text
stringlengths
1
12.5k
source
stringclasses
3 values
Rapid rewarming in a warm (98.6 degF to 102.2 degF / 37 degC to 39 degC) water bath is the treatment of choice. Slow rewarming may cause more tissue damage. Frostbite : Treatment * Rapid rewarming in 42degC water (do not thaw in field if refreezing might occur) * Narcotics * Tetanus prophylaxis * Topical antibiotics as...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
D i.e. Liver
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ceftriaxone and cefoperazone are excreted mainly in the bile, therefore do not require dose reduction in any grade of renal failure.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'b' i.e.,Amylase
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia due to 3rd, 4th ,& 6th cranial nerve involvement ptosis due to 3rd nerve paralysis. Ref .ak khurana 6th edition pg no 413
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans: C. CarbapenemsNew Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase f (NDM-f ):An enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics.These include the antibiotics of the carbapenem family, which are a mainstay for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.The gene for NDM- I is one member...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. (a.) Antigen presentation(Ref: Robbins 9th/198)Macrophages that have phagocytosed microbes and protein antigens process the antigens and present peptide fragments to T cells. Upon activation, B lymphocytes proliferate and then differentiate into plasma cells that secrete different classes of antibodies with distin...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The phrenic nerve lies on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. The nerve is held tightly against the surface of the muscle by the deep cervical fascia The roots of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass posterior to the anterior scalene muscle and anterior to the middle scalene muscle.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Fibroadenomas are benign tumors usually seen in young females. These are encapsulated and move freely within breast so they are called mouse in the breast.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The nerve commonly damaged during McBurney's incision is Iliohypogastric Nerve. Damage to this nerve result in the development of right inguinal hernia. Mc Burney's incision/ grid iron incision is commonly done for appendectomy. In this an oblique incision is made in the right iliac fossa about 5cm above and medial to ...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Superior thoracic aery is the only branch from the first pa of the axillary aery. The axillary aery is a continuation of the subclan aery and is divided into three pas. Branches from the second pa of the axillary aery are: Lateral thoracic aery Thoracoacromial aery Branches from the third pa of the axillary aery are: S...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Breast feeding week is celebrated from August 1-7 Reference: www.worldbreastfeeding.org
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is. a. Ecthyma gangrenosum
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Columnar Ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord are lined by simple ciliated columnar epithelium. Types of epithelium and their distribution have been explained in details in previous sessions.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Overuse of salicylatesOveruse of salicylates (NSAIDs) cause acute gastritis.Gastritis o Gastritis is the inflammation of Gastric mucosa.o It is a histological diagnosis and can be divided into ?A. Acute gastritisIt is acute mucosal injury, usually transient in injury and is associated with neutrophili...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Note the distribution of S2-S4 nerve. The S2, S3, S4 innervation, if damaged at the level of the spinal cord, is most likely to produce incontinence of bladder or bowel. Pain of the vaginal delivery arises from stimuli from the lower genital tract. These are transmitted primarily through the pudendal nerve, the periphe...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. c. Azoles act on them
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Atracurium is an intermediate acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker which is inactivated in the plasma by spontaneous nonenzymatic degradation (Hoffman's elimination) in addition to that by cholinesterase.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Gliomas account for 60% of brain tumours, with the aggressive glioblastoma multiforme (WHO grade IV) the most common glioma, followed by meningiomas (20%) and pituitary tumours (10%). Although the lower-grade gliomas (I and II) may be very indolent, with prognosis measured in terms of many years, these may transform to...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
ANSWER: (C) Allergic rhinitisREF: PL Dhingra 4 th edition page 167Causes of Epistaxis:IdiopathicLocal CausesTrauma: Finger nail trauma, injuries of nose, intranasal surgery, fractures of middle third of face and base of skull, hard-blowing of nose, violent sneeze.Infections:Viralrhinitis, nasal diphtheria, acute sinusi...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Fragmented thrombi from DVTs are carried through progressively larger veins and the right side of the hea before slamming into the pulmonary aerial vasculature. Depending on the size of the embolus, it can occlude the main pulmonary aery, straddle the pulmonary aery bifurcation (saddle embolus), or pass out into the sm...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Option a: Topoisomerases Option b: DNA polymerases Option d: DNA ligase.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. Sec. 228-A IPC
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Silencing of paternal chromosome; 'b' i.e., Silencing of maternal chromosome; `c' i.e., Angelman syndroma Prader Willi Syndrome Deletion occurs exclusively on paternal chromosome 15 (deletion of band q 12 in long arm of chromosome 15) Features : Diminished fetal activity Hypotonia Obesity Mental retar...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The most likely disease to be caused by the flea bite in a young boy is PLAGUE caused by YERSINIA PESTIS and smear is stained with WAYSON stain. Albe staining:- staining the volutin granules found in Corynebacterium diphtheriae Zeihl Neelson staining:-for Mycobacterium Mc Fadyean staining:-M'Fadyean Stain(Polychrome Me...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Methemoglobinemia Signs and symptoms Headache, nausea, vomiting, breathlessness, confusion, coma, convulsion, severe metabolic acidosis. Hemolysis may occur in G6PD deficiency. Blood is chocolate brown in color (chocolate cyanosis) Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND Toxicology Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 430
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The post otic pa of paraxial mesoderm form bilateral solid cord of cells extending along the side of notochord beneath the neural tube. It undergoes segmentation to form series of paired somites. The somites are differentiated into ventro medial (sclerotome)and dorso lateral pa (dermomyotome) The somites appear between...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Aspiration of gastric contentso Mendelson 's syndrome is chemical pneumonitis caused by aspiration of gastric contents during anaesthesia.Classification of aspiration pneumoniao Aspiration pneumonia is characterized by:o The character of the inoculum, pathogenesis of the pulmonary conditions, presenta...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Posterior Triangle The posterior triangle is a space on the side of the neck situated behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Boundaries Anterior: Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid Posterior :Anterior border of trapezius Inferior or base: Middle one- third of clavicle Apex lies on the superior nuchal line wher...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Antigen-antibody reactions are detected by- Precipitation/flocculation tests, agglutination tests, neutralization tests, complement fixation tests (CFT), western blotting (immunoblotting), ELISA, and radioimmunoassay (RIA).
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Comet tail artefact is a special finding in Adenomyomatosis.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
- Central muscle relaxant - Used in malignant hypehermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome etc- Cause respiratory muscle weakness - breathlessness- Chronic dantrolene use - liver dysfunction, kidney dysfunction- Bradycardia Dantrolene contributes to prolonged non depolarizing neuromuscular blockade, In addition to volati...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
In the question, data has been divided into two groups, i.e. HIV positive/HIV negative → Data should be measured on the nominal scale especially Dichotomous type of nominal scale.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., 8-21 days of cycle Safe Period (rhythm method)o This is also known as the calendar method first described by Ogino.o The method is based upon the fact that ovulation occurs from 12 to 16 days before the onset of mensturation.o Calculation is as follows:The shortest cycle minus 18 days gives the first ...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
A i.e. Troponin (+ve)
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The best t/t for such tumor is excision of the growth along with segmental mandibulectomy. Hemimandibulectomy would not be useful, as the tumor is midline. Since the bone is involved by the growth, marginal mandibulectomy would not be a good choice.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Temporal association centers around the question: does the suspected cause precede the observed effect? Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 97
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
ref : hazarika 4th ed
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Curve formed by neck of femur and obturator foramenShenton's lineo It is a smooth curve formed by inferior border of neck offemur with superior margin of obturator foramen.Nelaton's line:o With the hip in 90 degree offlexion, a line joining the ASIS and ischial tuberosity passes through the tip of the...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
For the diagnosis of minor depression 2-4 and for major depression 5 DSM IV symptoms are required for at least for a two week period.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The clinical picture described is classical of enteric perforation and peritonitis. In enteric fever ulcers occur in intestine, which may perforate if not treated properly. This complication is seen in third or fourth week of fever. It is a life threatening complication and urgent medical and surgical intervention is r...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ketoconazole
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Preoccupation with fear of a serious illness Hypochondriasis* The primary feature of hypochondriasis is persistent preoccupation with excessive fear of a serious (e.g., cancer) or incurable (e.g., AIDS) disease, which is based on person's own interpretation of physical symptoms or sensation, i.e., mis...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ostium secondum
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The term cutaneous vasculitis is defined broadly as inflammation of the blood vessels of the dermis. Due to its heterogeneity, cutaneous vasculitis has been described by a variety of terms including hypersensitivity vasculitis and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis. The typical histopathologic feature of cutaneous vas...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Hysteroscopy is best for diagnosing lesions within the uterine cavity Also: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Oligomenorrhea amenorrhea, Recurrent Pregnancy loss Endometrial carcinoma, Un-explained infeility Suspected anomalies Missing IUCDs Diagnosing intra uterine submucous fibroids, Polyps, adhesions Septums etc.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Carrier pump Na-K-2Cl transpoer. REABSORPTION IN THICK ASCENDING LIMB: Sodium, Potassium & Chloride reabsorption: By "Secondary active transpo" - Through Na2+-K+-2Cl-- carrier transpoer. Transpos one Na2+, one K+, & two Cl-. Active sodium absorption occurs. 30% filtered Na2+ reabsorbed. Ref: Guyton 12th Ed.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Increased venous capacitance is NOT caused by sympathetic stimulation. Impoant effects of increased sympathetic stimulation: Aeriolar vasoconstriction Increased stroke volume Increased hea rate Venoconstriction and decrease in venous capacitance The increase in mean systemic filling pressure is caused mainly by venous ...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Oral alkylating agent Temozolomide is an alkylating agent that can be given orally Refer Goodman Gilman. 12/e p1687
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Mycoplasma infection may begin with a sore throat and the most common presenting symptom is cough. The possibility of M. pneumoniae- when community-acquired pneumonia fails to respond to treatment with a penicillin or a cephalosporin--antibiotics that are ineffective against mycoplasmas. Clinical findings, non-microbio...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
B i.e. Children
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Gate control theory of pain states that innocuous stimuli, such as rubbing a hu area (massage), can block or reduce painful sensations. Such stimulation inhibits C fibres and A delta fibres and activates the large-diameter (Ab) fibersand their activity leads to release of GABA and other inhibitory neurotransmitters by ...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Established pattern of behavior
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Chronic hyperophic candidiasis is a long term infection of candida seen in the middle aged male patients, smokers. There is a membrane formation, But its not a premalignant condition. Premalignant lesion: Oral submucous fibrosis Lichen planus Leukoplakia (MC premalignant lesion seen in smokers & tobacco chewers)
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. A Palmitic acid* Palmitic acid is the most common fatty acid found in animals, plant and microbes.* Excess carbohydrates and proteins are converted to palmitic acid.* Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid synthesized during fatty acid synthesis.* Note: First step in fatty acid synthesis is transfer of acetate unit...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
In mediastinal tamponade, hypotension, dyspnea, cyanosis, and a decrease in pulse pressure will be evident. During inspiration, the pulse pressure is further impeded to cause obstruction to transmitted ACV waves in the neck; in congestive cardiac failure, the ACV waves recorded in the neck are more prominent. Paresis o...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Both o Myringotomy for grommet insertion (in SOM) - Antero - inferioro Myringotomy in ASOM - Postero - inferiorMyringotomyo Myringotomy is also known as myringocentesis, tympanostomy or tympanotomy. Myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which a small incision is made in the eardrum (tympanic membrane...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
b. Staph aureus(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2088-2093, Ghai 8/e p 379-381)The given chest X-ray finding is suggestive of pneumonia with pneumatoceles, seen in infection due to Staph aureus.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Radical cholecystectomy
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Furosemide Pharmacological management of acute pulmonary edema* Loop diuretics are the drugs of choice for management of acute pulmonary edema. Loop diuretic. The "loop diuretics" furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide are effective in most forms of pulmonary edema, even in the presence of hypoalbumine...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
(a) Symptoms are predominantly caused by involvement of subglottis(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 3049; Scott Brown, 8th ed., Vol 1; 326)
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
The dark zone This lies adjacent and superficial to the translucent zone. It has been referred to as the ‘positive zone’ because it is usually present. This zone is formed as a result of demineralization and appears dark brown in ground sections examined by transmitted light after imbibition with quinolone.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
C i.e., MRI A known complication of long term steroid uptake and chronic alcoholism is avascular necrosis of hip. MR scanning is the most sensitive and specific means of detecting changes in avascular necrosisQ. Sensitivity & Specificity approach 100%.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Clinical features Most commonly presents with right upper quadrant pain often mimicking cholecystitis and cholelithiasis Weight loss, jaundice and abdominal pain are less common presenting symptoms Chronic cholecystitis with a recent change in quality or frequency of the painful episodes in 40% patients Malignant bilia...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA Clinical presentation: Ambiguity of sex detected at bih are due to androgenital syndrome unless proved otherwise. Hirsutism and amenorrhea may be presenting features around pubey in milder form. Diagnosis at bih An enlarged clitoris Presence of penile urethra or hypospadias Hyponatremia,h...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e. Infusion of calcium gluconate EMERGENCYModalityMechanism of actionOnsetDurationCalcium gluconateAntagonizes cardiac conduction abnormalities0-5 minutes1 hourSodium BicarbonateDistributes K+ into cells(only indicated with acidosis)15-30 minutes1 -2 hoursInsulinDistributes K+into cells15-60 minutes4-6 ho...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Superficial parotidectory o Pleomorphic adenomas arise most commonly in the parotid gland. These form majority (~80-90%) of tumors of the parotid gland.o Pleomorphic adenomas are less common in the submandibular glands & sublingual glands; relatively rare in the minor glands.o Pleomorphic adenomas are...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Right atrium o The heart has following borders and surfaces:-A) Bordersi) Right border:- Formed by right atrium.ii) Left border (obtuse margin):- Formed mainly by left ventricle and partly by left auricle (in its upper most part).iii) Inferior border (acute margin):- Formed mainly by right ventricle a...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans is a i.e Pancytopenia Venous thrombosis. Recurrent aboions and pulmonary hypeension are all seen in case of antiphospholipid syndrome. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome leads to thrombocytopenia (in 40-50% cases) and hemolytic anemia in 25% cases but leucopenia is not seen in it. Also in causes of pancytopenia - N...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Answer is D (Right Bundle Branch Block) Brugada Syndrome is typically associated with a Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) pattern on EKG. Brugada Syndrome is characterized by syncopal episodes and/or sudden death and a characteristic electrocardiogram (ECG) with a pattern of Right Bundle Branch Block with an ST segment ...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
COPD does not produce metabolic acidosis, it causes respiratory acidosis, so there is no question of anion gap acidosis.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. Hodgkins disease
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Disturbances in morphodifferentiation results in supernumerary roots or cusps, twinning, suppression of parts like cusp or root. Hutchinson's incisor is due to disturbance in morphodifferentiation.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Nifedipine
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Papillary carcinoma is the most common of the thyroid neoplasms and is usually associated with an excellent prognosis, particularly in female patients younger than 40 years. About 70% to 80% of patients in the United States in whom thyroid carcinoma is newly diagnosed have papillary carcinoma.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Skin scraping and koh mount is used to demonstrate superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes and yeasts. after the material obtained from scrapings it is placed on a glass slide containing 10-30% koh and covered by cover slip. fungal elements resist digestion by koh as they contain chitin. dermatophytes app...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
True labour pains: Cervical dilatation Regular and gradual increase in duration and frequency of contractions Bag of water is formed Associated with show Painful uterine contractions. Ref: Datta Obs 9e pg 110.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
A i.e. Wrist
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'b' i.e. Increased capillary density at the distal half of nails Half and Half nail are characterized by a band in the midportion of the nail separating the darker distal portion from the proximal white portion. They are a common occurrence in renal failure and are seen in l/3rd patients of renal failure.Pathop...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
d. All(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 850-857, Ghai 8/e p 169-170)Surfactant deficiency is the primary cause of RDS; Alveolar atelectasis, hyaline membrane formation & interstitial edema are seen in RDS.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. d (All of the above) (Ref. Bailey and Love 24th ed., 57.10)Complications of colostomies: The following complications are more common after poor technique:# Prolapse;# Retraction;# Necrosis of the distal end;# Stenosis of the orifice;# Colostomy hernia;# Bleeding (from granulomas around margin of colostomy);# Colos...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Dengue (breakbone fever) is caused by a group B togavirus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. The clinical syndrome usually consists of a mild systemic disease characterized by severe joint and muscle pain, headache, fever, lymphadenopathy, and a maculopapular rash. Hemorrhagic dengue, a more severe syndrome, may be pro...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Nearly every allograft develops some degree of arteriopathy within 10 years, and half of the patients have significant arteriopathy by 5 years following transplantation. Unlike atherosclerosis, the smaller coronary artery branches are preferentially affected, but the result is the same: ischemic damage. The inflammatio...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Goose skin is seen in drowning. (usually cold water). It is due to contraction of erector pili muscles, attached to hair follicle.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Henoch Schonlein PurpuraSystemic vasculitis syndrome involving small and medium size vesselsUsually seen in children (in fact it is the most common small vessel vasculitis in children)Vasculitis is caused by immune complex depositionSystemic manifestationSkinJointsAbdominal visceraRenal vasculatureTypical palpable purp...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Antigenicity Adjuvants . Any substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen. . Actions : - May confer immunogenicity on nonantigenic substances. - Increases the concentration and presistence of the circulating antibodies. - Enhances the degree of cellular immunity - Leads to production of ad...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Variants of the morbidly adherent placenta are classified by the depth of trophoblastic growth.Placenta accreta indicates that villi are attached to the myometrium. With placenta increta, villi actually invade the myometrium, and placenta percreta defines villi that penetrate through the myometrium and to or through th...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Computed Tomography severity index(CTSI) for acute pancreatitis CTSI= Balthazar grade score + necrosis score Highest attainable score =10 CTSI score 0-3: Moality 3%,Morbidity 8% 4-6: Moality 6%, Morbidity 35% 7-10: Moality 17%, Morbidity 92% Refer CTSI table Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1527
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is an equation that relates the reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) to the standard electrode potential, temperature, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing reduction and oxidation...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Mammary gland is a modified sweat of apocrine variety.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
B i.e. Asthma
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Microalbuminuria STAGES O F DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: (IDDM)YearStageFindings0Io Raised GFR, increase in Renal size and plasma flow2IIo Thickening in glomerular capillary basement membrane6-10IIIo Microalbuminuria/Albumin excretion rate 30-300mg/day, Appearance of micro albuminuria important predictor of ...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
312-causing miscarriage with consent 313-causing miscarriage without consent 314-death of mother due to miscarriage 315-Preventing the child being or cause it to die after bih 316-Causing death of the quick unborn child by act to culpable homicide Textbook of Forensic Medicine and toxicology ,5th edition pg number 387
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Roger Haugen "A popular term 'cafe coronary * was coined by Dr. Roger Haugen, Medical Examiner of Broward County, Florida for such impaction of food in the respiratory passage ".-- Krishan Vij
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
"Ligamentum teres of liver represents the obliterated left umbilical vein".Ligamentum teres (the obliterated umbilical vein) runs along the inferior edge of the falciform ligament from the umbilicus to the umbilical fissure.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
C ie Loss of pronation at radio ulnar joint
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Propoion Method This is the method recommended for DOTS-Plus sites in India. It enables precise estimation of the propoion of mutants resistant to a given drug. Several 10-fold dilutions of inoculum are planted on to both control and drug -containing media; at least one dilution should yield isolated countable (50 -100...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Halothane is a potent inhalational anaesthetic but is not a good analgesic or muscle relaxant. It potentiates the effect of competitive neuromuscular blockers.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa