory layers# Optic vesicle and cup# Optic nerve fibres# Melanocytes# Secondary vitreous# Epithelium of Conju...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e. Increase in duration of disease Prevalence refers "to all current cases (old + new) existing at a given point in time (point prevalence) or over a period of time (period prevalence) in a given population"It thus includes all the new cases, as well as those old persisting cases.
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Low weight for height: This is also known as nutritional wasting or emaciation which is an indicator of acute malnutrition. It is associated with an increased risk of moality and morbidity. A child who is less than 70% of the expected weight-for-height is classed as severely wasted. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive a...
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If one squares p+q=1, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is realized, p2+2pq+q2=1.(1). p2 represents the frequency of AA homozygotes in the population (wild-type).(2). q2 represents the frequency of aa homozygotes in the population (those with the autosomal recessive disease).(3). 2pq represents the frequency of carriers (het...
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Chronic pulmonary emphysema is characterized by distention of small air spaces distal to the respiratory bronchioles and destruction of alveolar septa. Long-term cigarette smoking is the usual cause. The marked loss of lung parenchyma associated with emphysema leads to a decrease in the diffusion capacity of the lungs,...
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"Haemorrhagic disease of new born is more common in breast fed infants because breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K" What is haemorrhagic disease of new born It is a haemorrhagic disease of new born characterized by bleeding from various sites due to a transient deficiency of vitamin K dependent factors (II, VII,...
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Dermatitis herpetiformis is an autoimmune blistering disease that is strongly associated with coeliac disease. Almsot all patient with dermatitis herpetiformis have evidence of villous atrophy on Intestinal biopsy, even if they have no gastrointestinal symptoms. Reference : Davidson, 23rd Edition, page no : 1256.
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It is a serious bilateral granulomatous panuveitis which follows a penetrating ocular trauma.
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Ans: a ( muscular attachments)Ref: Chaurasia, 3rd edi., Vol-2, Pg.140Talus forms a connecting link between the bones of the foot and leg.It is situated on the upper surface of the calcaneum.The head of the talus takes part in a talo calcaneo navicular joint which is a ball and socket joint.RelationsArticulates with 4 b...
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TRISOMY 21: DOWN SYNDROME Incidence: 1 in 700 bihs Karyotypes: Trisomy 21 type: 47,XX, +21 Translocation type: 46,XX,der(14;21)(q10;q10),+21 Mosaic type: 46,XX/47,XX, +21 The correlation with maternal age suggests that in most cases the meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome 21 occurs in the ovum. Indeed, in 95% of cases...
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Widening of Q-T interval in ECG is seen in hypocalcemia.Perioral numbness, Carpopedal spasm, tetany and hyperactive tendon reflexes are noted.Trousseau sign, Chovstek&;s sign elicit latent tetany.
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Steroid hormones lower plasma calcium levels and they increase the renal excretion of calciumRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-385
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Ans. Gamma rays
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A. i.e. (Vogt - Koyanagi - Harada syndrome)VOGT- KOYANAGI- HARADA (VKH) Syndrome* Idiopathic multisystem disorder HLA- DR4 and DW-15Clinical features1. Cutaneous lesions include - alopecia, poliosis and vitiligo2. Neurological lesions are in the form of meningism, encephalopathy, tinnitus, vertigo and deafness3. Ocular...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ext. rotation, abduction, flexion Anterior dislocation of hip Anterior dislocation of the hip is much less common than posterior dislocation. Indeed, it is a very uncommon injury. It is caused by forced abduction and lateral (external) rotation of hip, usually in a violent injury such as a motor accid...
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Can be detected by both Nitric acid test and paper chromatography test (Most sensitive test).
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In Huntington's disease CAG repeat mutation occurs in coding regions of DNA.
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Ans. Strychnine
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Faucial diphtheria : commonest type of diphtheria. Characterized by fever, sore throat, pseudo membrane over fauces. Cervical adenitis with sub-mandibular edema is called bull neck.
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Ans DCatheter embolization places medications or synthetic materials called embolic agents through a catheter into a blood vessel to block blood flow to an area of the body. It may be used to control or prevent abnormal bleeding, close off vessels supplying blood to a tumor, eliminate abnormal connections between arter...
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Chloroquine is the drug of choice for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria during all phases of pregnancy. Chloroquine is a rapidly acting blood schizonticide which destroys asexual blood forms of all plasmodium species. For woman with chloroquine-resistant infection, mefloquine is given orally.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Clonidine Earlier Haloperidol was considered as DOC for Tourette syndrome. Clonidine is considered as DOC for Tourette syndrome
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Unilateral Bird-shot retinochoroidopathy It is a rare, idiopathic, bilaterally symmetrical chronic multifocal chorioretinitis characterised by numerous flat creamy-yellow spots due to focal chorioretinal hypopigmentation, resembling the pattern of "bird-sho scatter from a shotgun". The disease, more c...
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Facial bone fractures most commonly involve the mandible. Fractures most often involve the angle, body, or condyle, and in most cases, two or more sites are almost always involved. Ref: Schwaz's principle of surgery 9th edition, Chapter 18.
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The prostatic pa of the urethra develops from the pelvic (middle) pa of the urogenital sinus (endodermal origin). Endodermal outgrowths arise from the prostatic pa of the urethra and grow into the surrounding mesenchyme. The glandular epithelium of the prostate differentiates from these endodermal cells, and the associ...
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- The Pearl index is defined as the number of "failures per 100 woman-years of exposure (HWY)." - This rate is given by the formula : - PI = Total accidental pregnancies x 1200/ Total months of exposure In given question: Total accidental pregnancies=20 Total months of exposure=100 couples x 24 months each=2400 months ...
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* The x-ray shows lower end of femur with flaring and irregular margins but the epiphysis is normal.* There is no white line in epiphysis, hence scurvy is ruled out.* Absence of lytic lesions rules out hyperparathyroidism.* Malignancy is ruled out as there is no periosteal reaction or bone growth is seen.* Rickets show...
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D i.e. Graze abrasion
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Human infections with an influenza H5N1 was first repoed in Hong Kong in 1997. Ref: Epidemiology of communicable diseases Park's textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 21stedition, page-330.
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Ans: a (USG)Ref: Bailey & Love, 24th ed, p. 1097 & 23rd ed, p. 968
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ornithine
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Egas Moniz
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Advanced maternal age
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*Serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase are normal in osteoporosis. aboratory diagnosis and Biochemical assessment of osteoporosis * Serum and urine calcium. * Alkaline phosphatase. * Hydroxyproline. * Ostecalcin. * Hydroxylysine glycosides. * Procollagen I extension peptides * Crosslink assays * Alpha2 HS g...
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Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of meningitis in AIDS patients. The frequency has declined in areas with robust anti-retroviral treatment but can still occur in patients receiving treatment. Patients immunocompromised by other factors, for example maintained on corticosteroids, are also at risk. The or...
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ref: Park&;s 23rd edition pg 58 used for acute infectious diseases like food poisoning, cholera, measles.
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Prostatic carcinoma results due to excessive testosterone. Testosterone is conveed to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-a-reductase. DHT is responsible for prostatic growth. Flutamide is an androgen receptor antagonist whereas finasteride is 5-a-reductase inhibitor. Diethylstilbestrol is an estrogen. It will cause feedbac...
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Ghrelin- A naturally occurring 28-amino acid gut-brain growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP) that is expressed mainly in the stomach and possibly in the hypothalamus. Fasting and hypoglycemia increase ghrelin levels and circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in chronic obesity, following acute caloric intake and in...
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Endometrial Ca
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(A) Mild mental retardation I.Q. LABELI.Q. Score Range* Genius> 145* Very superior> 130* Superior120-130* Bright normal110-120* Normal90-110* Dull normal80-90* Borderline retardation70-80* Mild retardation50-70* Moderate retardation35-50* Severe retardation20-35* Profound retardation<20* 67% of population have an IQ be...
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Question repeatedMyxedema coma is a state of decompensated hypothyroidism. A person may have lab values identical to a "normal" hypothyroid state, but a stressful event (such as an infection, myocardial infarction or stroke) precipitates the myxedema coma state, usually in the elderly. Primary symptoms of myxedema coma...
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Answer is D (Bronchoconstriction) Bronchoconstriction is not a cause for Pulmonary Hypeension Pulmonary Hypeension in COPD has been attributed to multiple factors including: Hypoxia Pulmonary vasoconstriction (secondary to hyoxia) Acidemia Hypercapnia Mechanical effect of high lung volume on pulmonary vessels Loss of s...
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Clinical findings described in the question are typical of Right-sided hea failure due to hepatic sinusoidal congestion Image reveals nutmeg-like appearance of hepatic chronic passive congestion(Cardiac cirrhosis) Gross appearance is caused by congested centrilobular areas alternating with pale poal areas. Lab Findings...
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Ans: C i.e. Cardiovascular disease Complications of hemodialysis The major cause of death in patients with end stage renal disease/ ESRD receiving chronic hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis is cardiovascular disease One fuher major complication affecting morbidity and moality in the dialysis population is malnutrition
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D i.e. Cranial nerve palsies Cranial nerve palsies is not an ocular symptom, it is an associated neurological complication of herpes zoster opthalmicus.Q
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Better initial fit, which is because the curing is carried out at room temperature. Thus there is less thermal contraction. Color stability is inferior to that of heat cure resin, due to subsequent oxidation of the tertiary amine. Slightly inferior properties because the degree of polymeri...
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Pasteurella multocida:Francisella tularensis--Gram-negative bacilli, non-motile,--zoonotic disease--Catalase, oxidase, and indole positive--Wound infection followed by the bite of humans, dogs & cats; bacteremia and sepsis--Gram-negative bacilli, non-motile--Causative agent of Tularemia--Tick-borne disease, Rabbit-bite...
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C i.e. Pistol
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Causes of acute cervicitis are : 1. Gonorrhoea 2. Septic aboion 3. Puerperal Sepsis. Ref Ktzung 12th ed.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Congenital Veical Talus Grice and Green procedure is an extra aicular fusion (ahrodesis) of the subtalar joint. It is used in the treatment of patients of congenital veical talus between age of 4 to 8 years old along with open reduction of the deformity.
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Ans. C Occurs in male genital tract* Capacitation is a process which makes spermatozoa to undergo the physical changes necessary to fertilize an egg in female genital tract.* Spermatozoa in male genital tract are exposed to floating vesicles from seminiferous tubules which contain large amount of cholesterol that cover...
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Features of pernicious anemia: Hyper-segmented neutrophils Howell-Jolly bodies Megaloblasts Macro-ovalocytosis Ataxia, Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord Increase levels of methyl malonyl CoA, homocysteine
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Soyabean consist of 40percent of proteins. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION.PAGE NO - 580
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Hepatic adenoma
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Bilirubin transpo: Bilirubin circulates in plasma noncovalently, bound to albumin. It is taken up across the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes by a carrier-mediated mechanism. Bilirubin uptake is mediated by a liver-specific sinusoidal organic anion transpo protein, (OATP1B1, SLC21A6) Then bilirubin is directed by cyt...
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In Le Fo 3 fracture there is a complete separation of facial bones from the cranial bones. The fracture line passes through the root of nose, ethmofrontal junction, superior orbital fissure, lateral wall of the orbit, frontozygomatic and temporozygomatic sutures and the upper pa of pterygoid plates Ref: Textbook of dis...
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The area between two adjacent Z lines is called a sarcomere. The thick filaments are lined up to form the A bands, whereas the array of thin filaments extends out of the A band and into the less dense staining I bands.(REF.GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY -23rd EDITION. Page No-95.)
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No answer All options are true
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The eye disease is present in 50% of patients with Bechet's syndrome. It is usually present at the onset but may also develop within the first few years. Iritis, posterior uveitis, retinal vessel occlusions and optic neuritis can be seen in some patients with the syndrome. Note: Scarring and bilateral panuveitis is the...
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Ans: D i.e. Contraception A "Cafeteria Approach" meaning choose whatever method of contraception you like was introduced by the Health and Family welfare minister Prof. Chandrasekhar.
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Approach for Post menopausal Bleeding in a woman Office endometrial aspiration biopsy is the accepted first step in evaluating a patient with abnormal uterine bleeding or suspected endometrial pathology. The diagnostic accuracy of office-based endometrial biopsy is 90% to 98% whencompared with subsequent findings at di...
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Extrapyramidal motor disturbances ) are intimately linked to the antipsychotic effect, but are more prominent in the high potency compounds and least in thioridazine, clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics. A predominance of lower frequency waves occurs in EEG and arousal response is dampened. However, no consiste...
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Embryological development of kidneys and adrenal is different, hence even in renal agenesis, adrenal glands will be in normal position.
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Ans. B. Anterior superior iliac spinea. The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the human body. Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle.b. The sartorius muscle arises by tendinous fibers from the anterior superior iliac spine, running obliquely across the upper and anterior part of the ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e. LDL
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Plasmodium malariae- ZOOM* Z- Ziemann's dots* OO- Old age RBCs* M- Maximum Incubation period * It is associated with nephrotic syndrome.* Band forms are present Schuffners dots - P. vivaxMaurer dots- P. falciparumJames dots- P. ovale
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The gut is derived from the yolk sac, and hence is endodermal in origin.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Pituitary tumor Negative progesterone challenge test - which rules out PCOD - (otherwise too, PCOD is a cause of secondary amenorrhea).When next step was done i.e., estrogen, progesterone combined test - It comes out to be positive i.e., compament I system (uterus, endometrium and outflow tract) is no...
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DRUGS EFFECTIVE AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS Beta lactam antibiotics Carboxypenicillins i. Carbenicillin ii. Ticarcillin Ureidopenicillin i. Piperacillin ii. Azlocillin iii. Mezlocillin Carbapenems i. Imipenem ii. Doripenem iii. Meropenem Monobactams i. Aztreonam Cephalosporins i. Ceftazidime ii. Cefoperazone iii. Moxalactam iv...
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(B) Dubin Johnson syndrome # Common causes of Raised Bilirubin and Urobilinogen:> Raised conjugated bilirubin (bilirubinuria): Hepatocellular disease and post-hepatic or cholestatic disease (intrahepatic and extrahepatic), including drug toxicity as well as pancreatic causes of obstructive jaundice. Inherited defects i...
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Ans. A: H1N1 Swine flu is also known as swine influenza, hog flu and pig flu. In 2009 the media labeled as "swine flu" the flu caused by 2009's new strain of swine-origin A/H1N1 pandemic virus just as it had earlier dubbed as "an flu" flu caused by the recent Asian-linage HPAI (High Pathogenic An Influenza) H5N1 strain...
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In pubovaginal sling surgery, strip of rectus fascia or fascia lata is placed under bladder neck and through retropubic space.
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Answer- B. Toxic cardiomyopathyMost common cause of death in diphtheria cardiomyopathy
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(Ketoconazole) (762-KDT 6th)* Ketoconazole - It is the first orally effective broad spectrum antifungal drug useful in both dermatophytosis and deep mycosis a major advance* Terbinafine - is the drug of choice for treating dermatophytoses and especially, oncychomycoses (fungal infections of nails)* It is better tolerat...
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HCV is a 50-60 nm virus with a linear single stranded RNA genome enclosed within a core and surrounded by an envelope carrying glycoprotein spikes. REF:ANATHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO:549
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Ans. (a) Ascending urethrogramRef: Bailey and Love 27th Edition, Page 1479* Most common urethral injury sites caused by external trauma are bulbar and membranous urethra.* Most common cause of urethral trauma: Catheterization and cystoscope induced.* IOC for urethral injuries is by ascending urethrogram using water sol...
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Permanent teeth will erupt between 6 years and 17-25 years. First permanent tooth to erupt is the first molar by 6-7 years. Total 32 numbers; 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars and 6 molars in each jaw and their periods are shown: First molar 6-7 years. Medial incisors 7-8 years Lateral incisors 8-9 years First premola...
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Health education may often fail due to communication barriers between the educator and the community1) Physiological: Difficulties in the hearing, expression2) Psychological: Emotional disturbances, Neurosis, Levels of intelligence, Language or comprehension difficulties3) Environment: Noise, Invisibility, Congestion4)...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., CAHo Female pseudo hermaphroditism n Have internal genitalia female typeKaryo type XXMasculinisation of external genitaliaMost common - CAHCongenital adrenal hyperplasiao M-C. 21 hydroxylase deficiencyOther cause excess maternal androgen due to -Maternal ovarian tumor.Maternal drug intake.TreatmentHor...
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(A) Migraine # BASILAR MIGRAINE: Symptoms referable to a disturbance in brainstem function, such as vertigo, dysarthria, or diplopia, occur as the only neurologic symptoms of the attack in about 25% of patients. Adramatic form of basilar migraine (Bicker-staffs migraine) occurs primarily in adolescent females.> Episode...
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There are two types of bands: Uncontoured bands Precontoured bands Uncontoured bands These are available in two thicknesses: 0.002 inch (0.05 mm) 0.0015 inch (0.038 mm) Sturdevants operative dentistry south asian edition page 204
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The vocal fold of the excised larynx is known to be located at an intermediate position(the so-called cadaver position).
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ref : park 21st ed
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Effective dilatation of cervix in a primigravida during active phase of labor is 1cm/hr
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Retropharyngeal Space is a potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the prevertebral fascia, extending from the base of the skull to the superior mediastinum.  It permits movement of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus during swallowing.
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Answer is A (IgM Anti HBc Antibody): IgM Anti HBc Antibody is the most reliable marker of acute HBV infection IgM Anti HBc Antibody is known to be the most reliable marker of an acute HBV infection since it is detectable even during the so called serological gap and is charachteristically absent in chronic infections (...
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Answer- D. HyperkalemiaShockHypothermiaSepsisARDSMultiple organ failure
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Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Side effects include rash, dizziness, confusion, headache, and nightmares. Options A and C: Lamivudine and Tenofovir side effects includes headache, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, or trouble sleeping. Option D: Saquinavir can cause headache, nausea, diarrhea...
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Pulmonary sequestration is nonfunctional pulmonary tissue that does not communicate with the tracheobronchial tree and receives its blood supply from one or more anomalous systemic aeries. This abnormality originates during the embryonic period of lung development. It is classified as either extralobar or intralobar. E...
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Tooth structure is conserved by using the following guidelines:  Use of partial-coverage rather than completecoverage restorations. Preparation of teeth with the minimum practical convergence angle (taper) between axial walls. Preparation of the occlusal surface so reduction follows the anatomic planes to give uniform...
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Ans. Capsicum
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B i.e. Internal mammary aery
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Trichomonas vaginalis REF: Koss' diagnostic cytology and its histopathologic bases: Volume 1 - Page 274, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology: Volume 77 "The best way to recognize Trichomonas is the hanging drop technique in which a drop of vaginal secretion is placed on a side and is examined under the micros...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Herd immunity is constant Elements which contribute to herd immunity :? a) Occurence of clinical and subclinical infection in the herd -4 Clinical or subclinical infection may cause development immunity to that paicular disease. b) Immunization of herd --> By vaccination of herd through on-going immun...
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b. Osteogenesis imperfectaOsteoporosis with metaphyseal flaring & "popcorn" formation at growth plates are features of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
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othello syndrome is called as delusion of marital infedility othello syndrome is common in alcoholic males this is is the most repeatedly asked question in entrance examinations the possible mechanism that is told for othello syndrome is that alcohol causes sexual dysfunction in males and thus inturn results in doubtin...
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