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ANSWER: (D) SelegilineREF: KDT 6th Ed p. 415DRUGS USED FOR PARKINSONISMDrugs affecting dopaminergic system Dopamine precursorLevodopaPeripheral decarboxylase inhibitorsCarbidopa, benzaserideDopaminergic agonistsBromocriptine , ropinerole , pramipexoleMAO-B inhibitorSelegilineCOMT inhibitorEntacapone , tolcaponeDopamine...
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Hydro-pneumothorax - On Erect chest radiography, it shows an air-fluid level. On Supine radiography, sharp pleural line is bordered by increased opacity lateral to it within the pleural space. Pleural effusion :- Blunting of CP angle and presence of Meniscus sign. Lung collapse :- lung appears to be collapsed to one si...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Epidemic typhus Rickettsial diseasesDiseaseAgentInsect vectorMammalian reservoir1. Typhus groupa) Epidemic typhusb) Murine typhus (Endemic typhus)c) Scrub typhusR. prowazekiiR. typhiR. tsutsugamushiLouseFleaMiteHumansRodentsRodents2. Spotted fever groupa) Indian tick typhusb) Rocky mountain spotted fe...
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Answer is A (Right Parasternal Heave): Pulmonary Hypeension is associated with Right Ventricular Hyperophy which presents as Left Parasternal Heave (Not Right Parasternal Heave). The Right Ventricle is situated just beneath the left 3rd ,4th, and 5th intercostal spaces close to the sternum and is palpable as a Left Par...
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The epiploic appendices are small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon, but are absent in the rectum. Ref - researchgate.net
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Arch of aorta lies in superior mediastinum.
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Cocaine use produces a mild physical, but a strong psychic dependence. A triphasic withdrawal syndrome follows an abrupt discontinuation of chronic cocaine use. Signs and symptoms : In the early phase (crash phase, 9 h to 4 days), there is anorexia, depression, agitation, excessive craving, hypersomnia, fatigue and exh...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Aicular cailageCharacteristic features of aicular cailage 1) Hyaline cailage2) No innervation (no nerve supply).3) No blood supply (avascular).4) No lymphatics5) Only hyaline cailage which has no perichondrium.6) No ability to repair or regenerate itself.
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Pleiotropism : A gene that has multiple phenotypic effects It is a special interest because it helps in understanding the relationships between different organisms of the same individuals Examples: I. Drosophila bar eyed individuals may be significantly altered by the wing nature II. Seed coat colour gene of sweet pea ...
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The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer.  Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the lesion; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of a tumour. Size of the lesion is least important. The extent of axillary lymph...
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Oxycephaly results due to premature closure of coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid suture. The most common type of primary craniosynostosis is simple sagittal synostosis.
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Ans. d. Stratum corneumStratum corneum is underdeveloped in preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in initial 7 days.The development of the layers of the epidermis starts from below upwards. Therefore, stratum basale is first to be form and stratum corneum is the last layer to form.In preterm infants, stratum ...
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Corynebacteria of veterinary impoance are Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Also called as Preisz - Nocard bacilli. Causes pseudotuberculosis in sheeps and suppurative lymphadenitis in horses. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker&;s; 9th edition; Page no: 242
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ia * The basis of mortality data is death certificate. For ensuring national and international comparability, it is necessary to have a uniform and standardized system of recording and classifying deaths. For this purpose WHO has recommended international death certificate.* Consist of four lines:-# L...
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.<p>hypochlorites are the most widely used chlorine disinfectants.sodium hypochlorite is available as a liquid.aqueous solutions of this of 5.25 to 6.15 percent is called "house bleach".they have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.do not leave toxic residues,are unaffected by hardness of water are inexpensive a...
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Erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow is a response of the erythroid series to erythropoietin stimulation. These stimuli include hypoxemia (e.g., chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease), anemia less than 7 gm/ dl, a left-shifted oxygen dissociation curve (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning), a bleed more than 5 to 7 da...
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Telecanthus- consists of increased distance between the medial canthi due to abnormally long medial canthal tendons. Inter pupillary distance is normal. It should not be confused with hypeelorism in which there is wide bony separation of the orbits. Inter pupillary distance is increased. Ref: kanski's 8th edition, page...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Typhoid o Chronic carriers are seen in typhoid fever, hepatitis B, dysentery, meningitis, malaria, gonorrhea and diphtheria.
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Nephrotic syndrome is indication for Renal biopsy.
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Bater's syndrome, thiazide diuretic therapy and recurrent vomiting results in metabolic alkalois. Mineralocoicoid deficiency results in metabolic acidosis. Ref: Harrisons principles of internal medicine, 18th edition, Page: 369.
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PLAN A : Age Amount of ORS given after each stool amount of ORS to provide for use at home Less than 24 months 50-100ml 500ml/day 2-10 years 100-200 ml 1000ml/day 10 year or more asmuch as wants 2000 ml/day Ref : ESSENTIAL PEDIATRICS,O.P.GHAI,PG NO:264, 7TH EDITION
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Meningitis caused by H. influenzae cannot be distinguished on clinical grounds from that caused by pneumococci or meningococci. The symptoms described are typical for all three organisms. H. influenzae is a small, gram-negative rod with a polysaccharide capsule. It is able to grow on laboratory media if two factors are...
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Ans. a. An stephensi
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Ans. A i.e. First day of last menstruation
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy along with deposition of extracellular eosinophilic hyaline material suggest the diagnosis of Amyloidosis Myocardial involvement with amyloid is a common cause of secondary restrictive cardiomyopathy. Amyloid is a pathological proteinaceous substance deposited between cells in various tissues...
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Bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower respiratory tract characterized by dyspnea and reticulonodular infiltrates on chest radiography, discloses an abundance of alveolar macrophages. Probably related to locally generated immune complexes, alv...
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Reid's index is a ratio between the thicknss of the submucosal mucus secreting glands and the thickness between the epithelium and cailage that covers the bronchi. Normal Reid's index is less than 0.4, the thickness of the wall is always more than double the thickness of the glands it contains. Chronic smoking causes s...
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In PS obstruction can be supravalvular,valvular, subvalvular. Ref : Ghai essential of pediatrics eighth edition, p.no:433
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Retrolental fibroplasia (Retinopathy of prematurity) Predisposing factor → Prematurity (less gestational age) Precipitating factor → Hyperoxia
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The amount of saliva that is produced in a healthy person per day; estimates range from 0.75 to 1.5 litres per day while it is generally accepted that during sleep the amount drops to nearly zero. In humans, the submandibular gland contributes around 70-75% of secretion, while the parotid gland secretes about 20-25% an...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Follicular Carcinoma thyroid Follicular Ca metasizes primarily through the blood, and Lymph node metastasis is quite rare. Lymph nodes are frequently involved in patients with - Papillary - Medullary - Huhle cell carcinomas and - Anaplastic
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The best management in this patient presenting with grade 3 placenta pre, bleeding per vagina and uterine contraction is emergency LSCS. Also know: Other indications of LSCS in patients with placenta pre are: Severe degree of placenta pre (type II posterior, type III, type IV) Lesser degree of placenta pre when amnioto...
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Lithium is contraindicated in patients with Hypersensitivity to lithium Brugada syndrome Creatinine clearance less than 30
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Skin with all of its appendages is known as Integumentary system. It protects the body from external damage, loss of water etc. It includes hair and nails as well.(in case of animals/birds/reptiles- includes scales, feathers, hooves as well)
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Main functions of large intestine are absorption of water, formation of the fecal mass from indigestible material, and production of mucus that lubricates the intestinal surface.Ref: Textbook of Human Histology By Inderbir Singh, 4th Edition, Page 244 ; Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 12th Edition, Chapter...
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Ring of sommerring and Elsching's pearls are seen in after cataract.
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Pulmonary embolism and surgery Blood pools or collects in the veins and blood clots can form. Less common causes include bone marrow from a long, broken bone, as well as tissue from a tumor, and even air bubbles. The veins are the blood vessels that return blood to the hea. And those undergoing day surgery are unlikely...
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Ans. is a i.e. 63 days RU-486 i.e. Mifepristone, is an analogue of the progestin "norethindrone". which has strong affinity for progesterone receptors but acts as an antagonist of progesterone. Given alone, the drug was moderately useful in causing aboion of early pregnancy, however the combination of mifepristone with...
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Frei's test is used in the diagnosis of Lymphogranuloma venereum. NAATS is currently recommended by the CDC as the diagnostic assay of choice. Lymphogranuloma venereum is a sexually transmitted infection of lymphatic tissue caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, and L3. It is transmitted through sexual conta...
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Infiltration of the gingivae, skin, soft tissues, or the meninges with leukemic blasts at diagnosis is characteristic of the monocytic subtypes (M4 and M5). Significant gastrointestinal bleeding, intra-pulmonary hemorrhage, or intracranial hemorrhage occur in M3 AML. Bleeding associated with coagulopathies occur in M5 ...
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Hemangioendotheliomas Von hippel lindau syndrome :? It is an autosomal dominant inherited neurocutaneous dysplasia in which the affected patients develop tumour within the :? - Cerebellar hernispheres12, - The retitle, - BrainstemQ and - Spinal corddeg Patients may also have cysts involving the pancreas, liver and kidn...
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The preferred fuel for the body in:- Fed state is mainly Carbohydrates i.e. Glucose. Fasting state is mainly Fats. Fats stored in adipose tissues are broken down to fatty acids to give energy during fasting and starvation.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Latent infection
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These include exposure to infections (including human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis); percutaneous exposure incidents, dental materials, radiation, and noise; musculoskeletal disorders; psychological problems and dermatitis; respiratory disorders; and eye insults.
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In Glycolysis--in Absence of O2 (Anaerobic Phase) * In absence of O2, reoxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase stage cannot take place in the electron-transpo chain. * But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic cycle NADH must be oxidised to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidatio...
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Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is the condition when the pituitary gland shrinks or becomes flattened, filling the sella turcica with cerebrospinal fluid instead of the normal pituitary patients with empty sella syndrome can have headaches as symptoms of elevated spinal fluid pressure; symptoms of hypopituitarism; or visua...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e. Secondary prevention Primary prevention is action taken prior to the onset of disease.Secondary prevention is action which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.Thus giving Benzathine pencillin in RHd is a type of secondary prevention.
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For the spontaneously breathing patient, pressure support ventilation (PSV) has been advocated to limit barotrauma and to decrease the work of breathing. Airway pressure support is maintained until the patient's inspiratory flow falls below a certain cutoff. PSV is frequently the mode of choice in patients whose respir...
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Transbronchial biopsy helps differentiate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) from similar syndromes with specific treatments. These include chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and sarcoidosis.
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Causes of hypoproliferative anemia are early iron deficiency (before hypochromic microcytic red cells develop), acute and chronic inflammation, renal disease, protein malnutrition, endocrine deficiencies and anemias from marrow damage. Reference: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 844
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clinical cardiology the term "diastolic function" is most commonly referred as how the hea fills. The energy that drives the suction process is generated from phase of systole. During systole, to overcome the peripheral aerial load at ejection, ventricle contracts, which also compresses elastic tissues internal to and ...
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Answer is C (Hepatic vein): Budd chiari syndrome is characterized by post sinusoidal obstruction outside the liver at the level of hepatic veins
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Ref-KDT 6/e p841 By inhibiting the enzyme IMP dehydrogen,mycophe mycoph inhibits the de novo synthesis of purines
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Both o Parasympathetic supply is motor to detrusor muscle and inhibitory to sphinchter vesicae. Sympathetic supply is motor to sphincter vesicae and inhibitory to detrusor muscle.Nerve supply of bladdero Bladder is supplied by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.Parasympathetic : Preganglionic...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Seen only in infancy Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritiso Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a form of chronic pyelonephritis characterised by destruction of renal parenchyma and the presence of granulomas, abscesses and collection of lipid laden foamy macrophages (foam cells).o Age of presentation ...
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"Open Pneumothorax is one in which full thickness segment of the chest wall has been destroyed and the negative intrapleural pressure sucks air directly through the chest wall defect rather than through the trachea into the alveoli. It occurs most commonly after shotgun blasts explosion with flying debris. The pt. is s...
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Harrison's textbook of internal medicine 17th edition...Davidson's principles and practice of Medicine 23 rd edition. *Hemorrhage usually presents as abrupt onset of focal neurological deficit and can be considered as a spectrum of symptoms from transient (TIA) to persistent(stroke).. *Deficit typically worsen steadily...
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The given clinical history and the presence of tiny yeast forms within macrophages are suggestive of Histoplasmosis which is also called Darling&;s disease. Histoplasmosis: It is also known as Darling&;s disease, Cave&;s disease, OHIO disease. The causative agent is Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus. Transmiss...
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Pipestem colon is seen in ulcerative colitis String sign of Kantor is seen in Crohn 's disease.
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JH reaction is produced by syphilis, Borreliosis (Lyme disease, Tick-borne relapsing fever), cat scratch disease, Q-fever, Brucellosis, Bartonellosis, Typhoid fever.
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Ans: a (Inguinal) Ref: Bailey, 24th ed, p. 1274- Most common hernia in men - Indirect inguinal hernia (right side)- Most common hernia in females - Indirect inguinal hernia- Femoral hernia is more common in females. (F:M -4:1)(You should have a clear idea about this)Inguinal herniaIndirectContents enter the deep inguin...
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STEP wise approach to surveillance (STEPS): Is a simple, standardized method by WHO for surveillance Is of two types: STEP-wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance STEP-wise approach to Stroke surveillance
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In few cases, foramen ovale remains patent throughout life and gives rise to cyanosis, a condition called as Morbus caeruleus.(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 2162)
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Ans. c. Re-experiencing and avoidance of trauma
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Ans. is c, i.e. Compression of IVC (inferior vena cava)Ref. Dutta Obs. 7/e, p 53, 54Supine hypotension syndrome:During late pregnancy Q the gravid uterus produces a compression effect on the inferior vena cava, when the patient is the supine position.This, generally results in opening up of collateral circulation by me...
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Migratory thrombophlebitis is seen in Pancreatic cancer (most commonly) - Lung cancer Gastrointestinal cancer - Ovarian cancer Prostate cancer - Lymphoma Migratory thrombophlebitis is also k/a Trousseau's syndrome
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Structures as pierced by spinal needle during spinal block (from outside to inside): iii)Supra spinous ligament i) Interspinous ligaments ii) Ligamentum flavum iv) Epidural space
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Epidural space is closed superiorly at foramen magnum.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cycloserine
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Ref: Parks 23rd edition Disease will be Prevalent so long it exist in the community. Longer the duration of the illness, longer will it persist in the community and hence higher will be its prevalence.
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Dying back neuropathy or distal axonopathy is the result of some metabolic or toxic derangement of neurons. It is the most common response of neurones to metabolic or toxic disturbances, and may be caused by metabolic diseases such as diabetes, renal failure, malnutrition, toxins, drugs etc. GBS is a post infectious po...
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Ans. b (Ultrasound) Ref: AK Khurana, 4th ed, p. 193In phacoemulsification nucleus is emulsified & aspirated by phacoemulsification. Phacoemulsifier acts through a titanium needle ( hollow 1 mm needle)It vibrates in its longitudinal axis at an ultrasonic speed of40000 times a second and thus emulsifies nucleusAdvantage:...
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The primary structure is the sequence of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain.Secondary structure is the folding of sho (3- to 30-residue), contiguous segments of the polypeptide into geometrically ordered units.Teiary structure is the assembly of secondary structural units into larger functional units such as the ma...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Treatment by doctor Primary heath care o "Primary health care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through their full paicipation and at a cost the community and country can afford." o There are 4 main principles of primary health care : 1. Equita...
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Answer is D (Lesion at the level of the pons): Benedict's syndrome also known as dorsal mid brain syndrome results from a lesion in the midbrain tegmentum / red nucleus. It is not a pontine syndrome. In benedict's syndrome injury to the red nucleus midbrain results in ipsilateral occulomotor palsy and contralateral tre...
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A i.e. Self resolving
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BIRD-SHOT RETINOCHOROIDOPATHY It is a rare, idiopathic, bilaterally symmetrical chronic multifocal chorioretinitis characterised by numerous flat creamy-yellow spots due to focal chorioretinal hypopigmentation, resembling the pattern of 'bird-shot scatter from a shotgun'. The disease, more common in females than males,...
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Ans. B Long thoracic nerveRef: BDC, 6th ed. vol. I pg. 55-56; 3rd ed. Vol. I pg. 45-50; 180,181* Winging of scapula is due to damage of long thoracic nerve due to paralysis of serratus anterior muscle.* Serratus anterior helps in vertical overhead abduction (assisted by trapezius), forward punch (assisted by pectoralis...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Factor Xa o Low molecular (fractionated) heparins inhibits -4 Factor Xa o Unfractionated inhibits --) Factor Ha & Xa
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A highly ionized drug is lipid insoluble, it is therefore not reabsorbed across the renal epithelial membrane and is easily excreted by the kidneys. Non Ionized Drugs Ionized Drugs Non ionized drugs are lipid soluble Ionized drugs are lipid insoluble Rapidly pass across placenta Poorly pass across placenta Rapidly abso...
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9 days After ovulation the ruptured graffian follicle develops into corpus luteum. The lile cycle ot corpus luteum has four stages viz : Proliferation Vascularisation Maturation Begression Corpus luteum reaches it maximum maturity by 22nd day of cycle (gze = 2 cms or more). Ovulation occurs on day 14 i.e. 8th days atte...
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IgM antibody appears following an acute infection. It is not specific for a disease. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition
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Ans. is b' i.e., AlbeThe diphtheria bacillus was first observed and described by Klebs (1883) but was first cultivated by Loeffler (1884).Therefore, it is known as Klebs - Loeffler bacillus (KLB).Corynebacterium diphtheria is gram positive slender rod (bacilli) which is noncapsulated and non-motile.The bacilli are arra...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e. Endoscopic sphincterotomy
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Periampullary carcinoma Old age with significant loss points towards a neoplastic etiology Dilatation of both CBD and pancreatic duct is a strong evidence in our of Periampullary ca. Periampullary Ca includes a group of malignant neoplasms arising at or near the ampulla of Vater. Because of this commo...
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Opium (afim) is the dried extract of the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). The unripe opium capsules are incised to obtain the extract, which is milky fluid Active principles Opium contains alkaloids, which are divided into two groups: 1. Phenanthrene group: have narcotic propeies * Morphine * Codeine * Thebaine (non-a...
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Hypotension and bronchoconstriction (increase in airway resistance) are impoant adverse effects caused by histamine. This is confirmed to be due to histamine because of reversal with diphenhydramine. * Maximum histamine release is caused by d-tubocurarine. * Vecuronium does not cause histamine release, therefore is pre...
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Physiologic Effects of Calcitonin Bone: Calcitonin suppresses resorption of bone by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, a cell type that "digests" bone matrix, releasing calcium and phosphorus into blood. Kidney: Calcium and phosphorus are prevented from being lost in urine by reabsorption in the kidney tubules. Ca...
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Ans. A: None (Its Indices of Urinary excretion of Iodine) Neonatal hypothyroidism is a sensitive pointer to environmental iodine deficiency and is thus an effective indicator for monitoring the impact of the iodine deficiency control programme. Neonatal thyroid screening using serum thyrotropin (TSH) as the primary scr...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e Max. Mid expiratory flow rates. * The following lines from Harrison support the answer.In obstructive lung disease, the hallmark is a decrease in expiratory flow rates. With fully established disease, the ratio of FEV1/FVC in decreased, as is the FEF25-75 %'( Max. mid expiratory flow rate).With early ob...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pirenzepine Pirenzepine is a selective M1 AntagonistCalcium channel blockers.Phenyl alkylamine - VerapamilBenzodiazepine -DiltiazemDihydropyridines - Nifedipine, Felodipine, Amlodipine, Nitrendipine, Nimodipine, Lacidipine More questions on calcium channel blocker -Only voltage sensitive L type channe...
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Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 2152 Table :381-2 Major manifestations Carditis Polyahritis Chorea Erythema marginatum Subcutaneous nodules
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Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 110,181 Agglutination - Insoluble antigen + antibody at a suitable temperature and pH - Clumps formation Slide agglutination Identification of bacterial isolates from clinical specimens Blood grouping, Cross-matching Tube agglutination WIDAL Typhoid Stand...
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Senile ectropion: Involutional ectropion usually develops as a result of laxity of the suspensory system of the lower eyelid, and the medial and lateral canthal ligaments, allowing the lid to fall away from the globe. This laxity is accompanied by a horizontal lengthening of the lid. In the presence of a complete ectro...
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Ketoconazole, erythromycin and clarithromycin are potent inhibitors of microsomal enzymes. Astemizole, terfenadine and cisapride are the drugs that can block cardiac K+ channels at high concentration. If administered along with microsomal enzyme inhibitors, these drugs can result in torsades de pointes, a serious polym...
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Triple swab test is the investigation of choice to establish the diagnosis of a suspected vesico vaginal fistula. It confirms the presence of vesico vaginal fistula, and also differentiate it from uretero vaginal and urethro vaginal fistula. Ref: William's Gynecology, 1st Edition, Page 574; Textbook of Gynecology By DC...
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Answer- B. Mucinous carcinomaFamilial cancers (or around 3% of all breast cancer) can be attributed to two highly penetrant autosomal dominant genes BRCA-1 on chromosome 17 (52%) and BRCA-2 on chromosoine 13.
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C i.e. Inferior colliculus
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ANSWER: (A) Carcinoma CervixREF: Current Diagnosis 8; Treatment Obstetrics & Gynecology, 10th edition Chapter 30The currently accepted indications for classical cesarean section are:1. Perimortem Cesarean DeliveryPlacenta previa with fetal malpresentation such as transverse lie.Preterm delivery in which the lower uteri...
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