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Restrictive lung diseases: it is extra pulmonary,paranchymal or pleural diseases which causes difficulty in expansion of the lung Ref: G K Pal Textbook of Practical Physiology 4th edition page number:165
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. Lobular carcinoma
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Gene transfer (infectious resistance) The resistance causing gene is passed from one organism to the other; is called horizontal transfer of resistance. Rapid spread of resistance can occur by this mechanism and high level resistance to several antibiotics (multidrug resistance) can be acquired concurrently. Ref :- kd ...
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Diabetic patient with vision loss and blackish necrotic debris : Typical of Rhinocereberalmucormycosis. Mucor is most common fungal organism to invade orbit & result in Orbital cellulitis along with Fulminant fungal sinusitis O Mucor causes rhinocerebral disease. O Due to invasion of blood vessels, mucor fungus causes ...
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Ans. b. Can arrest him without warrant (Ref: Parikh 6/e p1.46, 6.27: Reddy 33/e p292, 31st/e p265-273)Fracture or dislocation of mandible is a 'Grievous injury for which punishment is defined under IPC325. It is a 'cognizable offence' hence a police officer can arrest the accused without warrant."Cognisable offence: An...
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Indications for PUVA and UVB Established major indications :- Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, mycosis fungoides, Polymorphic light eruption, pompholyx. Less frequently treated (less evidence of effectiveness) :- Pityriasis rosea, morphea, chronic urticaria, Pityriasis lichenoid chronica, Alopecia totalis & Uni...
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Acute urinary retention in a male child may be due to local inflammatory causes like meatal ulcer with scabbing.
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Chondromyxoid Fibroma Disease of adolescent Knee X-ray Sclerotic lesion around the coex in the tibia. . Small eccentric lytic lesion which lie parallel to the long axis of the bone. * Bone cyst with fracture will show a larger lesion and is mostly unilateral. * Osteitis Fibrosis cystica will present with multiple lesio...
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Ans) a (Protozoa) Ref park 20th edpg 267These type of questions are zero value questions and will gain importance once you make it wrong!!!!!Leishmaniasis are a group of protozoal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania,and transmitted to man by the bite of female phlebotomine sandfly. No further explanatio...
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Follicular dendritic cells in the germinal centers of lymph nodes are impoant reservoirs of HIV. Although some follicular dendritic cells are infected with HIV, most viral paicles are found on the surface of their dendritic processes. Follicular dendritic cells have receptors to the Fc poion of immunoglobulins that ser...
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Deficiency in CAH Glucocoicoid Mineralocoicoid Androgens 21 hydroxylase Reduced Reduced Increased 3 b hydroxyl-steroide dehydrogenase Reduced Reduced Increased 11 b hydroxylase Reduced Increased Increased 17 a hydroxylase Reduced Increased Decreased P450 oxidoreductase Reduced Increased Decreased
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Ans. is a, b, and c i.e. Cervical fibroid; Retroveed Gravid uterus; and Severe UTI Impoant gynaecological causes of acute retention : Acute retention Other symptoms Diagnosis Retention Primary amenorrhea Hematccaiposcopy Retention Secondary amenorrhea Retroveed gravid uterus Retention Menorrhagia Uterine leiomyoma (cer...
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Ans. C: Extradural hematoma A lucid interval is a temporary improvement in a patient's condition after a traumatic brain injury, after which the condition deteriorates. A lucid interval is especially indicative of an epidural hematoma.
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<p> Applies to BPL families only. Reference:RSBY Documents, Government of India. <\p>
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PAROTID FISTULA - Internal fistula open inside the mouth and doesn't give rise to symptoms - External fistula: Gland fistula or duct fistula Causes - Rupture of parotid abscess - Penetrating injury - Inadveent incision during drainage of parotid abscess - After superficial parotidectomy Clinical Presentation - When the...
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LET (linear energy transfer) - it is the amount of energy deposited per unit length. Given as Kev/ micrometer. It is highest for alpha paicle (high LET), low for beta paicles and gamma emissions (Low LET). It is a propey of the radiation. OER (oxygen enhancement ratio )is the ratio of the quantity of radiation required...
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Prolonged ACE inhibitor therapy has been found to prevent or delay end-stage renal disease in type I as well as type II diabetics. Albuminuria (an index of glomerulopathy) remains stable in those treated with ACE inhibitor, but aggravates in untreated diabetics. Treated patients have higher creatinine clearance, requir...
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(B) Non rheumatic atrial fibrillation # Sources of cardioembolic embolism include the following:> Valvular diseases Rheumatic mitral stenosis Prosthetic valves Calcific aortic stenosis Bicuspid aortic valves Mitral annulus calcification Nonbacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis associated with malignancies and pr...
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Sabiston writes-"Since its introduction in 1980, cisplatin has emerged as the cornerstone of combination therapy in esophageal cancer. As a single agent, it has a response rate of 25% to 30%. Given in combination with 5-fluorouracil, a response rate of 50% may be achieved, and this is an established chemotherapeutic re...
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Irwin-Moore sign:- Expression of cheesy material from the tonsil, on pressing anterior pillar seen in case of chronic tonsillitis. Ref:- Textbook of ENT, Hazarika; pg num:- 480
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Ans: a (Painless punched out ulcer)Ref: Ananthanarayan Micro, 7th ed, p. 379 & 6th ed, p. 350, Harrison, 16thed, p. 979 & 15th ed, p. 1048
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Ans: A (Endodermal sinus tumour) Ref: Dm to Textbook of Gynecology 5th edition pg.368Explanation:* Schiller duval bodies are characteristic histological feature of endodermal sinus tumour.They are tuft of vascular tissue inside cystic spaces lined by flattened epithelium.ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOUROriginate from multipoten...
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Defibrillation.The delivery of an electrical shock through the chest wall to the hea momentarily stops the hea and the chaotic rhythm. This often allows the normal hea rhythm to resume. If a public-use automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, anyone can administer it. Most public-use AEDs voice instructions...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Typhoido Rose spots are round maculopapular lesions seen on abdomen in patients with Enteric Fever (Typhoid), o Rose spots are rare finding :# They are present after the first week of symptoms in only 5-30% cases.# They typically last only 2-3 days.# Although the exact etiology is unclear the histopat...
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Most common tumor producing osteoblastic bone metastasis is carcinoma prostate.
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Haemorrhage is the most frequent life-threatening complication of thyroidectomy. Around 1 in 50 patients will develop a haematoma, and in almost all cases this will develop in the first 24 hours.Ref: Bailey and love 27e, page no: 815
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Ans. is 'c' i.e.' Lumbar spine "Lymphatic metastases are most often identified in the obturator lymph node chain _____Smith so Most common metastatic sites of prostate carcinoma are lymph nodes & bones,o Lymphatic metastasis occurs most commonly to - obturator lymph nodes,o Other lymph nodes involved are :Common iliacP...
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Ans. C. Active TransportFree amino acids are absorbed across the intestinal mucosa by sodium-dependent active transport. There are several different amino acid transporters, with specificity for the nature of the amino acid side-chain.Transporters of Amino AcidsFor Neutral Amino acidsFor Basic Amino acids and Cysteine....
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Reaction of glycolysis is catalysed by enzyme Aldolase A, Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
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A. i.e. (Peritoneal perforation) (994-B & L 25th) Radiological Findings * Peritoneal perforation (Peritonitis) - Erect chest x-ray shows free air under the diaphragm (perforated viscus * Presence of dilated gas-filled loops of bowel or show free gas. * Intestinal obstruction - multiple gas-fluid levels** are most impor...
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Answer- B. HydrocephalusSun set sign: The scleraa revisible between theupper eyelid and their is, Sun setting sign is seen usually in hydrocephalus due to loss of upward conjugate gaze caused by raised intracranial pressure (ICP).
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Ans. is'b'i.e., Hypehyroidismisoniazid induced peripheral neuropathy:Peripheral neuropathy is observed in 10 to 20% of patients given doses greater than 5 mg/kg/d, but it is infrequently seen with the standard 300-mg adult dose.Peripheral neuropathy is more likely to occur in slow acetylators and patients with predispo...
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Ans. (a) Xeroderma pigmentosumRef: Harper's Biochemistry, 30th ed. pg. 389-90, 28th ed.pg. 330-32* Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disease which arises due to defect in DNA repair particularly of thymidine dimers.Examples of Conditions Arising due to DNA Repair Defects:* Xeroderma pigmentosa* At...
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During metabolism Tryptophan, pa of carbon skeleton enters ketogenic pathway and rest glucogenic pathway. Alanine is glucogenic and Acetoacetyl CoA is ketogenic.
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legal age for consent in india 18 yrs Sec 89 IPC. Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian.--Nothing which is done in good faith for the benefit of a person under twelve years of age, or of unsound mind, by or by consent, either express or implied, of the guardian or ot...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Organic
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Usually affects both ears Tubercular otitis media Tuberculosis of middle ear is a comparatively rare entity usually seen in association with or secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis, infection reaches the middle ear through eustachian tube. The rare modes of infection are through hematogenous spread fro...
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Answer is A (Steatorrhea) Steatorrhea is typically defined as increased excretion of fat in stool (excretion of> 7.0 gm of fat in stool during 24 hours while the patient is on a diet containing no more than 100gm of fat per day). Steatorrhea essentially represents malabsorption of fat. This may be caused by several con...
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D i.e. B/L non-suppurative uveitis
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Leishmaniasis-Associated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis With Massive Complement Deposition Infections are an impoant cause of MPGN that are usually associated with an immune complex-mediated MPGN. Immune complex-mediated MPGN due to infections is characterized by the presence of Ig, usually IgG or IgM, along ...
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Ref: Harsh Mohan, Textbook of Pathology, 7th ed. pg. 236The image shows basophilic stippling of red blood cells. The causes are:Mnemonic: LUNATIC* Lead poisoning* Unstable hemoglobin* Nucleotidase deficiency* Anemia due to B12 deficiency* Thalassemia* Infections* CirrhosisThe closest answer Pappenheimer bodies are baso...
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In the given question, a cardiologist wants to study the effect of an anti-hypertensive drug. So he will compare mean BP of 50 patients before and after administering the drug. Thus Paired t-test will be most appropriate test of significance
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Ans. a. Diastolic blood pressure Aerial hypeension is the result of abnormal flow/resistance relationships. Resistance to outflow consists of different components: the systolic component is the one generated by conductance vessels, whereas the diastolic component consists of peripheral resistance, which regulates perip...
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More systemic toxicity is seen with epidural anaesthesia .
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Ans. D i.e. Vitamin A
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 10 days o Post dural puncture headache is due to CSF leak. Typical location is bifrontal or occipital,o Headache gets worsen on sitting or upright posture and is relieved by lying down position and abdominal pressure - The hallmark of postdural puncture headache i.e.. association with body position,o ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Heparin o Monitoring of unfractionated heparin - aPTTo Monitoring of oral anticoagulants - PT/INRo Monitoring of LMW heparins - No monitoring required
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FAMILY The family is a primary unit in all societies. It is a group of biological related individuals living together and eating from a kitchen. Type of families Nuclear family (elementary family) → Consists of the married couple and their children while they are still regarded as dependents. Joint family extended f...
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Answer is 'a' i.e. Intussusception Although I could not find any documented evidence of diarrhoea in Intussusception, the given picture goes with intussusception only. Intussusception has been seen to complicate cases of gastroenteritis (Nelson 17/e p1242). Probably this can explain the diarrhoea.
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by intestinal hamaomatous polyps in association with a distinct pattern of skin and mucosal macular melanin deposition. Gardner syndrome, a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), is an autosomal dominant disease characteriz...
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C represents NREM 3 phase which is characterized by presence of δ waves. NREM 3 is also called as "deep sleep".
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Succinyl choline
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Ans. C: Diagonal conjugate
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Fish net IgG in epidermis Child with multiple flaccid bullae along with oral mucosal lesions suggests pemphigus. All patients suspected of having pemphigus should be evaluated inzmunopathologically. Immunofluorescene findings in common billions disorders Direct immunotlorescence Indirect immunoflorescence * Petriphigig...
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This process is called passive transpo orfacilitated diffusion, and does not require energy. The solute can move "uphill," from regions of lower to higher concentration. This process is called active transpo, and requiressome form of chemical energy. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p102
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Poisoning ICD -10 code in chaptor XXI (Factor influencing health status and contact with health services) : - i) Problem relating to lifestyle ii) Alcohol use iii) Tobacoo use iv) Drug use v) Lack of physical exercise vi) Inappropriate diet and eating habits vii) High risk sexual behaviour Poisoning i...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Calcium carbonate When Milk was prescribed with 'Calcium Carbonate' in the past, it produced a syndrome (milk alkali syndrome) characterised by : o Headache/Anorexia/Weakness/Abdominal discomfo o Abnormal Ca' deposits & Renal stones.
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Antrochoanal polyp is usually single and unilateral. More tendency to grow posteriorly and do not bleed.
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Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme in Macrophages for production of hypochlorous radical from H2O2, which kills bacteria. Basic Pathology, Robbins. Page no.: 38
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Ans. B: DiastoleThe pressure inside the left ventricle is slightly higher than in the aoa during systole and hence blood flow in the vessels supplying the subendocardial poion of left ventricle occurs during diastole. On the other hand, the pressure difference between the right ventricle and aoa and the differential be...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Reiter syndrome o Reiter-s syndrome was a term used bv Hans Reiter to describe a clinical triad ofUrethritisQArthritisQ andConjunctivitisQ occurring some weeks after either dysentery or venereal infection.o Bui it is now recognized, that this is one of the classic forms of reactive arthritis i. e.,An ...
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Ans. is 'None', but go with "b" as the best option here o Loading dose is governed by volume of distribution and volume of distribution is affected by lipid solubility.o Maintenance dose is governed by clearance (excretion) of drug and half life.o For one option go ahead for option b ie half life because :"Clearance is...
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The receptor for moderate cold is the cold and methanol sensitive receptor 1(CMR 1). Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 168.
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Ans. Opioid withdrawal
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FOUH STAGE (Low stationary) of demographic cycle This stage is characterized by a low bih and low death rate with the result that the population becomes stationary. Zero population growth has already been recorded in Austria during 1980-85. Growth rates as little as 0.1 were Recorded in UK, Denmark, Sweden and Belgium ...
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Erythema marginatum Rash of acute rheumatic fever has a distinctive pattern of enlarging and shifting transient annular lesions. Erythema marginatum is one of the major criteria for diagnosis of rheumatic fever. - It is an evanescent macular rash that has following characteristic - Begins as pink macules that clear cen...
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Delusions of nihilism (nihilistic ideas) are characteristic of major depression.
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Simple proteins are those that are made up of only amino acids. Conjugated proteins are combinations of protein with a non-protein pa, called prosthetic group Albumin is a simple protein. It may transpo metal ions. But there is no prosthetic group -> option a is excluded. Gluten, a protein composite of:- Prolamin (in w...
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Ans. is (d) i.e. Clinical observation 100 ml. of Bile output from the patient on the 1st postop. day without any other abnormality is of no clinical significance, so does not warrant any action from the surgeon. But remember if passing of 100 ml of bile continues for 5-6 days then it is considered abnormal. It denotes ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Electrical burns Electric burns Electric burns are at times, also referred to as joule burns. Technically, joule burn is an endogenous burn, i.e. burns produced due to release of heat from the body, on application of electric current. Electric burns may be of following types :? 1) Contact burns : Due ...
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Primary 1st molar: Unlike the other primary teeth, the first primary molar does not resemble any of the permanent teeth. The mesial outline of the tooth, when viewed from the buccal aspect, is almost straight from the contact area to the cervical region. The distal area of the tooth is shorter than the mesial area. The...
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i.e. (Commonest site is parotid gland) : (757-758-761- Bailey & Love 25th) The parotid gland is the most common site for salivary tumors * Most common benign salivary gland tumor is pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumor) * Most common salivary gland malignancy is mucoepidermoid carcinoma Salivary gland tumors - frequ...
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Single Y chromosome is not compatible with lifeXX is normal female genotypeOX is Turner syndrome genotypeXXX is Triple X syndrome genotype(Refer: OP Ghai's Textbook of Pediatrics, 8th edition, pg no. 611)
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There is only one stage in the life cycle of Trichomonas, trophozoite. Hence, the transmission occurs sexually the trophozoite. T. vaginalis inhabits the lower genital tract of females and the urethra and prostate of males. Men infected with T. vaginalis are usually asymptomatic but can transmit the infection sexually....
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Ans. 'a' i.e., Ecological study * Ecological study is an epidemiological study in which the unit of analysis is a population rather than an individual.* Therefore, ecological study utilizes data at the population level rather than the individual level. StudyUnit of study1.Observational studies A) Descriptive studies (f...
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It is estimated that for every clinical case, there may be 1000 subclinical cases in children and 75 in adults. Ref :PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition , Page:205
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CSDT writes "40% of tumors are in the antrum, predominantly on the lesser curvature, 30% arise in the body and fundus, 25% at the cardia, and 5% involve the entire organ." The malignant tumors are more common on the lesser curvature than greater curvature, but an ulcerative lesion on greater curvature is more likely ...
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Ans. is `b' i.e., Early diagnosis and treatment Early diagnosis & Treatment is the most impoant pa of NLEP. Note: Other diseaes for which early diagnosis & treatment is the most impoant step in control TB, STD.
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(33) Epididymis REF: Gray's anatomy, 39' edition, page 1309, Repeat in December 2011 Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules and stored in epididymis till ejaculation. The sequence of sperm movement from within the testis to urethra is as follows Seminiferous tubules -Straight tubule- Rete testis - Efferent tubule -E...
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Mass Miniature radiography
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CANDIDIASIS It is an oppounistic infection caused by Candida albicans. It occurs in immuno-compromised patients which include: patients suffering from AIDS, malignancies, those receiving long-term antibiotics, steroids or cytotoxic drugs. Patients with long-term indwelling intravenous catheter used for haemodialysis, a...
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-disaster management has three fundamental aspects; disaster response disaster preparedness disaster mitigation - the disaster cycle progress from response, rehabilitation, reconstruction, mitigation and preparedness. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:795,796 <\p>
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Velocity of bullet Repeat from May 09 Mechanics of Bullet Injury A bullet's ability to produce tissue injury depends on: Bullet velocity- A bullet's ability to injure is directly related to its kinetic energy at the moment of impact. Kinetic energy i.e. E = me /2 The kinetic energy is directly propoional to weight (mas...
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Ans: b. Basal vasopressin level > 1 pg/mlFailure to Produce ADH: "Central" Diabetes Insipidus.The treatment for central diabetes insipidus is administration of a synthetic analog of ADH, desmopressin, which acts selectively on V2 receptors to increase water permeability in the late distal and collecting tubules.Desmopr...
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Most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 21 - hydroxylase deficiency should be suspected in neonates with ambiguous genitalia, polyuria, shock, recurrent vomiting and features of sepsis with a negative septic screen. In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, excessive androgenic activity causes signs of masculinization...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e Toxin is necessary for local wound production " Corynebacterium Diptheria does not need to be toxigenic to establish localized infection, In the nasopharynx or skin, but non toxigenic strains do not yield the localized or systemic effect" - JawetzWhat I get from the above lines is that Non toxigenic str...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Desfluraneo Desflurane is a greenhouse gas.o It causes maximum global warming.Global warming potential (as an equal amount of CO2)Isoflurane210 timesSevoflurane510 timesDesflurane1620 times
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Ans. Back of cornea
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Abscopal effect - when spleen is exposed to any kind of damage, spleen synthesizes ceain growth factors required for proliferation of tumor cells. Therefore, when spleen is irradiated - decrease release of GF - Decrease in size of tumour. Associated with - CLL
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Ref. Foundations of Community medicine. Page. 385 True positive (a) = 90 False negative(c) = 10 Sensitivity = a/(a+c) = 90/100
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Tests of pasteurized milk (1) Phosphatase test : This test is widely used to check the efficiency of pasteurization. The test is based on the fact that raw milk contains an enzyme called phosphatase which is destroyed on heating at a temperature which corresponds closely with the standard time and temperature required ...
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Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome: VHL gene is a tumor suppressor gene and is involved in the development of both familial and sporadic clear cell carcinoma. VHL patients develop bilateral renal cysts and multiple renal cell carcinomas. Both sporadic and familial RCC is associated with: Loss of sequence on chromosome 3 ...
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Cavernous hemangioma is a non encapsulated seen most commonly inside the muscle cone. Refer khurana 6/e p 411
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I Rod is newer and easier method to measure the impact strength through pre swing only.
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Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acidsinto eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are often preferred: "transformation" is typically used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteriaand non-animal eukaryotic cells, inc...
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View of the hard palate showing palatal rugae. Torus palatinus,a bony protrusion on the palate is also visible. Primary rugae are 5-10mm or more. Secondary rugae are 3-5mm. Fragmented rugae are less than 3mm. Palatal rugae are unique to each person. Harrison Allen, in 1889, suggested the use of palatal rugae for identi...
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P(surgery) = (those requiring surgery) / total number = 30/50 = 3/5The probability of picking boy requiring surgery would be 2/5The probability of picking girl requiring surgery would be 1/5
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Left atrial hyperophy or dilatation is not seen in ASD, instead it is seen in Mitral stenosis. In ASD, left atrium has two outflow tracts. One into L.V through mitral valve and the other into R.A through ASD. These two outflow tracts cause resistance against which the L.A pump is decreased, thus explaining absence of L...
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High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
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Trichinella spiralis is not a neuro parasite, it is seen in striated muscles. It causes trichinosis. Pigs are the most impoant reservoirs of human disease. Humans are infected by eating raw or undercooked meat containing larvae encysted in the muscle. The larvae excyst and mature into adults within the mucosa of the sm...
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