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Ans. a. Capnography Capnography is the surest confirmatory sign of correct intubationQ So, the fastest and accurate method to confirm intubation in the above mentioned infant is capnography Capnography Capnography is the continuous measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO,) and its waveform. Normal: 32 to 42 mmHe ...
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Ans. B: Primary response IgM is the immediate antibody that is produced once a human body is exposed to bacteria, virus or a toxin.Their demonstration in the serum indicates recent infections. IgG is found throughout the body, mainly in most of the bodily fluids, while IgM is found mainly in the blood and lymphatic flu...
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Best's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder with variable penetrance and expressivity. Bassen-Kornzwig disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. Gyrate atrophy is an autosomal recessive dystrophy with peripheral choroidal degeneration. Laurence-Moon-Biedle syndrome is also inh...
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Ring scotoma involves the point of fixation. Conditions resulting in ring scotoma are pigmentary retinopathies, retinitis, choroiditis, myopia, open angle glaucoma and optic neuropathies. Bilateral annular scotomas occur due to bilateral retinal or optic nerve disease but may also occur with bilateral occipital pole da...
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by inflammation and obliterative fibrosis of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, with dilation of preserved segments. Approximately 70% of patients with PSC have longstanding ulcerative colitis, although the prevalence of PSC in such patients is only 4%. PSC t...
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Ans: b (Basement membrane)Ref: Robbin's, 7th ed, p. 105 & 6thed, p. 100
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Ans. c. Laveran
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Ventricular rate : 1500/10 = 150 ECG shows HR of 150/min with normal axis. Saw tooth waves are noted with 2:1 AV block. Ventricular rate is 150/min therefore the atrial rate would be 300/min.
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retroorbital pain due to pain in the area supplied by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve), abducens nerve palsy (sixth cranial nerve)and otitis media.
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The factor tend to increase lymph flow is increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure. Since the lymph is derived from the interstitial fluid, any factor that increases interstitial fluid pressure also increases lymph flow provided, the lymph vessel are functioning normally. The factors which increase interstitial fluid...
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The retropharyngeal space is divided by a midline fibrous raphe into two spaces known as space of Gillette. Peritonsillar space is the space between the capsule of tonsil and the circular muscles of the pharynx. This contains a loose areolar tissue. Infection of this space is known as quinsy.
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Ans. (d) EthambutolRef. KDT/742* Ethalmbutol is selectively tuberculostatic and clinically as active as Streptomycin.1st Line ATT Drugs action on bacteria and hepatoxictyDrugBactericidal/ BacteristaticHepatotoxicityIsoniazidCidal+RifampicinCidal+PyrazinamideCidal++++EthambutolSTATIC-NoStreptomycinCidal-No
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Visual hallucinations are characteristic of organic conditions. The other choices mentioned in the question - Primary delusions, Made phenomena and third person auditory hallucinations are all examples of First rank symptoms, hence more characteristic of Schizophrenia.
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Ans. A. Drug is not extensively distributed in organs and tissuesVolume of distribution (Vd ) is defined as ratio of the amount of drug in the body and the plasma concentration of drug (Cp)Vd = Total dose administered to patient/Cp Volume of distribution can be determined by various factors:A. More plasma protein bindi...
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B i.e. Palatal branch of maxillary aery
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Ans. A. NarcissisticGrandiosity and admiration from others are feature of Narcissistic personality disorder.
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Ans. b (Transformation) (Ref. Q. 102 of MHPGM-2003).TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN BACTERIA IS BY-ConjugationThe exchange of chromosomal or plasmid genes from one bacterium to another through conjugal bridgeTransductionThe delivery of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another via a virus vectorTransformationTh...
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- clinical diagnosis of rabies can be made on the basis of history of bite by rapid animal and characteristic signs and symptoms. - rabies can be confirmed in patient early in the illness by antigen detection using immunofluorescene of skin biopsy. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edi...
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2 year REF: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 17th edition page 1178, WHO website: vaccines/en/hepatitisa.shtml Hepatitis A vaccines "Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended at 24 months of age in states and regions with an increased incidence of disease. A second dose is administered 6-12 months later to complete the series"' ...
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(A) Proximal convoluted tubule Transport Proteins Involved in the Movement.of Na+ and CI-Across the Apical Membranes of Renal Tubular Cells.3SiteApical TransporterFunctionProximal tubuleNa/glucose CTNa+ uptake, glucose uptake Na+/Pi CTNa+ uptake, Pi uptake Na+ amino acid CTNa+ uptake, amino acid uptake Na/lactate CTNa+...
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Ref: Textbook of Forensic medicine and toxicology (V.V.Pillay) 17th edition, page no.355 As a result of sexualintercourse, hymen is usually torn posteriorly, with unilateral or bilateral tears extending to the point of its attachment to the vaginal wall. These ruptures bleed freely when, heal by scar formation.
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The complement proteins can be activated by 3 pathways; Classical,lectin and alternate pathways. Terminal pathway is common to the first three pathways and is present ar the level of the post-activation stage of C3. It eventually leads to the membrane attack complex that lyses cells.
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Ans. (b) Diffuse esophageal spasmRef: SRB Manual of Surgery 4th ed. /1323* Cork screw appearance on barium swallow is seen with diffuse esophageal spasm.* Bird beak appearance is seen with achalasia cardia.* Rat tail appearance as per bailey and love is seen with carcinoma esophagus.
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Answer is D (Foregut carcinoids are usually argentaffin positive): Foregut tumors (carcinoids) have low serotonin levels and are argentaffin negative. Carcinoid Syndrome Typical Carcinoid Syndrome Elevated levels of plasma serotonin Elevated levels of urinary 5HIAA Atypical Carcinoid Syndrome Plasma serotonin levels ar...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., IDDM of 5 years duration o Complication of Retinopathy/nephropathy taks 5 years to develop in type 1 diabets.o Complication of Retinopathy/nephropathy takes 15-20 years to develop in type 2 diabetes.
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Bond strength of enamel is higher than bond strength to dentin. Enamel is 20-50 MPa. Dentin is 15-25 MPa depending on agent used.  Reference-Sturdevant 6th ed  Pg: 116
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Barrett's oesophagus is a metaplastic change in the lining mucosa of the oesophagus in response to chronic gastro-oesophageal refluxThis adaptive response involves a mosaic of cell types, probably beginning as a simple columnar epithelium which becomes 'specialised' with time. The hallmark of 'specialised' Barrett's ep...
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Ans. Acamprosate
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(At mesentery) (301 - BDC - 2) (370 - Snell 7th)URETERS - The ureter enters the pelvis by crossing the bifurcation of the common iliac artery in front of the sacroiliac joint. Each ureter then runs down the lateral wall of the pelvis infront of the internal iliac artery to the region of the ischial spine and turns forw...
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Ans. is c, i.e. Hysteroscopic myomectomyThis patient is having heavy menstrual bleeding due to fibroid, i.e. she is symptomatic and hence management has to be done. Best management in fibroid is surgery. Since she is only 36 years and has one child We will go for myomectomy.Submucous fibroid <5cm, should be removed hys...
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Anti-D immune globulin is given prophylactically to all Rh D-negative, unsensitized women at approximately 28 weeks, and a second dose is given after delivery if the infant is Rh D-positive. Before the 28-week dose of anti-D immune globulin, repeat antibody screening is recommended to identify individuals who have beco...
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Ans: b (Exocytosis) Ref: Vasudevan, 4th ed, p.107Insulin is secreted by exocytosis.Secretion of insulin:The insulin is packed in to granules in the Golgi apparatus.The insulin molecules associate into a hexamer with two zinc ions and one calcium ion. The contents of granules are released by exocytosis; both insulin and...
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Normal pressure Value given ( in mmHg) Interpretation RA = 2-6 mmHg 12 Elevated RV = 25/5 mmHg 50/12 Elevated Pulmonary aery = 25/10mmHg 50/15 Elevated PCWP = 8 -12 mmHg 8 Normal Aoa = < 120/80 80/60 Hypotension The presence of Normal PCWP rules out the primary involvement of left side hea.so,Acute MI with LVF is ruled...
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* The ECG shows patient in sinus Rhythm, normal QRS axis * Upsloping ST-segment elevation is seen in V2-V5 and aVL * In extreme left, premature ventricular beats can be noticed in Lead II and Lead III * Rhythm strip lead II shows ST depression (right at the bottom) Brugada syndrome has ST elevation in VI-V3 and can pre...
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Answer- D. Peri-follicular rashAreflexiaProgression to an ataxic gaitDecreased vibration and position sensationsOphthalmoplegiaSkeletal myopathyPigmented retinopathy
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The concentration of O2 in the expired air is 16%. That air is is transferred by mouth to mouth respiration.
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RMP of nerve cell is equal to - 70mV. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 24 EDITION, PAGE NO - 88)
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Ans. (d) Stimulated by exercise(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.325)Growth hormone secretion is pulsatileCortisol and somatostatin inhibit growth hormone secretionExercise increases growth hormone secretion
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An area located on either side of the human back between the lateral borders of the erector spinae muscles and inferior borders of the twelfth rib, so called because the kidney can be felt at this location. iamgeref - researchgate.net
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Mumps virus is the most common cause of parotid gland enlargement in children. Transmission:-respiratory route droplets, saliva, and fomites. Clinical Manifestations of Mumps: 1. Bilateral parotitis: It is the MC manifestation (70-90%). 2. Epididymo-Orchitis is the next MC manifestation (15-30%). of mumps. 3. Aseptic m...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Epidemic conjunctivitisVision 2020 : The Right to Sight : Global Initiative for Elimination of Avoidable Blindnesso After the realization that unless blindness control efforts are intensified, the prevalence of blindness will double by 2020 AD, the WHO along with an International Partnership committee...
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Earliest nerve involved by acoustic neuroma - Vth nerve/trigeminal nerve. The earliest manifestation of Vth nerve involvement is decreased corneal sensitivity leading to loss of corneal reflex.
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Paial pressure of O2 in alveolar air (PA O2) - 100 mm Hg. Gaseous concentration & its paial pressure in alveoli: 1. Oxygen: Concentration & paial pressure controlled by, Rate of absorption of O2 into blood Rate of entry of new O2 into lungs by ventilatory process. Values: Paial pressure of O2 in inspired air (Pi O2) 15...
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Splenic aery branches from the celiac aery and follows a course superior to pancreas. Splenic aery gives off branches to the stomach and pancreas before reaching the spleen. Sho gastric aery is through the upper pa of greater curvature of stomach and fundus of the stomach. Some other branches are: Branch to the pancrea...
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Small deposits of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in scarred lungs are known as Tumorlet. Pulmonary tumorlet is an incidental finding at histopathologic examination of lung parenchyma that is often located adjacent to bronchogenic tumors or carcinoid tumors or paicularly in lung scarred by bronchiectasis or other chron...
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(IOL are made of (i) PMMA (ragid IOL); (ii) Silicon, acrylic, hydrogel, collamer (foldable IOL). Ref: Khurana 7th/e p.213 & 4th/e p.195)
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1.Irregular branching aseptate and broad hyphae belong to Zygomycota phylum and cause Zygomycosis. *Zygomycota are aseptate fungi that cause serious infections, primarily in ketoacidotic diabetic patients and cancer patients. 2. Agents of Zygomycosis - - Rhizopus, Mucor, Lichtheimia (Old name: Absidia), Apophysomyces -...
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The major purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is generation of reduced NADPH and pentose phosphates for nucleotide synthesis.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 130
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Intracerebral hemorrhage Intraventricular bleed occurs in all types of severe head injury. CSF may be blood stained by the leakage of the subarachnoid hemorrhage through the foramen of Magendi. Bleeding may also occur from the choroid plexus or venues on septum pellucidum. Sudden onset of massive bleeding in the brain ...
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The hypothesis that more intensive long-term antiplatelet therapy reduces MACE in patients with prior MI has been demonstrated with P2Y12 inhibitors such as clopidogrel in CHARISMA, clopidogrel and prasugrel in the DAPT trial,1 and ticagrelor in Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Prior Hea Attack Ref ...
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Repeat questions
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Answer is D (Extensor plantar with brisk lower limb reflexes): Friedreich's Ataxia, is characteristically associated with an extensor plantar response but absent lower limb reflexes. Lower limb reflexes are characteristically absent (in most patients) and not brisk. Cardiomyopathy is a common association seen in up to ...
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The abrupt cessation of menstruation in a healthy reproductive-aged woman who previously has experienced spontaneous, cyclical, predictable menses is highly suggestive of pregnancy. But there is appreciable variation in the length of the ovarian--and thus menstrual--cycle among women, and even in the same woman. Thus, ...
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Generalized body aches, high grade fever followed by clinical deterioration and bleeding diathesis with raised hematocrit (65%) and low platelet and leucopenia strongly suggest dengue haemorrhagic fever, although meningococcemia is always a close diagnosis and many times requires serological confirmation. Complicated m...
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Ligamentum Venosum
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The pathogens known to cause pneumonia in patients with chronic alcoholism are: Streptococcus pneumoniae Oral anaerobes Klebsiella pneumoniae Acinetobacter spp Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ref: Harrison, E-18, P-2132
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Hereditary pancreatitis: Early age of onset Hereditary pancreatitis gene is located on chromosome 7. Mutations in ion codons 29 (exon 2) and 122 (exon 3) of the cationic trypsinogen gene Autosomal dominant pattern C/F- Recurring attacks of severe abdominal pain Patients frequently develop pancreatic calcification, diab...
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5' nucleotidase level is elevated in obstructive or cholestatic liver disease, liver metastasis and biliary cirrhosis. 5' nucleotidase is found in or near the bile canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. Alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) are the liver enzymes which are usually ...
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Once the pneumoencephalum has developed nitrous oxide should not be used for 1 week.
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Niacin can result in Insulin resistance and lead to hyperglycemia. Hence, it must be used cautiously in Diabetics.
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With the Valsalva maneuver, most murmurs will decrease. The location and radiation of this patient's murmur suggests aortic stenosis. The exceptions are the murmurs of HOCM and mitral valve prolapse, which increase.After release of the Valsalva maneuver, right-sided murmurs tend to return to baseline more rapidly.
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Answer is B (Results from an expansion of Neoplastic T lymphocytes) Hairy cell leukemia ica 'B' cell neoplasm and is characterked by expansion of neoplasticB cells (not T lymphocytes) Hairy cell leukemia: Hairy cell leukemia is a rare but distinctive form of chronic B cell leukemia that derives its name from the appear...
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Ans: a (Left vagus)In case of unilateral palatal palsy, the palatal arch on that side is at a lower level than on the healthy side. On saying 'ah', the uvula is pulled to the healthy side by the normal palate.Remember the code--Cranial nerve palsies 12 & 5 (12+5=17) cause movement towards the side of weakness, and weak...
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The preparticipation sports physical examination is important in that it allows the physician to screen patients for potential risks associated with the sport they intend to play. That said, there are few real contraindications to sports participation. Having one eye is typically seen as a contraindication to playing c...
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A i.e. Walls of uterus are convex from inside Walls are concave from inside forming a wide & rounded uterine cavity in parous uterus; while the walls of nulliparous uterus are convex on inner side.Q
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Endoscopic removal Treatment of antrochoanal polyp o There is no medical treatment for antrochoanal polyp. The treatment of choice is complete surgical removal of polyp along with removal of lining of maxillary sinus to prevent the recurrence. Surgeries for antrochoanal polyp include Avulsion of a pol...
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A i.e. Median nerve
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Se
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TCA * MECHANISM This is an antidepressant with three rings. It acts by blocking the transpoers of neurotransmitters resulting in increased neurotransmitters in synapse DRUGS AMITRYPTILLINE IMIPRAMINE CLOMIPRAMINE DESIPRAMINE NORIPTILLINE DOXEPINE * USE AMITRYPTILLINE========PAIN WITH DEPRESSION IMIPRAMINE==========CHIL...
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(c) Squatting is easy- SACH foot does not allow ankle movements (required for squatting), subtalar movements (inversion and eversion movements for walking on uneven grounds). Hence more suitable for western lifestyle and in Jaipur foot these movements are permitted. Hence more suitable for Indian scenario also Jaipur f...
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HP of pemphigus vulgaris shows a suprabasal cleft with bulla formation just above the basal layer with a tomb stone appearance and with blister cavity containing acantholytic cells and inflammatory cells.Page no 282. Reference IADVL's concise textbook of dermatology
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The Narcotic Drugs and Psychoactive Substances Act 1985 (NDPS) This Act repeals and renders obsolete three Acts namely - 1. The Opium Act 1857 2. The Opium Act 1878 3. The Dangerous Drugs Act 1930 * According to this Act, a narcotic drug refers to the cocoa leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium, poppy straw and includes all man...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Less than 1 year
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Moclebemide is a reversible, competitive, selective MAOa inhibitor. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed.
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(A) Glycogen storage disorders # Glycogen storage disease (GSD, also glycogenosis and dextrinosis) is the result of defects in the processing of glycogen synthesis or breakdown within muscles, liver, and other cell types. GSD has two classes of cause: genetic and acquired. Genetic GSD is caused by any inborn error of m...
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Squamous cell carcinoma is MC carcinoma in burns. SCC commonly occurs in long standing ( Marjolin's ulcer) , old scar or keloid. Both Marjolin's ulcer & keloid are complications that arise after burns
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there is potassium depletion causing hypokalemia ( Harrison 17 pg2260)
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Curve A - increased in Emphysema Curve B - normal Curve C--> decreased in pulmonary fibrosis
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The main purpose of a myelin layer (or sheath) is to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber. Along unmyelinated fibers, impulses move continuously as waves, but, in myelinated fibers, they "hop" or propagate by saltatory conduction. Myelin decreases capacitance and increases electrica...
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First, see the sensory distribution of the lower neck & upper trunk. C2 dermatome →Occiput & top part of the neck. C3 dermatome → Lower part of neck upto the clavicle. C4 dermatone →Area just below the clavicle (Area which coincides with the upper border of the sternum) Motor supply of upper-limb is C5_8 T, Motor suppl...
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Ans. C i.e. 2850 Energy requirement of woman Sedentary work: 1900 Kcal/day (35 Kcal kg/day) Moderate work: 2230 Kcal/ day (41 Kcal/kg/day) Heavy work: 2850 Kcal/day (52 Kcal/kg/day) Pregnant woman: + 350 Kcal/day Lactation: +600 Kcal/day
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Recovery from Propofol is more rapid and is accompanied with less "hangover" then recovery from often intravenous anaesthetic agents. Intravenous induction agent of choice forambulatory anesthesiaispropofol. Propofol hasrapid onset of action and a faster recoverymaking it an ideal induction agent for outpatient/ambulat...
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Answer is A (Hypoglycemia): Cushing's syndrome is characterised by Hy perglycemia. Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance causes increase in blood glucose. Hypeension is common, & emotional changes may be profound, ranging from irritability & emotional liability to severe depressions, confusion or eve...
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.GARDNER'S SYNDROME * It is commonly associated with FAP - 10%. * Presents with bone, skin, soft tissue and dental abnormalities. Jaw osteomas are very common. Other features are epidermoid cysts (50%), exostoses, fibromas, lipomas. * Associated with desmoid tumours seen in the scar, abdomen, intraabdominal region and ...
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The chromosomal alterations in multiple myeloma include translocations in t(11;14) & t(4;14) & deletion of 13q.Reference : Harsh mohan textbook of pathology 6th edition pg no 381.
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Ans. A. Dopaminergica. There is a system of dopaminergic neurons in nigrostriatal dopaminergic system with cell bodies in substantia nigra and axon endings in caudate nucleus.b. In Parkinson's disease there is loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigrawhich leads to striatal dopamine depletion.c. As DOPAMINE ac...
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Ref: Sharma & Sharma 3rd ed. P 742-43; Katzung, 14th ed. pg. 809* Vancomycin (oral) is now considered as the drug of choice for pseudomembraneous colitis.* Metronidazole also used for pseudomembraneous colitis in mild cases.* Ampicillin has been associated with pseudomembranous colitis* Ceftriaxone is DOC for typhoid/e...
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Hemobilia Bleeding into the biliary tract from an abnormal aerial source to intrahepatic biliary tract fistula Poal venous bleeding into the biliary tree is rare, minor and selflimited Aerial hemobilia is the most common source Etiology Trauma : Iatrogenic (PTC) is the most common cause, blunt trauma is more common cau...
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Good pasture's syndrome causes glomerulonephritis that results in rapidly progressive renal failure.
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ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE : It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of old age, primarily affecting cholinergic neurons in the brain. These drugs act by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thus increasing the availability and prolonging the action of ACh. Tacrine was the drug of choice for Alzheimer's disease but due to ...
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B i.e. Dactylography
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Ans. is. 'd' i. e., Endemic typhus
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Post transplantation Relative risk of developing T.B. Post transplantation 20-70 HIV 30 Silicosis 30 Recent infection 12 Diabetes 3-4 Malnutrition 2-3
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According to 'The registration of bihs & Deaths act 1969' both the bihs and deaths are to be registered with 21 days each. Marriages within 30 days/ 60 days/ 90 days. Child born to NRI couple abroad, bih registration is done within 60days of arrival. Bih registration is responsibility of hospital.
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Life span of micro filaria in human blood is 3 Months.
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<p>90% of patients with meningococcal meningitis will have two of the following features : fever,neck stiffness,altered consciousness & typical morbiliform,petechial or purpuric rash(due to hemorrhagic diathesis. Ref Harrison20th edition pg 1107
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Salmonella enteritidis Gram negative, facultative anaerobe Causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) but Enteric fever is caused by S.typhi/S.paratyphi Causes non-bloody diarrhoea which may be copious In healthy adults, disease is usually self-limiting and as the antibiotic therapy doesn't change the disease course it is...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Retropharyngeal node o Retropharyngeal nodes are divided into medial and lateral groups,o Most superior node of the lateral group is called the node of Rouviere.Also knowo Krause 's node Lymph nodes situated at the jugular foramen.
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Ref, Robbins 9/e p63
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Altered sensorium Essentials of diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndromeo Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.o Thrombocytopenia and renal failure (may cause | K+)o Elevated serum LDHNo Normal coagulation tests.o Absence of neurological abnormalities."Hyperkalemia is seen in hemolytic urenic syndrome as a...
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