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Causes of ectopia lentis (dislocation or subluxation of the lens) Homocystinuria       Marfan syndrome         Weil-Marchesani syndrome          Ehler Danlos syndrome         Hyperlysinemia  Sulphite oxidase deficiency Stickler syndrome Trauma  Consecutive/spontaneous (Hypermature cataract, buphthalmos, high myopia)
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In leading strands, DNA is synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase III. Bacteria have only single origins of replication as their DNA is circular. In lagging strand, Okazaki fragments are sticked by ligase, not by primase. Option 'c' is a tricky one. DNA replication proceeds in 5' → 3' on both strand. But as both pa...
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Radiation therapy may be curative in early cancer and may preserve maximal normal anatomy and function. Brachytherapy allows delivery of a large radiation boost to the primary tumor bed.
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Tactile sensation of tongue is not carried by the hypoglossal nerve, hence there will be no loss of tactile sensation on the tongue. Hypoglossal nerve is a pure motor nerve and supplies the tongue muscles. It also carries the C1 fibres to supply the two muscles of hyoid bone: Geniohyoid and thyrohyoid. Lesion of the hyp...
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Causes of raised JVP with hypotension: Cardiac tamponade Right ventricular MI Right hea failure Constrictive pericarditis Restrictive cardiomyopathy Ref Harrisons internal medicine 20 e pg 1533 Topic Jugular venous pressure
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., FTA-ABS
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The biconcave shape is normal and is not a defect. Normal red blood cells are deformable biconcave disks. Their shape is determined by the external environment of the cell, the metabolic activity of the cell, the nature of hemoglobin, the membrane skeleton, and age of the cell. The red blood cell's durability and flexi...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pubococcygeus Levator ani muscle is divisible into following pas :1) Puboccygeus pa Anterior fibers of this pa closely surround the prostate, in males, to form, levator prostatae. In the female these fibres surround the vagina and form sphincter vaginae. In both cases these anterior fibres are inseed ...
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Ans: C (Hypospadias) Ref: Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery 25th EditionExplanation:"Most of the procedures for hypospadias make use of prepuceal skin and so circumcision should be avoided until repair is done."Contraindications for CircumcisionIn infants with certain genital structure abnormalitiesMisplaced ...
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Ans. (b) Pseudostratified columnar
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civatte bodies are multiple apoptotic basal cells at dermoepidermal junction. seen in lichen planus iadvl Textbook of dermatology page 1077
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The recovery of tensile strength results from the excess of collagen synthesis over collagen degradation during the first 2 months of healing, and, at later times, from structural modifications of collagen fibers (cross-linking, increased fiber size) after collagen synthesis ceases. 'Recovery of Tensile Strength: Fibri...
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Features of malignant neoplasms: Lack of differentiation (anaplasia) Frequent mitosis Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism Loss of polarity Ischemic necrosis Local invasion Metastasis Metaplasia is defined as the replacement of one type of cell with another type. Metaplasia is nearly always found in association with tissu...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Present only in infants o Incclusion body conjunctivitis is caused by chlamydia trachomatis, and can affect both infants (ophthalmia neonatorum) and adults (adult inclusion body conjunctivitis),o Neonatal infection may be acquired during birth from infected birth canal (more common) or after birth.Adu...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Posterior capsular after cataract o Thin membranous after cataract and thickened posterior capsule are best treated by YAG-iaser capsulotomy or discission with cystitome or Zeigler's knife.o Thin after cataract can be cleared centrally by Nd : YAG laser capsulotomy.After cataract (Secondary cataract o...
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SURGICAL CORRECTION * Levator resection : very commonly done in congenital ptosis with moderate and severe grades of ptosis * Fascia lata sling surgery : done in patients having severe ptosis with no levator function. In Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Ptosis , LPS excision is combined with frontalis sling operation and in Con...
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Aromatic amino acids:- Amino Acid Absorb UV Light:  Amino Acids which absorb 250-290 nm (Maximum at 280 nm) UV light are tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine. Maximum absorption of UV light by tryptophan.  Remember:  Aromatic amino acids absorb UV light.  Amino acids are colorless because, they do not absorb visible li...
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Coagulative necrosis is most frequently caused by sudden cessation of blood flow (ischemia) in organs such as the heart (MI), Kidney (ATN), adrenal gland, and spleen. Note: Brain is the only exception, i.e., It is the only solid organ in which ischemia leads to liquefactive necrosis, not coagulative necrosis.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Vitamin A deficiency Avoidable blindness -* Avoidable blindness is defined as blindness which could have been either treated or prevented by known cost effective means.* Thus avoidable blindness is divided into:1) Treatable blindness# Treatable are those condition that could have been treated early to...
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Thioacetazone is a bacteriostatic drug which can lead to Steven Johnson Syndrome, hypersensitivity and bone marrow suppression. It should not be used in cases of TB with HIV coinfection.
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D i.e. Retinal ERG
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A i.e. 193 - Corneal reshaping refractive procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser assisted epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), & laser assisted insitu keratomileusis (LASIK), used to correct refractive errors (myopia and hypermetropia), are ultraviolet-photoablation procedures using Excimer (also k/a...
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Ans. B: Esmolol Esmolol is a cardioselective beta-1 receptor blocker with rapid onset, a very sho duration of action, and no significant intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilising activity at therapeutic dosages. It is a class II antiarrhythmic. Esmolol decreases the force and rate of hea contractions by blockin...
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vasopressin receptor antagonists interfere with action at the vasopressin receptors. Used in the treatment of hyponatremia, especially in patients with congestive hea failure, liver cirrhosis or SIADH. EG conivaptan, tolvaptan, lixivaptan, satavaptan REF KD Tripathi 8th ed
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All postmenopausal and symptomatic per menopausal women who do not have contraindication particularly­ Those with high risk factors osteoporosis. Those with premature menopause Evaluation before starting HRT: History-personal, medical, gynecological, family Examination -HT, wt., BMI, BP, breast, vaginal examination Pa...
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Ans, c (50/min). (Ref Nelson, 17th ed., 280) AgeHR (per min)BP (mm Hg)RR (per min)1Premature120-17055-75/35-4540-7020-3 months100-15065-85/45-5535-5533-6 months90-12070-90/50-6530-4546-12 months80-12080-100/55-6525-4051-3 years70-11090-105/55-7020-3063-6 years65-11095-110/60-7520-2576-12 years60-95100-120/60-7514-22812...
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Tianeptin is an atypical anti depressant. All others are SNRI. Ref KD Tripati 8th ed.
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Ans: c (Grandparents) 2011Ref: Reddy, 29th ed, Pg. 356Atavism is the tendency to revert to ancestral type such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generations before.Atavisms can occur in several ways. One way is when genes for previously existing phenotypical features are preserved in DNA, and these become exp...
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Ans. is 'a > c' i.e., Femoral nerve > Obturator nerve o Most of the medial part of thigh is supplied by femoral nerve through medial cutaneous nerve of thigh. A small portion inferiorly is supplied by obturator nerve.Cutaneous supply of thigh1) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) - Antero...
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Idiopathic intracranial hypeension is treated with acetazolamide. It should not be given in first trimester, in rest of the peroids it is safe. This condition worsens during pregnancy due to weight gain. Reference : Harrison20th edition pg 2334
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Ans. Diffuse axonal injury
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Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+ channels (the Ca2+ current, ICA) produces the plateau phaseRepolarization is due to net K+ efflux through multiple types of K+ channelsThe initial depolarization is due to Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+ channels Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Verapamil o ACE inhibitors are the most appropriate antihypeensives in patients with diabetes, nephropathy, left ventricular hyperophy, CHF, angina and post MI cases. o But ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in bilateral renal aery stenosis. o CCBs are next to ACE inhibitors in reducing albuminuria an...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ig immunoglobulin Intravenous immunoglobulin is the treatment of choice for Kawasaki disease Q.The mechanism of action of IVIg, in Kawasaki disease is unknown but treatment results in rapid deference and resolution of clinical signs of illness in most patients.Treatment of Kawasaki diseaseAcute stageI...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Phenytoin Phenytoin on long term administration can lead to lymphadenopathy which is sometimes difficult to distinguish from malignant lymphoma. It is known as pseudolymphoma.
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Ans- D Ref- The Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994 The Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994 was enacted by the Parliament during 1994 and came into force on February 4, 1995 in the States of Goa, Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra and all the Union Territories. Thereafter it was adopted by all States except t...
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The lens is held in position by the suspensory ligament called zonules of Zinn. A ligament composed of straight fibrils radiating from the ciliary body of the eye to the crystalline lens, holding the lens in place and relaxing by the contraction of the ciliary muscle. - Relaxation of the ligament allows the lens to bec...
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Ans: b (Arsenic) Ref: Reddy, 27th ed, p. 473Features of arsenic poisoning* Fatal dose 120-200 mg* Poisoning resembles cholera* Mees line in nails* Hyperkeratosis of palms and soles* Haemorragic spots in mucosa* Red velvety stomach mucosa* Raindrop pigmentation - measles like fading* Subendothelial petechial haemmorages...
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Extraction of isolated residual maxillary molar offers the hazard of fracture of tuberosity or floor of the antrum.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Posterior urethral valve "The most common cause of severe obstructive uropathy in children is posterior urethral valves"._ Nelson Posterior urethral valves These are symmetrical folds of urothelium extending distally from prostatic urethra to external urinary sphincter. It most commonly lies just dist...
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B i.e. Eosinophillic Granuloma Features Disorder Geographic lytic skullQ Eosinophillic granuloma/Hand? Veebrae planaQ Schuller Christian ds/ Histocytosis
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(Ref: KDT 6/e p577, 578) Thiazides are useful in the treatment of central as well as nephrogenic DI. Vasopressin, chlorpropamide and carbamazepine are useful only in central DI.
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Gall bladderSecretion of Mucin:Secretes mucin adding to bile.During intestinal release of bile, mucin acts as lubricant. Aids in intestinal movement of chyme.
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ANSWER: (A) Kidney shapedREF: Jatvetz Microbiology, 24th Ed, Ch. 21GONOCOCCIThe typical neisseria is a gram-negative, nonmotile diplococcus, approximately 0.8 urn in diameter. Individual cocci are kidney-shaped: when the organisms occur in pairs, the flat or concave sides are adjacent.In 48 hours on enriched media (eg,...
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The clinical expression of infection by Leptospira , which is related to diverse focal organ dysfunction, includes subclinical infection, an undifferentiated febrile illness, and Weil's disease--the most severe form. Classic Weil's disease is suggested by elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in c...
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Answer is C (Acetaminophen): The three major goasl of RA management includes reducing pain, reducing inflammation and preventing disability. Pain management (Analgesia) is not equivalent to inflammation control although they may be performed in conce. Acetaminophen does not inhibit platelet aggregation, therefore it is...
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Retrocecal is the most common position of the appendix. Positions of appendix: Retrocecal: 74% Subcecal: 1.5% Pelvic: 21% ref : BD chaurasia 21st ed. Post-ileal: 0.5% Pre-ileal/retro-ileal: 1%
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NEONATAL PERIOD (1ST 4 WK)Prone: Lies in flexed attitude; turns head from side to side; head sags on ventral suspensionSupine: Generally flexed and a little stiffVisual: May fixate face on light in line of vision; "doll's-eye" movement of eyes on turning of the bodyReflex: Moro response active; stepping and placing ref...
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Destruction of the ciliary ganglion interrupts postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, which innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliaris; this results in- loss of the direct pupillary reflex, mydriasis, and loss of accommodation.
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Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 630 The anemia is primarily due to a failure of EPO production by the diseased kidney and a reduction in red cell survival. In ceain forms of acute renal failure, the correlation between the anemia and renal function is weaker. Patients with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome increase eryth- ropoies...
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The median nerve lies very superficially at the wrist, in the interval between the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor carpi radialis muscles just proximal to its entry under the flexor retinaculum in the hand. During wrist slash injuries, the other nerve which could be damaged is ulnar nerve, ...
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):Two or more of the following conditionsFever (oral temperature >38 deg C) or hypothermia (<36 deg C)Tachypnea (>24 breaths/min)Tachycardia (hea rate >90/min)Leukocytosis (>12000/micro L), leucopenia (<4000/micro L), or >10% bands(ref:Harrison's 18/e p2223, table 271-1)
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Ans. (d) Extradural* History typical of Lucid interval.* Immediately he needs evacuation of the EDH.* Usually they will have no hypotension.
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The usual reason for a patient to have a rigid abdomen is that peritonitis is present, and is causing severe pain related to perineal nerve fiber stimulation. The probable cause of the peritonitis is a ruptured appendix. This patient is also probably in shock, as indicated by the hypotension with increased respirations...
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In 75% of cases, both PCAs arise from the bifurcation of the basilar aery; in 20%, one has its origin from the ipsilateral internal carotid aery the posterior communicating aery; in 5%, both originate from the respective ipsilateral internal carotid aeries.Two clinical syndromes are commonly observed with occlusion of ...
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* MC Site of Extrathoracic Mets in Ca Lung-Adrenals * Impoant for deciding operatablity
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Posterior ciliary vessels REF: Phacoemulsification in difficult and challenging cases by Luis W. Lu, I. Howard Fine- Page 173 Expulsive choroidal haemorrhage is a rare and dreadful complication of cataract surgery that usually results in either loss of vision or loss of the eye. It is most frequently associated with ca...
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Hinchey classification of complicated diveiculitis. GRADE Grade I Mesenteric or pericolic abscess Grade II Pelvic abscess Grade III Purulent peritonitis Grade IV Faecal peritonitis
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Urgent ERCP is indicated in patients who have severe acute biliary pancreatitis with cholangitis. Reference: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 2640
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"Sputum microscopy not only confirms the diagnosis, but also indicates the degree of infectivity and response to treatment" - Park Remember At least 10000 (104) bacilli should be present per ml of sputum for demonstration in direct smear on ZN staining Culture can detect 10-100 bacilli per ml of sputum
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(Deamination of the hydroxyl group containing amino acids) (134-U.S 3rd) (165-Rana ShindeMetabolic roles and Functions of Ascorbic acid1. Role in cellular Oxidation-Reduction - serving as hydrogen-transport agent2. Role in collagen synthesis - Hydroxy proline and hydroxylysine are important constituents of mature colla...
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Recurrent chalazion can predispose to the development of adenocarcinoma. Chalazion is a sterile, focal, chronic inflammation of the eyelid that results from obstruction of a meibomian or Zeis gland. It is commonly associated with rosacea and posterior blepharitis. They point towards the conjunctival surface and if its ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Bishydroxycoumarin o Bishydroxycoumarin (Dicumarol) is the longest acting oral anticoagulant.o Ethylbiscoumacetate is the shortest acting anticoagulant.Pharmacokinetic and adverse effect profile of orla anticoagulantsDrugt 1/2 (hour)Duration of action (days)Dose (mg)Adverse side effects (other than bl...
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Station is leading point of Head. Station 0 = Head at level of Ischial spines + means below Ischial spines - means above Ischial spines Numbers like 1 , 2 denote distance in cm below or above Ischial spine
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Hormone replacement therapy is cornerstone in both prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis in menopausal women. Estrogen delays and protects against osteoporosis by 50% in all skeletal and not limited to trabecular bones of spine, wrist and upper hip. Rest of the drugs used in H for osteoporosis are natural estrogens...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Produces no miosis
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Ans. a (Personality). (Ref. Park, PSM, 22th ed., 339)Risk factors for CHDsNon-modifiableModifiableAgeSexGenetic factorsFamily history - Ethnicity? personalityObesitySmokingHypertensionSalt intakeSaturated fatsDietary fibersAlcoholHeart ratePhysical activity (sedentary habits)Environmental stressOC pillsSocioeconomic st...
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Rapidly adapting sensory receptors are best suited for detecting motion and change.
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Excessive periosteal stripping is contraindicated as it may result in formation of ring sequestrum in amputation stump. Type of sequestrum Found In Ring sequestrum Amputation stump Around pin tracts ( external fixator) Tubular sequestrum Hematogenous osteomyelitis Segmental fractures ( middle segment) Rice grain seques...
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(A) HyperparathyroidismHYPERPARATHYROIDISM:Uncontrolled production of parathyroid hormone causes | bone mass secondary to | number of osteoclasts, | osteoid volume (defect in mineralization), slightly | number of osteoblasts.Loss of lamina dura of tooth, Pepper pot appearance in skull, "Rotting fence post' appearance o...
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Ans. is b, i.e. Ultrasound for obstructionRef: Reproductive medicine secrets by Peter Chan 1st/ed, p33Absent fructose in semen means block is below the level of seminal vesicles which is not allowing sperms from testis and seminal fluid with fructose from seminal vesicle to be present in the semen. This means there is ...
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In actuarial science and demography, a life table (also called a moality table or actuarial table) is a table which shows, for each age, what the probability is that a person of that age will die before his or her next bihday ("probability of death") There are two types of life tables used in actuarial science. The per...
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Absolute contraindication for HSG are Genital TB Pelvic inflammatory disease Pregnancy Allergy to dye.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., 14 days Blood specimens of 5 or 10 ml generally are added to bottles containing, 50 or 100 ml of reagent (medium) to achieve a 1:10 blood medium ratio. All bottles should be transpoed to the laboratory as soon as possible and immediately incubeted at 35 +- 2degC in an upright position (Note - Lower in...
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Knee intercondylar notch widening is seen in Hemophilia.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 13 RB gene (Retinoblastoma gene)o Retinoblastoma gene (RB gene) is located on 14 band on the long arm of chromosome 13 (13ql4). RB gene is a tumor supressor gene. Retinoblastoma develops when both the normal alleles of the RB genes are inactive or altered. It is typical example of Knudson's two hit hy...
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Ans. A. Burkhoideria mallei.a. B. mallei is a GNB, non sporing, non-motile, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobe.b. Causes disease in horses, mules and asses- glanders characterized by nasal abscesses and Farcy buds/pipes.c. Human infection is occupational found in Osier's, grooms and vets.d. Pneumonia and septicemia...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Staphylococci
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Answer- D. Haemolytic disease of the newbornHemolytic disease of newborn is an immune mediated cause of anemia group antigens on fetal red blood cells resulting from maternal antibodies against blood.
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Sickle cell anemia b-globin hemoglobinopathy(mutation in coding sequence ofb-globin gene, GAG - GTG ) Anemia and reticulocytotic;sickle-shaped erythrocytesdemonstrable on peripheral blood smear; homozygosity forhemoglobin Sdemonstrable by electrophoresis Characterized bysevere anemia, recurrent painful and aplastic cri...
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Ans: B. Divided into 8 segments(Ref Gray's 40/e p1165, 1166,1178; Sabiston 20/e p1484, 19/e p/1413-1417; Schwaz 10/e p1265, 9/e p1095; Bailey 27/e p1154, 26/e p1065-1067; Blumga 5/e p31-37; Shackelford 7/e p1426-1430)Most preferred option:Liver is divided into 8 segments.Segment IX - Aecent subdivision of segment I.Des...
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(Sumatriptan) (170-17l-KDT6th) (523-LP 3rd)Triptans (Sumatriptan, naratriptan, eletriptan, almotriptan, zolmitriptan)* "Triptans rapidly and effectively abort or markedly reduce the severity of migraine headaches in about 80% of patients"* Sumatriptan is an effective and better tolerated than ergotamine* Somatriptan is...
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The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five medications for the treatment of actinic keratoses. These are topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5% and 3.75% imiquimod cream, topical diclofenac gel, ingenol mebutate, and photodynamic therapy with topical delta-aminolevulinic acid ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOL...
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Methotrexate
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An abnormal protein that precipitates with the somatic O antigen of streptococcus pneumoniae appears in the acute phase sera of pneumonia but disappear during convalescence. It is known as C-reactive protein. its apparent antibody like the rethe relationship to the C antigen of streptococcus pneumoniae is only fouitous...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Pyridoxai phosphate o Pyridoxai phosphate (active form of vitamin Bs) is the coenzyme for transamination reactions.VitaminActive form (coenzymes)Reaction typeB1 (Thiamin)Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)Oxidative decarboxylation, TransketolationB2 (Riboflavin)FMN, FADOxidation / Reduction (Redox reaction)B...
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Individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors, as they do not contain antigen A and B on the surface of their RBC and those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients ref:harsh mohan text book pathology
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., MitochondriaOrganelle or fractionMarkersMitochondriaInner membrane : - ATP synthase, Succinate dehydrogenaseIntermembrane space : - Creatine kinase, Adenyl kinase.Matrix : - Glutamate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, enzymes of TCA cycle & b-oxidation of fatty acidsPlasma membrane5'-ISucleotidas...
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Bcz of virus - coxackie B, Mumps, Rubella Type IDM - insulinopenia Leading causes - 1) Autoimmunity 2) Fulminant DM | 3) Bronze DM - Hemochromatosis
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The APGAR scale evaluates infants heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color and reflex irritability (5 health signs). The scale is administered within first 60 seconds after birth. A reading of 0, 1 or 2 on each of these five health signs will be given. A total score of 7 to 10 indicates newborn's conditi...
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Bruxism is grinding of teeth which occurs during stage 3 & 4 of NREM sleep.
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Ans: D
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D i.e. AsparagineSerine, threonine and tyrosine undergo phosphorylation by protein kinase (in eukryotes) during post translational modifications- Extra carboxyl group is added to glutamate residue of blood clotting protein prothrombin (carboxylation). Lysine undergo methylation in some muscle proteins (mono & dimethyll...
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* The disease involves slowly progressive weakness of muscles of face,shoulder girdle,scapular and foot dorsiflexion. Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2234
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Ref: Katzung 10th/891 Though surgery is the form of primary treatment in osteosarcoma but etoposide, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin have been used. High dose methotrextae has been the drug of choice and is the only FDA approved agent for this condition.
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The most common presentation of congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos) is photophobia, lacrimation, blepherospasm, and eye rubbing.
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Ans. D: None of the above The radical neck dissection (RND) is defined as removing all of the lymphatic tissue in regions I-V including removal of the spinal accessory nerve, (SAN), sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), and internal jugular vein (IJV). It does not include removal of the suboccipital nodes, periparotid node...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Genital area * There are two types of HSV : HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 usually produces lesions above the waist and HSV-2 usually produces lesion below the waist.Herpes simplex virus (hsv)HSV Type 1HSV Type 2* Cause lesion in and around mouthCause lesion around genital area* Transmitted by direct contact ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Methotrexate o Drug of choice for brain tumors - Nitrosoureas o Drug of choice for pancreatic Ca. - Gemcitabine o Drug of choice for choriocarcinoma - Methotrexate o Drug of choice for multiple myeloma - Melphalan
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Answer- B. Cystic fibrosisPancreatitisAcuteChronicPancreatic pseudocystPancreatic necorsisPancreatic traumaPancreatic carcinomacystic fibrosis
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