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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Atrial septal defect with mitral stenosis
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Ans. (a) PSCRef: Yanoff and Duker 2/e, p. 818; Kanski 7/e, p. 654* Retinitis pigmentosa is associated with posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC)Retinal pigment degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa, Usher's syndrome and gyrate atrophy are associated with cataract, which are usually subscapular opacities.
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The father is a conditioned stimuli and abuse is an unconditioned stimuli. The fear is the conditioned response. Even without the abuse, the patient is fearful of the father. This is known as classical conditioning.
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) GISTs are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of gastrointestinal tumor. GIST represents a distinct group of gastrointestinal tumors that originate from the interstitial cells of cajal which control gastrointestinal peristalsis. GISTs can occur anywhere in the gastroinstestina...
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H1 antagonists, also called H1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H1 receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions. H1-antihistamines are clinically used in the treatment of histamine-mediated allergic conditions. These indications may include: Allergic rhinitis Allergic co...
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Hailey-hailey disease/chronic benign familial pemphigus - -recurrent flaccid vesicles develop over inter-triginous area (flexors) - groin, axilla - Occurs due to defect in ATP2C I gene - ATP2C I gene codes for SERCA (Sarco Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase). Therefore, in this disease Ca2+ ATPase is defective. - Ca2+ r...
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These are the most common lid swellings. A meibomian cyst is a chronic granulomatous inflammation  of a meibomian gland. It may occur on either upper or lower lids and presents as a smooth, painless  swelling. It can be felt by rolling the cyst on the tarsal plate. Key Concept: Meibomian cyst: They are epidermal cysts f...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., I-V Radical neck dissection During radical neck dissection, following are removed. Lymph nodes of submental, submandibular, upper, middle and lower jugular, and lateral (posterior) triangle regions, i.e. Level I to V along with its fibrofatty tissue. Sternomastoid muscle. Internal jugular vein. Spinal...
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HCC derive its blood supply from hepatic aery HCC is characterized by being hyper dense on the aerial phase of contrast imaging, meaning that they have more aerial perfusion Aerial perfusion of HCC also allows for treatment of the lesion embolization of feeding aery Characteristic of HCC : Propensity to invade the poal...
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Ans. B. PindololLabetalol is used as hypertensive emergency in pregnancy, nitroprusside is given in patients with aortic dissection. Nifedipine though rarely used, can be given as sublingual therapy for rapid control of blood pressure.
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D. i.e. Presence of granulomas subdermally
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Classification of Intestinal Atresia Type I Membranous atresia with intact bowel and mesnetery Type II Blind ends separated by a fibrous cord Type IIIa Blind ends separated by a V-shaped mesenteric defect Type IIIb Apple peel atresia or Christmas tree atresia Type IV Multiple atresias (string of sausages)
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Brachial plexus injury Name Use Cramer-wire splint Thomas splint Bohler-Braun splint Aluminium splint Dennis Brown splint Cock-up splint Knuckle-bender splint Toe-raising splint Volkmann's splint Four-post collar Aeroplane splint SOMI brace ASHE (Anterior spinal hyperextension) Taylor's brace Milwauke...
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Topical Beta blockers are being recommended as the first drug of choice for medical therapy of POAG in poor and average income patients.These lower IOP by reducing the aqueous secretion due to their effect on beta 2 receptors in the ciliary processes. Ref :Ophthalmology A K Khurana 6th edition chapter-10 page no :236
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Ans. D i.e. Rotavirus
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Ans. d (Lignocaine) (Ref. KDT pharmacology 6th/pg.513)# The most prominent cardiac action of lidocaine is suppression of automaticity in ectopic foci. Enhanced phase-4 depolarization in partially depolarized or stretched PFs, and after depolarizations are antagonized, but SA node automaticity is not depressed.# The rat...
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P-Pulmonale = Height of P wave > 2.5 mm in limb leads of patient seen in patient of PAH. Pseudo P-Pulmonale= Height of P wave > 2.5 mm in limb leads in absence of PAH Option Electrolyte imbalance ECG findings Option A Hypokalemia T becomes smaller, inveed P becomes veically higher, seems like P pulmonale Option B Hyper...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rhinosporidium . Rhinosporidium seeberi has not been cultivated in media. . Blastospores (Blastoconidia) are formed by cladosporum. . Chlamydospores (Chlamydoconidia) are formed by Candida albicans. Phialoconidia are formed by Aspergillus fumigatus
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Gold attracts gases that render it noncohesive, such gases must be removed from the surface of the gold before dental compaction. This process is usually referred to as degassing or annealing and is accomplished by application of heat.
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ANS. AMetformin is contraindicated in patients with high creatinine because of the risk of lactic acidosis.# Specific side effects of OHAMetformin1. GI symptoms2. B12 deficiency3. Lactic acidosis (especially in patients with high creatinine, liver failure, alcoholism, cardiorespiratory insufficiency)Piogiitazone1. Unsa...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cytochrome p450 o Biotransformation reactions (metabolism) of drugs can be classified :A. Non-synthetic (phase I) reactions# Metabolism brings about a change in the drug molecule by:1. Oxidation2. Reduction3. Hydrolysis4. Cyclization5. Decyclization# The new metabolite may retain biological activity o...
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Small cell cancer of lung  Tumor cells are small round or spindle shaped with prominent nuclear molding. They will have scant cytoplasm, ill-defined cell borders, finely granular nuclear chromatin (salt and pepper pattern) and abesnt or inconspicuous nucleoli. Azzopardi effect is characteristic of small cell cancer of...
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Ref: Ananthnarayan, 9th ed. ch-1Organisms on the basis of their growth at different temperature:* Psychrophilic: (below 20degC)* Psychrotrophs: (important cause of food spoilage)* Mesophilic: (25-40degC)* Thermophilic: (55-80degC)
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Carpet tack sign ( tin tack sign) In DLE, characteristic lesions are well-defined erythematous plaques with paially adherent scales entering a patulous follicle. When the scale is removed, its undersurface shows horny plugs that had occupied follicles. This is called the carpet tack or tintack sign.However, carpet tack...
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ANSWER: (D) All of the aboveREF: Robbins 7th ed p. 1235SI00 is normally present in cells derived from the neural crest (Schwann cells, melanocytes, and glial cells), chondrocytes, adipocytes, myoepithelial cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. It maybe present in some breast epitheli...
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Hemangioma of the rectum is an uncommon cause of serious hemorrhage. When localized in the lower part of the rectum or anal canal, a hemangioma can be excised. When the lesion is diffuse, or lying in the upper part of the rectum, the symptoms simulate ulcerative colitis. Diagnosis is often missed for a long period, or ...
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Hb-electrophoresis can estimate the level of the HbA2 and HbF fractions. In hemoglobin H disease 20-40% of total hemoglobin is of Hemoglobin Bas. In silent carrier alpha thalassemia, percentage is only 1-2% with low or normal amounts of Hb. Hb electrophoresis is generally not sufficiently sensitive to diagnose silent c...
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. Tumorlet
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Risk factors are:Long-term ingestion of high concentration of nitratesH.pyloriIntestinal metaplasia in patients with atrophic gastritisGastric ulcers and adenomatous polypsMenetrier's diseasePatients with blood group A have a higher incidence of Ca stomach than blood group ONote: duodenal ulcers are not associated with...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Homogentisate oxidase Metabolic diseaseEnzyme deficientMaple syrup urine diseaseMethyl-melonic aciduriaSweaty feet odor in bodyTyrosinemia I (Tyrosinosis)Tyrosinemia IINeonatal tyrosinemiaAlbinismBranched chain ketoacid dehydrogenaseMethyl-malonyl CoA mutase (isomerase)Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenaseFuma...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Amylase o Principal enzyme involved in digestion of dietary carbohydrate is amylase.Digestion of carbohydrateso The most abundant carbohydrate in our food is starch. The other forms of carbohydrate which are consumed in substantial amounts are sucrose and lactose.o Starch is a polysaccharide composed ...
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The musculocutaneous nerve passes through the coracobrachialis and continues distally between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. It supplies all three muscles. Injury to the nerve will affect flexion at the shoulder (coraco brachialis and biceps brachii), flexion at the elbow (brachialis and biceps brachii), an...
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Oxaloacetate may be viewed as a catalyst, which enters into the reaction, causes complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and comes out of it without any change. Reference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 249
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D i.e Liver parenchymal disease Haptoglobin (Hp) binds extracorpuscular (i.e. extracellular) hemoglobin (Hb), preventing free Hb from entering the kidney. Hp-Hb complex is removed from plasma by haptocytes. Levels of haptoglobin falls rapidly in situations where hemoglobin is constantly being released from RBC such as ...
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Cadherin is derived from the “calcium-dependent adherence protein.” It participates in interactions between cells of the same type. The linkage of cadherins with the cytoskeleton occurs through the catenins.  The cell-to-cell interactions mediated by cadherin and catenins play a major role in regulating cell motility, ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., CaecumSmall bags of peritoneum filled with fat, called appendices epiploicae are present over the surface of large intestine, except for appendix, caecum and rectum.
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During extension of knee joint their is natural tendency of patella to dislocate laterally. The vastus medialis inses upon the medial aspect of the patella and draws it medially, especially in the last quaer of extension--during which it is especially palpable in contraction. This muscle is referred to as the vastus me...
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In histopathology of mycosis fungoides shows collection of atypical lymphocytes( Pautriers micro abscesses) in epidermis( a feature of epidermotropism) and a band of lymphoid cells in the upper dermis. From illustrated synopsis of dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases neena khanna 5th edition page no 405,406
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Anti-centromere antibodies are a marker for the CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) variant of scleroderma. The markers for diffuse scleroderma, anti-Scl-70 and anti-Pol-I, are usually negative in CREST syndrome, as are most other autoantibodies. The marke...
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Ans. A: Petitmal seizures This classification is based on observation (clinical and EEG) rather than the underlying pathophysiology or anatomy. Paial seizures (Older term: focal seizures) Simple paial seizures - consciousness is not impaired (With motor, sensory, autonomic or psychic symptoms) Complex paial seizures - ...
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Achalasia is a rare disease caused by loss of ganglion cells within the esophageal myentric plexus. Patients mostly presents with dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain and weight loss. It is diagnosed by barium swallow and esophageal manometry. Barium swallow shows a beak like appearence. Esophageal manometry shows impa...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 12 weeks Single RMP - upto 12 Weeks Opinion by two RMP- Upto 20 weeks The conditions under which a pregnancy can be terminated under the MTP Act. 1971 : There are 5 conditions that have been identified in the Act: Medical - where continuation of the pregnancy might endanger the mother's life or cause ...
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Lens has maximum refractive index among the refractive structures of eys. The refractive indices of the successive layers of lens increase from the periphery towards the nucleus. Therefore:- Anterior lens coex- refractive index is 1.386. Posterior lens coex -refractive index is 1.386. Centre of lens(nucleus)- Refreacti...
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Ans is 'a' i.e., HHV Roseola infantum (exanthem subitum)o Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) virus causes roseola infantum, the most common exanthematic fever in children under the age of 2 years, with a peak incidence between 6 and 9 months,o The incubation period is 10-15 days.Clinical featureso Fever, ranging between 39.5 ...
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The association between chronic HBV infection and glomerular diseases was first described in 1971. The morphological patterns for glomerular lesions are: Membranous nephropathy, Minimal change nephropathy, Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy HBV-associate...
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C i.e. 10 weeks
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(A) (VHL) (953-Robbins pathologic Basis of disease) (681- Harsh mohan 7th)* VHL, MET geneRenal cell carcinoma* WTI gene (1 lpl3)Wllm's tumour* NFI and NF2 geneNeurofibromatosis* BRC1 and BRCA 2 geneBreast cancers* BRCA 1i. BRCA-1 is located on chromosome 17q21ii. BECA -2 is located on chromosome 13q 12Breast cancer (85...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Triglycerides Fatty change (Steatosis )o The term steatosis (fatty change) describe abnormal accumlation of triglyceride within parenchymal cells.
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* Auriculo temporal nerve is the Post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve which on injury during parotidectomy, results in Gustatory sweating syndrome known as Frey's syndrome after 2-3 months. * Auriculotemporal nerve is the branch of Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve( 5th Cranial Nerve) Ref:- Surgery Sixer 3rd Edi...
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Rapacuronium has effect on M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the bronchus. Activation of the postsynaptic M3 receptor by acetylcholine produces bronchoconstriction and the effect is terminated by presynooptic M2 receptors. Repacuronium blocks M2 receptor and has little effect on M3 so bronchoconstriction.
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Ans. Anode
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Answer is C (Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome): Painful ophthalmoplepia with enlargement of ipsilateral cavernous sinus on imaging (CT/MRI) suggests a diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Orbital pseudo tumors, Gradenigo syndrome and cavernous sinus thrombosis may present with ophthalmoplegia, but enlargement of cavernous sinus is no...
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Psoriasis characteristically appears as elevated plaques of red scaling itching skin on the scalp, elbows, and knees. Its presence aside from its unpleasant appearance signals a systemic form of inflammation that can produce a destructive form of ahritis along with premature coronary vascular disease.
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Tyrosine: Tyrosine is the precursor of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Neural cells conve tyrosine to epinephrine and norepinephrine. While dopa is also an intermediate in the formation of melanin, different enzymes hydroxylate tyrosine in melanocytes. Dopa decarboxylase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, forms d...
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Ans. D i.e. Predominantly recorded from temporal regionWaves of alpha rhythm are most marked in parieto-occipital area
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A i.e. Fentanyl
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Answer is A (Left Ventricle Hyperophy): Detion of the cardiac axis more negative than -30 (Between -30 to -90) indicates Left Axis Detion. Left Ventricular Hyperophy is the most common cause of left axis detion. Right Ventricle Hyperophy, Left Posterior Fascicular Block and Lateral wall Myocardial Infarction are all as...
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Capsular polysaccharide of serotype b has PRP antigen that is also used in vaccine preparation because of it's immunogenic propey.
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ANSWER: (B) Tyrosine kinaseREF: Harrison 17th edition chapter-104, Goodman &GiIlman 2008 edition page 895Imatinib is the drug of choice for chronic phase of CMLMOA:Imatinib inhibits protein tyrosine kinase activities of ABL and its activated derivatives v-ABL, BCR-ABL, and EVT6-ABL, the platelet-derived growth factor r...
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Rarely, halothane can cause malignant hyperthermia, which is treated with dantrolene.
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Epstein barr virus is a human herpes virus type 4, belonging to the gamma family. Its latent infection is in the lymphoid tissues. While that of Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 is in neurons and that of cytomegalovirus is in secretary glands and kidneys. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Anathanaraya and panicker's, 8th...
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ANSWER: (C) Increased urinary copper excretionREF: Harrison's Internal Medicine 17th ed> Chapter 354. Wilson Disease >Useful Tests for Wilson DiseaseTestUsefulnessNormal ValueIn Heterozygous CarriersIn Wilson DiseaseSerumceruloplasmin+180-350 mg/LLow in 20%Low in 90%KF rings++AbsentAbsentPresent in 99% + if neurologic ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Metaphysis Pathophysiology of acute osteomyelitis Organism reach the bone through blood stream from a septic focus elsewhere in the body. Metaphysis of long bone is the earliest and most common site involved because : - i) Metaphysis is highly vascular ii) Commonest site is metaphysis. This is because...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Increased norepinephrine Neurotransmitters in mood disorders Most accepted biochemical hypothesis for mood disorders is the monoamine hypothesis, according to which serotinin and norepinephrine are the major neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders : - Depression --> Decrease in serotonin and nore...
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A i.e. Steroid
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Ans. B: Face Chloasma gravidarum/ pregnancy mask is an extreme form of pigmentation around the cheek, forehead and around the eyes, during pregnancy Signs of pregnancy: Chadwick's sign: Congestion of pelvis causes bluish/ purplish hue of vagina/ cervix Goodell's sign: Cyanosis of softening of cervix Hegar's sign: Compr...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Organisms
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Normal 90-109 Borderline 70-89 Mild MR 50-69 Moderate MR 35-49 Severe MR 20-34 Profound MR <20
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Proteoglycan Structure of glomerulus o The glomerulus is composed of an anastomosing network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelium invested by two layers of epithelium. o The visceral epithelium (podocytes) is incorporated into and becomes an intrinsic pa of the capillary wall, separated fro...
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Level II axillary lymph node is located behind pectoralis minor. Axillary LN Levels in relation with Pectoralis minor Level Relation with Pectoralis minor Axillary LNs Included I Below or lateral Anterior, posterior, lateral II Posterior (behind) Central, Interpectoral (Rotter's nodes) III Medial or above Apical
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This patient has :- Swelling of face & lip    → can occur in both anaphylaxis or locally as angioneurotic edema. Respiratory distress → can occur in both anaphylaxis or angioneurotic edema. Intense pruritis    → Occurs in anaphylaxis but not in angioneurotic edema. Hypotension  → Occurs in anaphylaxis but not in angi...
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Aminophylline and other methylxanthines act byInhibiting phosphodiesterase enzyme causing - cAMPBlocking adenosine receptorsReleasing Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac and skeletal muscles.Use-Asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis
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Skeletal muscle accounts for about 20% of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. During extreme physical exeion, more than 80% of cardiac output can be directed to contracting muscles; therefore, skeletal muscle resistance becomes the primary determinant of systemic vascular resistance during exercise.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pigs In Japanese encephalitiso Pigso Cattle and buffaloso Mano Herons- Amplifiers- Mosquito attractants- Incidental dead-end host- Reservoir hosts
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., High risk of malignacyo Malignancy is rare in harmaomatous polyps of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.Other three options are correct (see previous explanation).
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Ans. Histology
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Ans: b (mediastinal widening and pleural effusion) Ref: Davidson 20th ed/p.333.This is a direct pick from Davidson.Three forms of infection with Bacillus anthracis:-i) Cutaneous anthrax* Skin lesion due to occupational exposure to anthrax spores or bioterrorism.* Spores inoculated into exposed skin single lesion, an ir...
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ANSWER: (A) PropofolREF: Miller's Anaesthesiology 7th Ed Ch 25"A unique action of propofol is its antiemetic effect, which remains present at concentrations less than those producing sedation/'Propofol's antiemetic action may be explained by the decrease in serotonin levels it produces in the area postrema, probably th...
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Glossopharyngeal nerve is the nerve of the third branchial arch and supplies the only muscle of that arch, the stylopharyngeus. It carries sensory fibers from the posterior one-third of tongue, tonsil, pharynx, middle ear, taste fibers from posterior one-third of the tongue and circumvallate papillae. Lastly, it provid...
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Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme, secreted by the pancreas. It is secreted in the inactive form trypsinogen. It is activated to the active form, trypsin in the small intestine. Its activation is brought about by enterokinase, autocatalytically by trypsin and calcium is also required. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Phys...
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3rd month According to Ghai 6th/e p. 146 "Moro's reflex disappear at three month of age and persistence of this reflex beyond three months is abnormal." According to Ghai 7m/e p. 114 "Moro's reflex disappear by six months in normal infant" We have done an extensive search for this one. We are sure of one point. Persist...
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Enteropancreatic tumors in MEN 1 are * Gastrinoma(>50%) * Insulinoma(10-30%) * Nonfunctioning and PPoma(20-55%) * Glucagonoma(<3%) * VIPoma(<1%) Reference : page 2336 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th edition
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Mydriasis Morphine withdrawalo Manifestations of morphine withdrawal# Lacrimation# Anxiety & fear# Mydriasis# Diarrhea# Palpitation# Sweating# Restlessness# Insomnia# Dehydration# Rapid weight loss# Yawning# Gooseflash (Piloerection)# Abdominal colic# Rise in BP o Delirium and convulsions are not a ch...
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Ref:Harsh Mohan - Textbook of Pathology, 6th Edition.page no.121 CONSEQUENCES OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM i) Sudden death. Massive pulmonary embolism(60% or moreof pulmonary aery) results in instantaneous death, without occurrence of chest pain or dyspnoea. However, if the death is somewhat delayed, the clinical features res...
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Since HIV/AIDS was first repoed in Thailand in 1984, 1,115,415 adults had been infected as of 2008, with 585,830 having died since 1984. ... In 2009 the adult prevalence of HIV was 1.3%. As of 2016, Thailand had the highest prevalence of HIV in Southeast Asia at 1.1 percent, the 40th highest prevalence of 109 nations A...
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Keratic precipitates is pathognomic sign of acute iridocyclitis.
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Ans is 'a' i.e. Trachoma 'SAFE' strategy is a WHO recommended strategy to fight trachoma.'SAFE' strategy for Trachoma It includesSurgery - first component of the strategy for correction of trichiasis and entropionAntibiotics - Zithromax (azithromycin) single dose oral medication is used (Zithromax is donated by Pfizer ...
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Ans. is a i.e. Testosterone estimation "A variety of ovarian neoplasms, both benign and malignant may produce testosterone and lead to virilisation. Specifically, women with an abrupt onset, typically within several months, or sudden worsening of virilising signs should prompt concern for a hormone producing ovarian or...
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Transitional cell carcinoma Most common malignant tumor of the urinary bladder Painless hematuria is the most consistent feature of carcinoma bladder Incidence of bladder cancer is increased in aniline dye workers. These azo dyes are conveed to water-soluble carcinogens in the liver. They are excreted in the urine, whe...
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2nd metatarsal is longest and least mobile among all metatarsals, hence more prone for March fracture
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Unitary smooth muscle is found primarily in the walls of hollow viscera like uterus, intestine, ureters. Multiunit smooth muscle is made up of individual units with few (or no) gap junctional bridges. It is found in structures such as the iris of the eye, in which fine, graded contractions occur. Depending on the activ...
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Afrezza is inhalational form of insulin available in color coded forms Blue : 4IU Green : 8IU Yellow : 12IU
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Peptic ulcers may be in the stomach, the small intestine just below the stomach, or the food pipe above the stomach. Sometimes, peptic ulcers can bleed (known as bleeding ulcers). More severe bleeding, known as hemorrhaging, can be life-threatening. Infections and some medications can cause bleeding ulcers Ref Davidson...
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The patient is in class IV hemorrhagic shock, which represents a loss of more than 40% of circulating blood volume. He requires massive blood transfusion. The term massive blood transfusion is defined as a single transfusion greater than 10 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) transfused over a period of 24 hours. T...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lie along external jugular veinDeep cervical nodes lie along internal jugular vein (not external jugular vein).Deep cervical lymph nodes These are a veical chain of lymph nodes. All lymph nodes draining the superficial and deep tissues of head and neck finally drain into deep cervical group of lymph n...
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Lymphangiomas are dilated dermal lymphatics that 'blister' onto the skin surface. The fluid is usually clear but may be blood-stained. In the long term, lymphangiomas thrombose and fibrose, forming hard nodules that may raise concerns about malignancy. If lymphangiomas are <5cm across, they are termed lymphangioma circ...
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Legionellosis ( Atypical pneumonia) Fever, muscle pain, headache Bacterium found in AC fresh water Spread by breathing Diagnosis By urinary Antigen test & Sputum culture Treatment - Fluroquinolones, Azithromycin or doxycycline Culture for legionella - BCYE (Buffered charchol yeast Extract with Fe & Cysteine)
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Hyperprolactinemia → reflex increase in dopamine → acts on dopamine receptors on ovaries → Disrupts Folliculogenesis → Amenorrhea.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ankylosing spondylitis Joints involved in ankylosing spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis primarily affects axial skeleton. The disease usually begins in the sacro-iliac joints and usually extends upwards to involve the lumbar, thoracic, and often cervical spine. In the worst cases the hips or shoulders...
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