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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Spectroscopy Ultroviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-sis) can distinguish between enantiomers by showing a distinct cotton effect for each isomer.UV-sis spectroscopy sees only chromophores, so other molecules must be prepared for analysis by chemical addition of a chromophores such as antracene.Two metho...
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Ans:C-RationalizationRationalization or rationalisation (also known as making excuses) is a defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable--or even admirable and superi...
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repeat
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Ans: c (Amblyopia)Ref: Pradeep Sharma, pg. 115 Usually paralytic squint is late onset, so sensory adaptation like amblyopia and suppression may not occur. Amblyopia is usually seen in concomitant strabismus. All others are features of paralytic strabismus.
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Lymphatic spread is commonest route for spreading of Papillary carcinoma and least for Follicular carcinoma.
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Boundaries of the lesser sac are:- Anterior:- Right free margin of lesser omentum (contains portal vein, hepatic artery proper and bile duct). Posterior:- IVC, right suprarenal gland and T12 vertebra. Superior:- a Caudate lobe of the liver. Inferior:- 1st part of duodenum and horizontal part of the hepatic artery.
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Ans. (d) Gastrocolic - reflex(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.504)Distension of the stomach by food - causes contractions of the rectum leading to defecation. This reflex is called gastrocolic reflex
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B i.e. Pethidine Meperidine (pethidine, demerol), a phenylpiperidine is metabolized chiefly in liver to nonmeperidine, which is eliminated by the kidney and liver. In patients or addicts who are tolerant to the depressant effects of meperidine, large doses repeated at sho interval may produce an excitatory syndrome inc...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Extremely painful * Cutaneous anthrax is painless.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Diploma of CPS Schedules of MCI Act MCI was established in 1934 and MCI act was revised in 1956, 1964, 1993, 1999, and 2002. The schedules of MCI includes list of medical degrees recognized by MCI :- Schedule 1 :- Includes list of recognised degrees awarded by Indian universities(' ") and also DNB awa...
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t (x,18) is seen in synovial cell sarcoma and it produces fusion genes like SS18-SSXl-SSX2-SSX4
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Inderbir Singh&;s Human embryology; Tenth edition; Pg 239The cavity formed after the conus and proximal bulbus cordis have merged into the primitive ventricle has to be subdivided into right and left halves.Two ridges termed right and left bulbar ridges arise in the wall of the bulboventricular cavity.These ridges grow...
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In resting state, the heart is under vagal control. But when there is vagal denervation, the sympathetic activity is unhindered and the heart rate increases. Conduction is from endocardium to epicardium. During exercise, the duration of diastole is more decreased than systole. Vagal stimulation does not decrease the fo...
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Ans. A: R-L shunt Shunting of blood from the right side to the left side of the circulation (right-to-left shunt) is a powerful cause of hypoxemia. The shunt may be intracardiac or may be intrapulmonary. It has been traditionally thought that this cause could be readily distinguished from the others as the only cause t...
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Ans. A H. moleSnowstorm signQ on USG. Seen in complete mole. In partial mole a gestational sac or fetal parts can be seen. MRI in modality of choiceQ for invasive mole or choriocarcinomaQ.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e. Gall Bladder Portal vein is formed by the union of the superior mesentric and splenic vein* behind the neck of the pancreas*.It then runs upwards first behind the neck of the pancreas, next behind the first part of duodenum and lastly in the right free margin of lesser omentum. It then ends by dividing...
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Hilus cell tumours (pure Leydig cell tumours) are rare, unilateral tumors comprised of large lipid-laden Leydig cells with distinct borders and characteristic cytoplasmic structures called Reinke crystalloids.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., INH o Isoniazid reacts with pyridoxal to form a hydrazone, and thus inhibits gneration of pyridoxal phosphate.o Isoniazid also combines with pyridoxal phosphate to interfere with its coenzyme function. Due to formation of hydrazones, the renal excretion of pyridoxine compounds is increasedo Thus, ison...
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Monckeberg medial sclerosis is characterized by calcification of the media of large and medium-sized aeries of older persons who are not otherwise affected by atherosclerosis . On gross examination, the involved aeries are hard and dilated. These aerial changes are usually asymptomatic. None of the other choices displa...
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Chorionic villous sampling (CVS) is generally performed at 10 to 13 weeks. 1. Second-trimester amniocentesis - for genetic diagnosis is usually performed between 15 and 20 weeks. 2. Early amniocentesis - this is performed between 11 and 14 weeks CVS for trophoblastic cells (derived embryologically from the same feilize...
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Acute akathisia * It was coined by Haskovec * Subjective state of restlessness and fidgety behaviour * <72 hours of staing antipsychotics * DD=agitated depression * If this is misdiagnosed as agitation and if antipsychotic is hiked there will be worsening of symptoms Propranolol id the TOC ref.kaplon and sadock, synops...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., DDH Radiological features of DDH/CDH In Von Rosen's view following parameters should be noted . Perkin's line : Veical line drawn at the outer border of acetabulum Hilgenreiner's line : Horizontal line drawn at the level of tri-radiate cailage Shenton's line : Smooth curve formed by inferior border of...
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Destruction and disposal
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Five types of E.coli include: 1. ETEC (enterotoxogenic E.coli) 2. EIEC (enteroinvasive E.coli) 3. EPEC (enteropathogenic E.coli) 4. EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E.coli) 5. EAEC (enteroaggregative E.coli) Traveller's diarrhoea is most commonly caused by enterotoxogenic E.coli and then the other common organism responsible i...
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Ref-KDT 6/e p763,764 Fluconazole has maximum CNS penetration whereas itraconazole has limited entry in the brain. Therefore fluconazole is preferred over itraconazole for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. For all other conditions listed in the question, itraconazole is first choice drug.
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Blindness, Scalp tenderness, Jaw claudication, are feature of Giant cell ateritis.
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As the neonate has unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia along with high reticulocyte count, he seems to be having haemolytic anemia. Spherocytes are seen in Hypehermia Hereditary spherocytosis G6PD deficiency ABO incompatibility Hereditary spherocytosis is one of the most common reason for Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia along ...
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Best thyroid function test is TSH as it helps in differentiating between primary and secondary thyrotoxicosis. The change of TSH values also indicates the improvement in the medical condition of the patient. For example, after resection of a pituitary adenoma secreting excess of TSH, the values of TSH will come back to...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lateral and below
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Moral treatment of mentally ill patients using humane methods was first stressed by Pinel. Person Significance 1. Philippe Pinel The Moral Treatment of Insanity 2. Benedict Morel Coined the term 'Demence precoce". 3. Emil Kraepelin Divided major psychoses into 'Dementia praecox' and 'Manic-Depressive Psychosis' 4. Sigm...
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Islands of ectopic pancreatic tissue can be found in the sub mucosa in pas of the stomach,duodenum or small intestine(including meckel's diveiculum),gall bladder ,adjoining the pancreas, in the hilum of spleen and within liver Bailey & Love ,26th,1125.
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D. i.e. (Acoustic neuroma) (137 - Maqbool)SPEECH DISCRIMINATION SCORE (speech recognition or word recognition score) - tested at 30 to 40 dB, SLUSES1. It determines the extent of discrimination difficulty2. It aids in the diagnosis of the site of pathology in the auditory system eg poor in acoustic neuroma. The normal ...
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Nd :YAG
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Rheumatoid arthritis is reported in about 15 percent cases of Sjogren’s syndrome.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Dysgerminoma Dvsgerminomao It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor of ovary,o It affects young women and is usually unilateral.o Bilateral tumors are seen in 15 - 20% of the cases.o It is fleshy in consistency.o Histologically it shows presence of lymphocytic infiltration which is considered a...
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B i.e. Greater petrosal
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Ans: a) Colour Doppler [ Ref:- Sutton - 7th edition Page No:-Doppler ultrasound is the imaging of choice for torsion testis. It helps in the diagnosis of torsion by virtue of reduced vascularity ( absence or poor colour flow, reduced peak systolic velocities) compared with the unaffected side.
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Although the estimated incidence of post-pill amenorrhea is given as 0.7 to 0.8%, there is no evidence to support the idea that oral contraception causes amenorrhea. Eighty percent of women resume normal periods within 3 months of ceasing use of the pill, and 95 to 98% resume normal ovulation within 1 year. If there we...
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Ans. B. Antagonism of vasoconstrictionBeta blockers actually cause vasoconstriction via antagonizing the vasodilation caused by beta 2 receptor. Rest all are the pharmacological actions of beta blockers.
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SALMONELLA HEPATITIS High fever / Relative bradycardia . Biochemical profile suggestive of infiltrative process . Dispropoionately increased ALP is seen Many cases are anicteric ALT / LDH ratio is <4 . If the ratio is >5 is suggestive of viral hepatitis . liver histology show ballooning degeneration with vacuolation an...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Propanolol Wide spread neuropsvchiatric side effects has been attributed to propanololo Toxic psychosiso Hallucinations (hypnogogic and visusal)o Vivid dreams & nightmareso Insomniao Ataxiao Lightheadedness, fatigue, weaknesso Lethargyo Paresthesiao Depression
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Secondary restless leg syndrome can occur due to chronic renal failure, pregnancy, anemia, ferritin deficiency and peripheral neuropathy. It could be due to disordered dopamine function along with abnormality of iron metabolism. Restless leg syndrome is a neurologic disorder characterised by the presence of: An urge to...
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Ans. A: Candidiasis The most common fungal pathogens associated with invasive disease in humans are oppounistic yeasts (e.g., Candida albicans) or filamentous fungi (e.g., Aspergillus spp.).
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D i.e. Final trimming
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In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, endocarditis is the most striking cardiac lesion, termed Libman-Sacks endocarditis. Libman-Sacks endocarditis(LSE) is a form of non-bacterial endocarditis that is seen in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Nonbacterial vegetations are seen on the undersurf...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 20 months Resistance (or intolerance) to HThroughout(6)RZEResistance (or intolerance) to RThroughout (12-18)HZEQResistance to H + RThroughout (at least 20 months)ZEQ + S (for another injectable agents)Resistance to all first-line drugsThroughout (at least 20 months)1 injectable agent + 3 of of these4 ...
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ANSWER: (B) Lesions have epidermal bullaeREF: Fitzpatrick dermatology 6th ed p. 558-73Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an intensely pruritic, papulovesicular skin disease characterized by lesions symmetrically distributed over extensor surfaces (i.e., elbows, knees, buttocks, back, scalp, and posterior neck).Almost all...
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Poverty line The poverty line is defined as expenditure required for a daily calorie intake of : - 2400 per person in rural areas 2100 per person in urban areas Based on per capita expenditure, poverty line is defined as:- Rural areas :- 444 Rs. Per capita per month Urban area:- 512 Rs. Per capita per month.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis Common natural flora at various site of body ResidentTransient floraSkinCorynebacterium, Micrococcus,Coagulase negative staphylococci,PropionobacteriuntyPityrosporrum, Demodex follicularumStaph aureus, viridansStreptococci group A streptococci,Enterococcus Malassezia,E.coliy...
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Typical cylinder (Ovoid) used for brachy therapy Brachy therapy is indicated for only small tumor volumes.
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There is only 1 RNA polymerase in prokaryotes. There are 3 eukaryotic RNA polymerases Type Location RNA transcribed Effect of a-amanitin I Nucleolous 18, 5.8, 28 rRNA Insensitive II Nucleoplasm mRNA, miRNA, snRNA Highly sensitive III Nucleoplasm tRNA, 5s rRNA , U6 snRNA Less sensitive
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Inferior vesicular artery supplies the Ureter, not Superior vesicular artery
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Dietary fibre Dietary fibre consists of unabsorbable cell wall and other constitutents of vegetable food like cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, gums, pectins, glycoproteins and other polysaccharides. Dietary fibre absorbs water in the intestine, swells, increase bulk of stood by incre...
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Alkaptonuria Age of patient, calcification of interveebral disc, pigmentation and reaction with Benedict's reagent give away the diagnosis of Alkaptonuria. All the options mentioned in this question are inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. Phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia type 2 and Arigininosuccinic aciduria pres...
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The lesion described is that of polyaeritis nodosa. This condition is often considered to be the prototype for the vasculitides, and characteristically affects small or medium-sized muscular aeries, with a predilection for the gastrointestinal tract and kidney (causing hematuria, albuminuria, or renal failure). Patient...
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d. Capnography(Ref: AAP guidelines 2015, Ghai 8/e p 126-133)Exhaled CO2 detection or Capnography is the recommended or confirmatory method to assess position of Endotracheal tubeOther methods are: bilateral chest movements, presence of equal breath sounds bilaterally, condensation in endotracheal tube.
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Storage Temperature Shelf life Whole blood 2-6degC 21 days (in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD))35 days (in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1)) Platelets 20-24degC 5 days FFP -18degC 1 year Cryoprecipitate -18degC 1 year
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Hairy cell leukemia is a type of B-cell leukemia. Clinical feature: Massive splenomegaly Increase chances of infections DIAGNOSIS 1. BLOOD Pancytopenia Phase contrast microscopy- Hairy projections Staining- TRAP 2. Immunophenotyping CD11 + CD25+ CD103 + Annexin A1 + ( Best marker) 3.BM examination BM aspiration - Dry t...
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Niemann-Pick DiseaseThis is also an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol due to a defect in acid sphingomyelinase.Two types have been described: type A and B.Type A is more common and typically presents in infancy and is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, lym...
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Ans. (a) Small white gestational ringRef: Rosen's emergency medicine 7th ed. /175* Although the blastocyst begins to implant in the endometrium at 3 weeks menstrual age (1 week after conception), the first definitive ultrasound sign of pregnancy is the "gestational sac." This is a sonographic not an anatomic term.* Bef...
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Ans. is'b'i.e., TobramycinSome antibiotics potentiate neuromuscular block caused by competitive (non-depolarizing) blockers.Eg:Aminoglycosides (e.g. tobramycin)TetracyclinesPolypeptide antibioticsClindamycinLincomycin
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Minimum alveolar concentration is defined as the alveolar concentration of an inhaled anesthetic agent that prevents movement in 50% of patients in response to a standardized surgical stimulus. Low MAC - High potency MAC values of adult Halothane: 0.75 Sevoflurane: 2.0 Isoflurane: 1.2 Desflurane: 6.0 Enflurane: 1.7 Xen...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Alpha toxin Two impoant characteristic feature of Cl. perfringens are :?Target hemolysis (double zone hemolysis) on blood agar. It is a narrow zone of complete hemolysis by theta toxin which is surrounded by a wider incomplete hemolysis by alpha-toxin.Naegler's reaction detects alpha toxin (phospholip...
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Ans. (a) X-linked inheritance.Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disease. These diseases are more common in men than in women. An affected male will not pass the diseases to his sons, but all daughters will be carriers. X-linked recessive diseases are transmitted from carrier women to affected men.Image source- style=...
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Treatment of carbon monoxide Treatment consists of removal from the source of exposure, immediate administration of high-flow or 100% O2 and aggressive suppoive measures. i. Remove the victim from source of exposure.ii. Maintain patent airway, fresh air and ohobaric oxygen (100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure)Oxygen th...
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Scotchbond 2 was the First dentin bonding system to receive “provisional” and “full acceptance” from the American Dental Association (ADA). It is an example of 3rd generation dentin bonding agent. Sturdevant 7th edition page 143
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The essence of PE is to construct an Arrow Diagram. The diagram represents the logical sequence in which events must take place.It is possible with such a diagram to calculate the time by which each activity must be completed and to identify those activities that are critical (refer pgno:872 park 23 rd edition)
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Mesenteric fat wrapping around the circumferance of the intestine is called creeping fat. It is pathognomonic of Crohns disease.
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Nulliparity and late menopause are factors associated with increased exposure to estrogen, indicated in the etiology of Endometrial hyperplasia and Breast cancer Unopposed estrogen stimulation is not risk factor in Endometrial polyps, Cervical cancer, or Vulvar cancer.
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In retinal detachment to maintain chorioretinal apposition, scleral buckling is done. Inward indentation of sclera to provide external tamponade (scleral buckling). Scleral buckling is achieved by inseing an explant (silicone sponge or solid silicone band) with the help of mattress type sutures applied in the sclera. R...
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D i.e. Dermis First degree burns involve only the epidermis and is characterized by erythema. Where as second degree or paial thickness burns are deeper involving all the epidermis and some of the corium or dermisQ. The systemic severity of the burn and the quality of subsequent healing are directly related to the amou...
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The term acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is often used to describe a sudden onset, as might be found with polio. AFP is the most common sign of acute polio, and used for surveillance during polio outbreaks. AFP is also associated with a number of other pathogenic agents including enteroviruses other than polio, echovirus...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Mucormycosis Mucormycosis* Mucormycosis is fungal infection of nose and paranasal sinuses, which may prove rapidly fatal if untreated.* It is seen in uncontrolled diabetics or in those taking immunosuppressive drugs.* It presents as black necrotic mass filling the nasal cavity and eroding the septum a...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Sodium nitrite followed by thiosulphate
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Ans is 'c' i.e. 2 to 5 yrs Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994.This Act provides for the regulation of removal, storage and transplantation of human organs for therapeutic purposes and for the prevention of commercial dealings in human organs and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.Punishment fo...
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Atopic dermatitis most commonly involves the cheeks in infantile stage and anti-cubital fossa in adults Decreased sudomotor function is involved in the formation of atopic eczema in the cubital fossa. . BACKGROUND: Eczema in the cubital fossa, which is susceptible to sweat, is frequently observed in atopic dermatitis (...
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Meconium ileus is a neonatal manifestation of cystic fibrosis (also known as fibrocystic disease of pancreas). In cystic fibrosis there is pancreatic enzyme deficiency and abnormal chloride secretion in the intestine that results in the production of viscous water- poor meconium. Meconium ileus results because of impac...
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Ans. A CalcitriolRef: Ganong, 25th ed. pg. 378The active metabolite of vitamin D3 is produced in kidney and is called calcitriol or 1,25 dihyroxycholecalciferol. The cells of proximal convoluted tubule produce an enzyme by name of 1 alpha hydroxylase that converts 25 hydroxycholecalciferol into 1,25 dihyroxycholecalcif...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Septic ahritis
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In this patient (go stepwise) No itching Pain present (only two differentials, i.e. pemphigus and herpes zoster) Flaccid vesicles on face Mucosal involvement Asymmetric distribution Intercellular IgG in the epidermis Diagnosis is pemphigus vulgaris
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Fovea centralis is the central depressed pa of the macula. It is situated about 2 disc diameters (3mm) away from the temporal margin of the disc. It is about 1.5mm in diameter and is the most sensitive pa of the retina. It is tightly packed with cones and there are no rods. Ref: Comprehensive Ophthalmology By A K Khura...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 26.5% o Under 5 moality rate = (No of deaths of children less than 5 yrs of age in a given year / no. of live bihs inthe same year) x 100 o The multiplying factor is thousand in the original formula but since here the answer is in percent form so the multiplying factor will be 100 instead of 1000.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lamivudine Treatment of acute hepatitis o Hepatitis B --> No treatment is required o Hepatitis C --> Pegylated Interferon (PEG - IFN) + ribavirin Treatment of chronic hepatitis o Hepatitis B --> Lamivudin, entecavir (preferred) or interferon o Hepatitis C --> Pegylated Interferon (PEG - IFN), entecavi...
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. Osteocalcin
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An entrapment syndrome when ulnar nerve passes through Guyon’s canal, is known as Guyon’s canal syndrome.
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Millon’s Test: The phenol group  of phenylalanine and tyrosine containing proteins, when heated with mercuric sulfate in sulfuric acidand sodium nitrite (or, mercurous and mercuric nitrates in nitric acid) form red colored mercury phenolate. Reference: Vasudevan 7th  ed, pg 31
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Action potential develops in the axon and the impulse is transmitted along it till the end.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., MEN 1
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Ans is 'b' i.e. Crystalloids * Crystalloid solutions seem to be the most appropriate type of fluids for initial resuscitation of septic shock patients & have been recommended as a first choice to resuscitate septic shock patientsFluid resuscitation in septic shock* The landmark of septic shock is systemic vasodilation,...
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Distinctive lesions of proliferation are called crescents owing to their shape as they fill Bowman's space. Crescents are formed both by the proliferation of parietal cells and by the migration of monocytes/macrophages into Bowman's space Ref:- Robbins book of basic pathology 10th Ed. pg 532.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Propanolol Drugs causing hemolytic anaemia o Isoniazid o Sulfonamide o Procainamide o Phenacetin o Melphalan o Rifampicin o Quinidine o Penicillin o Dapsone
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Splicing Thalassemia syndrome o Adult hemoglobin is a tetramer, composed.of two a globin chains and two 13 globin chains. o Thalassemia is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder. o In Thalassemia, the gentic defect results in reduced synthesis of one of the globin chains of hemoglobin. o - Thalasse...
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Ref:KDT 6/e p499 Digitalis compounds arecontraindicated in patients who are hypokalemic, or who have atrioventricular block or Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Impaired renal function leads to enhanced plasma levels of digoxinbecause digoxin is eliminated by the kidneys.
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option A is correct : Ionic monomers have three iodine atoms per two paicles in solution Ionic dimers and non ionic monomers have three iodine atoms per one paicle in solution Non ionic dimers have six iodine atoms per one paicle in solution option B is incorrect : High osmolar agents (ionic monomers) are only ionic lo...
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Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor . ACE stands for angiotensin conveing enzyme.Lisinopril is used to treat hypeension in adults and children who are at least 6 years old. It is also used to treat congestive hea failure in adults, or to improve survival after a hea attack . A reduction in dietary salt from the current inta...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Oxybutynin Oxybutynin this newer antimuscarinic has high affinity for receptors in urinary bladder and salivary glands alongwith additional smooth muscle relaxant and local anaesthetic propeies.
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10%
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Perception is physical sensation given meaning, the integration of sensory stimuli to form an image or impression, in a manner or configuration influenced by past experience.Heightened perception occurs in delirium, mania, after hallucinogens, and in the rare ecstatic states that occur as pa of acute schizophrenia or "...
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Anaplastic cells often display the following morphologic features: Pleomorphism (i.e. variation in size and shape). Nuclear abnormalities, consisting of extreme hyperchromatism (dark-staining), variation in nuclear size and shape, or unusually prominent single or multiple nucleoli. Enlargement of nuclei may result in ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Posterior
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