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Reverse tolerance It is the phenomenon of Decrease in the quantity of Intake usually because of end organ damage .in this person would get the kick by the less than usual dose of the quantity of substance. Mellan By phenomenon ( Acute Tolerance )is the phenomenon of differential response to the same amount of substance
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IFA TABLETS: Adult IFA tablets contain Iron 60mg + F.A. 500mcg (Red tablet) Pediatric syrup (6m-6y) contain Iron 20mg + F.A. 100 mcg (50 ml Bottle) given biweekly
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Classical Laryngeal Mask Airway was designed by Dr Archie Brain Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway was also designed by Dr Archie Brain
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A i.e. Radial keratotomy; B i.e Keratomileusis; C i.e. IOL
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The term intermenstrual bleeding is updated nomenclature for metrorrhagia.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Radial or ulnar artery patency "Allen test the adequacy of blood supply to the hand from radial and ulnar arteries and the arcade between them".TestTechniqueSignificanceAllens testElevate the hand and apply digital pressure on the radial and ulnar arteries to occlude them.Ask the patient to make a fis...
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Ans. (b) CisplatinRef: Sabiston 20th Edition, Page 1077* Cisplatin based chemotherapy has been used in those days as single drug regimen* The survival benefit of chemotherapy persisted at the updated median follow-up duration of 6 years, with 5-year survival rates of 23% with chemotherapy plus surgery and 17% with surg...
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The carina can easily be seen in radiograph. The carina is at the level of T4-5 (plane associated with the sternal angle of Louis). This landmark is commonly used to guide the placement of a central venous line.
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Sorghum have a high leucine content and is deficient in lysine and threonine. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 580
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Staph aureus from staph epidermidis
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A small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is one of many small RNA species confined to the nucleus; several of the snRNAs are involved in splicing or other RNA processing reactions.Small cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNA) are present in the cytoplasm and (sometimes are also found in the nucleus).snRNPs (snurp) are small nuclear ribonucleoprot...
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D-tubocurarine, succinylcholine and pancuronium do not cross the placental barrier and can be employed in obstetric practice. However, gallamine can cross the placental barrier and should not be used in obstetric practice.
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Ans. b. Ophthalmoplegia PM mimics many other myopathies and is a diagnosis of exclusion. Involvement of extra-ocular and facial muscles rules out polymyositis. Polymyositis (PM) PM mimics many other myopathies and is a diagnosis of exclusion".Q Subacute inflammatory myopathy affecting adults and rarely children, who do...
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Ans. c (Stapedial artery) (Ref. Human Embryology by Inderbirsingh, 7th ed., p 112)Stapedial artery is artery of the 2nd branchial arch and is seen during embryonic life transiently.Its persistence leads to deafness.derivative sof arotic archesAortic archDerivativesClue to remember I1stPart of MAXillary artery.1st arch ...
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In multiple myeloma, tubular damage by light chains is almost always present. The injury is a direct toxic effect of the light chains or indirectly from the inflammatory response. Infiltration by plasma cells and glomerular injury is rare. Hypercalcemia may produce transient or irreversible renal damage as do amyloid a...
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Aluminum phosphide (Celphos) toxicity appears to be due to release of PHOSPHINE on contact with moisture. This phosphine gas due to noncompetitive inhibition of cytochrome oxidase system of mitochondria or damage by free radicals causes' global hypoxia. Significant inhibition of cytochrome-c oxidase activity can be fou...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bleomycin Remember - Three anticancer drugs have marrow sparing effect i.e.. they cause very little or no bone marrow suppression (mvelosuppression) --) vincristin. bleomycin and L-asparaginase. All other cytotoxic drugs can cause bone marrow suppression.
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• Carriers can be detected only by the cultural method.  •The swab should be taken from both the nose and throat
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Anhedonia refers to the reduced ability to experience pleasure.In animal models severe stress causes nucleus accumbens dopamine neurons to become insensitive to CRF (Coicotropin-Releasing Factor), resulting in reduced dopamine release and increased anhedonia.(Ref: Kaplan and Sadock&;s synopsis of psychiatry Pg 290)
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Osteoma Osteoma is a slow growing tumor formed by mature bone tissue. Osteoma are commonly seen in fronto-ethmoid region. The most common sites of osteomas are the frontal sinus followed by ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. They are rare in the sphenoid sinus and extremely rare on temporal and occipital squama. Three hist...
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Cyclosporine interferes with the production of cytokines and lacks the bone marrow toxicity of azathioprine. Unfounately, its chief toxicity is renal. Although OKT3 is more available, more uniform, and more specific than antilymphocyte serum, some of its side effects are even greater, such as fever, chills, nausea, vom...
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PERFORATION OF OESOPHAGUS AETIOLOGY Perforation or the rupture of oesophagus results from: 1. Instrumental trauma, i.e. oesophagoscopy or dilatation of strictures with bougies. The common site or rupture in these cases is just above the upper sphincter; sometimes it is the lower oesophagus near the hiatus. 2. Spontaneo...
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Vasopressin is a nonpeptide acting through GQPCR- a type of G protein-coupled cell membrane receptors which act through the phospholipase C-IP3/DAG pathway. (Ref.Essentials of medical pharmacology TD Tripathi 7th edition page no.593)
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Glucose > 60 mg/dl Causes of low glucose pleural fluid Malignancy Rheumatoid ahritis Empyema Hemothorax Paragonimiasis Churg strauss syndrome Lupus pleuritis (occasionally)
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Ref:Parks 23rd edition pg 62 Change in prevalence from one time to another can result from changes in: Incidence Duration of disease Or both
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In a small number of patients with acute hepatitis B infection, HBsAg can never be detected. In others, HBsAg becomes negative before the onset of the disease or before the end of the clinical illness. In such patients with acute hepatitis, hepatitis B virus infection may only be established by the presence of antihepa...
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Typical electrophysiological changes in retinitis pigmentosa appear early in the disease before the subjective symptoms or the objective signs (fundus changes) appear and are most constant and critical finding. Electroretinogram (ERG) is initially subnormal (scotopic affected before photopic; b-waveaffected before ;a w...
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Singly borne spore - microconidia Spores in chain - ahrospores In sporangium - sporangiospores Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition
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Mercedes Benz sign or Seagull sign The Centre of gallstone may contain radiolucent gas in a triradiate or biradiate fissure This gives rise to characteristic dark shapes on radiograph, the Mercedes Benz sign or Seagull sign Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno : 1199
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Obturator externuso Branches of femoral nerve areFrom the main trunk Nerve supply to iliacus, nerve supply to pectineus and a few vascular branches.From anterior division :- Intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve (intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh ), medial femoral cutaneous nerve (medial cutaneous ...
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CT can clearly show the extend of splenic injury. It can also distinguish the ble poion of the spleen.
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The definitive diagnosis of PNH is based on the demonstration that a substantial propoion of the patient's red cells have an increased susceptibility to complement (C), due to the deficiency on their surface of proteins (paicularly CD59 and CD55). Reference: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page...
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Type of BP Major determinant Systolic BP (SBP) SV (directly propoional) Compliance of aoa (inversely propoional) Diastolic BP (DBP) Elastic recoli of aoa / major vessels (directly propoional) Total peripheral resistance (directly propoional) Pulse pressure (PP) = SBP-DBP Ratio of stroke volume to compliance of the aeri...
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Some impoant Bhore committee, 1946 recommendations area)Integration of preventive and curative services at all administrative levelsb)Development of PHC in 2 stagesi.Sho-term measure: PHC for 40,000 population in rural areasii.Long-term programme: Primary health units with 75 bedded hospitals for 10,000 to 20,000 popul...
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Ans: B (Mercury poisoning) Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by KS Narayan Reddy. 29th edition. 2010.Explanation:Symptoms of Mercury Poisoning:Acid metallic taste, hoarse voice, greyish white coating of tongue, blood-stained stool, circulatory collapse, necrosis of jaw. membranous, colitis, proxim...
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Ans. B: Dyspnea Many of the ILDs have similar clinical features and are not easily distinguished on examination. Symptoms are generally limited to the respiratory tract. Exeional breathlessness (dyspnea) and a nonproductive cough are the most common symptom. However, sputum production, hemoptysis, or wheezing are helpf...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Prednisolone + cyclophosphamide Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis o Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis is defined as the lack of anti-GBM antibodies or immune complex. It is a type of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. o Causes are :- Idiopathic renal-limited crescentic glomerulonephritis (ANCA associ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5o Renal artery Right renal artery is longer and passes behind I VC. Renal artery divides into : -Posterior division :- Supplies posterior segment.Anterior division :-Divides further into 4 branches to supply apical, upper anterior, middle anterior and lower segments.o Thus, there are five vascular se...
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B. i.e. Bed rest for 3 months In low back ache (lumbago) bed rest should not exceed 2 (to 4) daysQ, because bed rest for longer period may lead to debilitating muscle atrophy and increased stiffness. Therefore bed rest > 2 days (Harrison)/>4 days (CDTF) is not recommended.
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Denial is the avoidance of awareness of some painful aspect of reality by negating sensory data, i.e. Patient is unable to face reality or admit an obvious truth. Denial should be differentiated from repression - Denial:- Person denies (does not accept) the truth, i.e. a painful aspect of reality Repression:- Anxiety...
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The incision size in phacoemulsification is 3.2 mm refer Khurana 6th edition page number 197
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Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed
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Pre B cell ALL has poor prognosis.
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Description:Congenital hea disease affects ~40%. In paicular, defects affecting the endocardial cushion are common: * atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD): considered the commonest cardiac defect associated with Down syndrome * ostium primum atrial septal defect (ASD) * ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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Spleen
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The movement resembles a tremor, and no autonomic changes, such as tachycardia, are associated with it. Seizures often are associated with ocular detion and are not stimulus sensitive. Autonomic changes frequently accompany them. The movements are clonic, unlike the tremorlike movements of jitteriness. Jitteriness is d...
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Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid under aerobic conditions and to lactic acid under anaerobic conditions (a 3 carbon compounds)In fast-growing cancer cells, glycolysis proceeds at a high rate, forming large amounts of pyruvate, which is reduced to lactate and expoed.Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehyd...
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ref Robbins 8/e p802 ,9/e p97 Granulomatous inflammation is a histologic pattern of tissue reaction which appears following cell injury.Granulomatous inflammation is caused by a variety of conditions including infection, autoimmune, toxic, allergic, drug, and neoplastic conditions. Although many infections are associat...
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Membranous urethra is a content of Deep perineal pouch, not prostatic urethra.
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RNA polymerase In mammals, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sites upstream from the sta site. These include the TATA box (TATAAT), the CAAT box, and the GC box. DNA primase and helicase are involved in DNA replication and do not bind specifically to sequences upstream of genes. Restriction endonucleases recognize speci...
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Sir Ronald Ross was a British doctor who received the Nobel Prize for his work on malaria. His discovery of the malarial parasite in the gut of Anopheles mosquito led to the discovery that malaria was transmitted by Anopheles, and laid the foundation for combating the disease. Ref: Park, 21st Edition, Page 6.
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Chemical antidotes: - Lugol's iodine - Tannic acid - Weak vegetable acids - Weak non carbonate alkalis - Potassium permanganate B.A.L - chelating agent
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Bupivacine cannot be used as surface anesthetic agent Bupivacine is also contraindicated in regional IV anesthesia or Bier&;s block due to fear of cardiac arrhythmia It can be used in peripheral nerve block, epidural and intrathecal routes
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There are many types of glycogen storage diseases, each caused by a different enzymatic abnormality. The best-known types of glycogen storage disease are those that have hepatic hypoglycemic pathophysiology (eg, von Gierke disease) or those that have muscle energy pathophysiology (McArdle disease). InMcArdle' symptoms ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Submandibular LNAnetrior half of nasal cavity (including anterior pa of nasal septum) drains into submandibular nodes. Submandibular nodes These nodes lie deep to investing layer of deep cervical fascia in submandibular triangle, between the deep fascia and submandibular gland.These nodes receive affe...
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Ans. Sec. 326-A IPC The Section 326 A in the Indian Penal Code lays down the punishment for acid throwing. The minimum punishment is 10 years' imprisonment. It can extend up to life imprisonment with fine. A separate law to punish offenders in such cases was passed along with amendment of law on sexual offences.
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Ubiquitination is a ATP dependent pathway for protein degradation. Impairment of this process leads to accumulation of misfolded proteins.
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Thoracic duct does not drain right upper half above the diaphragm <img src=" /> B D CHAURASIA'S HUMAN ANATOMY UPPER LIMB THORAX-VOLUME-1 SIXTH EDITION,Page no-286
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Bile is made up of the bile acids, bile pigments, and other substances dissolved in an alkaline electrolyte solution that resembles pancreatic juice. About 500 mL is secreted per day. Some of the components of the bile are reabsorbed in the intestine and then excreted again by the liver (enterohepatic circulation). In ...
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. Dense core granules
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Antibiotic of choice: Tetracycline 500mg QID x 3 weeks.
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Answer is B (Dermatomyositis like syndrome) Dermatamyositis like syndrome has not been mentioned in association with Hepatitis C infection. Psoriasis has also not been linked to Hepatitis C virus directly although it may be seen in patients treated with Interferon a Lichen plaints and PAN are established associations o...
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Ans is 'd' i.e. Promethazine Gamma Aminobuturic acid (GABA) is the most important inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system.GABA ergic neurons are widely distributed in the C.N.S. but are virtually absent outside the brain and spinal cord.GABA controls the state of excitability in all brain areas and the bal...
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Ans. B. Cervical dilatation > 3 cm. (Ref. Williams Obstetrics 22nd/ Ch. 17)CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL LABOR# The strict definition of labor-uterine contractions that bring about demonstrable effacement and dilatation of the cervix-docs not easily aid the clinician in determining when labor has actually begun, because th...
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Sullivan's index is defined as Disability free life expectancy (DFLE). Sullivan's index = Life expectancy -- duration of disability.
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Magistrate's inquest is an inquest conducted by a District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and magistrate of the first class rank or any other magistrate as empowered by the State Government, such as Collector, Deputy Collector or Tehsildar (Executive Magistrates). An inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death de...
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All the options are symptoms of schizophrenia. however, if the question asks about characteristic abnormality. the best answer is formal thought disorders. If a paicular formal thought disorder needs to be chosen, the best answer would be neologism
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The complete genome sequence of M. tuberculosis comprises 4043 genes encoding 3993 proteins and 50 genes encoding RNAs and its high guanine-plus-cytosine content (65.6%) is indicative of an aerobic lifestyle. Reference : Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 1340
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Ans: a (Vmax |. no change in km) Ref: Vasudevan, 4th ed, p. 47; 5th ed,p. 46In non competitive inhibition there is no change in km value but Vmax |.Difference between competitive and non competitive inhibition Competitive inhibitionNon competitive inhibitionActing onActive siteMay or may notStructure of inhibitorSubstr...
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NADP?: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, is a diffusible electron carrier. Its reduced form (NADPH) is reducing power of the cell. A cells reservoir of NADPH represents its reducing power which is an impoant measure of cells usable energy. They store electrons until they are used in anabolic reactions. A cel...
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impaired coordination in the torso or arms and legs frequent stumbling an unsteady gait uncontrolled or repetitive eye movements trouble eating and performing other fine motor tasks slurred speech vocal changes headaches dizziness Ref : guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:781,782,783
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Ans. (C) Start SSRI treatment based on side effect profile(Ref: CMDT 2010/964)Depression associated with reactive disorders usually does not call for drug therapy and can be managed by psychotherapy and the passage of time. In severe cases -- particularly when vegetative signs are significant and symptoms have persiste...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e. Extension up to Serosa and lymph nodes Go through the staging of colon carcinoma below and you will get the answer.Staging of colon carcinomaDukesNumericalPathological descriptionAICa limited to mucosa & submucosaB1ICa extends to submuscularb2IICa extends to serosaCIIICa involves regional lymph nodesDI...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Zellweger Syndrome* Zellweger syndrome is a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder and it is one of the leukodyctrophies .* Zellweger syndrome is caused by mutation of peroxin genes. Peroxins are necessary for normal assembly of peroxisomes. Peroxisomes are necessary for VLCFA oxidation. When peroxisomes are...
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Ans. Dark room test
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The blood irritates the aeries. This effect is often delayed by several days following the initial hemorrhagic event. Berry aneurysms are located in the circle of Willis at the base of the brain, and rupture leads to extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space. Her renal scan suggests a diagnosis of dominant pol...
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Ans. is d, i.e. 10%Ref: Leon Speroff 8th/ed, p5I7PCOS: Upto 35% exhibit impaired glucose tolerance and upto 10% have diabetes mellitus.In all PCOS patients, a baseline 2-hour OGTT is recommended.
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(D) All of the abovePEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE -2015 AgeExclude patients with peri-natal related lung diseaseTimingWithin 7 days of known clinical insultOrigin of EdemaRespiratory failure not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overloadChest ImagingChest imaging findings of new infiltrate(s) consistent wi...
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This is a case of Herpes zoster/ Shingles. The image shows hemorrhagic vesicles and pustules on an erythematous base in a dermatomal distribution. 2nd image shows a Tzanck smear with classical multinucleate giant cells seen in varicella. Drugs approved are: - Valcyclovir Famciclovir Acyclovir Ganciclovir is approved fo...
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The standard operation for gastric cancer is radical subtotal gastrectomy, which entails ligation of the left and right gastric and gastro-epiploic aeries at the origin, as well as the en bloc removal of the distal 75% of the stomach, including the pylorus and 2 cm of duodenum, the greater and lesser omentum, and all a...
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Ref. Robbins Pathology. 9th edition. Page. 1019   Leiomyoma is the most common pelvic tumor in women   Symptoms include: AUB Pelvic pain and pressure Infertility or adverse pregnancy Gross Sharply circumscribed, round, firm, grayish white, "raw silk" and whorled cut surface Often shells out Bulging and trabeculated ...
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Ultrasonogram
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Ans: c (Seminoma)Ref Robbin's, 7th ed. p. 1041 & 6thed. p. 1019
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Ans. (a) SquamousRef.: Bailey & Love 26th ed. /1267
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Ans. is 'd' i.e. Median nerveRef Maheshwari 3rd/Ep 54, 55The main motor supply of the thenar muscles of hand is by the median nerve, hence its atrophy is s/o paralysis of the median nerve.Motor nerve supply of Median nerve in the handThenar muscles which includeFlexor pollicis brevisOpponens pollicisAbductor pollicisFi...
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Argentaffin cells in Carcinoid tumor produce 5HT derivatives like Serotonin. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are produced by Chromaffin cells which are seen in Pheochromocytoma.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Tibia Sternum : --> Hematopoitically active Site in cooperative patient like adult Ilium : Apprehesive patient Useful in older children & adult Tibia : Useful in newborn & infant and children below 2 year of age.
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Restriction of motion ("locking"), effusion ("swelling"), and medial joint-line tenderness are the hallmarks of meniscal tears.Stability-to stress testing eliminates collateral ligament rupture, and the ability to elevate the straight leg eliminates patella dislocation and quadriceps tendon ruptures.In addition, patell...
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Reddy - “The rectum is the ideal place to record temperature except in cases of sodomy. The temperature can also be recorded by making a small opening into the peritoneal cavity and inserting the thermometer in contact with the inferior surface of the liver. The external auditory meatus or the nasal passages also can b...
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Ludwigs angina is cellulitis of submandibular space. It does not lead to membrane formation over tonsils.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. Anti saccharomyces antibody Serologic evaluation in celiac disease Immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-tissue transglutaminase (TTG) antibody is the single preferred test for detection of celiac disease in individuals over the age of two years. Serum antibody assays A variety of serologic studies have been des...
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Ans. a. Left medial rectusRef: Kanskis Clinical Ophthalmology 8th Ed; Page No-732-33Yoke muscles (Contralateral synergists) are pair of muscles (one from each eye) which contract simultaneously during version movements.For example right lateral rectus and left medial rectus acts as yoke muscle for dextroversion movemen...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Ventricular tachycardia Use of Verapamil as an antiarrhythmic PSVT Angina pectoris --All CCB's are effective in reducing frequency and severity of classical as well as variant angina. It is beneficial in angina in the following way Classical angina Reduces cardiac work, mainly as a result of reduced a...
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They prevent the multiplication of bacteria but however they remain alive. Few antibiotics such as tetracycline,sulphomethoxazole REF:Textbook of microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker. Page no.: 28 Tara textbook of pharmacology
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Most common lesion of chronic pulmonary TB is called as puhl lesion. The infraclavicular lesion is called assman redekar simon ficus. In post primary stage coarse granular dissemination is called aschoff puhl focus.(ref Robbins 8th/370)
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., UTP
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Normal aging is not associated with decreased intelligence. Decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, adiminished sense of taste and smell, increased sleep latency and thinning of the vaginal mucosa are associated with normal ageing.
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- Socratic method is a two way method of communication in which both the communicator and the audience take pa. - it includes seminar, group discussion , panel discussion. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:855 <\p>
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Chitin is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine/ structural polysacchride, a derivative of glucose, and is found in many places throughout the natural world.It is the main component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of ahropods such as crustaceans (e.g. crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects, the r...
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