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ALL is the most frequent neoplastic disease in children with an early peak at the age of 3-4 years More than 70% of adult ALLs are of B-cell origin, and the most frequent immunological subtype, common ALL, is characterized by the presence of ALL antigen, a glycoprotein (gp100/CD10). Pro-B-ALL (also termedearly B-precur...
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Objective refraction methods are retinoscopy, refractometry and keratometry.
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Answer 'a' i.e. Juvenile polyp
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Gastrointestinal enteritis necroticans is caused by Clostridium perfringens. Option 1 - Clostridium difficile is the agent of 'pseudomembranous colitis' which occurs almost exclusively in association with prolonged antimicrobial use. Option 2 Necrotizing enteritis caused by Cl. perfringens type C. Characterized by abdo...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Choking Features Hanging Strangulation Cause (mostly) Sigus of struggle Ligature mark Suicidal No * Above thyroid cartilageQ * Incomplete and directed obliquely upward * No skin damage under knot *Abrasion and bruise around ligature mark are * Dissection reveals a dry glistening white band of subcutan...
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Menadione is fat-soluble synthetic vitamin K3. It can cause hemolysis in G-6-PD deficient individuals. In severe hepatic disease, large doses of menadione can further depress liver function. Menadione is not used to prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn as it can cause kernicterus, instead phytonadione is used. P...
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The cranial nerves containing preganglionic general visceral efferent components of the parasympathetic system are the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus or III, VII, IX, and X, respectively.
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Histological types in gallbladder Carcinoma Diffuse infiltrative :MC type Nodular or mass forming Papillary : Exhibits polypoid or cauliflower appearance and have best prognosis Adenocarcinoma : MC histological subtype of CA GB Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1512-1514
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Sugar is less in clostrum.
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M/C Organism causing Otomycosis is Aspergillus Niger, has wet news paper appearance. Candida shows cotton wool appearance.
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Ans. a) Malonate is not an intermediate of TCA cycle Malonate Malate competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase intermediate in TCA cycle. TCA cycle intermediates are Citrate, Isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA is completely oxidised Oxaloacetate is re...
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i.e. (Histiocytosis X): (631-Basis pathology 8th) (2201-H 17th) (595-Ghai 7th)"Floating tooth sign " - radiographic examination of the mandible, erosion of the bony alveolus around the teeth, so that they seen to be floating in space. It occurs in some of histiocytosis X** (Internet)HISTIOCYTOSIS - X(Langerhans cell hi...
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The third hea sound (S 3 ) occurs during the rapid filling phaseof ventricular diastole. It can be a normal finding in children,adolescents, and young adults; however, in older patients it signifieshea failure. A left-sided S 3 is a low-pitched sound best heard overthe left ventricular (LV) apex. A right-sided S 3 is u...
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Further loss of circulating volume overloads the body’s compensatory mechanisms and there is progressive renal, respiratory and cardiovascular decompensation. In general, loss of around 15% of the circulating blood volume is within normal compensatory mechanisms. Blood pressure is usually well maintained and only falls...
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Angle of mandible is supplied by great auricular nerve (C23) Tip of nose is supplied by ophthalmic division of trigeminal and side and alae of nose is supplied by maxillary division of trigeminal nerve The skin of face is supplied by three division of trigeminal nerve, except for the small area over the angle of mandib...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., 10thRibsThere are 12 pairs of ribs. All aiculate posteriorly with thoracic veebrae. The ribs are divided into two types.True ribs or veebrosternal ribs :- These are lst to Th ribs which aiculate directly with sternum through costal cailages.False ribs :- These are 8" to 12th ribs and do not aiculate d...
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Lucid interval is a temporal sequence of events in which the patient has a period of normal functioning following head injury until symptoms (stupor, coma) begin. Lucid interval is characteristic of epidural hematoma, but is also seen in subdural hematoma.
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Lignocaine:- DOC in Digoxin Induced Ventricular Tachycardia. DOC in post Mi Ventricular Tachycardia. It is class IB Ant arrythmia drug. Propranolol:- Non selective antagonist, having both negative inotropic and chronotropic effect It doesnot reduce blood pressure in people with (N) Blood pressure. It lower BP in Hypeen...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Pyloric antrum
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Congenital hydrocele are a special form of indirect inguinal hernia and are treated by herniotomy." Congenital hydrocele In this conditon the processus vaginalis remain patent so there is direct communication of the tunica vaginalis with the peritoneal cavity. The communicating orifice at the deep inguinal ring is too ...
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Genioglossus is an extrinsic muscle of tongue ACTIONS OF GENIOGLOSSUS: It protrudes the tongue It pulls the posterior pa of tongue forwards and protrudes the tongue forwards Thus it is a life-saving muscle NOTES: Hyoglossus-depress the tongue Styloglossus-retracts the tongue Palatoglossus-elevates the tongue Ref BDC vo...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Psoriasiso Munro microabscess Psoriasiso Pautrier microabscess -4 Mycosis fungoides
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Moniliasis (candidiasis). It is caused by Candida albicans and occurs in two forms: 1. Thrush. It appears as white grey patches on the oral mucosa and tongue. When wiped off, they leave an erythematous mucosa. The condition is seen in infant and children. Adults are also affected when they are suffering from systemic m...
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O.P. Ghai 7th ed, page7 Neck holding comes at 3 months.
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Ans. b (Inhibiting Acetyl choline esterase). (Ref. Parikh, Textbook of FMT, 5th/892)ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS COMPOUND POISONING# It produces cholinergic syndrome (muscarinic and nicotinic effects).# Muscarinic effects include:- bradycardia, bronchorrhoea, lacrimation, sweating, hyperperistalsis, wheezing, salivation, incontin...
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The image shows presence of asymmetric, velvety hyperpigmentation at the back of the neck of the patient suggestive of diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans. It is seen in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and internal malignancy. Choice B is seen in patients with internal malignancy and but has multiple pigmented s...
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Ans. A: 1-3 daysMonocytes enter the circulation from the bone marrow and remains in circulation for about 72 hours. They then enter the tissues and become tissue macrophages. The tissue macrophages include Kupffer cells of liver, pulmonary alveolar macrophages and microglia in the brain
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The malignant transformation includes many genetic changes, including those rendering the malignant cells capable of invasion and metastases. CD44 plays a role in cell adhesion and enables malignant cells to metastasize. Solid tumors can express CD44 to enhance their spread to lymph nodes and other metastatic sites. Th...
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Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine, with a molecular weight of 22-24 kDa. Detection of Bence Jones protein may be suggestive of multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Bence Jones proteins are paicularly diagnostic of multiple myeloma in th...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Superior sulcus tumor Pancoast tumor (pulmonary sulcus tumor or superior sulcus tumorlo It is a tumor of the pulmonary apex typically found in conjunction with a smoking history. It is situated at the top end of either the right or left lung.o Most Pancoast tumors are non-small cell cancers i.e. squam...
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Benzodiazepines can cause dependence with withdrawal symptoms i.e anxiety and agitation seen on stoppage of drug. Tolerance develops with these drugs and dose needs to be increased. Additive CNS depression can occur with ethanol.
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The characteristic histological finding in Benign Hypeension is Hyaline aeriosclerosis. Ref: Robe W. Schrier (2007), Section 8, "Hypeension", In the book," Diseases of The Kidney and Urinary Tract", Volume 2, USA, Page 1398;Robbin's Basic Pathology, 7th Edition, Pages 1006-08; Textbook of Pathology By Harsh Mohan, 5th ...
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Insulinomas- arising from B cells of pancreas- are the commonest endocrine pancreatic tumour(60%). Gastrinomas - arising from non-beta cells (G cells) of the pancreas- are the 2nd most common endocrine pancreatic tumour. Then comes Glucagonomas (arising from A cells) and VIPomas (arising from D2 cells of pancreas). Ref...
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The liver contains stem cells/progenitor cells in the canals of Hering, the junction between the biliary ductular system and parenchymal hepatocytes. Cells located in this niche can give rise to a population of precursor cells known as oval cells, which are bipotential progenitors, capable of differentiating into hepat...
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Paraffin test or dermal nitrate test is used to detect gun powder residues (nitrates and nitries). In this test melted paraffin is brushed on the surface of the hand and then wax is removed and inner surface of wax cast is treated with diphenylamine or diphenylbenzidine reagent. If residue is present then a blue colour...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. Bilirubin * In sickle cell disease, chronic hemolysis with its accelerated bilirubin turnover leads to a high incidence of pigment gallstones. They are composed primarily of bilirubin (insoluble bilirubin pigment polymer) and calcium (calcium phosphate) salts that are found in bile.
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Ref Robbins 9/e, p 118 Coagulation Cascade The coagulation cascade constitutes the third arm of the hemostatic system. The pathways are schematically pre- sented in Figure 3-8; only general principles are discussed here. The coagulation cascade is a successive series of ampli- fying enzymatic reactions. At each step in...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e.. Transfer of activated long chain FFA into mitochondria o Activated long chain fatty acid (acyl CoA) cannot penetrate inner mitochondrial membrane.o Acyl group of acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine, resulting in formation of acylcarnitine.o Acylcarnitine is then transported across the inner mitochond...
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Xanthoma dissemination Non-Familial Non-Langerhan Histiocytosis. C/F : Presents with Xanthoma like lesion, we see reddish yellow papules over the whole body. Associated with Diabetes Insipidus.
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Conversation disorder is characterised by the presence of symptoms or deficits affecting motor or neurological disorders.development of symptoms usually in the presence of significant psychosocial stress. (Ref: A sho textbook of psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja,7th edition, page no.99)
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Dystrophin links the actin cytoskeleton to the ECM and appears to be needed for assembly of the synaptic junction. Impairment of these processes by the formation of defective dystrophin is thought to be critical in the causation of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Dystrophin is of special interest. Mutations in the gene enc...
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ANSWER: (B) Popliteal arteryREF: Gray's anatomy 39t>L edition page 1464Repeat from DNB December 2009THE ADDUCTOR CANAL (Subsartorial/Hunter's canal) is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh, extending from the apex of the femoral triangle to the opening in the Adductor magnus, the Adductor hiatus.Bound...
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(B) Polymyxin[?]BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA COMPLEX is a group of Gram negative, catalase positive and lactose non fermenting species (nine species).oThis microrganism causes pneumonia in immunocompromized patients and lung disease in patients affected by cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatosis disease.oPathogenesis: organi...
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Ans. a. Inferior frontal gyrusMotor speech area of Broca (areas 44 and 45 of Brodmann)The motor speech area of Broca is located in the pars triangularis (area 45) and pars opercularis (area 44) of inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe of left hemisphere (dominant hemisphere) in most of the individuals, and the persons...
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Allopurinol effectively blocks uric acid production by inhibiting xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol is indicated in patients with a history of uric acid calculi of the urinary tract. In addition, it is often used in patients with malignancy (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma), particularly when chemotherapy or radiation therapy is ...
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• Centrally located slow-growing endobronchial lesions that are generally carcinoid tumors (80%), adenocystic tumors (so called cylindromas, 10–15%), or mucoepidermoid tumors (2–3%). • Mean age at presentation is 45 years (range 15–60). Clinical Features • MC symptom: Recurrent Hemoptysis • History of chronic cough, in...
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Adenylate cyclase (calmodulin-sensitive) trimer, Bacillus anthracis Epinephrine binds its receptor, that associates with a heterotrimeric G protein. The G protein associates with adenylyl cyclase, which conves ATP to cAMP, spreading the signs
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Dryness in the eye (loss of lacrimation) occurs if the injury is at or proximal to geniculate ganglion. First, see the major symptoms of facial nerve palsy : - Loss of lacrimation: - Due to the involvement of greater superficial petrosal nerve. Loss of stapedial reflex: - Due to the involvement of nerve to stapedius. L...
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Epidemiologic studies in the United States have identified five groups of adults at high risk for developing AIDS Homosexual or bisexual men (constitute the largest group, accounting for more than 50% of the repoed cases. This includes about 5% who were intravenous drug abusers as well. Transmission of HIV in this cate...
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B: The second heart sound can be represented by dupp. It occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole and results from the closure of the semilunar valves. A: The first heart sound can be represented by the syllable lubb. It occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole and results from closure of the AV valves.
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* Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins.Examples of viral inclusion bodiesIntracytoplasmicIntranuclearIntracytoplasmic + Int...
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Ans. Heroin
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Ans is 'c' i.e. 50000 [Ref: Khurana ophthalmology 5/e p484 (4/e p454)J See previous question
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Ans. A i.e. Strongyloides stercoralis Larva cu-ens is an itchy, cutaneous condition caused by infections with Strongyloides stercoralis that intermittently comes and goes every few hours
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Ans: D (E.coli is...) Complication: Damage to the cartilaginous physts or the epiphysis in the growing child is the most serious complication. Sequelae include retarded growth, partial or complete destruction of epiphysis, deformity of the joint, epiphyseal osteonecrosis, acetabular dysplasia & psuedoarthrosis of the h...
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Bleomycin causes necrosis of Type I pneumocytes that results in compensatory hyperplasia of type-II pneumocytes. The same kind of injury can also occur in response to radiations. In experimental models, this type of injury has been ameliorated by keratinocyte growth factor.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Measles, DPT, OPV, Hip, Hep B. o Lapsed immunization/preponed immunization/ unknown immunization status There is no need to restart a vaccine series regardless of the time that has elapsedbetween individual doses due to immune memoryio Immunizations should be given at the next visit as if the usual in...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e. Enolase Enolase is an enzyme of glycolytic pathway catalyzing this step-2-phosphoglycerate = Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O"Enolase is inhibited by fluoride, a property that can he made use of when it is required to prevent glycolysis in blood prior to the estimation of glucose."
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Ans. a (Ventricular fibrillation). (Ref. Harrison, Principles of Medicine, 18th/Chapter 233.)# Most common electrical mechanism of true cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation, responsible for 65-80% of cardiac arrests.# Episodes of cardiac arrest during Holter monitoring reveal that 3/4th of sudden deaths are due t...
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Ans. All
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Ulnar nerve palsy Flexor carpi ulnaris will be paralysed; Sensory loss over medial aspect of hand (area supplied by ulnar nerve) Claw hand due to paralysis of intrinsic muscles of hand. Adductor pollicis is supplied by ulnar nerve hence in ulnar nerve palsy thumb adduction will not be seen.
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Average duration of function of primary dentition is 6 yrs while maximum duration is 10 years.
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Ans. D. SalbutamolSalbutamol, terbutaline like drugs are the beta-2 agonist which are given by inhalational route to abort the attack of acute asthma, they are short acting so they can't be given in case of prophylaxis. Muscle tremor and tachycardia are the most common side effects seen with this drug.
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Ans. is b i.e., Allograft
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Curettes have rounded toe as compared to sickle scaler.
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Ans. is `d' i.e., Reine's test Nature of stain (whether the stain is blood or not) To determine the nature of stain, following tests are used :? 1) Chemical tests These tests are based on the peroxidase activity of haematin, which is, derived from oxidation of haem of haemoglobin or methemoglobin,present. This enzyme, ...
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Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) It is metabolized to formaldehyde (by alcohol dehydrogenase) and finally to formic acid (by aldehyde dehydrogenase). Accumulation of formic acid may result in lactic acidosis (high anion gap metabolic acidosis), blindness and death. Specific toxicity of formic acid is retinal damage leading to...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Transduction
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Glucose tolerance test (GTT): After an 8-12 h overnight fast, a fasting blood glucose sample is drawn, and the patient ingests a 75-g oral glucose load (100 g for gestational DM screening, 1.75 mg/kg ideal body weight in children up to 75 g). The glucose load is consumed within 5 minutes. Blood is drawn at 30 min, 1, 2...
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Intrafetal gas in areas of great vessels and hea
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Pterygium formation is seen in severe cases of lichen planus. Nail changes in Psoriasis includes: Pitting: It is the most frequent change. Subungual hyperkeratosis Onycholysis Thickening and yellowish discoloration of nail plate Oil spots 10% of patients with Lichen planus have nail changes. Thinning of nail plate alon...
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Ans. c (Medical examiner's inquest). (Ref. Textbook of FMT by Parikh 6th ed. 1-3)Medical examiner's inquest is supposed to be the best inquest internationally. Q.Ans.1The mostcommontype of inquest in India?Police inquest.2In India, inquest is NOT carried out byDoctor3Coroner's inquest was abolished in India in the year...
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Capgras is delusion of double which is found in psychotic stage only
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Direct pressure and elevation Varicose veins around the ankle foot and lower leg specially in the elderly are highly vulnerable to haemorrhage which may occur with minor trauma or spontaneously when patient is up and about. The ensuing haemorrhage may be copious but is easily stopped by finger pressur...
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Management of warfarin overdose is done as follows: *INR < 5 but above therapeutic range - Discontinue warfarin temporarily and resta at low dose. *INR 5-9 - Vitamin K1 (1 mg oral) *INR > 9 but no bleeding - Vitamin K1 (2 - 3 mg oral) *INR > 20 or bleeding - Four factor prothrombin complex or Fresh frozen plasma.
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Larger doses of aspirin may be required when given with oral contraceptive pills. Drugs that May Reduce Combined Hormonal Contraceptive Efficacy: Antituberculous Rifampin Antifungals Griseofulvin Anticonvulsants and Sedatives Phenytoin Mephenytoin Phenobarbital Primidone Carbamazepine Ethosuximide Antibiotics Tetracycl...
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Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH). In PCH, cold antibody is an IgG antibody (Donath-Landsteiner antibody) which is directed against P blood group antigen and brings about complement-mediated haemolysis. Attacks of PCH are precipitated by exposure to cold. PCH is uncommon and may be seen in association with teiary s...
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Calcitonin lowers circulating calcium and phosphate levels. It exes its calcium-lowering effect by inhibiting bone resorption. This action is direct, and calcitonin inhibits the activity of osteoclasts in vitro. It also increases Ca2+ excretion in the urine. More hormone is secreted in young individuals, and it may pla...
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Among the given antitumor drugs, methotrexate which is folic acid analog act as a folate antagonist that inhibit the conversion of (DHFA)Dihydro folic acid to tetra hydrofolic acid (THFA). We know that follic acid is utilized in de novo synthesis. Where as 5-fluorouracil act as pyrimidine antagonist by inhibiting the c...
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-endodermal sinus tumors are also termed yolk sac tumors as they are derived from the primitive yolk sac. - the characteristic microscopic finding is the endodermal sinus or Schiller Duval body. - this is a cystic space lined with a layer of flattened endothelium into which projects a glomerulus like tuft with a centra...
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Coisol induces differentiation and maturation of type II alveolar cells. During late gestation, these cells produce surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the lungs and thus allows the onset of breathing at bih. Lung maturity of the fetus can be gauged by determining the ratio of DPPC to sphingomyelin, usually wr...
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Ans. C: Testicular Enlargement In boys, testicular enlargement is the first physical manifestation of pubey (and is termed gonadarche). Testes in prepubeal boys change little in size from about 1 year of age to the onset of pubey, averaging about 2-3 cm in length and about 1.5-2 cm in width. Testicular size continues t...
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TAXA N E S Paclitaxel It is a complex diterpin taxane obtained from bark of the Western yew tree, which exes cytotoxic action by a novel mechanism. It enhances polymerization of tubulin: a mechanism opposite to that of vinca alkaloids. The microtubules are stabilized and their depolymerization is prevented. This stabil...
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5HT3
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Non-enveloped RNA viruses → PCR - Picorna, Calci, Reo.
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Actually, amongst the given options only bronchial asthma is a contraindication for topical β-blockers. β-blocker should be avoided in depression and hypercholesterolemia as these are the side effects of topical β-blockers. So, best answer here is hypertension as timolol causes hypotension.
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Hodgkin lymphoma very rarely causes ocular disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common type of ocular lymphoma. Basic Pathology, Robbins.
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Despite its reputation as a hallucinogen, sub-anesthetic ketamine does not consistently produce frank hallucinations. 5 - 30 % patients receiving intravenous ketamine has incidence of postoperative delirium and hallucination associated with it. prevention and treatment - intravenous midazolam
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS & ITS ASSOCIATED RISK TO CAUSE COLON CANCER: INCREASED RISK PROTECTIVE FACTORS High intake of dietary lipids Pelvic irradiation Streptococcus bovis endocarditis Ureterosigmoidostomy High fiber diet NSAIDs Hormone Replacement Therapy
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B i.e. Inferior tibiofibular
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Thalidomide It is reintroduced as immunomodulator. uses:- 1)Angiogenesis inhibitor antitumour activity 2)anxiolytic 3)antiemetic 4)adjuvant analgesic/antipyretic propey 5 )improves cancer associated cachexia 6) used in erythema nodosum leprosum 7) multiple myeloma Mech of action:- It acts by suppressing TNFa and by mod...
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ABO will cause hyperacute rejection.
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All of the organisms listed are gram-positive cocci. The positive catalase test excludes the Streptococci, S. pyogenes, and S. pneumoniae. Of the Staphylococci, only S. aureus has a positive coagulase test. S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Ref: Ray C.G., Ryan K.J. (2010). Chapte...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Also known as HS proteinsChaperones are proteins which help in folding or unfolding of proteins Molecular chaperones prevent aggregation and promote refolding after stress and hence promote cell survival. This so-called stress response is ubiquitous and conserved across all organisms. Hence Chaperones...
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.Rates of post procedure hypocalcemia are approximately 5%, and it resolves in 80% of cases in approximately 12 months Other complications include haemorrhage , damage to reccurent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve. Respiratory obstruction due to laryngeal oedema or very rarely due to collapse or kinking of ...
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At 3 years, a child can name 2 colors. At 5 years, a child can name 5 colors. DQ = Developmental age x 100/actual age 6 year old child has a DQ of 50; so his developmental age is 3 years. So he can do milestones corresponding to 3 years only. Gross Development delay=It occurs when DQ is less than 70% in >= 2 domains of...
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Ans. (a) Macrophage(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 375; 8th/pg 370)Mycobacterium tuberculosisenters into macrophages with the help of mannose binding lectin Q and CR3. QMacrophages Q are the primary cells infected by M. tuberculosis
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Fire arm entry wound
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Answer is B (Fibrinoid necrosis): Malignant hypeension is characterized by Fibrinoid necrosis (Necrotizing aeriolitisQ) of aerioles.
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Ref Robbins 9/e p205 MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of jawed veebrates. They also occur on platelets, but not on red blood cells.
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