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In nephrotic syndrome there is hypocalcaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism as a consequence of loss of cholecalciferol binding protein. Secondary hyperparathyroidism causes hypophosphatemia by increasing renal phosphate excretion.
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During embryogenesis, In male embryo, at the 6-7 week of gestation, secretion of a first anti-mullerian hormone (also k/o Mullerian inhibiting substance) causes regression of Mullerian duct. Then at 8-12 week, under influence of Placental HCG, testes started producing testosterone.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Simian 40
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The pisiform is a sesamoid bone, with no covering membrane of periosteum. It is the last carpal bone to ossify.  The pisiform bone is a small bone found in the proximal row of the wrist (carpus).  It is situated where the ulna joins the wrist, within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hb Ba's cannot release oxygen to fetal tissues `In the foetus excess gamma globin chains form tetramers (Hb Bas) with such high affinity for oxygen that they deliver almost no oxygen to tissues' - Robbins o Clinically this condition manifests as hydrops fetalis and fetus shows features similar to thos...
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the steroid hormone act as an enhancer element and when stimulated by the hormone would increase the transcriptional activityRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 656
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Femoral canal (Femoral sheath)                       -        Medial compartment    Opening - Femoral ring    Content - Lymph nodes of Cloquet/Rosenmuller, Lymphatics, fat, areolar tissue.  -        Intermedius compartment    Content - femoral vein  -        Lateral compartment    Content - femoral artery, femoral...
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b. Gaucher diseasePancytopenia with massive splenomegaly in a child with bone marrow showing Gaucher cells' with 'crumpled tissue paper' appearance of cytoplasm are seen in Gaucher disease
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Ans is 'b' i.e. Ordinal This is one of the important question and one of the easiest too. (only if you know how to solve if).There are four scales of measurement:NominalOrdinalIntervalRatioNOMINAL;Nominal scale is used where data is divided into qualitative categories or group such as male/female, black/white, urban/su...
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C i.e. Succinyl CoA thiokinase
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no pedal edema but there is hypokalemia ( potassium depletion in the body ), hypeension( increased sodium absorption ) and polyuria from impairment of urinary concentration ability ( Harrison 17 pg 2260)
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In this position, action of the muscles that regulate mandibular position is equalized and mandible is free of any undue pull of any muscle.
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Answer is C (IgA Nephropathy) While, IgA Nephrapathy presents within three days, presentation of poststreptococcal GN is usually delayed to more than 10 days. As the patient here presents within 3 days diagnosis is IgA nephropathy. Read the following two text facts very carefully IgA Nephropathy: The disease affects ch...
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Scale 6 Neonatal behavior assessment scale It is a scale developed by T. Berry Brazelton for evaluating the neurological conditions and behavior of newborn by assessing his or her aleness, motor maturity, irritability and interaction with people. Scores SLEEP STATE I)Deep sleep: - Sleep with regular breathing, eyes clo...
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Only cataract which is preventable/reversible on treatment Oil drop cataract.
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Chronic bronchitis predisposes those affected to squamous neoplasia of the bronchial epithelium (i.e., bronchogenic carcinoma).
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At the onset of pubey the testicular size reaches 4 ml volume or 2.5 cm length.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Decreased of insulin
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Generation time: Time gap between entry of organism till its maximum infectivity. It is roughly equal to IP of the disease. OTHER DEFINITIONS: Incubation period: Time interval between invasion by an infectious agent & appearance of first sign or symptom of disease. Median Incubation period :Time required for 50% of cas...
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Mania tends to occur in episodes lasting 3-4 months followed by complete clinical cure In mania, there can be delusions of grandeur(grandiosity) with markedly inflated self-esteem. A delusion of persecution may sometimes develop secondary to a delusion of grandeur. (Ref: a sho textbook of psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th e...
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Disability adjusted life years: Measures the burden of disease in the population & years lived with disability adjusted for the severity of the disability. One DALY is "one lost year of healthy life" Sullivan's index: Expectation of life free from disability, computed by subtracting from life expectancy the probable du...
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Poal venous gas is seen in association with pneumatosis intestinalis, most commonly with necrotizing enterocolitis. The physiology of this is that the poal vein, the mesenteric veins, drains nutrient-rich blood from the gut to the liver. In the case of necrosis with air in the bowel wall, air migrates into the poal ven...
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1. Callous inconcern for the feelings of others. 2. Gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules and regulations, 3. incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, though having no difficulty in establishing them 4. very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for dis...
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In this particular question, female is 30 years old i.e. very young so we should not choose hysterectomy or endometrial ablation as the management of choice because in future she might desire pregnancy. Patient is hypertensive, hence OCPs are contraindicated, so our answer by exclusion is Mirena which is logically also...
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On 5’----> 3’ Strand (Lagging Strand/Discontinuous Strand/Retrograde Strand). Synthesized in discontinuous manner. Small fragments of DNA are in short spurts of 100–250 nucleotide (1000–2000 bp in prokaryotes) called Okazaki fragment synthesized in 5’ --- 3’ direction. By  DNA Polymerase III in prokaryotes. By DNA Pol...
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Ans. (a) Search and rescue,first aidRef: K. Park 23rd ed. / 795-97* The management of mass casualties (massive disaster) can be further divided into:# Search and rescue, first aid,# Triage# Stabilization of victims,# Hospital treatment and redistribution of patients to hospitals if necessary.* Foremost step for disease...
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Smell about mouth & Nose- 1) Garlic-like- Phosphorus, Arsenic, Organophosphates Thallium, Selenium, Dimethylsulphoxide. 2) Sweetish or fruity- Ethanol, Chloroform, Nitrites. 3) Acrid (pear like)- Paraldehyde, Chloral hydrate. 4) Rotten eggs- Hydrogen Sulphide, Mercaptans, Disulfiram. 5) Fishy or musty- Zn Phosphide, Al...
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ANSWER: (B) HypoparathyroidismREF: Parson's 20th ed p. 255-257Morphological classification of developmental cataracts:Punctuate or blue dotMost common congenital cataract almost universally seen in minute amounts.Types:Blue dot or cataracta coerulea: seen as blue dots with slit lamp Sutural or anterior axial: crowded i...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cary-Blair medium
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Ans. D: Quicker onset and shoer duration Those with quicker onset, shoer duration and steeper dose-response curves are preferred as hypnotics, while more slowly acting drugs with flatter dose-response curves are employed as sedatives
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Thumb sign is typically seen in acute epiglottitis due to swollen epiglottis. It is better appreciated in lateral view of neck. Normally, the epiglottis is quite thin in the anteroposterior (AP) dimension, resembling a little finger, whereas the abnormal, inflamed epiglottis appears shoer and has an increased AP dimens...
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In the hindgut at the region of cloaca develops a urogenital sinus which forms urinary bladder, urethra and lower pa of vagina in females. It also forms inner glandular poion of prostate gland. It is endodermal in origin.
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The anterior commissure,connecting the archipallia(olfactory bulbs,piriform area and anterior pas of temporal lobes)of the two sides. REF.B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy vol.3,fifth edition,pg.419
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This patient is suffering from achalasia cardia an esophageal motility disorder caused by the loss of ganglion cells withing esophageal myentric plexus. Best method of treatment in her would be Heller's myotomy usually done along with paial fundoplication. Achalasia: Clinical features: Patients often presents with dysp...
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Carcinoma Urinary Bladder More common in whites, higher socio-economic status and in males in 6th and 7th decade. 75% are localised to bladder and 25% have spread to regional nodes or distant sites at the time of presentation Most tumors develop at trigone & adjacent poster lateral wall with urethral involvement Tumors...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Parametric test o ANOVA (Analysis of variance) is a parametric test for quantitative data.
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Although all these can be manifestations of RMSF, encephalitis as manifested by confusion or lethargy is by far the most common CNS manifestation. It occurs in about one-quarter of cases, and can progress to coma.
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Marjolin's ulcer: - Refers to the development of malignant ulcers over chronic scars most commonly those from burns. Malignancy is usually a squamous cell carcinoma and has not been mentioned as a complication of lymphoedema. Features of chronic lymphoedema of limb Initially, the lymphoedema is soft and pits on the pre...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Septic Shock o Charcot's triad comprises of:# Pain abdomen# Jaundice# Fever with Chillso Presence of the triad indicates cholangitisNote: Reynolds's pentad - Charcot's triad + Septic Shock+Mental status changes
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Hip flexion REF: Lange book of Ohopedics and Spos Medicine Thomas Test: With the patient lying supine, maximally flex both hips. Allow the femur on the ipsilateral side to fall into as much extension as possible, while holding the other hip up. The angle between the femur and examining table is the residual flexion and...
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This patient with depression responds to MAO inhibitors. Hence neurotransmitter deficient is Norepinephrine which is produced by Locus Ceruleus.
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The ECG pattern in the left sided group has been more conspicuous and more striking, and has consisted of a lower voltage of QRS-1, flattening of T waves in Lead 1, a change in the contour of QRS complexes in the chest leads, and a definite inversion of T waves in the chest leads; these T wave inversions being the most...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. IL 10 CytokinesProinflammatoryAnti-inflammatoryo Major :- IL-1,TNF-alpha, IL-6o Other :- IL-2, IL-4,IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11,IL-12, IL-15, IL-21,IL-23, IFN- gamma, GM-CSFo IL-4, IL-10, IL-13o Here, you can consider IL-4 as pro-inflammatory cytokine ( as more than one options can be correct in PGI- chand...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., 7 years Issuing false ceificates - issuing false, ficticious, back date ceificates is an offense under section 197 IPC. Punishment is 7 years + fine. Patient using such a ceificate is punishable under section 198 IPC.
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Superior oblique causes internal rotation (intorsion), depression and abduction.
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Answer is A (Chronic Bronchitis): Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is usually normal in chronic bronchitis and other obstructive lung diseases with the exception of Emphysema where it is decreased. Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxie (DLCO) Diffusion capacity is altered in disease affecting the functiona...
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Cursive writing is not possible by a 3 year old child. Cursive writing means flowing, not disconnected writing in which the strokes of the letters are joined in each word. At 2 years of age the child can climb stairs by bringing both his feet up on one step before climbing to next step. At 3 years he can climb stairs w...
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Answer D. MinocyclineMinocycline was the cause of this patient's hyperpigmentation.
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Western Blotting detects Protein. Nohern Blotting detects RNA. Southern Blotting detects DNA. South-Western Blotting detects protein-DNA interactions. Technique Sample Analyzed Probe Southern Blot / DNA - DNA Hybridization DNA DNA Nohern Blot / RNA - DNA Hybridization RNA DNA Western Blot / Immuno Blot Protein Antibody...
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Ans is 'c' i.e., Nonpulmonary visceral metastasesoPresence of Nonpulmonary visceral metastases is an intermediate prognostic factor. All other are good progsotic factors (see the table below).oAny primary site and any level of tumor markers if present with no nonpulmonary visceral metastasis are considerd good prognost...
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ANS. ACorticosteroids has a dual effect in acute asthma with an early facilitatory effect on airway beta 2 adrenoreceptor sensitivity and a later effect on airway inflammation, which further emphasizes the need for corticosteroids to be administered as early as possible during an acute asthma attack.# Newer monoclonal ...
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Microglia are scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury infection and disease. Microglia arise from macrophages outside the nervous system. (Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:80)
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Amalgam carving should result in coincidence with the cavosurface margin and should not result in deep occlusal anatomy because such form may create acute amalgam angles that are subject to fracture. Depending on the condensation rate of the amalgam used, waiting a couple of minutes prior to initiating carving may allo...
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Accommodation- Slow rising subthreshold stimulus failing to produce action potential even when the normal threshold levels are reached. This occurs because of inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Adaptation- Persistent application of suprathreshold stimulus fails to generate repetitive firing. Refractoriness- A...
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A bare root surface can provide adequate long term service for both immediate and replacement overdentures and is the selection of choice.
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Friends, it is very unfortunate that AIIMS people are asking such type of questions. How can a medical student be expected to know about the trials about a drug which we are sure even many ophthalmology residents are not aware of. So we will suggest just to remember the answer and do not go for details. The LUMINATE (L...
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Ans. D. All of the above. (Ref. Paul's anaesthesia 5th/pg. Table 24-1)Factors That May Change End-Tidal Co2 (ETC02) During AnesthesiaIncreases in ETCO2Decreases in ETCO21. Hyperthermia1. Hypothermia2. Sepsis2. Hypothyroidism3. Malignant Hyperthermia3. Hyperventilation4. Shivering4. Hypoperfusion5. Hyperthyroidism5. Pul...
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In induced psychotic disorder or shared psychotic disorder, one person who has the delusion (primary case) induces the delusion in another person (secondary case). SHARED (OR INDUCED) PSYCHOTIC DISORDER: Also known asfolie a deux or communicated insanity. occurs among familiar persons Dominant individual with fixed del...
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Contraction of outlet
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Lipogenesis Lipogenesis is ored by providing more acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction Insulin increases the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase and provides glycerol for esterification of fatty acids to TAG Insulin also provides NADPH by increasing the GPD activity of the HMP shunt pathwayRef: Textbook of Bioc...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Deposition of IgAPost streptococcal (Acute proliferative) glomerulonephritis o Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is an acute proliferative glomerulonephritis which is characterized by diffuse proliferation of glomerular cells, associated with influx of leukocytes.o PSGN is characterized by ...
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Cold injury: An injury caused by exposure to extreme cold that can lead to loss of body pas and even to death. Freezing: Examples of cold injury are chilblain, frostbite, and frostbite. Non-freezing cold injury (NFCI) is an injury to the hands or feet resulting from exposure to wet conditions and temperatures just abov...
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All inducing agents have smooth and fast induction. Therefore they are used as inducing agents. Rapid redistribution is responsible for very short duration of action (rapid recovery), not for induction.
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Histamine is primarily responsible for Lewis Triple Response. Ref: Goodman and Gilman's Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 11th Edition, Page 405; Skin Immune System By Jan D. Bos, Pages 401-2; Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd Edition, Pages 593, 625, 627; Basic and Clinical Pharmacology By Katzung, 25...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Class III MHC does not code for complement
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Estrogen makes the mucus much thinner and more alkaline, changes that promote the survival and transpo of sperm. Progesterone makes it thick, tenacious, and cellular. The mucus is thinnest at the time of ovulation, and its elasticity, or spinnbarkeit, increases so that by midcycle a drop can be stretched into a long, t...
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For blood, CSF, vitreous humor and urine, sodium fluoride is the preservative (100mg/10ml) Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 404
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Most common malignant tumor of middle ear and mastoid is squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical Features It affects age group 40–60 years Slightly more common in females Most important predisposing cause is long standing CSOM Patient may present with chronic foul smelling blood stained discharge Pain is severe and comes at...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Granulosa cell tumor FeatureOvarian tumoro Call-Exner bodieso Reinke crystalloidso Psammoma bodieso Pseudomyxoma peritoneio Signet ring cellso Rokitansky's protuberanceo Granulosa-theca cell tumoro Hilus cell tumors (pure leydig cell tumor)o Serous cystadenomao Mucinous cystadenomao Metastatic krukenb...
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The two types of weakness require opposite treatments. They can be differentiated by edrophonium test.
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NOT seen in Tetralogy of Fallot  Congestive cardiac failure  Cardiomegaly  Neonatal cyanosis  Recurrent Respiratory tract infection
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Discussing about the options, Option a. Yes, RDS is seen mainly in preterm neonates Option b. Yes, RDS is also common in babies born to diabetic mother due to delayed maturity of surfactant Option c. Yes, RDS can cause hypoxia & cyanosis Option d. CPAP +- Surfactant is the treatment of choice; Oxygen may be supplemente...
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ANSWER: (A) CyanideREF: See APPENDIX-42 below for "ANTIDOTES" APPENDIX - 42AntidotesAntidotePoison/drug/toxinN-AcetylcysteineAcetaminophenCarbon tetrachlorideOther hepatotoxinsAmyl nitrite, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate (Cyanide antidote kit)NitrilesBromatesChloratesCyanide (e.g., HCN, KCX and NaCN)Mustard agen...
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All volatile anaesthetic agents reduce portal hepatic blood flow. This decrease is greatest with halothane and least with isoflurane.
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Hypothyroidism is associated with early aboions, preterm labor, still bih. The baby of a severe hypothyroidism may be born a cretinism which is a severe form of brain dysfunction associated with deaf mutism, spastic motor disorder and hypothyroidism. The association with PIH results in an early delivery and hence a low...
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Complicated gonococcal infections ate treated with ceftriaxone1 g IM OD x 7 days. Or cefixime 400 mg BD X 7days. From illustrated synopsis of dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases neena khanna 5th edition page no 338
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Although the proteins of the lens plasma membranes constitute to no more than 1% of the lens wet weight, they are critically impoant for the lens functions including transparency. The lens membrane protein that has perhaps been most highly studied is MIP (for major intrinsic protein), also called MIP26. MIP26 is a lens...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Minimal change N.S. Nephrotic syndrome characterised by :? Massive proteinuria = (more than 1 gm/m2/day). Hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin below 2.5 g//dl). Edema Hyperlipidemia often associated. Resultant fall in plasma oncotic pressure leads in edema. Stimulation of Renin - Angiotensin system causes s...
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Ans. is'd'i.e., AII the above[Rl Kaplan & Saddock's |tr/e p. 605)OCD has four major symptom patterns :-Contamination : -Contamination is the most common pattern of an obsession followed by washing (washer)Pathological doubts : -Doubts is the second most common pattern of an obsession, followed by a compulsive checking ...
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Ans. is 'None'
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Desflurane > Isoflurane is preferred agent for induction in liver disease patients.
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Ans. d. Phenylephrine Thenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice to restore coronary perfusion in patients with severe aoic stenosis when under general anesthesia.' Phenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice for correcting hypotension in paurients with aoic stenosis.' Phenylephrine is preferred over ephedrine as a vaso...
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Late , acute onset of symptoms and married status all are associated with good prognosis in schizophrenia.Factors associated with good prognosis in schizophrenia are married, acute onset , positive symptoms, late onset of disease, presence of good suppo systems, mood disorder symptoms, obvious precipitating factors, fa...
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IL-2 is a typical four a helix cytokine and is produced primarily by activated CD4+ T cells, although expression by naive CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, and thymic cells has also been repoed (8, 9, 10, 11). In T cells, IL-2 synthesis is tightly regulated at the mRNA level by signals from the TCR and CD28 (12).
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Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Screening is done in Preterm babies < 32 weeks of gestation Babies with birth weight < 1.5 kg Preterm babies of  32 - 34 weeks of gestation Babies with birth weight 1.5 - 2 kg Preterm babies of 32-34 weeks and babies with birth weight 1.5-2kg should have had bad neonatal course like:...
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Structures present deep to Pterion areMiddle meningeal vein and aeryStem of lateral sulcus of brain Reference: Chourasia; 6th edition; 12th page
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Craniofacial malformations o "Administration of warfarin (Oral anticoagulants) during pregnancy causes syndrome characterized by 1. Nasal hypoplasia (Craniofacial malformation) 2. Stippled epiphyseal calcifications that resemble chondrodysplasia punctata."
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A late effect of DVT is a postphlebitic syndrome, which eventually occurs in more than one-half of DVT patients. Postphlebitic syndrome (also known as a post-thrombotic syndrome or chronic venous insufficiency) is a delayed complication of DVT that causes the venous valves of the leg to become incompetent and exude int...
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Trendelenberg test : It tests the stability of the hip and particularly of the abductor mechanism of the limb on which the patient is standing. The principle of the test : Normally when one leg is raised from the ground the pelvis tilts upwards on that side, through the action of the hip abductors of the standing li...
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The pepsin precursors are called pepsinogen and are activated by gastric acid.Pepsinogen 1 is found only in acid-secreting regions, whereas pepsinogen 2 is also found in the pyloric region.Pepsins have a pH optimum 1.6-3.2Pepsin hydrolizes the bonds between aromatic amino acids.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiol...
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<p> Typhoid fever:- Typical continuous fever for 3-4 weeks,relative bradycardia with involvement of lymphoid tissue. Without effective treatment, typhoid kills over 10% of those infected. Causative agent- Salmonella typhi. S.paraA and S.paraB are infrequent. Reservoir- man Case - a case is infectious as long as bacilli...
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Injury to corpus striatum leads to chorea.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; Page no: 252
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Ans. D: EpididymisSpermatozoa leaving the testes are not fully mobile. They continue their maturation and acquire motility during their passage through the epididymis.Motility is obviously impoant in vivo, but feilization occurs in vitro if an immotile spermatozoon from the head of the epididymis is microinjected direc...
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Human embryology Tenth edition Inderbir Singh Page no 160 When one or both maxillary process don't fuse with medial nasal process give rise to defect in upper lip
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Multiple ring stages and applique forms are indicative of P. Falciparum; several erythrocytes show developing trophozoites that are spread across the erythrocytes in a band fashion that is indicative of P. Malariae infection. Normal size erythrocytes would exclude P. Vivax and P. Ovale.
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Centchroman Non-hormonal contraceptive pill It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator Centchroman is a synthetic nonsteroidal contraceptive taken as a 30 mg tablet, staed on the first day of menses and taken twice weekly for 12 weeks and weekly thereafter (half-life is 170 h). It does not prevent ovulation. It prev...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Glycine* Goups, containing a single carbon atom are called one carbon groups. One carbon groups are formed from following amino acids during their metabolism:- Serine, glycine, histidine and tryptophan. One carbon groups formed during metabolism are: methyl (CH3), methylene (CH2), methenyl (C H), form...
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Campylobacter jejuni may be part of the normal flora of different domesticated animals including poultry, sheep, and cattle. Surface waters and soil where animal graze may be contaminated with C. jejuni. Therefore, C. jejuni outbreaks, which are zoonotic, may result from the ingestion of contaminated water that has not...
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Community Health Centre (CHC) Secondary level of health care. Located for population of 1,20,000 in plains. Located for population of 80,000 in hilly areas. Staff at CHC : 46-52 Acts as referral unit for 4 PHCS. Bed strength : 30
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Amongst the given options ptosis can be caused by 3rd nerve palsy and myasthenia gravis. However, in 3rd nerve palsy diplopia will not occur on Down & out gaze (due to sparing of SO and LR) while in myasthenia gravis, diplopia will occur in all directions.
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