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Atosiban is a peptide analog of oxytocin that acts as an antagonist at the oxytocin receptors. It is a tocolytic. It suppress uterine contractions and postpones preterm delivery. (Ref.Essentials of medical pharmacology TD Tripathi 6th edition page no.333).
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Only about 10% of the filtered NaCl is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Like the TAL of Henle's loop, this segment is relatively impermeable to water, and NaCl reabsorption fuher dilutes the tubular fluid. The mechanism of NaCl transpo in the DCT is an electrically neutral thiazide-sensitive Na+ and Cl...
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids Contain One or More Double Bonds Unsaturated fatty acids may be further subdivided as follows: Monounsaturated (monoethenoid, monoenoic) acids, containing one double bond. Polyunsaturated  (polyethenoid,  polyenoic)  acids,  containing two or more double bonds. Eicosanoids: These compounds, der...
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Hypertension: It is defined as systolic BP > 140 mm of Hg or diastolic BP > 90 mm of Hg on 2 occasions atleast 6 hours apart seen in previously normotensive female after 20 weeks of gestation or mean arterial pressure > 105 mm of Hg.
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Ans. (b) Crystalline Cholesterol MonohydrateRef: Bailey and Love 27th Edition Page 1198, Surgery Sixer 3rd Edition Page 579Composition of Each StonesCholesterol Stones:* Cholesterol Stones are formed by Nucleation of Cholesterol Monohydrate crystals from multilamellar vesicles.* MC type of Gall stone in Western Countri...
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The image shows multiple cystic clusters of thin-walled cystic spaces in lung parenchyma bilaterally and can be seen to be bigger on the left side as left lower lobe is more commonly involved in bronchiectasis. Varicose bronchiectasis term implies non-uniform bronchial dilatation. Multiple cavitating Secondaries Cavita...
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Descrete variables: Have fixed values no intermediate values eg: no. of brothers, no. of children,etc
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EHEC does not ferments sorbitol thus Sorbitol Macconkey agar is used to differeniate EHEC from other E.coli.
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Ans. A GenioglossusRef: BDC, 5th ed. pg. 252* Genioglossus is a fan shaped, bulkiest muscle of tongue.* It is originated from upper genial tubercle of mandible and inserted into tip of tongue and into hyoid bone.* Function -It retracts and depresses the tongue. It is also known as life saving muscle because it pulls th...
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Submental and submandibular nodes are involved first in carcinoma of lips. Submental and submandibular are included in upper cervical LN or level 1 lymph nodes.
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Food preservatives Substances, which if added to food, are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation acidification or other decomposition Class I preservatives Class II preservatives Common salt Benzoic acid Sugar, Dextrose, Glucose Sulphuric acid Spices Sorbic acid, Lactic acid Honey Ni...
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There are three routes for venous drainage of neurohypophysis :- To adenohypophysis via long and short portal vessels. Into dural venous sinuses via inferior hypophyseal veins. To hypothalamus via capillaries passing to median eminence.
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Ref: W F Canong. Digestion. Absorption, & Nutritional Principles. In: Review of Medical Physiology. 24th ed. California: McGraw-Hill Companies: 2012, p485.Explanation:"Most vitamins are absorbed in the upper small intestine, hut Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the terminal ileum " (Ref: Ganong)Vitamin B12 AbsorptionProtein-...
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B i.e. Superoxide ion- Xanthine oxidase increases oxidative stress by generating superoxide free radiclesQ- Ischemic reperfusion injury is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)/free radical or pro oxidant like superoxide ionQAntioxidants blocking free radical formation include vitamin A (Beta carotene), C and E; supe...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 2-3 daysThe cord becomes brownish black within 2 or 3 days after bih.It falls off in about 10-14 days.
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External hemorrhoids are varicosities of the tributaries of the inferior rectal vein. They are covered by the mucous membrane of the lower half of the anal canal. They are innervated by the inferior rectal nerve which is a branch of pudendal nerve. They are sensitive to pain temperature and pressure. Ref: Snell's, Clin...
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Triamcinolone acetonide is the drug used for intralesional injection of steroid. Also know Treatment of hypertropic scars  Since nearly all hypertrophic scars undergo some degree of spontaneous regression, they are not t/t in early phases. If the scar is still hypertrophic after 6 months surgical excision and primar...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ethionamide Drug causing peripheral neuropathy* Amiodarone* Demeclocycline* Isoniazid* Mustine* Streptomycin* Chloramphenicol* Disopyramide* Methysergide* Nalidixic acid* Procarbazine* Chloroquine* Ethambutol* Metronidazole* Nitrofurantoin* Polymyxin, colistin* Cisplatin* Ethionamide* Vincristine* Per...
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During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This causes the intrapleural pressure to become more negative, which increases the transpulmonary pressure, causing the lungs to expand Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 editio...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Vicarious menstruation Vicarious menstruation: Vicarious meaning - assumption of the function of one organ by another; Vicarious menstruation means - blood loss during menstruation at some site other than the as hemorrhage from the nose vagina the breast or eyes or the umbilicus.
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Among the options given in the question patients suffering from mental retardation is eligible for disability benefit as per National Trust Act, 1999. Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder are mental disorders which are not considered as a permanent disability. Ref: Psychological Implications of Information Technology By ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. Identify colours * IQ is defined by as the mental age divided by the chronological age multiplied by 100. So a child 6 years of age with an IQ of 50%, means that his mental age is that of a 3 year old child. Thus we have to look for the developmental milestones of a 3 year old child. Developmental mile...
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<p>Davidson&;s principles and practice of medicine 22nd edition. *peptic ulcer is the most common cause for upper GI bleed (35- 50%)</p>
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Response to iron therapy: Rapid subjective improvement, with disappearance or marked reduction of fatigue, lassitude, and other nonspecific symptoms, before any improvement in anemia is observed. Earliest hematologic evidence of response to treatment is an increase in reticulocytes on 5th to 10th day after sta of suppl...
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Liddle syndrome - AD, gain-in-function mutations of ENaC subunits. Activating kidneys to excrete potassium retaining excessive sodium & water, leading to hypeension. C/F- severe hypeension with hypokalemia, unresponsive to spironolactone yet sensitive to amiloride
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This patient most likely has herpetic gingivostomatitis, the most common type of gingivostollatitis in children. Herpetic gingivostomatitis is characterized by painful, erythematous, edematous, and ulcerative lesions that occur on the buccal mucosa, gums, and, occasionally, the hard palate and tongue. There usually is ...
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Most human pathogens are neutralophiles (grow best at pH of 6.0-8.0) and mesophilic (grow best at 30-37degC).Ref: Jawetz; 27th edition; Page no: 78
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Ans-A Plan for immediate laparoscopic surgery (Ref: Dutta 7/e p180-182; Williams Obstetrics 24/e p385)In this patient, the size of an adnexal mass is 5 x 5 cm so expectant management cannot be done. But since the patient is hemodynamically stable, laparoscopic surgery will be the management of choice."Ectopic Pregnancy...
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cystic fibrosis, the CFTR chloride channel is defective, and does not allow chloride to be reabsorbed into sweat duct cells. Consequently, more sodium stays in the duct, and more chloride remains in the sweat. The concentration of chloride in sweat is therefore elevated in individuals with cystic fibrosis They are also...
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Miosis is produced by M3 receptor activation, not mydriasis Ref: KDT 7th ed pg 101
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Women who are markedly obese are at increased risk of developing complications during pregnancy. Obese women are more likely to develop diabetes and hypertension during pregnancy. In addition, these women are more likely to develop fetal macrosomia and undergo cesarean section for delivery. Morbidly obese women who do ...
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ref : guyton and hall
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Hyperleukocytosis and the leukostasis syndrome is commonly associated with a complication of acute leukemia (paicularly myeloid leukemia) It can occur when the peripheral blast cell count is >100,000/mL. The frequency of hyperleukocytosis is 13% in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 10-30% in acute lymphoid leukemia; how...
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Answer is C (Present in sella or infrasellar location): Some of these lesions arise from the sella, but most are suprasellar Q (Not infra-sellar). They arise from near the pituitary stalk and commonly extend into the supra sellar cistern. Craniopharyngiomas arise from Rathke's pouch and constitute 3-5% of all intracran...
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Answer- D. Alagille SyndromeIt is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by absence of bile ducts in pool tract,
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Answer-D. All of the aboveThe Toll-like receptors are rnembrane proteins that recognize avariety of microbe-derived molecules and stimulate innate immune responses against the microbes.The Toll-like receptors are expressed on many different cell types that paicipate in innate immune responses including ,macrophages, de...
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Alpha-methyldopa causes autoimmune hemolytic anemia Coombs test detects antibodies against foreign red blood cells. (REF. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D TRIPATHI-6th edition. Page No-547)
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. Posterior fossa volume.
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Bilirubin Hydrophobic and potentially toxic compound It is tetrapyrrole and an end product of heme degradation. Daily production is 4 mg/kg of bilirubin . Most bilirubin (70% to 80%) is derived from degradation of hemoglobin Minor component arises from ineffective erythropoiesis Ref:Sleisenger and Fordtran's,E-9,P-323
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Ans. (b) CorneaRef: Cornea by Mannis, 4/e, p. 897Seen in a number of corneal pathologies like Fuch dystrophy, PPMD, Scheie syndrome, etc.
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Ans. is b, i.e. Round ligamentRemember* Most important support of uterus is levator ani muscle* Most important ligament supporting the uterus--Cardinal ligament/Mackenrodt's ligament* Round ligament is a secondary support of the uterus as it does not support it directly but helps to keep it in anteverted position* Broa...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Antitoxin Treatment of diphtheria . Administration of diphtherial antitoxin is the most impoant element in the treatment of respiratory diphtheria. . The primary goal of antibiotic therapy is to eradicate C. diphtheriae. Drugs currently used are erythromycin or procaine penicillin G. alternatives are ...
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Transmitted by Culex mosquitoes
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Ref: Textbook of pathology (Harsh Mohan) 6th edition, page No.483 BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Asthma is a disease of airways that is characterised by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a variety of stimuli resulting in widespread spasmodic narrowing of the air passages which may be relieved spontaneously or ...
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Micro RNA (mi-RNA) are typically 21-25 nucleotides in length and are generated by nucleolytic processing of the products of distinct genes/transcription units. These precursors are single-stranded but have extended intramolecular secondary structure. Most mi-RNA are processed from RNA polymerase II transcripts of sever...
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Patient is showing features of medial medullary syndrome. Occlusion of penetrating branch of veebral aery result in medial medullary syndrome. Medial medullary syndrome is characterised by a triad of:Ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsyContralateral hemiparesis with loss of deep sensationOcclusion of posterior inferior ...
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Mediators of inflammation:- The vascular and cellular reactions of both acute and chronic inflammation are mediated by chemical factors known as a mediator of inflammation. Mediators originate either: - 1. From plasma Complement proteins, Bradykinin 2. From cells Cells derived mediators may be performed and are stored ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Sanguinarine
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The commonly used terms Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. Besides its role in blood transfusion, the D antigen is used to determine the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn (or erythroblastosis fetalis) for Rh disease management.
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INTRAOCULAR LENS-Earliest IOLs were rigid, and made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or plypropylene. -With the introduction of phacoemulsification and possibility to remove cataract through smaller incisions, foldable materials were developed for IOLs. Foldable IOLs are commonly made of hydrophobic acrylic, hydrophili...
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Outer blood retinal barrier is formed by retinal pigment epithelium Blood Retinal Barrier * Outer BRB: Formed by RPE * Inner BRB: Formed by endothelium of microvasculature
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Distal pas of the umbilical aeries form the medial umbilical ligaments, and the proximal poions remain open as the superior vesical aeries Ref: Langman's embryology 11th edition Chapter 12.
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diabetes mellitus 1 Metabolic change in DM Hyperglycemia - Hyperglycemia is primarily due to reduced glucose uptake by tissues and its increased production gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. ketoacidosis - due to increase in plasma free fatty acid Hyperiglyceridemia - conversion of fatty acid into triacylglycerols The...
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Ans. B. PrazosinPrazosin is selective alpha 1 blocker which used in patients suffering from BHP. They also used in hypertension. Phentolamine is nonselective alpha blocker. Clonidine is alpha 2 agonists.
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Ans. is `b' i.e., Categorization of patients according to level of severity Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured and the likelyhood of their survival with prompt medical intervention.
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Facial nerve is a derivative of second branchial arch. Muscles of facial expression derived from it are buccinator, auricularis, frontalis, platysma, orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi. Additional muscles supplied by it are stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of digastric. Branchial arch Cranial nerve Muscle...
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A i.e. Drowning Fine leathery copious & persistent (i.e. comes out on pressing the chest) froth coming out of mouth & nostril is classically seen in drowning.Q Froth is also seen in death due to poisoning eg. Barbiturate, Organophosphorus, Morphine (opioids) & Cocaine but it is neither so fine nor so copious & persiste...
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a. Toxoplasma(Ref: Nelson 20/e p 1728)The Sabin-Feldman dye test is sensitive & specific for Toxoplasma; It measures primarily IgG antibodies
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Essentials of medical pharmacology, seventh edition, page no 645, Answer is option 1, intere with blood group matching It may interfere with blood grouping and cross matching. It can also interfere with coagulation and platelet function.
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Ans. Caroticocavernous fistula
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Stalactite' growth is a feature of Pasteurella pestis. If Pasteurella pestis (Yersinia pestis) grown in a flask or broth with oil or ghee (clarified butter) floated on top (ghee broth) a characteristic growth occurs which hangs down into the broth from the surface, resembling stalactites (stalactite growth). Ref: Textb...
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Ans. Amphetamine
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Aedes AnophelesCulexAedesMansoniaBreedingHabito Clean watero Dirty water, e.g. stagnant drains, septic tank, cesspool, all types of water collection, i.e. polluted watero Artifical collection, e.g water in discarded tins, broken bottles, tree holes (stagnant water)o Water bodies containing aqualtic pl...
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Absence of charge over molecules (Uncharged/Neutral molecules) ours their transpo by simple diffusion. Small neutral molecules are usually transpoed freely across plasma membranes by simple diffusion. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd Edition, Page 31; Biochemistry By Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, ...
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.meningocele It is the herniation of meninges through a weak point of spine where bony fusion has not taken place effectively. Swelling is covered with pia mater and arachnoid mater without dural covering and contains CSF. Clinical Features - * Present since bih. * Soft, cystic, fluctuant with transillumination. * Sign...
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Sociology deals with the study of human relationships and of human behavior.
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Clofazimine is also effective for Type 2 reaction but is less potent than coicosteroids and often takes 4-6 weeks to develop its full effects, so it should never be staed as the sole agent for the treatment of recurrent Type 2 reaction. However, clofazimine may be extremely useful for reducing or withdrawing coicostero...
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Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes that produce bioluminescence, and is usually distinguished from a photoprotein. The name was first used by Raphael Duboiswho invented the words luciferin and luciferase, for the substrate and enzyme, respectively. Both words are derived from the Latin word...
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Ref. Textbook of forensic medicine. Krishnan Vij. Page. 45 Occipital suture is the other name for lambdoid suture. Look at above question for detail
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Cocaine was the first agent to be isolated by Niemann in 1860. Procaine was synthesized in 1905. From padmaja Fouh edition Page no 199
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Halothane is an inhalational anaesthetic which sensitizes the myocardium to catecholamines and it produce severe ventricular arrhythmias. Other cardiovascular effects of halothane includes: 1.depression of myocardial contractility, 2.fall in blood pressure and cardiac output, and 3.predisposition to the development of ...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Middle meningeal aery Foramen ovate transmits (mnemonic - MALE) :- Mandibular nerve Accessory meningeal aery Lesser petrosal nerve Emissory vein
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Pneumocystis is an oppounistic fungal pulmonary pathogen that is an impoant cause of pneumonia in the immunocompromised host,such as those with HIV infection.PCP may be associated with the development of pneumatocoele & pneumothorax.Other classic findings in chest X ray consist of bilateral diffuse infiltrates beginnin...
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IL1> IL6 Macrophages release IL – 1 which stimulates the T – helper cells. The T – cells in response proliferate and release IL – 2 which in turn further stimulates T – cell proliferation and B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells. Please note that even IL-6 (produced by macrophages) acts on late s...
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Follow up with beta -hcg is the impoant step in the management of gestational trophoblastic disease.Follow up is by weekly serum beta hcg for the first 6 weeks,and then fornightly until 6 months.Thereafter,urine pregnancy test can be employed fornightly until one year,monthly for the next year,2 monthly for 6 months,3 ...
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Coho study is also known as incidence study. The cohos are identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation. The study group so defined are observed over a period of time to determine the frequency of disease among them. (refer pgno:75 park 23rd edition)
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Anterior cingulate gyrus HIV -1 associated neuronopathy is characterized by The infiltration of macrophages into the CNS. The formation of microglial nodule and multinucleated giant cell which result possibly from virus induced fusion of microglia and/macrophages in central white or gray matter Astroc...
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IoC for Cholelithiasis - USG IoC for Choledocholithiasis - MRCP.
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Key guideline aspects of WHO recommended drinking water quality: – Colour < 15 true colour units (TCU) Turbidity < 5 nephlometric turbidity units (NTU) pH: 6.5 – 8.5 Total dissolved solids (TDS) < 600 mg/litre Zero pathogenic microorganisms Zero infectious viruses Absence of pathogenic protozoa and infective stages of ...
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It is a case of diffuse interstitial pneumonitis due to CMV. Remember : CMV is the MC infection complicating organ transplantation. CMV is MC cause of intrauterine infection. Risk of post transplant CMV infection is greatest 5-13 weeks after transplant. Infections after Kidney Transplantation
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Group A StreptococciRheumatic fever :?Rheumatic fever (RF) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease classically occurring a few weeks after an episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis; occasionally, RF can follow streptococcal infections at other sites, such as the s...
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Answer- A. Airway maintainanceABC is followed i.e. Airway Breathing then Circulation is evaluated in order.
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Normal D-xylose test rules out intestinal pathology, thus suspecting pancreatic diseases.
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Hypoglycemia stimulates sympathetic system l/t palpitations which are neutralized by sympatholytics like beta blockers. Ref: HL Sharma 3rd ed.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., CT Scan o Right lower quadrant pain is a common clinical presentation. Because of low cost and easy availability, USG is sometimes preferred, but it is often inconclusive. Spiral CT is the imaging modality of choice in patients presenting with right lower quadrant pain as it helps make a definitive di...
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Ans is 'c' i.e. Digitalis o Digitals causes shoening of QT intervalo Other drugs (given in options) cause prolongation of QT interval.
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.Clinical Features of achalasia cardia includes * Common in females between 20 and 40 years age group. * Chest pain occurs in early stage. * Achalasia with diffuse oesophageal spasm is called as 'vigorous achalasia'. * Presents with progressive dysphagia, which is more for liquid than to solid food. * Regurgitation and...
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The symptoms relating to this patient are suggestive of Coarctation of aoa. i.e; Intermittent claudication, dizziness and headache. Ref: Clinical Echocardiography By Michael.Y.Henein, Mary Sheppard, Page 227 ; Harrison's Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 1925
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Relapsing fever * At the international level, the following diseases are notifiable to WHO in Geneva under International health regulation -i) Choleraii) Plagueiii) Yellow fever} -These are notifiable diseases as well as under surveillance* Few other diseases are also subjected to international survei...
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Ans. C: Staghorn Phosphate calculus may enlarge to fill most of the collecting system, forming a staghorn calculus. Even a very large straghorn calculus may be clinically silent for years until it signals its presence by hematuria, urinary infection or renal failure Renal calculi: Calcium stones (calcium oxalate and ca...
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Fungi invading paranasal sinuses include Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Candida albicans, Fusarium and Altemaria sp. Aspergillus sp. is the most common.
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(A) Hypochondriasis > Hypochondriasis is a persistant preoccupation with fear or belief of having disease, based on persons own interpretation of normal body function or minor physical abnormality.> This preoccupation persists despite repeated reassurance based on appropriate clinical examination and thorough investiga...
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The right main bronchus (or right primary bronchus, or right principal bronchus), wider, shorter, and more vertical in direction than the left, is about 2.5 cm. long, and enters the right lung nearly opposite the fifth thoracic vertebra. The azygos vein arches over it from behind; and the right pulmonary artery lies at...
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Enamel knot is an important signalling centre for the proliferation and growth of the dental papilla. Destruction of enamel knot leads to cessation of further tooth development.
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Hypospadias refers to a con- genital anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside (ventral surface) of the penis so that the meatus is proximal to its normal glandular location. The condition results from incomplete closure of the urethral folds of the urogenital sinus. Hypospadias has a frequency of 1 in 350 ma...
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Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is a recognised, but unusual cause of chronic ascites. Patients with pericardial constriction may present to non-cardiological specialties, with the symptoms and signs leading to the diagnosis of congestive cardiac failure, lung disease or liver disease. A pericardial knock is a common fi...
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Substance P is found in high concentrations in the endings of primary afferent neurons in the spinal cord, and it is probably the mediator at the first synapse in the pathways for pain transmission in the dorsal horn. It is also found in high concentrations in the nigrostriatal system, where its concentration is propoi...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Potassium 20 meq
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Proteins for many cellular destinations are synthesized by ribosomes which are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins synthesized in this way include lysosomal enzymes, proteins located in the plasma membrane and proteins found in the endoplasmic reticulum itself. These proteins are transpoed through the endop...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. Heavy chain * There are five immunoglobulin classes (isotypes) of antibody molecules found in serum: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD. They are distinguished by the type of heavy chain they contain.* IgG molecules possess heavy chains known as g-chains; IgMs have m-chains; IgAs have a-chains; IgEs have e-cha...
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